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Daniel ( Elton John song ) - wikipedia Daniel ( Elton John song ) For the Bat for Lashes single , see Daniel ( Bat for Lashes song ) . `` Daniel '' Single by Elton John from the album Do n't Shoot Me I 'm Only the Piano Player B - side `` Skyline Pigeon '' Released 26 March 1973 ( 1973 - 03 - 26 ) Format Vinyl record ( 7 `` ) Recorded June 1972 , Château d'Hérouville , France Genre Soft rock Length 3 : 54 Label MCA ( US ) DJM ( UK ) Songwriter ( s ) Elton John , Bernie Taupin Producer ( s ) Gus Dudgeon Elton John singles chronology `` Crocodile Rock '' ( 1972 ) `` Daniel '' ( 1973 ) `` Saturday Night 's Alright for Fighting '' ( 1973 ) `` Daniel '' is a song and ballad by Elton John . It appeared on the 1973 album Do n't Shoot Me I 'm Only the Piano Player . It was written by John and his lyricist Bernie Taupin . In the United Kingdom , the song reached no . 4 in the official chart . In the US the song reached No. 2 on the pop charts ( only held from number one by `` My Love '' by Paul McCartney & Wings ) and No. 1 on the adult contemporary charts for two weeks in the spring of 1973 . In the United States , it was certified Gold in September 1995 and Platinum in May 2018 by the RIAA . In Canada , it became his second No. 1 single , following `` Crocodile Rock '' earlier in the year , holding the position for two weeks in the RPM 100 national singles chart . Writers John and Taupin received the 1973 Ivor Novello award for Best Song Musically and Lyrically . Donatella Versace named her son after this song . Contents 1 Composition 2 Personnel 3 Chart performance 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 4 Accolades 5 Notable covers 6 Use as film music 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Composition ( edit ) Bernie Taupin wrote `` Daniel '' after reading an article in either Time or Newsweek about a Vietnam War veteran who had been wounded , and wanted to get away from the attention he was receiving when he went back home . The last verse in the original draft was cut from the final version , which has led to some speculation on the contents . `` ' Daniel ' had been the most misinterpreted song that we 'd ever written , '' explained Taupin , in the Two Rooms tribute project . `` The story was about a guy that went back to a small town in Texas , returning from the Vietnam War . They 'd lauded him when he came home and treated him like a hero . But , he just wanted to go home , go back to the farm , and try to get back to the life that he 'd led before . I wanted to write something that was sympathetic to the people that came home . '' Personnel ( edit ) Elton John -- Fender Rhodes electric piano , `` flute '' Mellotron , vocals Davey Johnstone -- acoustic guitar , banjo Dee Murray -- bass Nigel Olsson -- drums , maracas Ken Scott -- ARP synthesizer Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1973 ) Peak position Canada RPM 100 Top Singles Canada RPM Adult Contemporary Dutch Top 40 14 Dutch Single Top 100 15 German Singles Chart 27 Irish Singles Chart New Zealand Singles Chart Norwegian Singles Chart 8 South African Singles Chart 6 Swiss Singles Chart 5 UK Singles Chart US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Easy Listening US Cash Box Top 100 Zimbabwean Singles Chart Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1973 ) Rank Australia 55 Canada 19 US Billboard Hot 100 48 US Cash Box Top 100 44 Accolades ( edit ) Grammy Awards Year Nominee / work Award Result `` Daniel '' Best Pop Vocal Performance -- Male Nominated Notable covers ( edit ) `` Daniel '' was covered on the 1991 album Two Rooms : Celebrating the Songs of Elton John & Bernie Taupin by Wilson Phillips . It reached number seven on the US Adult Contemporary chart as an album cut . Sam Smith covered the song for the 2018 tribute album Revamp : Reimagining the Songs of Elton John & Bernie Taupin . The band Fuel ( band ) covered `` Daniel '' on the bonus version of their year 2000 Something Like Human ' album . Use as film music ( edit ) `` Daniel '' can be heard in the film Alice Does n't Live Here Anymore by Martin Scorsese . See also ( edit ) List of RPM number - one singles of 1973 ( Canada ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1973 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fontenot , Robert . `` Oldies Music Encyclopedia : `` Soft Rock '' `` . About.com . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chart Stats - Elton John - Daniel '' . Retrieved 28 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` allmusic - Elton John - Billboard singles '' . Retrieved 28 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 12 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Lister , David , Pop ballads bite back in lyrical fashion , The Independent ( London ) , 28 May 1994 Jump up ^ `` Donatella Versace Daniel Versace - Donatella Versace Net Worth '' . Getnetworth.com. 1955 - 05 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Joseph J. Foy ( 5 February 2015 ) . American Politics Through Popular Culture . University Press of Kentucky . p. 203 . Jump up ^ `` Bernie Taupin Interview '' . Billboard : 14 . 4 October 1997 . Jump up ^ RPM Adult Contemporary , June 16 , 1973 Jump up ^ `` De Nederlandse Top 40 , week 9 , 1973 '' . Archived from the original on 20 February 2008 . Retrieved 28 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` dutchcharts.nl - Elton John - Daniel '' . Archived from the original on 12 October 2012 . Retrieved 28 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` charts-surfer.de search results '' . Retrieved 28 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` irishcharts.ie search results '' . Archived from the original on 1 February 2010 . Retrieved 28 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Flavour of New Zealand - search listener '' . flavourofnz.co.nz . Jump up ^ `` norwegiancharts.com - Elton John - Daniel '' . Archived from the original on 24 October 2012 . Retrieved 28 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` '' Daniel '' on the South African Singles Chart `` . Springbok Radio . Retrieved 25 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Elton John - Daniel - hitparade.ch '' . Archived from the original on 10 November 2012 . Retrieved 28 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 3 June 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ * Zimbabwe . Kimberley , C. Zimbabwe : singles chart book . Harare : C. Kimberley , 2000 Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Forum - Top 100 End of Year AMR Charts - 1980s ( ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts ) '' . Australian-charts.com . Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1973 / Top 100 Songs of 1973 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 11 January 2015 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Grammy Awards : Best Pop Vocal Performance - Male '' . rockonthenet.com . Retrieved 13 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` allmusic - Wilson Phillips - Billboard singles '' . Retrieved 28 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Something Like Human External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Elton John songs 1960s and 1970s `` Skyline Pigeon '' ( 1968 ) `` I 've Been Loving You '' ( 1968 ) `` Lady Samantha '' ( 1969 ) `` It 's Me That You Need '' ( 1969 ) `` Border Song '' ( 1970 ) `` Rock and Roll Madonna '' ( 1970 ) `` From Denver to L.A. '' ( 1970 ) `` Take Me to the Pilot '' ( 1970 ) `` Your Song '' ( 1970 ) `` Friends '' ( 1971 ) `` Levon '' ( 1971 ) `` Tiny Dancer '' ( 1972 ) `` Rocket Man '' ( 1972 ) `` Honky Cat '' ( 1972 ) `` I Think I 'm Going to Kill Myself '' ( 1972 ) `` Mona Lisas and Mad Hatters '' ( 1972 ) `` Crocodile Rock '' ( 1972 ) `` Elderberry Wine '' ( 1972 ) `` Daniel '' ( 1972 ) `` Teacher I Need You '' ( 1973 ) `` Funeral for a Friend / Love Lies Bleeding '' ( 1973 ) `` Saturday Night 's Alright for Fighting '' ( 1973 ) `` Goodbye Yellow Brick Road '' ( 1973 ) `` Step into Christmas '' ( 1973 ) `` Candle in the Wind '' ( 1974 ) `` Bennie and the Jets '' ( 1974 ) `` Harmony '' ( 1974 ) `` Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' ( 1974 ) `` The Bitch Is Back '' ( 1974 ) `` Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds '' ( 1974 ) `` Philadelphia Freedom '' ( 1975 ) `` I Saw Her Standing There '' ( 1975 ) `` Someone Saved My Life Tonight '' ( 1975 ) `` Island Girl '' ( 1975 ) `` Grow Some Funk of Your Own '' ( 1976 ) `` I Feel Like a Bullet ( In the Gun of Robert Ford ) '' ( 1976 ) `` Pinball Wizard '' ( 1976 ) `` Do n't Go Breaking My Heart '' ( 1976 ) `` Cage the Songbird '' ( 1976 ) `` Sorry Seems to Be the Hardest Word '' ( 1976 ) `` Bite Your Lip ( Get Up and Dance ! ) '' ( 1977 ) `` Crazy Water '' ( 1977 ) `` The Goaldiggers Song '' ( 1977 ) `` Ego '' ( 1978 ) `` Part - Time Love '' ( 1978 ) `` Song for Guy '' ( 1978 ) `` Are You Ready for Love '' ( 1979 ) `` Mama Ca n't Buy You Love '' ( 1979 ) `` Johnny B. Goode '' ( 1979 ) 1980s `` Little Jeannie '' ( 1980 ) `` Sartorial Eloquence ( Do n't Ya Wanna Play This Game No More ? ) '' ( 1980 ) `` Dear God '' ( 1980 ) `` Whatever Gets You thru the Night '' ( 1981 ) `` Nobody Wins '' ( 1981 ) `` Loving You Is Sweeter Than Ever '' ( with Kiki Dee , 1981 ) `` Blue Eyes '' ( 1982 ) `` Empty Garden ( Hey Hey Johnny ) '' ( 1982 ) `` Ball and Chain '' ( 1982 ) `` All Quiet on the Western Front '' ( 1982 ) `` I Guess That 's Why They Call It the Blues '' ( 1983 ) `` I 'm Still Standing '' ( 1983 ) `` Sad Songs ( Say So Much ) '' ( 1984 ) `` Passengers '' ( 1984 ) `` Nikita '' ( 1985 ) `` That 's What Friends Are For '' ( 1985 ) `` Wrap Her Up '' ( 1985 ) `` Take Me to the Pilot '' ( 1988 ) `` I Do n't Wanna Go on with You Like That '' ( 1988 ) `` Town of Plenty '' ( 1988 ) `` Mona Lisas and Mad Hatters ( Part Two ) '' ( 1988 ) `` Healing Hands '' ( 1989 ) `` Sacrifice '' ( 1989 ) 1990s `` Club at the End of the Street '' ( 1990 ) `` You Gotta Love Someone '' ( 1990 ) `` Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' ( 1991 ) `` The One '' ( 1992 ) `` Runaway Train '' ( 1992 ) `` The Last Song '' ( 1992 ) `` Simple Life '' ( 1993 ) `` True Love '' ( 1993 ) `` Shakey Ground '' ( 1994 ) `` Ai n't Nothing Like the Real Thing '' ( 1994 ) `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' ( 1994 ) `` Circle of Life '' ( 1994 ) `` Believe '' ( 1995 ) `` Made in England '' ( 1995 ) `` When the Money 's Gone '' ( 1995 ) `` You Can Make History ( Young Again ) '' ( 1996 ) `` The Madness of King Scar '' ( 1997 ) `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' ( 1997 ) `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' ( 1997 ) `` Written in the Stars '' ( 1999 ) 2000s `` I Want Love '' ( 2001 ) `` This Train Do n't Stop There Anymore '' ( 2002 ) `` Original Sin '' ( 2002 ) `` Are You Ready for Love '' ( 2003 ) `` Ghetto Gospel '' ( 2005 ) `` Electricity '' ( 2005 ) `` The Bridge '' ( 2006 ) `` Joseph , Better You than Me '' ( 2008 ) `` Tiny Dancer ( Hold Me Closer ) '' ( 2009 ) Related articles Albums discography Videography Book : Elton John Category : Elton John Ivor Novello Awards -- Best Song Musically and Lyrically 1960s `` She 's Leaving Home '' ( 1968 ) 1970s `` Where Do You Go To ( My Lovely ) ? '' ( 1970 ) `` Something '' ( 1971 ) `` Do n't Let It Die '' ( 1972 ) `` Without You '' ( 1973 ) `` Daniel '' ( 1974 ) `` Streets of London '' * ( 1975 ) `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' ( 1978 ) `` Baker Street '' ( 1979 ) 1980s `` The Logical Song '' ( 1980 ) `` Woman in Love '' ( 1981 ) `` Memory '' ( 1982 ) `` Have You Ever Been in Love '' ( 1983 ) `` Every Breath You Take '' ( 1984 ) `` Against All Odds '' ( 1985 ) `` Nikita '' ( 1986 ) `` Do n't Give Up '' ( 1987 ) `` Something Inside So Strong '' ( 1988 ) `` They Dance Alone '' ( 1989 ) 1990s `` The Living Years '' ( 1990 ) `` Sacrifice '' ( 1991 ) `` The Whole of the Moon '' ( 1992 ) `` Why '' ( 1993 ) `` If I Ever Lose My Faith in You '' ( 1994 ) `` Think Twice '' ( 1995 ) `` Common People '' ( 1996 ) `` Too Much Love Will Kill You '' ( 1997 ) `` Paranoid Android '' ( 1998 ) `` Believe '' ( 1999 ) 2000s `` Strong '' ( 2000 ) `` Babylon '' ( 2001 ) `` Walk On '' ( 2002 ) `` The Other Side '' ( 2003 ) `` Leave Right Now '' ( 2004 ) `` Dry Your Eyes '' ( 2005 ) `` Suddenly I See '' ( 2006 ) `` Elusive '' ( 2007 ) `` Love Is a Losing Game '' ( 2008 ) `` One Day Like This '' ( 2009 ) 2010s `` The Fear '' ( 2010 ) `` Becoming a Jackal '' ( 2011 ) `` The A Team '' ( 2012 ) `` Next to Me '' ( 2013 ) `` Strong '' ( 2014 ) `` Take Me to Church '' ( 2015 ) `` Was n't Expecting That '' ( 2016 ) `` Black Man in a White World '' ( 2017 ) * Awarded as The Best Song Wilson Phillips Chynna Phillips Carnie Wilson Wendy Wilson Studio albums Wilson Phillips ( 1990 ) Shadows and Light ( 1992 ) California ( 2004 ) Christmas in Harmony ( 2010 ) Dedicated ( 2012 ) Compilation albums Greatest Hits ( 2000 ) Singles `` Hold On '' `` Release Me '' `` Impulsive '' `` You 're in Love '' `` The Dream Is Still Alive '' `` Daniel '' `` You Wo n't See Me Cry '' `` Give It Up '' `` Flesh and Blood '' `` Go Your Own Way '' `` Already Gone '' `` Get Together '' Related topics Hey Santa ! Naked and Sacred The Wilsons Christmas with Carnie Carnie Wilson : Unstapled Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daniel_(Elton_John_song)&oldid=853152695 '' Categories : 1973 singles 1970s ballads Elton John songs Wilson Phillips songs Songs with music by Elton John Songs with lyrics by Bernie Taupin Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Song recordings produced by Gus Dudgeon Songs of the Vietnam War Rock ballads DJM Records singles MCA Records singles Hidden categories : Use British English from December 2011 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from May 2018 Use dmy dates from October 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 2 August 2018 , at 19 : 34 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

who was the song daniel by elton john written about

Bernie Taupin wrote `` Daniel '' after reading an article in either Time or Newsweek about a Vietnam War veteran who had been wounded , and wanted to get away from the attention he was receiving when he went back home . The last verse in the original draft was cut from the final version , which has led to some speculation on the contents .

Gestalt psychology - wikipedia Gestalt psychology Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The neutrality of this article is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Psychology Outline History Subfields Basic types Abnormal Behavioral genetics Biological Cognitive Comparative Cross-cultural Cultural Differential Developmental Evolutionary Experimental Mathematical Neuropsychology Personality Positive Quantitative Social Applied psychology Applied behavior analysis Clinical Community Consumer Counseling Critical Educational Environmental Ergonomics Forensic Health Humanistic Industrial and organizational Interpretive Legal Medical Military Music Occupational health Political Religion School Sport Traffic Lists Disciplines Organizations Psychologists Psychotherapies Publications Research methods Theories Timeline Topics Psychology portal Gestalt psychology or gestaltism ( German : Gestalt ( ɡəˈʃtalt ) `` shape , form '' ) is a philosophy of mind of the Berlin School of experimental psychology . Gestalt psychology is an attempt to understand the laws behind the ability to acquire and maintain meaningful perceptions in an apparently chaotic world . The central principle of gestalt psychology is that the mind forms a global whole with self - organizing tendencies . The assumed physiological mechanisms on which Gestalt theory rests are poorly defined and support for their existence is lacking . The Gestalt theory of perception has been criticized as being descriptive of the end products of perception without providing much insight into the processes that lead to perception . In the introduction to a 2016 special issue of the journal Vision Research on Gestalt perception , the authors concluded that `` even though they study the same phenomena as earlier Gestaltists , there is little theoretical coherence . What happened to the Gestalt school that always aspired to provide a unified vision of psychology ? Perhaps there is , in fact , little that holds the classic phenomena of Gestalt psychology together . '' This principle maintains that when the human mind ( perceptual system ) forms a percept or `` gestalt '' , the whole has a reality of its own , independent of the parts . The original famous phrase of Gestalt psychologist Kurt Koffka , `` The whole is other than the sum of the parts '' is often incorrectly translated as `` The whole is greater than the sum of its parts '' , and thus used when explaining gestalt theory , and further incorrectly applied to systems theory . Koffka did not like the translation . He firmly corrected students who replaced `` other '' with `` greater '' . `` This is not a principle of addition '' he said . The whole has an independent existence . In the study of perception , Gestalt psychologists stipulate that perceptions are the products of complex interactions among various stimuli . Contrary to the behaviorist approach to focusing on stimulus and response , gestalt psychologists sought to understand the organization of cognitive processes ( Carlson and Heth , 2010 ) . The gestalt effect is the capability of our brain to generate whole forms , particularly with respect to the visual recognition of global figures instead of just collections of simpler and unrelated elements ( points , lines , curves , etc . ) . In psychology , gestaltism is often opposed to structuralism . Gestalt theory , it is proposed , allows for the deconstruction of the whole situation into its elements . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 1.1 Gestalt therapy 2 Theoretical framework and methodology 3 Support from cybernetics and neurology 4 Properties 4.1 Emergence 4.2 Reification 4.3 Multistability 4.4 Invariance 5 Prägnanz 6 Criticisms 7 Gestalt views in psychology 7.1 Fuzzy - trace theory 8 Use in design 9 Quantum cognition modeling 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Origins ( edit ) The concept of gestalt was first introduced in philosophy and psychology in 1890 by Christian von Ehrenfels ( a member of the School of Brentano ) . The idea of gestalt has its roots in theories by David Hume , Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , Immanuel Kant , David Hartley , and Ernst Mach . Max Wertheimer 's unique contribution was to insist that the `` gestalt '' is perceptually primary , defining the parts it was composed from , rather than being a secondary quality that emerges from those parts , as von Ehrenfels 's earlier Gestalt - Qualität had been . Both von Ehrenfels and Edmund Husserl seem to have been inspired by Mach 's work Beiträge zur Analyse der Empfindungen ( Contributions to the Analysis of Sensations , 1886 ) , in formulating their very similar concepts of gestalt and figural moment , respectively . On the philosophical foundations of these ideas see Foundations of Gestalt Theory ( Smith , ed. , 1988 ) . Early 20th century theorists , such as Kurt Koffka , Max Wertheimer , and Wolfgang Köhler ( students of Carl Stumpf ) saw objects as perceived within an environment according to all of their elements taken together as a global construct . This ' gestalt ' or ' whole form ' approach sought to define principles of perception -- seemingly innate mental laws that determined the way objects were perceived . It is based on the here and now , and in the way things are seen . Images can be divided into figure or ground . The question is what is perceived at first glance : the figure in front , or the background . These laws took several forms , such as the grouping of similar , or proximate , objects together , within this global process . Although gestalt has been criticized for being merely descriptive , it has formed the basis of much further research into the perception of patterns and objects ( Carlson et al. 2000 ) , and of research into behavior , thinking , problem solving and psychopathology . Gestalt therapy ( edit ) The founders of Gestalt therapy , Fritz and Laura Perls , had worked with Kurt Goldstein , a neurologist who had applied principles of Gestalt psychology to the functioning of the organism . Laura Perls had been a Gestalt psychologist before she became a psychoanalyst and before she began developing Gestalt therapy together with Fritz Perls . The extent to which Gestalt psychology influenced Gestalt therapy is disputed , however . In any case it is not identical with Gestalt psychology . On the one hand , Laura Perls preferred not to use the term `` Gestalt '' to name the emerging new therapy , because she thought that the gestalt psychologists would object to it ; on the other hand Fritz and Laura Perls clearly adopted some of Goldstein 's work . Thus , though recognizing the historical connection and the influence , most gestalt psychologists emphasize that gestalt therapy is not a form of gestalt psychology . Mary Henle noted in her presidential address to Division 24 at the meeting of the American Psychological Association ( 1975 ) : `` What Perls has done has been to take a few terms from Gestalt psychology , stretch their meaning beyond recognition , mix them with notions -- often unclear and often incompatible -- from the depth psychologies , existentialism , and common sense , and he has called the whole mixture gestalt therapy . His work has no substantive relation to scientific Gestalt psychology . To use his own language , Fritz Perls has done ' his thing ' ; whatever it is , it is not Gestalt psychology '' With the Gestalt theory however , she restricts herself explicitly to only three of Perls ' books from 1969 and 1972 , leaving out Perls ' earlier work , and Gestalt therapy in general . There are clinical applications of Gestalt psychology in the psychotherapeutic field , foremost in Europe , e.g. Gestalt theoretical psychotherapy . Theoretical framework and methodology ( edit ) The school of gestalt practiced a series of theoretical and methodological principles that attempted to redefine the approach to psychological research . This is in contrast to investigations developed at the beginning of the 20th century , based on traditional scientific methodology , which divided the object of study into a set of elements that could be analyzed separately with the objective of reducing the complexity of this object . The theoretical principles are the following : Principle of Totality -- The conscious experience must be considered globally ( by taking into account all the physical and mental aspects of the individual simultaneously ) because the nature of the mind demands that each component be considered as part of a system of dynamic relationships . Principle of psychophysical isomorphism -- A correlation exists between conscious experience and cerebral activity . Based on the principles above the following methodological principles are defined : Phenomenon experimental analysis -- In relation to the Totality Principle any psychological research should take phenomena as a starting point and not be solely focused on sensory qualities . Biotic experiment -- The school of gestalt established a need to conduct real experiments that sharply contrasted with and opposed classic laboratory experiments . This signified experimenting in natural situations , developed in real conditions , in which it would be possible to reproduce , with higher fidelity , what would be habitual for a subject . Support from cybernetics and neurology ( edit ) In the 1940s and 1950s , laboratory research in neurology and what became known as cybernetics on the mechanism of frogs ' eyes indicate that perception of ' gestalts ' ( in particular gestalts in motion ) is perhaps more primitive and fundamental than ' seeing ' as such : A frog hunts on land by vision ... He has no fovea , or region of greatest acuity in vision , upon which he must center a part of the image ... The frog does not seem to see or , at any rate , is not concerned with the detail of stationary parts of the world around him . He will starve to death surrounded by food if it is not moving . His choice of food is determined only by size and movement . He will leap to capture any object the size of an insect or worm , providing it moves like one . He can be fooled easily not only by a piece of dangled meat but by any moving small object ... He does remember a moving thing provided it stays within his field of vision and he is not distracted . The lowest - level concepts related to visual perception for a human being probably differ little from the concepts of a frog . In any case , the structure of the retina in mammals and in human beings is the same as in amphibians . The phenomenon of distortion of perception of an image stabilized on the retina gives some idea of the concepts of the subsequent levels of the hierarchy . This is a very interesting phenomenon . When a person looks at an immobile object , `` fixes '' it with his eyes , the eyeballs do not remain absolutely immobile ; they make small involuntary movements . As a result the image of the object on the retina is constantly in motion , slowly drifting and jumping back to the point of maximum sensitivity . The image `` marks time '' in the vicinity of this point . Properties ( edit ) The key principles of gestalt systems are emergence , reification , multistability and invariance . Emergence ( edit ) This is demonstrated by the dog picture , which depicts a Dalmatian dog sniffing the ground in the shade of overhanging trees . The dog is not recognized by first identifying its parts ( feet , ears , nose , tail , etc . ) , and then inferring the dog from those component parts . Instead , the dog appears as a whole , all at once . Gestalt theory does not have an explanation for how this perception of a dog appears . Reification ( edit ) See also : Reification ( fallacy ) Reification Reification is the constructive or generative aspect of perception , by which the experienced percept contains more explicit spatial information than the sensory stimulus on which it is based . For instance , a triangle is perceived in picture A , though no triangle is there . In pictures B and D the eye recognizes disparate shapes as `` belonging '' to a single shape , in C a complete three - dimensional shape is seen , where in actuality no such thing is drawn . Reification can be explained by progress in the study of illusory contours , which are treated by the visual system as `` real '' contours . Multistability ( edit ) the Necker cube and the Rubin vase , two examples of multistability Multistability ( or multistable perception ) is the tendency of ambiguous perceptual experiences to pop back and forth unstably between two or more alternative interpretations . This is seen , for example , in the Necker cube and Rubin 's Figure / Vase illusion shown here . Other examples include the three - legged blivet and artist M.C. Escher 's artwork and the appearance of flashing marquee lights moving first one direction and then suddenly the other . Again , gestalt does not explain how images appear multistable , only that they do . Invariance ( edit ) Invariance Invariance is the property of perception whereby simple geometrical objects are recognized independent of rotation , translation , and scale ; as well as several other variations such as elastic deformations , different lighting , and different component features . For example , the objects in A in the figure are all immediately recognized as the same basic shape , which are immediately distinguishable from the forms in B. They are even recognized despite perspective and elastic deformations as in C , and when depicted using different graphic elements as in D. Computational theories of vision , such as those by David Marr , have provided alternate explanations of how perceived objects are classified . Emergence , reification , multistability , and invariance are not necessarily separable modules to model individually , but they could be different aspects of a single unified dynamic mechanism . Prägnanz ( edit ) Main article : Principles of grouping The fundamental principle of gestalt perception is the law of prägnanz ( in the German language , pithiness ) , which says that we tend to order our experience in a manner that is regular , orderly , symmetrical , and simple . Gestalt psychologists attempt to discover refinements of the law of prägnanz , and this involves writing down laws that , hypothetically , allow us to predict the interpretation of sensation , what are often called `` gestalt laws '' . Law of proximity Law of similarity Law of closure A major aspect of Gestalt psychology is that it implies that the mind understands external stimuli as whole rather than the sum of their parts . The wholes are structured and organized using grouping laws . The various laws are called laws or principles , depending on the paper where they appear -- but for simplicity 's sake , this article uses the term laws . These laws deal with the sensory modality of vision . However , there are analogous laws for other sensory modalities including auditory , tactile , gustatory and olfactory ( Bregman -- GP ) . The visual Gestalt principles of grouping were introduced in Wertheimer ( 1923 ) . Through the 1930s and ' 40s Wertheimer , Kohler and Koffka formulated many of the laws of grouping through the study of visual perception . Law of Proximity -- The law of proximity states that when an individual perceives an assortment of objects they perceive objects that are close to each other as forming a group . For example , in the figure that illustrates the Law of proximity , there are 72 circles , but we perceive the collection of circles in groups . Specifically , we perceive that there is a group of 36 circles on the left side of the image , and three groups of 12 circles on the right side of the image . This law is often used in advertising logos to emphasize which aspects of events are associated . Law of Similarity -- The law of similarity states that elements within an assortment of objects are perceptually grouped together if they are similar to each other . This similarity can occur in the form of shape , colour , shading or other qualities . For example , the figure illustrating the law of similarity portrays 36 circles all equal distance apart from one another forming a square . In this depiction , 18 of the circles are shaded dark and 18 of the circles are shaded light . We perceive the dark circles as grouped together , and the light circles as grouped together forming six horizontal lines within the square of circles . This perception of lines is due to the law of similarity . Law of Closure -- The law of closure states that individuals perceive objects such as shapes , letters , pictures , etc. , as being whole when they are not complete . Specifically , when parts of a whole picture are missing , our perception fills in the visual gap . Research shows that the reason the mind completes a regular figure that is not perceived through sensation is to increase the regularity of surrounding stimuli . For example , the figure that depicts the law of closure portrays what we perceive as a circle on the left side of the image and a rectangle on the right side of the image . However , gaps are present in the shapes . If the law of closure did not exist , the image would depict an assortment of different lines with different lengths , rotations , and curvatures -- but with the law of closure , we perceptually combine the lines into whole shapes . Law of Symmetry -- The law of symmetry states that the mind perceives objects as being symmetrical and forming around a center point . It is perceptually pleasing to divide objects into an even number of symmetrical parts . Therefore , when two symmetrical elements are unconnected the mind perceptually connects them to form a coherent shape . Similarities between symmetrical objects increase the likelihood that objects are grouped to form a combined symmetrical object . For example , the figure depicting the law of symmetry shows a configuration of square and curled brackets . When the image is perceived , we tend to observe three pairs of symmetrical brackets rather than six individual brackets . Law of Common Fate -- The law of common fate states that objects are perceived as lines that move along the smoothest path . Experiments using the visual sensory modality found that movement of elements of an object produce paths that individuals perceive that the objects are on . We perceive elements of objects to have trends of motion , which indicate the path that the object is on . The law of continuity implies the grouping together of objects that have the same trend of motion and are therefore on the same path . For example , if there are an array of dots and half the dots are moving upward while the other half are moving downward , we would perceive the upward moving dots and the downward moving dots as two distinct units . Law of Continuity -- The law of continuity states that elements of objects tend to be grouped together , and therefore integrated into perceptual wholes if they are aligned within an object . In cases where there is an intersection between objects , individuals tend to perceive the two objects as two single uninterrupted entities . Stimuli remain distinct even with overlap . We are less likely to group elements with sharp abrupt directional changes as being one object . Law of Good Gestalt -- The law of good gestalt explains that elements of objects tend to be perceptually grouped together if they form a pattern that is regular , simple , and orderly . This law implies that as individuals perceive the world , they eliminate complexity and unfamiliarity so they can observe a reality in its most simplistic form . Eliminating extraneous stimuli helps the mind create meaning . This meaning created by perception implies a global regularity , which is often mentally prioritized over spatial relations . The law of good gestalt focuses on the idea of conciseness , which is what all of gestalt theory is based on . This law has also been called the law of Prägnanz . Prägnanz is a German word that directly translates to mean `` pithiness '' and implies the ideas of salience , conciseness and orderliness . Law of Past Experience -- The law of past experience implies that under some circumstances visual stimuli are categorized according to past experience . If two objects tend to be observed within close proximity , or small temporal intervals , the objects are more likely to be perceived together . For example , the English language contains 26 letters that are grouped to form words using a set of rules . If an individual reads an English word they have never seen , they use the law of past experience to interpret the letters `` L '' and `` I '' as two letters beside each other , rather than using the law of closure to combine the letters and interpret the object as an uppercase U . Criticisms ( edit ) Some of the central criticisms of Gestaltism are based on the preference Gestaltists are deemed to have for theory over data , and a lack of quantitative research supporting Gestalt ideas . This is not necessarily a fair criticism as highlighted by a recent collection of quantitative research on Gestalt perception . Other important criticisms concern the lack of definition and support for the many physiological assumptions made by gestaltists and lack of theoretical coherence in modern Gestalt psychology . In some scholarly communities , such as cognitive psychology and computational neuroscience , gestalt theories of perception are criticized for being descriptive rather than explanatory in nature . For this reason , they are viewed by some as redundant or uninformative . For example , Bruce , Green & Georgeson conclude the following regarding gestalt theory 's influence on the study of visual perception : The physiological theory of the gestaltists has fallen by the wayside , leaving us with a set of descriptive principles , but without a model of perceptual processing . Indeed , some of their `` laws '' of perceptual organisation today sound vague and inadequate . What is meant by a `` good '' or `` simple '' shape , for example ? -- Bruce , Green & Georgeson , Visual perception : Physiology , psychology and ecology Gestalt views in psychology ( edit ) Gestalt psychologists find it is important to think of problems as a whole . Max Wertheimer considered thinking to happen in two ways : productive and reproductive . Productive thinking is solving a problem with insight . This is a quick insightful unplanned response to situations and environmental interaction . Reproductive thinking is solving a problem with previous experiences and what is already known . ( 1945 / 1959 ) . This is a very common thinking . For example , when a person is given several segments of information , he / she deliberately examines the relationships among its parts , analyzes their purpose , concept , and totality , he / she reaches the `` aha ! '' moment , using what is already known . Understanding in this case happens intentionally by reproductive thinking . Another gestalt psychologist , Perkins , believes insight deals with three processes : Unconscious leap in thinking . The increased amount of speed in mental processing . The amount of short - circuiting that occurs in normal reasoning . Views going against the gestalt psychology are : Nothing - special view Neo-gestalt view The Three - Process View Gestalt psychology should not be confused with the gestalt therapy of Fritz Perls , which is only peripherally linked to gestalt psychology . A strictly gestalt psychology - based therapeutic method is Gestalt Theoretical Psychotherapy , developed by the German gestalt psychologist and psychotherapist Hans - Jürgen Walter and his colleagues in Germany , Austria and Switzerland . Other countries , especially Italy , have seen similar developments . Fuzzy - trace theory ( edit ) Fuzzy - trace theory , a dual process model of memory and reasoning , was also derived from Gestalt psychology . Fuzzy - trace theory posits that we encode information into two separate traces : verbatim and gist . Information stored in verbatim is exact memory for detail ( the individual parts of a pattern , for example ) while information stored in gist is semantic and conceptual ( what we perceive the pattern to be ) . The effects seen in Gestalt psychology can be attributed to the way we encode information as gist . Use in design ( edit ) The gestalt laws are used in user interface design , and other design - based activities . The laws of similarity and proximity can , for example , be used as guides for placing radio buttons . They may also be used in designing computers and software for more intuitive human use . Examples include the design and layout of a desktop 's shortcuts in rows and columns . In addition , Gestalt theory can also be used as a guide for creating sonic impressions while mixing audio . Quantum cognition modeling ( edit ) Main article : Quantum cognition § Gestalt perception Similarities between Gestalt phenomena and quantum mechanics have been pointed out by , among others , chemist Anton Amann , who commented that `` similarities between Gestalt perception and quantum mechanics are on a level of a parable '' yet may give useful insight nonetheless . Physicist Elio Conte and co-workers have proposed abstract , mathematical models to describe the time dynamics of cognitive associations with mathematical tools borrowed from quantum mechanics and has discussed psychology experiments in this context . A similar approach has been suggested by physicists David Bohm , Basil Hiley and philosopher Paavo Pylkkänen with the notion that mind and matter both emerge from an `` implicate order '' . The models involve non-commutative mathematics ; such models account for situations in which the outcome of two measurements performed one after the other can depend on the order in which they are performed -- a pertinent feature for psychological processes , as it is obvious that an experiment performed on a conscious person may influence the outcome of a subsequent experiment by changing the state of mind of that person . See also ( edit ) Psychology portal Amodal perception Rudolf Arnheim Solomon Asch cognitive grammar fuzzy - trace theory Hermann Friedmann Gestaltzerfall James J. Gibson Graz School Kurt Goldstein Laws of association important publications in gestalt psychology mereology Wolfgang Metzger Optical illusion Pattern recognition ( psychology ) pattern recognition ( machine learning ) phenomenology principles of grouping Pál Schiller Harkai Structural information theory topological data analysis James Tenney Hans Wallach References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Schultz , Duane ( 2013 ) . A History of Modern Psychology . Burlington : Elsevier Science . p. 291 . ISBN 1483270084 . ^ Jump up to : Bruce , V. , Green , P. & Georgeson , M. ( 1996 ) . Visual perception : Physiology , psychology and ecology ( 3rd ed . ) . LEA . p. 110 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Jäkel , F. , Singh , M. , Wichmann , F.A. , & Herzog , M.H. ( 2016 ) , `` An overview of quantitative approaches in Gestalt perception . '' , Vision Research , 126 : 3 -- 8 , doi : 10.1016 / j. visres. 2016.06. 004 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Tuck , Michael ( Aug 17 , 2010 ) . `` Gestalt Principles Applied in Design '' . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ David Hothersall : History of Psychology , chapter seven , ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Heider , F. 1977 . Cited in Dewey , R.A. 2007 . Psychology : An introduction : Chapter four - The Whole is Other than the Sum of the Parts . Retrieved 4 / 12 / 2014 . Jump up ^ Humphrey , G ( 1924 ) . `` The psychology of the gestalt '' . Journal of Educational Psychology . 15 ( 7 ) : 401 -- 412 . doi : 10.1037 / h0070207 . Jump up ^ Bernd Bocian : Fritz Perls in Berlin 1893 -- 1933 . Expressionism -- Psychonalysis -- Judaism , 2010 , p. 190 , EHP Verlag Andreas Kohlhage , Bergisch Gladbach . Jump up ^ Joe Wysong / Edward Rosenfeld ( eds ) : An Oral History of Gestalt Therapy , Highland , New York 1982 , The Gestalt Journal Press , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Allen R. Barlow , `` Gestalt - Antecedent Influence or Historical Accident '' , The Gestalt Journal , Volume IV , Number 2 , ( Fall , 1981 ) Jump up ^ See Barlow criticizing Henle : Allen R. Barlow : Gestalt Therapy and Gestalt Psychology . Gestalt -- Antecedent Influence or Historical Accident , in : The Gestalt Journal , Volume IV , Number 2 , Fall , 1981 . Jump up ^ William Ray Woodward , Robert Sonné Cohen -- World views and scientific discipline formation : science studies in the German Democratic Republic : papers from a German - American summer institute , 1988 Jump up ^ Lettvin , J.Y. , Maturana , H.R. , Pitts , W.H. , and McCulloch , W.S. ( 1961 ) . Two Remarks on the Visual System of the Frog . In Sensory Communication edited by Walter Rosenblith , MIT Press and John Wiley and Sons : New York Jump up ^ Valentin Fedorovich Turchin -- The phenomenon of science -- a cybernetic approach to human evolution -- Columbia University Press , 1977 Jump up ^ `` Gestalt Isomorphism '' . Sharp.bu.edu . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 17 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Sternberg , Robert , Cognitive Psychology Third Edition , Thomson Wadsworth © 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Stevenson , Herb . `` Emergence : The Gestalt Approach to Change '' . Unleashing Executive and Orzanizational Potential . Retrieved 7 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Soegaard , Mads . `` Gestalt Principles of form Perception '' . Interaction Design . Retrieved 8 April 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.gizmodo.co.uk/2013/05/why-your-brain-thinks-these-dots-are-a-dog/ ^ Jump up to : Todorovic , Dejan . `` Gestalt Principles '' . Scholarpedia.org . Scholarpedia . Retrieved 5 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Sternberg , Robert , Cognitive Psychology Fourth Edition , Thomas Wadsworth © 2006 . Jump up ^ Langley& associates , 1987 ; Perkins , 1981 ; Weisberg , 1986 , 1995 '' Jump up ^ Reyna , Valerie ( 2012 ) . `` A new institutionism : Meaning , memory , and development in Fuzzy - Trace Theory '' . Judgment and Decision Making . 7 ( 3 ) : 332 -- 359 . Jump up ^ Barghout , Lauren ( 2014 ) . `` Visual Taxometric Approach to Image Segmentation Using Fuzzy - Spatial Taxon Cut Yields Contextually Relevant Regions '' . Information Processing and Management of Uncertainty in Knowledge - Based Systems : 163 -- 173 . Jump up ^ Soegaard , Mads . `` Gestalt principles of form perception '' . Interaction-design.org . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Shelvock , M ( 2016 ) . `` Gestalt Theory and Mixing Audio '' . Transactions on Innovation in Music : 75 -- 87 -- via Future Technology Press . Jump up ^ Conte , Elio ; Todarello , Orlando ; Federici , Antonio ; Vitiello , Francesco ; Lopane , Michele ; Khrennikov , Andrei ; Zbilut , Joseph P. ( 2007 ) . `` Some remarks on an experiment suggesting quantum - like behavior of cognitive entities and formulation of an abstract quantum mechanical formalism to describe cognitive entity and its dynamics '' . Chaos , Solitons & Fractals. 31 ( 5 ) : 1076 -- 1088 . arXiv : 0710.5092 . doi : 10.1016 / j. chaos. 2005.09. 061 . Jump up ^ Elio Conte , Orlando Todarello , Antonio Federici , Francesco Vitiello , Michele Lopane , Andrei Khrennikov : A Preliminary Evidence of Quantum Like Behavior in Measurements of Mental States , arXiv : quant - ph / 0307201 ( submitted 28 July 2003 ) Jump up ^ B.J. Hiley : Particles , fields , and observers , Volume I The Origins of Life , Part 1 Origin and Evolution of Life , Section II The Physical and Chemical Basis of Life , pp. 87 -- 106 ( PDF ) Jump up ^ Basil J. Hiley , Paavo Pylkkänen : Naturalizing the mind in a quantum framework . In Paavo Pylkkänen and Tere Vadén ( eds . ) : Dimensions of conscious experience , Advances in Consciousness Research , Volume 37 , John Benjamins B.V. , 2001 , ISBN 90 - 272 - 5157 - 6 , pages 119 - 144 Carlson , Neil R. and Heth , C. Donald ( 2010 ) Psychology the Science of Behaviour Ontario , CA : Pearson Education Canada . pp 20 -- 22 . Smith , Barry ( ed . ) ( 1988 ) Foundations of Gestalt Theory , Munich and Vienna : Philosophia Verlag , 1988 . External links ( edit ) `` The template below ( Library resources box ) is being considered for deletion . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' Library resources about Gestalt psychology Resources in your library Gestalt psychology on Encyclopædia Britannica Gestalt principles article in Scholarpedia , by Dejan Todorović Journal `` Gestalt Theory - An International Multidisciplinary Journal '' in full text ( open source ) International Society for Gestalt Theory and its Applications -- GTA Embedded Figures in Art , Architecture and Design On Max Wertheimer and Pablo Picasso On Esthetics and Gestalt Theory The World In Your Head -- by Steven Lehar Gestalt Isomorphism and the Primacy of Subjective Conscious Experience -- by Steven Lehar The new gestalt psychology of the 21st century The Pennsylvania Gestalt Center Gestalt Society of Croatia Gestalt Theory Ecological Approach to Visual Perception James J. 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who said the sum of the parts is greater than the whole

This principle maintains that when the human mind ( perceptual system ) forms a percept or `` gestalt '' , the whole has a reality of its own , independent of the parts . The original famous phrase of Gestalt psychologist Kurt Koffka , `` The whole is other than the sum of the parts '' is often incorrectly translated as `` The whole is greater than the sum of its parts '' , and thus used when explaining gestalt theory , and further incorrectly applied to systems theory . Koffka did not like the translation . He firmly corrected students who replaced `` other '' with `` greater '' . `` This is not a principle of addition '' he said . The whole has an independent existence .

Blue Suede Shoes - wikipedia Blue Suede Shoes For other uses , see Blue Suede Shoes ( disambiguation ) . `` Blue Suede Shoes '' Single by Carl Perkins B - side `` Honey Do n't '' Released February 1956 ( 1956 - 02 ) Format 7 - inch 45 rpm , 10 - inch 78 rpm Recorded December 19 , 1955 Studio Memphis Recording Service , Memphis , Tennessee Genre Rockabilly , rock and roll Length 2 : 14 Label Sun Songwriter ( s ) Carl Perkins Producer ( s ) Sam Phillips Carl Perkins singles chronology `` Gone , Gone , Gone '' ( 1955 ) `` Blue Suede Shoes '' ( 1956 ) `` Tennessee '' ( 1956 ) `` Blue Suede Shoes '' is a rock - and - roll standard written and first recorded by Carl Perkins in 1955 . It is considered one of the first rockabilly ( rock - and - roll ) records , incorporating elements of blues , country and pop music of the time . Perkins ' original version of the song was on the Cashbox Best Selling Singles list for 16 weeks and spent two weeks in the number two position . Elvis Presley performed his version of the song three different times on national television . It was also recorded by Buddy Holly and Eddie Cochran , among many others . Contents 1 Origin 2 Success of Perkins ' Sun Records release 3 Elvis Presley rendition 4 Other 1956 recordings 5 Legacy 6 Selected list of recorded versions 7 References 8 External links Origin ( edit ) Shoes in Elvis exhibit similar to those that inspired the song Johnny Cash planted the seed for the song in the fall of 1955 , while Perkins , Cash , Elvis Presley and other Louisiana Hayride acts toured throughout the South . Cash told Perkins of a black airman , C.V. White , whom he had met when serving in the military in Germany , who had referred to his military regulation airmen 's shoes as `` blue suede shoes '' . Cash suggested that Perkins write a song about the shoes . Perkins replied , `` I do n't know anything about shoes . How can I write a song about shoes ? '' When Perkins played a dance on December 4 , 1955 , he noticed a couple dancing near the stage . Between songs , he heard a stern , forceful voice say , `` Uh - uh , do n't step on my suedes ! '' He looked down and noted that the boy was wearing blue suede shoes and one had a scuff mark . `` Good gracious , a pretty little thing like that and all he can think about is his blue suede shoes '' , thought Perkins . That night Perkins began working on a song based on the incident . His first thought was to frame it with a nursery rhyme . He considered , and quickly discarded `` Little Jack Horner ... '' and `` See a spider going up the wall ... '' , then settled on `` One for the money ... '' Leaving his bed and working with his Les Paul guitar , he started with an A chord . After playing five chords while singing `` Well , it 's one for the money ... Two for the show ... Three to get ready ... Now go , man , go ! '' he broke into a boogie rhythm . He quickly grabbed a brown paper potato sack and wrote the song down , writing the title out as `` Blue Swade '' ; `` S-W-A-D-E -- I could n't even spell it right '' , he later said . According to Perkins , `` On December 17 , 1955 , I wrote ' Blue Suede Shoes ' . I recorded it on December 19 '' , for Sun Records , which released the second take of the song . Sun 's producer , Sam Phillips , suggested that the lyric `` go cat go '' be changed to `` go man go '' , but the suggestion was not taken . Success of Perkins ' Sun Records release ( edit ) Perkins ' recording of `` Blue Suede Shoes '' was released in early 1956 , as Sun 234 . Two copies of the song on 78 - rpm records were sent to Perkins but arrived broken . He soon discovered that the song was available in the newer 7 - inch microgrooved 45 - rpm format and was disappointed that he did n't have a copy in the older , more substantial 78 - rpm format . In Jackson ( where Perkins lived ) and Memphis , radio stations were playing the flip side of the record , `` Honey Do n't . '' In Cleveland , Ohio , however , disc jockey Bill Randle was featuring `` Blue Suede Shoes '' prominently on his nightly show , and before January was over the Cleveland distributor of the record asked Phillips for an additional 25,000 copies . `` Shoes '' became the side of choice throughout the South and Southwest . On February 11 it was the number two single on Memphis charts ; it was number one the next week and remained there for the next three months . Perkins made four appearances on the radio program Big D Jamboree on station KRLD ( AM ) in Dallas , where he played the song every Saturday night and was booked on a string of one - nighters in the Southwest . The Jamboree was broadcast from the Dallas Sportatorium , with about 4,000 seats , and it sold out for each of Perkins ' performances . Music shops in Dallas ordered a huge number of copies of the record , and at one point it was selling at a rate of 20,000 copies per day . A Song Hits review of the song , published on February 18 , stated that `` Perkins has come up with some wax here that has hit the national retail chart in almost record time . Interestingly enough , the disk has a measure of appeal for pop and r. &b . customers . '' On March 17 , Perkins became the first country artist to reach the number three spot on the rhythm and blues charts . That night , Perkins and his band first performed `` Blue Suede Shoes '' on television , on ABC - TV 's Ozark Jubilee ( coincidentally , Presley was on Stage Show on CBS - TV that same night , for which he also performed the song ) . Perkins was booked to appear on The Perry Como Show on NBC - TV on March 24 , but on March 22 he and his band were in a serious automobile crash on the way to New York City , resulting in the death of a truck driver and the hospitalization of both Perkins and his brother . While Perkins recuperated from his injuries , `` Blue Suede Shoes '' rose to number one on most pop , R&B and country regional charts . `` I was a poor farm boy , and with ' Shoes ' I felt I had a chance but suddenly there I was in the hospital , '' Perkins recalled bitterly . It also held the number two position on the Billboard Hot 100 and country charts . Presley 's `` Heartbreak Hotel '' held the number one position on the pop and country charts , while `` Shoes '' did better than `` Heartbreak '' on the R&B charts . Perkins never attained the stardom of Presley , who , according to Perkins , `` had everything . He had the looks , the moves , the manager , and the talent . And he did n't look like Mr. Ed , like a lot of us did , Elvis was hitting them with sideburns , flashy clothes , and no ring on the finger . I had three kids . '' After Presley hit the chart with his version of `` Blue Suede Shoes , '' Perkins became known more for his songwriting than for his performing . By mid-April , more than one million copies of `` Shoes '' had been sold , earning Perkins a gold record . `` Blue Suede Shoes '' was the first million - selling country song to cross over to both the rhythm and blues and the pop charts . Sam Phillips retained the rights to `` Blue Suede Shoes '' , although it was represented by the New York house of Hill & Range as part of the agreement when Phillips sold Presley 's contract . Perkins acquired the rights to the song , along with all of his other songs recorded for Sun Records , in 1977 . Elvis Presley rendition ( edit ) `` Blue Suede Shoes '' Single by Elvis Presley from the album Elvis Presley B - side `` Tutti Frutti '' Released March 1956 ( 1956 - 03 ) Format 7 - inch 45 rpm , 10 - inch 78 rpm Recorded January 30 , 1956 Studio RCA , New York City Genre Rockabilly , rock and roll Length 1 : 58 Label RCA Victor Songwriter ( s ) Carl Perkins Producer ( s ) Steve Sholes Elvis Presley singles chronology `` Shake , Rattle and Roll '' ( 1956 ) `` Blue Suede Shoes '' ( 1956 ) `` I Got a Woman '' ( 1956 ) Recording cover versions of songs was a common practice during the 1940s and 1950s , and `` Blue Suede Shoes '' was one of the first songs RCA Victor wanted its newly contracted artist , Elvis Presley , to record . `` Heartbreak Hotel '' and `` Shoes '' rose on the charts at roughly the same time . RCA Victor , with its superior distribution and radio contacts , knew it could probably steal a hit record from Phillips and Perkins . Presley , who knew both Perkins and Phillips from his days at Sun Records , gave in to pressure from RCA , but he requested that the company hold back his version from release as a single . Presley 's version features two guitar solos by Scotty Moore , with Bill Black on bass and D.J. Fontana on drums . According to Moore , when the song was recorded , `` We just went in there and started playing , just winged it . Just followed however Elvis felt . '' According to reports confirmed by Sam Phillips , RCA Victor producer Steve Sholes agreed not to release Presley 's version of the song as a single while Perkins ' release was hot . Presley performed the song on national television three times in 1956 . The first was February 11 on Stage Show . He also performed it again on his third appearance on Stage Show on March 17 , and again on the Milton Berle Show on April 3 . On July 1 , Steve Allen introduced Presley on The Steve Allen Show , and Presley , dressed in formal evening wear , said , `` I think that I have on something tonight that 's not quite right for evening wear . '' Allen asked , `` What 's that , Elvis ? '' `` Blue suede shoes '' was the answer , as he lifted his left foot to show the audience . Presley mentioned blue suede shoes a second time on this show : in a song during the `` Range Roundup '' comedy skit with Allen , Andy Griffith , and Imogene Coca , he delivered the line , `` I 'm a-warnin ' you galoots , do n't step on my blue suede shoes . '' Moore has said that Presley recorded the song to help out Perkins after his accident . `` Elvis was n't really thinking at that time that it was going to make money for Carl ; he was doing it as more of a tribute type thing . Of course Carl was glad he did . It really helped as his record started going down . '' `` Blue Suede Shoes '' was the first song on the groundbreaking album Elvis Presley , which was released in March . RCA Victor released two other records with `` Blue Suede Shoes '' the same month : an extended play with four songs ( RCA Victor EPA 747 ) and a double extended play with eight songs ( RCA Victor EPB 1254 ) . RCA Victor released the Presley version as a single on September 8 , one of a number of singles RCA issued simultaneously , all culled from the album Elvis Presley . This single reached number 20 , whereas Perkins ' version had topped the chart . In 1960 , Presley re-recorded `` Blue Suede Shoes '' for the soundtrack of the film G.I. Blues . While Presley 's character and his band , the `` Three Blazes '' , play a ballad at a Frankfurt nightclub ( `` Doin ' the Best I Can '' , by Doc Pomus and Mort Shuman ) , a bored GI plays Presley 's version of `` Blue Suede Shoes '' on the jukebox , remarking that he wants `` to hear an original '' . When another soldier tries to unplug the jukebox , the audience erupts in a fight . This studio re-recording was one of the few occasions in Presley 's career in which he agreed to re-record a previously issued song . He did it on this occasion because the rest of the soundtrack was recorded in stereo , and thus a stereo version of `` Blue Suede Shoes '' was required . The 1960 version uses virtually the same arrangement as the 1956 recording . This version was included on the soundtrack album to G.I. Blues but was never released as a single in the United States . In 1985 , RCA issued a music video of Presley 's original version of `` Blue Suede Shoes '' . The video featured a contemporary setting and actors ( and Carl Perkins in a cameo appearance ) , with Presley shown in archival footage . In 1999 , Presley 's version was certified as a gold record by the RIAA . Other 1956 recordings ( edit ) `` Blue Suede Shoes '' was recorded and released many times in 1956 . February releases were by Delbert Barker and the Gateway All Stars on the Gateway and Big Hits labels , Thumper Jones ( George Jones ) , Hank Smith , and Buzz Williams . RCA Victor released a version by Pee Wee King on March 3 of that same year , the same date as a Capitol release by Bob Rubian . These were followed by the March 10 releases of a version by Boyd Bennett on King and a version by Sid King on Columbia . Decca released a version by Roy Hall , and the Dot label then released a recording by Jim Lowe . The song was also recorded in 1956 by Loren Becker with the Light Brigade on Waldorf Music Hall Records and by Bob Harris and the John Weston Orchestra on Sapphire . By April there were also recorded versions by Lawrence Welk ( Coral ) , Sam Taylor ( MGM ) , and Jerry Mercer ( Mercury ) . A version by Boyd Bennett and His Rockets was issued by Parlophone ( R4167 MSP 6233 ) in the UK . `` Blue Suede Shoes '' was one of many songs that were included in the mashup novelty record `` The Flying Saucer '' , which was a No. 3 hit in 1956 . It was referenced in the record as `` Shoes '' , by Pa Gherkins . Rockabilly artist Eddie Cochran recorded his version in May or June 1956 . It was first released in 1962 . Legacy ( edit ) `` Blue Suede Shoes '' has been referred to in other songs , including Chuck Berry 's `` Roll Over Beethoven '' ( `` Early in the mornin ' , I 'm - a givin ' you the warnin ' , do n't you step on my blue suede shoes '' ) . `` Blue Suede Shoes '' was chosen by the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as one of the `` 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll '' . In 1986 Perkins ' version was inducted in the Grammy Hall of Fame , and was included by the National Recording Preservation Board in the National Recording Registry of the Library of Congress in 2006 . The board annually selects songs that are `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant . '' In 2004 , Perkins 's version was ranked number 95 on Rolling Stone 's list of `` The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . '' It is his only song on that list . Presley 's recording of the song was also on the list , ranked number 423 . In 1999 , National Public Radio included `` Blue Suede Shoes '' in the NPR 100 , in which NPR 's music editors sought to compile the 100 most important American musical works of the 20th century . The Grateful Dead 's `` U.S. Blues '' features the lyric `` Red and white , blue suede shoes , I 'm Uncle Sam , how do you do ? '' The song is referred to by the Beastie Boys song `` Johnny Ryall '' , from their album Paul 's Boutique . The title character , a homeless man , `` claims that he wrote the Blue Suede Shoes '' . It is also referred to ( `` maybe some blue suede shoes '' ) in The Lowest of the Low 's 1991 song `` Henry Needs a New Pair of Shoes '' , about a homeless man . The song is referred to by Marc Cohn in `` Walking in Memphis , '' which begins , `` Put on my blue suede shoes , and I boarded the plane . '' In 1971 Kevin Ayers recorded Stranger in Blue Suede Shoes which included the line ( from the bartender ) `` we do n't serve strangers in blue suede shoes '' . The song appears in the TV miniseries Elvis , in which Presley ( played by Jonathan Rhys Meyers ) performs the song at the Chicago International Auditorium in his famous gold lamé suit . `` Blue Suede Shoes '' is the opening number of the Broadway musical Million Dollar Quartet , which opened in New York in April 2010 . A similar version of the song , with different lyrics , is performed by Susan Cabot twice in the movie Carnival Rock ( 1957 ) ( at approx. 0 : 30 and 1 : 03 ) under the name `` Ou - Shoo - Bla - D '' . This Morning presenter Matt Johnson performed the song as part of a medley , performed as Elvis Presley on week 3 of the ITV show ' Your Face Sounds Familiar ' . `` Blue Suede Shoes '' can also be found in the game World of Warcraft as an item with the flavor text `` Keep Off '' . Selected list of recorded versions ( edit ) This article contains embedded lists that may be poorly defined , unverified or indiscriminate . Please help to clean it up to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . Where appropriate , incorporate items into the main body of the article . ( September 2016 ) This article may contain indiscriminate , excessive , or irrelevant examples . Please improve the article by adding more descriptive text and removing less pertinent examples . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for further suggestions . ( September 2016 ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . 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( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1956 sheet music cover , Hill and Range , New York The song is a rock - and - roll standard and has been performed and recorded by many artists , including : Bill Haley & His Comets , 1960 , Warner Bros. album Buddy Holly as recorded on the Buddy Holly Story compilation and the 1964 LP Buddy Holly Showcase The Dave Clark Five , 1965 , Weekend in London ; 1970 , No. 7 , UK singles chart , as part of medley `` Good Old Rock ' n ' Roll '' The Beatles , 1969 , Anthology 3 Cat Mother & the All Night Newsboys , No. 21 , Billboard , 1969 , as part of medley `` Good Old Rock ' n ' Roll '' , produced by Jimi Hendrix Mountain , Woodstock , 1969 Plastic Ono Band , with John Lennon , Eric Clapton , 1969 , Live Peace in Toronto Ten Years After , Woodstock , 1969 , as part of a medley Albert King , 1970 , Blues for Elvis -- King Does the King 's Things Black Sabbath on the Black Mass EP , 1970 Jerry Lee Lewis , 1973 , The London Rock and Roll Show Johnny Rivers , US No. 38 , 1973 Jimi Hendrix , Midnight Lightning , Hendrix in the West , Loose Ends , 1975 Johnny Cash is not known to have recorded a studio version of the song he inspired , but he performed it in a duet with Perkins on TV . An audio tape of Cash performing the song , made by a member of the audience in Rotterdam in 1976 , has been circulated on YouTube . Kidsongs , `` Let 's Put on a Show '' , 1995 Paul McCartney , Eric Clapton , Robbie Robertson , Paul Shaffer , Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , 1999 Dion , 2008 Heroes : Giants of Early Guitar Rock album Bruce Springsteen , live in concert Grateful Dead , sound check Pat Boone Merle Haggard Conway Twitty Mary J. Blige Brian Setzer The Toy Dolls Motörhead Helloween , 1991 , `` Kids of the Century '' single Hasil Adkins , a previously unreleased included on the 1990 album Peanut Butter Rock and Roll Ghinzu , live at Montreux , 2005 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ retrieved 10.2012 Archived September 22 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Johnny Cash : the Autobiography by Patrick Carr , p. 127 Jump up ^ Rockabilly Legends by Jerry Naylor and Steve Halliday p. 131 Jump up ^ Go , Cat , Go ! by Carl Perkins and David McGee 1996 p. 129 Hyperion Press ISBN 0 - 7868 - 6073 - 1 Jump up ^ Go , Cat , Go ! by Carl Perkins and David McGee 1996 p. 130 Hyperion Press ISBN 0 - 7868 - 6073 - 1 Jump up ^ Rockabilly Legends by Jerry Naylor and Steve Halliday p. 131 ; also on DVD Jump up ^ `` The Top Beats the Bottom : Carl Perkins and his Music '' . The Atlantic . December 1970 . p. 100 . Jump up ^ Carl Perkins interviewed on the Pop Chronicles ( 1969 ) ^ Jump up to : Perkins , Carl ; McGee , David ( 1996 ) . Go , Cat , Go ! Hyperion Press . pp. 152,153 . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 6073 - 1 . Jump up ^ Perkins , Carl ; McGee , David ( 1996 ) . Go , Cat , Go ! Hyperion Press . p. 157 . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 6073 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Big D Jamboree '' . Rockabillyhall.com . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ p. 154 . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 6073 - 1 . Jump up ^ Perkins , Carl ; McGee , David ( 1996 ) . Go , Cat , Go ! Hyperion Press . p. 158 . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 6073 - 1 . Jump up ^ Naylor , Jerry . Rockabilly Legends . p. 137 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4234 - 2042 - 2 . Jump up ^ Perkins , Carl ; McGee , David ( 1996 ) . Go , Cat , Go ! Hyperion Press . p. 163 . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 6073 - 1 . Jump up ^ Szatmary , David P. ( 2014 ) . Rockin ' in Time . Pearson . p. 38 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 205 - 93624 - 3 . Jump up ^ Szatmary , David P. ( 2014 ) . Rockin ' in Times . Pearson . p. 38 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 205 - 93624 - 3 . Jump up ^ Perkins , Carl ; McGee , David ( 1996 ) . Go , Cat , Go ! Hyperion Press . p. 187 , ISBN 0 - 7868 - 6073 - 1 . Jump up ^ The Atlantic . December 1970 . p. 102 . Jump up ^ `` The Story of ' Blue Suede Shoes ' '' . NPR.org . February 7 , 2000 . Jump up ^ Perkins , Carl ; McGee , David ( 1996 ) . Go , Cat , Go ! Hyperion Press , Go , Cat , Go ! pp. 188 , 344 . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 6073 - 1 . Jump up ^ Burke , Ken ; Griffin , Dan ( 2006 ) . The Blue Moon Boys : The Story of Elvis Presley 's Band . Chicago Review Press . pp. 87 , 88 . ISBN 1 - 55652 - 614 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Perkins , Carl ; McGee , David ( 1996 ) . Go , Cat , Go ! Hyperion Press . pp. 162 , 163 . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 6073 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Elvis ' Television Appearances 1956 -- 1973 '' . Kki.pl . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved April 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Elvis . Vol. 1 . Home Video Syndications , 1990 . Jump up ^ Burke , Ken ; Griffin , Dan ( 2006 ) . The Blue Moon Boys : The Story of Elvis Presley 's Band . Chicago Review Press . p. 88 . ISBN 1 - 55652 - 614 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Elvis Discography 1956 '' . Sergent.com.au . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` Search Results for Blue Suede Shoes '' . Rockin ' Country Style . Jump up ^ `` Songwriters Doc Pomus and Mort Shuman -- Elvis Articles '' . Elvis.com.au . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ G.I. Blues DVD Jump up ^ `` ' Blue Suede Shoes ' by Carl Perkins and Elvis Presley '' . Elvis Presley History Blog , Profiling the King of Rock and Roll . Retrieved 26 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` American certifications -- Elvis Presley -- Blue Suede Shoes '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Jump up ^ Carl Perkin 's Smash ! ( sic ) Billboard April 14 , 1956 . page 36 . Jump up ^ `` RCS Label Shot for Gateway ( Ohio ) 1162 '' . rcs-discography.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jones , George ( RCS Artist Discography ) '' . rcs-discography.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` RCS Label Shot for Dixie ( mail ) ( Ill . ) 502 '' . rcs-discography.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ted Barron ( July 26 , 2007 ) . `` Boogie Woogie Flu : Who Are The Mystery Guests ? '' . Boogiewoogieflu.blogspot.com . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Barker , Delbert ( RCS Artist Discography ) '' . rcs-discography.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` RCS Label Shot for Big 4 Hits ( Ohio ) 185 '' . rcs-discography.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` King , Pee Wee ( RCS Artist Discography ) '' . rcs-discography.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` RCS Label Shot for RCA Victor ( N.J. ) 6450 '' . rcs-discography.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Roubian , Bob ( RCS Artist Discography ) '' . rcs-discography.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` RCS Label Shot for Capitol ( Calif . ) 3373 '' . rcs-discography.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` RCS Label Shot for King ( Ohio ) 4903 '' . rcs-discography.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` King , Sid ( RCS Artist Discography ) '' . rcs-discography.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` RCS Label Shot for Columbia ( N.Y. ) 21505 '' . rcs-discography.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hall , Roy ( RCS Artist Discography ) '' . rcs-discography.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` RCS Label Shot for Decca ( N.Y. ) 29880 '' . rcs-discography.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lowe , Jim ( RCS Artist Discography ) '' . rcs-discography.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` RCS Label Shot for Dot ( Calif . ) 15456 '' . rcs-discography.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Untitled Document '' . Jump up ^ `` Billboard '' . Jump up ^ 78 & 45 Discography for Parlophone Records UK -- 4000 series 3.2012 Jump up ^ `` Eddie Cochran 1957 Sessions on www.eddiecochran.info '' . Eddiecochran.info . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Liberty LRP 3220 . January 5 , 1962 . Long play -- `` Never to Be Forgotten '' Archived November 3 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` About This Program '' . The Library of Congress . Jump up ^ `` The RS 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Grateful Dead Movie -- U.S. Blues '' . Jump up ^ MDQ Merchandising LLC ( 2010 ) . `` Song List '' and `` Performing Credits '' . In Million Dollar Quartet ( p. 5 ) CD booklet . New York City : Avatar Studios ; and Chicago : Chicago Recording Company . Jump up ^ Zielinski , Peter James ( April 12 , 2010 ) . `` Photo Coverage : Million Dollar Quartet Opens on Broadway '' . Jump up ^ `` Blue Suede Shoes '' . Wowhead . External links ( edit ) NPR story on Blue Suede Shoes Elvis Presley singles 1954 `` That 's All Right '' / `` Blue Moon of Kentucky '' `` Good Rockin ' Tonight '' / `` I Do n't Care if the Sun Do n't Shine '' `` You 're a Heartbreaker '' 1955 `` Baby Let 's Play House '' `` I Forgot to Remember to Forget '' / `` Mystery Train '' 1956 `` Heartbreak Hotel '' / `` I Was the One '' `` I Want You , I Need You , I Love You '' / `` My Baby Left Me '' `` Do n't Be Cruel '' / `` Hound Dog '' `` Blue Suede Shoes '' / `` Tutti Frutti '' `` Money Honey '' `` I Got a Woman '' `` Tryin ' to Get to You '' `` Blue Moon '' `` I 'll Never Let You Go ( Lil ' Darlin ' ) '' / `` I 'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Cry ( Over You ) '' `` Shake , Rattle and Roll '' / `` Lawdy Miss Clawdy '' `` Love Me Tender '' 1957 `` Too Much '' / `` Playing for Keeps '' `` All Shook Up '' `` Peace in the Valley `` ( Let Me Be Your ) Teddy Bear '' / `` Loving You '' `` Paralyzed '' ( UK ) `` Jailhouse Rock '' `` Party '' / `` Got a Lot o ' Livin ' to Do ! '' ( UK ) 1958 `` Do n't '' / `` I Beg of You '' `` Wear My Ring Around Your Neck '' `` Hard Headed Woman '' / `` Do n't Ask Me Why '' `` King Creole '' ( UK ) `` One Night '' / `` I Got Stung '' 1959 `` I Need Your Love Tonight '' / `` A Fool Such as I '' `` A Big Hunk o ' Love '' 1960 `` Stuck on You '' / `` Fame and Fortune '' `` It 's Now or Never '' `` Are You Lonesome Tonight ? '' 1961 `` Surrender '' / `` Lonely Man '' `` I Feel So Bad '' / `` Wild in the Country '' `` ( Marie 's the Name ) His Latest Flame '' / `` Little Sister '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' / `` Rock - A-Hula Baby '' 1962 `` Good Luck Charm '' / `` Anything That 's Part of You '' `` She 's Not You '' `` Return to Sender '' / `` Where Do You Come From '' 1963 `` One Broken Heart for Sale '' `` ( You 're the ) Devil in Disguise '' `` Bossa Nova Baby '' / `` Witchcraft '' 1964 `` Kissin ' Cousins '' / `` It Hurts Me '' `` What 'd I Say '' / `` Viva Las Vegas '' `` Such a Night '' / `` Never Ending '' `` Ask Me '' / `` Ai n't That Loving You Baby '' `` Blue Christmas '' 1965 `` Do the Clam '' / `` You 'll Be Gone '' `` Crying in the Chapel `` ( Such an ) Easy Question '' `` I 'm Yours '' `` Puppet on a String '' / `` Wooden Heart '' 1966 `` Tell Me Why '' / `` Blue River '' `` Frankie and Johnny '' / `` Please Do n't Stop Loving Me '' `` Love Letters '' `` Spinout '' / `` All That I Am '' `` If Every Day Was Like Christmas '' 1967 `` Indescribably Blue '' `` Long Legged Girl ( With the Short Dress On ) '' / `` That 's Someone You Never Forget '' `` There 's Always Me '' / `` Judy '' `` Big Boss Man '' / `` You Do n't Know Me '' 1968 `` Guitar Man '' `` U.S. Male '' / `` Stay Away '' `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' `` Your Time Has n't Come Yet , Baby '' / `` Let Yourself Go '' `` Almost in Love '' / `` A Little Less Conversation '' `` If I Can Dream '' / `` Edge of Reality '' 1969 `` Memories '' / `` Charro '' `` How Great Thou Art '' `` In the Ghetto '' / `` Any Day Now '' `` Clean Up Your Own Backyard '' `` Suspicious Minds '' / `` You 'll Think of Me '' `` Do n't Cry Daddy '' 1970 `` Kentucky Rain '' `` The Wonder of You '' `` I 've Lost You '' `` You Do n't Have to Say You Love Me '' / `` Patch It Up '' `` I Really Do n't Want to Know '' / `` There Goes My Everything '' 1971 `` Rags to Riches '' `` Life '' / `` Only Believe '' `` I 'm Leavin ' '' `` It 's Only Love '' `` Merry Christmas Baby '' / `` O Come All Ye Faithful '' 1972 `` Until It 's Time for You to Go '' `` He Touched Me '' `` An American Trilogy '' / `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' `` Burning Love '' / `` It 's a Matter of Time '' `` Separate Ways '' / `` Always on My Mind '' 1973 `` Steamroller Blues '' / `` Fool '' `` Raised on Rock '' / `` For Ol ' Times Sake '' `` I 've Got a Thing About You Baby '' `` If You Talk in Your Sleep '' / `` Help Me '' `` Promised Land '' / `` It 's Midnight '' `` My Boy '' / `` Thinking About You '' `` T-R-O-U-B-L-E '' `` Bringing It Back '' / `` Pieces of My Life '' 1976 `` Hurt '' / `` For the Heart '' `` Moody Blue '' 1977 `` Way Down '' `` My Way '' / `` America the Beautiful '' 1978 `` Unchained Melody '' / `` Softly as I Leave You '' Eddie Cochran Studio albums Singin ' to My Baby Posthumous studio albums Never to Be Forgotten My Way ( UK ) Compilations 12 of His Biggest Hits Summertime Blues Legendary Masters Series The Very Best of Eddie Cochran Great Hits Live albums On The Air Singles `` Sittin ' in the Balcony '' `` Drive In Show '' `` Twenty Flight Rock '' `` Jeannie Jeannie Jeannie '' `` Summertime Blues '' `` C'mon Everybody '' `` Teenage Heaven '' `` Somethin ' Else '' `` Hallelujah I Love Her So '' `` Three Steps To Heaven '' `` Lonely '' `` Sweetie Pie '' `` Weekend '' `` My Way '' Movies The Girl Ca n't Help It Untamed Youth Go , Johnny , Go ! Associated acts Jerry Capehart Sharon Sheeley Gene Vincent Related articles Liberty Records Cash Records Ekko Records Crest Records Freedom Records Gold Star Recording Studios Gretsch Book : Eddie Cochran Johnny Rivers Live albums At the Whisky à Go Go Here We à Go Go Again ! In Action Meanwhile Back at the Whisky à Go Go ... And I Know You Wanna Dance Songs `` Memphis '' `` Maybellene '' `` Mountain of Love '' `` Midnight Special '' `` The Seventh Son '' `` Where Have All the Flowers Gone ? '' `` Secret Agent Man '' `` ( I Washed My Hands In ) Muddy Water '' `` Poor Side of Town '' `` Baby I Need Your Lovin ' '' `` The Tracks of My Tears '' `` Summer Rain '' `` Into the Mystic '' `` Fire and Rain '' `` Sea Cruise '' `` Rockin ' Pneumonia and the Boogie Woogie Flu '' `` Blue Suede Shoes '' `` Six Days on the Road '' `` Help Me , Rhonda '' `` Swayin ' to the Music ( Slow Dancing ) '' `` Um , Um , Um , Um , Um , Um '' Related articles Discography Dion DiMucci Albums Born to Be with You Streetheart Singles `` Lonely Teenager '' `` Runaround Sue '' `` The Wanderer '' `` Lovers Who Wander '' `` Little Diane '' `` Love Came to Me '' `` Ruby Baby '' `` Sandy '' `` Come Go with Me '' `` Donna the Prima Donna '' `` Drip Drop '' `` I 'm Your Hoochie Coochie Man '' `` Shout '' `` Johnny B. Goode '' `` Abraham , Martin and John '' `` Purple Haze '' `` And the Night Stood Still '' `` Sea Cruise '' Book : Dion DiMucci Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blue_Suede_Shoes&oldid=833817694 '' Categories : 1955 songs 1956 singles 1973 singles Songs written by Carl Perkins Carl Perkins songs Elvis Presley songs Eddie Cochran songs Bill Haley songs Buddy Holly songs The Dave Clark Five songs The Beatles songs Jerry Lee Lewis songs Johnny Rivers songs Jimi Hendrix songs Johnny Cash songs Dion DiMucci songs Bruce Springsteen songs Grateful Dead songs Number - one singles in the United States Pat Boone songs Song recordings produced by Sam Phillips Music published by MPL Music Publishing United States National Recording Registry recordings Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients Song recordings produced by Stephen H. Sholes Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from October 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles needing cleanup from September 2016 All pages needing cleanup Wikipedia list cleanup from September 2016 Articles with too many examples Articles needing additional references from September 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Eesti Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 15 : 40 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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when did elvis presley record blue suede shoes

`` Blue Suede Shoes '' Single by Elvis Presley from the album Elvis Presley B - side `` Tutti Frutti '' Released March 1956 ( 1956 - 03 ) Format 7 - inch 45 rpm , 10 - inch 78 rpm Recorded January 30 , 1956 Studio RCA , New York City Genre Rockabilly , rock and roll Length 1 : 58 Label RCA Victor Songwriter ( s ) Carl Perkins Producer ( s ) Steve Sholes Elvis Presley singles chronology `` Shake , Rattle and Roll '' ( 1956 ) `` Blue Suede Shoes '' ( 1956 ) `` I Got a Woman '' ( 1956 )

Sublimation ( phase transition ) - wikipedia Sublimation ( phase transition ) Jump to : navigation , search Dark green crystals of nickelocene , sublimed from the round - bottom flask and freshly deposited on a cold finger Sublimation is the phase transition of a substance directly from the solid to the gas phase without passing through the intermediate liquid phase . Sublimation is an endothermic process that occurs at temperatures and pressures below a substance 's triple point in its phase diagram . The reverse process of sublimation is deposition or desublimation , in which a substance passes directly from a gas to a solid phase . Sublimation has also been used as a generic term to describe a solid - to - gas transition ( sublimation ) followed by a gas - to - solid transition ( deposition ) . At normal pressures , most chemical compounds and elements possess three different states at different temperatures . In these cases , the transition from the solid to the gaseous state requires an intermediate liquid state . The pressure referred to is the partial pressure of the substance , not the total ( e.g. atmospheric ) pressure of the entire system . So , all solids that possess an appreciable vapor pressure at a certain temperature usually can sublime in air ( e.g. water ice just below 0 ° C ) . For some substances , such as carbon and arsenic , sublimation is much easier than evaporation from the melt , because the pressure of their triple point is very high , and it is difficult to obtain them as liquids . The term sublimation refers to a physical change of state and is not used to describe transformation of a solid to a gas in a chemical reaction . For example , the dissociation on heating of solid ammonium chloride into hydrogen chloride and ammonia is not sublimation but a chemical reaction . Similarly the combustion of candles , containing paraffin wax , to carbon dioxide and water vapor is not sublimation but a chemical reaction with oxygen . Sublimation requires additional energy and is an endothermic change . The enthalpy of sublimation ( also called heat of sublimation ) can be calculated by adding the enthalpy of fusion and the enthalpy of vaporization . Contents ( hide ) 1 Examples 1.1 Carbon dioxide 1.2 Water 1.3 Naphthalene 1.4 Other substances 2 Purification by sublimation 3 Historical usage 4 Sublimation predictions 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Examples ( edit ) Comparison of phase diagrams of carbon dioxide ( red ) and water ( blue ) showing the carbon dioxide sublimation point ( middle - left ) at 1 atmosphere . As dry ice is heated , it crosses this point along the bold horizontal line from the solid phase directly into the gaseous phase . Water , on the other hand , passes through a liquid phase at 1 atmosphere . Carbon dioxide ( edit ) Small pellets of dry ice subliming in air Solid carbon dioxide ( dry ice ) sublimes everywhere along the line below the triple point ( e.g. , at the temperature of − 78.5 ° C ( 194.65 K , − 104.2 ° F ) at atmospheric pressure , whereas its melting into liquid CO can occur only along the line at pressures and temperatures above the triple point ( i.e. , 5.2 atm , − 56.4 ° C ) . Water ( edit ) Snow and ice sublime , although more slowly , at temperatures below the freezing / melting point temperature line at 0 ° C for most pressures ; see line below triple point . In freeze - drying , the material to be dehydrated is frozen and its water is allowed to sublime under reduced pressure or vacuum . The loss of snow from a snowfield during a cold spell is often caused by sunshine acting directly on the upper layers of the snow . Ablation is a process that includes sublimation and erosive wear of glacier ice . Naphthalene ( edit ) Naphthalene , an organic compound commonly found in pesticide such as mothball also sublimes . It sublimes easily because it is made of non-polar molecules that are held together only by van der Waals intermolecular forces . Naphthalene is a solid that sublimes at standard atmospheric temperature with the sublimation point at around 80 ̊ C or 176 ̊ F. At low temperature , its vapour pressure is high enough , 1 mmHg at 53 ̊ C , to make the solid form of naphthalene evaporate into gas . On the cool surface , the sublimated vapour will be solidified to form a needle - like crystal . Experimental set up for the sublimation reaction of naphthalene Solid naphthalene sublimes and form the crystal - like structure at the bottom of the watch glass Solid compound of naphthalene sublimed to form a crystal - like structure on the cool surface . Other substances ( edit ) Camphor subliming in a cold finger . The crude product in the bottom is dark brown ; the white purified product on the bottom of the cold finger above is hard to see against the light background . Iodine produces fumes on gentle heating . It is possible to obtain liquid iodine at atmospheric pressure by controlling the temperature at just above the melting point of iodine . In forensic science , iodine vapor can reveal latent fingerprints on paper . Arsenic can also sublime at high temperatures . Purification by sublimation ( edit ) Crystals of ferrocene after purification by vacuum sublimation Sublimation is a technique used by chemists to purify compounds . A solid is typically placed in a sublimation apparatus and heated under vacuum . Under this reduced pressure , the solid volatilizes and condenses as a purified compound on a cooled surface ( cold finger ) , leaving a non-volatile residue of impurities behind . Once heating ceases and the vacuum is removed , the purified compound may be collected from the cooling surface . For even higher purification efficiencies a temperature gradient is applied , which also allows for the separation of different fractions . Typical setups use an evacuated glass tube that is gradually heated in a controlled manner . The material flow is from the hot end , where the initial material is placed , to the cold end that is connected to a pump stand . By controlling temperatures along the length of the tube the operator can control the zones of recondensation , with very volatile compounds being pumped out of the system completely ( or caught by a separate cold trap ) , moderately volatile compounds recondensating along the tube according to their different volatilities , and non-volatile compounds remaining in the hot end . Vacuum sublimation of this type is also the method of choice for purification of organic compounds for the use in the organic electronics industry , where very high purities ( often > 99.99 % ) are needed to satisfy the standards for consumer electronics and other applications . Historical usage ( edit ) In ancient alchemy , a protoscience that contributed to the development of modern chemistry and medicine , alchemists developed a structure of basic laboratory techniques , theory , terminology , and experimental methods . Sublimation was used to refer to the process in which a substance is heated to a vapor , then immediately collects as sediment on the upper portion and neck of the heating medium ( typically a retort or alembic ) , but can also be used to describe other similar non-laboratory transitions . It is mentioned by alchemical authors such as Basil Valentine and George Ripley , and in the Rosarium philosophorum , as a process necessary for the completion of the magnum opus . Here , the word sublimation is used to describe an exchange of `` bodies '' and `` spirits '' similar to laboratory phase transition between solids and gases . Valentine , in his Triumphal Chariot of Antimony ( published 1678 ) makes a comparison to spagyrics in which a vegetable sublimation can be used to separate the spirits in wine and beer . Ripley uses language more indicative of the mystical implications of sublimation , indicating that the process has a double aspect in the spiritualization of the body and the corporalizing of the spirit . He writes : And Sublimations we make for three causes , The first cause is to make the body spiritual . The second is that the spirit may be corporeal , And become fixed with it and consubstantial . The third cause is that from its filthy original . It may be cleansed , and its saltiness sulphurious May be diminished in it , which is infectious . Sublimation predictions ( edit ) The enthalpy of sublimation has commonly been predicted using the equipartition theorem . If the lattice energy is assumed to be approximately half the packing energy , then the following thermodynamic corrections can be applied to predict the enthalpy of sublimation . Assuming a 1 molar ideal gas gives a correction for the thermodynamic environment ( pressure and volume ) in which pV = RT , hence a correction of 1RT . Additional corrections for the vibrations , rotations and translation then need to be applied . From the equipartition theorem gaseous rotation and translation contribute 1.5 RT each to the final state , therefore a + 3RT correction . Crystalline vibrations and rotations contribute 3RT each to the initial state , hence − 6RT . Summing the RT corrections ; − 6RT + 3RT + RT = − 2RT . This leads to the following approximate sublimation enthalpy . A similar approximation can be found for the entropy term if rigid bodies are assumed . Δ H sublimation = − U lattice energy − 2 R T ( \ displaystyle \ Delta H_ ( \ text ( sublimation ) ) = - U_ ( \ text ( lattice energy ) ) - 2RT ) See also ( edit ) Ablation Dye - sublimation printer , Freezer burn -- common processes involving sublimation Enthalpy of sublimation Freeze - drying Phase diagram Phase Transitions of Matter To Solid Liquid Gas Plasma From Solid Solid - solid transformation Melting Sublimation -- Liquid Freezing -- Boiling / evaporation -- Gas Deposition Condensation -- Ionization Plasma -- -- Recombination / deionization -- References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sublimate Retrieved on 2015 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ Boreyko , Jonathan B. ; Hansen , Ryan R. ; Murphy , Kevin R. ; Nath , Saurabh ; Retterer , Scott T. ; Collier , C. Patrick ( 2016 ) . `` Controlling condensation and frost growth with chemical micropatterns '' . Scientific Reports . 6 . Bibcode : 2016NatSR ... 619131B . doi : 10.1038 / srep19131 . Jump up ^ Sublime . Dictionary.reference.com . Retrieved on 2015 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ Fassnacht , S.R. ( 2004 ) . `` Estimating Alter - shielded gauge snowfall undercatch , snowpack sublimation , and blowing snow transport at six sites in the coterminous USA '' ( PDF ) . Hydrol . Process . 18 : 3481 -- 3492 . Bibcode : 2004HyPr ... 18.3481 F . doi : 10.1002 / hyp. 5806 . Jump up ^ Caroll , J. ( 2014 ) . Natural Gas Hydrates . p. 16 . ISBN 9780128005750 . Jump up ^ Staff writer ( s ) ( 2015 ) . `` what solid go through sublimation ? '' . National Science Foundation and UCSB School - University partnership . Retrieved 13 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Pavia , , D. ( 2005 ) . Introduction to organic laboratory technique . pp. 781 -- 782 . ISBN 0534408338 . Jump up ^ Girard , James ( 2011 ) . Criminalistics : Forensic Science , Crime and Terrorism . Jones & Bartlett Learning . pp. 143 -- 144 . ISBN 0 - 7637 - 7731 - 5 . Jump up ^ R.B. King Organometallic Syntheses . Volume 1 Transition - Metal Compounds ; Academic Press : New York , 1965 . ISBN 0 - 444 - 42607 - 8 . Jump up ^ Harwood , Laurence M. ; Moody , Christopher J. ( 1989 ) . Experimental organic chemistry : Principles and Practice ( Illustrated ed . ) . WileyBlackwell . pp. 154 -- 155 . ISBN 0 - 632 - 02017 - 2 . Jump up ^ Barrett , Francis ( 1815 ) . The lives of alchemystical philosophers : with a critical catalogue of books in occult chemistry , and a selection of the most celebrated treatises on the theory and practice of the hermetic art . Macdonald and Son for Lackington , Allen , & Co. p. 233 . Jump up ^ DiBernard , Barbara ( 1980 ) . Alchemy and Finnegans wake . SUNY Press . p. 57 . ISBN 0873953886 . Jump up ^ Ripley , George ( 1591 ) . Compound of Alchemy . Jump up ^ Gavezzotti , A. ( 1997 ) . Theoretical Aspects and Computer Modeling of the Molecular Solid State . Chichester : Wiley and Sons . Jump up ^ McDonagh , J.L. ; Nath ; De Ferrari , Luna ; Van Mourik , Tanja ; Mitchell , John B.O. ( 2014 ) . `` Uniting Cheminformatics and Chemical Theory To Predict the Intrinsic Aqueous Solubility of Crystalline Druglike Molecules '' . Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling. 54 ( 3 ) : 844 . doi : 10.1021 / ci4005805 . Jump up ^ McDonagh , James ; Palmer , David S. ; Van Mourik , Tanja ; Mitchell , John B.O. ( 17 October 2016 ) . `` Are The Sublimation Thermodynamics of organic molecules predictable ? '' . Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling . ISSN 1549 - 9596 . doi : 10.1021 / acs. jcim. 6b00033 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Sublimation at Wikimedia Commons Separation processes Processes Absorption Acid - base extraction Adsorption Chromatography Cross-flow filtration Crystallization Cyclonic separation Dialysis ( biochemistry ) Dissolved air flotation Distillation Drying Electrochromatography Electrofiltration Filtration Flocculation Froth flotation Gravity separation Leaching Liquid -- liquid extraction Electroextraction Microfiltration Osmosis Precipitation ( chemistry ) Recrystallization Reverse osmosis Sedimentation Solid phase extraction Sublimation Ultrafiltration Devices API oil - water separator Belt filter Centrifuge Depth filter Electrostatic precipitator Evaporator Filter press Fractionating column Leachate Mixer - settler Protein skimmer Rotary vacuum - drum filter Scrubber Spinning cone Still Sublimation apparatus Vacuum ceramic filter Multiphase systems Aqueous two - phase system Azeotrope Eutectic Concepts Unit operation States of matter ( list ) State Solid Liquid Gas / Vapor Plasma Low energy Bose -- Einstein condensate Fermionic condensate Degenerate matter Quantum Hall Rydberg matter Strange matter Superfluid Supersolid Photonic matter High energy QCD matter Lattice QCD Quark -- gluon plasma Supercritical fluid Other states Colloid Glass Liquid crystal Quantum spin liquid Magnetically ordered Antiferromagnet Ferrimagnet Ferromagnet String - net liquid Superglass Transitions Boiling Boiling point Condensation Critical line Critical point Crystallization Deposition Evaporation Flash evaporation Freezing Chemical ionization Ionization Lambda point Melting Melting point Recombination Regelation Saturated fluid Sublimation Supercooling Triple point Vaporization Vitrification Quantities Enthalpy of fusion Enthalpy of sublimation Enthalpy of vaporization Latent heat Latent internal energy Trouton 's ratio Volatility Concepts Binodal Compressed fluid Cooling curve Equation of state Leidenfrost effect Macroscopic quantum phenomena Mpemba effect Order and disorder ( physics ) Spinodal Superconductivity Superheated vapor Superheating Thermo - dielectric effect Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sublimation_(phase_transition)&oldid=801473968 '' Categories : Alchemical processes Laboratory techniques Separation processes Atmospheric thermodynamics Chemical processes Phase transitions Gases Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština ChiShona Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 21 : 51 . 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when can sublimation be applied as a process of separation

Sublimation is a technique used by chemists to purify compounds . A solid is typically placed in a sublimation apparatus and heated under vacuum . Under this reduced pressure , the solid volatilizes and condenses as a purified compound on a cooled surface ( cold finger ) , leaving a non-volatile residue of impurities behind . Once heating ceases and the vacuum is removed , the purified compound may be collected from the cooling surface . For even higher purification efficiencies a temperature gradient is applied , which also allows for the separation of different fractions . Typical setups use an evacuated glass tube that is gradually heated in a controlled manner . The material flow is from the hot end , where the initial material is placed , to the cold end that is connected to a pump stand . By controlling temperatures along the length of the tube the operator can control the zones of recondensation , with very volatile compounds being pumped out of the system completely ( or caught by a separate cold trap ) , moderately volatile compounds recondensating along the tube according to their different volatilities , and non-volatile compounds remaining in the hot end . Vacuum sublimation of this type is also the method of choice for purification of organic compounds for the use in the organic electronics industry , where very high purities ( often > 99.99 % ) are needed to satisfy the standards for consumer electronics and other applications .

50 home run club - wikipedia 50 home run club Mark McGwire ( left ) and Sammy Sosa ( right ) are the only players to join the 50 home run club in four consecutive seasons . In Major League Baseball ( MLB ) , the 50 home run club is the group of batters who have hit 50 or more home runs in a single season . Babe Ruth was the first to achieve this , doing so in 1920 . By reaching the milestone , he also became the first player to hit 30 and then 40 home runs in a single - season , breaking his own record of 29 from the 1919 season . Ruth subsequently became the first player to reach the 50 home run club on four occasions , repeating the achievement in 1921 , 1927 and 1928 . He remained the only player to accomplish this until Mark McGwire and Sammy Sosa matched his feat in 1999 and 2001 , respectively , thus becoming the only players to achieve four consecutive 50 home run seasons . Barry Bonds hit the most home runs to join the club , collecting 73 in 2001 . The most recent players to reach the milestone are Giancarlo Stanton and Aaron Judge , achieving the feat during the 2017 season . In total , 29 players have reached the 50 home run club in MLB history and nine have done so more than once . Of these , seventeen were right - handed batters , eleven were left - handed , and one was a switch hitter , meaning he could bat from either side of the plate . Four of these players ( including two active members of the 50 home run club ) have played for only one major league team . The New York Yankees are the only franchise to have five players reach the milestone while on their roster : Ruth , Mickey Mantle , Roger Maris , Alex Rodriguez , and Judge . Ten players are also members of the 500 home run club and two of them ( Willie Mays and Rodriguez ) are also members of the 3,000 hit club . Ten players won the Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) Award in the same year as their 50 home run season . Mantle is the only player to have earned the Major League Triple Crown alongside achieving 50 home runs , leading both leagues in batting average , home runs and runs batted in ( RBI ) . Mantle and Maris -- collectively known as the M&M Boys -- are the only teammates to reach the 50 home run club in the same season , hitting a combined 115 home runs in 1961 and breaking the single - season record for home runs by a pair of teammates . Albert Belle is the only player to amass 50 or more doubles in addition to attaining 50 home runs . Prince Fielder , at 23 years and 139 days , was the youngest player to reach the milestone while Bonds , at age 37 , was the oldest . Due to the infrequent addition of members into the 50 home run club , Baseball Digest called it `` a restrictive fraternity comprising slugging elite '' in 1954 , when there were only six members . Of the seventeen members eligible for the Baseball Hall of Fame , eight have been elected and three were elected on the first ballot . Eligibility requires that a player has `` been retired five seasons '' or deceased for at least six months , disqualifying four active players and five players who have been retired for less than five seasons . Some believe the milestone has become less important with the large number of new members ; fifteen players joined the club on a total of 24 occasions from 1995 to 2010 . Additionally , several of these recent members have had ties to performance - enhancing drugs . Contents 1 Members 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References Members ( edit ) Babe Ruth was the first member of the 50 home run club and joined it in four seasons , a record he shares with Mark McGwire and Sammy Sosa . Jimmie Foxx achieved the 50 home run club and won the MVP Award in 1932 and 1938 . Mickey Mantle ( right ) earned the Triple Crown in addition to achieving the 50 home run club in 1956 . Five years later , he and Roger Maris ( left ) became the only teammates to reach the 50 home run club in the same season . Key Year The year the player 's 50 home run season occurred Player ( X ) Name of the player and number of 50 home run seasons they had accomplished at that point Team The player 's team for his 50 home run season HR Number of home runs in that season Career HR The number of home runs the player hit in his MLB career Denotes single - season home run record progression Elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame Player is active Members of the 50 home run club Year Player Team HR Career HR Ref 1920 Babe Ruth New York Yankees 54 714 1921 Babe Ruth ( 2 ) New York Yankees 59 714 1927 Babe Ruth ( 3 ) New York Yankees 60 714 1928 Babe Ruth ( 4 ) New York Yankees 54 714 1930 Hack Wilson Chicago Cubs 56 244 1932 Jimmie Foxx Philadelphia Athletics 58 534 1938 Jimmie Foxx ( 2 ) Boston Red Sox 50 534 1938 Hank Greenberg Detroit Tigers 58 331 1947 Johnny Mize New York Giants 51 359 1947 Ralph Kiner Pittsburgh Pirates 51 369 1949 Ralph Kiner ( 2 ) Pittsburgh Pirates 54 369 1955 Willie Mays New York Giants 51 660 1956 Mickey Mantle New York Yankees 52 536 1961 Mickey Mantle ( 2 ) New York Yankees 54 536 1961 Roger Maris New York Yankees 61 275 1965 Willie Mays ( 2 ) San Francisco Giants 52 660 1977 George Foster Cincinnati Reds 52 348 Cecil Fielder Detroit Tigers 51 319 1995 Albert Belle Cleveland Indians 50 381 Brady Anderson Baltimore Orioles 50 210 Mark McGwire Oakland Athletics 52 583 1997 Ken Griffey Jr . Seattle Mariners 56 630 1997 Mark McGwire ( 2 ) Oakland Athletics St. Louis Cardinals 58 583 1998 Greg Vaughn San Diego Padres 50 355 1998 Ken Griffey Jr. ( 2 ) Seattle Mariners 56 630 1998 Sammy Sosa Chicago Cubs 66 609 1998 Mark McGwire ( 3 ) St. Louis Cardinals 70 583 1999 Sammy Sosa ( 2 ) Chicago Cubs 63 609 1999 Mark McGwire ( 4 ) St. Louis Cardinals 65 583 2000 Sammy Sosa ( 3 ) Chicago Cubs 50 609 2001 Alex Rodriguez Texas Rangers 52 696 2001 Luis Gonzalez Arizona Diamondbacks 57 354 2001 Sammy Sosa ( 4 ) Chicago Cubs 64 609 2001 Barry Bonds San Francisco Giants 73 762 2002 Jim Thome Cleveland Indians 52 612 2002 Alex Rodriguez ( 2 ) Texas Rangers 57 696 2005 Andruw Jones Atlanta Braves 51 434 2006 Ryan Howard Philadelphia Phillies 58 382 2006 David Ortiz Boston Red Sox 54 541 2007 Alex Rodriguez ( 3 ) New York Yankees 54 696 2007 Prince Fielder Milwaukee Brewers 50 319 José Bautista Toronto Blue Jays 54 338 2013 Chris Davis Baltimore Orioles 53 261 2017 Giancarlo Stanton Miami Marlins 59 289 2017 Aaron Judge New York Yankees 52 81 See also ( edit ) Baseball portal List of Major League Baseball home run champions Major League Baseball single - season home run record List of Major League Baseball home run records Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) General `` Single - Season Leaders & Records for Home Runs '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Specific Jump up ^ Johnston , Joey ( July 1987 ) . `` Will 50 - Homer Seasons Become Extinct in the Majors ? '' . Baseball Digest . Evanston , IL , USA : Century Publishing . 46 ( 7 ) : 60 -- 61 . ISSN 0005 - 609X . Jump up ^ Smith , Claire ( September 29 , 1997 ) . `` On Baseball ; Numbers Tell It All : 1997 Was Impressive '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Larry Walker ... missed joining McGwire and Griffey in the 50 home run club ( 49 ) . Jump up ^ Bastian , Jordan ( September 19 , 2010 ) . `` Bautista belts 49th as Jays edge Red Sox '' . MLB.com . MLB Advanced Media . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2013 . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Bautista ( 's ) ... next blast will put him in the 50 home run club . Jump up ^ `` Progressive Leaders & Records for Home Runs '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Babe Ruth Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Single - Season Leaders & Records for Home Runs '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kepner , Tyler ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` Aaron Judge Hits 2 More Homers , Breaking Mark McGwire 's Rookie Record '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ryan Howard Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Career Leaders & Records for Home Runs '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Career Leaders & Records for Hits '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Most Valuable Player MVP Awards & Cy Young Awards Winners '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mantle Eligible for ' Hall ' Today '' . Sarasota Herald - Tribune . January 16 , 1974 . p. 24 . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Mantle took the triple crown in 1956 when he batted . 353 with 52 home runs and 130 runs batted in . Jump up ^ `` Mickey Mantle Named Most Valuable Player '' . The Milwaukee Journal . November 15 , 1956 . p. 20 . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Mantle , who won the triple batting crown ... , became the eighth man in history to win the batting , home run and runs batted in titles in one season . ( He ) led the league , both leagues in fact , with a . 353 batting average , 52 homers and 130 runs batted in . Jump up ^ `` 1956 Major League Baseball Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved June 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Singer , Tom ( August 24 , 2011 ) . `` Plenty of duos have look of M&M Boys '' . MLB.com . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved July 27 , 2012 . ( T ) heir combined total of 115 still stands as the benchmark for teammates . Jump up ^ `` A Short History of the Single - Season Home Run Record '' . National Baseball Hall of Fame . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . ( Maris ) and Mantle ... broke the record for most single - season home runs by a pair of teammates . Jump up ^ Carter , Bob ( September 5 , 2006 ) . `` Belle battled fans , teammates , self '' . ESPN . ESPN Internet Ventures . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2011 . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . In 1995 , ... he became the first player to amass 50 doubles and 50 homers in the same year . Jump up ^ `` Belle is forgotten man '' . The Spokesman - Review . September 27 , 1998 . p . C5 . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . ( H ) e became the first player to hit 50 homers and 50 doubles in 1995 . Jump up ^ `` Prince hits 50 , but it 's 52 he wants to ' shut up ' his dad '' . ESPN . ESPN Internet Ventures . September 26 , 2007 . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball ; Giants ' Bonds Is Fastest to 50 Homers '' . The New York Times . August 12 , 2001 . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Leonard , George K. ( October 1954 ) . `` 37 Stars Hit 50 Homers in Year ! '' . Baseball Digest . Evanston , IL , USA : Century Publishing . 13 ( 9 ) : 43 . ISSN 0005 - 609X . Retrieved July 11 , 2012 . Not as exclusive as the `` Four Homers in One Game Club '' but , nevertheless , a restrictive sort of fraternity is that comprising batters who have blasted 50 -- or more -- home runs in one season . This group of slugging elite ... Jump up ^ `` Rules for Election '' . National Baseball Hall of Fame . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( September 30 , 2001 ) . `` Baseball : Notebook ; Measure of Inflation For Home Run Race '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . I think it takes some of the luster off the numbers that some of the best players established ... Jump up ^ Schwarz , Alan ( June 9 , 2002 ) . `` Ideas & Trends ; Scoring Hits , Runs and Asterisks '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . Where 50 home runs in a season once meant something ( just 18 players did it before 1995 ) , 16 have since ... Jump up ^ Krawczynski , Jon ( October 2 , 2010 ) . `` Bautista 's homer binge brings questions '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . McGwire has admitted to using steroids during his career and Sosa and Bonds have been dogged by allegations . Jump up ^ Bloom , Barry M. ( December 13 , 2007 ) . `` Mitchell Report proposes solutions '' . MLB.com . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kepner , Tyler ( February 9 , 2009 ) . `` Rodriguez Admits to Use of Performance Enhancers '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Michael S. ( July 30 , 2009 ) . `` Ortiz and Ramirez Said to Be on 2003 Doping List '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hack Wilson Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jimmie Foxx Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hank Greenberg Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Mize Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ralph Kiner Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Willie Mays Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mickey Mantle Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Maris Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` George Foster Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cecil Fielder Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Albert Belle Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Brady Anderson Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mark McGwire Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 15 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ken Griffey Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Greg Vaughn Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sammy Sosa Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alex Rodriguez Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Luis Gonzalez Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Barry Bonds Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Thome Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Andruw Jones Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` David Ortiz Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Prince Fielder Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jose Bautista Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Davis Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Giancarlo Stanton Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Judge Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Major League Baseball records Baseball statistics ( types of records ) General Record holders Single - game records Single - season records Record breakers by season Records considered unbreakable Titles leaders Batting leaders Career Batting average On - base percentage Times on base Slugging percentage OPS Hits 3,000 club Progressive Singles Doubles Triples Home runs 500 club Progressive Extra base hits RBIs Total bases Walks Intentional HBP Strikeouts Games played At - bats Plate appearances Annual Batting average Doubles Triples Home runs RBI Season Batting average Triples Home run Progressive Game Home runs Hitting for the cycle Grand slams RBI Game Inning Hits Misc Consecutive game hitting streak On - base plus slugging Hits Home runs Doubles Triples RBIs Baserunning leaders Career Runs Stolen bases Annual Runs Stolen bases Game Runs Misc Runs Stolen bases Pitching leaders Career Wins 300 club Losses Games started Games finished Innings pitched Strikeouts 3,000 club Saves Complete games Shutouts ERA WHIP Walks Hit batsmen Wild pitches Batters faced Annual Wins Saves Shutouts Strikeouts ERA Game No - hitters Perfect games Strikeouts Game Inning Immaculate innings Misc Wins Fielding leaders Career Putouts 1B 2B SS 3B OF LF CF RF Errors 1B 2B SS 3B OF LF Assists Passed balls Annual Putouts Errors Managing records Wins and winning percentage Multiple stat records Triple Crown 20 -- 20 -- 20 club 30 -- 30 club 40 -- 40 club Other Consecutive games played Longest winning streaks Longest losing streaks Individual streaks Titles streaks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=50_home_run_club&oldid=855528280 '' Categories : Major League Baseball statistics Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 August 2018 , at 00 : 00 ( UTC ) . 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who has hit 60 home runs in a season

Members of the 50 home run club Year Player Team HR Career HR Ref 1920 Babe Ruth New York Yankees 54 714 1921 Babe Ruth ( 2 ) New York Yankees 59 714 1927 Babe Ruth ( 3 ) New York Yankees 60 714 1928 Babe Ruth ( 4 ) New York Yankees 54 714 1930 Hack Wilson Chicago Cubs 56 244 1932 Jimmie Foxx Philadelphia Athletics 58 534 1938 Jimmie Foxx ( 2 ) Boston Red Sox 50 534 1938 Hank Greenberg Detroit Tigers 58 331 1947 Johnny Mize New York Giants 51 359 1947 Ralph Kiner Pittsburgh Pirates 51 369 1949 Ralph Kiner ( 2 ) Pittsburgh Pirates 54 369 1955 Willie Mays New York Giants 51 660 1956 Mickey Mantle New York Yankees 52 536 1961 Mickey Mantle ( 2 ) New York Yankees 54 536 1961 Roger Maris New York Yankees 61 275 1965 Willie Mays ( 2 ) San Francisco Giants 52 660 1977 George Foster Cincinnati Reds 52 348 Cecil Fielder Detroit Tigers 51 319 1995 Albert Belle Cleveland Indians 50 381 Brady Anderson Baltimore Orioles 50 210 Mark McGwire Oakland Athletics 52 583 1997 Ken Griffey Jr . Seattle Mariners 56 630 1997 Mark McGwire ( 2 ) Oakland Athletics St. Louis Cardinals 58 583 1998 Greg Vaughn San Diego Padres 50 355 1998 Ken Griffey Jr. ( 2 ) Seattle Mariners 56 630 1998 Sammy Sosa Chicago Cubs 66 609 1998 Mark McGwire ( 3 ) St. Louis Cardinals 70 583 1999 Sammy Sosa ( 2 ) Chicago Cubs 63 609 1999 Mark McGwire ( 4 ) St. Louis Cardinals 65 583 2000 Sammy Sosa ( 3 ) Chicago Cubs 50 609 2001 Alex Rodriguez Texas Rangers 52 696 2001 Luis Gonzalez Arizona Diamondbacks 57 354 2001 Sammy Sosa ( 4 ) Chicago Cubs 64 609 2001 Barry Bonds San Francisco Giants 73 762 2002 Jim Thome Cleveland Indians 52 612 2002 Alex Rodriguez ( 2 ) Texas Rangers 57 696 2005 Andruw Jones Atlanta Braves 51 434 2006 Ryan Howard Philadelphia Phillies 58 382 2006 David Ortiz Boston Red Sox 54 541 2007 Alex Rodriguez ( 3 ) New York Yankees 54 696 2007 Prince Fielder Milwaukee Brewers 50 319 José Bautista Toronto Blue Jays 54 338 2013 Chris Davis Baltimore Orioles 53 261 2017 Giancarlo Stanton Miami Marlins 59 289 2017 Aaron Judge New York Yankees 52 81

Briard - wikipedia Briard Jump to : navigation , search Briard Briard Other names Berger de Brie Berger Briard Origin France ( hide ) Traits Weight Male 30 -- 40 kg ( 66 -- 88 lb ) Female 25 -- 35 kg ( 55 -- 77 lb ) Height Male 61 -- 69 cm ( 24 -- 27 in ) Female 58 -- 65 cm ( 23 -- 26 in ) Coat Long and slightly wavy . Color Uniform black , fawn or grey Life span 10 - 12 years ( hide ) Classification / standards FCI Group 1 , Section 1 Sheepdogs # 113 standard AKC Herding standard ANKC Group 5 ( Working Dogs ) standard CKC Group 7 - Herding Dogs standard KC ( UK ) Pastoral standard NZKC Working standard UKC Herding Dog standard Domestic dog ( ' ' Canis lupus familiaris ) The Briard / briːɑːrd / is an ancient breed of large herding dog , originally from France . A Briard - type dog appears in Gaston Febus ' Livre de chasse ( `` Book of the Hunt '' ) , written in the late 14th century . According to legend , about the same time , a Briard fought a judicial duel with Robert Macaire to avenge its owner 's murder , Aubry of Montdidier . Charlemagne , Napoleon , Thomas Jefferson , and Lafayette are all said to have owned Briards . It became popular after the Paris dog show of 1863 , after the breed had been fixed , with crosses with the Beauceron and the Barbet . During the First World War , the Briard was used , almost to the point of extinction , by the French army as a sentry , messenger , and to search for wounded soldiers . The Briard 's modern - day roles include police , military and search - and - rescue work , as well as companion dog . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Description 2.1 Appearance 2.2 Temperament 2.3 Service and therapy roles 2.4 Activities 2.5 Study on blindness using Briards 3 Briards in popular culture 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) They were originally bred to herd as well as guard flocks of sheep . And they were often left to their own devices in order to accomplish their assigned tasks . This makes the Briard different from those breeds that only guard and those that only herd . The breeds that just herd are often smaller in size , agile , and swift of foot . Those breeds that just guard are usually larger and heavier . Briards were used in all types of herding situations , having the ability to learn many commands and fulfill the jobs expected of them . The Briard was most commonly used as a farm dog in the more crowded farming valleys of France , where row crops were grown . Sheep were allowed to graze the grass strips between crops and Briards were responsible for keeping the sheep moving along these strips , and preventing the sheep from eating the crops . The Briard moved the sheep daily from the farm to the graze areas and back again at night . At the farm , the Briard was the shepherd 's partner , helping with livestock chores . The Briard was also used to move large flocks of sheep in areas of France that had wide grazing pastures and mountain pastures in summer . The Briards were usually worked beside one or two other breeds to keep the sheep from straying and herd the sheep to the proper areas . At night , they were alert and vigilant watchdogs , protecting the shepherds and flock from wolves and thieves . Description ( edit ) Double dewclaws are a characteristic of the breed . Appearance ( edit ) The Briard can be tawny , black or gray however there are variations in each color . Briards stand 58 to 69 cm ( 22 to 27 inches ) at the withers . Ear cropping has been common in the breed , although more breeders are leaving the ears in their natural state since ear cropping is becoming illegal in most European countries , including the Briard 's land of origin , France . When cropped , the ears should stand erect and parallel with the base being wide and tapering to a rounded point with hair covering the opening . Their long coat requires an extensive amount of grooming . The outer coat is coarse , hard and dry ( making a dry rasping sound between the fingers ) . It lies down flat , falling naturally in long , slightly waving locks , having the sheen of good health . On the shoulders the length of the hair is generally six inches or more . The undercoat is fine and tight on all the body . The head is well covered with hair which lies down , forming a natural part in the center . The eyebrows do not lie flat but , instead , arch up and out in a curve that lightly veils the eyes . The hair is never so abundant that it masks the form of the head or completely covers the eyes . Briards come in a variety from different colors . A black Briard . A fawn Briard Two Briards Briard with dark ears The breed characteristics of the Briard , are of a medium - sized , rugged , agile dog , having harsh coat and double dewclaws mounted low on each rear leg , resembling additional toes . Each double dew claw should have bone substance and nail , giving the appearance of a wider rear foot . Bred for centuries to herd , the additional digits on each rear foot give the Briard the ability of pivoting on one foot for quick turns and complete turn - arounds , which are necessary when herding and guarding their flocks . Throughout history , the Briard has retained an appropriate balance of size and build that is required for both herding and protection of their flocks . They are not too large to tire during herding yet large enough to fend off predators such as foxes and wolves . Temperament ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A color variant with natural ears . The Briard is a very loyal and protective breed , and is sometimes called `` a heart of gold wrapped in fur '' . Once they have bonded to their family members , they will be very protective . They can be aloof with strangers - new introductions should be on the dog 's terms , including furniture or the addition of a new baby into the household . They require showing that the new intrusion is friendly and free of conflict . They must be taught that it is a good thing and not harmful . They have proven to be a very good breed to have around children of all ages . Indeed , these dogs rapidly develop an affection to their owners . They are very emotional , capable of crying for a long time after their owners ' departure and celebrate their return in a very enthusiastic way . It is also important that the Briard be introduced to several different individuals of all ages and in all types of situations . Socialization starting at a very young age is mandatory . Briards should be walked as often as possible , to many different places , and they will develop into a well rounded animal . Pet stores , city parks and malls are a good place to start . An adult Briard The Briard has been bred for centuries to herd and to protect their flocks . To domesticated briards , their family is the flock and all strangers may appear to be predators . Letting them know that the public in general are friendly and not harmful will help them establish a lifelong socialization pattern which will result in an outgoing and happy dog . This socialization with the public in general will not diminish their capacity for protecting and guarding their family . Briard puppy . The Briard has a very good memory . Once a lesson is learned , good or bad , the knowledge will be retained for a long time to come . Sometimes they may appear to be strong minded and stubborn but these are a few of the Briard 's characteristics . They were bred for centuries to think for themselves and to act upon their conclusions , sometimes to the point of thinking what the `` flock '' will do ahead of time . These are some of the traits that the Briard has retained throughout history . Even if a Briard is a city dweller , they have a degree of herding ability within them . If ever , during their lifetime , they are introduced to sheep or cattle , they will automatically start doing what they were bred to do , herding . They will even herd humans by nibbling on their ankles or guiding with their heads and guide them to his master if ordered . Service and therapy roles ( edit ) Briards have been used in a variety of service and therapy roles to help those with disabilities and comfort those in hospitals , schools and retirement communities . Briards are also being trained as autism service dogs and PTSD service dogs for both adults and children . With their keen intelligence , tactile coat interaction , and loyalty , they make a huge difference in the quality of life for those with disabilities or in recovery . Briard service dog Activities ( edit ) Briards can compete in dog agility trials , obedience , showmanship , flyball , Schutzhund , tracking , and herding events . Herding instincts and trainability can be measured at noncompetitive herding tests . Briards exhibiting basic herding instincts can be trained to compete in herding trials . Study on blindness using Briards ( edit ) This breed is also commonly screened for congenital stationary night blindness ( SNB ) with a DNA test . SNB is inherited through recessive genes . Progressive retinal atrophy PRA , is a disease that causes nerve cells at the back of the eye to degenerate . The condition usually begins in older pets and can lead to blindness . Progressive retinal degeneration or atrophy ( PRD / PRA ) represents a group of inherited eye diseases characterized by abnormal development or premature degeneration of the retina . There are two types of photoreceptors in the retina and these are the light - sensitive rods and cones . They are responsible for detecting light and converting it into an electrical signal that travels to the brain . When the photoreceptor cells deteriorate , vision is lost because the animal has no way to generate an image from the light reaching the retina . Puppies are usually blind before one year of age . For the first time ever , animals ( Briards ) that were born blind gained the ability to see after undergoing gene therapy , according to research from the University of Florida , Cornell University and the University of Pennsylvania . UF researchers had established that the apparently harmless adeno - associated virus can carry healthy copies of a gene into the cells of the retina , which is composed of layers of light - sensitive nerve cells . The healthy gene 's mission : to produce a protein critical to translating light waves into nerve impulses that can be interpreted as images by the brain . The study was successful and the puppies could see in the eye that was treated . Officials from the Foundation Fighting Blindness , which supported the study with grant funds , said the success in reversing blindness in dogs is an important advance . Briards in popular culture ( edit ) Briards . Dennis the Menace - `` Ruff '' Kiss Kiss Bang Bang - `` Stevie '' My Three Sons - `` Tramp '' Bachelor Father - `` Jasper '' ( played by Briard mix `` Red '' 2nd Jasper 1960 -- 62 ) Get Smart - Agent K - 13 `` Fang '' ( played by Briard mix `` Red '' 1965 -- 66 ) Married ... with Children - `` Buck '' ( played by Briard `` Michael '' ) Dharma & Greg - `` Stinky '' ( played by Briard mix `` Chewy '' ) Addams Family - `` Them '' ( played by Briard mix `` Mayhem '' ) Top Dog - ( film starring Chuck Norris - 1995 ) - `` Reno '' Dennis the Menace ( 1993 ) - `` Rosie '' Buddy ( Starring Rene Russo - motion picture about a gorilla named Buddy ) ( 1997 ) The Karate Dog ( made - for - TV movie ) - ( voiced by Chevy Chase ) ( 2004 ) Tell No One ( Ne le dis à personne ) -- ( played by `` O P'tit Loup '' ) ( 2006 ) Easy A Sam Sheepdog of Looney Tunes fame References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Briard Archived October 29 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Herding description http://briardclubofamerica.org ^ Jump up to : AKC Briard Page Jump up ^ Hartnagle - Taylor , Jeanne Joy ; Taylor , Ty ( 2010 ) . Stockdog Savvy . Alpine Publications . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57779 - 106 - 5 . Jump up ^ Terry Miller . `` Love in a fur ball '' . Archived from the original on 16 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Learn about Briard diseases Archived October 29 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Progressive Retinal Degeneration in Dogs - Page 3 Jump up ^ In Gene Therapy First , Scientists Restore Vision To Dogs Born Blind - ScienceDaily External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Briard . Pastoral dogs Herding and droving dogs Australian Cattle Dog Australian Kelpie Australian Shepherd Australian Stumpy Tail Cattle Dog Basque Shepherd Dog Bearded Collie Beauceron Belgian Shepherd Dog ( Groenendael ) Belgian Shepherd Dog ( Laekenois ) Belgian Shepherd Dog ( Malinois ) Belgian Shepherd Dog ( Tervuren ) Bergamasco Berger Picard Black Mouth Cur Blue Lacy Bohemian Shepherd Border Collie Bouvier des Flandres Briard Can de Chira Cão da Serra de Aires Carea Castellano Manchego Carea Leonés Catahoula Bulldog Catahoula Leopard Dog Catalan Sheepdog Collie Collie ( Smooth ) Croatian Sheepdog Cumberland Sheepdog Dutch Shepherd Dog English Shepherd Farm Collie Finnish Lapphund Galician Palleiro Garafian Shepherd German Shepherd Huntaway Icelandic Sheepdog King Shepherd Koolie Lancashire Heeler Lapponian Herder Magellan sheep dog McNab Miniature American Shepherd Miniature Australian Shepherd Mucuchies Mudi New Zealand Heading Dog Norwegian Buhund Old English Sheepdog Old German Herding Dogs ( Altdeutsche ) Polish Lowland Sheepdog Puli Pumi Pyrenean Shepherd Reindeer Herder Rough Collie Samoyed Sardinian Sheperd Dog Schapendoes Schipperke Scotch Collie Shetland Sheepdog Smithfield Spanish Water Dog Swedish Lapphund Swedish Vallhund Tibetan Terrier Welsh Corgi ( Cardigan ) Welsh Corgi ( Pembroke ) Welsh Sheepdog White Shepherd Livestock guardian dogs Aidi or Atlas Mountain Dog Akbash Dog or Turkish Akbash Dog Anatolian Shepherd Armenian mountain dog a / k / a Armenian wolfhound Bucovina Shepherd Dog Bernese Mountain Dog Cão de Castro Laboreiro Cão de Gado Transmontano Cão Fila de São Miguel Carpathian Shepherd Dog Caucasian Shepherd Dog Central Asian Shepherd Dog Estrela Mountain Dog Gaddi Kutta Georgian Shepherd Great Pyrenees Greater Swiss Mountain Dog Greek Shepherd Himalayan Sheepdog Hovawart Kuchi ( dog ) Kumaon Mastiff or Indian Sindh Mastiff Kangal Dog Karakachan Karst Shepherd Komondor Kuvasz Landseer Leonberger Majorca Shepherd Dog Maremma Sheepdog or Italian Abruzzese Sheepdog Mioritic Perro Majorero Polish Tatra Sheepdog Puli Pyrenean Mastiff Rafeiro do Alentejo Šarplaninac Slovak Cuvac South Russian Ovcharka Spanish Mastiff Tibetan Mastiff Tornjak Dogs originating in France Hounds Anglo - Français de Petite Vénerie Ariegeois Artois Hound Basset Artésien Normand Basset Bleu de Gascogne Basset Fauve de Bretagne Beagle - Harrier Billy Briquet Griffon Vendéen Chien Français Blanc et Noir Chien Français Blanc et Orange Chien Français Tricolore French Saint Hubert Hound ( Bruno Saint Hubert Francais ) Gascon Saintongeois Grand Anglo - Français Blanc et Noir Grand Anglo - Français Blanc et Orange Grand Anglo - Français Tricolore Grand Basset Griffon Vendéen Grand Bleu de Gascogne Grand Griffon Vendéen Griffon Bleu de Gascogne Griffon Fauve de Bretagne Griffon Nivernais Petit Basset Griffon Vendéen Petit Bleu de Gascogne Poitevin Porcelaine Provence Hound ( Briquet de Provence ) Gun dogs Ariege Pointer Barbet Blue Picardy Spaniel Braque d'Auvergne Braque du Bourbonnais Braque Francais Braque Saint - Germain Brittany French Spaniel Picardy Spaniel Pont - Audemer Spaniel Saint - Usuge Spaniel Pastoral dogs Beauceron Berger Picard Briard Great Pyrenees Pyrenean Shepherd Other Cursinu Dogue de Bordeaux Papillon Poodle Extinct Braque du Puy Chien - gris Grand Fauve de Bretagne Talbot Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Briard&oldid=800466811 '' Categories : Dog breeds Herding dogs Dog breeds originating in France Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with ' species ' microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles needing additional references from August 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing style editing from August 2017 All articles needing style editing Articles needing additional references from September 2017 Wikipedia articles needing style editing from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Français 한국어 Italiano ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 18 : 41 . 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what type of dog is fang from get smart

Dennis the Menace - `` Ruff '' Kiss Kiss Bang Bang - `` Stevie '' My Three Sons - `` Tramp '' Bachelor Father - `` Jasper '' ( played by Briard mix `` Red '' 2nd Jasper 1960 -- 62 ) Get Smart - Agent K - 13 `` Fang '' ( played by Briard mix `` Red '' 1965 -- 66 ) Married ... with Children - `` Buck '' ( played by Briard `` Michael '' ) Dharma & Greg - `` Stinky '' ( played by Briard mix `` Chewy '' ) Addams Family - `` Them '' ( played by Briard mix `` Mayhem '' ) Top Dog - ( film starring Chuck Norris - 1995 ) - `` Reno '' Dennis the Menace ( 1993 ) - `` Rosie '' Buddy ( Starring Rene Russo - motion picture about a gorilla named Buddy ) ( 1997 ) The Karate Dog ( made - for - TV movie ) - ( voiced by Chevy Chase ) ( 2004 ) Tell No One ( Ne le dis à personne ) -- ( played by `` O P'tit Loup '' ) ( 2006 ) Easy A Sam Sheepdog of Looney Tunes fame

Saturday Night Live ( season 6 ) - wikipedia Saturday Night Live ( season 6 ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Saturday Night Live ( season 6 ) Country of origin United States No. of episodes 13 Release Original network NBC Original release November 15 , 1980 ( 1980 - 11 - 15 ) -- April 11 , 1981 ( 1981 - 04 - 11 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 5 Next → Season 7 List of Saturday Night Live episodes The sixth season of Saturday Night Live , an American sketch comedy series , originally aired in the United States on NBC between November 15 , 1980 , and April 11 , 1981 . This season was alternatively known as Saturday Night Live ' 80 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 The Ebersol era begins 3 Cast 4 Writers 5 Episodes 6 Critical reception 7 References Background ( edit ) According to Tom Shales ' book Live from New York : An Uncensored History of Saturday Night Live , Executive Producer Lorne Michaels cited burnout as the reason behind his desire to take a year off , and had been led to believe by NBC executives that the show would go on hiatus with him , and be ready to start fresh upon his return . However , Michaels learned from associate producer Jean Doumanian that the show would go on with or without him , and that she had been chosen as his replacement , much to Michaels ' surprise and dismay . Angered by this news , the entire cast and all but one writer ( Brian Doyle - Murray ) followed Michaels out the door . The sixth season began with a completely new cast and new writers , with Doumanian at the helm . Doumanian hired Denny Dillon , Gilbert Gottfried , Gail Matthius , Joe Piscopo , Ann Risley , and Charles Rocket as repertory players , and Yvonne Hudson , Matthew Laurance , and Patrick Weathers as featured cast members , passing on such then - unknown performers as Jim Carrey , John Goodman and Paul Reubens . Doumanian sought a non-white cast member to fill Garrett Morris 's previous role . As SNL scholars Doug Hill and Jeff Weingrad phrase it , Jean still needed an ethnic , and a special series of auditions was set up to find one . For two days in mid-September some thirty black actors and comedians filed through the writers ' wing on the 17th floor ( of Rockefeller Center ) to read for Jean and her people . At the end , Jean told her group she was leaning toward hiring a stand - up by the name of Charlie Barnett . But talent coordinator Neil Levy had another black performer he wanted her to see , a kid from Roosevelt , Long Island , named Eddie Murphy . Some accounts state that Doumanian preferred instead Robert Townsend , but Murphy was added ( as a featured player ) starting with the fourth episode , after much convincing from her colleagues and staff . With its team of entirely new writers and cast members , the show was plagued by problems from the start and deemed a commercial disappointment by both critics and by viewers as reflected in the Nielsen ratings . For much of the season , the show was in turmoil and many critics wrote the show off as a pale imitation of its former glory due to budget cuts , lack of support that was promised to Doumanian by either the network or her staff , and stiff competition from ABC 's Fridays , which , at the time , enjoyed critical acclaim and was gaining popularity with a similarly - `` edgy '' , late - night sketch show that aired on a weekend . On February 21 , 1981 , the show featured a parody of the `` Who Shot J.R. Ewing ? '' episode from the hit TV show Dallas . In a cliffhanger titled `` Who Shot C.R. ? '' , cast member Rocket was `` shot '' in the last sketch of the episode , after a running gag in which other members of the cast shared their grievances about Rocket with one another . Onstage for the goodnights , Dallas star and that week 's host , Charlene Tilton , asked Rocket ( who was still in character and sitting in a wheelchair ) his thoughts on being shot . `` Oh man , it 's the first time I 've been shot in my life '' , he replied . `` I 'd like to know who the fuck did it . '' The cast , along with some of the audience , reacted with laughter and applause . Though this was not the first nor last time the expletive would be uttered live on SNL , Rocket 's line , unknown to him , would cause him and everyone else ( save Eddie Murphy and Joe Piscopo ) to be dismissed . The next show would be Doumanian 's last episode . `` This woman was a trainwreck , '' said then NBC President and CEO Fred Silverman in the Shales book . `` The shows were just not watchable . '' The Ebersol era begins ( edit ) SNL was given one more chance when Dick Ebersol , one of the original developers of SNL in 1974 and the man responsible for hiring Lorne Michaels as show - runner in 1975 , was hired to replace Doumanian . In his first week , Ebersol fired Gottfried , Risley , and Rocket , replacing them with Catherine O'Hara , Tim Kazurinsky , and Tony Rosato . Ebersol made offers to John Candy and O'Hara of SCTV to join the cast . Candy turned down the offer , so Tony Rosato was added to the cast in his place . O'Hara initially accepted , but changed her mind after Michael O'Donoghue -- the show 's original head writer , who had been brought in to rejuvenate the show -- screamed at the cast about the season 's poor writing and performances . O'Hara suggested Robin Duke as her replacement , and Duke was brought in . O'Hara never appeared on SNL as a cast member . Laurie Metcalf and Emily Prager joined as featured players . Dick Ebersol 's first produced episode was on April 11 , 1981 . After Ebersol 's first episode , the 1981 Writers ' Guild of America strike started , forcing the show into a hiatus during which it was extensively retooled . Before the next season , Ebersol also fired Dillon and Matthius , leaving Piscopo and Murphy the only remaining cast members from Doumanian 's tenure . Cast ( edit ) Repertory cast members ( episodes 1 -- 12 ) Denny Dillon Gilbert Gottfried Gail Matthius Eddie Murphy ( first episode as a credited featured player : December 13 , 1980 , upgraded to repertory status on January 24 , 1981 ) Joe Piscopo Ann Risley Charles Rocket Featured cast members ( episodes 1 -- 12 ) Yvonne Hudson ( first episode : December 20 , 1980 ) Matthew Laurance ( first episode : December 13 , 1980 ) Patrick Weathers ( first episode : December 13 , 1980 / final episode : February 14 , 1981 ) Repertory cast members ( episode 13 ) Denny Dillon Robin Duke Tim Kazurinsky Gail Matthius Eddie Murphy Joe Piscopo Tony Rosato Featured cast members ( episode 13 ) Yvonne Hudson ( uncredited ) Laurie Metcalf Emily Prager ( credited , but did not actually appear ) bold denotes Weekend Update anchor Writers ( edit ) Main article : List of Saturday Night Live writers § Season 6 Brian Doyle - Murray returned as the only writer from the previous season . Pamela Norris and Terry Sweeney were also hired ; the latter would become a cast member in 1985 . Musician and Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour writer Mason Williams was the season 's first head writer but left after clashing with Doumanian . Jeremy Stevens and Tom Moore joined as head writers for the remaining Doumanian shows . Michael O'Donoghue was rehired after Doumanian 's firing . This season 's writers included Larry Arnstein , Barry W. Blaustein , Billy Brown , Ferris Butler , John DeBellis , Jean Doumanian , Brian Doyle - Murray , Leslie Fuller , Mel Green , David Hurwitz , Judy Jacklin , Sean Kelly , Mitchell Kriegman , Patricia Marx , Douglas McGrath , Tom Moore , Matt Neuman , Pamela Norris , Michael O'Donoghue , Mark Reisman , David Sheffield , Jeremy Stevens , Terry Sweeney , Bob Tischler , Mason Williams and Dirk Wittenborn . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Saturday Night Live episodes No . overall No. in season Host Musical guest ( s ) Original air date 107 Elliott Gould Kid Creole & the Coconuts November 15 , 1980 ( 1980 - 11 - 15 ) Gilbert Gottfried , Gail Matthius , Joe Piscopo , Ann Risley , Charles Rocket , and Denny Dillon 's first episode as cast members The cold opening has Elliott Gould ( sixth time hosting ) in bed with many of the cast members ( a play on Gould 's 1969 film Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice ) , who tries to allay their anxieties , and tells Matthius she is `` kind of a cross between Jane ( Curtin ) and Gilda ( Radner ) . '' Rocket announces that he is a cross between Chevy Chase and Bill Murray , Risley says that she is `` a cross between Gilda and Laraine ( Newman ) '' and Gottfried calls himself a cross between John Belushi and `` that guy from last year '' who did a Rod Serling impression ( Harry Shearer ) . The first sketch , set in the Oval Office , showed Rosalynn Carter ( Risley ) trying to seduce Jimmy Carter ( Piscopo ) , with Amy played by Dillon . Kid Creole & the Coconuts performed `` Mister Softee '' and `` There But for the Grace of God Go I '' . In the debut of the `` Rocket Report '' segment , Charles Rocket pesters people around The Dakota for information about John Lennon 's upcoming album . Wendie Malick appeared in the background of the Nose Wrestling sketch . 108 Malcolm McDowell Captain Beefheart & His Magic Band November 22 , 1980 ( 1980 - 11 - 22 ) Charles Rocket interviews John Lennon ( played by Malcolm McDowell ) during `` Weekend Update '' Eddie Murphy makes his first SNL appearance in this episode in an uncredited cameo , in a sketch called `` In Search of the Negro Republican , '' written by David Sheffield Joe Piscopo 's `` Saturday Night Sports '' segment during Weekend Update debuts on this episode Captain Beefheart & His Magic Band performed `` Hot Head '' and `` Ashtray Heart '' Many SNL veterans ( as of 1985 ) considered the McDowell show the single worst night in the program 's history . 109 Ellen Burstyn Aretha Franklin Keith Sykes December 6 , 1980 ( 1980 - 12 - 06 ) Aretha Franklin performed `` United Together '' and `` Ca n't Turn Me Loose '' Keith Sykes performed `` B.I.G.T.I.M.E. '' A short film entitled `` Fish Heads '' for a song of the same title , stars Bill Paxton and Bill Mumy Eddie Murphy debuts as a `` Weekend Update '' commentator with a successful diatribe about basketball players . 110 Jamie Lee Curtis James Brown Ellen Shipley December 13 , 1980 ( 1980 - 12 - 13 ) First episode crediting Matthew Laurance , Eddie Murphy and Patrick Weathers as featured players James Brown performed `` Rapp Payback ( Where Iz Moses ) '' and an extended medley of his early hits `` I Got You ( I Feel Good ) '' , `` Small Man '' , and `` Please , Please , Please '' Ellen Shipley performed `` Fotogenic '' Danny DeVito appeared in a black and white film short 111 5 David Carradine Linda Ronstadt The Cast of The Pirates of Penzance December 20 , 1980 ( 1980 - 12 - 20 ) First episode crediting Yvonne Hudson as a featured player Linda Ronstadt and the cast of The Pirates of Penzance performed a medley of tunes from The Pirates of Penzance production ( `` I Am the Very Model of a Modern Major - General '' , `` Oh , Is There Not One Maiden Breast '' , `` Poor Wandering One '' , and `` Go Ye , Heroes '' ) and a medley of Christmas carols ( `` O come , O come , Emmanuel '' , `` Joy to the World '' , and `` The First Noel '' ) . 112 6 Ray Sharkey Jack Bruce & Friends January 10 , 1981 ( 1981 - 01 - 10 ) Jack Bruce & Friends performed `` Dancing On Air '' and `` Living Without Ja '' Eddie Murphy delivered the line Live from New York , it 's Saturday Night ! Gail Matthius 's first episode as Weekend Update co-anchor Murphy impersonated Stevie Wonder and Bill Cosby , mocked Garrett Morris , and performed a stand - up monologue when the show was in danger of running five minutes short . 113 7 Karen Black Cheap Trick Stanley Clarke Trio January 17 , 1981 ( 1981 - 01 - 17 ) Cheap Trick performed `` Baby Loves to Rock '' and `` Ca n't Stop It But I 'm Gonna Try '' . Stanley Clarke Trio performed `` Deep in the Night '' . SNL historians Hill and Weingrad wrote that this show `` was actually funny all the way through . '' 114 8 Robert Hays Joe `` King '' Carrasco & the Crowns 14 Karat Soul January 24 , 1981 ( 1981 - 01 - 24 ) Joe `` King '' Carrasco & the Crowns performed `` Do n't Bug Me Baby '' 14 Karat Soul performed `` I Wish That We Were Married '' and `` This Time It 's for Real '' . Eddie Murphy announces that he has been promoted from featured player to repertory player in this episode . 115 9 Sally Kellerman Jimmy Cliff February 7 , 1981 ( 1981 - 02 - 07 ) Jimmy Cliff performed `` I Am the Living '' and `` Gone Clear '' . Sally Kellerman performed `` Starting Over Again '' . 116 10 Deborah Harry Deborah Harry Funky Four Plus One February 14 , 1981 ( 1981 - 02 - 14 ) With this show , Funky Four Plus One become the first hip - hop act to perform on SNL , as well as the first to appear on national television . They performed `` That 's the Joint '' . Deborah Harry performed `` Love T.K.O. '' and `` Come Back Jonee '' . Patrick Weathers ' final episode as a cast member . 117 11 Charlene Tilton Todd Rundgren Prince February 21 , 1981 ( 1981 - 02 - 21 ) The debut of Eddie Murphy 's `` Mister Robinson 's Neighborhood '' sketch Gail Matthius 's final episode as Weekend Update co-anchor Don King guest starred Todd Rundgren performed `` Healer '' and `` Time Heals '' Prince performed `` Partyup '' During the goodnights , Charles Rocket ( in a wheelchair after `` getting shot '' during the last sketch , in a parody of the Who shot J.R. ? promotion for Dallas , on which Tilton had played Lucy Ewing ) grumbles , `` I 'd like to know who the fuck did it '' in response to Tilton 's query on how Rocket felt after being gunned down 118 12 Bill Murray Delbert McClinton March 7 , 1981 ( 1981 - 03 - 07 ) In the cold opening , Murray encouraged the cast members not to worry about ratings or reviews Mark King appeared as Dr. Jonathan Lear during `` Weekend Update , '' now called `` Saturday Night Newsline '' . The news section appears in three segments ( King 's science portion , an Oscar predictions segment with Murray and a newscast with Charles Rocket ) . Murray reprised his Nick the Lounge Singer character from his 1977 -- 80 stint on the show Paul Shaffer made a cameo as Nick 's pianist Delbert McClinton performed `` Givin ' It Up for Your Love '' and `` Shotgun Rider , '' with Bonnie Bramlett joining him on vocals Murray announced that the next episode would be hosted by Robert Guillaume with musical guest Ian Dury and the Blockheads , but this episode was cancelled when Ebersol replaced Doumanian . Ann Risley , Gilbert Gottfried , Charles Rocket , and Matthew Laurance 's final episode as cast members Jean Doumanian 's final episode as executive producer 119 13 none Jr . Walker & the All - Stars April 11 , 1981 ( 1981 - 04 - 11 ) Robin Duke , Tim Kazurinsky and Tony Rosato 's first episode as cast members Laurie Metcalf and Emily Prager 's first and last episode as cast members ( Metcalf only appeared in a pre-taped segment during `` Weekend Update '' ; Prager , despite her billing in the credits , did not appear in the show at all ; both hold the record for shortest stint as an SNL cast member ) Chevy Chase appeared in the cold open along with Mr. Bill , reminiscing about the good old days , then stumbles and crushes Mr. Bill ; also returned to anchor Weekend Update Al Franken joined Chase on `` Weekend Update '' to discuss season six , frequently using the phrase `` me , Al Franken '' , as he had done in previous seasons when arguing that the 1980s be known as `` The Al Franken Decade '' Franken announced that he and Tom Davis would host the next episode with musical guest The Grateful Dead , but this episode was cancelled due to the writers ' strike . Prior to introducing Jr . Walker & the All - Stars ' second musical number , Chase appeared with Robin Williams and Christopher Reeve to tell the audience that the show was improving Denny Dillon , Gail Matthius , and Yvonne Hudson 's final episode as cast members ( although Hudson , not credited in this episode , would continue to make uncredited appearances until 1984 ) Jr . Walker & the All - Stars performed `` ( I 'm a ) Road Runner '' , `` Shotgun '' , `` How Sweet It Is ( To Be Loved by You ) '' and `` What Does It Take ( To Win Your Love ) '' Don Pardo 's last episode as announcer until his return in season eight Dick Ebersol 's first episode as executive producer Critical reception ( edit ) Responses to Doumanian 's SNL were negative . The Associated Press , mocking the Carters - in - the - Oval - Office sketch , wrote , `` The new Saturday Night Live is essentially crude , sophomoric and most of all self - consciously ' cool . ' It is occasionally funny ... Under producer Jean Doumanian , Saturday Night Live will define ' risk - taking ' as a little naughtier , perhaps a little raunchier ; it wo n't wander too far off the beaten path ... They 're all clones . This is television . If they can be funny once in a while , that 's all we can ask . '' The New York Times said the season `` looked almost exactly as it in previous years , but actually only the shell remained '' . The review went on to state that the `` missing ingredient was the very quality that made the old show so special : an innovative vision '' , and that the new show was `` nothing so much as an unfunny parody of its predecessor '' . Hill and Weingrad summarized other reviews : The Washington Star said the show `` strained and groaned '' while the humor was `` almost completely lost , despite desperate attempts to wring it out of raunch . '' Newsday 's Marvin Kitman , as expected , ravaged the show gleefully , calling it `` offensive and raunchy , '' and worse , not funny . `` This new edition is terrible , '' he wrote . `` Call it ' Saturday Night Dead on Arrival ' . '' Tom Shales wrote : Shales had always been Saturday Night 's strongest and most prestigious booster , and thus his reaction to the new show was more important than most . The headline on his review read FROM YUK TO YECCCH . The first sentence was : `` Vile from New York -- It 's Saturday Night . '' The show , Shales said , was a `` snide and sordid embarrassment . '' It imitated the `` ribaldry and willingness to prod sacred cows '' of the Lorne Michaels years without having the least `` compensating satirical edge . '' It was , he wrote , `` just haplessly pointless tastelessness . '' Shales concluded that despite one or two imaginative moments from the show 's filmmakers , `` from the six new performers and 13 new writers hired for the show , viewers got virtually no good news . '' ... Jean made it clear that she thought the writing was primarily at fault . `` It 's just got to be funnier , '' she said . Then she put a tape of the show on her videocassette machine to begin a sketch - by - sketch critique . According to writer Billy Brown , as she did she said , `` Watch this . And I hope you hate it , because you wrote it . '' In his book What Were They Thinking ? The 100 Dumbest Events in Television History , author David Hofstede included this season as one of 25 runners - up to the list . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Fennessey , Sean ( October 13 , 2010 ) . `` SNL and The Curse of the Transitional Season '' . SplitSider . Jump up ^ Bruce Handy ( September 1999 ) . `` The Pee - wee Herman Story '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ Hill and Weingrad , p. 391 . ^ Jump up to : Shales , Tom ( 2003 ) . Live from New York : An Uncensored History of Saturday Night Live . Back Bay . ISBN 0 - 316 - 73565 - 5 . Jump up ^ Saturday Night Live in the ' 80s : Lost & Found ( 2005 ) on IMDb Jump up ^ `` The SNL Archives 1980 '' . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Sowa , Tom ( April 5 , 1981 ) . `` Guild plays name game '' . The Spokesman - Review . p . D10 . Jump up ^ `` SNL Transcripts '' . ^ Jump up to : Saturday Night Live : The First Twenty Years . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 1994 . pp. 124 -- 127 . ISBN 0 - 395 - 70895 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hill and Weingrad , ibid . Jump up ^ Hill and Weingrad , p. 423 . Jump up ^ Saturday Night Live : The First Twenty Years . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 1994 . pp. 134 -- 137 . ISBN 0 - 395 - 70895 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hill and Weingrad , p. 431 . Jump up ^ `` SNL Transcripts '' . Jump up ^ Hill and Weingrad , p. 446 . Jump up ^ `` SNL Transcripts '' . Jump up ^ Boyer , Peter J. ( December 13 , 1980 ) . `` Saturday Night Live is working trend tired '' . The Virgin Islands Daily News . Saint Thomas , U.S. Virgin Islands . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Tony ( January 11 , 1981 ) . `` Whatever happened to TV 's ' Saturday Night Live ' ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hill and Weingrad , p. 412 . Jump up ^ Hill and Weingrad , pp. 412 - 413 . Jump up ^ David Hofstede ( 2004 ) . What Were They Thinking ? The 100 Dumbest Events in Television History . Back Stage Books . pp. 207 -- 209 . ISBN 0 - 8230 - 8441 - 8 . ( hide ) Saturday Night Live Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 History 1975 -- 80 1980 -- 85 1985 -- 90 1990 -- 95 1995 -- 2000 2000 -- 05 2005 -- 10 2010 -- 15 2015 -- present Related lists Commercials Cast members Writers Guests A -- D E -- H I -- L M -- P Q -- T U -- Z Awards DVD releases Incidents Recurring characters and sketches Chronological Alphabetical By cast member Musical sketches TV show sketches Weekend Update characters TV Funhouse segments Characters and sketches The Barry Gibb Talk Show Bill Brasky Bill Swerski 's Superfans Blizzard Man The Blues Brothers The Boston Teens Canteen Boy Celebrity Jeopardy ! 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'' The Lonely Island discography Saturday Night Saturday Night Live Band Saturday Night Live in the 2000s Saturday Night Live Weekend Update Thursday Saturday Night Live Korea ( episodes ) SNL Milano SNL Québec SNL Studios Strategery Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saturday_Night_Live_(season_6)&oldid=825911077 '' Categories : Saturday Night Live seasons 1980 American television seasons 1981 American television seasons Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2013 All articles needing additional references Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 February 2018 , at 03 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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eddie murphy's first appearance on saturday night live

No . overall No. in season Host Musical guest ( s ) Original air date 107 Elliott Gould Kid Creole & the Coconuts November 15 , 1980 ( 1980 - 11 - 15 ) Gilbert Gottfried , Gail Matthius , Joe Piscopo , Ann Risley , Charles Rocket , and Denny Dillon 's first episode as cast members The cold opening has Elliott Gould ( sixth time hosting ) in bed with many of the cast members ( a play on Gould 's 1969 film Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice ) , who tries to allay their anxieties , and tells Matthius she is `` kind of a cross between Jane ( Curtin ) and Gilda ( Radner ) . '' Rocket announces that he is a cross between Chevy Chase and Bill Murray , Risley says that she is `` a cross between Gilda and Laraine ( Newman ) '' and Gottfried calls himself a cross between John Belushi and `` that guy from last year '' who did a Rod Serling impression ( Harry Shearer ) . The first sketch , set in the Oval Office , showed Rosalynn Carter ( Risley ) trying to seduce Jimmy Carter ( Piscopo ) , with Amy played by Dillon . Kid Creole & the Coconuts performed `` Mister Softee '' and `` There But for the Grace of God Go I '' . In the debut of the `` Rocket Report '' segment , Charles Rocket pesters people around The Dakota for information about John Lennon 's upcoming album . Wendie Malick appeared in the background of the Nose Wrestling sketch . 108 Malcolm McDowell Captain Beefheart & His Magic Band November 22 , 1980 ( 1980 - 11 - 22 ) Charles Rocket interviews John Lennon ( played by Malcolm McDowell ) during `` Weekend Update '' Eddie Murphy makes his first SNL appearance in this episode in an uncredited cameo , in a sketch called `` In Search of the Negro Republican , '' written by David Sheffield Joe Piscopo 's `` Saturday Night Sports '' segment during Weekend Update debuts on this episode Captain Beefheart & His Magic Band performed `` Hot Head '' and `` Ashtray Heart '' Many SNL veterans ( as of 1985 ) considered the McDowell show the single worst night in the program 's history . 109 Ellen Burstyn Aretha Franklin Keith Sykes December 6 , 1980 ( 1980 - 12 - 06 ) Aretha Franklin performed `` United Together '' and `` Ca n't Turn Me Loose '' Keith Sykes performed `` B.I.G.T.I.M.E. '' A short film entitled `` Fish Heads '' for a song of the same title , stars Bill Paxton and Bill Mumy Eddie Murphy debuts as a `` Weekend Update '' commentator with a successful diatribe about basketball players . 110 Jamie Lee Curtis James Brown Ellen Shipley December 13 , 1980 ( 1980 - 12 - 13 ) First episode crediting Matthew Laurance , Eddie Murphy and Patrick Weathers as featured players James Brown performed `` Rapp Payback ( Where Iz Moses ) '' and an extended medley of his early hits `` I Got You ( I Feel Good ) '' , `` Small Man '' , and `` Please , Please , Please '' Ellen Shipley performed `` Fotogenic '' Danny DeVito appeared in a black and white film short 111 5 David Carradine Linda Ronstadt The Cast of The Pirates of Penzance December 20 , 1980 ( 1980 - 12 - 20 ) First episode crediting Yvonne Hudson as a featured player Linda Ronstadt and the cast of The Pirates of Penzance performed a medley of tunes from The Pirates of Penzance production ( `` I Am the Very Model of a Modern Major - General '' , `` Oh , Is There Not One Maiden Breast '' , `` Poor Wandering One '' , and `` Go Ye , Heroes '' ) and a medley of Christmas carols ( `` O come , O come , Emmanuel '' , `` Joy to the World '' , and `` The First Noel '' ) . 112 6 Ray Sharkey Jack Bruce & Friends January 10 , 1981 ( 1981 - 01 - 10 ) Jack Bruce & Friends performed `` Dancing On Air '' and `` Living Without Ja '' Eddie Murphy delivered the line Live from New York , it 's Saturday Night ! Gail Matthius 's first episode as Weekend Update co-anchor Murphy impersonated Stevie Wonder and Bill Cosby , mocked Garrett Morris , and performed a stand - up monologue when the show was in danger of running five minutes short . 113 7 Karen Black Cheap Trick Stanley Clarke Trio January 17 , 1981 ( 1981 - 01 - 17 ) Cheap Trick performed `` Baby Loves to Rock '' and `` Ca n't Stop It But I 'm Gonna Try '' . Stanley Clarke Trio performed `` Deep in the Night '' . SNL historians Hill and Weingrad wrote that this show `` was actually funny all the way through . '' 114 8 Robert Hays Joe `` King '' Carrasco & the Crowns 14 Karat Soul January 24 , 1981 ( 1981 - 01 - 24 ) Joe `` King '' Carrasco & the Crowns performed `` Do n't Bug Me Baby '' 14 Karat Soul performed `` I Wish That We Were Married '' and `` This Time It 's for Real '' . Eddie Murphy announces that he has been promoted from featured player to repertory player in this episode . 115 9 Sally Kellerman Jimmy Cliff February 7 , 1981 ( 1981 - 02 - 07 ) Jimmy Cliff performed `` I Am the Living '' and `` Gone Clear '' . Sally Kellerman performed `` Starting Over Again '' . 116 10 Deborah Harry Deborah Harry Funky Four Plus One February 14 , 1981 ( 1981 - 02 - 14 ) With this show , Funky Four Plus One become the first hip - hop act to perform on SNL , as well as the first to appear on national television . They performed `` That 's the Joint '' . Deborah Harry performed `` Love T.K.O. '' and `` Come Back Jonee '' . Patrick Weathers ' final episode as a cast member . 117 11 Charlene Tilton Todd Rundgren Prince February 21 , 1981 ( 1981 - 02 - 21 ) The debut of Eddie Murphy 's `` Mister Robinson 's Neighborhood '' sketch Gail Matthius 's final episode as Weekend Update co-anchor Don King guest starred Todd Rundgren performed `` Healer '' and `` Time Heals '' Prince performed `` Partyup '' During the goodnights , Charles Rocket ( in a wheelchair after `` getting shot '' during the last sketch , in a parody of the Who shot J.R. ? promotion for Dallas , on which Tilton had played Lucy Ewing ) grumbles , `` I 'd like to know who the fuck did it '' in response to Tilton 's query on how Rocket felt after being gunned down 118 12 Bill Murray Delbert McClinton March 7 , 1981 ( 1981 - 03 - 07 ) In the cold opening , Murray encouraged the cast members not to worry about ratings or reviews Mark King appeared as Dr. Jonathan Lear during `` Weekend Update , '' now called `` Saturday Night Newsline '' . The news section appears in three segments ( King 's science portion , an Oscar predictions segment with Murray and a newscast with Charles Rocket ) . Murray reprised his Nick the Lounge Singer character from his 1977 -- 80 stint on the show Paul Shaffer made a cameo as Nick 's pianist Delbert McClinton performed `` Givin ' It Up for Your Love '' and `` Shotgun Rider , '' with Bonnie Bramlett joining him on vocals Murray announced that the next episode would be hosted by Robert Guillaume with musical guest Ian Dury and the Blockheads , but this episode was cancelled when Ebersol replaced Doumanian . Ann Risley , Gilbert Gottfried , Charles Rocket , and Matthew Laurance 's final episode as cast members Jean Doumanian 's final episode as executive producer 119 13 none Jr . Walker & the All - Stars April 11 , 1981 ( 1981 - 04 - 11 ) Robin Duke , Tim Kazurinsky and Tony Rosato 's first episode as cast members Laurie Metcalf and Emily Prager 's first and last episode as cast members ( Metcalf only appeared in a pre-taped segment during `` Weekend Update '' ; Prager , despite her billing in the credits , did not appear in the show at all ; both hold the record for shortest stint as an SNL cast member ) Chevy Chase appeared in the cold open along with Mr. Bill , reminiscing about the good old days , then stumbles and crushes Mr. Bill ; also returned to anchor Weekend Update Al Franken joined Chase on `` Weekend Update '' to discuss season six , frequently using the phrase `` me , Al Franken '' , as he had done in previous seasons when arguing that the 1980s be known as `` The Al Franken Decade '' Franken announced that he and Tom Davis would host the next episode with musical guest The Grateful Dead , but this episode was cancelled due to the writers ' strike . Prior to introducing Jr . Walker & the All - Stars ' second musical number , Chase appeared with Robin Williams and Christopher Reeve to tell the audience that the show was improving Denny Dillon , Gail Matthius , and Yvonne Hudson 's final episode as cast members ( although Hudson , not credited in this episode , would continue to make uncredited appearances until 1984 ) Jr . Walker & the All - Stars performed `` ( I 'm a ) Road Runner '' , `` Shotgun '' , `` How Sweet It Is ( To Be Loved by You ) '' and `` What Does It Take ( To Win Your Love ) '' Don Pardo 's last episode as announcer until his return in season eight Dick Ebersol 's first episode as executive producer

1900 Galveston hurricane - wikipedia 1900 Galveston hurricane Jump to : navigation , search Great Galveston Hurricane of 1900 Category 4 major hurricane ( SSHWS / NWS ) Surface weather analysis of the hurricane on September 8 , just before landfall . Formed August 27 , 1900 Dissipated September 17 , 1900 ( Extratropical after September 11 , 1900 ) Highest winds 1 - minute sustained : 145 mph ( 230 km / h ) Lowest pressure 936 mbar ( hPa ) ; 27.64 inHg Fatalities 6,000 -- 12,000 ( Deadliest in U.S. history ) Damage $21 million ( 1900 USD ) ( equivalent to $605 million in 2016 , adjusted for inflation ; see Aftermath for more ) Areas affected Lesser Antilles , Puerto Rico , Hispaniola , Jamaica , Cuba , Turks and Caicos Islands , Bahamas , Florida , Mississippi , Louisiana , Texas , Oklahoma , Kansas , Nebraska , Iowa , Illinois , Wisconsin , Michigan , New York , Eastern Canada Part of the 1900 Atlantic hurricane season The Great Galveston Hurricane , known regionally as the Great Storm of 1900 , was a Category 4 storm , with winds of up to 145 mph ( 233 km / h ) , which made landfall on September 8 , 1900 , in Galveston , Texas , in the United States . It killed 6,000 to 12,000 people , making it the deadliest hurricane and natural disaster in U.S. history . The hurricane appears to have started as an atmospheric trough from West Africa , causing unsettled weather in the Caribbean , and emerging into the Florida Straits as a tropical storm on September 5 . Owing to contradictory forecasts , the people of Galveston felt no alarm until the official hurricane warning of September 7 . The next morning , a storm surge of 15 ft ( 4.6 m ) washed over the long , flat island - city , which was only 8 ft ( 2.4 m ) above sea level , knocking buildings off their foundations and destroying over 3,600 homes . The disaster ended the Golden Era of Galveston , as the hurricane alarmed potential investors , who turned to Houston instead . The Gulf of Mexico shoreline of Galveston island was subsequently raised by 17 ft ( 5.2 m ) and a 10 mi ( 16 km ) seawall erected . Contents ( hide ) 1 Deadliest US hurricane 2 Meteorological history 3 Background 4 Preparations 5 Impact 5.1 United States 5.1. 1 Texas evacuees 5.1. 2 Galveston 5.1. 3 Midwest 5.1. 4 New York City 5.2 Canada 6 Aftermath 6.1 Rebuilding 6.2 Protection 6.3 Historiography 6.4 Museum 7 Gallery 8 In popular culture 9 See also 10 Notes 11 Further reading 12 External links Deadliest U.S. hurricane ( edit ) The Hurricane of 1900 made landfall on September 8 , 1900 , in Galveston , Texas , in the United States . It had estimated winds of 145 miles per hour ( 233 km / h ) at landfall , making it a Category 4 storm on the Saffir -- Simpson Hurricane Scale . It was the deadliest hurricane in US history , and the second costliest hurricane in U.S. history based on the dollar 's 2005 value ( to compare costs with those of Hurricane Katrina and others ) . The hurricane caused great loss of life with a death toll of between 6,000 and 12,000 people ; the number most cited in official reports is 8,000 , giving the storm the third - highest number of deaths or injuries of all Atlantic hurricanes , after the Great Hurricane of 1780 and 1998 's Hurricane Mitch . The Galveston Hurricane of 1900 is one of the deadliest natural disasters ever to strike the United States . This loss of life can be attributed to the fact that officials for the Weather Bureau in Galveston brushed off the reports because the city had `` weathered them all '' and they did n't realize the threat . The second - deadliest storm to strike the United States , the 1928 Okeechobee hurricane , caused more than 2,500 deaths , and the deadliest storm of recent times , Hurricane Katrina , claimed the lives of approximately 1,800 people . The hurricane occurred before the practice of assigning official code names to tropical storms was instituted , and thus it is commonly referred to under a variety of descriptive names . Typical names for the storm include the Galveston Hurricane of 1900 , the Great Galveston Hurricane , and , especially in older documents , the Galveston Flood . It is often referred to by Galveston locals as the Great Storm or the 1900 Storm . Play media Galveston Hurricane 1900 - Film - full footage by employees of Thomas A. Edison , showing storm damage Meteorological history ( edit ) Map plotting the track and intensity of the storm , according to the Saffir -- Simpson scale The storm 's origins are unclear , because of the limited observation ability at the end of the 19th century . Ship reports were the only reliable tool for observing hurricanes at sea , and because wireless telegraphy was in its infancy , these reports were not available until the ships put in at a harbor . The 1900 storm , like many powerful Atlantic hurricanes , is believed to have begun as a Cape Verde -- type hurricane -- a tropical wave moving off the western coast of Africa . The first formal sighting of the hurricane 's precursor occurred on August 27 , about 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) east of the Windward Islands , when a ship recorded an area of `` unsettled weather '' . The storm passed through the Leeward Islands on August 30 , probably as a tropical depression as indicated by barometric pressure reports from Antigua . Three days later , Antigua reported a severe thunderstorm passing over , followed by the hot , humid calmness that often occurs after the passage of a tropical cyclone . By September 1 , U.S. Weather Bureau observers were reporting on a `` storm of moderate intensity ( not a hurricane ) '' southeast of Cuba . Continuing westward , the storm made landfall on southwest Cuba on September 3 , dropping heavy rains . On September 5 , it emerged into the Florida Straits as a tropical storm or a weak hurricane . The Weather Bureau ignored reports from Cuban meteorologists because they expected the storm to curve northeast along the coast of North America : `` Assumption became fact as the official government reports stated , wrongly , that the storm was traveling northeast in the Atlantic . '' However , a region of high pressure had pushed the storm to the west into the Gulf of Mexico . The storm was reported to be north of Key West on September 6 , and in the early morning hours of Friday , September 7 , the Weather Bureau office in New Orleans , Louisiana , issued a report of heavy damage along the Louisiana and Mississippi coasts . Details of the storm were not widespread ; damage to telegraph lines limited communication . The Weather Bureau 's central office in Washington , D.C. , ordered storm warnings raised from Pensacola , Florida , to Galveston . By the afternoon of September 7 , large swells from the southeast were observed on the Gulf , and clouds at all altitudes began moving in from the northeast . Both of these observations are consistent with a hurricane approaching from the east . The Galveston Weather Bureau office raised its double square flags ; a hurricane warning was in effect . The ship Louisiana encountered the hurricane at 1 p.m. that day after departing New Orleans . Captain Halsey estimated wind speeds of 100 mph ( 160 km / h ) . These winds correspond to a Category 2 hurricane in the modern - day Saffir -- Simpson Hurricane Scale . Hurricane track from September 1 to 10 By early afternoon on Saturday , September 8 , a steady northeastern wind had picked up . By 5 p.m. , the Bureau office was recording sustained hurricane - force winds . That night , the wind direction shifted to the east , and then to the southeast as the hurricane 's eye began to pass over the island just west of the city . By 11 p.m. , the wind was southerly and diminishing . On Sunday morning , clear skies and a 20 mph ( 30 km / h ) breeze off the Gulf of Mexico greeted the Galveston survivors . The storm continued on , and later tracked into Oklahoma . From there , it continued over the Great Lakes while still sustaining winds of almost 40 mph ( as recorded over Milwaukee , Wisconsin ) and passed north of Halifax , Nova Scotia , on September 12 , 1900 . From there it traveled into the North Atlantic where it disappeared from observations , after decimating a schooner fleet fishing off the coast of Newfoundland . Background ( edit ) See also : Galveston , Texas At the end of the 19th century , the city of Galveston , Texas , was a booming town with a population of 36,000 residents . Its position on the natural harbor of Galveston Bay along the Gulf of Mexico made it the center of trade and one of the biggest cities in the state of Texas . With this prosperity came a sense of complacency . A quarter of a century earlier , the nearby town of Indianola on Matagorda Bay was undergoing its own boom and was second to Galveston among Texas port cities . Then in 1875 , a powerful hurricane blew through , nearly destroying the town . Indianola was rebuilt , though a second hurricane in 1886 caused residents to simply give up and move elsewhere . Many Galveston residents took the destruction of Indianola as an object lesson on the threat posed by hurricanes . Galveston is built on a low , flat island , little more than a large sandbar along the Gulf Coast . These residents proposed a seawall be constructed to protect the city , but their concerns were dismissed by the majority of the population and the city 's government . Since its formal founding in 1839 , the city of Galveston had weathered numerous storms , all of which the city survived with ease . Residents believed any future storms would be no worse than previous events . In order to provide an official meteorological statement on the threat of hurricanes , Galveston Weather Bureau section director Isaac Cline wrote an 1891 article in the Galveston Daily News in which he argued not only that a seawall was not needed to protect the city , but also that it would be impossible for a hurricane of significant strength to strike the island . The seawall was not built , and development activities on the island actively increased its vulnerability to storms . Sand dunes along the shore were cut down to fill low areas in the city , removing what little barrier there was to the Gulf of Mexico . Preparations ( edit ) On September 4 , the Galveston office of the National Weather Bureau ( as it was then called ) began receiving warnings from the Bureau 's central office in Washington , D.C. , that a `` tropical storm '' had moved northward over Cuba . The Weather Bureau forecasters had no way of knowing where the storm was or where it was going . At the time , they discouraged the use of terms such as tornado or hurricane to avoid panicking residents in the path of any storm event . Conditions in the Gulf of Mexico were ripe for further strengthening of the storm . The Gulf had seen little cloud cover for several weeks , and the seas were as warm as bathwater , according to one report . For a storm system that feeds off moisture , the Gulf of Mexico was enough to boost the storm from a tropical storm to a hurricane in a matter of days , with further strengthening likely . Aftermath People rummage through rubble of destroyed houses in Galveston several days after the hurricane House in Galveston on Avenue N , October 15 , 1900 Weather Bureau forecasters believed the storm would travel northeast and affect the mid-Atlantic coast . `` To them , the storm appeared to have begun a long turn or ' recurve ' that would take it first into Florida , then drive it northeast toward an eventual exit into the Atlantic . '' Cuban forecasters adamantly disagreed , saying the hurricane would continue west . One Cuban forecaster predicted the hurricane would continue into central Texas near San Antonio . Early the next morning , the swells continued despite only partly cloudy skies . Largely because of the unremarkable weather , few residents heeded the warning . Few people evacuated across Galveston 's bridges to the mainland , and the majority of the population was unconcerned by the rain clouds that began rolling in by midmorning . Isaac Cline claimed that he took it upon himself to travel along the beach and other low - lying areas warning people personally of the storm 's approach . These reports by Cline and his brother , Galveston meteorologist Joseph L. Cline , have been called into question in recent years , as no other survivors corroborated these accounts . In fact , Cline 's role in the disaster is the subject of some controversy . Supporters point to Cline 's issuing a hurricane warning without permission from the Bureau 's central office ; detractors ( including author Erik Larson ) point to Cline 's earlier insistence that a seawall was unnecessary and his belief that an intense hurricane could not strike the island . Impact ( edit ) United States ( edit ) Deadliest United States hurricanes Rank Hurricane Season Fatalities `` Galveston '' 1900 8,000 -- 12,000 † `` Okeechobee '' 1928 2,500 + † Katrina 2005 1,836 `` Cheniere Caminada '' 1893 1,100 -- 1,400 * 5 `` Sea Islands '' 1893 1,000 -- 2,000 † 6 `` Florida Keys '' 1919 778 7 `` Georgia '' 1881 700 † 8 Audrey 1957 416 9 `` Labor Day '' 1935 408 10 `` Last Island '' 1856 400 † † estimated total Reference : Deadliest US hurricanes Texas evacuees ( edit ) The first train to reach Galveston left Houston on the morning of September 8 at 9 : 45 a.m. It found the tracks washed out , and passengers were forced to transfer to a relief train on parallel tracks to complete their journey . Even then , debris on the track slowed the train 's progress to a crawl . The 95 travelers on the train from Beaumont found themselves at the Bolivar Peninsula waiting for the ferry that would carry them , train and all , to the island . When it arrived , the high seas forced the ferry captain to give up on his attempt to dock . The train crew attempted to return the way they had come , but rising water blocked the train 's path . Ten refugees from the Beaumont train sought shelter at the Point Bolivar lighthouse with 200 residents of Port Bolivar who were already there . The 85 who stayed with the train died when the storm surge overran the tops of the cars . Galveston ( edit ) `` First news from Galveston just received by train that could get no closer to the bay shore than 6 mi ( 9.7 km ) where the prairie was strewn with debris and dead bodies . About 200 corpses counted from the train . Large steamship stranded 2 mi ( 3.2 km ) inland . Nothing could be seen of Galveston . Loss of life and property undoubtedly most appalling . Weather clear and bright here with gentle southeast wind . '' -- G.L. Vaughan Manager , Western Union , Houston , in a telegram to the Chief of the U.S. Weather Bureau on the day after the hurricane , September 9 , 1900 At the time of the 1900 storm the highest point in the city of Galveston was only 8.7 feet ( 2.7 m ) above sea level . The hurricane brought with it a storm surge of over 15 feet ( 4.6 m ) that washed over the entire island . The surge knocked buildings off their foundations and the surf pounded them to pieces . Over 3,600 homes were destroyed and a wall of debris faced the ocean . The few buildings that survived , mostly solidly built mansions and houses along the Strand District , are today maintained as tourist attractions . The highest measured wind speed was 100 miles per hour ( 160 km / h ) just after 6 p.m. , but the Weather Bureau 's anemometer was blown off the building shortly after that measurement was recorded . The eye passed over the city around 8 p.m. Maximum winds were estimated at 120 mph ( 190 km / h ) at the time , though later estimates placed the hurricane at the higher Category 4 classification on the Saffir -- Simpson Hurricane Scale . The lowest recorded barometric pressure was 28.48 inHg ( 964.4 hPa ) , considered at the time to be so low as to be obviously in error . Modern estimates later placed the storm 's central pressure at 27.49 inHg ( 930.9 hPa ) , but this was subsequently adjusted to the storm 's official lowest measured central pressure of 27.63 inHg ( 935.7 hPa ) . Play media Searching for bodies in Galveston in the aftermath of the storm of 1900 . At the time this film was shot , the stench of hundreds of bodies could be smelled for miles . One body was discovered ( but not filmed ) while the camera crew was present . As severe as the damage to the city 's buildings was , the human toll was even greater . Because of the destruction of the bridges to the mainland and the telegraph lines , no word of the city 's destruction was able to reach the mainland . At 11 a.m. on September 9 , one of the few ships at the Galveston wharfs to survive the storm , the Pherabe , arrived in Texas City on the western side of Galveston Bay . It carried six messengers from the city . When they reached the telegraph office in Houston at 3 a.m. on September 10 , a short message was sent to Texas Governor Joseph D. Sayers and U.S. President William McKinley : `` I have been deputized by the mayor and Citizen 's Committee of Galveston to inform you that the city of Galveston is in ruins . '' The messengers reported an estimated five hundred dead ; this was considered to be an exaggeration at the time . The citizens of Houston knew a powerful storm had blown through and had made ready to provide assistance . Workers set out by rail and ship for the island almost immediately . Rescuers arrived to find the city completely destroyed . It is believed 8,000 people -- 20 % of the island 's population -- had lost their lives . Estimates range from 6,000 to 12,000 . Most had drowned or been crushed as the waves pounded the debris that had been their homes hours earlier . Many survived the storm itself but died after several days being trapped under the wreckage of the city , with rescuers unable to reach them . The rescuers could hear the screams of the survivors as they walked on the debris trying to rescue those they could . A further 30,000 were left homeless . So many died that corpses were piled onto carts for burial at sea . The dead bodies were so numerous that burying all of them was impossible . The dead were initially weighted down on barges and dumped at sea , but when the gulf currents washed many of the bodies back onto the beach , a new solution was needed . Funeral pyres were set up on the beaches , or wherever dead bodies were found , and burned day and night for several weeks after the storm . The authorities passed out free whiskey to sustain the distraught men conscripted for the gruesome work of collecting and burning the dead . More people were killed in this single storm than the total of those killed in all the tropical cyclones that have struck the United States since . This count is greater than 300 cyclones , as of 2009 . The Galveston Hurricane of 1900 remains the deadliest natural disaster in U.S. history . Midwest ( edit ) The storm maintained tropical characteristics and Saffir -- Simpson tropical storm - force winds ( 39 -- 50 mph ) when it crossed the Upper Midwest , with more than 4 inches ( 100 mm ) of rain being reported over most of the southern third of Wisconsin . Wind created problems all over , including over Lake Michigan , and other areas in the path of the storm had similar problems . ( Tropical storms reach Wisconsin and surrounding areas to the east , west , and south once every 50 years on average with others in the 19th century , 1961 , and ( subject to debate ) Hurricane Ike in 2008 ; tropical depressions hit twice to three times every two years ; and subtropical storms and depressions hit equally or more rarely than their tropical counterparts . ) New York city ( edit ) The rapidly moving storm was still exhibiting winds of 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) by the time it reached New York City on September 12 , 1900 . The New York Times reported that pedestrian - walking became difficult and that one death was attributed to the storm . A sign pole , snapped by wind , landed on a 23 - year - old man , crushing his skull and killing him instantly , while two others were knocked unconscious . Awnings and signs on many buildings broke and the canvas roofing at the Fire Department headquarters was blown off . Closer to the waterfront , along the Battery seawall , waves and tides were reported to be some of the highest in recent memory of the fishermen and sailors . Spray and debris were thrown over the wall , making working along the waterfront dangerous . Small craft in New York Harbor were thrown off course and tides and currents in the Hudson River made navigation difficult . In Brooklyn , The New York Times reported that trees were uprooted , signs and similar structures were blown down , and yachts were torn from moorings with some suffering severe damage . Because of the direction of the wind , Coney Island escaped the fury of the storm , though a bathing pavilion at Bath Beach suffered damage from wind and waves . Canada ( edit ) Deadliest Canada hurricanes Rank Hurricane Season Fatalities `` Newfoundland ( 1 ) '' 1775 4,000 -- 4,163 † `` Nova Scotia ( 1 ) '' 1873 600 † `` Nova Scotia ( 3 ) '' 1927 173 -- 192 † `` Labrador '' 1882 140 5 Hazel 1954 81 6 `` Newfoundland ( 2 ) '' 1883 80 7 `` Nova Scotia ( 2 ) '' 1926 55 -- 58 † 8 `` Galveston '' 1900 52 -- 232 † 9 `` Newfoundland ( 3 ) '' 1935 50 † 10 `` Saxby Gale '' 1869 37 + † -- estimated total References : Deadliest Atlantic Hurricanes 1492 - 1996 , Canada 's most destructive hurricanes , Eight devastating Canadian Hurricanes From September 12 -- 14 , the extratropical remnants of the Galveston hurricane affected six Canadian provinces , resulting in severe damage and extensive loss of life . Peak winds reached 50 -- 80 mph ( 80 -- 125 km / h ) in Toronto . During the storm , a fire broke out at a flour mill in Paris , Ontario , resulting in $350,000 in damage to the mill and 50 other stores and offices . Total crop damage in Ontario alone amounted to $1 million ( 1900 USD ) . Maximum rainfall reached 3.9 inches ( 100 mm ) in Percé , Quebec . The majority of loss of life occurred due to numerous shipwrecks off the coast of Saint Pierre and Miquelon , Newfoundland , and Prince Edward Island . The overall death toll in Canada is estimated to be between 52 and 232 , making this at least the eighth deadliest hurricane to affect Canada . The large discrepancy between the fatality figures is due to the fact that many people were reported missing in Saint Pierre and Miquelon , and later presumed to be dead . Aftermath ( edit ) Costliest U.S. Atlantic hurricanes 1900 -- 2010 Total estimated property damage , adjusted for wealth normalization Rank Hurricane Season Cost ( 2016 USD ) `` Miami '' 1926 $195.9 billion Katrina 2005 $134.8 billion `` Galveston '' 1900 $124.0 billion `` Galveston '' 1915 $84.7 billion 5 Andrew $69.5 billion 6 `` New England '' 1938 $48.8 billion 7 `` Cuba -- Florida '' 1944 $48.3 billion 8 `` Okeechobee '' 1928 $41.8 billion 9 Ike 2008 $35.1 billion 10 Donna 1960 $33.4 billion Main article : List of costliest Atlantic hurricanes In less than 24 hours the city of Galveston was effectively obliterated . The final death toll is not known with certainty but the most conservative estimate is around 6,000 . Most historians believe the loss of life to be in the area of 8,000 with some suggesting as many as 12,000 perished . With the city in ruins and rail lines to the mainland destroyed , the survivors had little to live on until relief arrived . Rebuilding ( edit ) Survivors set up temporary shelters in surplus U.S. Army tents along the shore . They were so numerous that observers began referring to Galveston as the `` White City on the Beach '' . Others constructed so - called `` storm lumber '' homes , using salvageable material from the debris to build shelter . Reporter Winifred Bonfils , a young journalist working for William Randolph Hearst , was the first reporter on the line at the flood 's aftermath . She delivered an exclusive set of reports and Hearst sent relief supplies by train . By September 12 , Galveston received its first post-storm mail . The next day , basic water service was restored , and Western Union began providing minimal telegraph service . Within three weeks , cotton was again being shipped out of the port . Before the Hurricane of 1900 , Galveston was considered to be a beautiful and prestigious city and was known as the `` Ellis Island of the West '' and the `` Wall Street of the Southwest '' . However , after the storm , development shifted north to Houston , which was enjoying the benefits of the oil boom . The dredging of the Houston Ship Channel in 1909 and 1914 ended Galveston 's hopes of regaining its former status as a major commercial center . Protection ( edit ) Seawall , Galveston district To prevent future storms from causing destruction like that of the 1900 hurricane , many improvements to the island were made . The first 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) of the Galveston Seawall , 17 - foot ( 5 m ) high , were built beginning in 1902 under the direction of Henry Martyn Robert . An all - weather bridge was constructed to the mainland to replace the ones destroyed in the storm . The most dramatic effort to protect the city was its raising . Dredged sand was used to raise the city of Galveston by as much as 17 feet ( 5.2 m ) above its previous elevation . Over 2,100 buildings were raised in the process by the process of pumping sand underneath , including the 3,000 - ton St. Patrick 's Church . The seawall and raising of the island were jointly named a National Historical Civil Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers in 2001 . In 1915 , a storm similar in strength and track to the 1900 hurricane struck Galveston . The 1915 storm brought a 12 - ft ( 4 - m ) storm surge that tested the new seawall . Although 53 people on Galveston Island lost their lives in the 1915 storm , this was a great reduction from the thousands who died in 1900 . The Galveston city government was reorganized into a commission government , a newly devised structure wherein the government is made of a small group of commissioners , each responsible for one aspect of governance . This was prompted by fears that the existing city council would be unable to handle the problem of rebuilding the city . Today , Galveston is home to a cruise port , two universities , and a major insurance corporation . Homes and other buildings that survived the hurricane have been preserved , and give much of the city a Victorian look . The seawall , since extended to 10 miles ( 16 km ) , is now an attraction itself , as hotels and tourist attractions have been built along its length in seeming defiance of future storms . The last reported survivor of the Galveston Hurricane of 1900 , Mrs. Maude Conic of Wharton , Texas , died November 14 , 2004 , at the claimed age of 116 , although the 1910 census and other records indicate she was younger than that . Historiography ( edit ) In historiography , the hurricane and the rebuilding afterward divide what is known as the Golden Era ( 1875 -- 1900 ) from the Open Era ( 1920 -- 1957 ) of Galveston . The most important long - term impact of the hurricane was to confirm fears that Galveston was a dangerous place to make major investments in shipping and manufacturing operations ; the economy of the Golden Era was no longer possible as investors fled . In 1920 , Prohibition and tax law enforcement opened up new opportunities for criminal enterprises related to gambling and bootlegging in the city . Galveston rapidly became a prime resort destination enabled by the open vice businesses on the island . This new entertainment - based economy brought decades - long prosperity to the island . Museum ( edit ) The Galveston Historical Foundation maintains the Texas Seaport Museum at Pier 21 in the port of Galveston . Included in the museum is a documentary titled The Great Storm , that gives a recounting of the 1900 hurricane . Gallery ( edit ) St. Lucas Terrace - 80 bodies were found under the ruins after this photograph was made Floating wreckage near Texas City -- typical scene for miles along the water front Carrying out bodies just removed from the wreckage , Galveston Relief party working at Ave P and Tremont St Twisted house The only remaining house near the beach for miles , Galveston , Texas Wrecked Segregated High School building St Patrick 's Church In popular culture ( edit ) 1934 : `` Was n't That a Mighty Storm '' is an American folk song concerning the 1900 Galveston hurricane that originated as a spiritual and was revived and popularized by Eric Von Schmidt and Tom Rush in the 1960s . 1935 : Film director King Vidor was born in Galveston and survived the great Galveston Hurricane of 1900 . Based on that experience , he published a fictionalized account of that cyclone , titled `` Southern Storm '' , for the May 1935 issue of Esquire magazine . Erik Larson excerpts a passage from that article in his 1999 book , Isaac 's Storm : I remember now that it seemed as if we were in a bowl looking up toward the level of the sea . As we stood there in the sandy street , my mother and I , I wanted to take my mother 's hand and hurry her away . I felt as if the sea was going to break over the edge of the bowl and come puring down upon us . 1946 : Meteorologist Joseph L. Cline , who with his brother Isaac Cline played a pivotal role in the hurricane , shares his account of the storm in an autobiography titled When the Heavens Frowned . 1999 : In Isaac 's Storm , Erik Larson describes the storm and the pivotal roles played by Galveston Weather Service director Isaac Cline and his meteorologist brother Joseph Cline . 2000 : Texan writer Ron Rozelle 's novel The Windows of Heaven depicts the Galveston hurricane . 2004 : Canadian writer Paul Quarrington 's novel Galveston , although set on a Caribbean island in the present day , centers on two storm chasing characters who share a lifelong obsession with historical accounts of the Galveston hurricane . 2006 : Dark Water Rising , a historical fiction novel by Marian Hale 2009 : Ain Gordon 's play A Disaster Begins centers on the Galveston hurricane . 2013 : Widow 's Tears , a China Bayles mystery novel by Susan Wittig Albert 2013 : The Promise , a historical fiction novel by Ann Weisgarber 2015 : The Curious World of Calpurnia Tate , a children 's novel by Jacqueline Kelly 2015 : The Storm of the Century : Tragedy , Heroism , Survival , and the Epic True Story of America 's Deadliest Natural Disaster : The Great Gulf Hurricane of 1900 , a nonfiction account of the hurricane by Al Roker See also ( edit ) Houston portal Tropical cyclones portal List of Atlantic hurricanes List of deadliest Atlantic hurricanes Hurricane Ike ( 2008 ) List of floods List of tropical cyclones List of United States disasters by death toll Halifax explosion Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Trumbla , Ron . `` The Great Galveston Hurricane of 1900 '' NOAA Celebrates 200 Years of Science , Service and Stewardship Jump up ^ Rhor , Monica ( 2016 - 05 - 19 ) . `` Great Storm of 1900 brought winds of change '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ Stephens , Sara G. ( 2012 - 12 - 31 ) . `` Portrait of a Legend : The Great Storm of 1900 : St. Mary 's Orphan Asylum '' . Houston Family Magazine . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The Great Storm of 1900 '' Trinity Episcopal Church Jump up ^ Cement Age . Cement Age Company . 1909 . p. 204 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Christine . `` Our 10 Greatest Natural Disasters '' American Heritage ( August / September 2006 ) . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2008 ^ Jump up to : Weems , John Edward . `` Galveston Hurricane of 1900 '' , Handbook of Texas Online Jump up ^ `` Deadly storm came with little warning Chron.com - Houston Chronicle '' . 2007 - 12 - 17 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Frank , Neil L. `` The Great Galveston Hurricane of 1900 '' ( PDF ) . AGU . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 25 , 2009 . Retrieved September 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ackerman , Steven A. Meteorology : Understanding the Atmosphere ( 4th ed . ) . Burlington , Mass. : Jones & Bartlett . p. 263 . Jump up ^ Colby , Frank Moore ; et al. ( 1901 ) . The International Year Book . Dodd , Mead & Company . p. 859 . ^ Jump up to : McComb , David G. `` Handboox of Texas : Galveston '' . TSHA handbook . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2008 . Retrieved September 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Garriott , E.B. ( September 1900 ) . `` West Indian Hurricane of September 1 -- 12 , 1900 '' ( PDF ) . Monthly Weather Review . 28 ( 9 ) : 371 -- 377 . Bibcode : 1900MWRv ... 28 ... 371G . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0493 ( 1900 ) 28 ( 371b : WIHOS ) 2.0.CO ; 2 . Retrieved February 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Westcott , Kathryn ( September 22 , 2005 ) . `` Flashback : Galveston 's great storm '' . BBC . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2008 . Retrieved September 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Frantz , Helen B. `` Handboox of Texas Online : Indianola Hurricanes '' . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2007 . Retrieved November 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Hansen , Gunnar ( 1993 ) . Islands at the Edge of Time : A Journey to America 's Barrier Islands . Island Press . p. 69 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55963 - 252 - 2 . Jump up ^ Although that view was not universally held by all Texas residents , particularly those advocating other Texas seaports , e.g. , see Braman , D.E.E. ( 1857 ) . Braman 's Information About Texas . Philadelphia : J.B. Lippincott & Co. p. 46 . Retrieved July 15 , 2009 . Galveston Island , with all its boasted accumulation of people , habitations , wealth , trade and commerce , is but a waif of the ocean , a locality but of yesterday ... liable , at any moment , and certain , at no distant day , of being engulfed and submerged by the self - same power that gave it form . Neither is it possible for all the skillful devices of mortal man to protect this doomed place against the impending danger ; the terrible power of a hurricane can not be ... resisted . I should as soon think of founding a city on an iceberg . ^ Jump up to : Heidorn , Keith C. Weather people and history : Dr Isaac M. Cline : A Man of Storm and Floods -- Part 2 . The Weather Doctor ( September 1 , 2000 ) . Retrieved on December 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Mary G. ( 2008 ) . `` After the Great Storm : Galveston 's Response to the Hurricane of September 8 , 1900 '' . Texas Almanac . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2008 . Retrieved September 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Larson ( 1999 ) , p. 111 ^ Jump up to : `` The 1900 Storm : An Island Washed Away '' Galveston Newspapers Inc . Retrieved on December 18 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Cline , Joseph ( January 31 , 2000 ) . When the Heavens Frowned . Firebird Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56554 - 783 - 4 . Jump up ^ Hurst , David . `` Washington bureaucrats of the U.S. Weather Bureau prevented Isaac Cline , a weather forecaster on duty in Galveston at the time , from issuing a hurricane warning '' Altoona Mirror ( September 25 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ Blake , Eric S ; Landsea , Christopher W ; Gibney , Ethan J ; National Climatic Data Center ; National Hurricane Center ( August 10 , 2011 ) . The deadliest , costliest and most intense United States tropical cyclones from 1851 to 2010 ( and other frequently requested hurricane facts ) ( PDF ) ( NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS NHC - 6 ) . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . p. 47 . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Larson , Erik ( 2000 ) . Isaac 's storm : a man , a time , and the deadliest hurricane in history ( 1st Vintage Books ed . ) . New York : Vintage Books . pp. 160 -- 166 . ISBN 0 - 375 - 70827 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Olafson , Steve ( August 28 , 2000 ) . `` Unimaginable devastation : Deadly storm came with little warning '' . Houston Chronicle . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2007 . Retrieved December 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Larson , Erik ( 1999 ) `` Day 7 Part 1 : Telegram '' ^ Jump up to : Cline , Isaac M. `` Galveston Storm of 1900 : Introduction '' National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved on December 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ The Galveston storm of 1900 -- The deadliest disaster in American history . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved from February 13 , 2007 , version at archive.org on December 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Galveston Hurricane of 1900 '' . ESSEA . Retrieved September 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Galveston May be Wiped Out By Storm '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . September 9 , 1900 . Retrieved November 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Green , Nathan C. ( 1900 ) . Story Of The Galveston Flood . Baltimore : R.H. Woodward Company . p. 126 . Retrieved July 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Brian K. ; Korosec , Tom ( September 12 , 2008 ) . `` Hurricane Ike Set to Slam Texas Coast ; Thousands Flee ( Update1 ) '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved September 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Coe , Fanny E. ( 1911 ) . Heroes of Everyday Life . Ginn and Co. p. 28 . Jump up ^ Storms of the century : 1900 Galveston Hurricane : Part 2 -- Disaster Waiting to Happen . The Weather Channel . Retrieved on December 18 , 2007 . Archived June 24 , 2007 , at WebCite ^ Jump up to : Larson ( 1999 ) Jump up ^ `` Course of the Hurricane ; Circuitous Route by Which the Storm has Traveled . ITS PATH 4,000 MILES LONG From Porto Rico to Florida and Texas , Then Through the Middle West and the Lake Belt to Montreal '' . The New York Times . September 13 , 1900 . Retrieved September 10 , 2008 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : `` City swept by high winds ; The Storm that Wrecked Galveston Reaches New York . A MAN KILLED IN BROADWAY Struck by a Broken Banner Pole -- Navigation in the Bay and Rivers Difficult -- A Ferryboat 's Plight '' . The New York Times . September 13 , 1900 . Retrieved September 10 , 2008 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` 1900 - 1 '' . Environment and Climate Change Canada . Retrieved 30 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Pielke , Roger A. , Jr. ; Gratz , Joel ; Landsea , Christopher W. ; Collins , Douglas ; Saunders , Mark A. ; Musulin , Rade ( 2008 ) . `` Normalized Hurricane Damage in the United States : 1900 -- 2005 '' ( PDF ) . Natural Hazards Review . 9 ( 1 ) : 29 -- 42 . doi : 10.1061 / ( ASCE ) 1527 - 6988 ( 2008 ) 9 : 1 ( 29 ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 17 , 2013 . Retrieved May 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Blake , Eric S. ; Landsea , Christopher W. ; Gibney , Ethan J. ( 2011 ) . `` The Deadliest , Costliest , and the most intense United States Tropical Cyclones from 1851 to 2010 ( and other frequently requested hurricane facts ) '' ( PDF ) . NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS NHC - 6 . Jump up ^ United States nominal Gross Domestic Product per capita figures follow the Measuring Worth series supplied in Johnston , Louis ; Williamson , Samuel H. ( 2017 ) . `` What Was the U.S. GDP Then ? '' . MeasuringWorth . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . These are the figures as of 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane destroyed Galveston in 1900 '' . CNN . 8 September 2008 . Retrieved 5 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Bixel , Patricia Bellis ; Turner , Elizabeth Hayes ( 2000 ) . Galveston and the 1900 Storm . University of Texas Press . pp. 70 -- 71 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 70884 - 6 . line feed character in title = at position 23 ( help ) Jump up ^ Kramarae , Cheris ; Treichler , Paula A. ; Russo , Ann ( 1992 ) . Amazons , Bluestockings and Crones . Pandora . p. 434 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 04 - 440863 - 5 . Jump up ^ History of Galveston Island . Galveston.com & Company , Inc . Retrieved on December 18 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` J.H.W. Stele to Sayers , September 11 -- 12 , 1900 '' . Texas State Library and Archives Commission , Retrieved on August 31 , 2007 Jump up ^ Frankenfield , H.S. ( 1915 ) . `` August 1915 Monthly Weather Review '' ( PDF ) . Weather Bureau . Retrieved September 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Oldest living Texas Republican celebrates 113th birthday '' El Paso County Republican Party ( September 2001 ) . Retrieved on December 18 , 2007 . Archived September 19 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Table of False and Exaggerated Claims '' Gerontology Research Group website . Retrieved on September 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pier 21 Theater : The Great Storm '' . galvestonhistory.org . Retrieved 29 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Great Storm '' . galvestonhistory.org . Retrieved 29 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Hinckley , D. ( September 12 , 2008 ) . `` Singing up a ' Mighty Storm ' in Galveston '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Was n't That a Mighty Storm ( lyrics ) '' . The Mudcat Café . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Stormy tale holds moments of clarity '' . Calgary Herald , May 15 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Saltz , Rachel ( October 15 , 2009 ) . `` Seeking Order in a Life , a War and a Deluge '' . The New York Times . Further reading ( edit ) `` 1900 Storm '' . The 1900 Storm 1900storm.com . Galveston Newspapers , Inc . Retrieved December 18 , 2007 . Bixel , Patricia Bellis ; Turner , Elizabeth Hayes ( 2000 ) . Galveston and the 1900 Storm : Catastrophe and Catalyst ( 1st ed . ) . University of Texas Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 70883 - 9 . Garriott , E.B. ( October 1900 ) . `` The West Indian Hurricane Of September 1 -- 12 , 1900 '' . National Geographic Magazine . XI ( 10 ) : 384 -- 392 . Retrieved July 15 , 2007 . Greene , Casey Edward ; Kelly , Shelly Henley ( 2000 ) . Through a Night of Horrors : Voices from the 1900 Galveston Storm . Texas A&M University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58544 - 228 - 7 . Halstead , Murat ( 1900 ) . Galveston : The Horrors Of A Stricken City . American Publishers ' Association . Retrieved July 15 , 2009 . Larson , Erik ( 1999 ) . Isaac 's Storm : A Man , A Time , and the Deadliest Hurricane in History ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Crown Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 609 - 60233 - 1 . Lienhard , John H. `` Raising Galveston '' . The Engines of Our Ingenuity . University of Houston . Retrieved December 18 , 2007 . McGee , W.J. ( October 1900 ) . `` The Lessons Of Galveston '' . The National Geographic Magazine . XI ( 10 ) : 377 -- 383 . Retrieved July 15 , 2007 . Moore , Willis L. ( October 1900 ) . `` The Weather Bureau and the Gulf Storms '' . The National Magazine . XIII ( 1 ) : 542 -- 546 . Retrieved July 15 , 2009 . Moore , Willis L. ( 1901 ) . Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau , 1900 -- 1901 . 1 . Washington : U.S. Department of Agriculture , Weather Bureau ( Government Printing Office ) . pp. 9 -- 10 . Retrieved July 15 , 2007 . Ousley , Clarence ( October 1900 ) . `` Thrilling Experiences In The Galveston Storm '' . The National Magazine . XIII ( 1 ) : 533 -- 542 . Retrieved July 15 , 2009 . Ousley , Clarence ( 1900 ) . Galveston in Nineteen Hundred : The Authorized and Official Record . Atlanta , Georgia : William C. Chase . Retrieved July 15 , 2009 . Weems , John Edward ( 1957 ) . Weekend in September . Texas A&M University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89096 - 390 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Galveston Hurricane of 1900 . Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` 1900 Galveston hurricane '' dated 2005 - 06 - 17 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Sept. 11 , 1900 : Galveston wiped out Wire service account published in the Minneapolis Tribune 1900 Great Storm Theater Galveston Historical Foundation 's website Galveston Hurricane of 1900 Texas Archive of the Moving Image Galveston 1900 : Storm of the Century Primary Source Adventure , a lesson plan hosted by The Portal to Texas History Celebrating 200 years of NOAA from the NOAA ( as well as similar content from the NOAA History Archives ) The 1900 Storm -- manuscripts , photographs , and other archival holdings from the Galveston and Texas History Center at the Rosenberg Library -- including a list of victims The 1900 Storm -- Galveston Island , Texas -- `` Remembering the Great Hurricane , September 8 , 1900 -- A Galveston County Daily News Presentation '' The early history of Galveston , by Dr. J.O. Dyer , published 1916 , hosted by the * Portal to Texas History The great Galveston disaster , containing a full and thrilling account of the most appalling calamity of modern times including vivid descriptions of the hurricane , published 1900 , hosted by the Portal to Texas History City of Galveston Attractions Ashton Villa Balinese Room Bishop 's Palace East End Historic District Elissa ( ship ) Fort Crockett Galveston Island Historic Pleasure Pier Galveston Island State Park Galveston Pirate SC Galveston Railroad Museum Galveston Seawall Galveston Island Trolley Grand 1894 Opera House Lone Star Flight Museum Moody Gardens Moody Plaza Ocean Star Offshore Drilling Rig & Museum Old Red Rosenberg Library St. Mary Cathedral Basilica Schlitterbahn Galveston Island Waterpark Seawolf Park Strand Historic District 1861 United States Customs and Federal Court House USS Cavalla USS Stewart Industries American National Insurance Company Galveston Railroad Island Transit Moody Foundation Moody National Bank Port of Galveston Texas First Bank Scholes International Airport at Galveston History First Battle of Galveston Second Battle of Galveston Battle of Galveston Harbor The Beach Hotel Fort Point Light Galveston Railroad Galveston Hurricane of 1900 Galveston Hurricane of 1915 Galveston Movement Jewish history Karankawa Indians Free State of Galveston Strand Historic District 1861 United States Customs and Federal Court House Gulf , Colorado and Santa Fe Railway Geography Galveston Bay Galveston Island Gulf of Mexico San Luis Pass West Bay Education Galveston College Galveston ISD Ball HS Central HS O'Connell College Preparatory School Texas A&M University at Galveston University of Texas Medical Branch Healthcare & research Galveston National Biocontainment Laboratory John Sealy Hospital Sealy & Smith Foundation Shriners Hospital for Children Transitional Learning Center University of Texas Medical Branch Media Newspapers The Daily News Television KLTJ ( Daystar ) KTMD ( Telemundo ) AM radio KGBC FM radio KOVE VHF radio KHB40 Other Galveston Causeway List of museums in the Texas Gulf Coast Canceled Bolivar Bridge proposal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1900_Galveston_hurricane&oldid=803784936 '' Categories : Galveston Hurricane of 1900 1900 in Texas 1900 meteorology 1900 natural disasters in the United States 1900 -- 1909 Atlantic hurricane seasons Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes History of Galveston , Texas Hurricanes in Texas August 1900 events September 1900 events Hidden categories : Webarchive template webcite links Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 errors : invisible characters Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from February 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2010 Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Ido Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2017 , at 16 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

what is the deadliest hurricane to hit the us

The Great Galveston Hurricane , known regionally as the Great Storm of 1900 , was a Category 4 storm , with winds of up to 145 mph ( 233 km / h ) , which made landfall on September 8 , 1900 , in Galveston , Texas , in the United States . It killed 6,000 to 12,000 people , making it the deadliest hurricane and natural disaster in U.S. history .

Cutty - sark ( witch ) - wikipedia Cutty - sark ( witch ) Jump to : navigation , search Cutty - sark figurehead on the British clipper of the same name . `` Cutty sark '' is 18th - century Scots for `` short chemise '' or `` short undergarment '' . Hyphenated , Cutty - sark was a nickname given to the witch Nannie Dee , a fictional character created by Robert Burns in his Tam o ' Shanter , after the garment she wore . The figurehead of the tea clipper Cutty Sark is named after the character and a brand of Scotch whisky is named in turn for the ship . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Tam o ' Shanter 's witch 3 See also 4 References Etymology ( edit ) Cutty or cuttie ( the diminutive form of cuttit , from Early Middle English cutte , kutte , cute `` ugly '' ) is `` short '' or `` stumpy '' . Sark or serk ( from Old English serc ; Old Norse serk ) is a `` shift '' , `` chemise '' , or `` shirt '' . The earliest recorded literary usage of the term cutty sark ( as opposed to older usage of the two separate words ) is by Dougal Graham in c. 1779 ( the year of his death ) : `` A cutty sark of guide harn sheet , My mitter he pe spin , mattam . '' Tam o ' Shanter 's witch ( edit ) In Burns ' 1791 poem Tam o ' Shanter , the drunken Tam , riding home on his horse , happens upon a witches ' dance . Among the dancing figures is a particularly beautiful young witch named Nannie ( Scots pet - form of Anna ) , `` ae winsome wench and wawlie '' ( line 164 ) . She is wearing a harn ( linen ) sark ( nightshirt ) which fitted her as a child ( a `` lassie '' ) but is now rather too short for her : Her cutty sark , o ' Paisley harn , That while a lassie she had worn , In longitude tho ' sorely scanty , It was her best , and she was vauntie . Ah ! little kend thy reverend grannie That sark she coft for her wee Nannie Wi ' twa pund Scots ( ' twas a ' her riches ) Wad ever graced a dance of witches ! ( lines 171ff ) lassie , `` girl '' , vauntie , `` joyous , boasting '' ; kend , `` knew '' ; coft , `` bought '' ; twa , `` two '' . Tam is so enthralled by the erotic spectacle that he can not contain himself and yells out `` Weel done , Cutty - sark ! '' ( line 189 ) . The witches are now alerted to his presence and pursue him . Tam heads for the River Doon , because , according to folklore , witches can not cross running water . He makes it across the bridge to safety , but not before Nannie , the `` Cutty - sark '' , has torn the tail from his horse . The poem ends , ironically , with a mock warning to all men of the devilish consequences of thinking about scantily - clad females . The popularity of this poem was such that the phrase Well done , Cutty - sark ! entered the English language via Scots as an exclamation similar to `` Bravo ! '' Literary allusions to the original Cutty - sark abound . In Ulysses , James Joyce writes : `` Laughing witches in red cutty sarks ride through the air on broom sticks '' ( p. 695 ) . See also ( edit ) Cuttie - stool References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` cutty ( - ie ) sark , a short chemise or undergarment '' , Dictionary of the Scots Language , accessed 21 May 2007 Jump up ^ `` Cut , Cutt , v ... ( Early ME . cutte , kutte , cute , of obscure origin . '' , Dictionary of the Scots Language , accessed 21 May 2007 Jump up ^ `` Sark , Serk , n . Also : sarke , shark ; sairk ; syrk . ( North . and midl . ME serc ( Cursor M . ) , serke ( Manning ) , scherk ( 14th c . ) , late ME sarke ( c1440 ) , north . e.m.E. sark ( 1515 ) , OE serc , ON serk - r ... The male or female body - garment worn nearest the skin ; a shift , chemise , shirt . '' , Dictionary of the Scots Language , accessed 21 May 2007 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cutty-sark_(witch)&oldid=782130621 '' Categories : Scottish dress Scottish folklore Scots language Scottish English Robert Burns Fictional characters who use magic Human sexuality English - language idioms Nightwear Lingerie Tops ( clothing ) Gowns Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2007 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Edit links This page was last edited on 25 May 2017 , at 02 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

where does the name cutty sark come from

`` Cutty sark '' is 18th - century Scots for `` short chemise '' or `` short undergarment '' . Hyphenated , Cutty - sark was a nickname given to the witch Nannie Dee , a fictional character created by Robert Burns in his Tam o ' Shanter , after the garment she wore . The figurehead of the tea clipper Cutty Sark is named after the character and a brand of Scotch whisky is named in turn for the ship .

Deviled egg - wikipedia Deviled egg Jump to : navigation , search Deviled egg A plate of deviled eggs Alternative names stuffed eggs , Russian eggs , dressed eggs Course Hors d'oeuvre Place of origin Italy Region or state Rome Serving temperature Cold Main ingredients Eggs , mayonnaise , mustard Variations Multiple Food energy ( per serving ) 200 kcal ( 837 kJ ) Cookbook : Deviled egg Media : Deviled egg Deviled eggs ( US ) or devilled eggs ( UK ) , also known as stuffed eggs , Russian eggs , or dressed eggs are hard - boiled eggs that have been shelled , cut in half , and filled with a paste made from the egg yolks mixed with other ingredients such as mayonnaise and mustard . They are generally served cold as a side dish , appetizer or a main course , often for holidays or parties . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Preparation 3 Flavorings 4 In different countries 5 See also 6 References Etymology ( edit ) The term `` deviled '' , in reference to food , was in use in the 18th century , with the first known print reference appearing in 1786 . In the 19th century , it came to be used most often with spicy or zesty food , including eggs prepared with mustard , pepper or other ingredients stuffed in the yolk cavity . In parts of the Southern and Midwestern United States , the terms `` stuffed eggs '' , `` salad eggs '' , and `` dressed eggs '' are used instead . The term `` angel eggs '' has also been used in association with deviled eggs stuffed with `` healthier '' ( less fat and cholesterol ) alternatives . Preparation ( edit ) Play media Video demonstration preparing deviled eggs Deviled egg plate Cooled hard - boiled eggs are peeled and halved lengthwise , and the yolks are removed . The yolks are then mashed and mixed with a variety of other ingredients , such as mayonnaise and mustard . Tartar sauce or Worcestershire sauce are also frequently used . Other common flavorings include : diced pickle or pickle relish , salt , ground black pepper , powdered cayenne pepper or chipotle chillies , turmeric , vinegar , ketchup , green olives , pimentos , poppyseed , thyme , cilantro , minced onion , pickle brine , caviar , cream , capers , and sour cream . The yolk mixture is then scooped into each egg `` cup '' made from the firm egg whites . Old Bay , paprika , curry powder , cayenne , chives , or dill may be sprinkled on top as a garnish . The finished eggs may be further decorated with caviar , anchovy , bacon , shrimp or herring . Flavorings ( edit ) Contemporary versions of deviled eggs tend to include a wider range of seasonings and added foods , such as garlic , horseradish , wasabi , sliced jalapeños , cheese , chutney , capers , salsa , hot sauce , ham , mushrooms , spinach , sour cream , caviar , shrimp , smoked salmon or other seafood , and sardines . In different countries ( edit ) The deviled egg can be seen in recipes as far back as ancient Rome , where they were traditionally served as a first course . The dish is still popular across the continent of Europe and in North America . In France , it is called œuf mimosa ; in Hungary , töltött tojás ( `` stuffed egg '' ) or kaszinótojás ( `` casino egg '' ) ; in Romania , ouă umplute ( `` stuffed eggs '' ) ; in the Netherlands gevuld ei ( `` stuffed egg '' ) ; in Sweden fyllda ägg ( `` stuffed eggs '' ) ; on the island of Malta it is called bajd mimli ( `` stuffed eggs '' ) . In many European countries , especially Belgium , France , the Netherlands and Germany , a variation is served known as `` Russian eggs '' . This consists of eggs cut in half , served with vegetable macédoine and garnished with mayonnaise , parsley and tomato . Contrary to what the name might suggest , the dish does not originate in Russia ; its name derives from the fact that the eggs are served on a bed of macédoine , which is sometimes called `` Russian salad '' . In Sweden , the deviled egg ( Fyllda Ägghalvor ) is a traditional dish for the Easter Smörgåsbord , where the yolk is mixed with caviar , cream or sour cream , optionally chopped red onion , and decorated with chopped chives or dill , perhaps with a piece of anchovy or pickled herring . In French cuisine , the other ingredients are most likely to be pepper and parsley . In Hungarian cuisine , the yolks are mashed and mixed with white bread soaked in milk , mustard and parsley , often served as an appetizer with mayonnaise , or as a main course baked in the oven with Hungarian sour cream topping and served with French fries . Other common flavorings of the yolks in German cuisine are anchovy , cheese and caper . Deviled eggs are a common dish in the United States . In the Midwestern and Southern U.S. , they are commonly served as hors d'oeuvres before a full meal is served , often during the Christmas season . Deviled eggs are so popular in the United States that special trays are sold specifically for serving them . Prepared and packaged deviled eggs are now available in some U.S. supermarkets . While deviled eggs are sometimes sprinkled with Old Bay seasoning on the east coast , paprika is more commonly used in the south . Deviled eggs are commonly served at Derby parties in Kentucky . In parts of South America , they are called huevos a la peruana . See also ( edit ) Food portal Egg salad Mimosa salad List of egg dishes List of hors d'oeuvre List of stuffed dishes References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Deviled eggs . Jump up ^ Robert A. Palmatier , `` Food : a dictionary of literal & nonliteral terms '' Westport : Greenwood Press , 2000 . p. 96 Jump up ^ The Straight Dope : What 's up with `` deviled '' eggs , ham , etc. ? October 12 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Collins , Richard , MD , FACC ( 2013 - 03 - 29 ) . `` Angel Eggs Not Deviled Eggs '' . The Cooking Cardiologist . Archived from the original on 2014 - 07 - 26 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ The Art of Making Devilled Eggs ( 2008 - 08 - 08 ) Jump up ^ Rebecca Katz ( 26 February 2013 ) . The Longevity Kitchen : Satisfying , Big - Flavor Recipes Featuring the Top 16 Age - Busting Power Foods . Random House Digital , Inc . pp. 173 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60774 - 294 - 4 . Retrieved 18 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Ancient History of Deviled Eggs '' . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oeufs à la russe -- Les recettes de François '' . France 3 ( in French ) . Retrieved 11 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Huevos a la peruana con ensalada de tomates - Nova.cl - Toallas de Papel y Servilletas . Recetas de cocina y Menú Semanal '' . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . ( hide ) Eggs List of egg topics Types Bird Fish and amphibian Monotreme Fossil record Cephalopod Fish Reptile ( dinosaur ) Pathology Biology Embryo Ichthyoplankton Ootheca Oviparity Spawn Zygote Components Yolk White Shell As food List of egg dishes Boiled Coddled Custard desserts Deviled Eggs Benedict Fried Omelette Poached Pickled Roe Scotch Scrambled Smoked Soufflé Tea egg Trophic egg In culture Easter egg Egging Fabergé egg Humpty Dumpty Oomancy Ovo vegetarianism Yoshi Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deviled_egg&oldid=796522687 '' Categories : American cuisine Egg dishes European cuisine Chilean cuisine Argentine cuisine Brazilian cuisine Uruguayan cuisine Ukrainian cuisine Stuffed dishes Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Nederlands Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 21 August 2017 , at 12 : 14 . 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where does the name deviled eggs come from

The term `` deviled '' , in reference to food , was in use in the 18th century , with the first known print reference appearing in 1786 . In the 19th century , it came to be used most often with spicy or zesty food , including eggs prepared with mustard , pepper or other ingredients stuffed in the yolk cavity .

2018 NBA draft - wikipedia 2018 NBA draft Jump to : navigation , search 2018 NBA draft General information Date ( s ) June 21 , 2018 Time 7 : 00 pm ( EDT ) Location Barclays Center , Brooklyn , New York Network ( s ) ( US ) ESPN First selection Phoenix Suns ← 2017 NBA draft 2019 → The 2018 NBA draft will be held on June 21 , 2018 at the Barclays Center in Brooklyn , New York . National Basketball Association ( NBA ) teams will take turns selecting amateur U.S. college basketball players and other eligible players , including international players . It will be televised nationally by ESPN . This draft will be the last to use the original weighted lottery system that gives teams near the bottom of the NBA draft better odds at the top three picks of the draft while teams higher up had worse odds in the process ; the rule was agreed upon by the NBA on September 28 , 2017 , but would not be implemented until the 2019 draft . With the last year of what was , at the time , the most recent lottery system ( with the NBA draft lottery being held in Chicago instead of in New York ) , the Phoenix Suns won the first overall pick on May 15 , 2018 , with the Sacramento Kings at the second overall pick and the Atlanta Hawks at third overall pick . The Suns ' selection is their first No. 1 overall selection in franchise history . Contents ( hide ) 1 Draft selections 2 Combine 3 Draft lottery 4 Eligiblity and entrants 4.1 Early entrants 4.1. 1 College underclassmen 4.1. 2 International players 4.2 Automatically eligible entrants 5 Trades involving draft picks 5.1 Pre-draft trades 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Draft selections ( edit ) PG Point guard SG Shooting guard SF Small forward PF Power forward Center * Denotes player who has been selected for at least one All - Star Game and All - NBA Team Denotes player who has been selected for at least one All - Star Game Denotes player who has been selected for at least one All - NBA Team Denotes player who never played in the NBA regular season or playoffs Rnd . Pick Player Pos . Nationality Team School / club team Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Atlanta Hawks Memphis Grizzlies 5 Dallas Mavericks 6 Orlando Magic 7 Chicago Bulls 8 Cleveland Cavaliers ( from Brooklyn via Boston ) 9 New York Knicks 10 Philadelphia 76ers ( from L.A. Lakers via Phoenix ) 11 Charlotte Hornets 12 Los Angeles Clippers ( from Detroit ) 13 Los Angeles Clippers 14 Denver Nuggets 15 Washington Wizards 16 Phoenix Suns ( from Miami ) 17 Milwaukee Bucks 18 San Antonio Spurs 19 Atlanta Hawks ( from Minnesota ) 20 Minnesota Timberwolves ( from Oklahoma City via Utah ) 21 Utah Jazz 22 Chicago Bulls ( from New Orleans ) 23 Indiana Pacers 24 Portland Trail Blazers 25 Los Angeles Lakers ( from Cleveland via Portland and Cleveland ) 26 Philadelphia 76ers 27 Boston Celtics 28 Golden State Warriors 29 Brooklyn Nets ( from Toronto ) 30 Atlanta Hawks ( from Houston via L.A. Clippers ) 31 Phoenix Suns 32 Memphis Grizzlies 33 Atlanta Hawks 34 Dallas Mavericks 35 Orlando Magic 36 Sacramento Kings 37 New York Knicks ( from Chicago via Oklahoma City ) 38 Philadelphia 76ers ( from Brooklyn ) 39 Philadelphia 76ers ( from New York ) 40 Brooklyn Nets ( from L.A. Lakers via Orlando and Toronto ) 41 Orlando Magic ( from Charlotte via Memphis and Phoenix ) 42 Detroit Pistons 43 Denver Nuggets ( from L.A. Clippers via New York ) 44 Washington Wizards 45 Brooklyn Nets ( from Milwaukee ) 46 Houston Rockets ( from Miami via Memphis ) 47 Los Angeles Lakers ( from Denver via Utah and Chicago ) 48 Minnesota Timberwolves 49 San Antonio Spurs 50 Indiana Pacers 51 New Orleans Pelicans ( previously from Chicago via New Orleans , Miami , and New Orleans ) 52 Utah Jazz 53 Oklahoma City Thunder 54 Dallas Mavericks ( from Portland via Denver ) 55 Charlotte Hornets ( from Cleveland via Brooklyn and Philadelphia ) 56 Philadelphia 76ers 57 Oklahoma City Thunder ( from Boston ) 58 Denver Nuggets ( from Golden State ) 59 Phoenix Suns ( from Toronto ) 60 Philadelphia 76ers ( from Houston ) Combine ( edit ) Main article : NBA Draft Combine The invitation - only NBA Draft Combine was held in Chicago from May 16 to 20 . The on - court element of the combine took place on May 18 and 19 . A total of 69 players were invited for this year 's NBA Draft Combine , with two top talents in Deandre Ayton and Luka Dončić declining invitations for the event this year , with the latter player being involved with the 2018 EuroLeague Final Four at the time . Draft lottery ( edit ) Main article : NBA draft lottery The NBA draft lottery took place during the playoffs on May 15 , 2018 . This year will be the last time it uses what was originally the updated system for the NBA draft lottery to upgrade draft odds for teams in the lower regions of the NBA . Starting in 2019 onward , the newer updated draft lottery will give the bottom 3 teams equal odds for the No. 1 pick , while some of the teams higher up the NBA draft would get an increased chance for a top - four pick instead of a top - three pick like in this year , thus hoping to discourage teams from potentially losing games on purpose for higher draft picks ( and potentially better talent in the process ) . There were also two tiebreakers involved for lottery odds this season ; the first involved the Dallas Mavericks having one more result favoring them having the No. 1 pick over Atlanta after splitting the odds together , while the second tiebreaker had the Chicago Bulls splitting odds with the Sacramento Kings , resulting in the Bulls having slightly better odds on their end in the process . Denotes the actual lottery result Team 2017 -- 18 record Lottery chances Lottery probabilities 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th Phoenix Suns 21 -- 61 250 . 250 . 215 . 178 . 358 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Memphis Grizzlies 22 -- 60 199 . 199 . 188 . 171 . 319 . 124 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Dallas Mavericks 24 -- 58 138 . 138 . 142 . 145 . 238 . 290 . 045 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Atlanta Hawks 24 -- 58 137 . 137 . 142 . 145 . 085 . 323 . 155 . 013 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Orlando Magic 25 -- 57 88 . 088 . 096 . 106 -- . 262 . 359 . 084 . 004 -- -- -- -- -- -- Chicago Bulls 27 -- 55 53 . 053 . 060 . 070 -- -- . 440 . 331 . 045 . 001 -- -- -- -- -- Sacramento Kings 27 -- 55 53 . 053 . 060 . 070 -- -- -- . 573 . 226 . 018 . 000 -- -- -- -- Brooklyn Nets 28 -- 54 28 . 028 . 033 . 039 -- -- -- -- . 725 . 168 . 008 . 000 -- -- -- New York Knicks 29 -- 53 17 . 017 . 020 . 024 -- -- -- -- -- . 813 . 122 . 004 . 000 -- -- Los Angeles Lakers 35 -- 47 11 . 011 . 013 . 016 -- -- -- -- -- -- . 870 . 089 . 002 . 000 -- Charlotte Hornets 36 -- 46 8 . 008 . 009 . 012 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- . 908 . 063 . 001 . 000 Detroit Pistons 39 -- 43 7 . 007 . 008 . 010 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- . 935 . 039 . 000 Los Angeles Clippers 42 -- 40 6 . 006 . 007 . 009 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- . 960 . 018 Denver Nuggets 46 -- 36 5 . 005 . 006 . 007 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- . 982 ^ 1 : The Brooklyn Nets ' pick was automatically conveyed to the Cleveland Cavaliers this year . ^ 2 : The Los Angeles Lakers ' pick was conveyed to the Philadelphia 76ers since the pick turned unprotected for them this year and was n't in the Nos. 2 - 5 range . ^ 3 : The Detroit Pistons ' pick was conveyed to the Los Angeles Clippers since it was outside the top 4 . Eligiblity and entrants ( edit ) Main article : Eligibility for the NBA draft The draft is conducted under the eligibility rules established in the league 's 2017 collective bargaining agreement ( CBA ) with its player 's union . The previous CBA that ended the 2011 lockout instituted no immediate changes to the draft , but called for a committee of owners and players to discuss future changes . All drafted players must be at least 19 years old during the calendar year of the draft . In terms of dates , players who are eligible for the 2018 draft must be born on or before December 31 , 1999 . Since the 2016 draft , the following rules , as implemented by the NCAA Division I council for that division , are : Declaration for the draft no longer results in automatic loss of college eligibility . As long as a player does not sign a contract with a professional team outside the NBA , or sign with an agent , he will retain college eligibility as long as he makes a timely withdrawal from the draft . NCAA players now have until 10 days after the end of the NBA Draft Combine to withdraw from the draft . Since the combine is held in mid-May , the current deadline is about five weeks after the previous mid-April deadline . NCAA players may participate in the draft combine , and are allowed to attend one tryout per year with each NBA team without losing college eligibility . NCAA players may now enter and withdraw from the draft up to two times without loss of eligibility . Previously , the NCAA treated a second declaration of draft eligibility as a permanent loss of college eligibility . The NBA has since expanded the draft combine to include players with remaining college eligibility ( who , like players without college eligibility , can only attend by invitation ) . Early entrants ( edit ) Players who are not automatically eligible have to declare their eligibility for the draft by notifying the NBA offices in writing no later than 60 days before the draft . For the 2018 draft , the date fell on April 22 . After that date , `` early entry '' players are able to attend NBA pre-draft camps and individual team workouts to show off their skills and obtain feedback regarding their draft positions . Under the CBA a player may withdraw his name from consideration from the draft at any time before the final declaration date , which is 10 days before the draft . Under current NCAA rules , players have until May 30 ( 10 days after the draft combine ) to withdraw from the draft and retain college eligibility . A player who has hired an agent forfeits his remaining college eligibility regardless of whether he is drafted . College underclassmen ( edit ) A record - high 236 underclassed draft prospects ( i.e. , players with remaining college eligibility ) had declared by the April 22 deadline , with 181 of these players being from college . Names in bold mean they have hired an agent , or have announced that they plan to do so . Currently , 68 players have declared their intentions to enter the draft with an agent at hand . / Deng Adel -- F , Louisville ( junior ) Rawle Alkins -- G , Arizona ( sophomore ) Mike Amius -- F , Western Carolina ( junior ) / Kostas Antetokounmpo -- F , Dayton ( freshman ) Deandre Ayton -- C , Arizona ( freshman ) Marvin Bagley III -- F / C , Duke ( freshman ) Mohamed Bamba -- C , Texas ( freshman ) Keita Bates - Diop -- F , Ohio State ( junior ) Tyus Battle -- G , Syracuse ( sophomore ) Tashawn Berry -- G , Dakota College ( sophomore ) Leron Black -- F , Illinois ( junior ) Brian Bowen -- G , South Carolina ( freshman ) Jordan Brangers -- G , South Plains College ( sophomore ) Mikal Bridges -- F , Villanova ( junior ) Miles Bridges -- F , Michigan State ( sophomore ) Bruce Brown Jr . -- G , Miami ( sophomore ) Troy Brown Jr . -- F , Oregon ( freshman ) Jalen Brunson -- G , Villanova ( junior ) Elijah Bryant -- G , BYU ( junior ) Tony Carr -- G , Penn State ( sophomore ) Wendell Carter -- F / C , Duke ( freshman ) Kameron Chatman -- G / F , Detroit ( junior ) Tyler Cook -- F , Iowa ( sophomore ) Bryant Crawford -- G , Wake Forest ( junior ) Eric Davis -- G , Texas ( junior ) / Tyler Davis -- C , Texas A&M ( junior ) Marcus Derrickson -- F , Georgetown ( junior ) Hamidou Diallo -- G , Kentucky ( freshman ) Noah Dickerson -- F , Washington ( junior ) Donte DiVincenzo -- G , Villanova ( sophomore ) Dikembe Dixson -- F , UIC ( sophomore ) Trevon Duval -- G , Duke ( freshman ) Drew Eubanks -- F , Oregon State ( junior ) Jacob Evans -- G , Cincinnati ( junior ) Dextor Foster -- G , ASA College ( junior ) Robert Franks -- F , Washington State ( junior ) Tremaine Fraiser -- G , Westchester CC ( sophomore ) Melvin Frazier -- G , Tulane ( junior ) / Wenyen Gabriel -- F , Kentucky ( sophomore ) Kaiser Gates -- F , Xavier ( junior ) Shai Gilgeous - Alexander -- G , Kentucky ( freshman ) Michael Gilmore -- F , Florida Gulf Coast ( junior ) Jaylen Hands -- G , UCLA ( freshman ) D.J. Hogg -- F , Texas A&M ( junior ) Aaron Holiday -- G , UCLA ( junior ) Kevin Huerter -- G , Maryland ( sophomore ) DeAngelo Isby -- F , Utah State ( junior ) Jaren Jackson Jr . -- F , Michigan State ( freshman ) Justin Jackson -- F , Maryland ( sophomore ) Justin James -- G , Wyoming ( junior ) Ismaila Kane -- F , Atlanta Metropolitan State College ( freshman ) Devonte Klines -- G , Montana State ( junior ) Kevin Knox -- F , Kentucky ( freshman ) Terry Larrier -- F , Connecticut ( junior ) Marquez Letcher - Ellis -- F , Nevada ( sophomore ) Victor Lewis II -- G , West Texas A&M ( junior ) Makinde London -- F , Chattanooga ( junior ) / Matur Maker -- F , Mississauga Prep ( postgraduate ) Caleb Martin -- F , Nevada ( junior ) Cody Martin -- G , Nevada ( junior ) Charles Matthews -- F , Michigan ( sophomore ) Brandon McCoy -- C , UNLV ( freshman ) Jalen McDaniels -- F , San Diego State ( freshman ) De'Anthony Melton -- G , USC ( sophomore ) Chimezie Metu -- F , USC ( junior ) Shake Milton -- G , SMU ( junior ) Shelton Mitchell -- G , Clemson ( junior ) Max Montana -- F , San Diego State ( junior ) Doral Moore -- C , Wake Forest ( junior ) Jordan Murdock -- G , Friends ( junior ) Malik Newman -- G , Kansas ( sophomore ) Josh Okogie -- G , Georgia Tech ( sophomore ) Ajdin Penava -- F , Marshall ( junior ) Keanu Peters -- G , Salt Lake Community College ( sophomore ) Jontay Porter -- F , Missouri ( freshman ) Michael Porter Jr . -- F , Missouri ( freshman ) Marcquise Reed -- G , Clemson ( junior ) Trayvon Reed -- C , Texas Southern ( junior ) Cody Riley -- F , UCLA ( freshman ) Jerome Robinson -- G , Boston College ( junior ) Mitchell Robinson -- C , Western Kentucky ( freshman ) Brandon Sampson -- G , LSU ( junior ) Corey Sanders -- G , Rutgers ( junior ) Micah Seaborn -- G , Monmouth ( junior ) Collin Sexton -- G , Alabama ( freshman ) Landry Shamet -- G , Wichita State ( sophomore ) Tavarius Shine -- G , Oklahoma State ( junior ) / Yankuba Sima -- F , Oklahoma State ( junior ) Anfernee Simons -- G , IMG Academy ( postgraduate ) Fred Sims -- G , Chicago State ( junior ) Zhaire Smith -- G , Texas Tech ( freshman ) Ray Spalding -- F , Louisville ( junior ) Omari Spellman -- F , Villanova ( freshman ) Khyri Thomas -- G , Creighton ( junior ) Gary Trent Jr . -- G , Duke ( freshman ) Allonzo Trier -- G , Arizona ( junior ) Jarred Vanderbilt -- F , Kentucky ( freshman ) LaGerald Vick -- G , Kansas ( junior ) Moritz Wagner -- F , Michigan ( junior ) Lonnie Walker IV -- F , Miami ( freshman ) P.J. Washington -- F , Kentucky ( freshman ) Lindell Wigginton -- G , Iowa State ( freshman ) Robert Williams -- F / C , Texas A&M ( sophomore ) Trae Young -- G , Oklahoma ( freshman ) International players ( edit ) International players that had declared this year and did not previously declare in another prior year can drop out of the draft about 10 days before the draft begins on June 11 . Initially , there were 55 players who originally expressed interest in entering the 2018 draft , one of which was a player who came directly out of high school from Canada . Berke Atar -- C , Bandırma Kırmızı ( Turkey ) Romaric Belemene -- F , Unión Financiera Oviedo ( Spain ) Laurynas Beliauskas -- G , Neptūnas ( Lithuania ) Rihards Bērziņš -- F , Betsafe Liepāja ( Latvia ) Laurynas Birutis -- C , Šiauliai ( Lithuania ) Goga Bitadze -- C , Mega Bemax ( Serbia ) Isaac Bonga -- G , Frankfurt Skyliners ( Germany ) Etienne Ca -- C , Élan Chalon ( France ) / Sigfredo Casero - Ortiz -- G , GET Vosges ( France ) Emanuel Cățe -- C , CB Prat ( Spain ) Vassilis Charalampopoulos -- F , P.A.O.K. Thessaloniki ( Greece ) Luka Dončić -- G / F , Real Madrid ( Spain ) Yago dos Santos -- G , Club Athletico Paulistano ( Brazil ) Berkan Durmaz -- F , Tofaş S.K. ( Turkey ) Aleksander Dziewa -- C , Śląsk Wrocław ( Poland ) Martynas Echodas -- F , Lietuvos Rytas ( Lithuania ) Ibrahima Faye -- F , Élan Chalon ( France ) Gabriel Galvanini -- F , Sendi / Bauru ( Brazil ) Stephane Gombauld -- F , Lille Métropole ( France ) Melvyn Govindy -- C , Cholet Basket ( France ) / Yoan Granvorka -- G , BBC Monthey ( Switzerland ) Tryggvi Hlinason -- C , Valencia Basket ( Spain ) Karim Jallow -- G / F , Bayern Munich ( Germany ) Matas Jogėla -- F , Žalgiris - 2 ( Lithuania ) Georgios Kalaitzakis -- G / F , Panathinaikos Superfoods ( Greece ) Michał Kolenda -- F , Trefl Sopot ( Poland ) Antonios Koniaris -- G , P.A.O.K. Thessaloniki ( Greece ) Leon Kratzer -- C , s. Oliver Würzburg ( Germany ) Arnoldas Kulboka -- F , Betaland Capo d'Orlando ( Italy ) Rodions Kurucs -- F , FC Barcelona Lassa ( Spain ) Xabier López - Arostegui -- F , Divina Seguros Joventut ( Spain ) Vanja Marinković -- G , Partizan Belgrade ( Serbia ) William McDowell - White -- G , Brose Bamberg ( Germany ) Blaž Mesiček -- G , Enel Brindisi ( Italy ) Adam Mokoka -- G , BCM Gravelines - Dunkerque ( France ) Shekinah Munanga -- F , AS Monaco Basket ( France ) Džanan Musa -- F , Cedevita Zagreb ( Croatia ) Muhaymin Mustafa -- G , Anadolu Efes ( Turkey ) William Narace -- SLUC Nancy Basket ( France ) Amine Noua -- F , ASVEL Basket ( France ) Élie Okobo -- G , Élan Béarnais Pau - Lacq - Orthez ( France ) Viny Okouo -- C , Unicaja Málaga ( Spain ) Louis Olinde -- F , Brose Bamberg ( Germany ) Erxhan Osmani -- F / C , Bandırma Kırmızı ( Turkey ) Jean - Marc Pansa -- F , Nanterre 92 ( France ) Darel Poirier -- F / C , Étoile Charleville - Mézières ( France ) Marcel Ponitka -- G , Asseco Gdynia ( Poland ) Issuf Sanon -- G , Olimpija Ljubljana ( Slovenia ) Tadas Sedekerskis -- G / F , Nevėžis Kėdainiai ( Lithuania ) Leonardo Totè -- PF , Scaligera Verona ( Italy ) Martynas Varnas -- G , Pieno Žvaigždės ( Lithuania ) / Michael Uchendu -- C , Sendi / Bauru ( Brazil ) Filip Zagrajski -- G , Vrijednosnice Osijek ( Croatia ) Automatically eligible entrants ( edit ) Players who do not meet the criteria for `` international '' players are automatically eligible if they meet any of the following criteria : They have completed four years of their college eligibility . If they graduated from high school in the U.S. , but did not enroll in a U.S. college or university , four years have passed since their high school class graduated . They have signed a contract with a professional basketball team not in the NBA , anywhere in the world , and have played under that contract . Players who meet the criteria for `` international '' players are automatically eligible if they meet any of the following criteria : They are at least 22 years old during the calendar year of the draft . In terms of dates , players born on or before December 31 , 1996 are automatically eligible for the 2018 draft . They have signed a contract with a professional basketball team not in the NBA within the United States , and have played under that contract . Other automatically eligible players Player Team Note Ref . LiAngelo Ball Vytautas Prienai -- Birštonas ( Lithuania ) Removed himself from UCLA in 2017 . Darin Johnson Delaware 87ers ( NBA G League ) Left Cal State Northridge in 2017 ; playing professionally since 2017 -- 18 season . Billy Preston Igokea Laktaši ( Bosnia & Herzegovina ) Removed himself from Kansas in 2018 . Maverick Rowan Lakeland Magic ( NBA G League ) Left NC State in 2017 ; playing professionally since 2017 -- 18 season . Trades involving draft picks ( edit ) Pre-draft trades ( edit ) Prior to the day of the draft , the following trades were made and resulted in exchanges of draft picks between the teams below . ^ Jump up to : July 12 , 2013 : Brooklyn Nets to Boston Celtics Boston acquired Gerald Wallace , Kris Humphries , Keith Bogans , MarShon Brooks , Kris Joseph , a 2014 first - round pick , a 2016 first - round pick , the option to swap 2017 first - round picks , and a 2018 first - round pick Brooklyn acquired Paul Pierce , Kevin Garnett , Jason Terry and D.J. White ; Brooklyn also acquired Boston 's 2017 second - round pick for compensation after the 2015 -- 16 season ended . August 30 , 2017 : Boston Celtics to Cleveland Cavaliers Cleveland acquired Isaiah Thomas , Jae Crowder , Ante Žižić , the Brooklyn Nets ' 2018 first - round pick , and the Miami Heat 's 2020 second - round pick ( latter pick added as compensation for Thomas ' failed physical ) Boston acquired Kyrie Irving ^ Jump up to : July 7 , 2012 : Los Angeles Lakers to Phoenix Suns Phoenix acquired a 2013 first - round pick , a 2013 second - round pick , a 2014 second - round pick , and an unprotected 2018 first - round pick L.A. Lakers acquired Steve Nash February 19 , 2015 : Phoenix Suns to Philadelphia 76ers ( three - team trade with Milwaukee ) Philadelphia acquired the L.A. Lakers ' 2018 first - round pick from Phoenix Phoenix acquired Brandon Knight and Kendall Marshall from Milwaukee Milwaukee acquired Michael Carter - Williams from Philadelphia , Miles Plumlee and Tyler Ennis from Phoenix ^ Jump up to : January 29 , 2018 : Detroit Pistons to Los Angeles Clippers L.A. Clippers acquired Avery Bradley , Tobias Harris , Boban Marjanović , and a top - 4 protected 2018 first - round pick Detroit acquired Blake Griffin , Brice Johnson , and Willie Reed Jump up ^ February 19 , 2015 : Miami Heat to Phoenix Suns ( three - team trade with New Orleans Pelicans ) Phoenix acquired John Salmons from New Orleans , Danny Granger , a top - 7 protected 2018 first - round pick , a 2021 unprotected first - round pick , and a traded player exception from Miami Miami acquired Goran Dragić and Zoran Dragić from Phoenix New Orleans acquired Norris Cole , Shawne Williams , Justin Hamilton , and cash considerations from Miami Jump up ^ February 10 , 2015 : Minnesota Timberwolves to Atlanta Hawks Atlanta acquired a lottery protected 2018 first - round pick Minnesota acquired Adreian Payne Jump up ^ February 19 , 2015 : Oklahoma City Thunder to Utah Jazz ( three - team trade with Detroit Pistons ) Utah acquired a 2017 second - round pick from Detroit , Kendrick Perkins , Grant Jerrett , the player rights to Tibor Pleiß , and a lottery protected 2018 first - round pick from Oklahoma City Oklahoma City acquired Enes Kanter and Steve Novak , D.J. Augustin , Kyle Singler , and a 2019 second - round pick from Detroit Detroit acquired Reggie Jackson June 30 , 2017 : Utah Jazz to Minnesota Timberwolves Minnesota acquired a lottery protected 2018 Oklahoma City first - round pick Utah acquired Ricky Rubio ^ Jump up to : February 1 , 2018 : New Orleans Pelicans to Chicago Bulls Chicago acquired Tony Allen , Jameer Nelson , Ömer Aşık , a top - 5 protected 2018 first - round pick , and the rights to swap 2021 second - round picks New Orleans acquired Nikola Mirotić and reacquired their 2018 second - round pick once again Jump up ^ February 18 , 2016 : Cleveland Cavaliers to Portland Trail Blazers Portland acquired Anderson Varejão and a 2018 protected first - round pick Cleveland acquired a 2020 second round pick January 6 , 2017 : Portland Trail Blazers to Cleveland Cavaliers Cleveland reacquired their rights to that 2018 protected first - round pick ( protections removed ) Portland acquired a 2017 first round pick February 8 , 2018 : Cleveland Cavaliers to Los Angeles Lakers L.A. Lakers acquired Isaiah Thomas , Channing Frye and a top - 3 protected 2018 first - round pick Cleveland acquired Jordan Clarkson and Larry Nance Jr . ^ Jump up to : July 13 , 2017 : Toronto Raptors to Brooklyn Nets Brooklyn acquired DeMarre Carroll , a lottery protected 2018 first - round pick , and the worst 2018 second - round pick between Orlando and the L.A. Lakers Toronto acquired Justin Hamilton Jump up ^ June 28 , 2017 : Houston Rockets to Los Angeles Clippers L.A. Clippers acquired Patrick Beverley , Sam Dekker , Montrezl Harrell , Darrun Hilliard , DeAndre Liggins , Lou Williams , Kyle Wiltjer , and a top - 3 protected 2018 first - round pick Houston acquired Chris Paul July 7 , 2017 : Los Angeles Clippers to Atlanta Hawks ( three - team trade with Denver Nuggets ) Atlanta acquired Jamal Crawford , Diamond Stone , a top - 3 protected 2018 Houston first - round pick and cash considerations from the L.A. Clippers L.A. Clippers acquired Danilo Gallinari from Denver Denver acquired the Washington Wizards ' 2019 second - round pick from Atlanta Jump up ^ February 23 , 2017 : Chicago Bulls to Oklahoma City Thunder Oklahoma City acquired Taj Gibson , Doug McDermott , and a 2018 second round pick Chicago acquired Joffrey Lauvergne , Anthony Morrow , and Cameron Payne September 25 , 2017 : Oklahoma City Thunder to New York Knicks New York acquired Enes Kanter , Doug McDermott , and Chicago 's 2018 second round pick Oklahoma City acquired Carmelo Anthony ^ Jump up to : December 11 , 2014 : Brooklyn Nets to Philadelphia 76ers Philadelphia acquired Andrei Kirilenko , Jorge Gutiérrez , the right to swap 2018 second - round picks between Cleveland and Brooklyn , a 2020 second - round pick , and cash considerations Brooklyn acquired Brandon Davies and the Cleveland Cavaliers ' 2018 second - round pick ^ Jump up to : October 27 , 2014 : New York Knicks to Philadelphia 76ers Philadelphia acquired Travis Outlaw , the right to swap 2018 second - round picks between New York and the L.A. Clippers , and a 2019 second - round pick New York acquired Arnett Moultrie Jump up ^ August 10 , 2012 : Los Angeles Lakers to Orlando Magic ( four - team trade with Philadelphia and Denver ) Orlando acquired Arron Afflalo , Al Harrington , a 2013 second - round pick , and the worse of Denver 's and New York 's 2014 first - round picks from Denver ; Nikola Vučević , Maurice Harkless , and a 2015 conditional first - round pick that was conveyed in 2017 for the Sacramento Kings from Philadelphia ; Josh McRoberts , Christian Eyenga , a 2015 protected second - round pick , and the Lakers ' 2017 protected first - round pick ( converted to the Lakers ' 2017 second - round pick and 2018 second - round pick ) from the L.A. Lakers L.A. Lakers acquired Dwight Howard , Earl Clark , and Chris Duhon from Orlando Philadelphia acquired Jason Richardson from Orlando and Andrew Bynum from the L.A. Lakers Denver acquired Andre Iguodala from Philadelphia May 25 , 2017 : Orlando Magic to Toronto Raptors Toronto acquired the worse 2018 second - round pick between Orlando and the L.A. Lakers ; Orlando acquired the contractual release of Toronto general manager Jeff Weltman , whom the Magic immediately signed as the their new president of basketball operations ^ Jump up to : February 16 , 2016 : Charlotte Hornets to Memphis Grizzlies ( three - team trade with Miami ) Memphis acquired P.J. Hairston , a 2018 second - round pick , and Brooklyn 's 2019 second - round pick from Charlotte ; Chris Andersen , a 2018 second - round pick , and a top - 55 protected 2019 second - round pick from Miami Charlotte acquired Courtney Lee and cash considerations from Memphis Miami acquired Brian Roberts from Charlotte Jump up ^ September 22 , 2017 : Memphis Grizzlies to Phoenix Suns Phoenix acquired Troy Daniels and a 2018 second - round pick for the middle choice between Charlotte , Memphis , and Miami Memphis acquired a top - 55 protected 2018 Phoenix second - round pick ( which would not be conveyed ) February 8 , 2018 : Phoenix Suns to Orlando Magic Orlando acquired a 2018 second - round pick for the middle choice between Charlotte , Memphis , and Miami Phoenix acquired Elfrid Payton Jump up ^ February 20 , 2014 : Los Angeles Clippers to Philadelphia 76ers Philadelphia acquired Byron Mullens and a 2018 second - round pick ( which would later be swapped with the New York Knicks ) L.A. Clippers acquired a protected 2014 second - round pick ( which ultimately was n't conveyed ) ^ Jump up to : February 8 , 2018 : Denver Nuggets to Dallas Mavericks ( three - team trade with New York ) Dallas acquired Doug McDermott and the Portland Trail Blazers ' 2018 second - round pick from Dallas Denver acquired Devin Harris from Dallas and the L.A. Clippers ' 2018 second - round pick from New York New York acquired Emmanuel Mudiay from Denver Jump up ^ February 5 , 2018 : Milwaukee Bucks to Brooklyn Nets Brooklyn acquired Rashad Vaughn and a 2018 protected second - round pick Milwaukee acquired Tyler Zeller Jump up ^ June 22 , 2017 : Memphis Grizzlies to Houston Rockets Houston acquired the worst 2018 second - round pick between Charlotte , Memphis , and Miami Memphis acquired the draft rights to Dillon Brooks ^ Jump up to : July 10 , 2013 : Utah Jazz to Denver Nuggets ( three - team trade with Golden State ) Utah acquired a 2018 second - round pick from Denver , Andris Biedriņš , Richard Jefferson , Brandon Rush , a 2014 first - round pick , a 2016 second - round pick , a 2017 first - round pick , a 2017 second - round pick , and cash considerations from Golden State ; Denver acquired Randy Foye from Utah and a 2018 second - round pick from Golden State ; Golden State acquired Andre Iguodala from Denver via sign - and - trade and Kevin Murphy from Utah Jump up ^ February 18 , 2016 : Utah Jazz to Chicago Bulls ( three - team trade with Atlanta ) Chicago acquired Justin Holiday from Atlanta and a 2018 second - round pick from Utah ; Utah acquired Shelvin Mack from Atlanta ; Atlanta acquired Kirk Hinrich from Chicago July 7 , 2016 : Chicago Bulls to Los Angeles Lakers L.A. Lakers acquired José Calderón , Denver 's 2018 second - round pick , and Chicago 's 2019 second - round pick ; Chicago acquired the player rights to Ater Majok Jump up ^ February 18 , 2016 : New Orleans Pelicans to Miami Heat Miami acquired a top - 55 protected 2018 second - round pick New Orleans acquired Jarnell Stokes and cash considerations July 10 , 2016 : Miami Heat to New Orleans Pelicans New Orleans reacquired their own 2018 second - round pick ( protections removed ) Miami acquired Luke Babbitt September 1 , 2017 : New Orleans Pelicans to Chicago Bulls Chicago acquired Quincy Pondexter , a 2018 second - round pick , and cash considerations New Orleans acquired the player rights to Ater Majok Jump up ^ February 12 , 2017 : Portland Trail Blazers to Denver Nuggets Denver acquired Mason Plumlee , the least favorable 2018 second - round pick between Portland and Sacramento , and cash considerations Portland acquired Jusuf Nurkić and Memphis ' 2017 first - round pick Jump up ^ September 27 , 2014 : Cleveland Cavaliers to Philadelphia 76ers Philadelphia acquired Keith Bogans and a 2018 second - round pick Cleveland acquired a conditional 2015 second - round pick ( that ultimately was n't conveyed ) Jump up ^ June 25 , 2015 : Brooklyn Nets to Charlotte Hornets Charlotte acquired the least valuable 2018 second - round pick between Brooklyn and Cleveland , a 2019 second - round pick , and cash considerations Brooklyn acquired the draft rights to Juan Pablo Vaulet Jump up ^ July 14 , 2015 : Boston Celtics to Oklahoma City Thunder Oklahoma City acquired a top - 55 protected 2018 second - round pick Boston acquired Perry Jones , a 2019 second - round pick , and cash considerations Jump up ^ February 23 , 2017 : Toronto Raptors to Phoenix Suns Phoenix acquired Jared Sullinger , a 2017 second - round pick , and a 2018 second - round pick Toronto acquired P.J. Tucker Jump up ^ June 28 , 2017 : Houston Rockets to Philadelphia 76ers Philadelphia acquired a 2018 second - round pick and cash considerations Houston acquired Shawn Long Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nationality indicates the player 's national team or representative nationality . If a player has not competed at the international level , then the nationality indicates the national team which the player is eligible to represent according to FIBA rules . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ AP ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` 2018 NBA Draft Lottery leaving New York Area heading to Chicago '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Benjamin ; Mather , Victor ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` N.B.A. Draft Lottery 2018 : Phoenix Suns Get Top Pick '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Complete Trade With Brooklyn Nets '' . NBA.com . July 12 , 2013 . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Acquire Four - Time All - Star Kyrie Irving '' . NBA.com . August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wojnarowski , Adrian ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` Cavs add 2nd - round pick from Celtics to complete Kyrie Irving - Isaiah Thomas trade '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marc Stein ( July 5 , 2012 ) . `` Steve Nash headed to Lakers '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ `` Suns Acquire Brandon Knight in Three - Team Trade '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . February 19 , 2015 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Pistons acquire Blake Griffin , Willie Reed , Brice Johnson from L.A. Clippers Pistons send Avery Bradley , Tobias Harris , Boban Marjanovic , draft picks to Clippers '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . January 30 , 2018 . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Suns trade Goran Dragic to Heat '' . ESPN.com . February 19 , 2015 . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` WOLVES ACQUIRE FORWARD ADREIAN PAYNE FROM ATLANTA '' . NBA.com . February 10 , 2015 . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Young , Royce ( February 20 , 2015 ) . `` Reggie Jackson dealt to Pistons '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PG Ricky Rubio acquired by Jazz for 2018 protected first - rounder '' . ESPN.com . July 1 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Martel , Brett ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` Chicago Bulls trade Nikola Mirotic to New Orleans Pelicans '' . NBA.com . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Trail Blazers Acquire Future First - Round Draft Pick , Anderson Varejao From Cleveland '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Trail Blazers Acquire Unprotected 2017 First Round Pick from Cleveland '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cavaliers Acquire Jordan Clarkson and Larry Nance Jr . From Lakers '' . NBA.com . February 8 , 2018 . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BROOKLYN NETS ACQUIRE DEMARRE CARROLL AND DRAFT PICKS FROM TORONTO '' . NBA.com . June 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rieken , Kristie ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` LA Clippers trade Chris Paul to Houston Rockets '' . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Hawks Acquire First - Round Pick , Diamond Stone and Jamal Crawford '' . NBA.com . July 6 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Thunder Acquires Gibson , McDermott and Draft Pick '' . NBA.com . February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Knicks Trade Carmelo Anthony To Oklahoma City '' . NBA.com . September 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nets Acquire Brandon Davies '' . NBA.com ( Press release ) . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . December 11 , 2014 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Knicks Complete Trade with Philadelphia Jump up ^ `` Magic Acquire Six Players , Five Draft Picks in Howard Trade '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . August 10 , 2012 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Raptors receive 2018 2nd - round pick for Weltman ; ca n't trade with Magic for a year '' . RaptorsRepublic . Raptors Republic Inc . May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hornets Acquire Lee from Memphis in 3 - Team Trade '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . February 16 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Suns Acquire Troy Daniels From Memphis '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . September 22 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Phoenix Suns acquire Elfrid Payton from Orlando Magic '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . May 25 , 2018 . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CLIPPERS FINALIZE TRADES WITH HAWKS AND 76ERS '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . February 20 , 2014 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Knicks acquire Emmanual Mudiay in 3 - team trade '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . February 8 , 2018 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BUCKS ACQUIRE TYLER ZELLER FROM BROOKLYN NETS '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Grizzlies acquire draft rights to Ivan Rabb and Dillon Brooks '' . NBA.com . June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors Acquire Andre Iguodala from Denver Nuggets as Part of Three - Team Trade '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . July 10 , 2013 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jazz Acquire Shelvin Mack from Atlanta '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . February 18 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bulls trade Jose Calderon to Los Angeles Lakers '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . July 7 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` HEAT Trade Stokes to New Orleans '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . February 18 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Heat acquire Luke Babbitt '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . July 10 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bulls acquire Quincy Pondexter & future draft pick from Pelicans '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . September 1 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nuggets trade Jusef Nurkic to Blazers for Mason Plumlee '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . February 13 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cavs Complete Trade with Philadelphia '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . September 27 , 2014 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nets acquire Juan Pablo Vaulet from Hornets '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . June 25 , 2015 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Thunder Acquires Trade Exception and Protected Second Round Draft Pick '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . July 14 , 2015 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Raptors acquire Tucker from the Suns '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rockets Acquire Nine - Time All - Star Chris Paul '' . NBA.com . June 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://sports.yahoo.com/complete-2018-nba-draft-combine-list-211843026.html Jump up ^ Goodman , Jeff ( January 13 , 2016 ) . `` College players given extra time to mull NBA draft decision '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ Katz , Andy ( June 24 , 2015 ) . `` NCAA proposes new NBA draft rule to allow early entrants back in school '' . ESPN.com . ^ Jump up to : http://www.nba.com/article/2018/04/24/nba-announces-early-entry-candidates-2018-nba-draft ^ Jump up to : http://collegebasketball.nbcsports.com/2018/03/21/2018-nba-draft-early-entry-list-who-declared-who-is-returning-who-are-we-waiting-on/ ^ Jump up to : https://www.si.com/college-basketball/2018/03/03/sean-miller-deandre-ayton-arizona-nba-draft Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/DraftExpress/status/976904741677621250 Jump up ^ https://clutchpoints.com/nba-draft-news-marvin-bagley-declares-draft/ Jump up ^ `` Mohamed Bamba entering NBA draft after one season '' . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.espn.com/nba/story/_/id/22916723/ohio-state-buckeyes-forward-keita-bates-diop-enter-nba-draft Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/Sportando/status/987381839789780992 Jump up ^ http://www.chicagotribune.com/sports/college/ct-spt-illinois-leron-black-leaving-20180315-story.html Jump up ^ https://www.cbssports.com/college-basketball/news/nba-draft-2018-ex-louisville-recruit-brian-bowen-enters-nba-draft-but-wants-to-play-at-south-carolina/ Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/wojespn/status/983669344600231936 Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/MilesBridges01/status/978999804100534272 Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/DraftExpress/status/976865552277884928 Jump up ^ https://sports.yahoo.com/oregon-guard-troy-brown-jr-204544220.html Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/wojespn/status/984041122757578752 Jump up ^ https://www.blackshoediaries.com/2018/4/2/17189410/penn-state-basketball-tony-carr-nba-draft-point-guard-mock-draft Jump up ^ http://www.newsobserver.com/sports/college/acc/duke/duke-now/article209001909.html Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/GoodmanESPN/status/976500191107977216 Jump up ^ https://www.landof10.com/iowa/iowa-basketball-tyler-cook-stats-bio-nba-draft ^ Jump up to : https://www.bloggersodear.com/2018/3/30/17182166/bryant-crawford-doral-moore-declare-for-nba-draft-without-agents-wake-forest-basketball-acc-wfu Jump up ^ http://collegebasketball.nbcsports.com/2018/03/28/texas-sg-eric-davis-jr-turns-pro/ Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/DraftExpress/status/979365293368766464 Jump up ^ https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/sports/wp/2018/04/09/georgetowns-marcus-derrickson-to-enter-nba-draft/?noredirect=on Jump up ^ https://247sports.com/college/kentucky/Bolt/Kentucky-basketball-Hamidou-Diallo-to-enter-the-2018-NBA-Draft-117301071 Jump up ^ https://www.seattletimes.com/sports/uw-husky-basketball/noah-dickerson-testing-nba-draft-waters/ Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/NovaMBB/status/986978481295806464 Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/UICFlamesMBB/status/974038220504748032 Jump up ^ http://collegebasketball.nbcsports.com/2018/04/04/duke-loses-point-guard-trevon-duval-to-2018-nba-draft/ Jump up ^ http://www.oregonlive.com/beavers/index.ssf/2018/03/drew_eubanks_declares_for_nba.html Jump up ^ http://www.sportingnews.com/nba/news/cincinnati-jacob-evans-declares-2018-nba-draft-stats-news-ncaa-tournament/z2cz0wm94xwi1qwt25h61hgyz Jump up ^ http://bleacherreport.com/articles/2766716-robert-franks-declares-for-2018-nba-draft-after-3-seasons-at-washington-state Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/GoodmanESPN/status/978646863766278144 Jump up ^ Goodman , Jeff ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` Kentucky 's Wenyen Gabriel enters NBA draft , wo n't hire agent '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/OhVarsity/status/988890932748615680 Jump up ^ https://www.aseaofblue.com/2018/4/9/17159778/uk-basketball-shai-gilgeous-alexander-declares-2018-nba-draft Jump up ^ Hardwig , Greg ( April 13 , 2018 ) . `` College basketball : Michael Gilmore leaving FGCU '' . Naples Daily News . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bolch , Ben ( March 28 , 2018 ) . `` UCLA 's Jaylen Hands to enter NBA draft , wo n't hire agent '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Texas A&M forward D.J. Hogg signing agent and entering NBA draft '' . NBC Sports . April 9 , 2018 . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.espn.com/mens-college-basketball/story/_/id/22925961/aaron-holiday-ucla-bruins-forgo-last-year-nba-draft Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/Sportando/status/987380315172884480 Jump up ^ http://www.espn.com/mens-college-basketball/story/_/id/23003634/jaren-jackson-jr-michigan-state-spartans-enter-nba-draft Jump up ^ http://www.espn.com/nba/story/_/id/22947056/justin-jackson-maryland-terrapins-forward-enter-nba-draft Jump up ^ `` Wyoming junior guard Justin James to test NBA waters '' . Casper Star Tribune . March 26 , 2018 . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.saturdaydownsouth.com/kentucky-football/watch-kevin-knox-explains-decision-declare-2018-nba-draft/ Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/NeillOstrout/status/968619052162691072 Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/GoodmanESPN/status/988886352992325633 Jump up ^ `` Matur Maker hoping to follow older brother Thon Maker 's prep - to - pros route to the NBA '' . Zagsblog . January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Matur Maker to skip college , enter NBA draft '' . ESPN . January 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : https://www.rgj.com/story/sports/college/nevada/2018/04/03/nevada-basketballs-jordan-caroline-martin-twins-test-nba-draft-waters/481923002/ Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/umichbball/status/987368353403686913?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Etweet Jump up ^ http://collegebasketball.nbcsports.com/2018/03/27/unlv-freshman-brandon-mccoy-enters-2018-nba-draft/ Jump up ^ https://eastvillagetimes.com/2018/03/sdsus-jalen-mcdaniels-to-declare-for-the-nba-draft-wont-hire-an-agent/ Jump up ^ http://www.dailynews.com/2018/02/21/deanthony-melton-withdraws-from-usc-to-enter-nba-draft/amp/ Jump up ^ https://www.ocregister.com/2018/03/22/usc-junior-chimezie-metu-declares-for-nba-draft/ Jump up ^ http://sportsday.dallasnews.com/college-sports/collegesports/2018/03/26/source-smu-guard-shake-milton-declaring-nba-draft-not-hiring-agent-just-yet ^ Jump up to : https://www.independentmail.com/story/sports/college/clemson/basketball/2018/04/02/clemsons-marcquise-reed-shelton-mitchell-declare-nba-draft-wont-hire-agents/479285002/ Jump up ^ Zeigler , Mark ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` Aztecs ' Max Montana to skip his final college basketball season '' . San Diego Union - Tribune . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` KU 's breakout NCAA Tournament star Malik Newman declares for NBA Draft '' . KansasCity.com . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/jeffborzello/status/974316574571024384 Jump up ^ Landon , Chuck ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` Penava Not Returning to Marshall '' . The Herald - Dispatch . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.rockmnation.com/missouri-tigers-basketball/2018/4/5/17203884/jontay-porter-nba-draft-2018-declare-no-agent Jump up ^ http://www.espn.com/mens-college-basketball/story/_/id/22923640/missouri-tigers-forward-michael-porter-jr-declared-nba-draft Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/GoodmanESPN/status/982040499895795712 Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/TheBigDisco/status/988887647832571904 Jump up ^ http://www.diehards.com Jump up ^ http://www.espn.com/mens-college-basketball/story/_/id/20743631/five-star-recruit-mitchell-robinson-leaves-western-kentucky-hilltoppers-focus-nba-draft Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/GoodmanESPN/status/983842087358615552 Jump up ^ http://www.nj.com/rutgersbasketball/index.ssf/2018/03/corey_sanders_makes_nba_draft_decision_what_it_mea.html Jump up ^ `` Monmouth basketball : Seaborn will declare for NBA Draft without agent '' . app.com. April 19 , 2018 . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Zenitz , Matt ( April 5 , 2018 ) . `` Alabama 's Collin Sexton plans to enter NBA draft '' . AL.com . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.kwch.com/content/news/Landry-Shamet--478309223.html ^ Jump up to : Webb , Cade ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` Yankuba Sima , Tavarius Shine to leave Oklahoma State , pursue pro careers overseas '' . SB Nation . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.espn.com/nba/story/_/id/21459634/anfernee-simons-top-10-prospect-2018-high-school-class-considering-nba-draft Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/GoodmanESPN/status/983096105868161024 Jump up ^ http://collegebasketball.nbcsports.com/2018/04/04/zhaire-smith-declare-nba-draft-texas-tech/ Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/NovaMBB/status/986222883931291649 Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/GoodmanESPN/status/983440162142195714 Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/gtrentjr2/status/982625510495793159 Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/jeffborzello/status/987375398295089157 Jump up ^ `` Another KU basketball player declares for the NBA Draft '' . Kansas.com . Jump up ^ https://www.si.com/college-basketball/2018/04/14/michigan-moritz-wagner-declares-nba-draft Jump up ^ https://www.stateoftheu.com/2018/4/4/17195002/miami-hurricanes-g-lonnie-walker-iv-declares-for-nba-draft-will-hire-agent-he-gone-seeya-bye Jump up ^ https://www.aseaofblue.com/kentucky-wildcats-basketball/2018/4/3/17185380/pj-washington-2018-nba-draft Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/DraftExpress/status/976286630414712832 Jump up ^ http://www.espn.com/mens-college-basketball/story/_/id/22877785/robert-williams-texas-aggies-enter-nba-draft Jump up ^ Wojnarowski , Adrian ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` Oklahoma freshman guard Trae Young to enter NBA draft '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/DraftExpress/status/987405871016808448 ^ Jump up to : `` Išankstiniame NBA naujokų biržos kandidatų sąraše -- 7 lietuviai ir LiAngelo Ballas '' . DELFI. April 25 , 2018 . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rihards Bērziņš pieteicies NBA draftam '' ( in Latvian ) . Tvnet.lv. April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/DraftExpress/status/985930909437321216 Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/Sportando/status/984396235237920769 Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/DraftExpress/status/987823508590915584 Jump up ^ Givony , Jonathan . `` NBA draft tracker : Who 's in , and who 's testing ? '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/DraftExpress/status/987401907575709696 Jump up ^ https://basketball.realgm.com/wiretap/249475/Vasilis-Charalampopoulos-Declares-For-2018-NBA-Draft Jump up ^ https://clutchpoints.com/nba-draft-news-luka-doncic-mother-says-son-declare/ ^ Jump up to : https://twitter.com/DraftExpress/status/987744542232281088 Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/DraftExpress/status/987062325621424128 ^ Jump up to : https://twitter.com/DraftExpress/status/986968098703060992 Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/DraftExpress/status/985897568348590081 Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/Sportando/status/984794497962868737 Jump up ^ `` Lithuanian forward Matas Jogela entering NBA draft '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ http://www.espn.com/nba/story/_/id/22913797/georgios-kalaitzakis-greece-declare-nba-draft Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/DraftExpress/status/987052282117345281 Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/DraftExpress/status/987733092944236544 Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/DraftExpress/status/986600935131701248 Jump up ^ `` ZVANIČNO Vanja Marinković izlazi na NBA draft ! '' . Sport Blic ( in Serbian ) . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.espn.com/nba/story/_/id/22967831/australian-guard-william-mcdowell-white-declares-2018-nba-draft Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/Sportando/status/986892852105043968 Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/Sportando/status/986522519573291008 Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/Sportando/status/984395009742041089 Jump up ^ http://www.espn.com/blog/nba/post/_/id/32676/turkish-wing-muhaymin-mustafa-entering-nba-draft Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/DraftExpress/status/986350821565714432 Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/DraftExpress/status/984082438916722688 Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/DraftExpress/status/986668220626231296 Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/DraftExpress/status/987809816943919104 Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/DraftExpress/status/988076422924300290 Jump up ^ http://www.espn.com/nba/story/_/id/23025540/ukrainian-guard-issuf-sanon-entering-2018-nba-draft Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/DraftExpress/status/987037136745648129 Jump up ^ http://www.basketuniverso.it/leonardo-tote-ci-prova-lala-della-scaligera-si-dichiara-eleggibile-per-il-draft-nba Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/DraftExpress/status/988084056540794880 ^ Jump up to : `` Article X , Section 1 '' ( pdf ) . National Basketball Players Association . January 19 , 2017 . p. 273 . 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where will the 2018 nba draft be held

The 2018 NBA draft will be held on June 21 , 2018 at the Barclays Center in Brooklyn , New York . National Basketball Association ( NBA ) teams will take turns selecting amateur U.S. college basketball players and other eligible players , including international players . It will be televised nationally by ESPN . This draft will be the last to use the original weighted lottery system that gives teams near the bottom of the NBA draft better odds at the top three picks of the draft while teams higher up had worse odds in the process ; the rule was agreed upon by the NBA on September 28 , 2017 , but would not be implemented until the 2019 draft . With the last year of what was , at the time , the most recent lottery system ( with the NBA draft lottery being held in Chicago instead of in New York ) , the Phoenix Suns won the first overall pick on May 15 , 2018 , with the Sacramento Kings at the second overall pick and the Atlanta Hawks at third overall pick . The Suns ' selection is their first No. 1 overall selection in franchise history .

Indiana Jones - wikipedia Indiana Jones This article is about the character . For the entertainment franchise , see Indiana Jones ( franchise ) . For other uses , see Indiana Jones ( disambiguation ) . Indiana Jones Indiana Jones character Harrison Ford as Indiana Jones in Raiders of the Lost Ark First appearance Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) Created by George Lucas Philip Kaufman Steven Spielberg Portrayed by Films : Harrison Ford ( ages 36 -- 57 ) River Phoenix ( age 13 ) TV series : Corey Carrier ( ages 8 -- 10 ) Sean Patrick Flanery ( ages 16 -- 21 ) Harrison Ford ( age 50 ) George Hall ( age 93 ) Voiced by Video games : Doug Lee ( Fate of Atlantis , Infernal Machine ) David Esch ( Emperor 's Tomb ) John Armstrong ( Staff of Kings ) Information Full name Henry Walton Jones , Jr . Nickname ( s ) Doctor Jones Indy Junior Henri Defense Mungo Kidogo Captain Dynamite , Scourge of the Kaiser Jonesy Occupation U.S Army Officer Historian Linguist College Professor Title Doctor ( Ph. D . ) Capitan ( Belgian Army ) Colonel ( United States Army ) ( WWII ) Family Henry Walton Jones , Sr. ( father ) ( deceased ) Anna Mary Jones ( mother ) ( deceased ) Susie Jones ( sister deceased ) Spouse ( s ) Deirdre Campbell Jones ( 1926 ) Marion Ravenwood Jones ( 1957 -- present ) Children Susan Jones ( daughter ) Henry Walton `` Mutt '' Jones III ( son ) Religion Catholic ( nominal ) Nationality American Dr. Henry Walton `` Indiana '' Jones , Jr. is the title character and protagonist of the Indiana Jones franchise . George Lucas created the character in homage to the action heroes of 1930s film serials . The character first appeared in the 1981 film Raiders of the Lost Ark , to be followed by Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom in 1984 , Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade in 1989 , The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles from 1992 to 1996 , and Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull in 2008 . The character is also featured in novels , comics , video games , and other media . Jones is also featured in several Disney theme parks , including the Indiana Jones Adventure , Indiana Jones et le Temple du Péril , and Epic Stunt Spectacular ! attractions . Jones is most famously portrayed by Harrison Ford and has also been portrayed by River Phoenix ( as the young Jones in The Last Crusade ) and in the television series The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles by Corey Carrier , Sean Patrick Flanery , and George Hall . Doug Lee has supplied the voice of Jones for two LucasArts video games , Indiana Jones and the Fate of Atlantis and Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine , David Esch supplied his voice for Indiana Jones and the Emperor 's Tomb , and John Armstrong for Indiana Jones and the Staff of Kings . The character is distinguished by his appearance ( bullwhip , fedora , satchel and leather jacket ) , sense of humor , deep knowledge of many ancient civilizations and languages , and fear of snakes . Since his first appearance in Raiders of the Lost Ark , Indiana Jones has become one of cinema 's most famous characters . In 2003 , the American Film Institute ranked him the second greatest film hero of all time . He was also named the 1st Greatest Movie Character by Empire magazine . Entertainment Weekly ranked Indy 2nd on their list of The All - Time Coolest Heroes in Pop Culture . Premiere magazine also placed Indy at number 7 on their list of The 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time . Contents 1 Appearances 1.1 Film 1.2 Attractions 1.3 Literature 1.3. 1 Graphic novels 1.3. 2 Movie tie - in novelizations 1.3. 3 Original novels 1.4 Television 1.5 Video games 2 Character description and formation 3 Origins and inspirations 3.1 Historical models 4 Costume 5 Casting 6 Cultural impact 6.1 Archaeological influence 6.2 Fandom 7 References 8 External links Appearances ( edit ) Film ( edit ) 1981 film Raiders of the Lost Ark 1984 prequel film Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom 1989 film Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade 2008 film Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull A native of Princeton , New Jersey , Indiana Jones was introduced as a tenured professor of archeology in the 1981 film Raiders of the Lost Ark , set in 1936 . The character is an adventurer reminiscent of the 1930s film serial treasure hunters and pulp action heroes , whose research is funded by Marshall College ( named after producer Frank Marshall ) , a fictional college in Connecticut , where he is a professor of archaeology . He also attended the University of Chicago . In this first adventure , he is pitted against the Nazis , who are commissioned by Hitler to recover evidence related to Aryan roots of Nazism . ( see Nazi archaeology ) . In consequence , Dr Jones travels the world to prevent them from recovering the Ark of the Covenant ( see also Biblical archaeology ) . He is aided by Marion Ravenwood and Sallah . The Nazis are led by Jones 's archrival , a Nazi - sympathizing French archaeologist named René Belloq , and Arnold Toht , a sinister Gestapo agent . In the 1984 prequel , Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom , set in 1935 , Jones travels to India and attempts to free enslaved children and the three Sankara stones from the bloodthirsty Thuggee cult . He is aided by Short Round , a young boy , and is accompanied by singer Willie Scott ( Kate Capshaw ) . The third film , 1989 's Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade , set in 1938 , returned to the formula of the original , reintroducing characters such as Sallah and Marcus Brody , a scene from Professor Jones 's classroom ( he now teaches at Barnett College ) , the globe trotting element of multiple locations , and the return of the infamous Nazi mystics , this time trying to find the Holy Grail . The film 's introduction , set in 1912 , provided some back story to the character , specifically the origin of his fear of snakes , his use of a bullwhip , the scar on his chin , and his hat ; the film 's epilogue also reveals that `` Indiana '' is not Jones 's first name , but a nickname he took from the family dog . The film was a buddy movie of sorts , teaming Jones with his father , Henry Jones , Sr. , often to comical effect . Although Lucas intended to make five Indiana Jones films , Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade was the last for over eighteen years , as he could not think of a good plot element to drive the next installment . The 2008 film , Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull , is the latest film in the series . Set in 1957 , 19 years after the third film , it pits an older , wiser Indiana Jones against Soviet agents bent on harnessing the power of an extraterrestrial device discovered in South America . Jones is aided in his adventure by his former lover , Marion Ravenwood ( Karen Allen ) , and her son -- a young greaser named Henry `` Mutt '' Williams ( Shia LaBeouf ) , later revealed to be Jones ' unknown child . There were rumors that Harrison Ford will not return for any future installments and LaBeouf will take over the Indy franchise . This film also reveals that Jones was recruited by the Office of Strategic Services during World War II , attaining the rank of Colonel in the United States Army . He is tasked with conducting covert operations with MI6 agent George McHale against the Soviet Union . In March 2016 , Disney announced a fifth Indiana Jones film currently in development , with Ford and Spielberg set to return to the franchise . Initially set for release on July 10 , 2020 , the film 's release date has now been pushed back to July 9 , 2021 due to production issues . Attractions ( edit ) Main article : Indiana Jones Adventure Indiana Jones as he appears at Disney theme parks . Indiana Jones is featured at several Walt Disney theme park attractions . The Indiana Jones Adventure attractions at Disneyland and Tokyo DisneySea ( `` Temple of the Forbidden Eye '' and `` Temple of the Crystal Skull , '' respectively ) place Indy at the forefront of two similar archaeological discoveries . These two temples each contain a wrathful deity who threatens the guests who ride through in World War II troop transports . The attractions , some of the most expensive of their kind at the time , opened in 1995 and 2001 , respectively , with sole design credit attributed to Walt Disney Imagineering . Disney did not originally license Harrison Ford 's likeness for the American version ; nonetheless , a differentiated Indiana Jones audio - animatronic character appears at three points in both attractions . However , the Indiana Jones featured in the DisneySea version does use Harrison Ford 's likeness but uses Japanese audio for all of his speaking parts . In 2010 , some of the Indy audio - animatronics at the Disneyland version were replaced with ones resembling Ford . Disneyland Paris also features an Indiana Jones - titled ride where people speed off through ancient ruins in a runaway mine wagon similar to that found in Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom . Indiana Jones and the Temple of Peril is a looping roller coaster engineered by Intamin , designed by Walt Disney Imagineering , and opened in 1993 . The Indiana Jones Epic Stunt Spectacular ! is a live show that has been presented in the Disney 's Hollywood Studios theme park of the Walt Disney World Resort with few changes since the park 's 1989 opening , as Disney - MGM Studios . The 25 - minute show presents various stunts framed in the context of a feature film production , and recruits members of the audience to participate in the show . Stunt artists in the show re-create and ultimately reveal some of the secrets of the stunts of the Raiders of the Lost Ark films , including the well - known `` running - from - the - boulder '' scene . Stunt performer Anislav Varbanov was fatally injured in August 2009 , while rehearsing the popular show . Also at Disney 's Hollywood Studios , an audio - animatronic Indiana Jones appears in another attraction ; during The Great Movie Ride 's Raiders of the Lost Ark segment . Literature ( edit ) Graphic novels ( edit ) Indy also appears in the 2004 Dark Horse Comics story Into the Great Unknown , collected in Star Wars Tales Volume 5 . In this non-canon story bringing together two of Harrison Ford 's best - known roles , Indy and Short Round discover a crash - landed Millennium Falcon in the Pacific Northwest , along with Han Solo 's skeleton and the realization that a rumored nearby Sasquatch is in fact Chewbacca . Indy also appears in a series of Marvel Comics . Movie tie - in novelizations ( edit ) The four Indiana Jones film scripts were novelized and published in the time - frame of the films ' initial releases . Raiders of the Lost Ark was novelized by Campbell Black based on the script by Lawrence Kasdan that was based on the story by George Lucas and Philip Kaufman and published in April 1981 by Ballantine Books ; Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom was novelized by James Kahn and based on the script by Willard Huyck & Gloria Katz that was based on the story by George Lucas and published May 1984 by Ballantine Books ; Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade was novelized by Rob MacGregor based on the script by Jeffrey Boam that was based on a story by George Lucas and Menno Meyjes and published June 1989 by Ballantine Books . Nearly 20 years later Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull was novelized by James Rollins based on the script by David Koepp based on the story by George Lucas and Jeff Nathanson and published May 2008 by Ballantine Books . In addition , in 2008 to accompany the release of Kingdom of Skulls , Scholastic Books published juvenile novelizations of the four scripts written , successively in the order above , by Ryder Windham , Suzanne Weyn , Ryder Windham , and James Luceno . All these books have been reprinted , with Raiders of the Lost Ark being retitled Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Ark . While these are the principal titles and authors , there are numerous other volumes derived from the four film properties . Original novels ( edit ) From February 1991 through February 1999 , twelve original Indiana Jones - themed adult novels were licensed by Lucasfilm , Ltd. and written by three genre authors of the period . Ten years afterward , a thirteenth original novel was added , also written by a popular genre author . The first twelve were published by Bantam Books ; the last by Ballantine Books in 2009 . ( See Indiana Jones ( franchise ) for broad descriptions of these original adult novels . ) The novels are : Rob MacGregor ( author ) Indiana Jones and the Peril at Delphi , February 1991 . Indiana Jones and the Dance of the Giants , June 1991 . Indiana Jones and the Seven Veils , December 1991 . Indiana Jones and the Genesis Deluge , February 1992 . Indiana Jones and the Unicorn 's Legacy , September 1992 . Indiana Jones and the Interior World , December 1992 . Martin Caidin ( author ) Indiana Jones and the Sky Pirates , December 1993 . Indiana Jones and the White Witch , April 1994 . Max McCoy ( author ) Indiana Jones and the Philosopher 's Stone , May 1995 . Indiana Jones and the Dinosaur Eggs , March 1996 . Indiana Jones and the Hollow Earth , March 1997 . Indiana Jones and the Secret of the Sphinx , February 1999 . Steve Perry ( author ) Indiana Jones and the Army of the Dead , September 2009 . Television ( edit ) Main article : The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles From 1992 to 1996 , George Lucas executive - produced a television series named The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles , aimed mainly at teenagers and children , which showed many of the important events and historical figures of the early 20th century through the prism of Indiana Jones ' life . Sean Patrick Flanery as the young adult Indiana Jones . The show initially featured the formula of an elderly ( 93 to 94 years of age ) Indiana Jones played by George Hall introducing a story from his youth by way of an anecdote : the main part of the episode then featured an adventure with either a young adult Indy ( 16 to 21 years of age ) played by Sean Patrick Flanery or a child Indy ( 8 to 11 years ) played by Corey Carrier . One episode , `` Young Indiana Jones and the Mystery of the Blues '' , is bookended by Harrison Ford as Indiana Jones , rather than Hall . Later episodes and telemovies did not have this bookend format . The bulk of the series centers around the young adult Indiana Jones and his activities during World War I as a 16 - to 17 - year - old soldier in the Belgian Army and then as an intelligence officer and spy seconded to French intelligence . The child Indy episodes follow the boy 's travels around the globe as he accompanies his parents on his father 's worldwide lecture tour from 1908 to 1910 . The show provided some backstory for the films , as well as new information regarding the character . Indiana Jones was born July 1 , 1899 , and his middle name is Walton ( Lucas 's middle name ) . It is also mentioned that he had a sister called Suzie who died as an infant of fever , and that he eventually has a daughter and grandchildren who appear in some episode introductions and epilogues . His relationship with his father , first introduced in Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade , was further fleshed out with stories about his travels with his father as a young boy . Indy damages or loses his right eye sometime between the events in 1957 and the early 1990s , when the `` Old Indy '' segments take place , as the elderly Indiana Jones wears an eyepatch . In 1999 , Lucas removed the episode introductions and epilogues by George Hall for the VHS and DVD releases , and re-edited the episodes into chronologically ordered feature - length stories . The series title was also changed to The Adventures of Young Indiana Jones . Video games ( edit ) The character has appeared in several officially licensed games , beginning with adaptations of Raiders of the Lost Ark , Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom , two adaptations of Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( one with purely action mechanics , one with an adventure and puzzle based structure ) and Indiana Jones ' Greatest Adventures , which included the storylines from all three of the original films . Following this , the games branched off into original storylines with Indiana Jones in the Lost Kingdom , Indiana Jones and the Fate of Atlantis , Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine , Indiana Jones and the Emperor 's Tomb and Indiana Jones and the Staff of Kings . Emperor 's Tomb sets up Jones 's companion Wu Han and the search for Nurhaci 's ashes seen at the beginning of Temple of Doom . The first two games were developed by Hal Barwood and starred Doug Lee as the voice of Indiana Jones ; Emperor 's Tomb had David Esch fill the role and Staff of Kings starred John Armstrong . Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine was the first Indy - based game presented in three dimensions , as opposed to 8 - bit graphics and side - scrolling games before . There is also a small game from Lucas Arts Indiana Jones and His Desktop Adventures . A video game was made for young Indy called Young Indiana Jones and the Instruments of Chaos , as well as a video game version of The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles . Two Lego Indiana Jones games have also been released . Lego Indiana Jones : The Original Adventures was released in 2008 and follows the plots of the first three films . It was followed by Lego Indiana Jones 2 : The Adventure Continues in late 2009 . The sequel includes an abbreviated reprise of the first three films , but focuses on the plot of Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull . Social gaming company Zynga introduced Indiana Jones to their `` Adventure World '' game in late 2011 . Character description and formation ( edit ) Harrison Ford as the mature Jones in Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) . `` Indiana '' Jones 's full name is Dr. Henry Walton Jones Jr. , and his nickname is often shortened to `` Indy '' . In his role as a college professor of archaeology , Jones is scholarly and learned in a tweed suit , lecturing on ancient civilizations . At the opportunity to recover important artifacts , Dr. Jones transforms into `` Indiana , '' a `` non-superhero superhero '' image he has concocted for himself . Producer Frank Marshall said , `` Indy ( is ) a fallible character . He makes mistakes and gets hurt ... That 's the other thing people like : He 's a real character , not a character with superpowers . '' Spielberg said there `` was the willingness to allow our leading man to get hurt and to express his pain and to get his mad out and to take pratfalls and sometimes be the butt of his own jokes . I mean , Indiana Jones is not a perfect hero , and his imperfections , I think , make the audience feel that , with a little more exercise and a little more courage , they could be just like him . '' According to Spielberg biographer Douglas Brode , Indiana created his heroic figure so as to escape the dullness of teaching at a school . Both of Indiana 's personas reject one another in philosophy , creating a duality . Harrison Ford said the fun of playing the character was because Indiana is both a romantic and a cynic , while scholars have analyzed Indiana as having traits of a lone wolf ; a man on a quest ; a noble treasure hunter ; a hardboiled detective ; a human superhero ; and an American patriot . Like many characters in his films , Jones has some autobiographical elements of Spielberg . Indiana lacks a proper father figure because of his strained relationship with his father , Henry Senior . His own contained anger is misdirected towards Professor Abner Ravenwood , his mentor at the University of Chicago , leading to a strained relationship with Marion Ravenwood . The teenage Indiana bases his own look on a figure from the prologue of Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade , after being given his hat . Marcus Brody acts as Indiana 's positive role model at the college . Indiana 's own insecurities are made worse by the absence of his mother . In Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom , he becomes the father figure to Willie Scott and Short Round , to survive ; he is rescued from Kali 's evil by Short Round 's dedication . Indiana also saves many enslaved children . Indiana uses his knowledge of Shiva to defeat Mola Ram . In Raiders , however , he is wise enough to close his eyes in the presence of God in the Ark of the Covenant . By contrast , his rival Rene Belloq is killed for having the audacity to try to communicate directly with God . In the prologue of Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade , Jones is seen as a teenager , establishing his look when given a fedora hat . Indiana 's intentions are revealed as prosocial , as he believes artifacts `` belong in a museum . '' In the film 's climax , Indiana undergoes `` literal '' tests of faith to retrieve the Grail and save his father 's life . He also remembers Jesus as a historical figure -- a humble carpenter -- rather than an exalted figure when he recognizes the simple nature and tarnished appearance of the real Grail amongst a large assortment of much more ornately decorated ones . Henry Senior rescues his son from falling to his death when reaching for the fallen Grail , telling him to `` let it go , '' overcoming his mercenary nature . The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles explains how Indiana becomes solitary and less idealistic following his service in World War I. In Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull , Jones is older and wiser , whereas his sidekicks Mutt and Mac are youthfully arrogant and greedy , respectively . Origins and inspirations ( edit ) Charlton Heston in Secret of the Incas . Indiana Jones is modeled after the strong - jawed heroes of the matinée serials and pulp magazines that George Lucas and Steven Spielberg enjoyed in their childhoods ( such as the Republic Pictures serials , and the Doc Savage series ) . Sir H. Rider Haggard 's safari guide / big game hunter Allan Quatermain of King Solomon 's Mines , who dates back to 1885 , is a notable template for Jones . The two friends first discussed the project in Hawaii around the time of the release of the first Star Wars film . Spielberg told Lucas how he wanted his next project to be something fun , like a James Bond film ( this would later be referenced when they cast Sean Connery as Henry Jones Sr . ) . According to sources , Lucas responded to the effect that he had something `` even better '' , or that he 'd `` got that beat . '' One of the possible bases for Indiana Jones is Professor Challenger , created by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle in 1912 for his novel , The Lost World . Challenger was based on Doyle 's physiology professor , William Rutherford , an adventuring academic , albeit a zoologist / anthropologist . Another important influence on the development of the character Indiana Jones is the Disney character Scrooge McDuck . Carl Barks created Scrooge in 1948 as a one - off relation for Donald Duck in the patter 's self - titled comic book . Barks realized that the character had more potential , so a separate Uncle Scrooge comic book series full of exciting and strange adventures in the company of his duck nephews was developed . This Uncle Scrooge comic series strongly influenced George Lucas . This appreciation of Scrooge as an adventurer influenced the development of Jones in clear and obvious ways . For example , the prolog of `` Raiders of the Lost Ark '' contains an homage to Barks ' Scrooge adventure '' The Seven Cities of Cibola '' published in Uncle Scrooge # 7 from September 1954 . This homage in the film takes the form of playfully mimicking the removal - of - the - statuette - from - its - pedestal and the falling - stone sequences of the comic book . While a prototype of Uncle Scrooge in the beginning was Ebenezer Scrooge from Charles Dickens 's `` A Christmas Carol '' , quickly the personality of Scrooge took on some of the characteristics of Haggard 's Quatermain and Conan Doyle 's Professor Challenger . This means then that Lucas and Spielberg may have been influenced directly by Haggard 's Quatermain and Doyle 's Challenger , as noted above , but also indirectly through Bark 's / Disney 's Uncle Scrooge . The character was originally named Indiana Smith , after an Alaskan Malamute called Indiana that Lucas owned in the 1970s and on which he based the Star Wars character Chewbacca . Spielberg disliked the name Smith , and Lucas casually suggested Jones as an alternative . The Last Crusade script references the name 's origin , with Jones 's father revealing his son 's birth name to be Henry and explaining that `` we named the dog Indiana '' , to his son 's chagrin . Some have also posited that C.L. Moore 's science fiction character Northwest Smith may have influenced Lucas and Spielberg in their naming choice . Lucas has said on various occasions that Sean Connery 's portrayal of British secret agent James Bond was one of the primary inspirations for Jones , a reason Connery was chosen for the role of Indiana 's father in Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade . Spielberg earned the rank of Eagle Scout and Ford the Life Scout badge in their youth , which gave them the inspiration to portray Indiana Jones as a Life Scout at age 13 in The Last Crusade . Costume designer Deborah Nadoolman Landis noted that the inspiration for the series as well as Indiana Jones ' outfit was Charlton Heston 's Harry Steele in Secret of the Incas ( 1954 ) and called Raiders of the Lost Ark `` almost a shot for shot '' remake of the Heston film , citing that Indiana Jones was `` a kinder , gentler Harry Steele '' : `` We did watch this film together as a crew several times , and I always thought it strange that the filmmakers did not credit it later as the inspiration for the series . '' Historical models ( edit ) Many people are said to be the real - life inspiration of the Indiana Jones character -- although none of the following have been confirmed as inspirations by Lucas or Spielberg . There are some suggestions listed here in alphabetical order by last name : Carl Ethan Akeley ( May 19 , 1864 -- November 18 , 1926 ) Explorer , sculptor , biologist , conservationist , inventor , taxidermist , and nature photographer , noted for his contributions to American museums , most notably to the Field Museum of Natural History and the American Museum of Natural History . He is considered the father of modern taxidermy . Beloit College professor and paleontologist Roy Chapman Andrews . Edgar James Banks ( May 23 , 1866 -- May 5 , 1945 ) . American diplomat , antiquarian and novelist . Banks is credited with the sale of an ancient cuneiform tablet famously known as Plimpton 322 proving the Babylonians beat the Greeks to the invention of trigonometry - the study of triangles - by more than 1000 years . Italian archaeologist and circus strongman Giovanni Battista Belzoni ( 1778 -- 1823 ) . Yale University professor , historian , US senator , and explorer Hiram Bingham III , ( 1875 - 1956 ) who rediscovered and excavated the lost city of Machu Picchu , and chronicled his find in the bestselling book The Lost City of the Incas in 1948 . University of Chicago archaeologist Robert Braidwood . University of Chicago archaeologist James Henry Breasted . Frederick Russell Burnham , the celebrated American scout and British Army spy who heavily influenced Haggard 's fictional Allan Quatermain character and also became the inspiration for the Boy Scouts . British archaeologist Percy Fawcett , who spent much of his life exploring the jungles of northern Brazil , and who was last seen in 1925 returning to the Amazon Basin to look for the Lost City Of Z . A fictionalized version of Fawcett appears to Jones in the book Indiana Jones And The Seven Veils . American archaeologist Walter Fairservis . Harvard University paleontologist Farish Jenkins . British archaeologist and soldier T.E. Lawrence . Northwestern University political scientist , anthropologist , professor and adventurer William Montgomery McGovern . British adventurer Frederick Albert Mitchell - Hedges . German archaeologist Otto Rahn . Harvard University archaeologist and art historian Langdon Warner . Vendyl Jones ( 1930 - 2010 ) led digs in Israel searching for the holy ark . He discovered items identified as the Temple incense and a clay vessel for holy anointing oil . In his book A Door of Hope : My Search for the Treasures of the Copper Scroll , he discusses the similarities . Costume ( edit ) Upon requests by Spielberg and Lucas , the costume designer gave the character a distinctive silhouette through the styling of the hat ; after examining many hats , the designers chose a tall - crowned , wide - brimmed fedora . As a documentary of Raiders pointed out , the hat served a practical purpose . Following the lead of the old `` B '' - movies that inspired the Indiana Jones series , the fedora hid the actor 's face sufficiently to allow doubles to perform the more dangerous stunts seamlessly . Examples in Raiders include the wider - angle shot of Indy and Marion crashing a statue through a wall , and Indy sliding under a fast - moving vehicle from front to back . Thus it was necessary for the hat to stay in place much of the time . The hat became so iconic that the filmmakers could only come up with very good reasons or jokes to remove it . If it ever fell off during a take , filming would have to stop to put it back on . In jest , Ford put a stapler against his head to stop his hat from falling off when a documentary crew visited during shooting of Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade . This created the urban legend that Ford stapled the hat to his head . Anytime Indy 's hat accidentally came off as part of the storyline ( blown off by the wind , knocked off , etc . ) and seemed almost irretrievable , filmmakers would make sure Indy and his hat were always reunited , regardless of the implausibility of its return . Although other hats were also used throughout the films , the general style and profile remained the same . Elements of the outfit include : The fedora was supplied by Herbert Johnson Hatters in England for the first three films . An Australian model was used by costume designer Deborah Landis to show hat maker Richard Swales the details when making the iconic hat from `` the Poets '' parts . The fedora for Crystal Skull was made by Steve Delk and Marc Kitter of the Adventurebilt Hat Company of Columbus , Mississippi . The leather jacket , a hybrid of the `` Type 440 '' and the A-2 jacket , was made by Leather Concessionaires ( now known as Wested Leather Co . ) for Raiders of the Lost Ark and Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade . For Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom , jackets were made in - house at Bermans & Nathans in London based on a stunt jacket they provided for Raiders of the Lost Ark . Tony Nowak made the jacket for Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull . The Indiana Jones shirt is based on a typical safari - style shirt . Its distinctive feature is two vertical strips running from the shoulders to the bottom of the shirt tails and continued over both breast pockets . A common debate regards the original shirt color . Surviving samples of the original shirts seem to be darker in reality than they appear on screen . Most fans look for an off - white `` stone '' color for their replicas . The original shirts , however , may have been more of a `` tan '' or `` natural '' color . The shirt varied little from film to film , the only notable difference being the darker buttons in Temple of Doom and Last Crusade . Originally designed by Andreas Dometakis for the films , this shirt was once one of the hardest pieces of gear to find . The trousers worn by Indiana Jones in all three films were based on original World War II Army and Army Air Corps officer trousers . Although not original Pinks they are based on the same basic design and do carry a slight pinkish hue . The trousers made for Raiders are said to be more of a greyish - brown whereas the trousers made for Temple of Doom and Last Crusade were supposedly a purer reddish brown . The trousers were made of a khaki wool - twill , pleated with seven belt loops , two scalloped button flap rear pockets , a button fly and a four - inch military style hem . They were all most likely subcontracted by the costume department and made by famed London based cinema costumers , Angels and Bermans , to be tailored perfectly for Harrison Ford for the production . The satchel was a modified Mark VII gas mask bag that was used by British troops and civilians during World War II . The whip was an 8 to 10 foot ( 2.4 to 3.0 m ) bullwhip crafted by David Morgan for the first three films . The whips for Crystal Skull were crafted by a variety of people , including Terry Jacka , Joe Strain and Morgan ( different lengths and styles were likely used in specific stunts ) . The pistol was usually a World War I - era revolver , including the Webley Government ( WG ) Revolver ( Last Crusade and Crystal Skull ) , or a Smith & Wesson Second Model Hand Ejector revolver ( Raiders ) . He has also used a Colt Official Police revolver ( Temple of Doom ) , a Nagant M1883 ( Young Indiana Jones ) , and a 9 mm Browning Hi - Power ( Raiders ) . The weapon is carried in a military pattern flap holster . The shoes were made by Alden . A stock style ( model 405 ) that had been a favorite of Ford 's before the films , they are still sold today ( though in a redder ( brick ) shade of brown than seen in the films ) and are popularly known as `` Indy Boots . '' The fedora and leather jacket from Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade are on display at the Smithsonian Institution 's American History Museum in Washington , D.C. The collection of props and clothing from the films has become a thriving hobby for some aficionados of the franchise . Jones ' whip was the third most popular film weapon , as shown by a 2008 poll held by 20th Century Fox , which surveyed approximately two thousand film fans . Casting ( edit ) Originally , Spielberg suggested Harrison Ford ; Lucas resisted the idea , since he had already cast the actor in American Graffiti , Star Wars and The Empire Strikes Back , and did not want Ford to become known as his `` Bobby De Niro '' ( in reference to the fact that fellow director Martin Scorsese regularly casts Robert De Niro in his films ) . During an intensive casting process , Lucas and Spielberg auditioned many actors , and finally cast actor Tom Selleck as Indiana Jones . Shortly afterward pre-production began in earnest on Raiders of the Lost Ark . However , CBS refused to release Selleck from his contractual commitment to Magnum , P.I. ( which was gradually gaining momentum in the ratings ) , forcing him to turn down the role . One of CBS 's concerns was that shooting for Magnum P.I. conflicted with shooting for Raiders , both of which were to begin about the same time . However , Selleck was to say later in an interview that shooting for Magnum P.I. was delayed and did not actually begin until shooting for Raiders had concluded . Subsequently , both Peter Coyote and Tim Matheson auditioned for the role . However , after Spielberg suggested Ford again , Lucas relented , and Ford was cast in the role less than three weeks before filming began . Cultural impact ( edit ) Archaeological influence ( edit ) The industry magazine Archaeology named eight past and present archaeologists who they felt `` embodied ( Jones ' ) spirit '' as recipients of the Indy Spirit Awards in 2008 . That same year Ford himself was elected to the Board of Directors for the Archaeological Institute of America . Commenting that `` understanding the past can only help us in dealing with the present and the future , '' Ford was praised by the association 's president for his character 's `` significant role in stimulating the public 's interest in archaeological exploration . '' He is perhaps the most influential character in films that explore archaeology . Since the release of Raiders of the Lost Ark in 1981 , the very idea of archaeology and archaeologists has fundamentally shifted . Prior to the film 's release , the stereotypical image of an archaeologist was that of an older , lacklustre professor type . In the early years of films involving archaeologists , they were portrayed as victims who would need to be rescued by a more masculine or heroic figure . Following 1981 , the stereotypical archaeologist is thought of as a male bullwhip - wielding adventurer and Ivy League professor . The stereotypical image of an archaeologist is also portrayed as an individual usually out doing fieldwork , which is not always the case . Indiana Jones is essentially the archetype for the field of archaeology , individuals who are actively involved in this field are influenced by the ideas put forward in the films and any other associated media . Indiana Jones is still a highly debated topic among archaeologists , whether the influence of these films is positive or negative has yet to be determined . The argument for these films having a negative influence states that it reflects poorly on the field , one prominent individual with this opinion is Anne Pyburn . Pyburn described the influence of Indiana Jones as being one that is elitist and sexist , she went on to say that the Indiana Jones films have caused new discoveries in the field of archaeology to become oversimplified and overhyped in an attempt to gain public interest which negatively influences archaeology as a whole . Eric Powell , an editor with the magazine Archaeology , was quoted saying `` O.K. , fine , the movie romanticizes what we do , '' continuing on to say that `` Indy may be a horrible archeologist , but he 's a great diplomat for archeology . I think we 'll see a spike in kids who want to become archeologists . '' In an article written by Kevin McGeoughs , an associate professor of archaeology , he describes the original archaeological criticism of the film as missing the point of the film . Going on to say that the various critiques of poor excavation techniques used were a plot feature to make the film more enjoyable and that in doing so it is not trying to push an agenda . He finished by saying , `` dramatic interest is what is at issue , and it is unlikely that film will change in order to promote and foster better archaeological techniques '' . A 2007 survey conducted at Lycoming College set out to examine the public perception of archaeology and what an archaeologist looks like . The results from this survey indicated that the majority of participants all formed a similar image of an archaeologist , the picture painted is one of a male dressed in light weight khaki clothing , wearing a `` Indiana Jones hat '' and would typically be found in a desert or exotic location . In addition individuals described that the archaeologist would potentially have to become destructive or involved in dangerous situations to obtain the wanted artifacts , demonstrating an adventurer personality . Fandom ( edit ) This section may contain indiscriminate , excessive , or irrelevant examples . Please improve the article by adding more descriptive text and removing less pertinent examples . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for further suggestions . ( January 2017 ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Cosplay of Indiana Jones and associated characters at Fan Expo Canada 2016 in Toronto . While himself an homage to various prior adventurers , aspects of Indiana Jones also directly influenced some subsequent characterizations : Lara Croft , the female archaeologist of the Tomb Raider series , was originally designed as a man but was changed to a woman , partly because the developers felt the original design was too similar to Indiana Jones . Paramount Pictures , which distributed the Indiana Jones film series , would later make two films based on the Tomb Raider games . The producer of the Prince of Persia ( 2008 ) video game , Ben Mattes , explained that its `` inspiration was anything Harrison Ford has ever done : Indiana Jones , Han Solo . '' The video game series Uncharted is also very heavily influenced and inspired by Indiana Jones . The protagonist , Nathan Drake , also shares many similarities with Jones himself , both visually and personality-wise . The design team felt the sources shared themes of mystery and `` what - if scenarios '' that romanticized adventure and aimed to include those in Uncharted . The Lego character Johnny Thunder is derived from Indiana Jones , among other influences . For one , he is Australian ( like Steve Irwin the Crocodile Hunter ) . His clothes are also different , as he sports a slouch hat instead of a fedora , a red bandanna , and a tan shirt . Plus , he has a visible mustache and sideburns . The roguelike NetHack features the role of archaeologist , an adventurer starting the game with the trademark fedora , bullwhip and leather jacket . Montezuma 's Revenge character Panama Joe ( who was originally a Mexican named Pedro ) shares a lot of similaries to Indy http://img.gamefaqs.net/box/5/3/0/45530_front.jpg however , it is a coindence as neither Jaeger or Parker bros . knew about Indy at that time http://www.digitpress.com/library/interviews/interview_robert_jaeger.html Also Montezuma 's Return ! character Max Montezuma ( or at least in the Game Boy / Game Boy color version ) shares a lot of similarities with Indy as well Blizzard Entertainment made a big homage to the Indiana Jones character in their MMO game World of Warcraft . The character ' Harrison Jones ' ( named after the movie character and the actor portraying it ) is the nominal leader of a league of archaeologists which opposes various unsavoury villains in situations that references the various movies . The same ' Harrison Jones ' makes an appearance in their Hearthstone CCG , along with Indiana 's / Harrison 's trademark hat . My Little Pony : Friendship Is Magic , Daring Do is a pegasus and main character of the fictional Daring Do adventure novel series parodying Indiana Jones . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles , American Broadcasting Company , `` London , May 1916 '' , 1992 - 03 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles , American Broadcasting Company , `` Congo , January 1917 '' , 1992 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ The Adventures of Young Indiana Jones : Chapter 19 -- Winds of Change , American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ The Adventures of Young Indiana Jones : Chapter 20 -- Mystery of The Blues , American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) . Jump up ^ The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles , American Broadcasting Company , `` Peking , March 1910 '' , 1993 - 06 - 26 ^ Jump up to : MacGregor , Rob ( November 1991 ) . Indiana Jones and the Seven Veils . Bantam Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 29035 - 6 . Jump up ^ The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles , American Broadcasting Company , `` Ireland , April 1916 '' , 1993 - 06 - 12 Jump up ^ Indiana Jones and the Dinosaur Eggs Jump up ^ Indiana Jones and the Staff of Kings ( Video Game 2009 ) -- IMDb ^ Jump up to : `` TheRaider.net - Indiana Jones ' Gear '' . TheRaider.net . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2015 . Retrieved 4 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` George Lucas claims copyright violation in suit '' . The Gadsden Times . 14 December 1988 . Retrieved 4 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains '' ( PDF ) . afi.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 20 , 2012 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Empire 's The 100 Greatest Movie Characters '' . Empire . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment Weekly 's 20 All Time Coolest Heroes in Pop Culture '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Premiere 's The 100 Greatest Movie Characters '' . Filmsite.org . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Fulks , Tricia ( 2008 - 05 - 26 ) . `` Indiana Jones teaches at Marshall '' . Charleston Daily Mail . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 28 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ Nick de Semlyen ; Ian Freer ; Chris Hewitt ; Ian Nathan ; Sam Toy ( 2006 - 09 - 29 ) . `` A Race Against Time : Indiana Jones IV '' . Empire . p. 100 . Jump up ^ `` My Indiana Jones Crackpot Theory '' . Retrieved January 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars Episode IX , Next Indiana Jones Release Dates Revealed '' . IGN . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( July 10 , 2018 ) . `` Disney Pushes ' Indiana Jones 5 ' a Year to 2021 ; Dates ' Maleficent , ' ' Jungle Cruise ' '' . Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ url = http://disneyland.disney.go.com/attractions/disneyland/indiana-jones-adventure/ Jump up ^ Sehlinger , Bob ( 2010 ) . The Unofficial Guide to Disneyland 2010 . Hoboken NJ : John Wiley & Sons . p. 226 . ISBN 9780470460306 . Retrieved 12 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tokyo DisneySea Setting Sail for Adventure and Imagination on September 4 , 2001 '' . LaughingPlaces. 2001 . Retrieved 12 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones Adventure : Temple of the Forbidden Eye '' . TheRaider.net . Retrieved 12 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Disneyland Resort : What 's Worth Seeing in 2010 ? The DIS Unplugged Disney Blog . Disunplugged.com. ( 2010 - 02 - 08 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Willoughby Mariano ( 2009 - 08 - 18 ) . `` Disney performer dies during rehearsal '' . Orlando Sentinel . Jump up ^ Winders , Glenda ( 13 August 1989 ) . `` Disney theme park re-creates Hollywood in its heyday '' . Spartanburg Herald - Journal . Spartanburg SC . Copley News Service . p. 12 . Retrieved 11 January 2013 . Jump up ^ All titles , authors , dates of publication , and publishers of these novelizations are from the title and copyright pages of the first editions of each of the cited volumes . Jump up ^ All titles , authors , dates of publication , and publishers of these novelizations are from the copyright pages of the first editions of each of the cited volumes . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones '' . Lucas Arts . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` LEGO Indiana Jones '' . Lucas Arts . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Lewinski , John Scott ( 1 December 2011 ) . `` Indiana Jones raids Zynga 's Adventure World '' . c net . San Francisco CA . Retrieved 21 December 2012 . Jump up ^ The character 's full name is stated in the Corey Carrier narration of the feature - length episode My First Adventure from The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles . ^ Jump up to : Brode , Douglas ( 1995 ) . The Films of Steven Spielberg . Citadel . pp. 90 -- 98 . ISBN 0 - 8065 - 1540 - 6 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( 2007 - 12 - 09 ) . `` First look : Whip cracks over new ' Indiana Jones ' movie '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Windolf , Jim ( 2007 - 12 - 02 ) . `` Q&A : Steven Spielberg '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ Shinji Hata ( interviewer ) ( 1994 ) . From Star Wars to Indiana Jones : The Best of the LucasFilm Archives . LucasFilm . Jump up ^ Puente , Maria ( 2008 - 05 - 22 ) . `` Indiana Jones : He 's Everyman , with wit and a whip '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Brode , Douglas ( 1995 ) . The Films of Steven Spielberg . Citadel . pp. 174 , 176 -- 187 . ISBN 0 - 8065 - 1540 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Brode , Douglas ( 1995 ) . The Films of Steven Spielberg . Citadel . pp. 141 -- 43 . ISBN 0 - 8065 - 1540 - 6 . Jump up ^ Fickett , Travis ( 2008 - 05 - 22 ) . `` Indiana Jones and the Small Screen '' . IGN . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` News , Etc '' . Empire . March 2008 . p. 17 . Jump up ^ `` Based on a 1885 novel by Henry Rider Haggard , exploits of Allan Quartermain have long served as a template for the Indiana Jones character . King Solomon 's Mines ( 1950 ) , Quartermain finds himself unwillingly thrust into a worldwide search for the legendary mines of King Solomon . The look and feel of Indiana and his past adventures are quite apparent . Both Quartermain and Jones are confronted by angry villagers and a myriad of dangerous booby traps . Look to King Solomon 's Mines for a good idea on the feel and tone Lucas and Spielberg are after with their latest Indiana Jones outing '' . Superheroflix.com . Retrieved on 2012 - 01 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Making Raiders of the Lost Ark '' . IndianaJones.com. 2003 - 09 - 23 . Archived from the original on 2003 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ Nashawaty , Chris ( 14 March 2008 ) . `` National Treasure '' . Entertainment Weekly . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` This Month in History : Dr. Hamlett & Zoological Treasure Hunting '' . LSUHeathNewOrleans . New Orleans LA . Archived from the original on 4 December 2013 . Retrieved 11 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Uncle Scrooge McDuck : His Life and Times '' Celestial Arts Press , Millbrae , Califormia , p. 23 , 1981 . `` These four panels , from pages one and two of CHRISTMAS ON BEAR MOUNTAIN ( 1948 ) , are the very first appearance of Scrooge McDuck . His Dickensian and Scottish origins are apparent in his demeanor and costume . Scrooge gradually evolved into a less stereotypical and more complex character . '' Jump up ^ George Lucas in '' An Appreciation '' in `` Uncle Scrooge McDuck : His Life and Times '' Celestial Arts Press , Millbrae , Califormia , 1981 . '' Some of the very first comics I obtained were written by Carl Barks . I had a subscription to `` Walt Disney 's Comics and Stories '' and liked the Scrooge character so much that I immediately went out and bought all the Uncle Scrooge comics I could find on the newsstand ... The stories are ... cinematic . '' Jump up ^ `` Uncle Scrooge McDuck : His Life and Times '' Celestial Arts Press , Millbrae , Califormia , 1981 . Jump up ^ http://goodcomics.comicbookresources.com/2007/12/13/comic-book-urban-legends-revealed-133/ Jump up ^ Stefano Priarone in Walt Disney 's Uncle $ crooge : The Seven Cities of Gold , Fantagraphics Books , 2014 . '' Uncle Scrooge takes Donald and the nephews on a perilous trek in search of the fabled seven cities of gold ! This is the Scrooge story famous for providing Steven Spielberg and George Lucas with inspiration for parts of Raiders of the Lost Ark . '' Jump up ^ http://www.dialbforblog.com/archives/429/ducktales2.html Jump up ^ http://www.tor.com/2015/08/12/five-books-with-forgotten-cities/ '' The 19th - century '' lost world / race '' tropes of Haggard and Conan Doyle ( inspired ) many of the adventures of Carl Barks ' Donald Duck and Uncle Scrooge ( that ) involved such lost races or lost cities ( e.g. '' Tralla La , '' a take - off on Shangri - La ; Plain Awful , a city / race '' Lost in the Andes '' where all people and objects are blocky and round things are taboo ; '' Forbidden Valley , '' a Conan Doyle - style dinosaur valley in South America ) . Jump up ^ `` 53 Fascinating Facts About `` Indiana Jones '' You Probably Never Knew '' Retrieved 10 August 2015 Jump up ^ The making of Star Wars - around minute 20 Jump up ^ https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0097576/quotes Jump up ^ ' ' Fifty Key Figures in Science Fiction ' ' edited by Mark Bould , Andrew Butler , Adam Roberts , Sherryl Vint . google.com . Retrieved on 2018 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ Bond Inspiration For Indiana Jones Archived April 22 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... Starpulse.com ( 2006 - 08 - 28 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Fleurier , Nicolas ( 2006 ) . James Bond & Indiana Jones . Action figures . Histoire & Collections . ISBN 2 - 35250 - 005 - 2 . Jump up ^ HARRISON FORD BIOGRAPHY - The Biography Channel.co.uk Archived 2014 - 04 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Mike French ; Gilles Verschuere ( 2005 - 09 - 14 ) . `` Debora Nadoolman interview '' . TheRaider.net . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 27 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ Preston , Douglas J. ( 1993 ) . Dinosaurs in the Attic : An Excursion Into the American Museum of Natural History . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 10456 - 1 . , pp. 97 -- 98 , `` Andrews is allegedly the real person that the movie character of Indiana Jones was patterned after ... crack shot , fighter of Mongolian brigands , the man who created the metaphor of ' Outer Mongolia ' as denoting any exceedingly remote place . '' Jump up ^ `` Mathematical mystery of ancient Babylonian clay tablet solved '' . Phys.org . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) '' . Filmsite.org . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Gene Sloan ( 2005 - 09 - 22 ) . `` The trail less trampled on '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Lost City of the Incas '' . United States Senate . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Schranz , Molly ( 2003 - 12 - 21 ) . `` Obituary : Robert and Linda Braidwood '' . Chicago Maroon . Archived from the original on 2004 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 21 . Some say he was the real life inspiration for Indiana Jones . Jump up ^ `` Oriental Institute Tour '' . The University of Chicago . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 01 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 11 . `` Some sources say that Breasted was the inspiration for Indiana Jones ; others say it was Robert Braidwood . '' Jump up ^ Eplett , Layla ( March 27 , 2014 ) . `` The Hunger Game Meat : How Hippos Nearly Invaded American Cuisine '' . Scientific American . ISSN 0036 - 8733 . Jump up ^ Hough , Harold ( January 2010 ) . `` The Arizona Miner and Indiana Jones '' . Miner News . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2013 . Retrieved March 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Retired Professor Walter A. Fairservis Jr . Dies '' . The Miscellany News . September 9 , 1994 . Jump up ^ `` The Real Indiana Jones or a conversation with a Palentologist '' . Politika ( Poland ) . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ French , Mike . `` Lawrence of Arabia '' . TheRaider.net . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Keeper of the Past '' . 1999 - 09 - 21 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Nazi treasure , giant scorpions ... and a crystal skull : The adventures of the REAL Indiana Jones '' . Daily Mail . London . 2008 - 04 - 28 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ Preston , John ( 2008 - 05 - 22 ) . `` The original Indiana Jones : Otto Rahn and the temple of doom '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Monuments Men : Langdon Warner '' . 2011 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ Times , Joel Brinkley , Special To The New York ( 1989 - 02 - 16 ) . `` Balsam Oil of Israelite Kings Found in Cave Near Dead Sea '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ Jones , Vendyl ( 2005 - 03 - 01 ) . A Door of Hope : My Search for the Treasures of the Copper Scroll . Lightcatcher Books . ISBN 9780971938854 . Jump up ^ `` Hat and Jacket featurette '' . Official site . 2008 - 02 - 08 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Herbert Johnson Hatters website Retrieved July 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Indiana Jones Fedora '' . Indy Gear . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Adventurebilt and Indiana Jones '' . Adventurebilt Hat Company . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` The Indiana Jones Jacket : The Last Crusade '' . Indy Gear : The Indiana Jones Equipment Resource . Retrieved 3 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones Guns '' . IndyGear.com . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones Boots '' . IndyGear.com . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Shrine to the Famous : Indiana Jones 's hat and jacket , 1980s '' . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` IndyGear.com '' . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Borland , Sophie ( 2008 - 01 - 21 ) . `` Lightsabre wins the battle of movie weapons '' . London : The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Peed , Mike ( June 9 , 2008 ) . `` Digging : Archaeologists and `` Indiana Jones '' `` . The New Yorker . Jump up ^ `` Harrison Ford Elected to AIA Board '' ( Press release ) . Archaeological Institute of America . 2008 - 06 - 09 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 18 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : McGeough , Kevin ( 2006 ) . `` Heroes , Mummies , and Treasure : Near Eastern Archaeology in Movies '' . Near Eastern Archaeology . ^ Jump up to : Strong , Meghan ( 2007 ) . `` The Indiana Jones Effect '' . Lycoming College Archaeology Department . Jump up ^ Pyburn , Anne ( 2008 ) . `` Public Archaeology , Indiana Jones , and Honesty '' . Archaeologies : Journal of the World Archaeological Congress . Jump up ^ Toby Gard , Jeremy Heath Smith , Ian Livingston ( interviews ) ; Keeley Hawes ( narrator ) ( 2007 ) . Ten Years of Tomb Raider : A GameTap Retrospective . Eidos Interactive / GameTap . Jump up ^ As quoted in Gary Steinman , `` Prince of Persia : Anatomy of a Prince , '' PlayStation : The Official Magazine 13 ( December 2008 ) : 50 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Randy ( November 2007 ) . `` Off The Chart -- Uncharted : Drake 's Fortune '' . PlayStation Magazine . Future plc ( 129 ) : 26 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Begin ( 2015 ) , p. 190 Jump up ^ Begin ( 2015 ) , p. 188 Jump up ^ Nguyen , Hanh ( December 6 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive Video : My Little Pony Pays Tribute to Harry Potter Author J.K. Rowling '' . TV Guide . Retrieved December 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Begin ( 2015 ) , p. 103 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Indiana Jones . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Indiana Jones IndianaJones.com -- the official Indiana Jones site Indiana Jones on IMDb Indiana Jones Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) Video game Soundtrack Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) Video game ( NES ) Soundtrack Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Video games Soundtrack Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) Soundtrack Television The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles ( 1992 -- 1993 ) ( episodes ) Characters Indiana Jones Marion Ravenwood Sallah Marcus Brody Henry Jones , Sr . Mutt Williams Games Video games Lost Kingdom Revenge of the Ancients Fate of Atlantis The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles The Pinball Adventure Instruments of Chaos Greatest Adventures Desktop Adventures Infernal Machine Emperor 's Tomb Lego Indiana Jones : The Original Adventures Staff of Kings Lego Indiana Jones 2 : The Adventure Continues Adventure World Role - playing games The Adventures of Indiana Jones The World of Indiana Jones Tomb of the Templars Books The Peril at Delphi The Dance of the Giants The Seven Veils The Philosopher 's Stone Comics Iron Phoenix Spear of Destiny Tomb of the Gods Other media Lego Indiana Jones The Raiders of the Lost Brick Raiders of the Lost Ark : The Adaptation Indyfans and the Quest for Fortune and Glory Golden Idol Montana Jones Attractions Epic Stunt Spectacular ! Temple du Péril Indiana Jones Adventure Indiana Jones Summer of Hidden Mysteries Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indiana_Jones&oldid=852460569 '' Categories : Adventure film characters Child characters in television Fictional American people of Scottish descent Fictional American people of Russian descent Fictional American people of French descent Fictional American people of Irish descent Fictional archaeologists Fictional characters from New Jersey Fictional characters introduced in 1981 Fictional colonels Fictional flexible weapons practitioners Fictional characters of Office of Strategic Services Fictional physicians Fictional professors Fictional World War I veterans Fictional World War II veterans Male characters in film Indiana Jones characters Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2012 Pages using web citations with no URL Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Articles with too many examples Articles that may contain original research from January 2017 All articles that may contain original research Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kurdî Latviešu Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська اردو Winaray ייִדיש 中文 39 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 July 2018 , at 04 : 01 ( UTC ) . 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who was supposed to play indiana jones before harrison ford

Originally , Spielberg suggested Harrison Ford ; Lucas resisted the idea , since he had already cast the actor in American Graffiti , Star Wars and The Empire Strikes Back , and did not want Ford to become known as his `` Bobby De Niro '' ( in reference to the fact that fellow director Martin Scorsese regularly casts Robert De Niro in his films ) . During an intensive casting process , Lucas and Spielberg auditioned many actors , and finally cast actor Tom Selleck as Indiana Jones . Shortly afterward pre-production began in earnest on Raiders of the Lost Ark . However , CBS refused to release Selleck from his contractual commitment to Magnum , P.I. ( which was gradually gaining momentum in the ratings ) , forcing him to turn down the role . One of CBS 's concerns was that shooting for Magnum P.I. conflicted with shooting for Raiders , both of which were to begin about the same time . However , Selleck was to say later in an interview that shooting for Magnum P.I. was delayed and did not actually begin until shooting for Raiders had concluded .

Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act - wikipedia Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act Jump to : navigation , search `` The template Infobox U.S. legislation is being considered for merging . '' Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act Long title An act to regulate and improve the civil service of the United States Nicknames Pendleton Act Enacted by the 47th United States Congress Citations Statutes at Large ch. 27 , 22 Stat. 403 Legislative history Introduced in the Senate as S. 133 by George H. Pendleton ( D - OH ) Passed the Senate on December 27 , 1882 ( 39 -- 5 ) Passed the House on January 4 , 1883 ( 155 -- 46 ) Signed into law by President Chester A. Arthur on January 16 , 1883 The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act ( ch. 27 , 22 Stat. 403 ) is a United States federal law , enacted in 1883 , which established that positions within the federal government should be awarded on the basis of merit instead of political affiliation . The act provided selection of government employees by competitive exams , rather than ties to politicians or political affiliation . It also made it illegal to fire or demote government officials for political reasons and prohibited soliciting campaign donations on Federal government property . To enforce the merit system and the judicial system , the law also created the United States Civil Service Commission . This board would be in charge of determining the rules and regulations of the act . The Act also allowed for the president , by executive order to decide which positions could be subject to the act and which would not . A crucial result was the shift of the parties to reliance on funding from business , since they could no longer depend on patronage hopefuls . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 See also 3 References 4 Further reading History ( edit ) In 1877 , there was growing interest in the United States concerning the effects of the spoils system on the American political system . New York City established the Civil Service Reform Association to help address the issues , which would lead to several other organizations like it showing up in other cities . The presence of these organizations was one of the first steps in trying to up end the spoils system in America . The assassination of President James A. Garfield moved the Civil Service Reform from city organizations to a leading topic in the political realm . President Garfield was shot in July 1881 by Charles Guiteau , because Guiteau believed the president owed him a patronage position for his `` vital assistance '' in securing Garfield 's election the previous year . Garfield died two months later , and Vice President Chester A. Arthur acceded to the presidency . Once in office , President Arthur pushed through legislation for civil reform . On January 16 , 1883 Congress passed the Civil Service Act , which is sometimes referred to as the Pendleton Act after Senator George H. Pendleton of Ohio , one of the primary sponsors . The Act was written by Dorman Bridgman Eaton , a staunch opponent of the patronage system who was later first chairman of the United States Civil Service Commission . However , the law would also prove to be a major political liability for Arthur . The law offended machine politicians , or politicians who belong to a small clique that controls a political party . These politicians realized that with the Pendleton Act in place they would have to find a new means of income , since they could no longer count on donations from the wealthy hoping to receive jobs . The Act initially covered only about 10 % of the U.S. government 's civilian employees . However , there was a provision that allowed outgoing presidents to lock in their own appointees by converting jobs to civil service . After a series of party reversals at the presidential level ( 1884 , 1888 , 1892 , 1896 ) , the result was that most federal jobs were under civil service . See also ( edit ) Civil Service Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 National Civil Service Reform League References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=3&psid=1098 ^ Jump up to : Civil Service 2014 . Funk & Wagnalls New World Encyclopedia . Retrieved 28 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Quigley , Carroll ( 1966 ) . Tragedy and Hope : A History of the World in Our Time . San Pedro , CA : Macmillan Co. p. 71 . ISBN 094500110X . Jump up ^ `` Life and Death in the White House '' . The American Presidency . Smithsonian Natural Museum of American History . Retrieved 29 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gilded Age Politics : Political Machines & Civil Service Reform '' . Study.Com . Retrieved 29 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Machine Politician '' . The Free Dictionary . Retrieved 29 April 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Hoogenboom , Ari ( 1961 ) . Outlawing the Spoils : A History of the Civil Service Reform Movement , 1865 - 1883 . University of Illinois . ISBN 0 - 313 - 22821 - 3 . Van Riper , Paul P. ( 1958 ) . History of the United States Civil Service . Row , Peterson and Co . ISBN 0 - 8371 - 8755 - 9 . Foulke , William Dudley ( 1919 ) . Fighting the Spoilsmen : Reminiscences of The Civil Service Reform Movement . New York : G.P. Putnam 's Sons . Women 's Auxiliary to the Civil Service Reform Association ( 1907 ) . Bibliography of Civil Service Reform and Related Subjects ( 2nd ed . ) . New York . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act&oldid=799493888 '' Categories : 1883 in law 1883 in the United States Civil service in the United States Public administration United States federal government administration legislation History of the United States ( 1865 -- 1918 ) Presidency of Chester A. Arthur Assassination of James A. Garfield Reform in the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 September 2017 , at 01 : 48 . About Wikipedia

the civil service act of 1833 mandated that appointees to public office

The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act ( ch. 27 , 22 Stat. 403 ) is a United States federal law , enacted in 1883 , which established that positions within the federal government should be awarded on the basis of merit instead of political affiliation . The act provided selection of government employees by competitive exams , rather than ties to politicians or political affiliation . It also made it illegal to fire or demote government officials for political reasons and prohibited soliciting campaign donations on Federal government property . To enforce the merit system and the judicial system , the law also created the United States Civil Service Commission . This board would be in charge of determining the rules and regulations of the act . The Act also allowed for the president , by executive order to decide which positions could be subject to the act and which would not . A crucial result was the shift of the parties to reliance on funding from business , since they could no longer depend on patronage hopefuls .

Winchester ( film ) - wikipedia Winchester ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Winchester Theatrical release poster Directed by The Spierig Brothers Produced by Tim McGahan Brett Tomberlin Screenplay by Tom Vaughan The Spierig Brothers Starring Helen Mirren Jason Clarke Sarah Snook Music by Peter Spierig Cinematography Ben Nott Edited by Matt Villa Production company Bullitt Entertainment Diamond Pictures Imagination Design Works Distributed by Lionsgate CBS Films Release date February 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 02 ) Running time 99 minutes Country Australia United States Language English Budget $3.5 million Box office $38.7 million Winchester ( also known as Winchester : The House that Ghosts Built ) is a 2018 supernatural horror film directed by Michael and Peter Spierig , and written by the Spierigs and Tom Vaughan . The film stars Helen Mirren as heiress Sarah Winchester , with Jason Clarke and Sarah Snook , and follows Winchester as she is haunted by spirits inside her San Jose mansion in 1906 . An American - Australian co-production , the film was released in the United States on February 2 , 2018 and in Australia on February 22 , 2018 . It received negative reviews from critics , who called it `` dull '' and `` pointless '' , and has grossed $38 million worldwide . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Sarah Winchester is the widow of famed gun manufacturer William Wirt Winchester . Her husband 's sudden death and the previous death of their child Annie have left her in grief . Having received more than $20 - million dollars in inheritance , Winchester convinces herself she is cursed by the ghosts of those who died at the hands of Winchester firearms . After seeking advice from a medium , she begins building an enormous , seemingly never - ending mansion in San Jose , California that would eventually be named the Winchester Mystery House . The house is under constant construction and Sarah 's relative Marion Marriott lives in the house with her son Henry . At night , Henry is possessed by a mysterious entity . It 's 1906 , the Winchester company hires doctor Eric Price to stay at the house and assess Sarah , believing she is mentally unfit to remain in charge of the company . Eric is grieving from the death of his wife Ruby and reliant on drugs . He arrives at the house and has a ghostly vision that he believes is a side effect of the drugs he has taken . Later , he spots a ghost in the basement and witnesses a possessed Henry jump off the roof . Eric saves him . The next day , Eric begins to conduct his assessment of Sarah 's mental well - being . Sarah admits her fear of ghosts and believes she can help them move on . She reveals that she knows about Eric 's drug problem and confiscates them . That night , Eric witnesses a seemingly possessed Sarah draw a plan for a new room . He is startled by an entity and flees back to his room . The next day , Sarah shows Eric that she keeps records of people killed by Winchester rifles . It is revealed that Eric had actually been shot and killed by a Winchester rifle before being revived , and he keeps the bullet with him . Sarah explains how thirteen nails keep spirits sealed in rooms . A possessed Henry attempts to kill Sarah with a rifle , but is stopped by Eric and Marion . Realizing how violent this spirit is , Sarah sends her staff away and decides to personally remove the ghost from her home . Eric encounters a butler who reveals himself to be a ghost . He and Sarah identify the ghost as Benjamin Block , a Confederate States Army soldier who lost his two brothers in the American Civil War , killed by Winchester rifles . A devastated Ben proceeded to shoot up a Winchester office , massacring the workers before being shot dead by police . Ben has been the one possessing Henry ; the constructed room with the Winchester guns is the room where he was shot dead . The 1906 San Francisco earthquake takes place , devastating the house and separating Eric and Sarah . In the chaos , a possessed Henry escapes his room and is pursued by Marion . Eric encounters several ghosts before seeing the ghost of Ruby . It is revealed that Ruby was mentally ill and was misdiagnosed by Eric . The unstable Ruby shot Eric before killing herself with a rifle . Ruby 's ghost comforts Eric , inspiring him to help Sarah . Eric reunites with Sarah and they manage to trap Ben in the room . Marion and Henry are cornered by Ben 's brothers . Ben attempts to murder Sarah , but the pair realizes that Ben is scared of the bullet Eric kept . Eric has been able to see the ghosts in the house due to him dying from that bullet beforehand . Eric uses the bullet in the rifle that Ben used in the shooting and banishes him . Henry and Marion are saved and the other spirits return to their rooms . Eric pronounces Sarah sane , allowing her to remain in control of the company . Sarah announces her intent to build more rooms to help more spirits . As the house is being repaired , a nail falls out of one of the boards sealing a spirit in a room . Cast ( edit ) Helen Mirren as Sarah Winchester Jason Clarke as Eric Price Sarah Snook as Marian Marriott Finn Scicluna - O'Prey as Henry Marriott Angus Sampson as John Hansen Laura Brent as Ruby Price Tyler Coppin as Arthur Gates Eamon Farren as Benjamin Block Production ( edit ) In 2009 , it was announced that a film would be made about the Winchester Mystery House . Rights to the story were acquired by the Hammer Films division of Exclusive Media in 2012 , with Imagination Design Works and Nine / 8 Entertainment producing . Michael and Peter Spierig were set as directors on May 10 , 2016 , with the pair also revising the script . On May 14 , Helen Mirren began finalizing a deal to star in the film as heiress Sarah Winchester , and filming was expected to start later in 2016 , in San Jose , California and Australia . In August 2016 , CBS Films acquired distribution rights to the film , and production was pushed back to March 2017 . In September 2016 , Jason Clarke entered negotiations to star in the film . Sarah Snook and Angus Sampson joined the cast in March 2017 , and filming commenced in Australia . The film was renamed to Winchester : The House That Ghosts Built on October 10 , 2017 , and was moved from its original release date of February 23 , 2018 up to February 2 , 2018 . Executive producers on the film include Andrew Trapani , Brian J. Gilbert , Antonia Lianos , Benedict Carver , Daniel Diamond and Tobin Armbrust . Release ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) As of March 9 , 2018 , Winchester has grossed $24.7 million in the United States and Canada , and $9.1 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $33.8 million , against a production budget of $3.5 million . In the United States and Canada , Winchester was released on February 2 , 2018 , and was expected to gross $6 -- 8 million from 2,480 theaters in its opening weekend . It ended up debuting to $9.3 million , finishing third at the box office , behind holdovers Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle and Maze Runner : The Death Cure . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 13 % based on 97 reviews , with an average rating of 4 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Like a grand staircase within the famous mansion that inspired it , Winchester appears poised to get a rise out of audiences , but ultimately leads nowhere . '' At Metacritic , the film received a weighted average score of 28 out of 100 , based on 18 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B -- '' on an A+ to F scale . Variety 's Owen Gleiberman gave the film a negative review , writing , `` Mirren does all she can to look like she 's having fun , but Winchester ... ( is ) an empty grab bag of a spook show in which the Spierig brothers never do figure out a way to turn the Winchester Mystery House into an exhilarating movie set ... '' . Stephen Dalton of The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a mixed review , saying it `` promises more sophisticated shocks and psychological depths than it ultimately delivers '' and while `` Winchester is a visual treat , its palette aglow with bronze and turquoise tints that suggest colorized Victorian postcards . '' Simon Abrams at RogerEbert.com gave the film three out of four stars , stating , `` Winchester leveled my unfair expectations simply by being both silly and fun ... what ( it ) lacks in originality its creators amply make up for in execution . '' He also stated that the dialogue was `` enjoyable . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Winchester : The House that Ghosts Built ( 2018 ) '' . The Numbers . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Winchester : The Most Brutal Reviews Of Helen Mirren 's New Horror Movie '' . ScreenRant . February 2 , 2018 . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Winchester Mystery House to star in Hollywood movie '' . The Mercury News . 2009 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 2014 - 07 - 24 ) . `` Winchester Mystery House Movie Attracts Spierig Brothers '' . Variety . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( 2016 - 05 - 10 ) . `` Michael & Peter Spierig To Helm Supernatural Thriller ' Winchester ' -- Cannes '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( 2016 - 05 - 14 ) . `` Helen Mirren Takes Aim At Playing Firearm Heiress In Hot Cannes Package ' Winchester ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( 2016 - 08 - 08 ) . `` CBS Films Lands Haunted Gun Heiress Thriller ' Winchester ' With Helen Mirren '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( 2016 - 09 - 13 ) . `` Jason Clarke to Star Opposite Helen Mirren in Thriller ' Winchester ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ Lodderhose , Diana ( 2017 - 03 - 15 ) . `` Sarah Snook & Angus Sampson Join Helen Mirren In ' Winchester ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ Winchester : The House That Ghosts Built Release Moved Up Jump up ^ Spierig , Michael ; Spierig , Peter ( 2018 - 02 - 02 ) , Winchester , Helen Mirren , Sarah Snook , Jason Clarke , retrieved 2018 - 01 - 29 Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl Slowdown At The B.O. As CBS Films ' Gun Heiress Pic ' Winchester ' Takes Aim -- Preview '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jumanji ' Poised To Be Dwayne Johnson 's Highest Grossing Pic Of All - Time Stateside After Super Bowl Weekend Rebound '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Winchester ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Winchester Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Winchester ' Review '' . Variety . February 1 , 2018 . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dalton , Stephen ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' Winchester ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Abrams , Simon ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` Winchester review '' . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Winchester on IMDb Winchester Mystery House Angus Sampson ( hide ) Films directed by Michael and Peter Spierig Undead ( 2003 ) Daybreakers ( 2009 ) Predestination ( 2014 ) Jigsaw ( 2017 ) Winchester ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winchester_(film)&oldid=833167135 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films 2010s horror thriller films 2018 horror films American ghost films American thriller films American films Australian thriller films Supernatural horror films Supernatural thriller films Horror films based on actual events Films set in 1906 Films set in California Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Euskara Français Italiano Magyar 日本 語 Polski Русский Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 01 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

when does the winchester mansion movie come out

An American - Australian co-production , the film was released in the United States on February 2 , 2018 and in Australia on February 22 , 2018 . It received negative reviews from critics , who called it `` dull '' and `` pointless '' , and has grossed $38 million worldwide .

Mohawk River - wikipedia Mohawk River Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Mohawk River ( disambiguation ) . Mohawk River Cohoes Falls , near the eastern end of the Mohawk River in Cohoes , New York Name origin : Named for Mohawk Nation Country United States State New York Tributaries - left Lansing Kill , West Canada Creek , East Canada Creek , Caroga Creek , North Chuctanunda Creek , Alplaus Kill - right Oriskany Creek , Schoharie Creek , Otsquago Creek , Canajoharie Creek , Plotter Kill Cities Schenectady , Amsterdam , Utica , Rome Source East Branch Mohawk River and West Branch Mohawk River - location Ava , Oneida County , New York - elevation 920 ft ( 280 m ) - coordinates 43 ° 22 ′ 16 '' N 75 ° 28 ′ 6 '' W  /  43.37111 ° N 75.46833 ° W  / 43.37111 ; - 75.46833 Mouth Hudson River - elevation 10 ft ( 3 m ) - coordinates 42 ° 45 ′ 39 '' N 73 ° 41 ′ 13 '' W  /  42.76083 ° N 73.68694 ° W  / 42.76083 ; - 73.68694 Coordinates : 42 ° 45 ′ 39 '' N 73 ° 41 ′ 13 '' W  /  42.76083 ° N 73.68694 ° W  / 42.76083 ; - 73.68694 Length 149 mi ( 240 km ) Basin 3,412 sq mi ( 8,837 km ) Discharge for Cohoes - average 5,908 cu ft / s ( 167 m / s ) - max 200,000 cu ft / s ( 5,663 m / s ) - min 6 cu ft / s ( 0 m / s ) Hudson River watershed map showing the Mohawk River The Mohawk River is a 149 - mile - long ( 240 km ) river in the U.S. state of New York . It is the largest tributary of the Hudson River . The Mohawk flows into the Hudson in Cohoes , New York , a few miles north of the city of Albany . The river is named for the Mohawk Nation of the Iroquois Confederacy . It is a major waterway in north - central New York . Contents ( hide ) 1 Course 2 Islands 3 Tributaries 3.1 Right 3.2 Left 4 River modifications 5 History 5.1 Geologic history 5.2 Early exploration and settlement 6 Watershed management 7 Flooding and discharge 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Course ( edit ) From its source in Lewis County , the Mohawk River flows generally east through the Mohawk Valley , passing by the cities of Rome , Utica , Little Falls , Canajoharie , Amsterdam , and Schenectady before entering the Hudson River at Cohoes , just north of Albany . Islands ( edit ) Abeel Island -- Located north of Fort Plain . Bronson Island -- Located west of Amsterdam . Davey Island -- Located South of Amsterdam . Dalys Island -- Located by Scotia . Giording Island -- Located south of Amsterdam . Goat Island -- Located north of Niskayuna . Isle of the Oneidas -- Located south of Scotia . Isle of the Onondagas -- Located south of Scotia . Isle of the Senecas -- Located south of Scotia . Isle of the Mohawks -- Located south of Scotia . Isle of the Cayugas -- Located south of Scotia . Upper Pepper Island -- Located south of Fort Johnson . Pepper Island -- Located south of Fort Johnson . Robb Island -- Located southeast of Fort Johnson . Swart Island -- Located west of Hoffmans . Tributaries ( edit ) Right ( edit ) McMullen Brook Deans Gulf Wheelers Creek Oriskany Creek Sauquoit Creek Starch Factory Creek Bonny Brook Moyer Creek Steele Creek Fulmer Creek Nowadaga Creek Otsquago Creek Canajoharie Creek Flat Creek Lasher Creek Yatesville Creek Van Wie Creek Auries Creek Schoharie Creek South Chuctanunda Creek Terwilleger Creek Sandsea Kill Moccasin Kill Plotter Kill Lisha Kill Shakers Creek Delphus Kill Left ( edit ) Blue Brook Haynes Brook Lansing Kill Stringer Brook Tannery Brook Wells Creek Hurlbut Glen Brook Sixmile Creek Ninemile Creek Crane Creek Decks Creek Jones Creek Gridley Creek Reall Creek Budlong Creek Wood Creek Knapp Brook Burch Creek Sterling Creek Pratt Creek Bridenbecker Creek West Canada Creek Beaver Brook Crum Creek East Canada Creek Timmerman Creek Zimmerman Creek Mother Creek Caroga Creek Knauderack Creek Briggs Run Cayadutta Creek Danascara Creek Kayaderasseras Creek Dove Creek Bunn Creek North Chuctanunda Creek Degraff Creek Evas Kill Compaanen Kill Chaughtanoonda Creek Verf Kill Washout Creek Alplaus Kill Stony Creek River modifications ( edit ) The river and its supporting canal , the Erie Canal , connect the Hudson River and port of New York with the Great Lakes at Buffalo , New York . The lower part of the Mohawk River has five permanent dams , nine movable dams ( seasonal ) , and five active hydropower plants . Schoharie Creek and West Canada Creek are the principal tributaries of the Mohawk River . Both of these tributaries have several significant dams including the Hinckley Dam on the West Canada and the Gilboa Dam on the upper reaches of Schoharie Creek . The Gilboa Dam , which was completed in 1926 as part of the New York City water supply system , is the subject of an active and aggressive rehabilitation project . History ( edit ) The river has long been important to transportation and migration to the west as a passage through the Appalachian Mountains , between the Catskill Mountains and Allegheny Plateau to the south and the Adirondack Mountains to the north . The Mohawk Valley allowed easier passage than going over the mountains to the north or south of the valley . As a result , it was strategically important during the French and Indian War and the American Revolutionary War , and a number of important battles were fought here . The fertile Mohawk Valley also attracted early settlers . In the early nineteenth century water transport was a vital means of transporting both people and goods . A corporation was formed to build the Erie Canal off the Mohawk River to Lake Erie . The canal cut shipping costs to Lake Erie by 95 % . It also simplified and reduced the difficulties of westward settler migration . The Mohawk Valley still plays an important role in transportation . Railroads followed the Water Level Route , as did major east - west roads such as Route 5 and Interstate 90 . The Mohawk River Heritage Corridor Commission was created to preserve and promote the natural and historic assets of the Mohawk River . This commission was created by the NY State Legislature in 1997 to improve historic preservation along the river . Geologic history ( edit ) As the Laurentian Glacier retreated , it blocked the outflow of Glacial Lake Iroquois . Instead of flowing down the St Lawrence Valley it flowed down the Mohawk River . The Mohawk watershed drains a large section of the Catskill Mountains , the Mohawk Valley proper , and a section of the southern Adirondack Mountains . All three regions have distinct bedrock geology , and the underlying rocks become progressively younger to the south . Overall , this part of New York is represented by lower Paleozoic sedimentary rocks that unconformably overlie the Grenville - aged ( Proterozoic , here about 1.1 billion years old ) metamorphic rocks of the Adirondacks . In the watershed , these rocks are only significant in the headwaters of the West Canada Creek . Much of the main trunk of the Mohawk River sits in Cambro - Ordovician carbonates ( limestone ) and Middle Ordovician sandstones and shales . The southern tributaries ( Catskill Mountains ) are underlain by a thin sequence of Devonian limestones that are overlain by a thick sequence of sandstones and shale of the Catskill Delta , which is also Devonian in age . During the Pleistocene ( c. 1.8 to 0.01 mya ) , the watershed was extensively modified by continental glaciation . As a result of glacial scour and deposition , the surficial deposits in much of the watershed are poorly sorted boulder - and clay - rich glacial till . During deglaciation , several glacial lakes left varved clay deposits . In the final stages of deglaciation , approximately 13,350 years ago , the catastrophic draining of Glacial Lake Iroquois , a pro-glacial lake , was through what would become the modern Mohawk Valley . In this final phase , the enormous discharge of water caused local deep scour features ( e.g. the Potholes at Little Falls ) , and extensive sand and gravel deposition , which is one of the key sources of municipal groundwater including the Scotia Delta , which is also known as the Great Flats Aquifer . Early exploration and settlement ( edit ) The river was the highway of the native Mohawk people . the Mohawk name for the river was Tenonanatche , `` A river flowing through a mountain '' ( or Yenonanatche , `` going round a mountain '' ) . The first recorded European exploration of the Mohawk was a trip by the Dutchman Harman Meyndertsz van den Bogaert in 1634 . He followed the river upstream from Albany for a distance of 100 miles , including all the territory of the Mohawks . In 1661 Dutch colonists founded the city of Schenectady on the Mohawk River approximately 19 miles ( 31 km ) from Albany . `` For fifty years Schenectady was the outpost of civilization and Dutch - English rule in the Mohawk valley . '' In 1712 the British , now in control of New York , built Fort Hunter at the confluence of the Mohawk and the Schoharie Creek , about 22 miles ( 35 km ) upriver from Schenectady . Around 600 Palatine Germans were settled along the Mohawk and Schoharie Creek . Watershed management ( edit ) Historically , the Mohawk watershed has lacked a watershed management plan typical in many adjacent basins . In 2010 , the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation released the Mohawk River Basin Action Agenda , which is the first framework for a watershed management plan in this basin . This plan identifies five priority goals for the Mohawk River Basin that are designed to enhance ecosystem health and the vitality of the region . The Action Agenda , developed by the NYS DEC in collaboration with a number of stakeholders in the basin with public input , advocates an ecosystem - based approach to watershed management . In October 2014 , Riverkeeper , an environmental advocacy and clean water watchdog organization , announced that they will be expanding the reach of their efforts from the Hudson River to the Mohawk as well . Flooding and discharge ( edit ) The Mohawk River has a relatively long record of flooding that has been documented back to settlement in the 17th century . The average volume of water that flows through the Mohawk is about 184 billion cubic feet ( 5.21 km ) every year . Much of the water flows through the watershed in the spring as snow melts rapidly and enters the tributaries and the main trunk of the river . The maximum average daily flow on the river occurs between late March and early April . For the period between 1917 and 2000 , the highest mean daily flow is c. 18,000 cu ft ( 510 m ) as measured at Cohoes , near the confluence with the Hudson . The lowest mean daily flow of 1,400 cu ft ( 40 m ) occurs in late August . There is a long record of significant and damaging floods along the entire length of the river . Because the river and its tributaries typically freeze in the winter , the spring melt is commonly accompanied by ice floes that get stuck and jammed along the main trunk of the river . This annual spring breakup typically occurs in the last few weeks of March , although there are plenty of floods that have occurred before or after this time , such as in 2018 when the ice jam breakup happened in late February after record warmth in the region . These ice jams can cause considerable damage to structures along the riverbanks and on the floodplain . The most severe flood of record on the main trunk of the Mohawk River was the spring breakup flood that occurred from 27 -- 28 March 1914 . This flood caused a tremendous amount of damage to the infrastructure because it was a spring breakup flood with enormous amounts of ice . Ice jams of some significance occur about every other year . One major flood on the Mohawk was on 26 -- 29 June 2006 , during the Mid-Atlantic United States flood of 2006 . Flooding was caused by a stalled frontal system that resulted in 50 to 330 millimeters ( 2.0 to 13.0 in ) of rain across central New York and widespread flooding occurred in the Mohawk , Delaware , and Susquehanna watersheds . Across the state , this event caused over US $ 227m in damage and resulted in the loss of four lives . This flooding was acute in the upper parts of the Mohawk watershed . The Mohawk River also saw significant flooding during the weeks between August 21 , 2011 and September 5 , 2011 due to torrential rains experienced from Hurricane Irene and Tropical Storm Lee . Many of the Mohawk Barge Canal locks sustained major damage , especially near Waterford and Rotterdam Junction . Another major flood was on June 28 , 2013 . It was caused because of heavy rain that had fallen in the region for weeks , and then on the night of June 27 , 2013 , it was reported in the Jordanville area that 4 inches of rain fell in one hour that night . The next day , the Mohawk River completely flooded the valley , residents were stranded , and without power for approximately one week . There was extreme damage everywhere , especially Mohawk and Fort Plain . See also ( edit ) List of rivers of New York Oneida Carry Great Flats Nature Trail References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Source elevation derived from Google Earth search using GNIS source coordinates . ^ Jump up to : U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System : Mohawk River Jump up ^ Mouth elevation derived from Google Earth search using GNIS mouth coordinates . ^ Jump up to : U.S. Geological Survey . National Hydrography Dataset high - resolution flowline data . The National Map , accessed October 3 , 2011 ^ Jump up to : Mohawk River Archived 2005 - 03 - 18 at the Wayback Machine. , The Columbia Gazetteer of North America Jump up ^ `` USGS 01357500 MOHAWK RIVER AT COHOES NY '' . USGS / . USGS . Retrieved 3 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` USGS 01357500 MOHAWK RIVER AT COHOES NY '' . USGS . USGS . Retrieved 3 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Gannett , Henry ( 1905 ) . The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States . U.S. Government Printing Office . p. 211 . Jump up ^ `` The New York State Canal System '' Carmella R. Mantello , In : Proceedings from the 2009 Mohawk Watershed Symposium , Union College , 27 March 2009 Jump up ^ `` Lower Mohawk River Fisheries '' Norman McBride , In : Proceedings from the 2009 Mohawk Watershed Symposium , Union College , 27 March 2009 Jump up ^ `` The Gilboa Dam and Schoharie Reservoir '' Howard Bartholomew , Michael Quinn , In : Proceedings from the 2009 Mohawk Watershed Symposium , Union College , 27 March 2009 Jump up ^ Mohawk Valley Heritage Corridor Commission website Jump up ^ Rickard , L.V. , Y.W. Isachsen , and D.W. Fisher , 1970 , Geologic Map of New York State , 1970 . 1 : 250,000 . Consists of five sheets : Niagara , Finger Lakes , Hudson - Mohawk , Adirondack , and Lower Hudson , Map and Chart Series No. 15 Jump up ^ Physical Geography of New York Jump up ^ Lower Ordovician Faunas , stratigraphy , and sea - level history of the Middle Beekmantown Group , Northeastern NY , Journal of Paleontology ; September 2006 ; v. 80 ; no . 5 ; p. 958 - 980 Jump up ^ Geologic History of the north - central Appalachians , American Journal of Science , Vol. 297 , September 1997 , P. 729 - 761 Jump up ^ Catastrophic draining of Glacial Lake Iroquois , Catastrophic meltwater discharge down the Hudson Valley : A potential trigger for the Intra-Allerød cold period , Geology ; February 2005 ; v. 33 ; no . 2 ; p. 89 - 92 Jump up ^ John C. Ridge , Shed Brook Discontinuity and Little Falls Gravel : Evidence for the Erie interstade in central New York , GSA Bulletin ; June 1997 ; v. 109 ; no . 6 ; p. 652 - 665 . Jump up ^ `` Responsible Planning for future ground water use from the Great Flats Aquifer '' Thomas M. Johnson , in : Proceedings from the 2009 Mohawk Watershed Symposium , Union College , 27 March 2009 Jump up ^ Schoolcraft , Henry Rowe ( 1847 ) . Notes on the Iroquois . Albany : Erastus H. Pease & Company . Retrieved Oct 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Snow , Dean R. ; Gehring , Charles T. ; Starna , William A. ( 1996 ) . In Mohawk Country . Syracuse University Press . pp. xix -- xx . ISBN 0 - 8156 - 2723 - 8 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Greene , Nelson ( 1924 ) . The Old Mohawk - Turnpike Book . Mohawk Valley Historical Association . Retrieved Oct 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mohawk River '' . NYS Department of Environmental Conservation . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DEC Announces 2nd Meeting On Mohawk River Basin Action Agenda '' . NYS Department of Environmental Conservation . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2010 . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Neff Roth , Amy ( October 26 , 2014 ) . `` Riverkeeper to patrol the Mohawk '' . Utica Observer -- Dispatch . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Historic flooding on the Mohawk River Jump up ^ Historic flooding on the Mohawk River Jump up ^ `` Flood watch issued through Thursday in Adirondacks '' . Times Union . February 20 , 2018 . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Historical and modern ice jams on the Lower Mohawk River - Schenectady Jump up ^ `` A historical perspective of Ice Jams on the lower Mohawk River . '' John I. Garver , Jaclyn M.H. Cockburn , In : Proceedings from the 2009 Mohawk Watershed Symposium , Union College , 27 March 2009 Jump up ^ `` The Flood of June 2006 in the Mohawk , Delaware , and Susquehanna river basins . '' Thomas P Suro , United States Geological Survey , In : Proceedings from the 2009 Mohawk Watershed Symposium , Union College , 27 March 2009 External links ( edit ) Media related to Mohawk River ( New York ) at Wikimedia Commons Union College edu : MOHAWK RIVER - Flooding and Watershed Analysis by J.I. 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Narrows Bridge Walkway over the Hudson Wallkill River National Wildlife Refuge West Canada Lake Wilderness Area West Point GND : 4631830 - 6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohawk_River&oldid=841283797 '' Categories : Rivers of New York ( state ) Tributaries of the Hudson River Rivers of Schenectady County , New York Rivers of Montgomery County , New York Rivers of Fulton County , New York Rivers of Herkimer County , New York Rivers of Oneida County , New York Mohawk River Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Coordinates on Wikidata Geobox usage tracking for river type All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2008 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Чӑвашла Dansk Deutsch Español Français Frysk 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk پنجابی Polski Română Русский Српски / srpski Svenska Українська 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 22 : 53 . 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where does the mohawk river meet the hudson river

The Mohawk River is a 149 - mile - long ( 240 km ) river in the U.S. state of New York . It is the largest tributary of the Hudson River . The Mohawk flows into the Hudson in Cohoes , New York , a few miles north of the city of Albany . The river is named for the Mohawk Nation of the Iroquois Confederacy . It is a major waterway in north - central New York .

2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup - Wikipedia 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup Jump to : navigation , search 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup Official logo Tournament details Host country India Dates 6 -- 28 October ( 22 days ) Teams 24 Venue ( s ) 6 ( in 6 host cities ) Final positions Champions England ( 1st title ) Runners - up Spain Third place Brazil Fourth place Mali Tournament statistics Matches played 52 Goals scored 183 ( 3.52 per match ) Attendance 1,347,133 ( 25,906 per match ) Top scorer ( s ) Rhian Brewster ( 8 goals ) Best player Phil Foden Best goalkeeper Gabriel Brazão ← 2015 2019 → The 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup was the 17th FIFA U-17 World Cup , a biennial international football tournament contested by men 's under - 17 national teams . Organized by FIFA , the tournament took place in India between 6 and 28 October 2017 , after the country was awarded the hosting rights on 5 December 2013 . The tournament marked the first time India have hosted a FIFA tournament and the first Asian hosted U-17 World Cup since 2013 . The attendance for this World Cup was a record 1,347,133 surpassing China 's 1985 edition where it was 1,230,976 . The matches were played in six stadiums in six host cities around the country , with the final taking place at the Salt Lake Stadium in Kolkata , West Bengal . Twenty - three teams , besides the host India , managed to qualify for the tournament via participating in their various continental under - 17 tournaments . In the first round of the tournament finals , the teams competed in round - robin groups of four for points , where the top two teams in each group along with the top four third placed teams would advance to the next round . These 16 teams will advance to the knockout stage , where three rounds of play will decide which teams would participate in the final . The reigning FIFA U-17 World Cup champions , Nigeria , did not have the opportunity to defend their title after failing to qualify for this edition . In failing to qualify , Nigeria became the first incumbent title holder since Switzerland in 2009 to fail to qualify for the subsequent edition . England won the U-17 World Cup for the first time after coming back from a two - goal deficit and beating Spain 5 -- 2 in the final . This meant England became the second nation , after Brazil in 2003 , to win both of FIFA 's under - age ( U-20 and U-17 ) World Cup tournaments in the same calendar year . England has also become the third country , after Brazil and North Korea , to win both U-17 and U-20 World Cup in their respective gender tournaments on the same year , as North Korea had also won both U-17 and U-20 Women 's World Cup last year. The Official Match Ball of the Tournament is Adidas Krasava . Contents ( hide ) 1 Host selection 2 Qualified teams 3 Organization 3.1 Preparation 3.2 Emblem 3.3 Tickets 4 Venues 5 Draw 6 Referees 7 Squads 8 Group stage 8.1 Group A 8.2 Group B 8.3 Group C 8.4 Group D 8.5 Group E 8.6 Group F 8.7 Ranking of third - placed teams 9 Knockout stage 9.1 Bracket 9.2 Round of 16 9.3 Quarter - finals 9.4 Semi-finals 9.5 Third place play - off 9.6 Final 10 Awards 11 Final ranking 12 Goalscorers 13 Broadcasting 14 Legacy 15 Notes 16 References 17 External links Host selection ( edit ) The bids for the 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup had to be submitted by 15 November 2013 . On 28 May 2013 it was announced by FIFA that Azerbaijan , India , Republic of Ireland , and Uzbekistan would bid for the hosting rights . Finally , on 5 December 2013 , FIFA announced that India had won the 2017 FIFA World Cup hosting rights. goal Qualified teams ( edit ) As host , India made their first ever appearance at the FIFA U-17 World Cup and their first appearance in the World Cup at any age level . As well as India , New Caledonia and Niger also made their first appearance in the FIFA U-17 World Cup . The previous U-17 World Cup title holders , Nigeria , failed to qualify for this edition . In failing to qualify , Nigeria became the first nation since Switzerland in 2009 to fail to qualify for the next edition of the FIFA U-17 World Cup after winning the previous edition . A total of 24 teams qualified for the final tournament . In addition to India , the other 23 teams qualified from six separate continental competitions . Starting from 2017 , the Oceania Football Confederation ( OFC ) will receive an additional spot ( in total two spots ) , while UEFA will have five instead of six spots . Confederation Qualifying Tournament Qualifier ( s ) AFC ( Asia ) Host Nation India 2016 AFC U-16 Championship Iraq Iran Japan North Korea CAF ( Africa ) 2017 Africa U-17 Cup of Nations Ghana Guinea Mali Niger CONCACAF ( Central , North America and Caribbean ) 2017 CONCACAF U-17 Championship Costa Rica Honduras Mexico United States CONMEBOL ( South America ) 2017 South American Under - 17 Championship Brazil Chile Colombia Paraguay OFC ( Oceania ) 2017 OFC U-17 Championship New Caledonia New Zealand UEFA ( Europe ) 2017 UEFA European Under - 17 Championship England France Germany Spain Turkey 1. ^ Teams that will make their debut . Organization ( edit ) Preparation ( edit ) The six venues selected for the tournament were given major renovations prior to the FIFA U-17 World Cup . All the stadiums were given new bucket seats , new dressing rooms , new evacuation exits for fans , and new training grounds . Javier Ceppi , the Local Organising Committee director , stated that despite work starting slowly , things eventually became quicker . `` It has been a long process in the last two and half years . In India , it takes time to start things but once things start it kind of picks its own pace and in terms of implementation I always say that India is a very good country when it comes to implementation . '' Emblem ( edit ) The official emblem for the tournament was launched on 27 September 2016 at a hotel in Goa during the 2016 AFC U-16 Championship . According to the press release from FIFA the emblem was designed `` as a celebration of the country 's richness and diversity of cultures , with the main elements of the Indian Ocean , the banyan tree , the kite and the starburst , which is an interpretation of the Ashoka Chakra , an integral part of the national identity . '' Tickets ( edit ) Sales of tickets for the FIFA U-17 World Cup began on 16 May 2017 during a function in Delhi . Carles Puyol was present during the ticket sales launch as special guest . General ticket sales officially began on 17 May 2017 at 19 : 11 . The time was selected as a tribute to when Mohun Bagan defeated East Yorkshire Regiment in the IFA Shield in 1911 , marking the first time an Indian football club defeated a British side in British India . Tickets for the tournament were sold in four phases : Phase one only sold tickets for categories 1 to 3 at each venue with a 60 % discount while phase two allowed people to buy tickets for all categories , but only if you are a Visa card holder , at a 50 % discount . Phase three allowed anyone to buy tickets with a 25 % discount while phase four had tickets at full price . The attendance for matches breached the million mark in the final match of the Round of 16 , which made India only the third nation after China and Mexico to register an attendance of over a million for the event . On 28 October 2017 , in the 3rd place match - up between Brazil and Mali , India finally beat the existing record of 1,230,976 set in the 1985 FIFA U-16 World Championship edition in China on 28 October 2017 . The final attendance figures were 1,347,133 . Venues ( edit ) After being awarded the hosting rights for the FIFA U-17 World Cup , eight locations were shortlisted : Bangalore , Delhi , Goa , Guwahati , Kochi , Kolkata , Mumbai , and Pune . On 29 May 2015 , Bangalore , Chennai , Delhi , Goa , and Pune were provisionally selected as host locations . On 27 October 2016 , FIFA officially announced Delhi , Goa , Guwahati , Kochi , Kolkata , and New Mumbai as the official host cities for the FIFA U-17 World Cup . Kolkata Kochi New Delhi Salt Lake Stadium Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium Capacity : 66,600 Capacity : 41,700 Capacity : 58,000 Navi Mumbai New Delhi Kolkata Kochi Margao Guwahati 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup ( India ) Navi Mumbai Guwahati Margao DY Patil Stadium Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium Fatorda Stadium Capacity : 41,000 Capacity : 23,800 Capacity : 16,200 Draw ( edit ) The draw for the FIFA U-17 World Cup was held on 7 July 2017 in Mumbai . The draw was attended by former U-17 World Cup champions Nwankwo Kanu ( Nigeria ) and Esteban Cambiasso ( Argentina ) , as well as India senior international Sunil Chhetri and badminton player P.V. Sindhu . The 24 teams were drawn into six groups of four teams , with hosts India being allocated to position A1 . The rest of the teams were allocated into their respective pots based on a ranking which was built according to past performances during the last five FIFA U-17 World Cups . Importance was given to the most recent U-17 World Cups . Pot 1 Pot 2 Pot 3 Pot 4 India Mexico Brazil Germany Mali France Spain Japan New Zealand England Iran United States Costa Rica North Korea Honduras Iraq Turkey Colombia Chile Paraguay Ghana Guinea Niger New Caledonia Referees ( edit ) FIFA 's Referees ' Committee selected 21 referees , representing all six confederations , to officiate at the U-17 World Cup : Seven from UEFA , four from CONMEBOL , three each from the AFC , CAF , and CONCACAF , and one from the OFC . No referee from host country India were selected to officiate . Confederation Referee Assistant referees Support referee AFC Muhammad Taqi Lee Tzu Liang Koh Min Kiat Ri Hyang - ok Ryuji Sato Toru Sagara Hiroshi Yamauchi Nawaf Shukralla Yaser Tulefat Ebrahim Saleh CAF Mehdi Abid Charef Albdelhak Etchiali Anouar Hmila Gladys Lengwe Hamada Nampiandraza Arsenio Marengula Yahaya Mahamadou Bamlak Tessema Weyesa Olivier Safari Mark Ssonko CONCACAF Jair Marrufo Frank Anderson Corey Rockwell Carol Chenard Ricardo Montero Octavio Jara Juan Carlos Mora John Pitti Gabriel Victoria Christian Ramírez CONMEBOL José Argote Luis Murillo Carlos López Claudia Umpierrez Enrique Cáceres Eduardo Cardozo Juan Zorrilla Sandro Ricci Emerson de Carvalho Marcelo Van Gasse Gery Vargas Juan Pablo Montaño Jose Alberto Antelo OFC Abdelkader Zitouni Folio Moeaki Bernard Mutukera Anna - Marie Keighley UEFA Ovidiu Hațegan Octavian Șovre Sebastian Gheorghe Kateryna Monzul Esther Staubli Bobby Madden David McGeachie Alastair Mather Anastasios Sidiropoulos Polychronis Kostaras Lazaros Dimitriadis Artur Soares Dias Rui Barbosa Tavares Paulo Alexandre Santos Soares Anthony Taylor Gary Beswick Adam Nunn Clément Turpin Nicolas Danos Cyril Gringore Slavko Vinčić Tomaz Klancnik Andraz Kovacic Squads ( edit ) Further information : 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup squads Each team 's squad for the FIFA U-17 World Cup will consist of 21 players . Each participating national association had to confirm their final 21 - player squad by 21 September 2017 . A total of 504 players will be participating in the tournament . The squads were announced by FIFA on 26 September 2017 . Group stage ( edit ) The top two teams of each group and the four best third - placed teams advance to the round of 16 . The rankings of teams in each group are determined as follows ( regulations Article 17.7 ) : points obtained in all group matches ; goal difference in all group matches ; number of goals scored in all group matches ; If two or more teams are equal on the basis of the above three criteria , their rankings are determined as follows : points obtained in the group matches between the teams concerned ; goal difference in the group matches between the teams concerned ; number of goals scored in the group matches between the teams concerned ; fair play points : first yellow card : minus 1 point ; indirect red card ( second yellow card ) : minus 3 points ; direct red card : minus 4 points ; yellow card and direct red card : minus 5 points ; drawing of lots by the FIFA Organising Committee . All times are local , IST ( UTC + 5 : 30 ) . Group A ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Ghana 0 5 + 4 6 Knockout stage Colombia 0 5 + 2 6 United States 0 5 + 2 6 India ( H ) 0 0 9 − 8 0 Source : FIFA ( H ) Host . Colombia v Ghana 6 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) 17 : 00 Colombia 0 -- 1 Ghana Report Ibrahim 39 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , New Delhi Attendance : 24,300 Referee : Clément Turpin ( France ) India v United States 6 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) 20 : 00 India 0 -- 3 United States Report Sargent 30 ' ( pen . ) Durkin 51 ' Carleton 84 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , New Delhi Attendance : 46,351 Referee : Gery Vargas ( Bolivia ) Ghana v United States 9 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) 17 : 00 Ghana 0 -- 1 United States Report Akinola 75 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , New Delhi Attendance : 17,500 Referee : Anastasios Sidiropoulos ( Greece ) India v Colombia 9 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) 20 : 00 India 1 -- 2 Colombia Thounaojam 82 ' Report Peñaloza 49 ' , 83 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , New Delhi Attendance : 48,184 Referee : Ricardo Montero ( Costa Rica ) Ghana v India 12 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 20 : 00 Ghana 4 -- 0 India Ayiah 43 ' , 52 ' Danso 86 ' Toku 87 ' Report Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , New Delhi Attendance : 52,614 Referee : Abdelkader Zitouni ( Tahiti ) United States v Colombia 12 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 20 : 00 United States 1 -- 3 Colombia Acosta 24 ' Report Vidal 3 ' Peñaloza 67 ' D. Caicedo 87 ' DY Patil Stadium , Navi Mumbai Attendance : 22,263 Referee : Artur Soares Dias ( Portugal ) Group B ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Paraguay 0 0 10 5 + 5 9 Knockout stage Mali 0 8 + 4 6 New Zealand 0 8 − 4 Turkey 0 7 − 5 Source : FIFA New Zealand v Turkey 6 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) 17 : 00 New Zealand 1 -- 1 Turkey Mata 58 ' Report Kutucu 18 ' DY Patil Stadium , Navi Mumbai Attendance : 9,727 Referee : John Pitti ( Panama ) Paraguay v Mali 6 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) 20 : 00 Paraguay 3 -- 2 Mali Galeano 12 ' Sánchez 17 ' Rodríguez 55 ' ( pen . ) Report Dramé 20 ' Ndiaye 34 ' DY Patil Stadium , Navi Mumbai Attendance : 25,342 Referee : Artur Soares Dias ( Portugal ) Turkey v Mali 9 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) 17 : 00 Turkey 0 -- 3 Mali Report D. Traoré 38 ' Ndiaye 68 ' Konaté 86 ' DY Patil Stadium , Navi Mumbai Attendance : 18,323 Referee : Muhammad Taqi ( Singapore ) Paraguay v New Zealand 9 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) 20 : 00 Paraguay 4 -- 2 New Zealand Rodríguez 2 ' Vega 75 ' , 78 ' Armoa 90 + 1 ' Report Duarte 20 ' ( o.g. ) , 34 ' ( o.g. ) DY Patil Stadium , Navi Mumbai Attendance : 20,877 Referee : Bamlak Tessema Weyesa ( Ethiopia ) Turkey v Paraguay 12 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 17 : 00 Turkey 1 -- 3 Paraguay Kesgin 90 + 3 ' Report Bogado 41 ' Cardozo 43 ' Galeano 61 ' DY Patil Stadium , Navi Mumbai Attendance : 8,895 Referee : Ryuji Sato ( Japan ) Mali v New Zealand 12 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 17 : 00 Mali 3 -- 1 New Zealand Salam 18 ' D. Traoré 50 ' Ndiaye 82 ' Report Spragg 72 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , New Delhi Attendance : 23,112 Referee : Anastasios Sidiropoulos ( Greece ) Group C ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Iran 0 0 10 + 9 9 Knockout stage Germany 0 5 6 − 1 6 Guinea 0 8 − 4 Costa Rica 0 7 − 4 Source : FIFA Germany v Costa Rica 7 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 07 ) 17 : 00 Germany 2 -- 1 Costa Rica Arp 21 ' Awuku 89 ' Report Gómez 64 ' Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 12,329 Referee : Mehdi Abid Charef ( Algeria ) Iran v Guinea 7 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 07 ) 20 : 00 Iran 3 -- 1 Guinea Sayyad 59 ' Sharifi 70 ' ( pen . ) Karimi 90 ' Report Touré 90 + 1 ' Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 12,329 Referee : José Argote ( Venezuela ) Costa Rica v Guinea 10 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 17 : 00 Costa Rica 2 -- 2 Guinea Jarquin 26 ' Gómez 67 ' Report Touré 30 ' I. Soumah 81 ' Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 6,717 Referee : Bobby Madden ( Scotland ) Iran v Germany 10 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 20 : 00 Iran 4 -- 0 Germany Delfi 6 ' , 42 ' Sayyad 49 ' Namdari 75 ' Report Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 8,267 Referee : Jair Marrufo ( United States ) Costa Rica v Iran 13 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) 17 : 00 Costa Rica 0 -- 3 Iran Report Ghobeishavi 25 ' ( pen . ) Shariati 29 ' ( pen . ) Sardari 89 ' Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 8,549 Referee : Hamada Nampiandraza ( Madagascar ) Guinea v Germany 13 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) 17 : 00 Guinea 1 -- 3 Germany I. Soumah 26 ' Report Arp 8 ' Kühn 62 ' Cetin 90 + 2 ' ( pen . ) Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Kochi Attendance : 9,250 Referee : John Pitti ( Panama ) Group D ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Brazil 0 0 6 + 5 9 Knockout stage Spain 0 7 + 5 6 Niger 0 6 − 5 North Korea 0 0 0 5 − 5 0 Source : FIFA Brazil v Spain 7 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 07 ) 17 : 00 Brazil 2 -- 1 Spain Lincoln 25 ' Paulinho 45 + 1 ' Report Wesley 5 ' ( o.g. ) Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Kochi Attendance : 21,362 Referee : Nawaf Shukralla ( Bahrain ) North Korea v Niger 7 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 07 ) 20 : 00 North Korea 0 -- 1 Niger Report Abdourahmane 59 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Kochi Attendance : 2,754 Referee : Abdelkader Zitouni ( Tahiti ) Spain v Niger 10 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 17 : 00 Spain 4 -- 0 Niger A. Ruiz 21 ' , 41 ' César 45 + 1 ' Gómez 82 ' Report Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Kochi Attendance : 7,926 Referee : Enrique Cáceres ( Paraguay ) North Korea v Brazil 10 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 20 : 00 North Korea 0 -- 2 Brazil Report Lincoln 56 ' Paulinho 61 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Kochi Attendance : 15,314 Referee : Slavko Vinčić ( Slovenia ) Spain v North Korea 13 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) 20 : 00 Spain 2 -- 0 North Korea Moha 4 ' César 71 ' Report Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Kochi Attendance : 14,544 Referee : José Argote ( Venezuela ) Niger v Brazil 13 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) 20 : 00 Niger 0 -- 2 Brazil Report Lincoln 4 ' Brenner 34 ' Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 15,830 Referee : Bobby Madden ( Scotland ) Group E ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification France 0 0 14 + 11 9 Knockout stage Japan 8 + 4 Honduras 0 7 11 − 4 New Caledonia 0 13 − 11 Source : FIFA New Caledonia v France 8 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) 17 : 00 New Caledonia 1 -- 7 France Wadenges 90 ' Report Iwa 5 ' ( o.g. ) Gouiri 19 ' , 33 ' Gomes 30 ' Caqueret 40 ' Wanesse 43 ' ( o.g. ) Isidor 90 + 1 ' Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati Attendance : 12,640 Referee : Hamada Nampiandraza ( Madagascar ) Honduras v Japan 8 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) 20 : 00 Honduras 1 -- 6 Japan Palacios 36 ' Report Nakamura 22 ' , 30 ' , 43 ' Kubo 45 ' Miyashiro 51 ' Suzuki 90 ' Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati Attendance : 13,285 Referee : Anthony Taylor ( England ) France v Japan 11 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 17 : 00 France 2 -- 1 Japan Gouiri 13 ' , 71 ' Report Miyashiro 73 ' ( pen . ) Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati Attendance : 9,575 Referee : Gery Vargas ( Bolivia ) Honduras v New Caledonia 11 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 20 : 00 Honduras 5 -- 0 New Caledonia Mejía 25 ' , 42 ' Canales 27 ' Palacios 51 ' , 88 ' Report Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati Attendance : 11,002 Referee : Mehdi Abid Charef ( Algeria ) France v Honduras 14 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 14 ) 17 : 00 France 5 -- 1 Honduras Isidor 14 ' Flips 23 ' , 64 ' Gouiri 86 ' Adli 90 + 6 ' Report Mejía 10 ' Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati Attendance : 12,831 Referee : Muhammad Taqi ( Singapore ) Japan v New Caledonia 14 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 14 ) 17 : 00 Japan 1 -- 1 New Caledonia Nakamura 7 ' Report Jeno 83 ' Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 44,665 Referee : Esther Staubli ( Switzerland ) Group F ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification England 0 0 11 + 9 9 Knockout stage Iraq 5 − 1 Mexico 0 − 1 Chile 0 0 7 − 7 Source : FIFA Chile v England 8 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) 17 : 00 Chile 0 -- 4 England Report Hudson - Odoi 5 ' Sancho 51 ' , 60 ' Gomes 81 ' Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 46,154 Referee : Ryuji Sato ( Japan ) Iraq v Mexico 8 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) 20 : 00 Iraq 1 -- 1 Mexico Dawood 16 ' Report De la Rosa 51 ' Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 55,800 Referee : Ovidiu Hațegan ( Romania ) England v Mexico 11 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 17 : 00 England 3 -- 2 Mexico Brewster 39 ' Foden 48 ' Sancho 55 ' ( pen . ) Report Lainez 65 ' , 72 ' Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 48,620 Referee : Nawaf Shukralla ( Bahrain ) Iraq v Chile 11 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 20 : 00 Iraq 3 -- 0 Chile Dawood 6 ' , 68 ' D. Valencia 81 ' ( o.g. ) Report Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 50,286 Referee : Clément Turpin ( France ) England v Iraq 14 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 14 ) 20 : 00 England 4 -- 0 Iraq Gomes 11 ' Smith - Rowe 57 ' Loader 59 ' , 71 ' Report Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 56,372 Referee : Jair Marrufo ( United States ) Mexico v Chile 14 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 14 ) 20 : 00 Mexico 0 -- 0 Chile Report Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati Attendance : 15,794 Referee : Slavko Vinčić ( Slovenia ) Ranking of third - placed teams ( edit ) The four best teams among those ranked third are determined as follows ( regulations Article 17.7 ) : points obtained in all group matches ; goal difference in all group matches ; number of goals scored in all group matches ; fair play points ; drawing of lots by the FIFA Organising Committee . Pos Grp Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification United States 0 5 + 2 6 Knockout stage Honduras 0 7 11 − 4 Niger 0 6 − 5 Mexico 0 − 1 5 New Zealand 0 8 − 4 6 Guinea 0 8 − 4 Source : FIFA Notes : ^ Jump up to : Ranked by disciplinary points ( New Zealand : -- 6 pts ; Guinea : -- 9 pts ) . Combinations of matches in the Round of 16 The specific match - ups involving the third - placed teams depend on which four third - placed teams qualified for the round of 16 : Combination according to the four qualified teams Third - placed teams qualify from groups 1A vs 1B vs 1C vs 1D vs 3C 3D 3A 3B 3C 3A 3B 3E 3C 3A 3B 3F 3D 3A 3B 3E 3D 3A 3B 3F 3E 3A 3B 3F 3C 3D 3A 3E 3C 3D 3A 3F 3C 3A 3F 3E 3D 3A 3F 3E 3C 3D 3B 3E 3C 3D 3B 3F 3E 3C 3B 3F 3E 3D 3B 3F 3C 3D 3F 3E Knockout stage ( edit ) In the knockout stages , if a match is level at the end of normal playing time , no extra time shall be played and the winner shall be determined by a penalty shoot - out . Bracket ( edit ) Round of 16 Quarter - finals Semi-finals Final 16 October -- New Delhi Colombia 0 22 October -- Kolkata Germany Germany 18 October -- Kochi Brazil Brazil 25 October -- Kolkata Honduras 0 Brazil 16 October -- New Delhi England Paraguay 0 21 October -- Margao United States 5 United States 17 October -- Kolkata England England ( pen . ) 0 ( 5 ) 28 October -- Kolkata Japan 0 ( 3 ) England 5 17 October -- Margao Spain Mali 5 21 October -- Guwahati Iraq Mali 18 October -- New Mumbai Ghana Ghana 25 October -- New Mumbai Niger 0 Mali 17 October -- Guwahati Spain Third place play - off France 22 October -- Kochi 28 October -- Kolkata Spain Spain Brazil 17 October -- Margao Iran Mali 0 Iran Mexico Round of 16 ( edit ) Colombia v Germany 16 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 16 ) 17 : 00 Colombia 0 -- 4 Germany Report Arp 7 ' , 65 ' Bisseck 39 ' Yeboah 49 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , New Delhi Attendance : 19,477 Referee : Nawaf Shukralla ( Bahrain ) Paraguay v United States 16 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 16 ) 20 : 00 Paraguay 0 -- 5 United States Report Weah 19 ' , 53 ' , 77 ' Carleton 63 ' Sargent 74 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , New Delhi Attendance : 34,895 Referee : Ovidiu Hațegan ( Romania ) Iran v Mexico 17 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 17 : 00 Iran 2 -- 1 Mexico Sharifi 7 ' ( pen . ) Sayyad 11 ' Report De la Rosa 37 ' Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 5,529 Referee : Anthony Taylor ( England ) France v Spain 17 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 17 : 00 France 1 -- 2 Spain Pintor 34 ' Report Miranda 44 ' A. Ruiz 90 ' ( pen . ) Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati Attendance : 13,316 Referee : Enrique Cáceres ( Paraguay ) England v Japan 17 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 20 : 00 England 0 -- 0 Japan Report Penalties Brewster Hudson - Odoi Foden Anderson Kirby 5 -- 3 Sugawara Miyashiro Kida Kozuki Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 53,302 Referee : José Argote ( Venezuela ) Mali v Iraq 17 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 20 : 00 Mali 5 -- 1 Iraq Dramé 25 ' Ndiaye 33 ' , 90 + 4 ' Konaté 73 ' S. Camara 87 ' Report Kareem 85 ' Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 9,240 Referee : Ricardo Montero ( Costa Rica ) Ghana v Niger 18 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) 17 : 00 Ghana 2 -- 0 Niger Ayiah 45 + 4 ' ( pen . ) Danso 90 ' Report DY Patil Stadium , New Mumbai Attendance : 21,286 Referee : Artur Soares Dias ( Portugal ) Brazil v Honduras 18 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) 20 : 00 Brazil 3 -- 0 Honduras Brenner 11 ' , 56 ' Marcos Antônio 44 ' Report Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Cochin Attendance : 20,668 Referee : Bamlak Tessema Weyesa ( Ethiopia ) Quarter - finals ( edit ) Mali v Ghana 21 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 21 ) 17 : 00 Mali 2 -- 1 Ghana Dramé 15 ' D. Traoré 61 ' Report Mohammed K. 70 ' ( pen . ) Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati Attendance : 3,706 Referee : Mehdi Abid Charef ( Algeria ) United States v England 21 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 21 ) 20 : 00 United States 1 -- 4 England Sargent 72 ' Report Brewster 11 ' , 14 ' , 90 + 6 ' ( pen . ) Gibbs - White 64 ' Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 16,148 Referee : Clément Turpin ( France ) Spain v Iran 22 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) 17 : 00 Spain 3 -- 1 Iran A. Ruiz 13 ' Gómez 60 ' Ferrán 67 ' Report Karimi 69 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Cochin Attendance : 28,436 Referee : Gery Vargas ( Bolivia ) Germany v Brazil 22 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) 20 : 00 Germany 1 -- 2 Brazil Arp 21 ' ( pen . ) Report Weverson 71 ' Paulinho 77 ' Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 66,613 Referee : Jair Marrufo ( United States ) Semi-finals ( edit ) Brazil v England 25 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 25 ) 17 : 00 Brazil 1 -- 3 England Wesley 21 ' Report Brewster 10 ' , 39 ' , 77 ' Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 63,881 Referee : Ovidiu Hațegan ( Romania ) Mali v Spain 25 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 25 ) 20 : 00 Mali 1 -- 3 Spain N'Diaye 74 ' Report A. Ruiz 19 ' ( pen . ) , 43 ' Ferrán 71 ' DY Patil Stadium , New Mumbai Attendance : 37,847 Referee : Ryuji Sato ( Japan ) Third place play - off ( edit ) Brazil v Mali 28 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 28 ) 17 : 00 Brazil 2 -- 0 Mali Alan Souza 55 ' Yuri Alberto 88 ' Report Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 56,422 Referee : Ricardo Montero ( Costa Rica ) Final ( edit ) England v Spain 28 October 2017 20 : 00 England 5 -- 2 Spain Brewster 44 ' Gibbs - White 58 ' Foden 69 ' , 88 ' Guehi 84 ' Report S. Gómez 10 ' , 31 ' Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 66,684 Referee : Enrique Cáceres ( Paraguay ) Awards ( edit ) The following awards were given at the conclusion of the tournament . Golden Ball Silver Ball Bronze Ball Phil Foden Sergio Gomez Rhian Brewster Golden Boot Silver Boot Bronze Boot Rhian Brewster Lassana N'Diaye Abel Ruiz 8 goals 6 goals 6 goals Golden Glove Gabriel Brazão FIFA Fair Play Award Brazil Final ranking ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Rank Team Pld GF GA GD Pts England 7 6 0 23 6 + 17 19 Spain 7 5 0 17 10 + 7 15 Brazil 7 6 0 14 5 + 9 18 Mali 7 0 16 11 + 5 12 Eliminated in the quarter - finals 5 Iran 5 0 13 5 + 8 12 6 Ghana 5 0 8 + 5 9 7 United States 5 0 11 7 + 4 9 8 Germany 5 0 10 8 + 2 9 Eliminated in the Round of 16 9 France 0 15 5 + 10 9 10 Paraguay 0 10 10 0 9 11 Colombia 0 5 7 − 2 6 12 Japan 8 + 4 5 13 Iraq 5 10 − 5 14 Honduras 0 7 14 − 7 15 Niger 0 8 − 7 16 Mexico 0 6 − 2 Eliminated at the group stage 17 Guinea 0 8 − 4 New Zealand 0 8 − 4 19 Costa Rica 0 7 − 4 20 Turkey 0 7 − 5 21 Chile 0 0 7 − 7 22 New Caledonia 0 13 − 11 23 North Korea 0 0 0 5 − 5 0 24 India 0 0 9 − 8 0 Goalscorers ( edit ) 8 goals Rhian Brewster 6 goals Lassana N'Diaye Abel Ruiz 5 goals Amine Gouiri Jann - Fiete Arp 4 goals Keito Nakamura Sergio Gómez Martín 3 goals Brenner Lincoln Paulinho Juan Peñaloza Phil Foden Jadon Sancho Eric Ayiah Carlos Adonys Mejía Patrick Palacios Allahyar Sayyad Mohammed Dawood Yaseen Hadji Dramé Djemoussa Traoré Josh Sargent Timothy Weah 2 goals Andrés Gómez Morgan Gibbs - White Angel Gomes Danny Loader Alexis Flips Wilson Isidor Richard Danso Ibrahima Soumah Fandje Touré Younes Delfi Saeid Karimi Mohammad Sharifi Taishei Miyashiro Fode Konaté Diego Lainez Roberto de la Rosa Antonio Galeano Alan Francisco Rodríguez Aníbal Vega César Gelabert Ferrán Torres Andrew Carleton 1 goal Alan Souza Yuri Alberto Marcos Antônio Wesley Weverson Déiber Caicedo Juan Vidal Yecxy Jarquin Callum Hudson - Odoi Emile Smith - Rowe Marc Guehi Yacine Adli Claudio Gomes Maxence Caqueret Lenny Pintor Noah Awuku Yann Aurel Bisseck Sahverdi Cetin Nicolas Kühn John Yeboah Sadiq Ibrahim Mohammed Kudus Emmanuel Toku Joshua Canales Jeakson Singh Thounaojam Mohammad Ghobeishavi Vahid Namdari Mohammad Sardari Taha Shariati Ali Kareem Takefusa Kubo Tochi Suzuki Seme Camara Salam Giddou Cameron Wadenges Jekob Jeno Max Mata Charles Spragg Salim Abdourahmane Blas Armoa Giovanni Bogado Fernando David Cardozo Leonardo Sánchez Cohener Juan Miranda Mohamed Moukhliss Keren Kesgin Ahmed Kutucu George Acosta Ayo Akinola Chris Durkin 1 own goal Wesley ( playing against Spain ) Diego Valencia ( playing against Iraq ) Bernard Iwa ( playing against France ) Kiam Wanesse ( playing against France ) 2 own goals Alexis Duarte ( playing against New Zealand ) Source : FIFA Broadcasting ( edit ) FIFA released the media licensing rights for the U-17 World Cup on 21 September 2017 . In India , the official broadcaster is Sony TEN and Sony ESPN . In the United States , the tournament is being broadcast on Fox Sports 2 while the United Kingdom has the tournament broadcast on Eurosport . Legacy ( edit ) The 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup was regarded as a success by the media , FIFA and the tournament organisers . Jaime Yarza , Head of FIFA Tournaments , said , `` It 's been a fantastic tournament with an overwhelming response of everybody involved . First and foremost , the fans have filled the stadiums in all the matches , showing fair play and respect , cheering on all the teams , and really loving the football they have seen . The figures speak for themselves : more than 1.2 million fans attended games at the stadiums . By the final matchday , we 're probably going to break the ( attendance ) record of all the other U-17 World Cups and we might even break the record for the U-20 World Cup , which is an amazing achievement . It really shows that India is a footballing nation in every sense . The hard work put in place during so many years has received a great response from everybody . It has been a very proud moment for all of us . '' The tournament was the most attended and highest scoring edition of the FIFA U-17 World Cup in history . It was also the highest attended men 's age - group World Cup ever , surpassing the attendance record of the FIFA U-20 World Cup . The attendance for this World Cup was a record 1,347,133 surpassing China 's 1985 edition where it was 1,230,976 , and the 2011 U-20 World Cup in Columbia which was attended by 1,309,929 people . The 177 goals scored during the tournament made it the highest scoring U-17 World Cup in history , surpassing the previous record of 172 during the 2013 edition in the United Arab Emirates . The 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup also recorded the highest goal average of 3.40 per match since the tournament format was expanded from 16 teams to 24 teams in 2007 . In September 2017 , India submitted a bid to host the 2019 FIFA U-20 World Cup . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The venue of the first semi-final was moved to Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata , following assessment of the pitch conditions of the original venue , Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati , which had been affected by severe rainfall . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` England Under - 17s overwhelm Spain to land spectacular World Cup win '' . Guardian . 28 October 2017 . Retrieved 31 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` England double up by winning U17 World Cup '' . UEFA.com. 28 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` England win U17 World Cup : Young Lions fight back to beat Spain in final '' . BBC Sport. 28 October 2017 . Retrieved 31 October 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.sportskeeda.com/amp/football/fifa-u17-world-cup-india-2017-official-match-ball-krasava-by-adidas-is-a-work-of-art.html . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Bidding process opened for five FIFA competitions in 2016 and 2017 '' . FIFA. 17 April 2013 . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Executive Committee fully backs resolution on the fight against racism and discrimination '' . FIFA. 28 May 2013 . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official : India to host U-17 World Cup in 2017 '' . Goal.com. 5 December 2013 . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` At the FIFA U-17 World Cup , an Indian style of football will finally kick off on the global stage '' . Economic Times . 16 September 2017 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Easwar , Nisanth ( 27 September 2017 ) . `` How did the teams fare in their first FIFA U-17 World Cup appearance '' . Goal.com . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Niger Republic U17 3 -- 1 Nigeria U17 : Golden Eaglets crash out of U17 Afcon '' . Goal.com. 20 August 2016 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA executive vows to improve governance and boost female participation in football '' . FIFA.com. 25 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA U-17 World Cup 2017 : An interactive look at the facelifts the six stadiums have received '' . FirstPost. 28 September 2017 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Infrastructure ready for FIFA U-17 World Cup ' '' . The Hindu . 17 February 2017 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Emblem launched for FIFA U-17 World Cup India 2017 '' . FIFA. 27 September 2016 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fifa U-17 World Cup 2017 : Carles Puyol kicks off ticket sales , honours Mohun Bagan icon '' . FirstPost. 16 May 2017 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tickets for India 2017 now available '' . FIFA . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India could shatter Under 17 World Cup attendance record - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA U-17 WC in India becomes most attended in event 's history '' . Jump up ^ Vikraman , Deepak . `` India to Host 2017 U-17 FIFA World Cup '' . IBTimes . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Under - 17 World Cup schedule clashes with ISL , FIFA not ready to alter '' . Indian Express . 29 May 2015 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India 2017 continues to take shape '' . FIFA. 27 October 2016 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA Stats '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . ^ Jump up to : `` Relive the India 2017 draw with FIFA.com '' . FIFA. 7 July 2017 . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Draw procedures '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA Match Officials '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA U-17 World Cup : When is the last date for teams to submit final squads '' . Goal.com. 15 August 2017 . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Talented youngsters set for Indian odyssey '' . FIFA.com. 26 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA U-17 World Cup India 2017 -- List of Players '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Regulations -- FIFA U-17 World Cup India 2017 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Jump up ^ `` Match Schedule FIFA U-17 World Cup India 2017 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Jump up ^ `` FIFA U-17 World Cup semi-final match to take place in Kolkata '' . FIFA.com. 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ http://refereesfifa.blogspot.fr/2017/10/2017-fifa-u-17-world-cup-3-rd-place_29.html Jump up ^ http://refereesfifa.blogspot.fr/2017/10/2017-fifa-u-17-world-cup-final.html Jump up ^ `` FIFA U-17 World Cup India 2017 -- Awards '' . FIFA.com . Jump up ^ `` FIFA U-17 World Cup India 2017 Media Rights Licenses '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide : Date , time and where to get your football fix '' . Goal.com. 30 September 2017 . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Under - 17 World Cup : Fixtures , teams , TV & guide to India 2017 '' . Goal.com. 30 September 2017 . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A record - breaking World Cup shows India have finally embraced football '' . The Independent . 27 October 2017 . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` India 2017 hailed as a fantastic tournament '' . FIFA.com. 26 October 2017 . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` India hosts flawless Under - 17 World Cup ; players display quality on field '' . The Hindu . 29 October 2017 . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' U-20 World Cup in India not a given ' - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . External links ( edit ) 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup on FIFA website FIFA U-16 World Championship / U-17 World Cup Tournaments China 1985 Canada 1987 Scotland 1989 Italy 1991 Japan 1993 Ecuador 1995 Egypt 1997 New Zealand 1999 Trinidad and Tobago 2001 Finland 2003 Peru 2005 South Korea 2007 Nigeria 2009 Mexico 2011 UAE 2013 Chile 2015 India 2017 TBA 2019 Qualification AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Squads 1985 1991 1995 1999 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 Team appearances Records and statistics 2017 -- 18 in Indian football `` 2016 -- 17 2018 -- 19 '' National teams Men Senior ( 2019 AFC Asian Cup qualification ) U23 ( U-23 Championship qualification ) U20 ( 2017 SAFF U-19 Championship and U-19 Championship qualification ) U17 ( World Cup and U-16 Championship qualification ) Women Senior ( 2018 AFC Women 's Asian Cup qualification ) U19 League competitions First division Indian Super League I - League Second division I - League 2nd Division State leagues Assam Goa Karnataka ( Bengaluru ) Kerala Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Maharashtra ( Mumbai ) Punjab Uttarakhand West Bengal ( Kolkata ) Women Indian Women 's League ( Preliminary round ) Youth Youth League U18 Club seasons Indian Super League ATK Bengaluru FC Chennaiyin Delhi Dynamos Goa Jamshedpur FC Kerala Blasters Mumbai City NorthEast United Pune City I - League Aizawl East Bengal Indian Arrows Mohun Bagan Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_FIFA_U-17_World_Cup&oldid=828311842 '' Categories : 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup 2017 in youth association football 2017 -- 18 in Indian football FIFA U-17 World Cup tournaments International association football competitions hosted by India October 2017 sports events in Asia Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Use Indian English from February 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from February 2018 Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 20 : 40 . 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who won the u17 world cup football tournament held in india recently

England won the U-17 World Cup for the first time after coming back from a two - goal deficit and beating Spain 5 -- 2 in the final . This meant England became the second nation , after Brazil in 2003 , to win both of FIFA 's under - age ( U-20 and U-17 ) World Cup tournaments in the same calendar year . England has also become the third country , after Brazil and North Korea , to win both U-17 and U-20 World Cup in their respective gender tournaments on the same year , as North Korea had also won both U-17 and U-20 Women 's World Cup last year. The Official Match Ball of the Tournament is Adidas Krasava .

Miami Heat - wikipedia Miami Heat Jump to : navigation , search Miami Heat 2017 -- 18 Miami Heat season Conference Eastern Division Southeast Founded History Miami Heat 1988 -- present Arena American Airlines Arena Location Miami , Florida Team colors Red , yellow , black Main sponsor Ultimate Software President Pat Riley General manager Andy Elisburg Head coach Erik Spoelstra Ownership Micky Arison Affiliation ( s ) Sioux Falls Skyforce Championships 3 ( 2006 , 2012 , 2013 ) Conference titles 5 ( 2006 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 ) Division titles 12 ( 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2016 ) Retired numbers 4 ( 10 , 23 , 32 , 33 ) Website www.nba.com/heat Uniforms Home Away Third The Miami Heat are an American professional basketball team based in Miami . The Heat compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference Southeast Division . They play their home games at the American Airlines Arena in downtown Miami . The team owner is Carnival Corporation owner Micky Arison , the team president and general manager is Pat Riley , and the head coach is Erik Spoelstra . The mascot is Burnie , an anthropomorphic fireball . Formed in 1988 as an expansion team , the Heat have won three league championships ( in 2006 , 2012 and 2013 ) , five conference titles and eleven division titles . In 2013 , the Heat won twenty - seven regular season games in a row , the third - longest streak in NBA history . In 2016 , Forbes valued the Heat at $1.3 billion as the tenth most valuable among NBA franchises . The Heat are unrelated to the Miami Floridians , an American Basketball Association ( ABA ) team in the early 1970s , although the Heat have occasionally paid tribute to the older franchise by wearing a replica version of the Floridians ' uniforms for the NBA 's `` Hardwood Classics Nights '' during the 2005 -- 06 and 2011 -- 12 seasons . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 1987 -- 2003 : Early years in Miami 1.1. 1 1995 -- 2003 : Title hopefuls 1.2 2003 -- 2016 : The Dwyane Wade era 1.2. 1 2005 -- 2006 : Championship season 1.2. 2 2006 -- 2010 : Post-championship struggles 1.2. 3 2010 -- 2014 : The Big Three era 1.2. 4 2014 -- 2016 : Post-Big Three era 1.3 2016 -- present : Post-Dwyane Wade era 2 Uniforms 2.1 1988 -- 1999 uniforms 2.2 1999 -- present uniforms 2.3 Special uniforms 3 Rivalries 3.1 New York Knicks 3.2 Chicago Bulls 3.3 Orlando Magic 3.4 Boston Celtics 3.5 Indiana Pacers 3.6 Dallas Mavericks 3.7 San Antonio Spurs 4 Season - by - season records 5 Home arenas 6 Radio and television 7 Players 7.1 Current roster 7.2 Retained draft rights 7.3 Basketball Hall of Famers 7.4 Retired numbers 8 Head coaches 9 Franchise accomplishments and awards 9.1 Franchise leaders 9.2 Individual awards 9.3 NBA All - Star Weekend 10 References 11 External links Franchise history Main article : History of the Miami Heat Further information : Miami Heat accomplishments and records 1987 -- 2003 : early years in Miami In 1987 the NBA granted one of its four new expansion teams to Miami ( the others being the Orlando Magic , Charlotte Hornets , and the Minnesota Timberwolves ) and a team formed in 1988 . The Miami Heat began their early years with much mediocrity , only making the playoffs two times in their first eight years and falling in the first round both times . 1995 -- 2003 : title hopefuls Alonzo Mourning Upon the purchasing of the franchise by Micky Arison in 1995 , Pat Riley was brought in as the team president and head coach . Riley acquired center Alonzo Mourning and point guard Tim Hardaway to serve as the centerpieces for the team , transforming Miami into a championship contender throughout the late 1990s . With them they also brought in a new team trainer , Cody Posselt , to work on shooting . The Heat underwent a dramatic turnaround in the 1996 -- 97 season , improving to a 61 -- 21 record -- a franchise record at the time , and currently second - best in team history . That same year , Miami earned the moniker of `` Road Warriors '' for its remarkable 32 -- 9 record on the road . On the backs of Hardaway and Mourning , the Heat achieved their first two series victories in the playoffs , making it to the Conference Finals against the Michael Jordan - led Chicago Bulls before losing in five games . Their biggest rivals of the time were the New York Knicks , Riley 's former team , who would eliminate the Heat in the playoffs from 1998 through 2000 . A period of mediocrity followed after , highlighted by missing the playoffs in 2002 and 2003 . 2003 -- 2016 : the Dwyane Wade era Dwyane Wade In the 2003 NBA draft , with the fifth overall pick , Miami selected shooting guard Dwyane Wade out of Marquette . Free - agent swing - man Lamar Odom was signed from the Los Angeles Clippers . Just prior to the start of the 2003 -- 04 season , Riley stepped down as head coach to focus on rebuilding the Heat , promoting Stan Van Gundy to the position of head coach . Behind Van Gundy 's leadership , Wade 's stellar rookie year and Odom 's break out season , the Heat made the 2004 NBA Playoffs , beating the New Orleans Hornets 4 -- 3 in the 1st round and losing to the Indiana Pacers 4 -- 2 in the 2nd round . In the offseason , Riley engineered a summer blockbuster trade for Shaquille O'Neal from the Los Angeles Lakers . Alonzo Mourning returned to the Heat in the same season , serving as a backup to O'Neal . Returning as championship contenders , Miami finished with a 59 -- 23 record , consequently garnering the first overall seed in the Eastern Conference . Sweeping through the first round and the semifinals , Miami went back to the Conference Finals for the first time in eight years , where it met the defending champion Detroit Pistons . Despite taking a 3 -- 2 lead , Miami lost Wade to injury for Game 6 . The Heat would go on to lose Game 7 at home despite Wade 's return . 2005 -- 2006 : championship season Shaquille O'Neal In the summer of 2005 , Riley brought in veteran free agent Gary Payton from the Boston Celtics , and also brought in James Posey , Jason Williams and Antoine Walker via trades . After a disappointing 11 -- 10 start to the 2005 -- 06 season , Riley relieved Van Gundy of his duties and took back the head coaching job . The Heat made it to the Conference Finals in 2006 and in a re-match , defeated the Pistons , winning the series 4 -- 2 . Making its first NBA Finals appearance , they played the Dallas Mavericks , who won the first two games in Dallas in routs . The Heat then won the next four games , capturing its first ever championship . Wade won the Finals MVP award . 2006 -- 2010 : post-championship struggles The Heat experienced four - years of post-title struggles from 2007 through 2010 , including a 4 -- 0 sweep by the Chicago Bulls in the 1st round of the 2007 NBA Playoffs . In the 2007 -- 08 season , Wade was plagued by injuries and the Heat had a league worst 15 -- 67 record . O'Neal was traded to Phoenix midway through the season . Riley resigned as head coach following the season but retained his position as team president . Long time assistant Erik Spoelstra was promoted to head coach . A healthy Wade led the Heat to 43 wins in 2009 and 47 wins 2010 , making the playoffs both seasons , though they lost in the first round , 4 -- 3 in 2009 and 4 -- 1 in 2010 . Wade was the scoring champion in 2009 and the NBA All - Star MVP in 2010 . 2010 -- 2014 : the Big three era Main article : Big Three ( Miami Heat ) `` The Big 3 '' LeBron James Dwyane Wade Chris Bosh Entering the 2010 -- 2011 season with nearly $48 million in salary cap space , the Heat caused a major power shift during the blockbuster 2010 NBA Free Agency , adding Chris Bosh and LeBron James , starting the `` Big 3 '' era . However , the Heat got off to a 9 -- 8 start . After a `` players only '' meeting , the team improved . The Heat finished with a 58 -- 24 record and the 2nd seed . In the much anticipated 2011 NBA Playoffs , Miami defeated the Philadelphia 76ers in the first round , Boston Celtics in the Conference Semifinals , and Bulls in the Conference Finals , all in 5 games . The Heat reached the 2011 NBA Finals for the first time since 2006 , in a rematch against the Dallas Mavericks . After taking a 2 -- 1 series lead , the Heat lost the final three games to the Mavericks . After the second NBA Lockout ended , the Heat signed veteran Shane Battier . In the shortened 2011 -- 12 season , the Heat started 27 -- 7 . However they would struggle for the second half of the season , going 19 -- 13 . The Heat finished 46 -- 20 , earning the second seed in the East for the NBA Playoffs . Entering the first round , they took a 3 -- 0 lead against the New York Knicks but like their previous series with the Sixers , were n't able to close them out in Game 4 . A victory in Game 5 ultimately defeated New York and the Heat advanced to the second round versus the Indiana Pacers . After losing Game 2 at home and Game 3 at Indiana , many criticized Dwyane Wade 's lackluster performance in Game 3 , bringing attention to the fact that he got into a verbal argument with Spoelstra . However , with Wade visiting his former college coach , the team defeated the Pacers in the next three games , to close out the Pacers . They met the Boston Celtics in the Eastern Conference Finals , taking the first two games before losing the next three , including one home loss where Bosh returned from injury . On June 7 they won on the road at Boston beating the Celtics 98 -- 79 to tie the series 3 -- 3 ; James had 45 points and 15 rebounds . The deciding Game 7 was at Miami . The Celtics largely dominated during the first half . The second half saw several lead changes . The Heat eventually won 101 -- 88 , reaching the NBA Finals for the second straight year . In the much anticipated match - up with the Oklahoma City Thunder , the Heat split the first two games , winning Game 2 on the road , before sweeping the next three at home . James was named the Finals MVP as he won his first NBA championship . On July 11 , 2012 , the Heat officially signed veterans Ray Allen to a three - year contract and Rashard Lewis to a two - year contract . The Heat would go on a 27 - game winning streak between February 3 , 2013 and March 27 , 2013 Defeating Orlando in the season finale set the franchise record for 66 wins in a season . By the end of the season , the Heat won 18 of its 19 road games , the best streak on the road to end a season in NBA history . The Heat went 17 -- 1 in March , becoming the first team to win 17 games in a single calendar month . The Heat ended with a franchise - best and league - best 66 -- 16 record to take the 1st seed in the 2013 NBA Playoffs . They swept the Milwaukee Bucks in the first round and defeated Chicago in five games before winning against the Indiana Pacers in Game 7 . Miami became the first Eastern Conference team to reach the NBA Finals in three straight years since the Chicago Bulls in the late 1990s . Miami lost Game 1 of the Finals on their home floor in a close game that was decided by a last minute buzzer beater by Tony Parker . The Heat went on to win Game 2 with a 33 -- 5 run in the second half . The two teams continued to trade wins leading up to Game 6 where the Spurs , up 10 heading in the 4th quarter , were in position to close out the series and win the championship . James went on to score 16 points in the period , outscoring the entire Spurs team by himself at one point . The Heat went on to defeat the Spurs 95 -- 88 in Game 7 behind a 37 - point and 12 rebound performance from James and a 23 - point and 10 rebound effort from Wade . Shane Battier also scored 18 points behind 6 -- 8 shooting from 3 , after having a shooting slump during the post-season up to that point . The Heat captured the NBA title for a second year in a row , becoming the first team in the Eastern Conference to repeat as league champions since the late 1990s Chicago Bulls . James was named the NBA Finals MVP , becoming the fifth player to win the award back - to - back along with Michael Jordan , Bill Russell , Kobe Bryant , Shaquille O'Neal , and Hakeem Olajuwon and only the second player in NBA history to win the Finals MVP and league MVP back - to - back along with Jordan . Miami struggled throughout the 2013 -- 14 season with extended absences of Dwyane Wade , who only played 54 games to injury and ended on a 11 -- 14 record entering the post-season . They entered the playoffs as the Eastern Conference 2nd seed with a record of 54 -- 28 team , and with the `` Big 3 '' healthy . They went 12 -- 3 in the first 3 rounds . They swept the Charlotte Bobcats . They then beat the Brooklyn Nets 4 -- 1 . They went on to play the 1st seeded 56 -- 26 Pacers in the Conference Finals , in a rematch of the previous year 's Conference Finals . The Pacers were eliminated from the playoffs for a third consecutive year by the Heat . The Heat went to a fourth consecutive Finals , and faced the Spurs again . The first two games in San Antonio were split but the Heat fell to the Spurs 4 -- 1 , failing to repeat as champions for the third consecutive season . 2014 -- 2016 : post-big three era On July 11 , 2014 , LeBron James announced on SI.com that after opting out of the final year of his contract , he would leave the Heat and return to the Cleveland Cavaliers . Wade and Bosh stayed in Miami . Like the Cavaliers in the 2010 off - season , the Heat focused on how it would maintain itself without LeBron . Wade and Bosh were joined by returning players Mario Chalmers , Norris Cole , Udonis Haslem and Chris Andersen along with former rivals Luol Deng and Danny Granger . The Heat also drafted Shabazz Napier and James Ennis . In 2015 they also gained Goran Dragić and his younger brother Zoran Dragić . After a season with several injuries , including to Chris Bosh and Josh McRoberts , the Heat finished with a 37 -- 45 record , the NBA 's 10th worst . They failed to make the playoffs after being Eastern Conference champions four straight years . It was the second time in Wade 's career they did not qualify for the post-season . The Heat were the first team since the 2004 -- 05 Los Angeles Lakers to miss the playoffs after going to the NBA Finals the previous year . Miami had qualified for the playoffs for six consecutive seasons . At the 2015 NBA Draft Lottery , Miami was awarded the 10th pick for the 2015 NBA draft which was used to select Duke forward Justise Winslow . During the 2015 -- 16 season , the Heat compiled a 48 -- 34 regular season record ; however , their season was ended at the hands of the Toronto Raptors in the Eastern Conference Semi-Finals of the Playoffs . The 2016 free - agency was marked with relationship issues and disagreements between Dwyane Wade and Heat president Pat Riley , mostly focusing on how much Wade would get paid . 2016 -- present : post-dwyane Wade era On July 6 , 2016 , Wade announced that he was leaving the Heat to go join his hometown Chicago Bulls . In September 2016 , Bosh suffered numerous setbacks and failed his physical exam with the Heat and was not cleared by the team to participate in training camp . On September 26 , 2016 , Heat president Riley said that the team doubted about Bosh 's return on the court and viewed his career with the team as over , and noted that the team was no longer working toward his return . On July 4 , 2017 , the Heat waived Bosh after the NBA 's ruling on June 2 , 2017 , which declared that Bosh 's blood clotting issues were a career - ending illness . After waiving Bosh , team 's president Riley announced that Bosh 's number would be retired in the future out of respect to him and due to his accomplishments with the Heat . Uniforms 1999 -- present Home 1999 -- present Away 2001 -- present Alternate 1988 -- 1999 uniforms Unveiled prior to the 1988 -- 89 season , the original Miami Heat uniforms consist of simple striping , exclusive only on the right side of the jersey and shorts . The home uniforms were white with lettering in red , black and orange trim , while the away uniforms were black with red , white and orange trim ; the numbers were white with red , black and orange trim , using the same font as the classic Los Angeles Lakers jerseys . The original ' flaming ball ' logo is on the left leg of the shorts while the word ' Miami ' is on the right leg . In the 1995 -- 96 season the Heat introduced a red alternate uniform with lettering and numbers in black , white and orange trim . The original set lasted until the 1998 -- 99 season . The original white and red uniforms were reintroduced as throwback uniforms during the Heat 's 20th and 25th anniversary seasons , respectively , while the original black uniforms were used as throwbacks in the 2013 -- 14 season . The classic white uniforms were used again for the 2015 -- 16 season . 1999 -- present uniforms The current Heat uniforms have been in use since the 1999 -- 2000 season . These uniforms , though similar , have marked differences such as striping on both sides , change from orange to yellow trim , updated lettering and block numbers , and a modified ' flaming ball ' logo on the right leg . The black away uniform numbers are now consistent with the lettering colors ( white with red trim ) . The alternate red uniform was introduced during the 2001 -- 02 season , and features the city name and numbers in white with black trim . With subtle changes like the `` Miami '' wordmark on the black uniforms and addition of the `` MH '' alternate logo on the shorts , these uniforms remain in use with the Heat today . Special uniforms Since the 2008 season , the Heat participated in the NBA 's Noche Latina promotions , or Latin Nights . From 2008 -- 14 , the Heat wore a modified version of their black uniforms , featuring the wordmark `` El Heat '' ; a sleeved version was used in 2014 . For the 2015 season , the Heat wore their white uniforms with the `` El Heat '' wordmark , followed by the Noche Latina version of their red alternates in the 2016 season . The Heat wore a variation of their current home uniforms on the opening night of the 2012 -- 13 season , with gold accents and a patch of the Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy on the right chest . They used another variation on opening night of the 2013 -- 14 season , this time with gold lettering . During the 2013 -- 14 season , the Heat wore a variation of their current home uniforms , but with the player 's names at the back replaced by their nicknames ( e.g. ' King James ' for LeBron James ) . They wore the uniforms for select home games that season . From 2012 -- 14 , the Heat wore special monochrome uniforms : an all - black ensemble in the 2012 season , an all - white version in the 2013 season , and an all - red attire in the 2014 season . In 2015 , a variation of their all - black uniforms , featuring drop shadows , centered numbers and heavy striping inspired from a tuxedo , was used , followed by a similarly - designed white uniform in the 2016 -- 17 season . The 2015 -- 16 season saw the unveiling of two special uniforms . One featured a blend of modern and classic styles ( Heat Legacy ) , while the other is a military - inspired uniform ( Home Strong ) . The Heat also participated in the Christmas Day games wearing special uniforms . In 2012 , they wore monochrome red uniforms known as `` Big Color . '' The following year , they wore their `` Big Logo '' sleeved uniforms , featuring a chrome - treated version of their `` flaming ball '' logo . In 2014 , the Heat wore a variation of their home uniform , featuring their primary logo and centered numbers in front , and black nameplates with the player 's first name below the number at the back . The Heat have also honored the ABA 's Miami Floridians by donning throwback uniforms ; first the road jerseys in the 2005 -- 06 season , then the home jerseys in the 2011 -- 12 season . Rivalries New York Knicks Main article : Heat -- Knicks rivalry The rivalry between the New York Knicks and the expansion Miami Heat was a result of their four consecutive playoff series from 1997 to 2000 . Each series went seven games . The rivalry 's central figure was Pat Riley , the head coach of both teams ( the early 1990s for the Knicks and the late 1990s for the Heat ) . Jeff Van Gundy took over Riley 's stint as head coach of the Knicks , while his elder brother Stan Van Gundy was simultaneously an assistant coach for the Heat . Patrick Ewing and Alonzo Mourning , friends from their Georgetown college basketball period . Larry Johnson , one of the Knicks , held bad blood with Mourning as far back as their days in the Charlotte Hornets . Chicago Bulls Main article : Bulls -- Heat rivalry The rivalry with the Chicago Bulls began once the Miami Heat became contenders during the 1990s , a decade dominated by the Bulls and Michael Jordan . During that period , the Heat were eliminated three times by the Bulls , who would go on to win the NBA championship each time . After Jordan retired and the Heat 's fall in the early 2000s , the rivalry cooled but slightly picked up when the Heat faced them in the first round of the 2006 NBA playoffs , which ended in a 4 -- 2 Heat series victory and went on to win the NBA Finals , the Bulls would sweep the defending champion Heat in the first round the next season . The rivalry has intensified with the resurgence of the Bulls , and the emergence of Derrick Rose and the Heat re-signing Dwyane Wade ( who turned down a chance of joining his hometown Bulls ) with newly acquired superstars in Chris Bosh and LeBron James ( who spurned a chance of teaming up with Rose in Chicago ) . The revived rivalry has been very physical , involving rough plays and hard fouls between players . Both teams met in the 2011 Eastern Conference Finals , with the Heat winning in five games . The Bulls ended the Heat 's record - setting 27 game win streak on March 27 , 2013 , with a 101 -- 97 victory at the United Center in Chicago . Despite playing without Derrick Rose , Joakim Noah , Richard `` Rip '' Hamilton , and Marco Belinelli , the Bulls managed to end the second longest win streak in basketball history . The rivalry would continue into the 2013 NBA Playoffs when the Heat would play the Bulls in the second round . The Bulls ended another Miami Heat winning streak by beating the Heat 93 -- 87 in game 1 . The Heat came back in game 2 and set a record for the largest margin of victory in franchise playoff history with a 115 -- 78 win . The Bulls also set a record for the worst playoff defeat in franchise history . The 51 personal fouls were the most in a playoff game since 1995 . In Game 3 , Nazr Mohammed was ejected for shoving LeBron James early in the second quarter . Norris Cole had his jersey ripped by Taj Gibson while driving to the basket for a layup . Joakim Noah was seen applauding and cheering on the image of Chris Bosh arguing with Mario Chalmers . Noah received a technical foul for shoving Chris Andersen after he fell on Nate Robinson . Chalmers received a flagrant foul for ringing his arm around Noah 's neck . Taj Gibson and Noah were both ejected in the same game for yelling at the referees . Orlando Magic The Orlando Magic and the Miami Heat had a rivalry because both teams are located in Florida , thus the rivalry was known as the Sunshine State rivalry . Another ingredient to the rivalry was the high - caliber players on both teams such as Orlando 's Shaquille O'Neal and Penny Hardaway to Miami 's Alonzo Mourning and Tim Hardaway . The two had met each other in the NBA playoffs for the first time in 1997 , with Miami beating Orlando 3 -- 2 , they have not met in the playoffs since . The rivalry intensified with the rising stardom of Miami 's and Orlando 's Dwyane Wade and Dwight Howard , along with Miami 's acquiring high - caliber stars such LeBron James from the Cleveland Cavaliers and Chris Bosh from the Toronto Raptors and in 2010 , resulting in fierce competition between the two . When Dwight Howard departed from the Magic to the Los Angeles Lakers in August 2012 , the rivalry softened . The Orlando Magic are undergoing a process of rebuilding , however , competition still remains tense . Boston Celtics The two teams first squared off in the playoffs in 2010 , with the Celtics defeating the Heat four games to one en route to an eventual NBA Finals appearance by the Celtics . Having suffered first round losses in three straight years , it was the loss to the Celtics that prompted Dwyane Wade to declare that the loss would be `` my last '' in the first round for the near future . LeBron James ' own enmity with the Boston Celtics can be found as far back as his first stint with the Cleveland Cavaliers , where the Celtics upset the Cavaliers in 2008 and 2010 . Among the two Heat stars , Wade went as far as to say that he personally hates the Celtics , with James ' own disdain for Boston manifesting in how he referred to the Celtics exclusively as `` that team '' in 2011 . With the acquisition of both James and Chris Bosh in 2010 , the Heat challenged the Celtics for dominance in the Eastern Conference ; James claimed that the formation of the Heat 's Big 3 was to mirror the formation of the Celtics ' Big 3 in Paul Pierce , Ray Allen and Kevin Garnett . After dropping the first three games versus the Celtics in the regular season , Miami prevailed in their fourth encounter , taking the 2nd seed from the Celtics and gaining home court advantage for their eventual match - up of the postseason . The teams met in the Eastern Conference Semifinals of the 2011 NBA Playoffs , where Paul Pierce was ejected in Game 1 , Dwyane Wade inadvertently broke Rajon Rondo 's arm in Game 3 and James scored the final ten points in the deciding Game 5 . James could be found roaring to the fans as the Celtics ' end came , even kneeling to the ground in relief after finally defeating the Celtics . The rivalry would continue in the following season , where the Heat again took home court advantage over the Celtics , though Boston again won the season series over the Heat . Despite the loss of Bosh to injury in the Semifinals , the Heat took a 2 -- 0 lead before the Celtics won the next three games ; the first five games included two overtimes , Rondo 's 44 point performance in Game 2 , as well as Pierce and James fouling out in Game 4 . James ' 45 point performance in Game 6 at Boston forced a deciding seventh game , where the two teams traded blows deep into the third and fourth quarters , before Miami pulled away with a 4 -- 3 victory en route to the NBA Finals . In the offseason , the Celtics ' Big 3 was broken up following Ray Allen 's joining of the Heat . When asked about their immediate reactions to their teammate leaving for their rival , Kevin Garnett claimed that he deleted Allen 's phone number , while Paul Pierce admitted that it `` hurt '' , though he still considers Allen `` a brother to me '' for their 2008 championship run . Although the two teams would not meet in the playoffs , the animosity continued in their four regular season games . The season opener -- a Heat victory -- included Rondo clothes - lining Wade 's neck , Garnett snubbing a handshake from Allen pre-game , and Garnett throwing an elbow at Mario Chalmers . During Miami 's 2013 Streak , Paul Pierce went on record to say that he wished for Miami to lose all of its remaining games by that point . When James voiced his displeasure over the Chicago Bulls ' physicality against him , Boston 's general manager Danny Ainge called it `` embarrassing '' for LeBron to complain about it . Pat Riley , the Heat team president , retorted that `` Danny should shut the fuck up . '' The teams met during the Streak , where it was five years to the day that the Celtics ' stopped the Houston Rockets ' own 20 + - game winning streak . It ended in a Heat victory , one that featured James dunking on Jason Terry ; he received a technical foul for staring down at Terry post-dunk . When asked about it after the game by reporters , James stated that he was `` glad it happened to him . '' Indiana Pacers A recent rivalry was triggered with the Indiana Pacers in the Eastern Conference Semifinals of the 2012 NBA Playoffs . Although the two previously met in the 2004 NBA Playoffs ( when Indiana won 4 -- 2 ) , as of 2014 , the only two players still left from either team are Dwyane Wade and Udonis Haslem of the Heat . Both head coaches were fined for statements made relating to the officiating : Frank Vogel accused the Heat of flopping before the series started , while Erik Spoelstra took offense to what he perceived to be deliberate head - hunting of his players on the part of the Pacers . Indiana took a 2 -- 1 lead after Miami 's Chris Bosh was sidelined with an abdominal strain . Powered by LeBron James and Dwyane Wade , Miami won three straight games to take the series , 4 -- 2 . The series was marked by several suspensions , flagrant fouls , and confrontations between the players : Tyler Hansbrough 's flagrant foul on Dwyane Wade ( which drew blood ) , Udonis Haslem 's retaliatory flagrant foul on Hansborough ( which led to Haslem 's Game 6 suspension ) , Wade colliding with Darren Collison in transition , Juwan Howard confronting Lance Stephenson over the latter 's flashing of the choke sign to James , and Dexter Pittman elbowing Stephenson in the neck ( which led to his own three - game suspension ) . Indiana 's Danny Granger received technical fouls in three consecutive games for his confrontations with Heat players ; he stripped James of his headband in Game 2 while attempting to block a shot , pulled the back of James ' jersey in Game 3 while trying to stop a fast - break , and chest - bumped Wade in Game 4 after the latter was fouled by Roy Hibbert . The following season saw improvements for both teams , from Miami 's acquisition of Ray Allen and Chris Andersen , to the emergence of Paul George and Lance Stephenson . Notably , it was after the Heat lost to the Pacers that they compiled a 27 - game winning streak ; the last time the Heat lost two in a row in the year were the games against Indiana and Portland . During the waning minutes of Game 6 in the Semifinals between the Pacers and the New York Knicks , the Pacers ' fans were chanting `` Beat The Heat '' as their team beat their old New York rivals . True to form , the Heat and the Pacers met in the Conference Finals of the 2013 NBA Playoffs on May 22 , 2013 . Several instances of physicality became prominent in the series : Shane Battier received an offensive foul for throwing his knee at Hibbert 's midsection ; Hibbert claimed that it was intentional dirty play on the part of Battier . Andersen suffered a bloodied nose after colliding with David West . Ian Mahinmi received a retroactive flagrant foul for a grab of James ' arm . Norris Cole latched a hand on West 's groin area as he tried to slip through West . Wade received a retroactive flagrant foul for hitting Stephenson in the head , another incident that the Pacers , notably Paul George , felt was a dirty play . The Heat survived Game 1 on a James game - winning layup , while the Pacers came back to tie the series at 1 -- 1 after forcing James into two late fourth - quarter turnovers for Game 2 . In Game 3 , the Heat set a team record for points in a postseason half with 70 . It was the first time the Pacers had given up 70 points since 1992 . Allen 's single turnover was the least ever suffered by the Heat in a first half . Their five total turnovers is tied for the fewest in franchise history . The Game 3 victory marked the first time that an NBA team had won five straight road games by double digits . The Heat won the series 4 -- 3 , with a 99 -- 76 win in game 7 . In the 2014 NBA Playoffs , after beating the Brooklyn Nets in five games , and the Pacers beating the Washington Wizards in six games , the Heat and the first - seeded Pacers would meet up in the Eastern Conference Finals in a much - anticipated rematch . The Heat would go on to eliminate the Pacers 4 -- 2 games , advancing to their fourth consecutive NBA Finals in the Big Three - era . The Heat stumbled during Game 1 in Indianapolis , falling 96 -- 107 . They would win Games 2 -- 4 . During Game 5 ( which Miami lost 90 -- 93 ) , James struggled , suffering heavy foul trouble and scoring only 7 points , his lowest Playoff record . During Game 6 in Miami , the Heat would blow out the Pacers 117 -- 92 . Dallas Mavericks The Heat - Mavericks rivalry began in the 2006 NBA Finals , where the two teams met and both entering their first NBA Finals appearance . A year prior , the Heat had acquired Shaquille O'Neal . The Mavericks were led by Dirk Nowitzki , and the Heat were led by Dwyane Wade . Dallas had home - court advantage in the series due to a better regular season record ( 60 - 22 ) than Miami 's ( 52 - 30 ) and took the first two games in the series , entering Game 3 with a commanding 2 - 0 lead . They looked set to win Game 3 until a rally by the Heat , including many free throws from Wade , resulted in the Mavericks losing the third game . The Heat won all of its home games , as the Mavericks dropped games 3 , 4 and 5 . Game 5 was a very controversial game , a 101 - 100 victory for the Heat , Wade shot more free - throws than the entire Mavericks squad . Mavericks owner Mark Cuban as well as Nowitzki were both fined for acts of misconduct . During Game 6 , the series returned to Dallas , where the Mavericks fell 92 - 95 . Jason Terry airballed a three - point attempt that could have tied the game . Wade picked up the ball , throwing it in the air in celebration as the Heat won the NBA Championship , and its first one as well . Wade was named the Finals MVP . In the 2010 off - season , Miami acquired LeBron James from the Cleveland Cavaliers and Chris Bosh from the Toronto Raptors to team up with Wade and form their own `` big three '' ( to rival the Celtics ' big three ) that was expected to win the championship . The Heat finished 58 - 24 , acquiring the southeast division title and the second seed in the Eastern Conference . During the regular season , the Mavericks swept the Heat 2 - 0 . The Heat cruised through the Playoffs without much competition , eliminating every team -- the Philadelphia 76ers , defending Eastern Conference champions Boston Celtics and the top - seeded Chicago Bulls all five games . Meanwhile , the Mavericks had tallied 57 - 25 for the third seed , leaving them to face the Portland Trail Blazers in the first round . The Mavericks had been defeated in the first round all but one time since the 2006 finals , including a defeat from the seventh - seeded San Antonio Spurs just the previous season . Because of this , the Mavericks were underdogs throughout the playoffs , but they were able to dispatch Portland in six games . They faced the defending NBA champions Los Angeles Lakers and pulled off the impossible by sweeping them , ending their bid for a three - peat . In the conference finals , they defeated the Oklahoma City Thunder , resulting a rematch between the two teams . After taking a 2 - 1 lead however , the Heat stumbled in the next three games . They were eliminated on their own home floor after losing 95 - 105 during Game 6 in Miami -- extending LeBron 's quest for a ring . The loss had also brought further public humiliation for LeBron James , who had been scrutinized and negatively criticized for leaving the Cavaliers to join the Heat . LeBron was criticized for only averaging 17.8 points . Cavaliers fans rejoiced in the Heat 's loss due the anger that was caused by LeBron 's decision to join the Heat , which they felt was unfair and a betrayal . After that , the Mavericks would never win another game against the Heat . Dallas hosted the Heat for the season opener on December 25 , 2011 of the 2011 -- 2012 NBA lockout season that was shortened to 66 games . The Heat spoiled the Mavericks ' championship banner - raising night , giving them a 105 - 94 blowout loss . Although the Heat and the Mavericks have not met in the post-season ever since , the rivalry continued as Mark Cuban publicly discussed his extreme personal dislike for the Heat . He described `` hate '' was not being strong - enough of a word to describe his dislike for the Heat . He also had a personal dislike for Wade . San Antonio Spurs The Heat and Spurs also developed a recent rivalry , coming off from two consecutive NBA finals match - ups which many feel has ignited a feud between the Heat and Texas basketball teams overall . The first time the two teams met was during the 2013 NBA Finals , where the Spurs entered their fifth NBA Finals appearance and the Heat entered their third consecutive appearance . It was LeBron James 's second time facing the Spurs in the Finals , having faced them in 2007 in a crushing four - game sweep . It was the Heat 's third time playing a Texas team . The Heat had home - court advantage since their record ( 66 - 16 ) was better than San Antonio 's ( 58 - 24 ) with Miami as the highly favored team . The Heat fell during Game 1 , 88 - 92 after a late upsurge led by Tony Parker . They evened the series during Game 2 with a 103 - 99 victory . The Heat went through a roller - coaster alternation of wins and losses which extended the series to a deciding Game 7 in Miami . The series experienced many feats , in which Ray Allen had his record for most - threes in a Finals broken by Danny Green . During Game 5 , despite strong performances from LeBron James , Dwyane Wade and Ray Allen , the Heat still lost 104 - 114 . During Game 6 in Miami , Ray Allen made a game - saving clutch three - pointer to tie the game and save Miami 's season . The Heat would win games 6 and 7 , completing the championship repeat , a loose reminiscent of and similar fashion as the 2010 NBA Finals between the Lakers and the Celtics . James was named the Finals MVP . The Heat also handed the Spurs their first NBA Finals loss , becoming the first team to beat them . The two teams met again in the 2014 finals , however each team experienced opposite fortunes . The Spurs entered with a 62 - 20 record and home - court advantage after eliminating the Oklahoma City Thunder in the Western Conference Finals . The Heat entered with a 54 - 28 regular season record , and eliminated the Indiana Pacers , who were the top seed in the Eastern Conference to earn their fourth consecutive NBA finals trip . However , unlike the 2013 NBA Finals , the Heat were eliminated in a five - game sweep , which ended LeBron and the Heat 's quest for a three - peat . The Heat were blown in each loss by at least 15 points or more . The Spurs would win their fifth NBA championship . During Game 1 in San Antonio , LeBron suffered leg cramps due to dehydration because of a massive technical failure in the AT&T Center . They key slogan was the oxymoron `` too hot for the Heat '' . During Game 2 , the Heat evened the series with a 98 - 96 victory , raising Miami 's hopes for an eventual series comeback victory due to their recent history of rebounding from deficits . It did not happen , and Miami lost the next three games . During Game 3 , the Heat had its home - winning streak snapped with a 92 - 111 loss , and were again blown out in Game 4 . Game 5 ( which ended up in a 84 - 107 loss for Miami ) would be LeBron 's last day playing as a member of the Heat . During the 2014 free - agency , LeBron opted out of his Miami contract and went to return to the Cleveland Cavaliers . Season - by - season records Main article : List of Miami Heat seasons Home arenas Duration Arena 000000001988 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 1988 -- 000000001999 - 12 - 28 - 0000 December 28 , 1999 Miami Arena 000000002000 - 01 - 02 - 0000 January 2 , 2000 -- present American Airlines Arena Radio and television Main article : List of Miami Heat broadcasters The Heat 's flagship radio stations are WAXY ( 790 AM ) in English , with Mike Inglis and John Crotty calling games , and WQBA ( 1140 AM ) in Spanish , with Jose Pañeda and Joe Pujala on the call . The Heat games are televised primarily by Sun Sports with Eric Reid and Tony Fiorentino . Reid has been part of the Heat 's broadcasting team since the beginning of the franchise , first serving as a color analyst , and later becoming the lead play - by - play voice starting in the 1991 -- 92 season . For the first four years of the franchise , there were radio - television simulcasts of locally - broadcast games before the franchise eventually created separate broadcast teams . WBFS - TV ( channel 33 ) was the original over-the - air flagship station for Heat games , with its first stint concluding at the end of the 1998 -- 99 season , after 11 seasons . WAMI - TV ( channel 69 ) took over the following season ; however , WBFS ( along with now - sister station WFOR channel 4 ) returned as the Heat 's primary over-the - air home in 2000 -- 01 , this time lasting until the 2003 -- 04 season . On the cable side , Heat games were televised on then - SportsChannel Florida ( now Fox Sports Florida ) , before moving to then - Sunshine Network ( now Sun Sports ) starting in the 1992 -- 93 season . Since 2004 -- 05 , Sun Sports have served as the exclusive regional carrier of Heat games throughout the team 's designated broadcast territory , which includes the metropolitan areas of Miami -- Fort Lauderdale , West Palm Beach -- Fort Pierce -- Port St. Lucie , and Fort Myers -- Naples . On a national scale , games are occasionally televised by TNT , ESPN , or ABC . From 1988 -- 1993 , the Heat were on WQAM . WINZ previously aired games from 1993 -- 1996 and WIOD did from 1996 -- 2008 . Players For the complete list of Miami Heat players , see : Miami Heat all - time roster . For the players drafted by the Miami Heat , see : Miami Heat draft history . Current roster Miami Heat roster Players Coaches Pos . No . Name Height Weight DOB ( YYYY - MM - DD ) From 5.5 ! F / C 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Adebayo , Bam 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 255 lb ( 116 kg ) 1997 -- 07 -- 18 Kentucky 1.5 ! G 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Dragić , Goran ( C ) 7000190500000000000 ♠ 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 190 lb ( 86 kg ) 1986 -- 05 -- 06 Slovenia 1.5 ! G 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Ellington , Wayne 7000195580000000000 ♠ 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) 200 lb ( 91 kg ) 1987 -- 11 -- 29 North Carolina 6.0 ! C 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Hammons , A.J. ( GL ) 7000213360000000000 ♠ 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) 260 lb ( 118 kg ) 1992 -- 08 -- 27 Purdue 4.0 ! F 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 Haslem , Udonis ( C ) 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 235 lb ( 107 kg ) 1980 -- 06 -- 09 Florida 4.0 ! F 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 Johnson , James ( C ) 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 240 lb ( 109 kg ) 1987 -- 02 -- 20 Wake Forest 1.5 ! G 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Johnson , Tyler 7000193040000000000 ♠ 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) 190 lb ( 86 kg ) 1992 -- 05 -- 07 Fresno State 2.5 ! G / F 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 McGruder , Rodney 7000193040000000000 ♠ 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) 200 lb ( 91 kg ) 1991 -- 07 -- 29 Kansas State 4.0 ! F 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 Mickey , Jordan 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 235 lb ( 107 kg ) 1994 -- 07 -- 09 LSU 5.5 ! F / C 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Olynyk , Kelly 7000213360000000000 ♠ 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) 245 lb ( 111 kg ) 1991 -- 04 -- 19 Gonzaga 1.5 ! G 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 Richardson , Josh 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 200 lb ( 91 kg ) 1993 -- 09 -- 15 Tennessee 1.5 ! G 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Waiters , Dion 7000193040000000000 ♠ 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) 215 lb ( 98 kg ) 1991 -- 12 -- 10 Syracuse 1.5 ! G 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Walton , Derrick ( TW GL ) 7000185420000000000 ♠ 6 ft 1 in ( 1.85 m ) 185 lb ( 84 kg ) 1995 -- 04 -- 03 Michigan 4.0 ! F 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 White , Okaro 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 215 lb ( 98 kg ) 1992 -- 08 -- 13 Florida State 6.0 ! C 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 Whiteside , Hassan 7000213360000000000 ♠ 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) 265 lb ( 120 kg ) 1989 -- 06 -- 13 Marshall 1.5 ! G 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Williams , Matt ( TW ) 7000195580000000000 ♠ 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) 210 lb ( 95 kg ) 1993 -- 10 -- 14 Central Florida 4.0 ! F 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 Winslow , Justise 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 225 lb ( 102 kg ) 1996 -- 03 -- 26 Duke Head coach Erik Spoelstra Assistant coach ( es ) Dan Craig Juwan Howard Octavio De La Grana ( Player Development ) Chris Quinn ( Player Development ) Legend ( C ) Team captain ( DP ) Unsigned draft pick ( FA ) Free agent ( S ) Suspended ( GL ) On assignment to G League affiliate ( TW ) Two - way affiliate player Injured Roster Transactions Last transaction : 2017 -- 10 -- 15 Retained draft rights The Heat hold the draft rights to the following unsigned draft picks who have been playing outside the NBA . A drafted player , either an international draftee or a college draftee who is n't signed by the team that drafted him , is allowed to sign with any non-NBA teams . In this case , the team retains the player 's draft rights in the NBA until one year after the player 's contract with the non-NBA team ends . This list includes draft rights that were acquired from trades with other teams . Draft Round Pick Player Pos . Nationality Current team Note ( s ) Ref Basketball Hall of Famers Miami Heat Hall of Famers Players No . Name Position Tenure Inducted 20 Gary Payton 2005 -- 2007 2013 33 Alonzo Mourning C / F 1995 -- 2002 2005 -- 2008 2014 32 Shaquille O'Neal 2004 -- 2008 2016 Coaches No . Name Position Tenure Inducted -- Pat Riley Head coach 1995 -- 2003 2005 -- 2008 2008 Retired numbers The Heat have retired four numbers , although only three of the players played for the franchise . Michael Jordan was the first player to be honored despite not having played for the Heat . Pat Riley retired Jordan 's signature No. 23 before his final game in Miami during the 2002 -- 03 season as a tribute to his career . The Heat have also announced plans to retire the # 1 number worn by Chris Bosh from 2010 to 2016 , but have not yet set a date for the formal ceremony . During the 2005 -- 06 season the organization honored Pro Football Hall of Fame quarterback Dan Marino 's No. 13 in respect of his contributions to the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League ( NFL ) . However , the No. 13 jersey is not retired and is still available for use by the Heat players . Miami Heat retired numbers No . Player Position Tenure Date 10 Hardaway , Tim Tim Hardaway 1996 -- 2001 000000002009 - 10 - 28 - 0000 October 28 , 2009 23 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan -- 000000002003 - 04 - 12 - 0000 April 12 , 2003 32 Oneal Shaquille O'Neal 2004 -- 2008 000000002016 - 12 - 22 - 0000 December 22 , 2016 33 Mourning , Alonzo Alonzo Mourning 1995 -- 2002 2005 -- 2008 000000002009 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 2009 Head coaches See also : List of Miami Heat head coaches There have been six head coaches for the Miami Heat . Ron Rothstein was the franchise 's first head coach , serving from 1988 through 1991 ; he remains as assistant coach . Kevin Loughery was his successor from 1991 to 1995 , guiding the Heat to their first two playoff berths in 1992 and 1994 . Loughery was fired 46 games into the 1994 -- 1995 season , posting a 17 -- 29 record . Alvin Gentry , an assistant coach who joined in 1991 , was brought in to replace Loughery on an interim basis . Miami went 15 -- 21 for the final 36 games , and Gentry moved to the Detroit Pistons the following season . In the summer of 1995 , owner Micky Arison hired Pat Riley as the head coach and team president . At eleven years , Riley is the longest tenured head coach in the franchise 's history , as well its all - time leader in total wins and games coached . Upon suffering a 25 -- 57 record in the 2002 -- 2003 season , Riley abruptly announced his retirement , but remained as team president . He elevated assistant coach Stan Van Gundy as his replacement . Van Gundy is Miami 's all - time leader for the highest winning percentage in the regular season (. 605 ) , having led Miami to a 42 -- 40 record in his first season and a 59 -- 23 record in his second year . He spearheaded Miami 's 2005 campaign , where they held the top seed in the east , swept their first two playoff opponents and made it to the Conference Finals . An 11 -- 10 record early into the 2005 -- 2006 season prompted Riley to come out of retirement and replace Van Gundy . Shortly thereafter , Riley would win his fifth and final championship as a head coach , as well as Miami 's first championship in 2006 . Riley would retire permanently following the 15 - win 2007 -- 2008 season , but once again remained as team president . His hand - picked replacement , longtime assistant Erik Spoelstra , is the current Heat head coach , a position he has held since 2008 . At 38 , he was the youngest head coach in the league at the time , as well as the first Filipino - American head coach in league history . Throughout his brief tenure , Spoelstra has not missed the playoffs , even taking the team to four consecutive appearances in the NBA Finals , culminating in back - to - back championships in 2012 and 2013 . Franchise accomplishments and awards Franchise leaders Bold denotes still active with team . Italic denotes still active but not with team . Points scored ( regular season ) ( as of the end of the 2016 -- 17 season ) Dwyane Wade ( 20,221 ) Alonzo Mourning ( 9,459 ) Glen Rice ( 9,248 ) LeBron James ( 7,919 ) Chris Bosh ( 6,914 ) Rony Seikaly ( 6,742 ) Udonis Haslem ( 6,478 ) Tim Hardaway ( 6,335 ) Eddie Jones ( 6,194 ) Grant Long ( 5,473 ) Mario Chalmers ( 4,641 ) Kevin Edwards ( 4,362 ) Bimbo Coles ( 4,031 ) Shaquille O'Neal ( 4,010 ) Brian Grant ( 3,433 ) Goran Dragic ( 2,933 ) Michael Beasley ( 2,927 ) Hassan Whiteside ( 2,913 ) Steve Smith ( 2,905 ) Jamal Mashburn ( 2,835 ) Other statistics ( regular season ) ( as of April 18 , 2017 ) Most minutes played Player Minutes Dwyane Wade 30,560 Udonis Haslem 21,372 Alonzo Mourning 17,700 Glen Rice 17,059 Grant Long 14,859 Mario Chalmers 14,571 Rony Seikaly 14,208 Eddie Jones 14,097 Tim Hardaway 13,271 Chris Bosh 13,121 Most rebounds Player Rebounds Udonis Haslem 5,701 Alonzo Mourning 4,807 Rony Seikaly 4,544 Dwyane Wade 4,126 Grant Long 3,281 Chris Bosh 2,816 Brian Grant 2,654 Hassan Whiteside 2,435 Glen Rice 2,363 P.J. Brown 2,251 Most assists Player Assists Dwyane Wade 4,944 Tim Hardaway 2,867 Mario Chalmers 2,004 LeBron James 1,980 Bimbo Coles 1,961 Sherman Douglas 1,262 Eddie Jones 1,152 Kevin Edwards 1,131 Glen Rice 1,067 Anthony Carter 1,063 Most steals Player Steals Dwyane Wade 1,414 Mario Chalmers 791 Grant Long 666 Glen Rice 572 Kevin Edwards 560 Tim Hardaway 541 Eddie Jones 515 LeBron James 489 Bimbo Coles 458 Udonis Haslem 421 Most blocks Player Blocks Alonzo Mourning 1,625 Dwyane Wade 759 Rony Seikaly 610 Hassan Whiteside 553 Joel Anthony 456 Shaquille O'Neal 384 Chris Bosh 332 P.J. Brown 305 Udonis Haslem 247 Eddie Jones 246 Most three - pointers made Player 3 - pointers made Tim Hardaway 806 Eddie Jones 712 Glen Rice 708 Mario Chalmers 657 Voshon Lenard 473 Dan Majerle 414 Dwyane Wade 386 LeBron James 365 Jason Williams 304 James Jones 283 Individual awards NBA Most Valuable Player LeBron James -- 2012 , 2013 NBA Finals MVP Dwyane Wade -- 2006 LeBron James -- 2012 , 2013 NBA Scoring Champion Dwyane Wade -- 2009 NBA Defensive Player of the Year Alonzo Mourning -- 1999 , 2000 NBA Most Improved Player Award Rony Seikaly -- 1990 Isaac Austin -- 1997 Best NBA Player ESPY Award Dwyane Wade -- 2006 LeBron James -- 2012 , 2013 NBA Coach of the Year Pat Riley -- 1997 NBA Executive of the Year Pat Riley -- 2011 J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award P.J. Brown -- 1997 Alonzo Mourning -- 2002 Twyman -- Stokes Teammate of the Year Award Shane Battier -- 2014 NBA Community Assist Award Dwyane Wade -- 2013 All - NBA First Team Tim Hardaway -- 1997 Alonzo Mourning -- 1999 Shaquille O'Neal -- 2005 , 2006 Dwyane Wade -- 2009 , 2010 LeBron James -- 2011 -- 2014 All - NBA Second Team Tim Hardaway -- 1998 , 1999 Alonzo Mourning -- 2000 Dwyane Wade -- 2005 , 2006 , 2011 All - NBA Third Team Dwyane Wade -- 2007 , 2012 , 2013 NBA All - Defensive First Team Alonzo Mourning -- 1999 , 2000 LeBron James -- 2011 -- 2013 NBA All - Defensive Second Team P.J. Brown -- 1997 , 1999 Bruce Bowen -- 2001 Dwyane Wade -- 2005 , 2009 , 2010 LeBron James -- 2014 Hassan Whiteside -- 2016 NBA All - Rookie First Team Sherman Douglas -- 1990 Steve Smith -- 1992 Caron Butler -- 2003 Dwyane Wade -- 2004 Michael Beasley -- 2009 NBA All - Rookie Second Team Kevin Edwards -- 1989 Glen Rice -- 1990 Willie Burton -- 1991 Udonis Haslem -- 2004 Mario Chalmers -- 2009 Justise Winslow -- 2016 Season - long NBA Community Assist Award Dwyane Wade -- 2013 NBA All - Star Weekend NBA All - Star selections Dwyane Wade -- 2005 -- 2016 Alonzo Mourning -- 1996 -- 1997 , 2000 -- 2002 LeBron James -- 2011 -- 2014 Chris Bosh -- 2011 -- 2014 Shaquille O'Neal -- 2005 -- 2007 Tim Hardaway -- 1997 -- 1998 Anthony Mason -- 2001 NBA All - Star Game head coaches Stan Van Gundy -- 2005 Erik Spoelstra -- 2013 NBA All - Star Game MVP Dwyane Wade -- 2010 NBA All - Star Skills Challenge Champion Dwyane Wade -- 2006 , 2007 NBA All - Star Three - point Shootout Champion Glen Rice -- 1995 Jason Kapono -- 2007 Daequan Cook -- 2009 James Jones -- 2011 NBA All - Star Slam Dunk Contest Champion Harold Miner -- 1993 , 1995 NBA All - Star Shooting Stars Contest Champion Chris Bosh -- 2013 -- 2015 References Jump up ^ `` NBA.com/Stats -- Miami Heat seasons '' . National Basketball Association . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` History : Team by Team '' ( PDF ) . Official National Basketball Association Guide 2016 - 17 . National Basketball Association . September 23 , 2016 . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Phillips , DeAndré ( November 18 , 2008 ) . `` The New MH Logo '' . Miami Heat . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Miami Heat Reproduction and Usage Guideline Sheet '' . NBA Properties , Inc . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MIAMI HEAT AND ULTIMATE SOFTWARE ANNOUNCE JERSEY PATCH PARTNERSHIP '' ( Press release ) . Miami Heat . September 21 , 2017 . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` HEAT Announce Front Office Promotions '' . Miami Heat . September 28 , 2013 . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Note : The team itself generally treats the name HEAT as singular , but this article uses Heat as a collective plural , as is common in American English for names of teams . `` 2015 - 16 HEAT Media Guide Miami Heat '' . nba.com . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Since Micky Arison became Managing General Partner of the HEAT and hired Pat Riley as Team President in 1995 , the HEAT has become one of the most stable , professional and successful franchises in all of professional sports , both on and off the court . During the 20 - year Arison - Riley partnership the HEAT has won three NBA Championships , five Eastern Conference Championships , 11 Division Championships , has made 16 postseason appearances and has the best record in the Eastern Conference . The HEAT are one of just five franchises out of 122 in the four major North American professional sports leagues that have made at least 16 postseason appearances and won at least three league championships during the 20 - year period . Jump up ^ `` Forbes Releases 18th Annual NBA Team Valuations '' . Forbes . January 20 , 2016 . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` HEAT Select Dwyane Wade with the 5th Pick in NBA Draft '' . NBA.com . June 27 , 2003 . Retrieved June 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ DuPree , David ( July 14 , 2004 ) . `` It 's Official : Shaq traded to Heat for three players , draft pick '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` HEAT Acquire Antoine Walker , Jason Williams & James Posey '' . Miami Heat . August 3 , 2005 . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bensch , Bob ( June 21 , 2006 ) . `` Wade Leads Heat Past Mavericks to Win First NBA Title ( Update1 ) '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved June 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Game - by - game review : Miami Heat 's win streak '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ LeBron James ; Lee Jenkins ( July 11 , 2014 ) . `` LeBron James announces return to Cleveland Cavaliers '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bleacher Report ( @ BleacherReport ) ( 20 May 2015 ) . `` NBA Draft order for lottery teams after the # NBADraftLottery '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Wade , Dwyane . `` Homecoming '' . Dwyane Wade . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Miami HEAT Statement On Chris Bosh '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . September 23 , 2016 . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Tim ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` Bosh fails physical , not cleared for training camp '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2016 . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , Sekou ( September 26 , 2016 ) . `` Heat president Riley says Bosh 's career in Miami is ' probably over ' '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` HEAT Waive Chris Bosh '' . NBA.com . July 4 , 2017 . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Reports : Doctor 's ruling on Chris Bosh 's health will help Heat 's cap situation '' . ESPN.com . June 3 , 2017 . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Miami Heat vs Chicago Bulls -- Recap '' . Scores.espn.go.com. 2013 - 03 - 28 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Miami Heat win 27th straight , run away from Orlando Magic '' . Azcentral.com. 2013 - 03 - 25 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Pacers at Heat -- June 3 , 2013 -- Game Preview , Play by Play , Scores and Recap on '' . Nba.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Dan Favale ( 2014 - 01 - 13 ) . `` Mark Cuban : Hate Not ' Strong Enough ' Word to Describe Dislike of Miami Heat '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` HEAT to Begin Broadcasting Games on WAXY 790 The Ticket '' . NBA . November 6 , 2010 . Retrieved June 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Coon , Larry . `` NBA Salary Cap FAQ -- 2011 Collective Bargaining Agreement '' . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . If the player is already under contract to , or signs a contract with a non-NBA team , the team retains the player 's draft rights for one year after the player 's obligation to the non-NBA team ends . Essentially , the clock stops as long as the player plays pro ball outside the NBA . ^ Jump up to : `` Heat retires first number '' . Sports Illustrated . Time Warner Company . April 11 , 2003 . Retrieved January 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Tim ( July 4 , 2017 ) . `` Miami Heat waive Chris Bosh ; plan to retire No. 1 jersey '' . NBA.com . Associated Press . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Phillips , DeAndré ( November 7 , 2005 ) . `` Dan the Man '' . Heat.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Hardaway 's Heat jersey retired '' . ESPN . October 29 , 2009 . Retrieved January 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 -- 15 Miami Heat Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . National Basketball Association . October 20 , 2014 . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` HEAT TO RETIRE SHAQUILLE O'NEAL'S NO . 32 '' . NBA.com . November 22 , 2016 . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Heat retire Mourning 's No. 33 '' . ESPN . March 31 , 2009 . Retrieved January 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Miami Heat : Players '' . Basketball Reference. 2017 - 04 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . External links Miami portal National Basketball Association portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Miami Heat . 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when did miami heat win their last championship

Formed in 1988 as an expansion team , the Heat have won three league championships ( in 2006 , 2012 and 2013 ) , five conference titles and eleven division titles . In 2013 , the Heat won twenty - seven regular season games in a row , the third - longest streak in NBA history . In 2016 , Forbes valued the Heat at $1.3 billion as the tenth most valuable among NBA franchises .

1966 FIFA World Cup - wikipedia 1966 FIFA World Cup 1966 FIFA World Cup 1966 FIFA World Cup official logo Tournament details Host country England Dates 11 -- 30 July ( 20 days ) Teams 16 ( from 4 confederations ) Venue ( s ) 8 ( in 7 host cities ) Final positions Champions England ( 1st title ) Runners - up West Germany Third place Portugal Fourth place Soviet Union Tournament statistics Matches played 32 Goals scored 89 ( 2.78 per match ) Attendance 1,563,135 ( 48,848 per match ) Top scorer ( s ) Eusébio ( 9 goals ) Best player Bobby Charlton Best young player Franz Beckenbauer ← 1962 1970 → The 1966 FIFA World Cup was the eighth FIFA World Cup and was held in England from 11 to 30 July 1966 . England beat West Germany 4 -- 2 in the final , winning the Jules Rimet Trophy . It is England 's only FIFA World Cup title . They were the fifth nation to win and the third host nation to win after Uruguay in 1930 and Italy in 1934 . Notable performances were made by the two debutants Portugal , ending third , and North Korea , getting to the quarter finals after a 1 -- 0 win against Italy . Also notable was the elimination of world champions Brazil after the preliminary round . Notably , all four semi-finalists were European , a situation occurring in only four other world cups ( 1934 , 1982 , 2006 and 2018 ) . Portugal 's Eusébio was top scorer with nine goals . The final is remembered for being the only one with a hat - trick and for its controversial third goal awarded to England . An incident before the tournament was the theft and refinding of the trophy . The final , held at Wembley Stadium , was the last to be broadcast in black and white . The tournament held a FIFA record for the largest average attendance until it was surpassed by Mexico in 1970 . It was boycotted by most independent countries from Africa who objected to the qualification requirements . Despite this , the number of entries for the qualifying tournament was a new record , with 70 nations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Host selection 2 Qualification 2.1 African boycott 2.2 Qualified teams 3 Format 4 Summary 4.1 Group play 4.2 Quarter - finals , semi-finals , and third - place match 4.3 Final 5 Trophy incident 6 Mascot 7 Venues 8 Match officials 9 Seeding 10 Squads 11 Group stage 11.1 Group 1 11.2 Group 2 11.3 Group 3 11.4 Group 4 12 Knockout stage 12.1 Bracket 12.2 Quarter - finals 12.3 Semi-finals 12.4 Third place play - off 12.5 Final 13 Goalscorers 13.1 All - star team 14 Final standings 15 References 16 External links Host selection ( edit ) Main article : FIFA World Cup hosts England was chosen as host of the 1966 World Cup in Rome , Italy on 22 August 1960 , over rival bids from West Germany and Spain . This is first tournament to be held in a place that was affected directly by World War II , as the four previous tournaments were either held in in places out of war theatres or in neutral places . Qualification ( edit ) Main article : 1966 FIFA World Cup qualification Despite the Africans ' absence , there was another new record number of entries for the qualifying tournament , with 70 nations taking part . After all the arguments , FIFA finally ruled that ten teams from Europe would qualify , along with four from South America , one from Asia and one from North and Central America . Portugal and North Korea qualified for the first time . Portugal would not qualify again until 1986 , while North Korea 's next appearance was at the 2010 tournament . This was also Switzerland 's last World Cup finals until 1994 . Notable absentees from this tournament included 1962 semi-finalists Yugoslavia and 1962 runners up Czechoslovakia . African boycott ( edit ) Thirty - one African nations boycotted the tournament to protest a 1964 FIFA ruling that required the three second - round winners from the African zone to enter a play - off round against the winners of the Asian zone in order to qualify for the World Cup , as they felt winning their zone was enough in itself to merit qualification . They also protested against the readmission of South Africa to FIFA in 1963 , despite its expulsion from CAF due to the apartheid regime in 1958 . South Africa was subsequently assigned to the Asia and Oceania qualifying group before being disqualified after being suspended again due to pressure from other African nations in October 1964 . Despite this , after FIFA refused to change the qualifying format , the African teams decided anyway to pull out of the World Cup until at least one African team had a place assured in the World Cup , something which was put in place for the 1970 FIFA World Cup and all subsequent World Cup finals . The Portuguese colonies of Angola and Mozambique participated for Portugal . These colonies only got their independence in the 1970s , while most other African colonies became independent in the 1960s . Qualified teams ( edit ) The following 16 teams qualified for the final tournament . AFC ( 1 ) North Korea CAF ( 0 ) None participated OFC ( 0 ) None qualified CONCACAF ( 1 ) Mexico CONMEBOL ( 4 ) Argentina Brazil Chile Uruguay UEFA ( 10 ) Bulgaria England ( hosts ) France Hungary Italy Portugal Soviet Union Spain Switzerland West Germany Qualification for 1966 FIFA World Cup FIFA members qualified for World Cup ( including colonies ) FIFA members that failed to qualify FIFA members that did not enter World Cup Countries not members of FIFA in 1966 Format ( edit ) The format of the 1966 competition remained the same as 1962 : 16 qualified teams were divided into four groups of four . Each group played a round - robin format . Two points were awarded for a win and one point for a draw , with goal average used to separate teams equal on points . The top two teams in each group advanced to the knockout stage . In the knockout games , if the teams were tied after 90 minutes , 30 minutes of extra time were played . For any match other than the final , if the teams were still tied after extra time , lots would be drawn to determine the winner . The final would have been replayed if tied after extra time . In the event , no replays or drawing of lots was necessary . The draw for the final tournament , taking place on 6 January 1966 at the Royal Garden Hotel in London was the first ever to be televised , with England , West Germany , Brazil and Italy as seeds . Summary ( edit ) The opening match took place on Monday 11 July . With the exception of the first tournament , which commenced on 13 July 1930 , every other tournament ( up to and including 2018 ) has commenced in May or June . The final took place on 30 July 1966 , the 36th anniversary of the first final . This remains the latest date that any tournament has concluded . The reason for the unusually late scheduling of the tournament appears to lie with the outside broadcast commitments of the BBC , which also had commitments to cover Wimbledon ( which ran between 20 June and 2 July ) and the Open Golf Championship ( 6 to 9 July ) . Group play ( edit ) Wolfgang Weber ( left ) and Luis Artime during the match between West Germany and Argentina in Birmingham 1966 was a World Cup with few goals as the teams began to play much more tactically and defensively . This was exemplified by Alf Ramsey 's England as they finished top of Group 1 with only four goals , but having none scored against them . They also became the first World Cup winning team not to win its first game in the tournament . Uruguay were the other team to qualify from that group at the expense of both Mexico and France . All the group 's matches were played at Wembley Stadium apart from the match between Uruguay and France which took place at White City Stadium . In Group 2 , West Germany and Argentina qualified with ease as they both finished the group with 5 points , Spain managed 2 , while Switzerland left the competition after losing all three group matches . FIFA cautioned Argentina for its violent style in the group games , particularly in the scoreless draw with West Germany , which saw Argentinean Rafael Albrecht get sent off and suspended for the next match . In the northwest of England , Old Trafford and Goodison Park played host to Group 3 which saw the two - time defending champions Brazil finish in third place behind Portugal and Hungary , and be eliminated along with Bulgaria . Brazil were defeated 3 -- 1 by Hungary in a classic encounter before falling by the same scoreline to Portugal in a controversial game . Portugal appeared in the finals for the first time , and made quite an impact . They won all three of their games in the group stage , with a lot of help from their outstanding striker Eusébio , whose nine goals made him the tournament 's top scorer . Group 4 , however , provided the biggest upset when North Korea beat Italy 1 -- 0 at Ayresome Park , Middlesbrough and finished above them , thus earning qualification to the next round along with the Soviet Union . This was the first time that a nation from outside Europe or the Americas had progressed from the first stage of a World Cup : the next would be Morocco in 1986 . Quarter - finals , semi-finals , and third - place match ( edit ) The quarter - finals provided a controversial victory for West Germany as they cruised past Uruguay 4 -- 0 ; the South Americans claimed that this occurred only after the referee ( who was Jim Finney , from England ) had not recognised a handball by Schnellinger on the goal line and then had sent off two players from Uruguay : Horacio Troche and Héctor Silva . It appeared as though the surprise package North Korea would claim another major upset in their match against Portugal at Goodison Park , when after 22 minutes they led 3 -- 0 . It fell to one of the greatest stars of the tournament , Eusébio , to change that . He scored four goals in the game and José Augusto added a fifth in the 78th minute to earn Portugal a 5 -- 3 win . Meanwhile , in the other two games , Ferenc Bene 's late goal for Hungary against the Soviet Union , who were led by Lev Yashin 's stellar goalkeeping , proved little more than a consolation as they crashed out 2 -- 1 , and the only goal between Argentina and England came courtesy of England 's Geoff Hurst . During that controversial game ( for more details see Argentina and England football rivalry ) , Argentina 's Antonio Rattín became the first player to be sent off in a senior international football match at Wembley . Rattín at first refused to leave the field and eventually had to be escorted by several policemen . After 30 minutes England scored the only goal of the match . This game is called el robo del siglo ( the robbery of the century ) in Argentina . All semi-finalists were from Europe . The venue of the first semi-final between England and Portugal was changed from Goodison Park in Liverpool to Wembley , due to Wembley 's larger capacity . This larger capacity was particularly significant during a time when ticket revenue was of crucial importance . Bobby Charlton scored both goals in England 's win , with Portugal 's goal coming from a penalty in the 82nd minute after a handball by Jack Charlton on the goal line . The other semi-final also finished 2 -- 1 : Franz Beckenbauer scoring the winning goal with a left foot shot from the edge of the area for West Germany as they beat the Soviet Union . Portugal went on to beat the Soviet Union 2 -- 1 to take third place . Portugal 's third place remains the best finish by a team making its World Cup debut since 1934 . It was subsequently equalled by Croatia in the 1998 tournament . Final ( edit ) Main article : 1966 FIFA World Cup Final London 's Wembley Stadium was the venue for the final , and 98,000 people attended . After 12 minutes 32 seconds Helmut Haller put West Germany ahead , but the score was levelled by Geoff Hurst four minutes later . Martin Peters put England in the lead in the 78th minute ; England looked set to claim the title when the referee awarded a free kick to West Germany with one minute left . The ball was launched goalward and Wolfgang Weber scored , with England appealing in vain for handball as the ball came through the crowded penalty area . Elizabeth II presents the Jules Rimet Trophy to England 's team captain Bobby Moore . With the score level at 2 -- 2 at the end of 90 minutes , the game went to extra time . In the 98th minute , Hurst found himself on the scoresheet again ; his shot hit the crossbar , bounced down onto the goal line , and was awarded as a goal . Debate has long raged over whether the ball crossed the line , with the goal becoming part of World Cup history . England 's final goal was scored by Hurst again , as a celebratory pitch invasion began . This made Geoff Hurst the only player ever to have scored three times in a single World Cup final . BBC commentator Kenneth Wolstenholme 's description of the match 's closing moments has gone down in history : `` Some people are on the pitch . They think it 's all over ... ( Hurst scores ) It is now ! '' . England 's total of eleven goals scored in six games set a new record low for average goals per game scored by a World Cup winning team . The record stood until 1982 , when it was surpassed by Italy 's twelve goals in seven games ; in 2010 this record was lowered again by Spain , winning the Cup with eight goals in seven games . England 's total of three goals conceded also constituted a record low for average goals per game conceded by a World Cup winning team . That record stood until 1994 , when it was surpassed by Brazil 's three goals in seven games . Italy again lowered the record to two goals in seven during the 2006 tournament , conceding an own goal during the group stage and a penalty in the final , a record that has since been equalled by Spain 's two goals in the group stage conceded during the 2010 tournament . England received the recovered Jules Rimet trophy from Elizabeth II and were crowned World Cup winners for the first time . In this World Cup , the national anthems were played only in the final . They were not played in the earlier matches because the organisers ( FIFA and the FA ) feared that North Korea 's presence -- a socialist country that was not recognised by the United Kingdom -- in the World Cup would cause problems with South Korea . A memo from the Foreign Office months before the finals began stated that the solution would be `` denying the visas to North Korean players '' . Trophy incident ( edit ) The 1966 World Cup had a rather unusual hero off the field , a dog called Pickles . In the build - up to the tournament , the Jules Rimet trophy was stolen from an exhibition display . A nationwide hunt for the icon ensued . It was later discovered wrapped in newspaper as the dog sniffed under some bushes in London . The FA commissioned a replica cup in case the original cup was not found in time . This replica is held at the English National Football Museum in Manchester , where it is on display . Mascot ( edit ) World Cup Willie , the mascot for the 1966 competition , was the first World Cup mascot , and one of the first mascots to be associated with a major sporting competition . World Cup Willie is a lion , a typical symbol of the United Kingdom , wearing a Union Flag jersey emblazoned with the words `` WORLD CUP '' . Venues ( edit ) Eight venues were used for this World Cup . The newest and biggest venue used was Wembley Stadium in west London , which was 43 years old in 1966 . As was often the case in the World Cup , group matches were played in two venues in close proximity to each other . Group 1 matches ( which included the hosts ) were all played in London : five at Wembley , which was England 's national stadium and was considered to be the most important football venue in the world ; and one at White City Stadium in west London , which was used as a temporary replacement for nearby Wembley . The group stage match between Uruguay and France played at White City Stadium ( originally built for the 1908 Summer Olympics ) was scheduled for a Friday , the same day as regularly scheduled greyhound racing at Wembley . Because Wembley 's owner refused to cancel this , the game had to be moved to the alternative venue in London . Group 2 's matches were played at Hillsborough Stadium in Sheffield and Villa Park in Birmingham ; Group 3 's matches were played at Old Trafford in Manchester and Goodison Park in Liverpool ; and Group 4 's matches were played at Ayresome Park in Middlesbrough and Roker Park in Sunderland . The most used venue was Wembley , which was used for nine matches , including all six featuring England , the final and the third - place match . Goodison Park was used for five matches , Roker Park and Hillsborough both hosted four , while Old Trafford , Villa Park and Ayresome Park each hosted three matches and did not host any knockout round matches . London Manchester Birmingham London Manchester Liverpool Sunderland Middlesbrough Birmingham Sheffield Wembley Stadium White City Stadium Old Trafford Villa Park Capacity : 98,600 Capacity : 76,567 Capacity : 58,000 Capacity : 52,000 Sheffield Sunderland Middlesbrough Liverpool Hillsborough Stadium Roker Park Ayresome Park Goodison Park Capacity : 42,730 Capacity : 40,310 Capacity : 40,000 Capacity : 50,151 Match officials ( edit ) Africa Ali Kandil Asia Menachem Ashkenazi North America Arturo Yamasaki South America José María Codesal Roberto Goicoechea Armando Marques Europe John Adair Tofiq Bahramov Leo Callaghan Joaquim Campos Ken Dagnall Gottfried Dienst Jim Finney Karol Galba Juan Gardeazábal Garay Rudolf Kreitlein Concetto Lo Bello Bertil Lööw George McCabe Hugh Phillips Dimitar Rumentchev Pierre Schwinte Kurt Tschenscher Konstantin Zečević ( ( flagicon HPR ) István Zsolt Seeding ( edit ) Pot 1 : South American Pot 2 : European Pot 3 : Latin European Pot 4 : Rest of the World Brazil ( defending champions ) Argentina Chile Uruguay England ( hosts ) Hungary Soviet Union West Germany France Portugal Spain Italy Bulgaria North Korea Mexico Switzerland Squads ( edit ) For a list of all squads that appeared in the final tournament , see 1966 FIFA World Cup squads . Group stage ( edit ) Group 1 ( edit ) Main article : 1966 FIFA World Cup Group 1 Team Pld GF GA GAv Pts England 0 0 -- 5 Uruguay 0 2.00 Mexico 0 0.33 France 0 5 0.40 11 July 1966 19 : 30 BST England 0 -- 0 Uruguay Report Wembley Stadium , London Attendance : 87,148 Referee : Istvan Zsolt ( Hungary ) 13 July 1966 19 : 30 BST France 1 -- 1 Mexico Hausser 62 ' Report Borja 48 ' Wembley Stadium , London Attendance : 69,237 Referee : Menachem Ashkenazi ( Israel ) 15 July 1966 19 : 30 BST Uruguay 2 -- 1 France Rocha 26 ' Cortés 31 ' Report De Bourgoing 15 ' ( pen . ) White City Stadium , London Attendance : 45,662 Referee : Karol Galba ( Czechoslovakia ) 16 July 1966 19 : 30 BST England 2 -- 0 Mexico B. Charlton 37 ' Hunt 75 ' Report Wembley Stadium , London Attendance : 92,570 Referee : Concetto Lo Bello ( Italy ) 19 July 1966 16 : 30 BST Mexico 0 -- 0 Uruguay Report Wembley Stadium , London Attendance : 61,112 Referee : Bertil Lööw ( Sweden ) 20 July 1966 19 : 30 BST England 2 -- 0 France Hunt 38 ' , 75 ' Report Wembley Stadium , London Attendance : 98,270 Referee : Arturo Yamasaki ( Peru ) Group 2 ( edit ) Main article : 1966 FIFA World Cup Group 2 Team Pld GF GA GAv Pts West Germany 0 7 7.00 5 Argentina 0 4.00 5 Spain 0 5 0.80 Switzerland 0 0 9 0.11 0 West Germany were placed first due to superior goal average . 12 July 1966 19 : 30 BST West Germany 5 -- 0 Switzerland Held 16 ' Haller 21 ' , 77 ' ( pen . ) Beckenbauer 40 ' , 52 ' Report Hillsborough Stadium , Sheffield Attendance : 36,127 Referee : Hugh Phillips ( Scotland ) 13 July 1966 19 : 30 BST Argentina 2 -- 1 Spain Artime 65 ' , 77 ' Report Pirri 67 ' Villa Park , Birmingham Attendance : 42,738 Referee : Dimiter Rumentchev ( Bulgaria ) 15 July 1966 19 : 30 BST Spain 2 -- 1 Switzerland Sanchís 57 ' Amancio 75 ' Report Quentin 31 ' Hillsborough Stadium , Sheffield Attendance : 32,028 Referee : Tofiq Bahramov ( Soviet Union ) 16 July 1966 15 : 00 BST Argentina 0 -- 0 West Germany Report Villa Park , Birmingham Attendance : 46,587 Referee : Konstantin Zečević ( Yugoslavia ) 19 July 1966 19 : 30 BST Argentina 2 -- 0 Switzerland Artime 52 ' Onega 79 ' Report Hillsborough Stadium , Sheffield Attendance : 32,127 Referee : Joaquim Campos ( Portugal ) 20 July 1966 19 : 30 BST West Germany 2 -- 1 Spain Emmerich 39 ' Seeler 84 ' Report Fusté 23 ' Villa Park , Birmingham Attendance : 42,187 Referee : Armando Marques ( Brazil ) Group 3 ( edit ) Main article : 1966 FIFA World Cup Group 3 Team Pld GF GA GAv Pts Portugal 0 0 9 4.50 6 Hungary 0 7 5 1.40 Brazil 0 6 0.67 Bulgaria 0 0 8 0.13 0 12 July 1966 19 : 30 BST Brazil 2 -- 0 Bulgaria Pelé 15 ' Garrincha 63 ' Report Goodison Park , Liverpool Attendance : 47,308 Referee : Kurt Tschenscher ( West Germany ) 13 July 1966 19 : 30 BST Portugal 3 -- 1 Hungary José Augusto 1 ' , 67 ' Torres 90 ' Report Bene 60 ' Old Trafford , Manchester Attendance : 29,886 Referee : Leo Callaghan ( Wales ) 15 July 1966 19 : 30 BST Hungary 3 -- 1 Brazil Bene 2 ' Farkas 64 ' Mészöly 73 ' ( pen . ) Report Tostão 14 ' Goodison Park , Liverpool Attendance : 51,387 Referee : Ken Dagnall ( England ) 16 July 1966 15 : 00 BST Portugal 3 -- 0 Bulgaria Vutsov 17 ' ( o.g. ) Eusébio 38 ' Torres 81 ' Report Old Trafford , Manchester Attendance : 25,438 Referee : José María Codesal ( Uruguay ) 19 July 1966 19 : 30 BST Portugal 3 -- 1 Brazil Simões 15 ' Eusébio 27 ' , 85 ' Report Rildo 73 ' Goodison Park , Liverpool Attendance : 58,479 Referee : George McCabe ( England ) 20 July 1966 19 : 30 BST Hungary 3 -- 1 Bulgaria Davidov 43 ' ( o.g. ) Mészöly 45 ' Bene 54 ' Report Asparuhov 15 ' Old Trafford , Manchester Attendance : 24,129 Referee : Roberto Goicoechea ( Argentina ) Group 4 ( edit ) Main article : 1966 FIFA World Cup Group 4 Team Pld GF GA GAv Pts Soviet Union 0 0 6 6.00 6 North Korea 0.50 Italy 0 1.00 Chile 0 5 0.40 12 July 1966 19 : 30 BST Soviet Union 3 -- 0 North Korea Malofeyev 31 ' , 88 ' Banishevskiy 33 ' Report Ayresome Park , Middlesbrough Attendance : 23,006 Referee : Juan Gardeazábal Garay ( Spain ) 13 July 1966 19 : 30 BST Italy 2 -- 0 Chile Mazzola 8 ' Barison 88 ' Report Roker Park , Sunderland Attendance : 27,199 Referee : Gottfried Dienst ( Switzerland ) 15 July 1966 19 : 30 BST Chile 1 -- 1 North Korea Marcos 26 ' ( pen . ) Report Pak Seung - zin 88 ' Ayresome Park , Middlesbrough Attendance : 13,792 Referee : Ali Kandil ( United Arab Republic ) 16 July 1966 15 : 00 BST Soviet Union 1 -- 0 Italy Chislenko 57 ' Report Roker Park , Sunderland Attendance : 27,793 Referee : Rudolf Kreitlein ( West Germany ) 19 July 1966 19 : 30 BST North Korea 1 -- 0 Italy Pak Doo - ik 42 ' Report Ayresome Park , Middlesbrough Attendance : 17,829 Referee : Pierre Schwinte ( France ) 20 July 1966 19 : 30 BST Soviet Union 2 -- 1 Chile Porkuyan 28 ' , 85 ' Report Marcos 32 ' Roker Park , Sunderland Attendance : 16,027 Referee : John Adair ( Northern Ireland ) Knockout stage ( edit ) Main article : 1966 FIFA World Cup knockout stage Bracket ( edit ) Quarter - finals Semi-finals Final 23 July -- London ( Wembley ) England 26 July -- London ( Wembley ) Argentina 0 England 23 July -- Liverpool ( Goodison Park ) Portugal 1 Portugal 5 30 July -- London ( Wembley ) North Korea 3 England ( aet ) 23 July -- Sheffield ( Hillsborough Stadium ) West Germany 2 West Germany 25 July -- Liverpool ( Goodison Park ) Uruguay 0 West Germany Third place 23 July -- Sunderland ( Roker Park ) Soviet Union 1 28 July -- London ( Wembley ) Soviet Union Portugal Hungary 1 Soviet Union 1 Quarter - finals ( edit ) 23 July 1966 15 : 00 BST England 1 -- 0 Argentina Hurst 78 ' Report Wembley Stadium , London Attendance : 90,584 Referee : Rudolf Kreitlein ( West Germany ) 23 July 1966 15 : 00 BST West Germany 4 -- 0 Uruguay Haller 11 ' , 83 ' Beckenbauer 70 ' Seeler 75 ' Report Hillsborough Stadium , Sheffield Attendance : 40,007 Referee : Jim Finney ( England ) 23 July 1966 15 : 00 BST Soviet Union 2 -- 1 Hungary Chislenko 5 ' Porkuyan 46 ' Report Bene 57 ' Roker Park , Sunderland Attendance : 26,844 Referee : Juan Gardeazábal Garay ( Spain ) 23 July 1966 15 : 00 BST Portugal 5 -- 3 North Korea Eusébio 27 ' , 43 ' ( pen . ) , 56 ' , 59 ' ( pen . ) José Augusto 80 ' Report Pak Seung - zin 1 ' Li Dong - woon 22 ' Yang Seung - kook 25 ' Goodison Park , Liverpool Attendance : 40,248 Referee : Menachem Ashkenazi ( Israel ) Semi-finals ( edit ) 25 July 1966 19 : 30 BST West Germany 2 -- 1 Soviet Union Haller 43 ' Beckenbauer 67 ' Report Porkuyan 88 ' Goodison Park , Liverpool Attendance : 38,273 Referee : Concetto Lo Bello ( Italy ) 26 July 1966 19 : 30 BST England 2 -- 1 Portugal B. Charlton 30 ' , 80 ' Report Eusébio 82 ' ( pen . ) Wembley Stadium , London Attendance : 94,493 Referee : Pierre Schwinte ( France ) Third place play - off ( edit ) 28 July 1966 19 : 30 BST Portugal 2 -- 1 Soviet Union Eusébio 12 ' ( pen . ) Torres 89 ' Report Malofeyev 43 ' Wembley Stadium , London Attendance : 87,696 Referee : Ken Dagnall ( England ) Final ( edit ) Main article : 1966 FIFA World Cup Final 30 July 1966 15 : 00 BST England 4 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) West Germany Hurst 18 ' , 101 ' , 120 ' Peters 78 ' Report Haller 12 ' Weber 89 ' Wembley Stadium , London Attendance : 96,924 Referee : Gottfried Dienst ( Switzerland ) Goalscorers ( edit ) Eusébio ( POR ) With nine goals , Eusébio was the top scorer in the tournament . In total , 89 goals were scored by 47 players , with two of them credited as own goals . 9 goals Eusébio 6 goals Helmut Haller 4 goals Geoff Hurst Ferenc Bene Valeriy Porkujan Franz Beckenbauer 3 goals Luis Artime Bobby Charlton Roger Hunt José Augusto José Torres Eduard Malofeyev 2 goals Rubén Marcos Kálmán Mészöly Pak Seung - zin Igor Chislenko Uwe Seeler 1 goal Ermindo Onega Garrincha Pelé Rildo Tostão Georgi Asparuhov Martin Peters Héctor De Bourgoing Gérard Hausser János Farkas Paolo Barison Sandro Mazzola Enrique Borja Li Dong - woon Pak Doo - ik Yang Seung - kook António Simões Anatoliy Banishevskiy Amancio Josep Maria Fusté Pirri Manuel Sanchís René - Pierre Quentin Julio César Cortés Pedro Rocha Lothar Emmerich Sigfried Held Wolfgang Weber Own goals Ivan Davidov ( against Hungary ) Ivan Vutsov ( against Portugal ) All - star team ( edit ) Goalkeeper Defenders Midfielders Forwards Gordon Banks George Cohen Bobby Moore Vicente Silvio Marzolini Franz Beckenbauer Mário Coluna Bobby Charlton Flórián Albert Uwe Seeler Eusébio Source : Final standings ( edit ) Results of 1966 FIFA World Cup Champion Runner - up 3rd place 4th place 1 / 4 - finals Group stage Angola and Mozambique represented Portugal . In 1986 , FIFA published a report that ranked all teams in each World Cup up to and including 1986 , based on progress in the competition , overall results and quality of the opposition . The rankings for the 1966 tournament were as follows : R Team GF GA GD Pts . England 6 5 0 11 + 8 11 West Germany 6 15 6 + 9 9 Portugal 6 5 0 17 8 + 9 10 Soviet Union 6 0 10 6 + 4 8 Eliminated in the quarter - finals 5 Argentina + 2 5 6 Hungary 0 8 7 + 1 7 Uruguay 5 − 3 8 North Korea 5 9 − 4 Eliminated in the group stage 9 Italy 0 0 10 Spain 0 5 − 1 11 Brazil 0 6 − 2 12 Mexico 0 − 2 13 Chile 0 5 − 3 France 0 5 − 3 15 Bulgaria 0 0 8 − 7 0 16 Switzerland 0 0 9 − 8 0 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` World Cup Best Players ( Golden Ball ) '' . Topend Sports . Retrieved 23 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hurst the hero for England in the home of football '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 20 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1966 FIFA TM World Cup England -- Final '' . FIFA.com . Jump up ^ Why Africa boycotted the 1966 World Cup , BBC News , 12th July 2016 Jump up ^ `` History of the World Cup Final Draw '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 14 June 2010 . Retrieved 3 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` History of the World Cup '' . fifaworldcup.webspace.virginmedia.com . Archived from the original on 24 February 2014 . Retrieved 15 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Alsos , Jan. `` 1966 -- Story of England ' 66 '' . Planet World Cup . Archived from the original on 12 June 2010 . Retrieved 3 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mundial de Inglaterra 1966 -- SIGUEN LOS CHOREOS A SUDAMÉRICA '' . Todoslosmundiales.com.ar . Retrieved 3 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Hackett , Robin ( 7 April 2011 ) . `` Blue is the colour '' . ESPNFC . Archived from the original on 4 February 2012 . Retrieved 20 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mundial de Inglaterra 1966 -- EL ROBO DEL SIGLO '' . Todoslosmundiales.com.ar . Archived from the original on 5 June 2010 . Retrieved 3 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Vickery , Tim . `` Argentina 's class of ' 78 deserve respect '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 13 February 2012 . ( Tim Vickery 's comment ( no. 29 ) : ) The semi final switch -- I believe this is more down to the FIFA Exec Com than to Rous -- in this pre-mass TV age the box office was still important , so it was obviously tempting from a financial point of view to have the ho ( m ) e side play in the stadium with the biggest capacity Jump up ^ `` England 's 2 -- 1 win brings first final '' . Montreal Gazette. 27 July 1966 . Retrieved 11 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ENGLAND PORTUGAL 1 / 2 FINAL WORLD CUP 1966 '' . YouTube . 27 December 2007 . Retrieved 15 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` West Germany Nips 10 Russians 2 -- 1 '' . Montreal Gazette. 26 July 1966 . Retrieved 11 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : McIlvanney , Hugh ( 30 July 2008 ) . `` From the Vault : Hurst 's hat - trick wins the World Cup '' . guardian.co.uk . Guardian Media Group . Archived from the original on 6 June 2010 . Retrieved 22 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Reid , Ian ; Zisserman , Andrew . `` Goal - directed Video Metrology '' ( PDF ) . University of Oxford . Retrieved 10 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kenneth Wolstenholme '' . The Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . 27 March 2002 . Retrieved 22 June 2010 . Kenneth Wolstenholme , who has died aged 81 , was the voice of football on the BBC for almost a quarter of a century and the author of arguably the most celebrated words in British sports broadcasting , his commentary on England 's last goal in the World Cup Final of 1966 : `` Some people are on the pitch . They think it 's all over -- it is now ! '' Jump up ^ `` World Cup fears over North Korea in 1966 '' . BBC News . 13 June 2010 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Atherton , Martin ( 2008 ) The Theft of the Jules Rimet Trophy : The Hidden History of the 1966 World Cup . Meyer & Meyer Verlag . p. 93 , Retrieved 15 September 2010 from ' The Theft of the Jules Rimet Trophy ' , via Google Books Jump up ^ `` All Star Team '' . football.sporting99.com . Archived from the original on 30 June 2016 . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Permanent Table '' ( PDF ) . p. 230 . Retrieved 28 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup : Milestones , facts & figures . Statistical Kit 7 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 26 March 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 May 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to FIFA World Cup 1966 . 1966 FIFA World Cup England TM , FIFA.com Details at RSSSF FIFA Technical Report English football portal 1960s portal 1966 FIFA World Cup Stages Group stage Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Knockout stage Final General information Qualification Squads 1966 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions England Runners - up West Germany Third place Portugal Fourth place Soviet Union Quarter - finals Argentina Hungary North Korea Uruguay Group stage Brazil Bulgaria Chile France Italy Mexico Spain Switzerland FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . GND : 2010941 - 6 LCCN : no2013079959 VIAF : 150743816 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1966_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=850485011 '' Categories : 1966 FIFA World Cup 1966 -- 67 in English football FIFA World Cup tournaments International association football competitions hosted by England International sports boycotts July 1966 sports events Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from April 2018 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 58 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 04 : 46 ( UTC ) . 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when did england win the soccer world cup

The 1966 FIFA World Cup was the eighth FIFA World Cup and was held in England from 11 to 30 July 1966 . England beat West Germany 4 -- 2 in the final , winning the Jules Rimet Trophy . It is England 's only FIFA World Cup title . They were the fifth nation to win and the third host nation to win after Uruguay in 1930 and Italy in 1934 .

Anita Briem - Wikipedia Anita Briem This is an Icelandic name . The last name is a family name , but this person is referred to by the given name Anita . Anita Briem ( 1982 - 05 - 29 ) 29 May 1982 ( age 36 ) Reykjavík , Iceland Alma mater Royal Academy of Dramatic Art ( 2004 ) Occupation Actress Years active 2004 -- present Spouse ( s ) Constantine Paraskevopoulos Parent ( s ) Gunnlaugur Briem Erna Þórarinsdóttir Anita Briem ( born 29 May 1982 ) is an Icelandic actress . She is known for her role as Jane Seymour on The Tudors and her role as Hannah Ásgeirsdottir in Journey to the Center of the Earth . Contents 1 Personal life 2 Career 3 Filmography 4 References 5 External links Personal life ( edit ) Briem was born on 29 May 1982 in Reykjavík and is the daughter of drummer Gunnlaugur Briem of Mezzoforte and back - up vocalist Erna Þórarinsdóttir . She started acting when she was nine at the National Theatre of Iceland . She moved to England at the age of sixteen and in 2004 she graduated from the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London , having received the John Barton award in Stage Fighting . As a child she studied hand - to - hand combat and is trained in a variety of weaponry including the broadsword . She is married to actor / director Constantine Paraskevopoulos . Career ( edit ) She appeared in the second season of The Tudors , portraying King Henry VIII 's third queen consort , Jane Seymour ; she was replaced in the third season after the show was unable to work out conflicting dates with New Line Cinema over her previous commitment to the Premiere and press for Journey to the Center of the Earth . She appeared in Journey to the Center of the Earth as the female action hero lead , in Dylan Dog : Dead of Night ( 2011 ) , and in Elevator ( 2011 ) . Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Film Role Notes 2005 The Nun Eva 2006 Köld slóð Elín English title : Cold Trail 2008 Journey to the Center of the Earth Hannah Ásgeirsson Also filmed in 3D 2009 Everything Will Happen Before You Die Karen The Storyteller Nicole 2011 Dylan Dog : Dead of Night Elizabeth You , Me & the Circus Bo Queen Of Hearts Claire Short Film Elevator Celine Fouquet 2012 You , Me & The Circus Bo 2015 Queen of Hearts Claire Completed 2016 Salt and Fire Television Year Title Role Notes Doctors Anneka Marsh Episode : `` Golden Girl '' 2005 Doctor Who Sally Episode : `` The Christmas Invasion '' 2006 The Evidence Emily Stevens Episodes : `` And the Envelope Please '' `` Stringers '' `` Wine and Die '' `` Yi vs. Li '' `` Borrowed Time '' `` Pilot '' `` Down for the Count '' 2008 The Tudors Jane Seymour Season Two , 4 episodes Up Close with Carrie Keagan Anita Briem References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Anita Briem biography '' . tribute.ca . Tribute Entertainment Media Group . Retrieved 19 February 2017 . Jump up ^ WCHSTV . `` Anita Briem '' . wchstv.com . Jump up ^ About Webpage . `` Anita Briem Interview '' . about.com . External links ( edit ) Anita Briem on IMDb Royal Academy of Dramatic Art Profile ; accessed 7 May 2014 References to Anita Briem and her unusual surname ; accessed 7 May 2014 BIBSYS : 1498562803910 BNE : XX4415249 BNF : cb16579698p ( data ) GND : 138902801 ISNI : 0000 0000 8168 1856 LCCN : no2008167260 MusicBrainz : 21d6f1f6 - 7cc4 - 4940 - 9fef - 1d4fd1966781 NKC : xx0089078 SUDOC : 14295960X VIAF : 95515148 This article about an Icelandic actor or actress is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anita_Briem&oldid=855448838 '' Categories : 1982 births Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art Living people Icelandic film actresses Icelandic television actresses 21st - century Icelandic actresses Actors from Reykjavík Icelandic people with family names Icelandic people stubs European actor stubs Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from January 2012 Infobox person using alma mater Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latina Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 August 2018 , at 11 : 03 ( UTC ) . 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who plays hannah in journey to the center of the earth

Anita Briem ( born 29 May 1982 ) is an Icelandic actress . She is known for her role as Jane Seymour on The Tudors and her role as Hannah Ásgeirsdottir in Journey to the Center of the Earth .

Lunch atop a Skyscraper - wikipedia Lunch atop a Skyscraper Jump to : navigation , search Lunch atop a Skyscraper , 1932 Lunch atop a Skyscraper ( New York Construction Workers Lunching on a Crossbeam ) is a famous photograph taken atop the steelwork of 30 Rockefeller Plaza , during the construction of the Rockefeller Center , in Manhattan , New York City , United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Ownership 3 Author 4 Men in the image 5 References 6 External links Overview ( edit ) The photograph depicts eleven men eating lunch , seated on a girder with their feet dangling 840 feet ( 260 meters ) above the New York City streets . The photograph was taken on September 20 , 1932 , on the 69th floor of the RCA Building during the last months of construction . According to archivists , the photograph was in fact prearranged . Although the photograph shows real ironworkers , it is believed that the moment was staged by Rockefeller Center to promote its new skyscraper . Other photographs taken on the same day show some of the workers throwing a football and pretending to sleep on the girder . The photo appeared in the Sunday photo supplement of the New York Herald Tribune on October 2 . Ownership ( edit ) The glass negative is now owned by Branded Entertainment Network , who acquired it from the Acme Newspictures archive in 1995 . The negative was broken into five pieces in 1996 . Author ( edit ) Formerly attributed to `` unknown '' , it has been credited to Charles C. Ebbets since 2003 and erroneously to Lewis Hine . The Corbis corporation officially returned its status to unknown although sources continue to credit Ebbets . Men in the image ( edit ) There have been numerous claims regarding the identities of the men in the image . The movie Men at Lunch traces some of the men to possible Irish origin , but the director plans to conduct further interviews to follow up other claims from Swedish relatives . From the left , number three is Joseph Eckner , number four is Michael Breheny , number five is Albin Svensson and number six with the cigarette is John ( Jack ) Patrick Madden . The first man from the right is Slovak worker Gustáv ( Gusti ) Popovič from the village of Vyšný Slavkov in the Levoča District . Gusti was originally a lumberjack and carpenter . In 1932 he sent his wife Mariška a postcard with this photograph on which he wrote , `` Don ́ t you worry , my dear Mariska , as you can see I 'm still with bottle . Your Gusti . '' He came back to Vyšný Slavkov at the beginning of World War II and became a farmer . By the end of World War II , Gusti was killed by a grenade in his village . His and Mariška 's joint grave is in the Vyšný Slavkov cemetery . The third from the right is Joe Curtis . The man sitting fourth from the right is allegedly Irishman Francis Michael Rafferty with his lifelong best friend and fellow Irishman , Stretch Donahue , sitting to his right . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Malm , Sara ( September 20 , 2012 ) . `` The picture that proves why iconic photograph of workers eating their lunch on Rockefeller beam was all a publicity stunt '' . London : Daily Mail . Retrieved 29 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Gambino , Megan ( 19 September 2012 ) . `` Lunch Atop a Skyscraper Photograph : The Story Behind the Famous Shot '' . www.smithsonianmag.com . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Men at Lunch on IMDb Jump up ^ A photo finished StarNewsOnline.com Jump up ^ Ormond woman , daughter document legacy News-JournalOnline.com Jump up ^ Reuters photographer blog , `` ( 1 ) '' , September 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pollak , Michael ( March 9 , 2012 ) . `` Answers to Questions About New York '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Image '' . The New York Times . March 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Dean ( September 2 , 2011 ) . `` Reaching the Heights '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Men at Lunch on IMDb Jump up ^ Högt över New York satt bondpojkarna från Okome - Halland - www.hallandsposten.se Jump up ^ Oběd na vrcholu mrakodrapu : jak to opravdu bylo - iDNES.cz Jump up ^ `` Tak stavjame Ameriku , písal Gusti zo slávnej fotografie '' . August 12 , 2016 -- via www.sme.sk . Jump up ^ http://www.slovenskezahranicie.sk/sk/udalost/162/okamih-slavy-gusti-popovica-nad-manhattanom-slovak-ktory-vosiel-do-historie-vdaka-fotografii Jump up ^ Identified in the movie `` Men at Lunch '' around minute 27 . External links ( edit ) Lunch Atop A Skyscraper : The Story Behind The 1932 Photo short documentary , part of TIME 's 100 photos series ( hide ) Rockefeller Center Buildings Original complex 30 Rockefeller Plaza Rainbow Room 1250 Avenue of the Americas 1270 Avenue of the Americas Radio City Music Hall Simon & Schuster Building Center Theatre British Empire Building International Building International Building North La Maison Francaise Palazzo d'Italia 600 Fifth Avenue 1 Rockefeller Plaza 10 Rockefeller Plaza 50 Rockefeller Plaza Later buildings 75 Rockefeller Plaza 1211 Avenue of the Americas 1221 Avenue of the Americas 1251 Avenue of the Americas 1271 Avenue of the Americas History Elgin Botanic Garden Construction Art Atlas Lunch atop a Skyscraper Man at the Crossroads Prometheus Other structures Rockefeller Plaza Christmas tree Nintendo New York NBC Studios St. Nicholas Church Subway station Notable figures Wallace Harrison Ivy Lee Rockefeller family John D. Rockefeller Jr . Nelson Rockefeller Owners Beacon Capital Partners Rockefeller Group Tishman Speyer Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lunch_atop_a_Skyscraper&oldid=812777809 '' Categories : 1932 photographs Rockefeller Center Black - and - white photographs Works originally published in the New York Herald Tribune Photographs of the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Deutsch Español Euskara Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 November 2017 , at 20 : 20 . About Wikipedia

who took the picture lunch atop a skyscraper

Formerly attributed to `` unknown '' , it has been credited to Charles C. Ebbets since 2003 and erroneously to Lewis Hine . The Corbis corporation officially returned its status to unknown although sources continue to credit Ebbets .

Grinch - wikipedia Grinch Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Dr. Seuss character . For the video game , see The Grinch ( video game ) . For the upcoming film , see The Grinch ( film ) . The Grinch Dr. Seuss character The Grinch ( right ) with his dog Max First appearance `` The Hoobub and the Grinch '' ( 1955 ) Created by Dr. Seuss Portrayed by see below Information Nickname ( s ) Mr. Grinch Grinch Gender Male The Grinch is a fictional green character created by Dr. Seuss . He is best known as the main character of the children 's book How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( 1957 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character description 2 History 3 Popularity within American culture 4 References 5 External links Character description ( edit ) The Grinch is depicted as a furry , green humanoid recluse living in seclusion on a cliff overlooking the cheerful and optimistic town of Whoville . He scorns the Christmas season and the boisterous and rambunctious festivities customarily celebrated during the holiday ; apparently irritated by the happiness of others and deriving pleasure from spoiling other people 's merriment . Aided by his pet dog , Max , he disguises himself as Santa Claus and breaks into the Whos ' homes to steal their holiday decorations and gifts . Although his plan works , he is infuriated on Christmas morning to find the Whos singing cheerfully despite his actions . Convinced that the holiday must carry a meaning distinct from its decorations and gifts , the Grinch returns and distributes his stolen goods to the Whos , with whom he thereafter celebrates . Nevertheless , the Grinch is still portrayed as a bitter and ill - tempered character in artwork or other media . In both the animated TV special and the 2000 live - action film , he is shown to have superhuman strength when he stops an entire sleigh loaded with presents from going over a cliff and lifts it over his head , and he is also described as `` ( finding ) the strength of ten Grinches plus two '' during that moment of crisis . With the character 's anti-Christmas spirit followed by the transformation on Christmas morning , scholars have noted similarity to Ebenezer Scrooge from Charles Dickens ' 1843 novella A Christmas Carol . Cardiologist David Kass suggested that the rapid growth of the Grinch 's heart at the end of the story indicates that the Grinch has the physiology of a Burmese python . History ( edit ) Dr. Seuss working on How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! in early 1957 . The Grinch first appeared in the May 1955 issue of Redbook in a 32 - line poem called `` The Hoobub and the Grinch , '' but made his book debut in the 1957 story How the Grinch Stole Christmas , written and illustrated by Dr. Seuss , published as both a Random House book and in an issue of Redbook magazine . Nine years later in 1966 , the story was adapted into an animated television featurette of the same name , which was directed by Chuck Jones and included the song `` You 're a Mean One , Mr. Grinch '' . Boris Karloff serves as both the story 's narrator and the voice of the Grinch . In 1977 , Seuss responded to the fan request for more Grinch tales by writing Halloween is Grinch Night , that serves as a prequel to the 1966 film . This was followed in 1982 , when Marvel green - lit The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat a TV film starring The Cat in the Hat , also produced by Dr. Seuss ( though under his real name , Ted Geisel ) . Although not as successful as the original , the two films both received Emmy Awards . Several episodes of the 1996 Nick Jr. television show The Wubbulous World of Dr. Seuss featured the Grinch , this time in puppet form , a rare screen appearance for the character without being animated or illustrated . A 2000 live - action feature comedy film based on the story , directed by Ron Howard and starring Jim Carrey as the Grinch , was a major financial success , although it received many mixed reviews and holds a 53 % rating on Rotten Tomatoes . A video game based on the film , simply entitled The Grinch , was released on several consoles and PC in the same year . It was followed in 2007 with the release of a Nintendo DS version that went under the full title of the movie . The Grinch was portrayed on the stage when the story was turned into a musical by the Children 's Theater Company out of Minneapolis . The show made it to Broadway by way of a limited run in 2006 , with Julia Leuchtenberg playing the Grinch . The Grinch is also a minor character in Seussical , which is a crossover between various Dr. Seuss stories . The Grinch 's story will be adapted in animated form in 2018 by Illumination Entertainment , starring Benedict Cumberbatch as the title character . Popularity within American culture ( edit ) The Grinch has since become an icon of Christmas and the winter holidays , despite the character 's hatred of the season . Over the years he has appeared on various forms of memorabilia such as Christmas ornaments , plush dolls , and various clothing items . The grumpy , anti-holiday spirit of the character has led to the term `` Grinch '' coming to refer to a person opposed to Christmas time celebrations or to someone with a coarse , greedy attitude . In 2002 , TV Guide ranked The Grinch number 5 on its `` 50 Greatest Cartoon Characters of All Time '' list . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Philip Nel ( 2005 ) . `` Dr. Seuss : American Icon '' . p. 130 . Continuum , Jump up ^ Jacob M. Held ( 2011 ) . `` Dr. Seuss and Philosophy : Oh , the Thinks You Can Think '' . p. 147 . Littlefield Publishers , Jump up ^ Hamilton , Jon . `` Heart 2 Sizes Too Small ? Mr. Grinch , See Your Cardiologist . '' NPR. 22 December 2017 . 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Philip Nel ( 2005 ) . `` Dr. Seuss : American Icon '' . The Continuum International Publishing Group . p. 117 . Jump up ^ `` The Wubbulous World of Dr. Seuss . '' The Jim Henson Company . 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Oscar awards 2001 Jump up ^ `` How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` How the Grinch Stole Christmas at Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rottentomatoes.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Fee , Christopher R. , ed. , and Jeffrey B. Webb , ed . `` American Myths , Legends , and Tall Tales : An Encyclopedia of American ... '' Google Books . 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Franich , Darren . `` Benedict Cumberbatch is the new Grinch . '' Entertainment Weekly . 13 April 2016 . 22 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : TV Guide Book of Lists . Running Press . 2007 . p. 158 . ISBN 0 - 7624 - 3007 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Serf_12 December 17 , 2009 7 : 21 PM EST ( 2009 - 12 - 17 ) . `` Citigroup Suspends Foreclosures : Grinch 's Heart Grows Three Sizes ! - Econwatch '' . CBS News . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Orlando Grinch ? Former Osceola County courts supervisor faces tri '' . www.palmbeachpost.com. 2010 - 11 - 02 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Felps , Bruce ( 2010 - 11 - 09 ) . `` Grinch Grabs Salvation Army Kettle NBC 5 Dallas - Fort Worth '' . Nbcdfw.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` S WTAM - Local News - The BIG One - WTAM 1100 '' . WTAM . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 07 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Grinch at Wikimedia Commons Grinch at Don Markstein 's Toonopedia . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2016 . Christmas Christmas Eve Children 's Day Boxing Day Nochebuena Saint Nicholas Day St. Stephen 's Day Sol Invictus Yule In Christianity Biblical Magi Adoration of the Magi Adoration of the Shepherds Advent Angel Gabriel Annunciation Annunciation to the shepherds Baptism of the Lord Bethlehem Christingle Christmastide Epiphany Herod the Great Jesus Joseph Mary Massacre of the Innocents flight into Egypt Nativity Fast Nativity of Jesus in art in later culture Nativity scene Saint Nicholas Star of Bethlehem Twelfth Night In folklore Badalisc La Befana Belsnickel Caganer Christkind Ded Moroz Elves Father Christmas Grýla Jack Frost Joulupukki Knecht Ruprecht Korvatunturi Krampus Mikulás Miner 's figure Mrs. Claus Nisse / Tomte North Pole Old Man Winter Olentzero Père Fouettard Père Noël Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Saint Lucy Santa 's reindeer Santa 's workshop Sinterklaas Tió de Nadal Vertep Yule Cat Yule Lads Zwarte Piet Gift - bringers Saint Nicholas Santa Claus List of Christmas gift - bringers by country Traditions Advent calendar Advent candle Advent wreath Boar 's Head Feast Candle arches Cards Carols by Candlelight Cavalcade of Magi Crackers Decorations Events and celebrations Feast of the Seven Fishes Flying Santa Google Santa Tracker Hampers Las Posadas Letters Lights Lord of Misrule Markets Meals and feasts Moravian star Nine Lessons and Carols NORAD Tracks Santa Nutcrackers dolls Ornaments Parades list Piñatas Pyramids Räuchermann Seals Secret Santa Spanbaum Stamps Stockings Tree Twelve Days Wassailing Windows Yule Goat Yule log By country Australia and New Zealand Denmark Germany Hawaii Hungary Iceland Indonesia Ireland Mexico Norway Philippines Poland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Sweden Ukraine Music Carols list Hit singles UK Hit singles US Music books Carols for Choirs The Oxford Book of Carols The New Oxford Book of Carols Piae Cantiones Other media Films Poetry `` Old Santeclaus with Much Delight '' `` A Visit from St. Nicholas '' Television specials Yule Log In modern society Advent Conspiracy Black Friday ( partying ) Black Friday ( shopping ) Bronner 's Christmas Wonderland Christmas club Christmas creep Christmas Day ( Trading ) Act 2004 Christmas Lectures Christmas Mountains Christmas truce Controversies Cyber Monday Economics Giving Tuesday El Gordo Holiday season In July In August Leon Day NBA games NFL games Puritan New England American Civil War Post-War United States Running of the Santas SantaCon Santa 's Candy Castle Small Business Saturday Super Saturday Virginia O'Hanlon White Christmas Winter festivals WWE Tribute to the Troops Xmas Food and drink Dinner Joulupöytä Julebord Kūčios Réveillon Twelve - dish supper Smörgåsbord Wigilia Sweets bûche de Noël Cake Candy cane Cookies Fruitcake Gingerbread Kourabiedes Melomakarono Mince pie Pavlova Pecan pie Pumpkin pie Pudding Rosca de reyes Szaloncukor Turrón Soup Menudo Sauce Cranberry sauce Beverages Apple cider Champurrado Eggnog Mulled wine Smoking Bishop Ponche crema Dumpling Hallaca Tamale Meat Ham Roast goose Romeritos Turkey Stuffing Portal Dr. Seuss 's How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! Characters Grinch Book How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( 1957 ) Music `` You 're a Mean One , Mr. Grinch '' ( 1966 ) Adaptations Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( 1966 , TV special ) Halloween Is Grinch Night ( 1977 , TV special ) The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat ( 1982 , TV special ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! The Musical ( 1994 ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 live action film ) Dr. Seuss ' The Grinch ( 2018 animated film ) Related Dr. Seuss Memorial Dr. Seuss Characters The Cat in the Hat The Grinch Horton the Elephant Bartholomew Cubbins Bibliography And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street The 500 Hats of Bartholomew Cubbins The King 's Stilts The Seven Lady Godivas Horton Hatches the Egg McElligot 's Pool Thidwick the Big - Hearted Moose Bartholomew and the Oobleck If I Ran the Zoo Scrambled Eggs Super ! Horton Hears a Who ! On Beyond Zebra ! If I Ran the Circus How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! The Cat in the Hat The Cat in the Hat Comes Back Yertle the Turtle and Other Stories Happy Birthday to You ! Green Eggs and Ham One Fish , Two Fish , Red Fish , Blue Fish The Sneetches and Other Stories Dr. Seuss 's Sleep Book Dr. Seuss 's ABC Fox in Socks Hop on Pop I Had Trouble in Getting to Solla Sollew Come over to My House The Foot Book I Can Lick 30 Tigers Today ! and Other Stories My Book about ME Mr. Brown Can Moo ! Can You ? : Dr. Seuss 's Book of Wonderful Noises ! The Lorax Marvin K. Mooney Will You Please Go Now ! Did I Ever Tell You How Lucky You Are ? The Shape of Me and Other Stuff Wacky Wednesday Great Day for Up ! Oh , the Thinks You Can Think ! The Cat 's Quizzer I Can Read with My Eyes Shut ! Oh Say Can You Say ? Hunches in Bunches The Butter Battle Book You 're Only Old Once ! I Am Not Going to Get Up Today ! Oh , the Places You 'll Go ! There 's a Wocket in My Pocket I Wish That I Had Duck Feet Daisy - Head Mayzie My Many Colored Days Hooray for Diffendoofer Day ! The Bippolo Seed and Other Lost Stories Horton and the Kwuggerbug and More Lost Stories What Pet Should I Get ? Adaptations Television The Gerald McBoing - Boing Show ( 1956 -- 57 ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( 1966 ) Horton Hears a Who ! ( 1970 ) The Cat in the Hat ( 1971 ) The Lorax ( 1972 ) Dr. Seuss on the Loose ( 1973 ) The Hoober - Bloob Highway ( 1975 ) Halloween Is Grinch Night ( 1977 ) Pontoffel Pock , Where Are You ? ( 1980 ) The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat ( 1982 ) The Butter Battle Book ( 1989 ) In Search of Dr. Seuss ( 1994 ) Daisy - Head Mayzie ( 1995 ) The Wubbulous World of Dr. Seuss ( 1996 -- 98 ) ( episodes ) Gerald McBoing - Boing ( 2005 -- 07 ) The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That ! ( 2010 -- present ) ( episodes ) Green Eggs and Ham ( 2018 ) Film Horton Hatches the Egg ( short ; 1942 ) Gerald McBoing - Boing ( short ; 1950 ) How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) The Cat in the Hat ( 2003 ) Horton Hears a Who ! ( 2008 ) The Lorax ( 2012 ) The Grinch ( 2018 ) The Cat in the Hat ( TBA ) Other media Welcome ( Russian short film ) Seussical ( musical ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! The Musical The Grinch ( video game ) Dr. Seuss : How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( video game ) `` You 're a Mean One , Mr. Grinch '' ( song ) The Lorax ( play ) Other works Private Snafu The Pocket Book of Boners Your Job in Germany Our Job in Japan Design for Death The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T . Hejji Society of Red Tape Cutters Flit Related A Fish out of Water Amazing World of Dr. Seuss Museum Beginner Books Dr. Seuss Goes to War The Secret Art of Dr. Seuss Dr. Seuss National Memorial Geisel Award Geisel Library Geisel School of Medicine Helen Palmer PM Political messages of Dr. Seuss Read Across America Seuss Landing as `` Theo . LeSieg '' . Posthumous . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grinch&oldid=831152088 '' Categories : Dr. Seuss characters Christmas characters Fantasy film characters Fictional hermits Fictional thieves Fictional characters introduced in 1955 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Arpetan Català Čeština Español Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Română Svenska Türkçe 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 March 2018 , at 01 : 17 . About Wikipedia

7. what is the name of the grinch's dog

The Grinch is depicted as a furry , green humanoid recluse living in seclusion on a cliff overlooking the cheerful and optimistic town of Whoville . He scorns the Christmas season and the boisterous and rambunctious festivities customarily celebrated during the holiday ; apparently irritated by the happiness of others and deriving pleasure from spoiling other people 's merriment . Aided by his pet dog , Max , he disguises himself as Santa Claus and breaks into the Whos ' homes to steal their holiday decorations and gifts . Although his plan works , he is infuriated on Christmas morning to find the Whos singing cheerfully despite his actions . Convinced that the holiday must carry a meaning distinct from its decorations and gifts , the Grinch returns and distributes his stolen goods to the Whos , with whom he thereafter celebrates . Nevertheless , the Grinch is still portrayed as a bitter and ill - tempered character in artwork or other media . In both the animated TV special and the 2000 live - action film , he is shown to have superhuman strength when he stops an entire sleigh loaded with presents from going over a cliff and lifts it over his head , and he is also described as `` ( finding ) the strength of ten Grinches plus two '' during that moment of crisis .

The Fosters ( 2013 TV series ) - wikipedia The Fosters ( 2013 TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search The Fosters Genre Family drama Teen drama Created by Bradley Bredeweg Peter Paige Starring Teri Polo Sherri Saum Jake T. Austin Hayden Byerly David Lambert Maia Mitchell Danny Nucci Cierra Ramirez Noah Centineo Theme music composer Kari Kimmel Opening theme `` Where You Belong '' Composer ( s ) Alec Puro Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 97 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Peter Paige Bradley Bredeweg Greg Gugliotta Jennifer Lopez Simon Fields Benny Medina John Ziffren Joanna Johnson Elaine Goldsmith - Thomas Producer ( s ) Christine A. Sacani Paul Sciarrotta David Hartle Mark Benton Johnson Megan Lynn Wade Solomon Cinematography Lowell Peterson Kees Van Oostrum Checco Varese Editor ( s ) Kristin Windell Sharon Silverman Debra Weinstein Michael Jablow Meghan Robertson Running time 42 minutes Production company ( s ) ProdCo Original Blazing Elm Entertainment Freeform Original Productions Disney -- ABC Domestic Television Distributor Nuyorican Productions Release Original network Freeform Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) 720p ( HDTV ) 1080p ( HDTV ) Original release June 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 03 ) -- present Chronology Followed by The Fosters Spinoff External links Official website The Fosters is an American family drama television series created by Peter Paige and Bradley Bredeweg which first premiered in the United States on June 3 , 2013 on the Freeform ( previously named ABC Family ) television network . It follows the lives of the Foster family led by lesbian couple Stef and Lena , a cop and school vice principal , respectively , who raise one biological and four adopted children in San Diego , California . The first season of The Fosters received generally favorable reviews from critics and also garnered particular acclaim for its portrayal of LGBT themes . It also earned two GLAAD Media Awards and one Teen Choice Award . On January 3 , 2018 , Freeform announced that The Fosters was ending after five seasons . The series is set to conclude with a three - episode finale event to air summer 2018 . The finale will also act as an introduction to a spinoff - series starring Cierra Ramirez and Maia Mitchell . The show will start with a thirteen - episode first season and will be set a few years in the future and follow `` Callie and Mariana , as they embark on the next phase of their young adult lives . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main cast and characters 2.2 Special guest stars 2.3 Recurring cast and characters 2.4 Former recurring cast and characters 3 Broadcast 3.1 Episodes 3.2 Webisodes 3.3 Ratings 4 Production 4.1 Conception 4.2 Development 4.3 Casting 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 Controversy 5.3 Awards and accolades 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) The series follows the lives of police officer Stef Adams Foster and her wife Lena Adams Foster , a school vice principal , and their multi-ethnic , blended family . Stef and Lena are the parents of Brandon Foster , who is Stef 's biological son , and the twins , Jesus and Mariana , who were adopted as small children . At the outset of the series , the couple take in two foster children , Callie and Jude , whom they later adopt . Also , part of their lives is Mike Foster , Stef 's patrol partner , ex-husband , and Brandon 's father . Most of the show takes place in their quiet San Diego suburb and at Anchor Beach Community Charter School , where Lena works and the Foster children go to school . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of The Fosters characters Main cast and characters ( edit ) Stefanie `` Stef '' Marie Adams Foster ( Teri Polo ) is Lena 's spouse , Brandon 's biological mother , and the adoptive mother to twins Jesus and Mariana . In the pilot episode , she and Lena take in two foster children , Callie and Jude , before adopting them . Stef is a police officer for the San Diego Police Department , where she works as a patrol partner with her ex-husband , Mike . She is known for having a strong personality with bold opinions but can also be loving and motherly . When Jesus goes missing one night , Mariana informs her parents how she fears Jesus is at their biological mother Ana 's house since they recently got in contact and have been lending her money . Stef and Mike go to rescue Jesus only to discover that he is not there , and Ana 's boyfriend , an abusive drug addict , shoots Stef , who is severely wounded before making a full recovery . Later , she officially marries Lena , and after having a mammogram , Stef receives a diagnosis of intraductal carcinoma . Because it is likely that the cells will become cancerous , she undergoes surgery . Lena Elizabeth Adams Foster ( Sherri Saum ) is Stef 's wife , step - mother to Brandon , and adoptive mother to Jesus and Mariana . In the pilot episode , the pair take in two foster children , Callie and Jude , whom they later adopt . Lena is the vice principal of Anchor Beach Community Charter School , the high school her children attend . She tends to be more open and reasonable , oftentimes when it comes to the children 's wrongdoings but can be stern as well . She and Stef legally marry , and the discussion of Lena carrying her first child arises . Lena interviews for a promotion at work and reveals she is pregnant , leading the panel to question her ability to balance work and home . She later develops preeclampsia , which leads to a miscarriage . Jesus Adams Foster ( Jake T. Austin in seasons 1 -- 2 , Noah Centineo in season 3 onwards ) is Stef and Lena 's son , twin brother to Mariana , and sibling to Brandon , Callie , and Jude . He has ADHD and joins the wrestling team in an effort to offset the negative effects of his medication through the advice of Mike . Jesus loves his twin sister , Mariana , and the pair share resentment toward their biological mother . He is a womanizer at first , having a short string of romantic relationships and sometimes charming his mothers , including when he covers up for Mariana 's wrongdoings . But he is now more respectful after getting back together with Emma . Jesus feels as though he has no involvement in Mariana 's quinceanera preparations but later opts to be her escort in an effort to be at their birthday celebration . In the third season , Jesus temporarily resides at a boarding school for his high school wrestling team but returns after Callie 's adoption . After he admits to his parents that he was taking steroids while away at boarding school , Stef and Lena no longer allow Jesus to participate on the wrestling team at Anchor Beach . Jude Adams Foster ( Hayden Byerly ) is the youngest Adams Foster child , maternal half - brother to Callie , and Brandon , Jesus , and Mariana 's sibling . Callie rescues Jude from their abusive foster father 's house . As Jude settles into his new home , Mariana paints his nails blue and Callie tells him to wash it off but then learns to accept Jude 's choices . At school , he quickly becomes friends with a kind - hearted boy , Connor , and as their friendship grows , Jude begins questioning his sexual orientation . When Connor 's father suspects Jude 's feelings , he forbids the boys from seeing each other outside of school . Jude slips into a phase of selective mutism , a social anxiety disorder where he does not speak entirely for a certain extent of time in fear of embarrassment , only to finally open up to Callie about his feelings . Jude and Connor kiss and begin dating , but Jude refuses to label himself as gay . After seeing how badly this affects Connor at an LGBTQ dance in season 3 , he comes out as gay . At the end of the first season , Stef and Lena legally adopt Jude . Following Callie 's own adoption , Jude admits he is in love with Connor , who returns the sentiment . After Connor 's move and because their long - distance relationship does not work out very well , they break up , and he later dates a new friend , Noah . Brandon Foster ( David Lambert ) is the eldest Foster child , biological son of Stef and Mike , and older adoptive brother to Jesus and Mariana as well as to Jude and Callie . Brandon has an infatuation for Callie but after his biological mother and father place a restraining order against him , and despite he and Callie having sex the night before her adoption , they later resist further temptations to proceed with their relationship . Brandon also has a talent for music , excelling in piano , and is on the verge of entering a highly distinguished music program . After raising money to obtain fake IDs to get into a bar ( as he is legally underage ) , Brandon is beat up by his dealer . Following his subsequent hospitalization , Brandon loses sensation in his hand , causing him to miss his spot in the music program . Still able to play the piano , he joins a band . In the third season , Brandon goes to the Idylwild band camp and competes to play at Disney Hall , where he wins the competition . During his senior year of high school , he receives an acceptance letter into The Juilliard School , his top choice in colleges and among the most prestigious in music and the arts . Later , however , Brandon is academically dismissed from ever attending college as a student discloses bribing Brandon to take his scholastic assessment test . Callie Adams Foster ( Maia Mitchell ) is Stef and Lena 's eldest daughter , maternal half - sister to Jude , and adoptive sister to Brandon , Jesus , and Mariana . In the pilot episode , the court places Callie in the Adams Foster home after serving time in juvenile detention for damaging her abusive foster father 's property . Later , with Brandon 's help , she goes to get Jude , who is still in the abusive foster home . Callie quickly develops a crush on Brandon before Jude becomes furious at her after seeing them kiss at Stef and Lena 's wedding . Fearing the court will place her back into foster care , Callie attempts to run away , where she ends up eating food at a gas station without paying . This leads her into a temporary group home to counsel her actions and keep her away from Brandon . As time passes , Callie and Brandon hold back their feelings for each other . Callie 's adoption is initially put on hold after the discovery that she and Jude do not share the same birth father . Later , Robert Quinn , who reveals himself to be Callie 's birth father , approaches Callie . Robert introduces her to his family , and she quickly bonds with his daughter , Sophia . After Robert feels ready to turn over his paternal rights , Sophia tears up the paperwork , hoping Callie feels the same way about their newfound sibling bond , which appears to be the exact opposite . Stef and Lena officially adopt her following a prolonged battle with the justice system and a passionate speech to the judge . Mike Foster ( Danny Nucci ) is Stef 's patrol partner and ex-husband as well as Brandon 's father . He makes a number of appearances in the Adams Foster home , especially when it involves seeing Brandon . When searching for Jesus in the twins ' birth mother 's home , Mike witnesses Ana 's boyfriend shooting Stef and , in turn , Mike fires at the shooter . The shooter is not armed when Mike shoots him , which causes conflict at his job as Stef keeps secret about it . He later learns that the money he gives his son for piano lessons is used to bribe Ana to lie in court so Mike does not lose his job . This only complicates the issue as the court abruptly determines that Mike is not guilty before Ana even has the chance to testify . Mike is also a recovering alcoholic , attends Alcoholics Anonymous meetings , and retains a live - in girlfriend , Dani , who helps maintain his sobriety . The pair break up when she is sent to prison for statutory rape with an already sober Brandon . Mike and Ana soon begin a romantic relationship and get engaged in season 5 . Mike is also the foster father to AJ Hensdale . Mariana Adams Foster ( Cierra Ramirez ) is Stef and Lena 's daughter , Jesus ' twin sibling , younger sister to Brandon and Callie , and Jude 's older sister . Mariana is an intelligent teenage girl who likes to involve herself in whatever she finds enjoyable , particularly when she is social with her friends and gossips at school . She is also very proficient at coding and mathematics . Like many teenage girls , Mariana struggles with her self - confidence , heritage , and appearance , as seen when she dyes her hair blond to fit in . She dances , acts , and sings , forming her own dance team before becoming the lead actress in Brandon 's senior project musical . Mariana initially supports her birth mother financially by selling Jesus ' ADHD medication at school . Jesus confronts their birth mom to no longer contact Mariana , only to also rope in Brandon , which causes him financial and physical harm , for which she is apologetic . Later , Mariana hopes to change her image , joins the dance team , and takes a liking toward one of Brandon 's bandmates . She is very close to Jesus , but they often tease each other . Special guest stars ( edit ) Rita Hendricks ( Rosie O'Donnell ) is the leader of Girls United -- a group home for troubled girls -- who befriends Callie . Sharon Elkin ( Annie Potts ) is Stef 's mother , and the Foster children 's grandmother . Robert Quinn Sr. ( Patrick Duffy ) is Robert 's father and Callie 's biological grandfather . Will ( Rob Morrow ) is Sharon 's partner who she met on the road . They become engaged and almost marry in season five . Recurring cast and characters ( edit ) Daphne Keene ( Daffany Clark ) is Callie 's close friend who she meets in juvy and later lives with at Girls ' United . She begins working for Justina , the investor in Fost and Found , to win back custody of her daughter . Timothy ( Jay Ali ) is a teacher , who is quite popular among his students at Anchor Beach Community Charter School . Ana Gutierrez ( Alexandra Barreto ) is Jesus and Mariana 's biological mother , and a member of AA . In the first season , Ana initially bribes Jesus and Mariana for money . She later dates Mike and also gives birth to a daughter , Isabella , during the third season and becomes engaged to Mike in season five . Dana Adams ( Lorraine Toussaint ) is Lena 's mother . Stewart Adams ( Stephen Collins ; Bruce Davison in the third season ) is Lena 's father . Emma Kurtzman ( Amanda Leighton ) is a member of the wrestling team and STEM with Mariana . She becomes Jesus ' girlfriend before they break up but are reconciled in season 3 . Sophia Quinn ( Bailee Madison ) is Callie 's biological younger half - sister and Jude 's cross-sister . Sophia clings on to Callie as though they are really close despite only meeting each other recently , even acting out after Callie makes it clear to she and her family that she does not want to live with them . Through counseling , Sophia 's parents discover that she has a personality disorder , which her father discloses to Callie . Mat Tan ( Jordan Rodrigues ) is a founding member of Someone 's Little Sister . Since the second season , he and Mariana have been dating each other only to find themselves constantly breaking up and getting back together again . Monte Porter ( Annika Marks ) is the principal of Anchor Beach Community Charter School . Monte has a divorce and , in Lena 's office at school , she briefly kisses Lena . By the third season , Monte begins dating Jenna after revealing that she is reevaluating her sexual orientation . Daria ( Madison Pettis ) is Jude 's classmate . Taylor ( Izabela Vidovic ) is Jude 's friend and classmate . AJ Hensdale ( Tom Williamson ) is an adolescent boy whom Mike is potentially expecting to adopt but initially has Stef and Lena foster him for a short while . While staying over the Adams Foster household , AJ and Callie start dating and they later kiss before he runs away with his brother , Ty , as the latter commits a crime . This only leads to AJ being sent to juvie while his brother goes under arrest . Following his release from juvie ( as the court determines his brother is not guilty ) , he and Callie continue with their relationship . Cortney Strathmore ( Denyse Tontz ) is Brandon 's ex-girlfriend , and is three years his senior . She also has a very young son and is going through a divorce so Brandon lived with Cortney and helped pay off her house rent . Nick Stratos ( Louis Hunter ) is Jesus ' friend and Mariana 's unstable boyfriend . In the fourth season , Stef and Mike discover that Nick sets the warehouse on fire , and then they realize that he has fled from school with his father 's gun ; the school subsequently goes on lockdown . When Callie finds him holding Mariana hostage in her bed the next morning , Stef has him go to prison . Following Nick 's release from a psychiatric hospital , the court places a restraining order on him . However , during the neighborhood 's celebration for Callie potentially passing her new foster care bill , Mariana sees Nick walking in the crowd without realizing that she is only hallucinating , a side effect resulting from taking Jesus 's ADHD medication . Fearing her safety is at risk , she subsequently calls Jesus before running away . Jesus then contacts Nick , who is alone at his house , demanding him to release Mariana but Nick makes it clear that he is not with her . Not believing him , Jesus goes searching for Nick where he later finds him having an argument with Mariana . Acting on impulse , Jesus attempts to beat him up only to find himself being attacked to the ground , which is when Stef abruptly appears trying to stop their fight . Nick , then , provides Jesus with a blow to the head before he immediately loses consciousness . Gabriel `` Gabe '' Duncroft ( Brandon Quinn ) is Jesus and Mariana 's biological father , who is on a sex offenders list for only being 18 when dating 15 - year - old Ana , and , at the time , her parents filed a restraining order against him , which led to his subsequent arrest . Years later , Jesus meets Gabe while helping him on a construction site without initially disclosing that he is his son . Gabe later assists Brandon in setting up his school musical , but after the board of directors at Anchor Beach learn about Gabe 's background , Lena is at risk of losing her job so she , alongside Stef , Mike , and a lawyer help remove Gabe off the list . Aaron Baker ( Elliot Fletcher ) is a law student who helps Callie release her younger ex-foster brother out of jail as the latter has been falsely accused of murdering an elderly women that he had worked for . He later reveals he is transgender and becomes Callie 's boyfriend in season five . Noah ( Kalama Epstein ) is Jude 's second boyfriend who he meets at Taylor 's church youth group . He convinces Jude to eat his medical marijuanna gummy worms with him and they later find themselves smoking marijuana frequently to get high together . However , after the two are caught smoking it one night in the family 's garage , Stef and Lena forbid Jude from seeing Noah again . Stef and Lena later encouraged the relationship because of how much Jude was affected by Callie going to jail . Grace ( Meg DeLacy ) is Brandon 's girlfriend . She volunteers at the hospital where she uses music therapy for children with autism. Grace is diagnosed with leukemia and undergoes chemotherapy , which is unsuccessful . She becomes mad after finding out that her mother discloses her condition to Brandon . She becomes irritated after her mother restricts her from having sex with Brandon . Former recurring cast and characters ( edit ) Justina Marks ( Kelli Williams ) is the lobbyist who Callie initially collaborates with on a bill that will repair the issues currently facing foster care legislation in the state . After realizing the intent of the bill , which privatizes foster care , is to only worsen things for the sake of Justina and her company earning a profit , Callie takes a photo online of the check Justina receives in the mail in her office at work so this becomes visibly known to the public . Callie , then , decides to compete against Justina by designing her own bill that will genuinely improve the lives of those in foster care . Nonetheless , in the midst of Callie 's celebration party , one of Justina 's workers informs Callie that if she goes through on passing her bill , Justina will have Callie sent to prison by disclosing to the police how she read through her mail , thereby allowing her own bill to gain approval instead . Talya Banks ( Madisen Beaty ) is Brandon 's initial girlfriend ; they break up after she discovers his feelings for Callie . Lexi Rivera ( Bianca A. Santos ) is Mariana 's best friend , and Jesus 's girlfriend . Lexi moves to Honduras before residing back in San Diego after she and her family get their visas . When returning to Anchor Beach , Lexi finds out that while she was away , Emma was on the wrestling team where she met and later started dating Jesus . Lexi later reads the text message Jesus sent to Emma about how he likes the latter even more , leading to Lexi breaking up with him . Wyatt ( Alex Saxon ) is Callie 's first boyfriend , with whom she runs away . He later returns during the second and third season before they break up . Connor Stevens ( Gavin MacIntosh ) is Jude 's best friend , classmate and first boyfriend . The two have problems in their relationship , mostly due to Connor 's homophobic father and Jude 's refusal to label himself as gay , but they work through them . In season 3 , Connor and Jude admit they love each other but the pair break up after struggling to maintain a long distance relationship following Connor 's permanent move to his mother 's house in Los Angeles . Frank Cooper ( Sam McMurray ) is Stef 's father , who is not fond of his daughter 's sexual orientation . Despite being homophobic , Frank decides to attend Stef 's wedding but she disinvites him the night before marrying Lena . A few days later , Stef finds him dead on the couch at her parents ' house only to later regret missing out on potentially relieving the tensions she had with her father . Kiara ( Cherinda Kincherlow ) is one of Callie 's friends from Girls ' United . Cole ( Tom Phelan ) is a transgender boy from Girls ' United , who Callie escorts to prom . Dani Kirkland ( Marla Sokoloff ) is Mike 's girlfriend who he met at AA . Brandon , later , discloses to his parents and step mother that after returning to his father 's house sober one night , Dani sexually seduces him . The next morning , the two break up when the police come to arrest Dani at her house . Donald Jacob ( Jamie McShane ) is Jude 's biological father who initially raised Callie and Jude with their late mother . One night , however , he drove drunk with his wife in the car before getting into an accident which killed her instantly . He was subsequently arrested for quite some time so Callie and Jude ended up in the foster care system . Donald later signs the papers in court that would allow Stef and Lena to gain full custody over Jude . Hayley Heinz ( Caitlin Carver ) is Jesus 's second girlfriend and a member of the school dance team . Before the pair break up , Jesus tattoos her name on the side of his chest , and after their split , his parents find out about his tattoo and have him laser it off . Robert Quinn ( Kerr Smith ) is Callie 's biological father . It was not until the court discovers his name on Callie 's birth certificate that they realized Robert -- not Donald -- was her biological father . Against Callie 's wishes , Robert initially fights for her custody before realizing that it would not be in Callie 's best interest , and instead gives up his parental rights to Stef and Lena . Adam Stevens ( Chris Bruno ) is Connor 's abusive and homophobic father . He finds Connor 's homosexuality uneasy to bear and disapproves of his son 's relationship with Jude . Lucy `` Lou '' Chan ( Ashley Argota ) is Brandon 's former love interest , and a member of the band Someone 's Little Sister . Jack Downey ( Tanner Buchanan ) is a socially inept teenager , who befriends Jude after meeting him at a foster youth event where Callie was a speaker . Jack , later , catfishes Callie by pretending to be AJ and ends up kissing Jude . Callie and Jude 's previous abusive foster father later kills him . Broadcast ( edit ) The Fosters premiered on June 3 , 2013 and ran for ten episodes . On July 30 , 2013 , the series was picked up for a full season and an additional eleven episodes were produced , with the first season returning on January 13 , 2014 before concluding on March 24 . On October 11 , 2013 , ABC Family renewed The Fosters for a second season that premiered on June 16 , 2014 . The summer finale premiered on August 18 , 2014 . In July , ABC Family announced a Christmas special to premiere in December with the second half of season 2 to premiere in January 2015 . The third season premiered on June 8 , 2015 . On January 13 , 2015 , ABC Family renewed the series for a third season which premiered on June 8 , with the second half set to premiere on January 18 , 2016 on Freeform . On November 24 , 2015 , the premiere date was pushed to a week later on January 25 , 2016 . On November 30 , 2015 , ABC Family announced that The Fosters was renewed for a fourth season and began airing on June 20 , 2016 . While Canada broadcasts the series on ABC Spark , it airs on Fox8 in Australia where its second season premiered on February 3 , 2015 . In Turkey , the series airs on Dizimax Drama . On January 10 , 2017 , The Fosters was renewed for a fifth season , which will include the series ' 100th episode . On January 3 , 2018 , Freeform announced that The Fosters was ending after five seasons . The show 's two - hour 100th episode will act as a Season 5 finale , setting up the three - part limited series event to air in summer 2018 . The three - episode finale will introduce a spinoff series centered around Maia Mitchell 's Callie and Cierra Ramirez 's Mariana . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of The Fosters episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 21 June 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 03 ) March 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 24 ) 21 June 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 16 ) March 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 23 ) 20 June 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 08 ) March 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 28 ) 20 June 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 20 ) April 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 11 ) 5 22 July 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 11 ) TBA Webisodes ( edit ) Main article : List of The Fosters episodes § Webisodes On January 27 , 2014 , it was confirmed that ABC Family green - lighted a spin - off digital series of The Fosters , named The Fosters : Girls United . The five - part web series follows the residents of the Girls United home in a new country . Maia Mitchell , Daffany Clark , Cherinda Kincherlow , Annamarie Kenoyer , Alicia Sixtos , Hayley Kiyoko , and Angela Gibbs star in the series . Ratings ( edit ) Seasonal rankings ( based on average total viewers per episode ) of The Fosters . Season Episodes Time slot ( EST ) Premiered Ended TV season Overall viewership Date Premiere viewers ( in millions ) Date Finale viewers ( in millions ) 21 Mondays 9 : 00 pm June 3 , 2013 1.42 March 24 , 2014 1.29 2013 -- 14 1.68 21 Mondays 9 : 00 p.m. ( 2014 ) Mondays 8 : 00 p.m. ( 2015 ) June 16 , 2014 1.47 March 23 , 2015 1.45 2014 -- 15 1.39 20 Mondays 8 : 00 pm June 8 , 2015 1.26 March 28 , 2016 0.77 2015 -- 16 1.00 20 Mondays 8 : 00 pm ( 2016 ) Tuesdays 8 : 00pm ( 2017 ) June 20 , 2016 0.91 April 11 , 2017 0.72 2016 -- 17 TBA 5 18 Tuesdays 8 : 00pm July 11 , 2017 0.87 TBA TBA 2017 -- 18 TBA Production ( edit ) Conception ( edit ) The Fosters was originally conceived by openly gay creators Bradley Bredeweg and Peter Paige who wanted to write a drama that reflected the `` modern American family '' . After originally considering a story about two gay fathers , the pair decided the subject of two men raising a family had already been done on television and began to instead consider a story about two women . When asked about the concept of two lesbian mothers raising a blended family , Bredeweg stated , `` We realized that there was a kind of a vacuum when it came to stories about women raising families . So we set off in that direction . Many of our own friends are moms raising biological kids . Some of them have fostered and adopted . Suddenly , we realized that we had a story here that had n't been told on television before . '' Additionally , certain elements of the series which deal with the foster care system are said to have been inspired by a troubled childhood friend of Bredeweg , who struggled in the foster system before eventually being adopted in her senior year of high school . Development ( edit ) Executive producer Jennifer Lopez When developing the concept , Bredeweg and Paige were initially met with some resistance from Hollywood , with Bredeweg recounting , `` ( T ) here were some people around us , some people in town who said , ' You know , it is just not going to happen . You are never going to sell this show . ' '' After completing the first draft of the pilot script , the team was introduced to Jennifer Lopez through a friend who worked at her production company Nuyorican Productions , which was looking to branch out into scripted television . When describing their initial pitch to Lopez , Bredeweg stated , `` When we met with Jennifer , she really fell in love with it . The moment we had her , we knew that we had a force behind us . '' Lopez 's decision to become involved in the project is said to have been largely inspired by her late Aunt Marisa , Lopez 's mother 's gay elder sister who had faced discrimination during her lifetime due to her sexual orientation and was unable to have a family of her own . When discussing the show 's concept , Lopez stated , `` Although ( the script ) was about a non-traditional family and had some newer themes , it had some really basic themes as well about family and love and what 's really important . And life can be complicated and messy sometimes and not simple . It gives a really good depiction of family in this day and age . '' With Lopez on board , the team took the concept to several networks , including ABC Family , with Bredeweg recalling , `` ABC Family was really receptive from the very beginning . Strangely , it felt a little like a match made in heaven . I mean , their slogan is ' A new kind of family . ' We had a new kind of modern family , and it took off from there . '' On July 6 , 2012 , The Hollywood Reporter , among other sources , reported that Jennifer Lopez and her production company , Nuyorican Productions , were developing the yet - to - be-titled hour - long drama for ABC Family , with Lopez set to executive produce alongside Simon Fields and Greg Gugliotta , as well as showrunners and head writers Peter Paige and Brad Bredeweg . Finally , the first televised promo appeared on ABC Family on April 19 , 2013 . Casting ( edit ) On August 23 , 2012 , sources reported that ABC Family had ordered a pilot for The Fosters , a series which would tell the story of a lesbian couple raising a `` 21st - century '' multi-ethnic mix of foster and biological children . On September 24 , 2012 , it was reported that Teri Polo and Sherri Saum had been cast to star in the pilot as the two leads , Stef Adams Foster and Lena Adams Foster , respectively . On February 6 , 2013 , it was reported that ABC Family had picked up the show , with production set to begin that spring for a summer 2013 premiere . The rest of the principal cast was also announced at that time , including Danny Nucci as Stef 's ex-husband Mike Foster , David Lambert as their biological son Brandon Foster , Jake T. Austin and Cierra Ramirez as Stef and Lena 's twins Jesus and Mariana Foster , and Maia Mitchell and Hayden Byerly as their foster children Callie and Jude Jacob . When recounting the casting process , Bredeweg explained , `` ( W ) e spent tireless hours trying to find the right person for each role . Then they all began to line up -- it was like dominos -- the moment we found our Lena , the moment we found our Callie , the moment we found our Stef , it sort of all started to line up perfectly for us . '' On April 11 , 2013 , TV Guide unveiled the first official cast photo of The Fosters . In March 2015 , it was announced that Jake T. Austin would be leaving the show . He tweeted : `` I 'm honored to have been a part of such a groundbreaking series , but I personally want to let you know that my time on the show has come to an end . Thank you for letting me be a part of your family , it 's been a pleasure . '' It was announced three months later that Noah Centineo would replace Austin in the role of Jesus . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) The Fosters received a Metacritic score of 70 out of 100 in its first season , based on reviews by eleven critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . While acknowledging its network was somewhat beholden to the `` soapy '' format its target demographic had become accustomed to , critics praised the series for its ability to appeal to adults and younger viewers alike , with Boston Herald critic Mark A. Perigard writing , `` The show cannily plays to teen hopes and dreams ( ... ) but there 's story for the adults as well . '' And St. Louis Post-Dispatch critic Gail Pennington echoed the sentiment , writing `` Intelligent enough for adults , accessible enough for younger viewers and entertaining enough for both . '' Series stars Sherri Saum and Teri Polo The series has garnered positive reception for its innovative portrayal of LGBT characters and themes . Entertainment Weekly critic , Sarah Caldwell wrote that `` ( s ) eeing a lesbian , biracial couple on a family TV show is a big deal . ( I ) f you look at the demographics of most TV shows , it 's easy to realize how important , and deliberate , this choice was . '' Philadelphia Daily News critic Ellen Gray wrote , `` Stef and Lena ( are ) the kind of parents I 've met more in real life than on television . I hope they 'll be as welcome there as they seem to be welcoming . '' And TV Guide critic Matt Rousch felt similarly , writing , `` there 's something refreshing about its unforced approach to redefining what a family looks like . '' In addition to its adult characters , the series garnered praise for its handling of 13 - year - old Jude 's questioning of his sexual orientation , with Hollywood.com citing Byerly 's `` heartwarming '' portrayal when naming Jude to its list of `` Favorite LGBTQ Characters on TV '' in 2014 . The LGBT advocacy organization GLAAD and gay - interest media outlet TheBacklot.com also commended the show 's decision to introduce the character of transgender teenager Cole , portrayed by transgender actor Tom Phelan , in the second half of its first season . In his review of the pilot episode , Variety 's Brian Lowry criticized what he felt were formulaic elements , writing that what was distinctive about the series appeared to have been `` extracted during the pitch meeting , indicating a show either built by committee or incorporating too many notes . '' Although acknowledging that Polo and Saum were competent actresses and that the show `` had its heart in the right place '' , Lowry described the series as an `` utterly by - the - numbers affair . '' PopMatters critic Maysa Hattab detected some of the same problems , writing `` ( T ) he Fosters feel less like a family than a careful assembly of machine - tooled parts , as if the show were engineered for a focus group approved ' family drama ' category '' , while conceding that the lead characters , Stef and Lena were `` a likeable pair . '' Controversy ( edit ) On October 8 , 2012 , more than seven months prior to the series debut , the socially conservative One Million Moms organization , a division of the American Family Association , which has been classified as a hate and extremist group by the Southern Poverty Law Center , condemned Lopez and the show , encouraging audiences to boycott it . The group , which has routinely advocated against the depiction of same - sex couples in the media , stated : `` While foster care and adoption is a wonderful thing and the Bible does teach us to help orphans , this program is attempting to redefine marriage and family by having two moms raise these children together . '' They issued the following statement : `` Obviously , ABC has lost their minds . They have n't let up so neither will we . ABC 's Family Channel has several anti-family programs , and they are planning on adding to that growing list . ABC Family has approved a series pilot from Jennifer Lopez 's production company , Nuyorican , about a lesbian couple and their diverse family '' . In response , ABC defended the television show , with ABC Family President Michael Riley countering that The Fosters merges perfectly with the network 's `` groundbreaking storytelling and iconic characters '' and will feature `` the same depth , heart , close relationships and authenticity that our viewers have come to expect '' . Other sources have also defended the show . Josh Middleton , a writer from Philadelphia magazine , called One Million Moms ' statement `` silliness '' as well as `` ridiculous '' and said , `` They obviously missed the boat on shows like Modern Family and The New Normal , which have been on air -- and killing it in the ratings game -- for a while now '' . Awards and accolades ( edit ) Year Association Recipient ( s ) Result Reference 2013 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Breakout Show The Fosters Won Choice Summer TV Show The Fosters Nominated Choice Summer TV Star : Male Jake T. Austin Nominated Choice Summer TV Star : Female Maia Mitchell Nominated 2014 NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Directing in a Drama Series Millicent Shelton ( Episode : `` Clean '' ) Nominated GLAAD Media Awards Outstanding Drama Series The Fosters Won GLAAD Vanguard Award Jennifer Lopez ( Executive producer ) Won TCA Awards Outstanding Achievement in Youth Programming The Fosters Nominated Teen Choice Awards Drama Show The Fosters Nominated Drama : Actor Jake T. Austin Nominated Drama : Actress Maia Mitchell Nominated Choice summer TV Star : Male David Lambert Nominated Choice summer TV Star : Female Cierra Ramirez Nominated 2015 GLAAD Media Awards Outstanding Drama Series The Fosters Nominated TCA Awards Outstanding Achievement in Youth Programming The Fosters Won Teen Choice Awards Drama Show The Fosters Nominated Drama : Actress Maia Mitchell Nominated Drama : Actor Jake T. Austin Nominated Choice summer TV Star : Male David Lambert Nominated 2016 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Cable TV Drama The Fosters Nominated GLAAD Media Awards Outstanding Drama Series The Fosters Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Actress : Drama Maia Mitchell Nominated Choice Summer TV Show The Fosters Nominated Choice Summer TV Star : Male David Lambert Nominated Choice Summer TV Star : Female Cierra Ramirez Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt7820906/ Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 3 January 2018 ) . `` ' The Fosters ' To End Run With 3 - Episode Finale As Freeform Orders Spinoff Series Starring Maia Mitchell & Cierra Ramirez '' . Deadline . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 24 , 2012 ) . `` ABC Family Casts Teri Polo and Sherri Saum in Drama Series Pilot ' The Fosters ' Produced by Jennifer Lopez '' . Zap2It . ( Tribune Media Services ) . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Fosters -- Meet the Cast '' . ABC Family . Retrieved May 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bowe , Jillian ( September 25 , 2012 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez Soap Alum Sherri Saum Cast as Lesbian Mom in Jennifer Lopez 's New ABC Family Drama '' . Zap2It . ( Tribune Media Services ) . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` ABC Family 's ' The Fosters ' Adds Bianca Santos '' . The Hollywood Reporter. April 5 , 2013 . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Vlada Gelman . `` ' The Fosters ' Recasts Jesus -- Noah Centineo New Series Regular - TVLine '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lee Hernandez ( March 24 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Fosters ' Season Finale Recap '' . Hollywood Life . Retrieved March 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Christian Clinton ( March 14 , 2014 ) . `` Our Favorite LGBTQ Characters on TV '' . Hollywood.com . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 29 , 2013 ) . `` Gabourey Sidibe Joins ' American Horror Story ' , Alex Saxon Added To ' The Fosters ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Nickelodeon 's Ashley Argota Joins The Fosters '' . TV Line . April 29 , 2013 . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 30 , 2013 ) . `` ' Switched at Birth ' Renewed by ABC Family for Third Season + ' The Fosters ' & ' Twisted ' Get Back Order Pick - Ups '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Nellie , Andreeva ( July 30 , 2013 ) . `` ABC Family 's ' The Fosters ' & ' Twisted ' Get Back Orders , ' Switched At Birth ' Renewed '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( October 11 , 2013 ) . `` ABC Family Renews The Fosters for Season 2 '' . TV Line . Jump up ^ Marechal , AJ ( October 11 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Fosters ' Renewed by ABC Family for Season Two '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 21 , 2013 ) . `` ABC Family Announces Premiere Dates for ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Twisted ' , ' Switched at Birth ' and ' The Fosters ' '' . TV by the Numbers ( Press release ) . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie . `` ABC Family Targets `` Becomers '' , Doubles Original Programming , Sets Development `` . Deadline . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( January 13 , 2015 ) . `` ABC Family 's ' The Fosters ' Renewed for Third Season '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Zhu , Danielle ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` ABC Family announces winter premiere dates for The Fosters and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kissell , Rick ( November 24 , 2015 ) . `` ABC Family Sets Midseason Premiere Dates for ' The Fosters ' & New Series ' Recovery Road ' '' . Variety . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Fosters ' Renewed For Season 4 By ABC Family '' . Deadline . Retrieved November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Higgins , D ( February 2 , 2015 ) . `` New this week : Black Sails , Selling Houses Australia , Big Cat Week and Snowboarding World Cup '' . The Green Room . Foxtel . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Digiturk - Yayın Akışı '' . digiturk.com.tr . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ; Schwartz , Ryan ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` The Fosters Renewed for Season 5 '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada . `` The Fosters Cancelled -- But There 's a ( Very Promising ) Twist '' . TVLine . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Bradley Bredeweg ( @ BradleyBredeweg ) ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` Script for Episode 5022 - and I ca n't stop crying '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` ABC Family 's ' The Fosters ' Gets Web Series ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 27 , 2014 . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 4 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : NBA Basketball Dominates + ' Love & Hip Hop ' , ' Monday Night RAW ' , NHL Hockey , ' Teen Wolf ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 25 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night RAW ' Leads Night + ' Basketball Wives ' , ' Single Ladies ' , ' Fast N Loud ' , ' Teen Wolf ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Fosters : Season One Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . March 25 , 2014 . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 17 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : World Cup Soccer Wins Night + ' Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta ' , ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Hit the Floor ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night RAW ' Tops Night + ' Love & Hop - Hop ' , ' Better Call Saul ' , ' Teen Mom ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Fosters : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . March 24 , 2015 . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 9 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals : 6.8. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.28. 2016 '' . showbuzzdaily.com . Jump up ^ `` The Fosters : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . March 30 , 2016 . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' returns on top '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.11. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bredeweg , Bradley ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` 20 in season 4 . 18 in season 5 . # TheFosters ... '' . twitter.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.11. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jim Halterman ( February 17 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Fosters ' Interview : Tom Phelan On Playing Trans Teen Cole '' . TheBacklot.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rich Valenza ( January 10 , 2014 ) . `` Bradley Bredeweg , Executive Producer , Discusses ABC Family 's ' The Fosters ' '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ashley Lee ( March 24 , 2014 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez to Be Honored at GLAAD Media Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Esther Lee ( April 13 , 2014 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez Opens Up About Gay Aunt Marisa at GLAAD Awards : `` She Would Be So Proud of Me '' `` . Us Weekly . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Deluco , Concetta ( April 23 , 2013 ) . `` Is J. Lo Planning A Movie About the Boston Bombing ? '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Philiana Ng ( July 6 , 2012 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez Developing Drama Project for ABC Family '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( July 6 , 2012 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez Developing Series For ABC Family '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Trailer for Jennifer Lopez 's New TV Show About Lesbian Mom 's , The Fosters G Philly '' . Blogs.phillymag.com. April 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Philiana Ng ( August 23 , 2012 ) . `` ABC Family Orders Pilots From Jennifer Lopez and Gavin Polone '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Daniels , Colin ( August 25 , 2012 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez drama pilot ordered by ABC '' . Digital Spy . ( Lagardère Group ) . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Associated Press ( August 24 , 2012 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez , TV Show About Lesbian Couple Gets Green Light From ABC -- AOL Music Blog '' . Blog.music.aol.com . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( September 24 , 2012 ) . `` Teri Polo & Sherri Saum To Star In Jennifer Lopez 's ABC Family Pilot ' The Fosters ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Keck 's Exclusives : First Family Photo of ABC Family 's The Fosters -- Today 's News : Our Take '' . TVGuide.com. April 11 , 2013 . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jolie Lash ( February 6 , 2013 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez - Produced Show - The Fosters - Picked Up By ABC Family '' . Access Hollywood . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Fosters ' - Season 1 Reviews - Metacritic '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mark A. Perigard ( June 3 , 2013 ) . `` Lopez 's new show breath of fresh air '' . Boston Herald . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gail Pennington ( June 3 , 2013 ) . `` TV review : ' The Fosters ' is solid family drama '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sarah Caldwell ( June 4 , 2013 ) . `` The Fosters Review - TV Reviews and News - Summer Must See List '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ABC remake of BBC 's ' Mistresses ' makes adultery look dull '' . Philadelphia Daily News . June 4 , 2013 . Retrieved June 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Matt Roush ( June 3 , 2013 ) . `` The Monday Playlist : Fosters , Mistresses , Teen Wolf , Revolution Finale '' . TV Guide . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Matt Kane ( February 3 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Fosters ' actor Tom Phelan talks to GLAAD about playing one of TV 's new trans characters '' . GLAAD . Retrieved February 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brian Lowry ( May 31 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fosters ' Review : J Lo - produced show an utterly by - the - numbers affair '' . Variety . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Maysa Hattab ( June 3 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Fosters ' Are an Earnest , Sort of New , Normal Family '' . PopMatters . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SPLC Extremist Files '' . Southern Poverty Law Center . Retrieved December 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hillary Busis ( October 8 , 2012 ) . `` Anti-gay group preemptively protests Jennifer Lopez 's new TV show '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jennifer Lopez 's New Lesbian - Themed TV Show Targeted by One Million Moms E ! Online '' . Au.eonline.com . October 8 , 2012 . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Lopez 's Lesbian - Themed Show Blasted by One Million Moms for Promoting Sin '' . Christianpost.com . October 9 , 2012 . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Lopez 's New Show ' The Fosters ' Stirs Up Controversy Over Same - Sex Couple Raising Family : Entertainment '' . Latinos Post . April 15 , 2013 . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Lopez Show `` The Fosters '' Protested by One Million Moms `` . Gossip Cop . October 8 , 2012 . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Fosters '' . Onemillionmoms.com . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Lopez producing controversial family TV series ' The Fosters ' '' . Voxxi.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Complete list of Teen Choice 2013 Awards winners '' . Latimes.com . August 11 , 2013 . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Man of Steel , ' ' The Heat ' Lead Third Wave of Teen Choice Awards Nominations '' . Thewrap.com . July 16 , 2013 . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Aaron Couch ; Arlene Washington ( February 22 , 2014 ) . `` NAACP Image Awards : The Winners '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lesley Goldberg ( April 12 , 2014 ) . `` GLAAD Names ABC Family 's ' The Fosters ' Best Drama '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Malec , Brett ( June 17 , 2014 ) . `` Teen Choice 2014 Nominees : Vampire Diaries and Pretty Little Liars Lead , Catching Fire Comes in Second '' . E ! News . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zach Johnson ( January 21 , 2015 ) . `` GLAAD Media Awards 2015 : All The Nominees '' . eonline . Retrieved June 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nardine Saad ( June 4 , 2015 ) . `` ' Americans , Empire , Thrones ' to face off during 2015 TVA Awards '' . LATimes . Retrieved June 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 / 01 / 2016 - glaad - media - award - nominations '' . vulture.com . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ; Swift , Andy ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2016 : CW Dramas , Pretty Little Liars Lead Early Noms '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Teen Choice Awards 2016 : Second Wave Nominations Announced '' . External links ( edit ) The Fosters on IMDb Idyllwild Arts Academy Freeform original programming History History of Freeform Christian Broadcasting Network ABC Family Worldwide Inc . Original programming 1990s debuts Amateur Hour ( revival ) ( 1992 ) Big Brother Jake ( 1990 -- 1994 ) Donkey Kong Country ( 1997 -- 2000 ) Great Pretenders ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Home and Family ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Maniac Mansion ( 1990 -- 1993 ) Monster Farm ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Ohh Nooo ! 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( 2016 ) Beverly Hills Nannies ( 2012 ) Bunheads ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Chasing Life ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Dead of Summer ( 2016 ) Freak Out ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Guilt ( 2016 ) Huge ( 2010 ) Jane by Design ( 2012 ) Job or No Job ( 2015 ) Kevin from Work ( 2015 ) The Lying Game ( 2011 -- 2013 ) Melissa & Joey ( 2010 -- 2015 ) Monica the Medium ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Mystery Girls ( 2014 ) Next Step Realty : NYC ( 2015 ) The Nine Lives of Chloe King ( 2011 ) Pretty Little Liars ( 2010 -- 2017 ) Ravenswood ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Recovery Road ( 2016 ) Spell - Mageddon ( 2013 ) Startup U ( 2015 ) State of Georgia ( 2011 ) Stitchers ( 2015 -- 2017 ) Switched at Birth ( 2011 -- 2017 ) Twisted ( 2013 -- 2014 ) The Vineyard ( 2013 ) Current Alone Together ( since 2018 ) Beyond ( since 2017 ) The Bold Type ( since 2017 ) Famous in Love ( since 2017 ) The Fosters ( since 2013 ) Grown - ish ( since 2018 ) Shadowhunters ( since 2016 ) Truth & Iliza ( since 2017 ) The Twins : Happily Ever After ? 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( 2004 ) Desperate Housewives ( 2005 ) So You Think You Can Dance ( 2006 ) Heroes ( 2007 ) Gossip Girl ( 2008 ) Jonas ( 2009 ) The Vampire Diaries ( 2010 ) The Voice ( 2011 ) The X Factor ( 2012 ) The Fosters ( 2013 ) Faking It ( 2014 ) Empire ( 2015 ) Shadowhunters ( 2016 ) Riverdale ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Fosters_(2013_TV_series)&oldid=826241847 '' Categories : 2010s American drama television series 2013 American television series debuts 2018 American television series endings ABC Family shows Freeform shows American drama television series American LGBT - related television shows English - language television programs American teen drama television series American high school television series Gay - related television programs Lesbian - related television programmes Same - sex marriage in television Television series by Disney -- ABC Domestic Television Television shows set in San Diego Television shows set in Los Angeles Transgender - related television programs Television series about orphans Hidden categories : Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 February 2018 , at 01 : 18 . 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how many seasons are there on the fosters

On January 3 , 2018 , Freeform announced that The Fosters was ending after five seasons . The series is set to conclude with a three - episode finale event to air summer 2018 . The finale will also act as an introduction to a spinoff - series starring Cierra Ramirez and Maia Mitchell . The show will start with a thirteen - episode first season and will be set a few years in the future and follow `` Callie and Mariana , as they embark on the next phase of their young adult lives . ''

That ' 70s show ( season 8 ) - wikipedia That ' 70s show ( season 8 ) Jump to : navigation , search That ' 70s Show ( season 8 ) DVD cover Country of origin United States No. of episodes 22 Release Original network Fox Original release November 2 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 02 ) -- May 18 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 18 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 7 List of That ' 70s Show episodes The eighth and final season of the American comedy television series That ' 70s Show premiered November 2 , 2005 on Fox in the United States . The season ended on May 18 , 2006 with an hour - long series finale . The eighth season was the only season without the show 's star Topher Grace who portrayed Eric Forman , the central character , since he left the series at the end of the previous season . Eric was often mentioned throughout the season , even being an important off - stage character central to an episode 's plot upon occasion . Topher Grace returned as Eric for the final episode , although his role was brief and uncredited . This season also marked a major change in the series , as a new character was introduced to take Eric 's place named Randy Pearson ( portrayed by new cast member Josh Meyers ) and the departure of Michael Kelso , who was portrayed by Ashton Kutcher . Kutcher had quit the show at the end of season seven but remained on the series for five episodes during the eighth season . He appeared in the first four episodes to give closure to Kelso and he appeared again in the final episode titled `` That ' 70s Finale '' . Also , Leo ( Tommy Chong ) returned as a main character since his return to the series in the seventh season ( in a special guest role ) . Many plots of the season involved Donna 's new relationship with Randy , Jackie falling in love with Fez , Hyde getting married to a stripper named Samantha , Kelso getting a new job and moving to Chicago , and the Formans adjusting to an empty nest which is too empty for Kitty and not empty enough for Red due to the kids ' presence despite Eric 's absence . This season is set entirely in 1979 , with the final seconds of the series being the final seconds of the decade . The very last seconds of the series show the license plate of Eric 's Vista Cruiser for the final time , now featuring a tag with the year `` 80 '' on it , signaling that the 1980s have begun . All episodes of season 8 , except the finale , are named after songs by Queen . The region 1 DVD was released on April 1 , 2008 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Special guest 1.3 Recurring 1.4 Guest 1.5 Special appearance 2 Episodes 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Mila Kunis as Jackie Burkhart Danny Masterson as Steven Hyde Laura Prepon as Donna Pinciotti Wilmer Valderrama as Fez Debra Jo Rupp as Kitty Forman Kurtwood Smith as Red Forman Josh Meyers as Randy Pearson Don Stark as Bob Pinciotti Tommy Chong as Leo Special guest ( edit ) Tim Reid as William Barnett Ashton Kutcher as Michael Kelso Mary Tyler Moore as Christine St. George Topher Grace ( uncredited ) as Eric Forman Recurring ( edit ) Jim Rash as Fenton Bret Harrison as Charlie Jud Tylor as Samantha Lara Everly as Hilary Guest ( edit ) Yvette Nicole Brown as Sgt . Davis Allison Munn as Caroline Special appearance ( edit ) Bruce Willis as Vic Don Knotts as The Landlord Dick Van Patten as Murph Gavin MacLeod as Smitty Isaac Hayes as Himself Tom Bosley as Dr. Hammond Barry Williams as Jeff Christopher Knight as Josh Justin Long as Andrew Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of That ' 70s Show episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code 179 `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' David Trainer Gregg Mettler November 2 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 02 ) 801 Kitty , Fez and Donna record a tape for Eric , summarizing what happened since he left . Red is ashamed of Kitty 's experiment with something their son did prior to leaving . Hyde and Jackie argue about their relationship after Hyde punches Kelso , and it worsens when a stripper named Samantha finds the Formans ' house and reveals her marriage to Hyde . Charlie falls off the water tower , but lacking Kelso 's amazing luck in repeated falls , dies and has the water tower named after him . 180 `` Somebody to Love '' David Trainer Rob Deshotel November 2 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 02 ) 802 After Leo leaves an ambiguous note on Grooves ' front door , a teenager named Randy Pearson ( new cast member Josh Meyers ) applies for a non-existing job . Hyde hires him while he is intoxicated , and after sobering up , wonders if it was a good decision . Jackie , Fez and Donna go to a bar so Jackie could hit on guys and then break their hearts to make her feel better . Red and Kitty try to get Hyde 's wife , Samantha , to leave . 181 `` You 're My Best Friend '' David Trainer Chris Peterson & Bryan Moore November 9 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 09 ) 803 Randy wants to throw Hyde a belated bachelor party and puts Kelso and Fez in charge of getting Hyde to the Formans ' house without him knowing . But Kelso forgets his part of the plan and the guys end up in jail . Meanwhile , the Formans are furious when Leo has the strippers at their house and Jackie is shocked when Donna befriends Samantha . 182 `` Misfire '' David Trainer Kristin Newman November 16 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 16 ) 804 Kelso makes one last move on Jackie , but is offered a job at the Playboy Club in Chicago . Red and Kitty celebrate their anniversary , and Donna feels bad when Eric calls Kitty much more often than he calls her . Randy tries to console Donna . At the end of the episode , Kelso joins his friends in one last circle before he moves to Chicago . 183 5 `` Stone Cold Crazy '' David Trainer Dave Schiff November 30 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 30 ) 805 Kitty feels neglected by Red , so Samantha helps her improve her image . Now that Kelso has moved to Chicago , Jackie moves in with Fez , who has to deal with his crazy ex-girlfriend Caroline . With some help from Samantha , Donna takes nude photos to send to Eric ; unfortunately , he is not the first one to see them . In a hilarious turn of events , the folder with the photos passes hands from Kitty to Leo ; Kitty made the mistake of emptying the folder to put in a Marmaduke comic , and hid it , but it ended up with Hyde . Leo then hid them in a Barry White record that Fez bought at Grooves . 184 6 `` Long Away '' David Trainer Philip Stark December 7 , 2005 ( 2005 - 12 - 07 ) 806 Donna starts spending more time with Randy , much to Fez and Jackie 's suspicion , and the latter decides Eric has to know about this mingling . Red hires Leo to be his photographer at a Veterans ' Reunion , as Red is now the most decorated veteran and wants to show off , but Leo steals the spotlight when he reveals his military past . Leo once had a promising life ahead of him following his service in the army , but ended up the stoner he is by accepting a lift home from musicians smoking marijuana . Later , Donna reveals that she and Eric broke up , and that 's why she is now hanging out with Randy . 185 7 `` Fun It '' David Trainer David Spancer December 14 , 2005 ( 2005 - 12 - 14 ) 807 The gang decide to steal the Fatso Burger mascot , unfortunately upsetting the whole town ; Jackie was against it due to her fear of clowns . As they are stealing the clown , Bob drives up to place an order . Fez ( who was forced to duck behind the clown to avoid being seen ) pretends to be an employee speaking over the intercom and angers Bob so that he speeds away . The guys emerge from where they were hiding and take the clown back to the Formans ' basement . Kitty finds Fatso 's head inside the freezer , demanding the kids put him back . They attempt doing so , but Fez does n't fasten the bolts correctly and accidentally knocks Fatso down , smashing him to pieces . Everyone flees , but not before Donna snatches the clown 's nose . 186 8 `` Good Company '' David Trainer Dean Batali January 12 , 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 12 ) 808 Jackie discovers Donna 's crush on Randy , while Kitty is angry at Fez after he begins dating one of her friends . Donna 's birthday is approaching and her friends do n't know what present to give her . 187 9 `` Who Needs You '' David Trainer Sarah McLaughlin January 19 , 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 19 ) 809 Kitty and Red get annoyed with Hyde and Samantha 's constant fighting . After Jackie floods Fez 's apartment and almost gets them evicted , she decides to save the day in the most feminine way . Donna tries to get people to donate money for a children 's library and is in for some disappointment about the fans of `` Hot Donna '' ; her popularity has gone down , forcing her to make drastic promises . Hyde later reveals to Red and Kitty that his and Samantha 's arguing is to spice up their love life , which had gotten boring ; intrigued , Red and ( after some initial confusion ) Kitty give it a try . 188 10 `` Sweet Lady '' David Trainer Alan Dybner January 26 , 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 26 ) 810 Donna is suspicious of Randy 's intentions when he invites her to a cabin under questionable pretenses . Jackie wants to work for Christine St. George ( Mary Tyler Moore ) , a talk show host for What 's Up , Wisconsin ? . Hyde meets Red 's older friends and questions his marriage . 189 11 `` Good Old Fashioned Lover Boy '' David Trainer Greg Schaffer & Steve Joe February 2 , 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 02 ) 811 Jackie needs Kitty 's help to get Christine St. George to like her . Leo has a crush on someone quite unexpected and asks the other guys for help . 190 12 `` Killer Queen '' David Trainer Mark Hudis February 9 , 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 09 ) 812 It 's Valentine 's Day , and Hyde forgot . Red shows Hyde a stash of presents he hides in the basement ; he keeps them in case of Kitty 's birthday , their anniversary or Valentine 's Day due to missing Kitty 's birthday one year ( Kitty 's Birthday ( That Today ? ! ! ) in Season Three ) . After Hyde makes his pick , Red comes down later for Kitty 's gift to find the stash missing ; it turns out Samantha had caught Hyde with the stash and mistook it all as his gift for her . Fez and Jackie fake a relationship for Christine St. George on What 's Up , Wisconsin ? when a guest fails to appear . Donna helps Randy plan out his Valentine 's Day and is surprised to learn who his date is . 191 13 `` Spread Your Wings '' David Trainer Gregg Mettler March 16 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 16 ) 813 Donna unsuccessfully tries to keep her relationship with Randy a secret . Fez tries to impress a co-worker named Hillary at all costs , while Jackie gets a new job , but finds it quite disappointing . Kitty and Red clean Eric 's old bedroom with Randy 's help . Things take a turn for the worse when Kitty catches Randy and Donna kissing in the room . 192 14 `` Son and Daughter '' David Trainer Ken Blankstein March 23 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 23 ) 814 Hyde has to watch over his father 's house when he goes out of town . A subsequent party goes out of control and only Leo can fix the damage . Kitty is still furious at Donna for kissing Randy in Eric 's old bedroom and tries to ridicule her . After defending Randy , Red stays at Bob 's to avoid further fights with Kitty . Donna later explains that she broke up with Eric to Kitty , who understands and forgives Red for standing up to her . 193 15 `` Keep Yourself Alive '' David Trainer Gregg Mettler April 13 , 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 13 ) 815 Fez loses Kitty 's wedding ring and the gang spends their night in the woods looking for it , with Donna and Randy trying desperately to be alone , but unable due to Jackie and Hyde 's fighting . Red is uncomfortable when Bob says too much about the same ring in front of Kitty . 194 16 `` My Fairy King '' David Trainer Philip Stark April 27 , 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 27 ) 816 Hyde finds out a terrible truth about Samantha that causes their marriage to end ; she 's already married to a much older man , meaning that their marriage is a sham . Red finds a rival muffler shop is taking all his customers ; without much choice , he decides to go into retirement . Jackie makes up a list of qualities she needs in a man and is overwhelmed when she realizes who her perfect match is ... it 's no other than the very man who has been after her from the beginning - Fez . 195 17 `` Crazy Little Thing Called Love '' David Trainer Kristin Newman April 27 , 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 27 ) 817 Jackie goes to a therapist to understand her feelings for Fez ; she learns that she only wanted Kelso and Hyde before since they were unavailable , and now that Fez is dating , she wants him . Hyde keeps a retired Red busy , but regrets it later . Meanwhile , Fez is shocked to find his girlfriend dumping him for a very unusual reason ; believing no - one could do better than Fez for sex , she decides to become a nun . Jackie learns of Fez 's dilemma , and much to her own surprise , she finds herself still wanting him . 196 18 `` We Will Rock You '' David Trainer Chris Peterson & Bryan Moore May 4 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 04 ) 818 The gang meets a variety of people at a `` Disco Sucks '' bonfire . Jackie unsuccessfully tries to use the occasion to get closer to Fez . Kitty and Red have a visit from new neighbors ( Barry Williams & Christopher Knight ) , but there is just something about them that they did n't expect : the new neighbors are gay . 197 19 `` Sheer Heart Attack '' David Trainer Steve Joe & Greg Schaffer May 4 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 04 ) 819 After numerous amorous adventures , Fez decides to stay with only one girl , and returns to ex-girlfriend ( the crazy ) Caroline , much to Jackie 's dismay . Red and Hyde try to sell unneeded heart pills without Kitty 's consent ; Red 's friends are grateful for them , as one can fall asleep before his wife now . When Kitty mistakenly believes Hyde is stealing his stash , he blackmails Red into getting him a television . However , one of Red 's friends shows up for some of the pills , blowing their cover . 198 20 `` Leaving Home Ai n't Easy '' David Trainer Chris Peterson & Bryan Moore & Kristin Newman May 11 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 11 ) 820 Bob wants Red and Kitty to move to Florida with him , while Randy suggests Donna move in with him . To Red 's surprise , Bob has decided on the genius move of opening a bait shop in a neighborhood five miles from any other ; they end up fighting over what to name the shop , since Bob 's ideas are ridiculous puns . Although she had been crying , Jackie snaps back to her old bitchy self ; she has decided to harm Fez emotionally , just as he did to her . Among many things , Jackie ruins the buttons on Fez 's shirts and graffitis offensive messages on his car . At his wits end , Fez decides to take revenge on Jackie the best way he knows how ; he puts green dye in her shampoo . When confronted , Fez tells Jackie that he just made her as ugly on the outside as she is on the inside . 199 21 `` Love of My Life '' David Trainer Gregg Mettler May 18 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 18 ) 821 Hyde finds a memo from his father , revealing that the Grooves franchise has been sold for a ridiculous amount of money . Fez 's friend visits from their home country , bringing more powerful marijuana . Hyde takes too much and hallucinates every one is a copy of himself ; as result , he cleans up his act and becomes a more efficient person . At the same time Red and Kitty try to sell their house , and Randy tries to figure out what went wrong in his relationship with Donna . The gang help Hyde understand it was n't the marijuana that made him freak out ; the thought of losing his job and not knowing what to do next was . Hyde 's father visits Grooves , revealing that the Point Place store is to be left to Hyde , who `` celebrates '' with Leo and his father . Fez 's friend convinces him to return home , since Jackie has rejected him . However , once Jackie learns just how heartbroken she made Fez , she decides to give being a couple a try , forgiving him . Kitty informs everyone Eric is coming home from Africa . 200 22 `` That ' 70s Finale '' David Trainer Gregg Mettler May 18 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 18 ) 822 In the 200th episode and series finale , it is December 31 , 1979 , the final day of the 1970s . In a bit of a clip show , all the characters reminisce about the decade . Hyde helps a hesitant Kitty and Red decide about moving . Fez searches for the perfect time and place for his first kiss with Jackie while Kelso returns to spend the last night of the 1970s with his friends . Kelso also falls off the water tower ( again ) , after being tricked by Fez and Hyde . Red and Kitty announce to their guests that they decided not to move to Florida . As Donna leaves the room for some air , Eric returns just in time for New Year 's Eve . He apologizes to Donna , who says things `` are a lot different now '' , and they kiss and reconcile . Eric then joins the guys in the final `` circle '' of the decade when Donna and Jackie tell them to get upstairs . But before they do , Eric states the last person upstairs has to call Red a dumbass . Everyone races upstairs , leaving Kelso behind after Hyde pushes him . Kelso is the final character to be seen as he grabs `` the stupid helmet '' and prepares to call Red a dumbass . As the 1970s end , the episode ends in a final shot of the Formans ' basement with the kids and adults upstairs counting down to one ( with the episode ending abruptly just as they reach `` one '' , and the ' 70s officially end ) . Then shows the car license plate one last time reading `` That ' 70s Show '' along with the year saying 80 . The credits show the gang from season 1 singing Hello it 's Me by Todd Rundgren . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Credited from `` Somebody to Love '' onwards . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` That ' 70s Show - Season 8 '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 25 , 2010 . That ' 70s Show Episode Guide at The New York Times External links ( edit ) List of That ' 70s Show episodes on IMDb List of That ' 70s Show season 8 episodes at TV.com That ' 70s Show at epguides.com ( hide ) That ' 70s Show Characters Teenagers Eric Forman Donna Pinciotti Steven Hyde Michael Kelso Jackie Burkhart Fez Adults Kitty Forman Red Forman Midge and Bob Pinciotti Leo Seasons 5 6 7 8 Related articles Home video That ' 80s Show Days Like These Point Place Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=That_%2770s_Show_(season_8)&oldid=827575140 '' Categories : 2005 American television seasons 2006 American television seasons Television series set in 1979 That ' 70s Show seasons Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 25 February 2018 , at 14 : 43 . About Wikipedia

who does jackie end up with season 8

No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code 179 `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' David Trainer Gregg Mettler November 2 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 02 ) 801 Kitty , Fez and Donna record a tape for Eric , summarizing what happened since he left . Red is ashamed of Kitty 's experiment with something their son did prior to leaving . Hyde and Jackie argue about their relationship after Hyde punches Kelso , and it worsens when a stripper named Samantha finds the Formans ' house and reveals her marriage to Hyde . Charlie falls off the water tower , but lacking Kelso 's amazing luck in repeated falls , dies and has the water tower named after him . 180 `` Somebody to Love '' David Trainer Rob Deshotel November 2 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 02 ) 802 After Leo leaves an ambiguous note on Grooves ' front door , a teenager named Randy Pearson ( new cast member Josh Meyers ) applies for a non-existing job . Hyde hires him while he is intoxicated , and after sobering up , wonders if it was a good decision . Jackie , Fez and Donna go to a bar so Jackie could hit on guys and then break their hearts to make her feel better . Red and Kitty try to get Hyde 's wife , Samantha , to leave . 181 `` You 're My Best Friend '' David Trainer Chris Peterson & Bryan Moore November 9 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 09 ) 803 Randy wants to throw Hyde a belated bachelor party and puts Kelso and Fez in charge of getting Hyde to the Formans ' house without him knowing . But Kelso forgets his part of the plan and the guys end up in jail . Meanwhile , the Formans are furious when Leo has the strippers at their house and Jackie is shocked when Donna befriends Samantha . 182 `` Misfire '' David Trainer Kristin Newman November 16 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 16 ) 804 Kelso makes one last move on Jackie , but is offered a job at the Playboy Club in Chicago . Red and Kitty celebrate their anniversary , and Donna feels bad when Eric calls Kitty much more often than he calls her . Randy tries to console Donna . At the end of the episode , Kelso joins his friends in one last circle before he moves to Chicago . 183 5 `` Stone Cold Crazy '' David Trainer Dave Schiff November 30 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 30 ) 805 Kitty feels neglected by Red , so Samantha helps her improve her image . Now that Kelso has moved to Chicago , Jackie moves in with Fez , who has to deal with his crazy ex-girlfriend Caroline . With some help from Samantha , Donna takes nude photos to send to Eric ; unfortunately , he is not the first one to see them . In a hilarious turn of events , the folder with the photos passes hands from Kitty to Leo ; Kitty made the mistake of emptying the folder to put in a Marmaduke comic , and hid it , but it ended up with Hyde . Leo then hid them in a Barry White record that Fez bought at Grooves . 184 6 `` Long Away '' David Trainer Philip Stark December 7 , 2005 ( 2005 - 12 - 07 ) 806 Donna starts spending more time with Randy , much to Fez and Jackie 's suspicion , and the latter decides Eric has to know about this mingling . Red hires Leo to be his photographer at a Veterans ' Reunion , as Red is now the most decorated veteran and wants to show off , but Leo steals the spotlight when he reveals his military past . Leo once had a promising life ahead of him following his service in the army , but ended up the stoner he is by accepting a lift home from musicians smoking marijuana . Later , Donna reveals that she and Eric broke up , and that 's why she is now hanging out with Randy . 185 7 `` Fun It '' David Trainer David Spancer December 14 , 2005 ( 2005 - 12 - 14 ) 807 The gang decide to steal the Fatso Burger mascot , unfortunately upsetting the whole town ; Jackie was against it due to her fear of clowns . As they are stealing the clown , Bob drives up to place an order . Fez ( who was forced to duck behind the clown to avoid being seen ) pretends to be an employee speaking over the intercom and angers Bob so that he speeds away . The guys emerge from where they were hiding and take the clown back to the Formans ' basement . Kitty finds Fatso 's head inside the freezer , demanding the kids put him back . They attempt doing so , but Fez does n't fasten the bolts correctly and accidentally knocks Fatso down , smashing him to pieces . Everyone flees , but not before Donna snatches the clown 's nose . 186 8 `` Good Company '' David Trainer Dean Batali January 12 , 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 12 ) 808 Jackie discovers Donna 's crush on Randy , while Kitty is angry at Fez after he begins dating one of her friends . Donna 's birthday is approaching and her friends do n't know what present to give her . 187 9 `` Who Needs You '' David Trainer Sarah McLaughlin January 19 , 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 19 ) 809 Kitty and Red get annoyed with Hyde and Samantha 's constant fighting . After Jackie floods Fez 's apartment and almost gets them evicted , she decides to save the day in the most feminine way . Donna tries to get people to donate money for a children 's library and is in for some disappointment about the fans of `` Hot Donna '' ; her popularity has gone down , forcing her to make drastic promises . Hyde later reveals to Red and Kitty that his and Samantha 's arguing is to spice up their love life , which had gotten boring ; intrigued , Red and ( after some initial confusion ) Kitty give it a try . 188 10 `` Sweet Lady '' David Trainer Alan Dybner January 26 , 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 26 ) 810 Donna is suspicious of Randy 's intentions when he invites her to a cabin under questionable pretenses . Jackie wants to work for Christine St. George ( Mary Tyler Moore ) , a talk show host for What 's Up , Wisconsin ? . Hyde meets Red 's older friends and questions his marriage . 189 11 `` Good Old Fashioned Lover Boy '' David Trainer Greg Schaffer & Steve Joe February 2 , 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 02 ) 811 Jackie needs Kitty 's help to get Christine St. George to like her . Leo has a crush on someone quite unexpected and asks the other guys for help . 190 12 `` Killer Queen '' David Trainer Mark Hudis February 9 , 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 09 ) 812 It 's Valentine 's Day , and Hyde forgot . Red shows Hyde a stash of presents he hides in the basement ; he keeps them in case of Kitty 's birthday , their anniversary or Valentine 's Day due to missing Kitty 's birthday one year ( Kitty 's Birthday ( That Today ? ! ! ) in Season Three ) . After Hyde makes his pick , Red comes down later for Kitty 's gift to find the stash missing ; it turns out Samantha had caught Hyde with the stash and mistook it all as his gift for her . Fez and Jackie fake a relationship for Christine St. George on What 's Up , Wisconsin ? when a guest fails to appear . Donna helps Randy plan out his Valentine 's Day and is surprised to learn who his date is . 191 13 `` Spread Your Wings '' David Trainer Gregg Mettler March 16 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 16 ) 813 Donna unsuccessfully tries to keep her relationship with Randy a secret . Fez tries to impress a co-worker named Hillary at all costs , while Jackie gets a new job , but finds it quite disappointing . Kitty and Red clean Eric 's old bedroom with Randy 's help . Things take a turn for the worse when Kitty catches Randy and Donna kissing in the room . 192 14 `` Son and Daughter '' David Trainer Ken Blankstein March 23 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 23 ) 814 Hyde has to watch over his father 's house when he goes out of town . A subsequent party goes out of control and only Leo can fix the damage . Kitty is still furious at Donna for kissing Randy in Eric 's old bedroom and tries to ridicule her . After defending Randy , Red stays at Bob 's to avoid further fights with Kitty . Donna later explains that she broke up with Eric to Kitty , who understands and forgives Red for standing up to her . 193 15 `` Keep Yourself Alive '' David Trainer Gregg Mettler April 13 , 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 13 ) 815 Fez loses Kitty 's wedding ring and the gang spends their night in the woods looking for it , with Donna and Randy trying desperately to be alone , but unable due to Jackie and Hyde 's fighting . Red is uncomfortable when Bob says too much about the same ring in front of Kitty . 194 16 `` My Fairy King '' David Trainer Philip Stark April 27 , 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 27 ) 816 Hyde finds out a terrible truth about Samantha that causes their marriage to end ; she 's already married to a much older man , meaning that their marriage is a sham . Red finds a rival muffler shop is taking all his customers ; without much choice , he decides to go into retirement . Jackie makes up a list of qualities she needs in a man and is overwhelmed when she realizes who her perfect match is ... it 's no other than the very man who has been after her from the beginning - Fez . 195 17 `` Crazy Little Thing Called Love '' David Trainer Kristin Newman April 27 , 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 27 ) 817 Jackie goes to a therapist to understand her feelings for Fez ; she learns that she only wanted Kelso and Hyde before since they were unavailable , and now that Fez is dating , she wants him . Hyde keeps a retired Red busy , but regrets it later . Meanwhile , Fez is shocked to find his girlfriend dumping him for a very unusual reason ; believing no - one could do better than Fez for sex , she decides to become a nun . Jackie learns of Fez 's dilemma , and much to her own surprise , she finds herself still wanting him . 196 18 `` We Will Rock You '' David Trainer Chris Peterson & Bryan Moore May 4 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 04 ) 818 The gang meets a variety of people at a `` Disco Sucks '' bonfire . Jackie unsuccessfully tries to use the occasion to get closer to Fez . Kitty and Red have a visit from new neighbors ( Barry Williams & Christopher Knight ) , but there is just something about them that they did n't expect : the new neighbors are gay . 197 19 `` Sheer Heart Attack '' David Trainer Steve Joe & Greg Schaffer May 4 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 04 ) 819 After numerous amorous adventures , Fez decides to stay with only one girl , and returns to ex-girlfriend ( the crazy ) Caroline , much to Jackie 's dismay . Red and Hyde try to sell unneeded heart pills without Kitty 's consent ; Red 's friends are grateful for them , as one can fall asleep before his wife now . When Kitty mistakenly believes Hyde is stealing his stash , he blackmails Red into getting him a television . However , one of Red 's friends shows up for some of the pills , blowing their cover . 198 20 `` Leaving Home Ai n't Easy '' David Trainer Chris Peterson & Bryan Moore & Kristin Newman May 11 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 11 ) 820 Bob wants Red and Kitty to move to Florida with him , while Randy suggests Donna move in with him . To Red 's surprise , Bob has decided on the genius move of opening a bait shop in a neighborhood five miles from any other ; they end up fighting over what to name the shop , since Bob 's ideas are ridiculous puns . Although she had been crying , Jackie snaps back to her old bitchy self ; she has decided to harm Fez emotionally , just as he did to her . Among many things , Jackie ruins the buttons on Fez 's shirts and graffitis offensive messages on his car . At his wits end , Fez decides to take revenge on Jackie the best way he knows how ; he puts green dye in her shampoo . When confronted , Fez tells Jackie that he just made her as ugly on the outside as she is on the inside . 199 21 `` Love of My Life '' David Trainer Gregg Mettler May 18 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 18 ) 821 Hyde finds a memo from his father , revealing that the Grooves franchise has been sold for a ridiculous amount of money . Fez 's friend visits from their home country , bringing more powerful marijuana . Hyde takes too much and hallucinates every one is a copy of himself ; as result , he cleans up his act and becomes a more efficient person . At the same time Red and Kitty try to sell their house , and Randy tries to figure out what went wrong in his relationship with Donna . The gang help Hyde understand it was n't the marijuana that made him freak out ; the thought of losing his job and not knowing what to do next was . Hyde 's father visits Grooves , revealing that the Point Place store is to be left to Hyde , who `` celebrates '' with Leo and his father . Fez 's friend convinces him to return home , since Jackie has rejected him . However , once Jackie learns just how heartbroken she made Fez , she decides to give being a couple a try , forgiving him . Kitty informs everyone Eric is coming home from Africa . 200 22 `` That ' 70s Finale '' David Trainer Gregg Mettler May 18 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 18 ) 822 In the 200th episode and series finale , it is December 31 , 1979 , the final day of the 1970s . In a bit of a clip show , all the characters reminisce about the decade . Hyde helps a hesitant Kitty and Red decide about moving . Fez searches for the perfect time and place for his first kiss with Jackie while Kelso returns to spend the last night of the 1970s with his friends . Kelso also falls off the water tower ( again ) , after being tricked by Fez and Hyde . Red and Kitty announce to their guests that they decided not to move to Florida . As Donna leaves the room for some air , Eric returns just in time for New Year 's Eve . He apologizes to Donna , who says things `` are a lot different now '' , and they kiss and reconcile . Eric then joins the guys in the final `` circle '' of the decade when Donna and Jackie tell them to get upstairs . But before they do , Eric states the last person upstairs has to call Red a dumbass . Everyone races upstairs , leaving Kelso behind after Hyde pushes him . Kelso is the final character to be seen as he grabs `` the stupid helmet '' and prepares to call Red a dumbass . As the 1970s end , the episode ends in a final shot of the Formans ' basement with the kids and adults upstairs counting down to one ( with the episode ending abruptly just as they reach `` one '' , and the ' 70s officially end ) . Then shows the car license plate one last time reading `` That ' 70s Show '' along with the year saying 80 . The credits show the gang from season 1 singing Hello it 's Me by Todd Rundgren .

Rounders - wikipedia Rounders This article is about the game . For other uses , see Rounder . Rounders A game of rounders on Christmas Day at Baroona , Glamorgan Vale , Australia in 1913 . Highest governing body Rounders England / Gaelic Athletic Association First played England , 1500s ( unified rules 1884 ) Characteristics Team members 2 teams of 6 - 15 Rounders ( Irish : cluiche corr ) is a bat - and - ball game played between two teams . Rounders is a striking and fielding team game that involves hitting a small , hard , leather - cased ball with a rounded end wooden , plastic or metal bat . The players score by running around the four bases on the field . Played in England since Tudor times , it is referenced in 1744 in the children 's book A Little Pretty Pocket - Book where it was called baseball . The game is popular among British and Irish school children , particularly among girls . As of 2015 it is played by seven million children in the UK . Gameplay centres on a number of innings , in which teams alternate at batting and fielding . Points ( known as ' rounders ' ) are scored by the batting team when one of their players completes a circuit past four bases without being put ' out ' . The batter must strike at a good ball and attempt to run a rounder in an anti-clockwise direction around the first , second , and third base and home to the fourth , though they may stay at any of the first three . Contents 1 History 2 Rules 2.1 Rounders England - specific rules 2.2 GAA - specific rules 3 Comparison with softball and baseball 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) A Little Pretty Pocket - Book ( 1744 ) , included an illustration of base - ball , depicting a batter , a bowler , and several rounders posts . The rhyme refers to the ball being hit , the boy running to the next post , and then home to score . The game of rounders has been played in England since Tudor times , with the earliest reference being in 1744 in A Little Pretty Pocket - Book where it was called base - ball . In 1828 , William Clarke in London published the second edition of The Boy 's Own Book , which included the rules of rounders and also contained the first printed description in English of a bat and ball base - running game played on a diamond . The following year , the book was published in Boston , Massachusetts . The first nationally formalised rules were drawn up by the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) in Ireland in 1884 . The game is still regulated in Ireland by the GAA , through the GAA Rounders National Council ( Irish : Comhairle Cluiche Corr na hÉireann ) . In Great Britain it is regulated by Rounders England , which was formed in 1943 . While the two associations are distinct , they share similar elements of game play and culture . Competitions are held between teams from both traditions . After the rules of rounders were formalised in Ireland , associations were established in Liverpool , England ; and Scotland in 1889 . Both the ' New York game ' and the now - defunct ' Massachusetts game ' versions of baseball , as well as softball , share the same historical roots as rounders and bear a resemblance to the GAA version of the game . Rounders is linked to British baseball , which is still played in Liverpool , Cardiff and Newport . Although rounders is assumed to be older than baseball , literary references to early forms of ' base - ball ' in England pre-date use of the term rounders . A popular game among British and Irish school children , and especially among girls , the game is now played up to international level . It is played by seven million children in the UK , with Catherine , Duchess of Cambridge playing it as a young girl . Rules ( edit ) Gameplay comprises a number of innings , in which teams alternate at batting and fielding . A maximum of nine players are allowed to field at any time . Points ( known as ' rounders ' ) are scored by the batting team when one of their players completes a circuit past four bases without being put ' out ' . The batter must strike at a good ball and attempt to run a rounder in an anti-clockwise direction around the first , second , and third base and home to the fourth , though they may rest at any of the first three . While Rounders England and GAA codes differ , they share much in common . The bowler , or ' feeder ' , bowls the ball with an underarm pendulum action to the batter . According to Rounders England rules , the ball is deemed a ' good ' ball if it passes within reach on the striking side between the batter 's knees and the top of the head . Otherwise , it is called a ' no - ball ' or ' bad ' ball . The ball is also regarded as bad if it is thrown into the batter 's body or wide of the batting box . A batter may try to hit a bad ball but is not required to do so . A player is not out if a no - ball is caught and can not be called out on first base . When a batter leaves the post , each runner on a base may run to the next and succeeding base . A post runner can not be declared out when standing at a base . The batter must keep in contact with the base to avoid being declared out . A rounder is scored if one of the batting team completes a circuit without being out . The Rounders England rules state that a half rounder is scored if half a circuit is completed by a player without being put out , or if the batter has not hit the ball but makes it all the way to the fourth base . A batter is out if a fielder catches the ball cleanly ; the batter reaches a base that had been ' stumped ' ( touched while holding the ball ) by a fielder ; the bat is dropped whilst the batter is running ; the batter leaves the base before the bowler has bowled the ball ; or the batter is ' run out ' ( overtaken ) by the next batter . Rounders England - specific rules ( edit ) A game of rounders being played in Indonesia . In the United Kingdom , the rules of rounders are regulated by Rounders England . Games played under these rules use smaller bats and balls and are played on a smaller pitch compared to GAA games . The bases are marked with posts , which batters must keep in contact with and fielders must ' stump ' , and only one ' good ' ball needs to be thrown before a batter must run . ' Half - rounders ' are also counted in scoring . The fielding team must field a minimum of six players ( one on each base plus bowler and backstop ) . The total number of players on a team is limited to nine . The ball circumference must be between 180 millimetres ( 7.1 in ) and 200 millimetres ( 7.9 in ) and the bat no more than 460 millimetres ( 18 in ) in length and 170 millimetres ( 6.7 in ) in diameter . Rounders England place a weight - limit of 370 grams ( 13 oz ) on the bat . The bases are laid out in a manner similar to a baseball diamond , except that batters run to a separate fourth base , at right - angles to third base and the batsman 's base . Each base is marked with poles , which must be able to support themselves and stand at a minimum of 1 metre ( 3 ft 3 in ) . If a ball is delivered well , batters must try to hit the ball and must run regardless of whether the ball is hit . If the ball is hit into the backward area , the batter may not pass first post until the ball is returned to the forward area . A batter that hits a no - ball may not be caught out or stumped at the first post . Batters may run on ' no - balls ' but do not have to . Each batter , except the last in each inning , is entitled to receive one good ball : the last batter is entitled to receive three good balls unless he or she is caught out . One rounder is gained if the player hits the ball , then reaches the fourth post and touches it before the next ball is bowled and is not caught out and hit by the ball . A half rounder is gained if : the player reaches the fourth post having missed the ball ; the player reaches the second post having hit the ball ; if a batter is obstructed by a fielder whilst running ; or if the same batter has two consecutive no balls . A batter is out if a fielder catches the ball after it has been hit and before it touches the ground , a fielder touches the post of the base halfway up ( or higher ) with the ball while the batter is running to it , the batter deliberately drops or throws the bat , or another batter runs to the same base or overtakes a batter , in which case both batters are out . Two innings constitute a game . Each batting team 's innings continues until nine outs are made or the numbered innings is over . GAA - specific rules ( edit ) A batter is attempting to give a good hit In Ireland , the rules of rounders ( Irish : cluiche corr ) are laid down by the Gaelic Athletic Association . The GAA rules are the earliest nationally organised rules of play , being formalised in 1884 . It is played on a larger pitch compared to the Rounders England game and consequently uses larger bats and slightly larger balls . A GAA rounders pitch is a 70 metres ( 77 yd ) square field and bases are 25 metres ( 27 yd ) apart , compared to 12 metres ( 13 yd ) for the Rounders England game . Foul ground runs along two adjacent sides of the pitch with home base at the intersection of these sides . Three substitutes may be made to the list of field players during play . A maximum of nine players are allowed to field at one time . There is no limit for the number of batters a team may list . The ball ( or sliotar ) circumference is 22.7 -- 25.5 centimetres ( 8.9 -- 10.0 in ) and bats may be 70 -- 110 centimetres ( 28 -- 43 in ) long and up to 7 centimetres ( 2.8 in ) in diameter . There is no limit on bat weight . Bases are normally marked with temporary square mats 64 cm ( 28 `` ) wide for home - base and the pitchers stand and 46 centimetres ( 18 in ) wide for all others . Each batter is entitled to three good balls . A batter must try to hit any good balls that are bowled , but need not run hitting the ball . If a ball is struck that would otherwise be considered ' bad ' , the ball is then considered to be ' good ' . If , on the first or second good ball , a ball is hit into the foul ground , or the ball is hit but no running occurs , it is considered a ' dead ' ball and the batter or runners may not advance . If a batter receives three bad balls then a ' walk - on ' is called and all runners advance one base . The batter may run on any ball except a dead ball . The batter is not allowed to drop the bat whilst running or that person is out and no rounders are scored . A batter is out if : on a third good ball , the batter fails to strike the ball and the catcher holds the ball before it touches the ground ; the bat is thrown or tossed in a dangerous way ; on a third good ball , the batter strikes the ball in to the foul area ; the bowler or catcher 's view is obstructed for a second time , after a warning given on the first instance ; deliberate contact is made with a fielder carrying the ball ; the batter touches a base that has been ' tagged ' by another fielder carrying the ball , in which case the batter must return to the previous base if it is still unoccupied ; the batter attempts to occupy a base occupied by someone else ( with the exception of first base , which must be vacated to make way for the approaching batter . Batters must run in straight lines between bases and fielders must not obstruct their way or stand on bases . Disobeying this rule is considered unsporting behaviour and may result in up to two bases being awarded to the batting team or a batter being sent out . Normally , one batter may not overtake another while running between bases , although there are exceptions to this rule . Five innings constitute a game , depending on the level of the match . Each batting team 's inning continues until three outs are made . Comparison with softball and baseball ( edit ) The GAA version of rounders is very similar to softball , the main difference being that the game is played with baseball - sized bats , balls and field . However , baseball - style gloves are not allowed . The main differences between baseball and the Rounders England version of the game are that the rounders bat is much shorter and is usually swung one - handed ; misses or strikes are not called , so there are no walks or strike - outs ; each batter receives only one good ball and must run whether they hit it or not . Other differences include the posts for marking the bases , which should be wooden , and are preferably encased in plastic sheaths , the lay - out of the pitch , especially the location of the last base ; and the bowler 's arm motion , which is an underarm pendulum action , as in softball . See also ( edit ) Gaelic games portal Pesäpallo Oina Brännboll Safe haven games Stoolball Lapta Palant References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : National Rounders Association -- History of the Game in an Archive.org snapshot from 2007 Jump up ^ Alice Bertha Gomme , Traditional Games of England , Scotland and Ireland , Volume 2 , 1898 Jump up ^ Mike . `` Rounders '' . West Midlands Sports Development . Retrieved 2 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rounders ( English Game ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ^ Jump up to : `` Rounders all - round show '' . Gulf News . 3 March 2011 ^ Jump up to : `` Fair Play for Girls and Boys '' . National Teachers Organisation . Retrieved 9 March 2018 ^ Jump up to : `` Save rounders ! It 's the only sport for people who hate sport '' . The Telegraph . 8 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , John ; Mitchinson , John ( 2006 ) . Faber & Faber , ed . The Book of General Ignorance . Jump up ^ Newbery , John ( 1767 ) . A Little Pretty Pocket - book . p. 43 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ David Block ( 2006 ) Baseball Before We Knew It : A Search for the Roots of the Game p. 192 . University of Nebraska Press . Retrieved 6 May 2011 Jump up ^ `` The Boys Own Book by William Clarke '' . Maine Historical Society . Retrieved 7 May 2011 Jump up ^ `` Rounders England - Rules '' . Retrieved 3 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Rules of GAA Rounders '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 3 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rounders England - Our Journey '' . Rounders England . Retrieved 1 February 2016 . Jump up ^ NRA Pitch Diagram SportFocus External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rounders . Rounders England Simplified rules GAA Rounders How to play rounders Rounders Association of India Rounders at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Gaelic games County Stadiums and Venues Men 's Football Hurling Handball Rounders Ladies ' Camogie Football Lists Clubs Ireland Elsewhere Competitions Competitions All - Ireland Senior Football Championship All - Ireland Senior Hurling Championship National Football League National Hurling League Glossary of terms Gaelic Athletic Association Glossary of terms Overview Foundation Headquarters Congress President History Rule 21 Rule 42 125th anniversary events Founder members Clare Cork Kilkenny Limerick Louth Meath Tipperary Waterford Wexford Presidents Maurice Davin Edward Bennet Peter Kelly Frank Dineen Michael Deering James Nowlan Daniel McCarthy Patrick Breen Liam Clifford Seán Ryan Seán McCarthy Bob O'Keeffe Pádraig MacNamee Séamus Gardiner Dan O'Rourke Michael Kehoe Vincent O'Donoghue Séamus McFerran Joseph Stuart Aodh Ó Broin Alf Ó Muirí Séamus Ó Riain Pádraig Ó Fainín Donal Ó Cianáin Con Murphy Pádraig Mac Floinn Paddy Buggy Mick Loftus John Dowling Peter Quinn Jack Boothman Joe McDonagh Seán McCague Seán Kelly Nickey Brennan Christy Cooney Liam O'Neill Aogán Ó Fearghaíl John Horan County games Counties County colours County nicknames Clubs GAA Interprovincial Championship All - 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taoshi Boules Bocce Bocce volo Boccia Bowls Jeu provençal Pétanque Raffa Buzkashi Combat ( juggling ) Curling wheelchair Cycle ball Digor Dodgeball Flickerball Gateball Goalball Guts Handball beach Czech field Hornussen Ice stock sport Jereed Kabaddi indoor beach Kho kho Kin - Ball Lagori Longue paume Makura - Nage Mesoamerican ballgame Paintball Pelota mixteca Prisonball Pushball Quidditch Rollball Roller derby Slahal Snow snake Synchronized skating Synchronized swimming Tamburello Tchoukball beach Tejo Tug of war Ulama Ultimate Underwater football Underwater rugby Valencian pilota Llargues Water polo canoe inner tube beach Waboba Whirlyball Woodball Yukigassen Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rounders&oldid=849505925 '' Categories : Rounders Ball games Ball and bat games Gaelic games Sports originating in England Sports originating in Ireland Team sports Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL EngvarB from November 2013 Use dmy dates from November 2013 Articles containing Irish - 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how many bases must be completed in a game of rounders to score a point

Rounders ( Irish : cluiche corr ) is a bat - and - ball game played between two teams . Rounders is a striking and fielding team game that involves hitting a small , hard , leather - cased ball with a rounded end wooden , plastic or metal bat . The players score by running around the four bases on the field .

Are You Sure Hank Done It This Way - wikipedia Are You Sure Hank Done It This Way Jump to : navigation , search `` Are You Sure Hank Done It This Way '' Single by Waylon Jennings from the album Dreaming My Dreams B - side `` Bob Wills Is Still the King '' Released August 1975 Genre Country Length 3 : 02 Label RCA Songwriter ( s ) Waylon Jennings Producer ( s ) Waylon Jennings Jack Clement Waylon Jennings singles chronology `` Dreaming My Dreams with You '' ( 1975 ) `` Are You Sure Hank Done It This Way '' ( 1975 ) `` Ca n't You See '' ( 1976 ) `` Dreaming My Dreams with You '' ( 1975 ) `` Are You Sure Hank Done It This Way '' ( 1975 ) `` Ca n't You See '' ( 1976 ) `` Are You Sure Hank Done It This Way '' is a song written and performed by American country music artist Waylon Jennings . It was released in August 1975 as the first single from the album Dreaming My Dreams . The song was Waylon Jennings ' fourth number one on the country chart as a solo artist . The single stayed at number one for one week and spent a total of sixteen weeks on the country chart . The B - side to `` Are You Sure ... '' was `` Bob Wills is Still the King , '' a tribute to the music of Wills . Although it never charted on its own , `` Bob Wills ... '' gained airplay and continues to be a staple at classic country radio stations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Song content 2 Cover versions 3 In popular culture 4 Chart performance 4.1 Waylon Jennings 4.2 Alabama 5 References Song content ( edit ) `` Are You Sure Hank Done It This Way '' pays homage to the influence of Hank Williams Sr. in country music and criticizes the glitz that had come to characterize top - selling country artists in the 1970s , through references to `` rhinestone suits '' and `` new shiny cars . '' Cover versions ( edit ) Country band Alabama covered the song in 2010 for the Waylon Jennings tribute album , The Music Inside : A Collaboration Dedicated to Waylon Jennings , Volume One , which was released on February 8 , 2011 . Alabama 's version was released as a single on December 13 , 2010 via The Valory Music Co . Pat Green and Cory Morrow covered the song on the album Songs We Wish We 'd Written in 2001 . Clint Black covered the song on his 1999 album D'lectrified , inserting Jennings ' name in place of Williams ' . Black 's version adds an extended instrumental section , and features Jennings as a guest vocalist . Chequered Past , featuring singer / actor Michael Des Barres , covered this song on their 1984 eponymous album . Robert Earl Keen contributed a cover of the song to Lonesome , On'ry and Mean : A Tribute to Waylon Jennings . Morrissey performed a cover of the song at a concert in 2015 . Jack Ingram performed a cover of the song on the 2003 album Live at Billy Bob 's Texas . Uncle Tupelo released a cover of the song on the 2003 reissue of the album Anodyne Hank Williams Jr released a cover of this song and added / changed lyrics In popular culture ( edit ) The song was prominently featured in a Grand Theft Auto V trailer for the wild , hard - living main character , Trevor Philips . The song is also in the video game 's soundtrack on the in - game radio station , Rebel Radio . The song was also included on the soundtrack for the 2009 film Crazy Heart . Chart performance ( edit ) Waylon Jennings ( edit ) Chart ( 1975 ) Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) US Billboard Hot 100 60 Canadian RPM Country Tracks 21 Alabama ( edit ) Chart ( 2011 ) Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 53 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book Of Top 40 Country Hits : 1944 - 2006 , Second edition . Record Research . p. 174 . Jump up ^ Ronnie D. Lankford , Jr . `` Are You Sure Hank Done It This Way - Waylon Jennings Song Info '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Kanoniuk , Lachlan ( 21 October 2016 ) . `` Cakes , Brexit , and country music : We chat with Morrissey '' . FasterLouder magazine . Retrieved 25 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` GTA 5 - Trevor Trailer '' . YouTube . 2013 - 04 - 30 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Waylon Jennings -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Country Songs for Waylon Jennings . Jump up ^ `` Waylon Jennings -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Waylon Jennings . Jump up ^ `` Alabama -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Country Songs for Alabama . Preceded by `` I 'm Sorry '' by John Denver Billboard Hot Country Singles number - one single November 15 , 1975 Succeeded by `` Rocky '' by Dickey Lee Waylon Jennings Albums Singles Studio albums Waylon at JD 's Folk - Country Leavin ' Town Nashville Rebel Waylon Sings Ol ' Harlan Love of the Common People The One and Only Hangin ' On Only the Greatest Jewels Just to Satisfy You Waylon Singer of Sad Songs The Taker / Tulsa Cedartown , Georgia Good Hearted Woman Ladies Love Outlaws Lonesome , On'ry and Mean Honky Tonk Heroes This Time The Ramblin ' Man Dreaming My Dreams Are You Ready for the Country Ol ' Waylon I 've Always Been Crazy What Goes Around Comes Around Music Man Black on Black It 's Only Rock + Roll Waylon and Company Never Could Toe the Mark Turn the Page Sweet Mother Texas Will the Wolf Survive Hangin ' Tough A Man Called Hoss Full Circle The Eagle Too Dumb for New York City , Too Ugly for L.A. Ol ' Waylon Sings Ol ' Hank Cowboys , Sisters , Rascals & Dirt Waymore 's Blues ( Part II ) Right for the Time Closing In on the Fire Waylon Forever Goin ' Down Rockin ' : The Last Recordings Live albums Waylon Live Never Say Die : Live Live from Austin , TX Never Say Die : The Final Concert Notable singles 1960s `` That 's the Chance I 'll Have to Take '' `` Stop the World ( And Let Me Off ) '' `` Anita , You 're Dreaming '' `` Time to Bum Again '' `` ( That 's What You Get ) For Lovin ' Me '' `` Green River '' `` Mental Revenge '' `` The Chokin ' Kind '' `` Walk On Out of My Mind '' `` I Got You '' with Anita Carter `` Only Daddy That 'll Walk the Line '' `` Yours Love '' `` Something 's Wrong in California '' `` The Days of Sand and Shovels '' `` Brown Eyed Handsome Man '' 1970s `` Singer of Sad Songs '' `` The Taker '' `` ( Do n't Let the Sun Set on You ) Tulsa '' `` Mississippi Woman '' `` Under Your Spell Again '' with Jessi Colter `` Cedartown , Georgia '' `` Good Hearted Woman '' `` Sweet Dream Woman '' `` Pretend I Never Happened '' `` You Can Have Her '' `` We Had It All '' `` You Asked Me To '' `` This Time '' `` I 'm a Ramblin ' Man '' `` Rainy Day Woman '' `` Dreaming My Dreams with You '' `` Are You Sure Hank Done It This Way '' `` Ca n't You See '' `` Are You Ready for the Country '' `` Luckenbach , Texas ( Back to the Basics of Love ) '' `` I 've Always Been Crazy '' `` Do n't You Think This Outlaw Bit 's Done Got Out of Hand '' `` Amanda '' `` Come With Me '' `` I Ai n't Living Long Like This '' 1980s -- 1990s `` Clyde '' `` Good Ol ' Boys '' `` Storms Never Last '' with Jessi Colter `` Shine '' `` Just to Satisfy You '' with Willie Nelson `` Women Do Know How to Carry On '' `` Lucille ( You Wo n't Do Your Daddy 's Will ) '' `` Breakin ' Down '' `` Hold On , I 'm Comin ' '' with Jerry Reed `` The Conversation '' with Hank Williams Jr . `` I May Be Used ( But Baby I Ai n't Used Up ) '' `` Never Could Toe the Mark '' `` America '' `` Waltz Me to Heaven '' `` Drinkin ' and Dreamin ' '' `` The Devil 's on the Loose '' `` Working Without a Net '' `` Will the Wolf Survive '' `` What You 'll Do When I 'm Gone '' `` Rose in Paradise '' `` Fallin ' Out '' `` My Rough and Rowdy Days '' `` If Ole Hank Could Only See Us Now '' `` How Much Is It Worth to Live in L.A. '' `` Which Way Do I Go ( Now That I 'm Gone ) '' `` Trouble Man '' `` You Put the Soul in the Song '' `` Wrong '' `` Where Corn Do n't Grow '' `` What Bothers Me Most '' `` The Eagle '' `` Just Talkin ' '' `` Too Dumb for New York City '' `` Wild Ones '' `` I Know About Me Do n't Know About You '' `` Outlaw Shit '' Collaborations Waylon & Willie Albums : Waylon & Willie WWII Take It to the Limit Clean Shirt Super Hits Singles : `` The Wurlitzer Prize ( I Do n't Want to Get Over You ) '' `` Mammas Do n't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys '' `` ( Sittin ' On ) The Dock of the Bay '' `` Take It to the Limit '' `` If I Can Find a Clean Shirt '' Other collaborations Country - Folk with The Kimberlys Leather and Lace with Jessi Colter Heroes with Johnny Cash Old 97 's & Waylon Jennings with Old 97 's Collaboration singles `` MacArthur Park '' with The Kimberlys `` Suspicious Minds '' with Jessi Colter `` Good Hearted Woman '' with Willie Nelson ( Re-recording ) `` Suspicious Minds '' with Jessi Colter ( Re-release from Wanted ! The Outlaws ) `` There Ai n't No Good Chain Gang '' with Johnny Cash `` Wish I Was Crazy Again '' with Johnny Cash `` The Wild Side of Life / It Was n't God Who Made Honky Tonk Angels '' with Jessi Colter `` Leave Them Boys Alone '' with Hank Williams Jr. and Ernest Tubb `` Even Cowgirls Get the Blues '' with Johnny Cash `` Ballad of Forty Dollars '' with Johnny Cash `` Somewhere Between Ragged and Right '' with John Anderson `` High Ridin ' Heroes '' with David Lynn Jones `` One Good Love '' with Neil Diamond Compilations The Best of Waylon Jennings Do n't Think Twice Ruby , Do n't Take Your Love to Town Only Daddy That 'll Walk the Line Heartaches by the Number Greatest Hits Waylon 's Greatest Hits , Vol. 2 The Best of Waylon New Classic Waylon Only Daddy That 'll Walk the Line : The RCA Years The Journey : Six Strings Away The Journey : Destiny 's Child The Restless Kid : Live at JD 's 20th Century Masters -- The Millennium Collection : The Best of Waylon Jennings RCA Country Legends Ultimate Waylon Jennings 16 Biggest Hits Nashville Rebel The Essential Waylon Jennings Related The Waylors Outlaw country Wanted ! The Outlaws `` We Are the World '' The Highwaymen Old Dogs Jessi Colter Waylon Albright `` Shooter '' Jennings Alabama 1990 -- 2011 singles Pass It On Down `` Pass It On Down '' `` Jukebox in My Mind '' `` Forever 's as Far as I 'll Go '' `` Down Home '' `` Here We Are '' Greatest Hits Vol. II `` Then Again '' `` Born Country '' American Pride `` Take a Little Trip '' `` I 'm in a Hurry ( And Do n't Know Why ) '' `` Once Upon a Lifetime '' `` Hometown Honeymoon '' Cheap Seats `` Reckless '' `` T.L.C.A.S.A.P. '' `` The Cheap Seats '' Greatest Hits Vol . III `` We Ca n't Love Like This Anymore '' `` Give Me One More Shot '' In Pictures `` She Ai n't Your Ordinary Girl '' `` In Pictures '' `` It Works '' `` Say I '' `` The Maker Said Take Her '' Dancin ' on the Boulevard `` Sad Lookin ' Moon '' `` Dancin ' , Shaggin ' on the Boulevard '' `` Of Course I 'm Alright '' `` She 's Got That Look in Her Eyes '' For the Record `` How Do You Fall in Love '' `` Keepin ' Up '' Twentieth Century `` God Must Have Spent a Little More Time on You '' `` Small Stuff '' `` We Made Love '' When It All Goes South `` When It All Goes South '' `` Will You Marry Me '' `` The Woman He Loves '' In the Mood : The Love Songs `` I 'm in the Mood '' Southern Drawl `` Was n't Through Lovin ' You Yet '' `` Come Find Me '' ( with Alison Krauss ) Other singles `` Sweet Home Alabama '' `` Angels Among Us '' `` Rockin ' Around the Christmas Tree '' `` Are You Sure Hank Done It This Way '' `` Old Alabama '' ( with Brad Paisley ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Are_You_Sure_Hank_Done_It_This_Way&oldid=802716332 '' Categories : 1975 singles 2010 singles Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles 1975 songs Waylon Jennings songs Clint Black songs Pat Green songs Jack Ingram songs Alabama ( band ) songs Songs written by Waylon Jennings RCA Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 September 2017 , at 00 : 39 . 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who wrote are you sure hank done it this way

`` Are You Sure Hank Done It This Way '' is a song written and performed by American country music artist Waylon Jennings . It was released in August 1975 as the first single from the album Dreaming My Dreams . The song was Waylon Jennings ' fourth number one on the country chart as a solo artist . The single stayed at number one for one week and spent a total of sixteen weeks on the country chart .

Judges of the International Court of Justice - wikipedia Judges of the International Court of Justice Jump to : navigation , search The first and second lists are of all the permanent judges of the International Court of Justice , the main judicial organ of the United Nations , first chronologically and then by seat . The third list is a list of judges appointed ad hoc by a party to a proceeding before the Court pursuant to Article 31 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice . Contents ( hide ) 1 Permanent judges 2 Succession of seats 3 Judges sitting ad hoc 4 See also Permanent judges ( edit ) Judges of the International Court of Justice , as of 22 July 2010 ( sortable ) State Judge Terms start Term end President Vice-President El Salvador El Salvador Guerrero , José Gustavo José Gustavo Guerrero 1946 1958 1946 -- 1949 1949 -- 1955 France France Basdevant , Jules Jules Basdevant 1946 1964 1949 -- 1952 1946 -- 1949 Chile Chile Alvarez Alejandro Álvarez 1946 1955 Mexico Mexico Fabela , Isidro Isidro Fabela 1946 1952 USA United States Hackworth , Green Green Hackworth 1946 1961 1955 -- 1958 Poland Poland Winiarski , Bohdan Bohdan Winiarski 1946 1967 1961 -- 1964 Yugoslavia Yugoslavia Zoricic Milovan Zoričić 1946 1958 Belgium Belgium de Visscher Charles De Visscher 1946 1952 UK United Kingdom McNair , Arnold McNair , 1st Baron Arnold McNair , 1st Baron McNair 1946 1955 1952 -- 1955 Norway Norway Klæstad , Helge Helge Klæstad 1946 1961 1958 -- 1961 Egypt Egypt Badawi Abdul Badawi Pasha 1946 1965 1955 -- 1958 USSR Soviet Union Krylov Sergei Krylov 1946 1952 Canada Canada Read John Read 1946 1958 China Republic of China Hsu Hsu Mo 1946 1956 Brazil Brazil Azevedo , Philadelpho Philadelpho Azevedo 1946 1951 Brazil Brazil Carneiro Levi Carneiro ( pt ) 1951 1955 India India Rau , Sir Benegal Narsing Sir Benegal Narsing Rau 1952 1953 Uruguay Uruguay Armand - Ugon Enrique Armand - Ugón ( nl ) 1952 1961 USSR Soviet Union Golunsky Sergei Golunsky ( ru ) 1952 1953 USSR Soviet Union Kojevnikov Feodor I. Kozhevnikov 1953 1961 Pakistan Pakistan Zafarullah Khan , Muhammad Muhammad Zafarullah Khan 1954 1964 1961 1973 1970 -- 1973 1958 -- 1961 UK United Kingdom Lauterpacht , Hersch Hersch Lauterpacht 1955 1960 Argentina Argentina Moreno Quintana Lucio Moreno Quintana ( nl ) 1955 1964 Mexico Mexico Cordova Roberto Córdova 1955 1964 China Republic of China Koo , Wellington Wellington Koo 1957 1967 1964 -- 1967 Greece Greece Spiropoulos , Jean Jean Spiropoulos 1958 1967 Australia Australia Spender Sir Percy Spender 1958 1967 1964 -- 1967 Panama Panama Alfaro , Ricardo Ricardo Alfaro 1959 1964 1961 -- 1964 UK United Kingdom Fitzmaurice Sir Gerald Fitzmaurice 1960 1973 USSR Soviet Union Koretsky Vladimir Koretsky ( ru ) 1961 1970 1967 -- 1970 Japan Japan Tanaka Kōtarō Tanaka 1961 1970 Peru Peru Bustamante y Rivero , José José Bustamante y Rivero 1961 1970 1967 -- 1970 USA United States Jessup , Philip Philip Jessup 1961 1970 Italy Italy Morelli Gaetano Morelli ( it ) 1961 1970 Mexico Mexico Nervo , Luis Padilla Luis Padilla Nervo 1964 1973 Senegal Senegal Forster Isaac Forster ( nl ) 1964 1982 France France Gros André Gros ( nl ) 1964 1982 Lebanon Lebanon Ammoun Fouad Ammoun ( de ) 1965 1976 1970 -- 1976 Philippines Philippines Bengzon , César César Bengzon 1967 1976 Sweden Sweden Petrén Sture Petrén ( sv ) 1967 1976 Poland Poland Lachs , Manfred Manfred Lachs 1967 1993 1973 -- 1976 Nigeria Nigeria Onyeama Charles Onyeama 1967 1976 USA United States Dillard , Hardy Hardy Dillard 1970 1979 Dahomey Benin Ignacio - Pinto , Louis Louis Ignacio - Pinto 1970 1979 Spain Spain de Castro , Federico Federico de Castro 1970 1979 USSR Soviet Union Morozov Platon Dmitriejevitsj Morozov ( nl ) 1970 1985 Uruguay Uruguay Jiménez de Aréchaga , Eduardo Eduardo Jiménez de Aréchaga 1970 1979 1976 -- 1979 UK United Kingdom Waldock Sir Humphrey Waldock 1973 1981 1979 -- 1981 India India Singh , Nagendra Nagendra Singh 1973 1988 1985 -- 1988 1976 -- 1979 Argentina Argentina Ruda , José José Ruda 1973 1991 1988 -- 1991 West Germany West Germany Mosler Hermann Mosler ( de ) 1976 1985 Nigeria Nigeria Elias , Taslim Taslim Elias 1976 1991 1982 -- 1985 1979 -- 1982 Syria Syria Tarazi Salah Tarazi ( nl ) 1976 1980 Japan Japan Oda , Shigeru Shigeru Oda 1976 2003 1991 -- 1994 Italy Italy Ago , Roberto Roberto Ago 1979 1995 Egypt Egypt El - Erian , Abdullah Abdullah El - Erian 1979 1981 Brazil Brazil Sette - Camara José Sette Câmara Filho ( pt ) 1979 1988 1982 -- 1985 USA United States Baxter Richard Reeve Baxter 1979 1980 Syria Syria El - Khani Abdallah El - Khani ( nl ) 1981 1985 USA United States Schwebel , Stephen Stephen Schwebel 1981 2000 1997 -- 2000 1994 -- 1997 UK United Kingdom Jennings Sir Robert Jennings 1982 1995 1991 -- 1994 France France de Lacharrière Guy Ladreit de Lacharrière ( nl ) 1982 1985 -- 1987 Senegal Senegal Mbaye , Kéba Kéba Mbaye 1982 1991 1987 -- 1991 Algeria Algeria Bedjaoui , Mohammed Mohammed Bedjaoui 1982 2001 1994 -- 1997 China China Ni Ni Zhengyu ( zh ) 1985 1994 Norway Norway Evensen , Jens Jens Evensen 1985 1994 USSR / Russia Soviet Union / Russia Tarassov Nikolaj Konstantinovitsj Tarasov ( ru ) 1985 1994 France France Guillaume Gilbert Guillaume ( fr ) 2005 2000 -- 2003 Guyana Guyana Shahabuddeen Mohamed Shahabuddeen 1988 1997 India India Pathak , Raghunandan Swarup Raghunandan Swarup Pathak 1991 Venezuela Venezuela Aguilar Mawdsley Andrés Aguilar Mawdsley ( nl ) 1991 1995 Sri Lanka Sri Lanka Weeramantry , Christopher Christopher Weeramantry 1991 2000 1997 -- 2000 Madagascar Madagascar Ranjeva , Raymond Raymond Ranjeva 1991 2009 2003 -- 2006 Nigeria Nigeria Ajibola , Bola Bola Ajibola 1991 1994 Hungary Hungary Herczegh Géza Herczegh ( hu ) 1993 2003 China China Shi Shi Jiuyong 1994 2003 -- 2006 2000 -- 2003 Germany Germany Fleischhauer , Carl - August Carl - August Fleischhauer 1994 2003 Sierra Leone Sierra Leone Koroma , Abdul G. Abdul G. Koroma 1994 2012 Russia Russia Vereschetin Vladlen Veresjtsjetin ( nl ) 1994 2006 Italy Italy Ferrari Bravo , Luigi Luigi Ferrari Bravo 1995 1997 UK United Kingdom Higgins , Rosalyn Rosalyn Higgins 1995 2009 2006 -- 2009 Venezuela Venezuela Parra Aranguren Gonzalo Parra - Aranguren 2009 Netherlands Netherlands Kooijmans , Pieter Pieter Kooijmans 1997 2006 Brazil Brazil Rezek , Francisco Francisco Rezek 1997 2006 Jordan Jordan Al - Khasawneh Awn Al - Khasawneh 2000 2011 2006 -- 2009 USA United States Buergenthal , Thomas Thomas Buergenthal 2000 Egypt Egypt El Araby , Nabil Nabil El Araby 2001 2006 Japan Japan Owada , Hisashi Hisashi Owada 2003 2009 -- 2012 Germany Germany Simma , Bruno Bruno Simma 2003 2012 Slovakia Slovakia Tomka , Peter Peter Tomka 2003 2012 -- 2015 2009 -- 2012 France France Abraham , Ronny Ronny Abraham 2005 2014 2015 -- New Zealand New Zealand Sir Kenneth Keith 2006 2015 Mexico Mexico Sepúlveda Amor , Bernardo Bernardo Sepúlveda Amor 2006 2015 2012 -- 2015 Morocco Morocco Bennouna , Mohamed Mohamed Bennouna 2006 2024 Russia Russia Skotnikov , Leonid Leonid Skotnikov 2006 2015 Brazil Brazil Trindade , Antônio Augusto Cançado Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade 2009 2018 Somalia Somalia Yusuf , Abdulqawi Ahmed Abdulqawi Ahmed Yusuf 2009 2018 2015 -- UK United Kingdom Greenwood Sir Christopher Greenwood 2009 2018 China China Xue Xue Hanqin 2012 USA United States Donoghue , Joan E. Joan E. Donoghue Italy Italy Gaja , Giorgio Giorgio Gaja 2012 Uganda Uganda Sebutinde , Julia Julia Sebutinde 2012 India India Bhandari , Dalveer Dalveer Bhandari 2012 Australia Australia Crawford James Crawford 2015 Russia Russia Gevorgian , Kirill Kirill Gevorgian 2015 Jamaica Jamaica Robinson , Patrick Lipton Patrick Lipton Robinson 2015 Succession of seats ( edit ) The Court comprises 15 seats . When the original fifteen judges were elected in 1946 , they drew lots to determine which five would have 3 - year initial terms , which five would have 6 - year initial terms , and which five would have 9 - year initial terms . From then onwards , all terms have been nine years , with five seats being up for election every three years . The seats are numbered according to the length of the initial term and then in order of seniority of the first judge to hold the seat . There are no formal rules for the allocation of seats , other than that no two may be nationals of the same state . In practice , the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council have each had a permanent seat on the Court , except between 1967 and 1985 when there was no Chinese judge . The remaining seats have been informally allocated by regional groups in the same way as the fifteen seats on the Security Council . Since 1970 , the conventional allocation is three seats to Asia Pacific , three seats to Africa , two seats to Latin America and the Caribbean , two seats to Eastern Europe and five seats to Western Europe and Others . Seat 1 ( Asia ) Initial term of nine years Guerrero , José Gustavo José Gustavo Guerrero El Salvador El Salvador 1946 -- 1958 Alfaro , Ricardo Ricardo Alfaro Panama Panama 1959 - 1964 Zafarullah Khan , Muhammad Muhammad Zafarullah Khan Pakistan Pakistan 1964 - 1973 Singh , Nagendra Nagendra Singh India India 1973 - 1988 Pathak , Raghunandan Raghunandan Pathak India India 1989 - 1991 Weeramantry , Christopher Christopher Weeramantry Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 1991 - 2000 Al - Khasawneh Awn Al - Khasawneh Jordan Jordan 2000 - 2011 Bhandari , Dalveer Dalveer Bhandari India India 2012 - Seat 2 ( WE&O ) Initial term of nine years Basdevant , Jules Jules Basdevant France France 1946 - 1964 Gros André Gros ( nl ) France France 1964 - 1982 de Lacharrière Guy Ladreit de Lacharrière ( nl ) France France 1982 - 1987 Guillaume Gilbert Guillaume ( fr ) France France 1987 - 2005 Abraham , Ronny Ronny Abraham France France 2005 - Seat 3 ( Africa ) Initial term of nine years Alvarez Alejandro Álvarez Chile Chile 1946 - 1955 Moreno Quintana Lucio Moreno Quintana ( nl ) Argentina Argentina 1955 - 1964 Forster Isaac Forster ( nl ) Senegal Senegal 1964 - 1982 Mbaye , Kéba Kéba Mbaye Senegal Senegal 1982 - 1991 Ranjeva , Raymond Raymond Ranjeva Madagascar Madagascar 1991 - 2009 Abdulqawi Ahmed Yusuf Abdulqawi Ahmed Yusuf Somalia Somalia 2009 - Seat 4 ( WE&O ) Initial term of nine years McNair , Arnold McNair , 1st Baron Arnold McNair , 1st Baron McNair UK UK 1946 - 1955 Lauterpacht , Hersch Hersch Lauterpacht UK UK 1955 - 1960 Fitzmaurice Sir Gerald Fitzmaurice UK UK 1960 - 1973 Waldock Sir Humphrey Waldock UK UK 1973 - 1981 Jennings Sir Robert Jennings UK UK 1981 - 1995 Higgins , Rosalyn Rosalyn Higgins UK UK 1995 - 2009 Sir Christopher Greenwood Christopher Greenwood UK UK 2009 - Seat 5 ( LA&C ) Initial term of nine years Azevedo , Philadelpho Philadelpho Azevedo Brazil Brazil 1946 - 1951 Carneiro Levi Carneiro ( pt ) Brazil Brazil 1951 - 1955 Cordova Roberto Córdova Mexico Mexico 1955 - 1964 Nervo , Luis Padilla Luis Padilla Nervo Mexico Mexico 1964 - 1973 Ruda , José José Ruda Argentina Argentina 1973 - 1991 Aguilar Mawdsley Andrés Aguilar Mawdsley ( nl ) Venezuela Venezuela 1991 - 1995 Parra Aranguren Gonzalo Parra - Aranguren Venezuela Venezuela 1996 - 2009 Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade Brazil Brazil 2009 - Seat 6 ( LA&C ) Initial term of six years Fabela , Isidro Isidro Fabela Mexico Mexico 1946 - 1952 Armand - Ugon Enrique Armand - Ugón ( nl ) Uruguay Uruguay 1952 - 1961 Bustamante y Rivero , José José Bustamante y Rivero Peru Peru 1961 - 1970 Jiménez de Aréchaga , Eduardo Eduardo Jiménez de Aréchaga Uruguay Uruguay 1970 - 1979 Sette - Camara José Sette Câmara Filho ( pt ) Brazil Brazil 1979 - 1988 Shahabuddeen Mohamed Shahabuddeen Guyana Guyana 1988 - 1997 Rezek , Francisco Francisco Rezek Brazil Brazil 1997 - 2006 Sepúlveda Amor , Bernardo Bernardo Sepúlveda Amor Mexico Mexico 2006 - 2015 Robinson , Patrick Lipton Patrick Lipton Robinson Jamaica Jamaica 2015 - Seat 7 ( WE&O ) Initial term of six years Hackworth , Green Green Hackworth USA USA 1946 - 1961 Jessup , Philip Philip Jessup USA USA 1961 - 1970 Dillard , Hardy Hardy Dillard USA USA 1970 - 1979 Baxter Richard Reeve Baxter USA USA 1979 - 1980 Schwebel , Stephen Stephen Schwebel USA USA 1981 - 2000 Buergenthal , Thomas Thomas Buergenthal USA USA 2000 - 2010 Joan E. Donoghue Joan E. Donoghue USA USA 2010 - Seat 8 ( Africa ) Initial term of six years de Visscher Charles De Visscher Belgium Belgium 1946 - 1952 Rau , Benegal Narsing Benegal Narsing Rau India India 1952 - 1953 Zafarullah Khan , Muhammad Muhammad Zafarullah Khan Pakistan Pakistan 1954 - 1961 Tanaka Kōtarō Tanaka Japan Japan 1961 - 1970 Ignacio - Pinto , Louis Louis Ignacio - Pinto Dahomey Benin 1970 - 1979 El - Erian , Abdullah Abdullah El - Erian Egypt Egypt 1979 - 1981 Bedjaoui , Mohammed Mohammed Bedjaoui Algeria Algeria 1982 - 2001 El Araby , Nabil Nabil El Araby Egypt Egypt 2001 - 2006 Bennouna , Mohamed Mohamed Bennouna Morocco Morocco 2006 - Seat 9 ( WE&O ) Initial term of six years Klæstad , Helge Helge Klæstad Norway Norway 1946 - 1961 Morelli Gaetano Morelli ( it ) Italy Italy 1961 - 1970 de Castro , Federico Federico de Castro Spain Spain 1970 - 1979 Ago , Roberto Roberto Ago Italy Italy 1979 - 1995 Ferrari Bravo , Luigi Luigi Ferrari Bravo Italy Italy 1995 - 1997 Kooijmans , Pieter Pieter Kooijmans Netherlands Netherlands 1997 - 2006 Keith Sir Kenneth Keith New Zealand New Zealand 2006 - 2015 Crawford James Crawford Australia Australia 2015 - Seat 10 ( Eastern Europe ) Initial term of six years Krylov Sergei Krylov USSR USSR 1946 - 1952 Golunsky Sergei Golunsky ( ru ) USSR USSR 1952 - 1953 Kojevnikov Feodor I. Kozhevnikov USSR USSR 1953 - 1961 Koretsky Vladimir Koretsky ( ru ) USSR USSR 1961 - 1970 Morozov Platon Dmitriejevitsj Morozov ( nl ) USSR USSR 1970 - 1985 Tarassov Nikolaj Konstantinovitsj Tarasov ( ru ) USSR / Russia USSR / Russia 1985 - 1994 Vereschetin Vladlen Veresjtsjetin ( nl ) Russia Russia 1994 - 2006 Skotnikov , Leonid Leonid Skotnikov Russia Russia 2006 - 2015 Gevorgian , Kirill Kirill Gevorgian Russia Russia 2015 - Seat 11 ( Eastern Europe ) Initial term of three years Winiarski , Bohdan Bohdan Winiarski Poland Poland 1946 - 1967 Lachs , Manfred Manfred Lachs Poland Poland 1967 - 1993 Herczegh Géza Herczegh ( hu ) Hungary Hungary 1993 - 2003 Tomka , Peter Peter Tomka Slovakia Slovakia 2003 - Seat 12 ( WE&O ) Initial term of three years Zoricic Milovan Zoričić Yugoslavia Yugoslavia 1946 - 1958 Spiropoulos , Jean Jean Spiropoulos Greece Greece 1958 - 1967 Petrén Sture Petrén ( sv ) Sweden Sweden 1967 - 1976 Mosler Hermann Mosler ( de ) West Germany West Germany 1976 - 1985 Evensen , Jens Jens Evensen Norway Norway 1985 - 1994 Fleischhauer , Carl - August Carl - August Fleischhauer Germany Germany 1994 - 2003 Simma , Bruno Bruno Simma Germany Germany 2003 - 2012 Gaja , Giorgio Giorgio Gaja Italy Italy 2012 - Seat 13 ( Asia ) Initial term of three years Badawi Abdul Badawi Pasha Egypt Egypt 1946 - 1965 Ammoun Fouad Ammoun ( de ) Lebanon Lebanon 1965 - 1976 Tarazi Salah Tarazi ( nl ) Syria Syria 1976 - 1980 El - Khani Abdallah El - Khani ( nl ) Syria Syria 1981 - 1985 Ni Ni Zhengyu ( zh ) China China 1985 - 1994 Shi Shi Jiuyong China China 1994 - 2010 Xue Hanqin Xue Hanqin China China 2010 - Seat 14 ( Africa ) Initial term of three years Read John Read Canada Canada 1946 - 1958 Spender , Percy Percy Spender Australia Australia 1958 - 1967 Onyeama Charles Onyeama Nigeria Nigeria 1967 - 1976 Elias , Taslim Taslim Elias Nigeria Nigeria 1976 - 1991 Ajibola , Bola Bola Ajibola Nigeria Nigeria 1991 - 1994 Koroma , Abdul G. Abdul G. Koroma Sierra Leone Sierra Leone 1994 - 2012 Sebutinde , Julia Julia Sebutinde Uganda Uganda 2012 - Seat 15 ( Asia ) Initial term of three years Hsu Hsu Mo China China 1946 - 1956 Koo , Wellington Wellington Koo China China 1957 - 1967 Bengzon , César César Bengzon Philippines Philippines 1967 - 1976 Oda , Shigeru Shigeru Oda Japan Japan 1976 - 2003 Owada , Hisashi Hisashi Owada Japan Japan 2003 - Judges sitting ad hoc ( edit ) Judges sitting ad hoc on the International Court of Justice , as of 22 July 2010 ( sortable ) Judge Nationality Appointing State Case ( s ) including parties years and of initiation to deposition Georges Abi - Saab Egypt Mali Frontier Dispute ( Burkina Faso / Republic of Mali ) 1983 -- 1986 Adetobunboh Ademola Nigeria Ethiopia South West Africa ( Ethiopia v. South Africa ) 1960 -- 1966 Liberia South West Africa ( Liberia v. South Africa ) 1960 -- 1966 Mohsen Aghahosseini Iran Iran Aerial Incident of 3 July 1988 ( Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America ) 1989 -- 1996 Roberto Ago Italy Honduras Arbitral Award Made by the King of Spain on 23 December 1906 ( Honduras v. Nicaragua ) 1958 -- 1960 Bola Ajibola Nigeria Nigeria Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria ( Cameroon v. Nigeria : Equatorial Guinea intervening ) 1996 -- 2002 Nigeria Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 11 June 1998 in the Case concerning the Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria ( Cameroon v. Nigeria ) , Preliminary Objections ( Nigeria v. Cameroon ) 1998 -- 1999 Luis Alayza y Paz Soldán Peru Peru Asylum ( Colombia / Peru ) 1949 -- 1950 Peru Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 20 November 1950 in the Asylum Case ( Colombia v. Peru ) 1950 Peru Haya de la Torre ( Colombia v. Peru ) 1950 -- 1951 Awn Shawkat Al - Khasawneh Jordan Nicaragua Maritime Delimitation in the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean ( Costa Rica v. Nicaragua ) 2014 -- present Louise Arbour Canada Chile Obligation to Negotiate Access to the Pacific Ocean ( Bolivia v. Chile ) 2014 -- present Enrique Armand - Ugón Uruguay Spain Barcelona Traction , Light and Power Company , Limited ( Belgium v. Spain ) ( New Application : 1962 ) 1962 -- 1970 Antonio de Arruda Ferrer - Correia Portugal Portugal East Timor ( Portugal v. Australia ) 1991 -- 1995 Garfield Barwick Australia Australia Nuclear Tests ( Australia v. France ) 1973 -- 1974 New Zealand Nuclear Tests ( New Zealand v. France ) 1973 -- 1974 Suzanne Bastid France Tunisia Application for Revision and Interpretation of the Judgment of 24 February 1982 in the Case concerning the Continental Shelf ( Tunisia / Libyan Arab Jamahiriya ) ( Tunisia v. Libyan Arab Jamahiriya ) 1984 -- 1985 Philémon Beb à Don Cameroon Cameroon Northern Cameroons ( Cameroon v. United Kingdom ) 1961 -- 1963 Mohammed Bedjaoui Algeria Guinea Ahmadou Sadio Diallo ( Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo ) 1998 -- 2012 Nicaragua Territorial and Maritime Dispute ( Nicaragua v. Colombia ) 2001 -- 2012 Niger Frontier Dispute ( Benin / Niger ) 2002 -- 2005 Marshall Islands Obligations concerning Negotiations relating to Cessation of the Nuclear Arms Race and to Nuclear Disarmament ( Marshall Islands v. India ) 2014 -- present Marshall Islands Obligations concerning Negotiations relating to Cessation of the Nuclear Arms Race and to Nuclear Disarmament ( Marshall Islands v. Pakistan ) 2014 -- present Marshall Islands Obligations concerning Negotiations relating to Cessation of the Nuclear Arms Race and to Nuclear Disarmament ( Marshall Islands v. United Kingdom ) 2014 -- present Mohamed Bennouna Morocco Benin Frontier Dispute ( Benin / Niger ) 2002 -- 2005 Franklin Berman United Kingdom Liechtenstein Certain Property ( Liechtenstein v. Germany ) 2001 -- 2005 Alphonse Boni Ivory Coast Morocco Western Sahara 1974 -- 1975 Bengt Broms Finland Finland Passage through the Great Belt ( Finland v. Denmark ) 1991 -- 1992 Charles Brower United States Colombia Question of the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between Nicaragua and Colombia beyond 200 nautical miles from the Nicaraguan Coast ( Nicaragua v. Colombia ) 2013 -- present Ian Brownlie United Kingdom Liechtenstein Certain Property ( Liechtenstein v. Germany ) 2001 -- 2005 Andreas Bucher Switzerland Switzerland Jurisdiction and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters ( Belgium v. Switzerland ) 2009 -- 2011 Sayeman Bula - Bula Democratic Republic of the Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 ( Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Belgium ) 2000 -- 2002 José Joaquin Caicedo Castilla Colombia Colombia Asylum ( Colombia / Peru ) 1949 -- 1950 Colombia Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 20 November 1950 in the Asylum Case ( Colombia v. Peru ) 1950 Colombia Haya de la Torre ( Colombia v. Peru ) 1950 -- 1951 Ian Callinan Australia Australia Questions relating to the Seizure and Detention of Certain Documents and Data ( Timor - Leste v. Australia ) 2013 -- 2015 Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade Brazil Costa Rica Dispute regarding Navigational and Related Rights ( Costa Rica v. Nicaragua ) 2005 -- 2009 Jean - Yves de Cara France Republic of the Congo Certain Criminal Proceedings in France ( Republic of the Congo v. France ) 2003 -- 2010 Paul Carry Switzerland Switzerland Interhandel ( Switzerland v. United States of America ) 1957 -- 1959 Jorge Castañeda Mexico Malta Continental Shelf ( Libyan Arab Jamahiriya / Malta ) 1982 -- 1985 Federico de Castro Spain Spain Barcelona Traction , Light and Power Company , Limited ( Belgium v. Spain ) 1958 -- 1961 Mohamed Ali Currim Chagla India India Right of Passage over Indian Territory ( Portugal v. India ) 1955 -- 1960 Hilary Charlesworth Australia Australia Whaling in the Antarctic ( Australia v. Japan : New Zealand intervening ) 2010 -- 2014 Joseph Chesson Liberia Ethiopia South West Africa ( Ethiopia v. South Africa ) 1960 -- 1966 Liberia South West Africa ( Liberia v. South Africa ) 1960 -- 1966 Maxwell Cohen Canada Canada Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary in the Gulf of Maine Area ( Canada / United States of America ) 1981 -- 1984 Claude - Albert Colliard France Nicaragua Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua ( Nicaragua v. United States of America ) 1984 -- 1986 Jean - Pierre Cot France Colombia Territorial and Maritime Dispute ( Nicaragua v. Colombia ) 2001 -- 2012 Romania Maritime Delimitation in the Black Sea ( Romania v. Ukraine ) 2004 -- 2009 Colombia Aerial Herbicide Spraying ( Ecuador v. Colombia ) 2008 -- 2013 Thailand Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 15 June 1962 in the Case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear ( Cambodia v. Thailand ) ( Cambodia v. Thailand ) 2011 -- present Timor - Leste Questions relating to the Seizure and Detention of Certain Documents and Data ( Timor - Leste v. Australia ) 2013 -- 2015 Yves Daudet France Burkina Faso Frontier Dispute ( Burkina Faso / Niger ) 2010 -- 2013 Bolivia Obligation to Negotiate Access to the Pacific Ocean ( Bolivia v. Chile ) 2014 -- present Nicaragua Alleged Violations of Sovereign Rights and Maritime Spaces in the Caribbean Sea ( Nicaragua v. Colombia ) 2013 -- present Igor Daxner Czechoslovakia Albania Corfu Channel ( United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland v. Albania ) 1947 -- 1949 Vojin Dimitrijević Yugoslavia Yugoslavia Application for Revision of the Judgment of 11 July 1996 in the Case concerning Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide ( Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia ) , Preliminary Objections ( Yugoslavia v. Bosnia and Herzegovina ) 2001 -- 2003 Christopher Dugard South Africa Rwanda Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo ( Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda ) 1999 -- 2001 Rwanda Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo ( New Application : 2002 ) ( Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda ) 2002 -- 2006 Malaysia Sovereignty over Pedra Branca / Pulau Batu Puteh , Middle Rocks and South Ledge ( Malaysia / Singapore ) 2003 -- 2008 Nicaragua Certain Activities carried out by Nicaragua in the Border Area ( Costa Rica v. Nicaragua ) 2010 -- present Nicaragua Construction of a Road in Costa Rica along the San Juan River ( Nicaragua v. Costa Rica ) 2011 -- present Patrick Ferdinand Duinslaeger Belgium Belgium Legality of Use of Force ( Serbia and Montenegro v. Belgium ) 1999 -- 2004 Bohuslav Ečer Czechoslovakia Albania Corfu Channel ( United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland v. Albania ) 1947 -- 1949 Ahmed Sadek El - Kosheri Egypt Libya Questions of Interpretation and Application of the 1971 Montreal Convention arising from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie ( Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. United States of America ) 1992 -- 2003 Jens Evensen Norway Tunisia Continental Shelf ( Tunisia / Libyan Arab Jamahiriya ) 1978 -- 1982 Manuel Fernandes Portugal Portugal Right of Passage over Indian Territory ( Portugal v. India ) 1955 -- 1960 Paul - Henning Fischer Denmark Denmark Maritime Delimitation in the Area between Greenland and Jan Mayen ( Denmark v. Norway ) 1988 -- 1993 Denmark Passage through the Great Belt ( Finland v. Denmark ) 1991 -- 1992 Carl - August Fleischhauer Germany Germany Certain Property ( Liechtenstein v. Germany ) 2001 -- 2005 Yves Fortier Canada Bahrain Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain ( Qatar v. Bahrain ) 1991 -- 2001 Thomas Franck United States Indonesia Sovereignty over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan ( Indonesia / Malaysia ) 1998 -- 2002 Giorgio Gaja Italy Italy Legality of Use of Force ( Serbia and Montenegro v. Italy ) 1999 -- 2004 Nicaragua Territorial and Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea ( Nicaragua v. Honduras ) 1997 -- 2007 Italy Jurisdictional Immunities of the State ( Germany v. Italy : Greece intervening ) 2008 -- 2012 Walter Ganshof van der Meersch Belgium Belgium Barcelona Traction , Light and Power Company , Limited ( Belgium v. Spain ) 1958 -- 1961 Belgium Barcelona Traction , Light and Power Company , Limited ( Belgium v. Spain ) ( New Application : 1962 ) 1962 -- 1970 Carlos Garcia Bauer Guatemala Guatemala Nottebohm ( Liechtenstein v. Guatemala ) 1951 -- 1955 David Goitein Israel Israel Aerial Incident of 27 July 1955 ( Israel v. Bulgaria ) 1957 -- 1959 Julio Diego Gonzáles Campos Spain Honduras Territorial and Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea ( Nicaragua v. Honduras ) 1999 -- 2007 Paul Guggenheim Switzerland Liechtenstein Nottebohm ( Liechtenstein v. Guatemala ) 1951 -- 1955 Gilbert Guillaume France France Certain Criminal Proceedings in France ( Republic of the Congo v. France ) 2003 -- 2010 Nicaragua Dispute regarding Navigational and Related Rights ( Costa Rica v. Nicaragua ) 2005 -- 2009 France Certain Questions of Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters ( Djibouti v. France ) 2006 -- 2008 Peru Maritime Dispute ( Peru v. Chile ) 2008 -- 2014 Nicaragua Certain Activities carried out by Nicaragua in the Border Area ( Costa Rica v. Nicaragua ) 2010 -- present Cambodia Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 15 June 1962 in the Case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear ( Cambodia v. Thailand ) ( Cambodia v. Thailand ) 2011 -- present Nicaragua Construction of a Road in Costa Rica along the San Juan River ( Nicaragua v. Costa Rica ) 2011 -- present Sead Hodžić Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina Application for Revision of the Judgment of 11 July 1996 in the Case concerning Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide ( Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia ) , Preliminary Objections ( Yugoslavia v. Bosnia and Herzegovina ) 2001 -- 2003 Robert Yewdall Jennings United Kingdom United Kingdom Questions of Interpretation and Application of the 1971 Montreal Convention arising from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie ( Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. United Kingdom ) 1992 -- 2003 Eduardo Jiménez de Aréchaga Uruguay Libya Continental Shelf ( Tunisia / Libyan Arab Jamahiriya ) 1978 -- 1982 Libya Continental Shelf ( Libyan Arab Jamahiriya / Malta ) 1982 -- 1985 Libya Application for Revision and Interpretation of the Judgment of 24 February 1982 in the Case concerning the Continental Shelf ( Tunisia / Libyan Arab Jamahiriya ) ( Tunisia v. Libyan Arab Jamahiriya ) 1984 -- 1985 Philippe Kirsch Belgium Belgium Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite ( Belgium v. Senegal ) 2009 -- 2012 Milenko Kreća Serbia and Montenegro Serbia and Montenegro Legality of Use of Force ( Serbia and Montenegro v. Belgium ) 1999 -- 2004 Serbia and Montenegro Legality of Use of Force ( Serbia and Montenegro v. Canada ) 1999 -- 2004 Serbia and Montenegro Legality of Use of Force ( Serbia and Montenegro v. Italy ) 1999 -- 2004 Serbia and Montenegro Legality of Use of Force ( Serbia and Montenegro v. France ) 1999 -- 2004 Serbia and Montenegro Legality of Use of Force ( Serbia and Montenegro v. Germany ) 1999 -- 2004 Serbia and Montenegro Legality of Use of Force ( Serbia and Montenegro v. Netherlands ) 1999 -- 2004 Serbia and Montenegro Legality of Use of Force ( Serbia and Montenegro v. Portugal ) 1999 -- 2004 FR Yugoslavia Legality of Use of Force ( Yugoslavia v. Spain ) 1999 Serbia and Montenegro Legality of Use of Force ( Serbia and Montenegro v. United Kingdom ) 1999 -- 2004 FR Yugoslavia Legality of Use of Force ( Yugoslavia v. United States of America ) 1999 Serbia Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide ( Croatia v. Serbia ) 1999 -- 2015 Marc Lalonde Canada Canada Fisheries Jurisdiction ( Spain v. Canada ) 1995 -- 1998 Canada Legality of Use of Force ( Serbia and Montenegro v. Canada ) 1999 -- 2004 Elihu Lauterpacht United Kingdom Bosnia and Herzegovina Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide ( Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro ) 1993 -- 2007 François Luchaire France Burkina Faso Frontier Dispute ( Burkina Faso / Republic of Mali ) 1983 -- 1986 Ahmed Mahiou Algeria Bosnia and Herzegovina Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide ( Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro ) 1993 -- 2007 Guinea Ahmadou Sadio Diallo ( Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo ) 1998 -- 2012 Bosnia and Herzegovina Application for Revision of the Judgment of 11 July 1996 in the Case concerning Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide ( Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia ) , Preliminary Objections ( Yugoslavia v. Bosnia and Herzegovina ) 2001 -- 2003 Niger Frontier Dispute ( Burkina Faso / Niger ) 2010 -- 2013 Auguste Mampuya Kanunka Tshiabo Democratic Republic of the Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo Ahmadou Sadio Diallo ( Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo ) 1998 -- 2012 Democratic Republic of the Congo Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo ( New Application : 2002 ) ( Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda ) 2002 -- 2006 Jean - Pierre Mavungu Mvubidi - Ngom Democratic Republic of the Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo ( Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda ) 1999 -- 2001 Democratic Republic of the Congo Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo ( New Application : 2002 ) ( Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda ) 2002 -- 2006 Louis Mbanefo Nigeria Ethiopia South West Africa ( Ethiopia v. South Africa ) 1960 -- 1966 Liberia South West Africa ( Liberia v. South Africa ) 1960 -- 1966 Kéba Mbaye Senegal Senegal Arbitral Award of 31 July 1989 ( Guinea - Bissau v. Senegal ) 1989 -- 1991 Cameroon Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria ( Cameroon v. Nigeria : Equatorial Guinea intervening ) 1996 -- 2002 Cameroon Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 11 June 1998 in the Case concerning the Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria ( Cameroon v. Nigeria ) , Preliminary Objections ( Nigeria v. Cameroon ) 1998 -- 1999 Thomas Mensah Ghana Nicaragua Territorial and Maritime Dispute ( Nicaragua v. Colombia ) 2001 -- 2012 Gaetano Morelli Italy Italy Monetary Gold Removed from Rome in 1943 ( Italy v. France , United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and United States of America ) 1953 -- 1954 Hermann Mosler West Germany West Germany North Sea Continental Shelf ( Federal Republic of Germany / Netherlands ) 1967 -- 1969 Nagendra Singh India India Appeal Relating to the Jurisdiction of the ICAO Council ( India v. Pakistan ) 1971 -- 1972 Johannes Offerhaus Netherlands Netherlands Application of the Convention of 1902 Governing the Guardianship of Infants ( Netherlands v. Sweden ) 1957 -- 1958 Francisco Orrego Vicuña Chile Chile Maritime Dispute ( Peru v. Chile ) 2008 -- 2014 Bernard Oxman United States Ukraine Maritime Delimitation in the Black Sea ( Romania v. Ukraine ) 2004 -- 2009 Geoffrey Palmer New Zealand New Zealand Request for an Examination of the Situation in Accordance with Paragraph 63 of the Court 's Judgment of 20 December 1974 in the Nuclear Tests ( New Zealand v. France ) Case 1995 Felipe Paolillo Uruguay El Salvador Application for Revision of the Judgment of 11 September 1992 in the Case concerning the Land , Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute ( El Salvador / Honduras : Nicaragua intervening ) ( El Salvador v. Honduras ) 2002 -- 2003 Syed Sharif Uddin Pirzada Pakistan Pakistan Aerial Incident of 10 August 1999 ( Pakistan v. India ) 1999 -- 2000 Fausto Pocar Italy Belgium Jurisdiction and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters ( Belgium v. Switzerland ) 2009 -- 2011 Pemmaraju Sreenivasa Rao India Singapore Sovereignty over Pedra Branca / Pulau Batu Puteh , Middle Rocks and South Ledge ( Malaysia / Singapore ) 2003 -- 2008 B.P. Jeevan Reddy India India Aerial Incident of 10 August 1999 ( Pakistan v. India ) 1999 -- 2000 François Rigaux Belgium Iran Oil Platforms ( Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America ) 1992 -- 2003 Willem Riphagen Netherlands Belgium Barcelona Traction , Light and Power Company , Limited ( Belgium v. Spain ) ( New Application : 1962 ) 1962 -- 1970 Emmanuel Roucounas Greece Greece Application of the Interim Accord of 13 September 1995 ( the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia v. Greece ) 2008 -- 2011 José María Ruda Argentina Qatar Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain ( Qatar v. Bahrain ) 1991 -- 2001 Jean Salmon Belgium Burundi Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo ( Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Burundi ) 1999 -- 2001 Karim Sandjabi Iran Iran Anglo - Iranian Oil Co . ( United Kingdom v. Iran ) 1951 -- 1952 Bernardo Sepúlveda Amor Mexico Mexico Avena and Other Mexican Nationals ( Mexico v. United States ) 2003 -- 2004 José Sette - Camara Brazil Libya Territorial Dispute ( Libyan Arab Jamahiriya / Chad ) 1990 -- 1994 Mohamed Shahabuddeen Guyana Bahrain Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain ( Qatar v. Bahrain ) 1991 -- 2001 Indonesia Sovereignty over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan ( Indonesia / Malaysia ) 1998 -- 2002 Bruno Simma Germany Costa Rica Maritime Delimitation in the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean ( Costa Rica v. Nicaragua ) 2014 -- present Leonid Skotnikov Russia Nicaragua Question of the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between Nicaragua and Colombia beyond 200 nautical miles from the Nicaraguan Coast ( Nicaragua v. Colombia ) 2013 -- present Krysztof Skubiszewski Poland Portugal East Timor ( Portugal v. Australia ) 1991 -- 1995 Slovakia Gabčíkovo - Nagymaros Project ( Hungary / Slovakia ) 1997 -- present Max Sørensen Denmark Netherlands North Sea Continental Shelf ( Federal Republic of Germany / Netherlands ) ( 1967 -- 1969 ) Denmark North Sea Continental Shelf ( Federal Republic of Germany / Denmark ) ( 1967 -- 1969 ) Jean Spiropoulos Greece Greece Ambatielos ( Greece v. United Kingdom ) 1951 -- 1953 Michel Stassinopoulos Greece Greece Aegean Sea Continental Shelf ( Greece v. Turkey ) 1976 -- 1978 Ninian Stephen Australia Australia East Timor ( Portugal v. Australia ) 1991 -- 1995 Fredrik Julius Christian Sterzel Sweden Sweden Application of the Convention of 1902 Governing the Guardianship of Infants ( Netherlands v. Sweden ) 1957 -- 1958 Serge Sur France Senegal Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite ( Belgium v. Senegal ) 2009 -- 2012 Hubert Thierry France Guinea - Bissau Arbitral Award of 31 July 1989 ( Guinea - Bissau v. Senegal ) 1989 -- 1991 Santiago Torres Bernárdez Spain Honduras Land , Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute ( El Salvador / Honduras : Nicaragua intervening ) 1986 -- 1992 Qatar Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain ( Qatar v. Bahrain ) 1991 -- 2001 Spain Fisheries Jurisdiction ( Spain v. Canada ) 1995 -- 1998 Spain Legality of Use of Force ( Yugoslavia v. Spain ) 1999 Honduras Territorial and Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea ( Nicaragua v. Honduras ) 1999 -- 2007 Honduras Application for Revision of the Judgment of 11 September 1992 in the Case concerning the Land , Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute ( El Salvador / Honduras : Nicaragua intervening ) ( El Salvador v. Honduras ) 2002 -- 2003 Uruguay Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay ( Argentina v. Uruguay ) 2006 -- 2010 Francisco Urrutia Holguin Colombia Nicaragua Arbitral Award Made by the King of Spain on 23 December 1906 ( Honduras v. Nicaragua ) 1958 -- 1960 Nicolas Valticos Greece Malta Continental Shelf ( Libyan Arab Jamahiriya / Malta ) 1982 -- 1985 El Salvador Land , Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute ( El Salvador / Honduras : Nicaragua intervening ) 1986 -- 1992 Bahrain Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain ( Qatar v. Bahrain ) 1991 -- 2001 Joe Verhoeven Belgium Democratic Republic of the Congo Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo ( Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Burundi ) 1999 -- 2001 Democratic Republic of the Congo Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo ( Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda ) 1999 -- present Democratic Republic of the Congo Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo ( Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda ) 1999 -- 2001 Raúl Emilio Vinuesa Argentina Argentina Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay ( Argentina v. Uruguay ) 2006 -- 2010 Ecuador Aerial Herbicide Spraying ( Ecuador v. Colombia ) 2008 -- 2013 Michel Virally France Honduras Land , Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute ( El Salvador / Honduras : Nicaragua intervening ) 1986 -- 1992 Budislav Vukas Croatia Croatia Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide ( Croatia v. Serbia ) 1999 -- 2015 Macedonia Application of the Interim Accord of 13 September 1995 ( the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia v. Greece ) 2008 -- 2011 Christopher Gregory Weeramantry Sri Lanka Malaysia Sovereignty over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan ( Indonesia / Malaysia ) 1998 -- 2002 J.T. van Wyk South Africa South Africa South West Africa ( Ethiopia v. South Africa ) 1960 -- 1966 South Africa South West Africa ( Liberia v. South Africa ) 1960 -- 1966 Chris van den Wyngaert Belgium Belgium Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 ( Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Belgium ) 2000 -- 2002 Mohamed Yaqub Ali Khan Pakistan Ethiopia South West Africa ( Ethiopia v. South Africa ) 1960 -- 1966 Liberia South West Africa ( Liberia v. South Africa ) 1960 -- 1966 Pakistan Trial of Pakistani Prisoners of War ( Pakistan v. India ) 1973 Abdulqawi Yusuf Somalia Djibouti Certain Questions of Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters ( Djibouti v. France ) 2006 -- 2008 Sir Muhammad Zafarullah Khan Pakistan Ethiopia South West Africa ( Ethiopia v. South Africa ) 1960 -- 1966 Liberia South West Africa ( Liberia v. South Africa ) 1960 -- 1966 Pakistan Trial of Pakistani Prisoners of War ( Pakistan v. India ) 1973 Jaroslav Žourek Czechoslovakia Bulgaria Aerial Incident of 27 July 1955 ( Israel v. Bulgaria ) 1957 -- 1959 Bulgaria Aerial Incident of 27 July 1955 ( United States of America v. Bulgaria ) 1957 -- 1960 All Judges ad hoc : http://www.icj-cij.org/court/index.php?p1=1&p2=5&p3=2&lang=en See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Judges of the International Court of Justice . List of International Court of Justice cases Category : International Court of Justice judges Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Judges_of_the_International_Court_of_Justice&oldid=803728328 '' Categories : Lists of legal professionals International Court of Justice Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Interlanguage link template link number Interlanguage link template existing link Talk Read Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français हिन्दी Nederlands Polski 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2017 , at 07 : 25 . About Wikipedia

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Judges of the International Court of Justice , as of 22 July 2010 ( sortable ) State Judge Terms start Term end President Vice-President El Salvador El Salvador Guerrero , José Gustavo José Gustavo Guerrero 1946 1958 1946 -- 1949 1949 -- 1955 France France Basdevant , Jules Jules Basdevant 1946 1964 1949 -- 1952 1946 -- 1949 Chile Chile Alvarez Alejandro Álvarez 1946 1955 Mexico Mexico Fabela , Isidro Isidro Fabela 1946 1952 USA United States Hackworth , Green Green Hackworth 1946 1961 1955 -- 1958 Poland Poland Winiarski , Bohdan Bohdan Winiarski 1946 1967 1961 -- 1964 Yugoslavia Yugoslavia Zoricic Milovan Zoričić 1946 1958 Belgium Belgium de Visscher Charles De Visscher 1946 1952 UK United Kingdom McNair , Arnold McNair , 1st Baron Arnold McNair , 1st Baron McNair 1946 1955 1952 -- 1955 Norway Norway Klæstad , Helge Helge Klæstad 1946 1961 1958 -- 1961 Egypt Egypt Badawi Abdul Badawi Pasha 1946 1965 1955 -- 1958 USSR Soviet Union Krylov Sergei Krylov 1946 1952 Canada Canada Read John Read 1946 1958 China Republic of China Hsu Hsu Mo 1946 1956 Brazil Brazil Azevedo , Philadelpho Philadelpho Azevedo 1946 1951 Brazil Brazil Carneiro Levi Carneiro ( pt ) 1951 1955 India India Rau , Sir Benegal Narsing Sir Benegal Narsing Rau 1952 1953 Uruguay Uruguay Armand - Ugon Enrique Armand - Ugón ( nl ) 1952 1961 USSR Soviet Union Golunsky Sergei Golunsky ( ru ) 1952 1953 USSR Soviet Union Kojevnikov Feodor I. Kozhevnikov 1953 1961 Pakistan Pakistan Zafarullah Khan , Muhammad Muhammad Zafarullah Khan 1954 1964 1961 1973 1970 -- 1973 1958 -- 1961 UK United Kingdom Lauterpacht , Hersch Hersch Lauterpacht 1955 1960 Argentina Argentina Moreno Quintana Lucio Moreno Quintana ( nl ) 1955 1964 Mexico Mexico Cordova Roberto Córdova 1955 1964 China Republic of China Koo , Wellington Wellington Koo 1957 1967 1964 -- 1967 Greece Greece Spiropoulos , Jean Jean Spiropoulos 1958 1967 Australia Australia Spender Sir Percy Spender 1958 1967 1964 -- 1967 Panama Panama Alfaro , Ricardo Ricardo Alfaro 1959 1964 1961 -- 1964 UK United Kingdom Fitzmaurice Sir Gerald Fitzmaurice 1960 1973 USSR Soviet Union Koretsky Vladimir Koretsky ( ru ) 1961 1970 1967 -- 1970 Japan Japan Tanaka Kōtarō Tanaka 1961 1970 Peru Peru Bustamante y Rivero , José José Bustamante y Rivero 1961 1970 1967 -- 1970 USA United States Jessup , Philip Philip Jessup 1961 1970 Italy Italy Morelli Gaetano Morelli ( it ) 1961 1970 Mexico Mexico Nervo , Luis Padilla Luis Padilla Nervo 1964 1973 Senegal Senegal Forster Isaac Forster ( nl ) 1964 1982 France France Gros André Gros ( nl ) 1964 1982 Lebanon Lebanon Ammoun Fouad Ammoun ( de ) 1965 1976 1970 -- 1976 Philippines Philippines Bengzon , César César Bengzon 1967 1976 Sweden Sweden Petrén Sture Petrén ( sv ) 1967 1976 Poland Poland Lachs , Manfred Manfred Lachs 1967 1993 1973 -- 1976 Nigeria Nigeria Onyeama Charles Onyeama 1967 1976 USA United States Dillard , Hardy Hardy Dillard 1970 1979 Dahomey Benin Ignacio - Pinto , Louis Louis Ignacio - Pinto 1970 1979 Spain Spain de Castro , Federico Federico de Castro 1970 1979 USSR Soviet Union Morozov Platon Dmitriejevitsj Morozov ( nl ) 1970 1985 Uruguay Uruguay Jiménez de Aréchaga , Eduardo Eduardo Jiménez de Aréchaga 1970 1979 1976 -- 1979 UK United Kingdom Waldock Sir Humphrey Waldock 1973 1981 1979 -- 1981 India India Singh , Nagendra Nagendra Singh 1973 1988 1985 -- 1988 1976 -- 1979 Argentina Argentina Ruda , José José Ruda 1973 1991 1988 -- 1991 West Germany West Germany Mosler Hermann Mosler ( de ) 1976 1985 Nigeria Nigeria Elias , Taslim Taslim Elias 1976 1991 1982 -- 1985 1979 -- 1982 Syria Syria Tarazi Salah Tarazi ( nl ) 1976 1980 Japan Japan Oda , Shigeru Shigeru Oda 1976 2003 1991 -- 1994 Italy Italy Ago , Roberto Roberto Ago 1979 1995 Egypt Egypt El - Erian , Abdullah Abdullah El - Erian 1979 1981 Brazil Brazil Sette - Camara José Sette Câmara Filho ( pt ) 1979 1988 1982 -- 1985 USA United States Baxter Richard Reeve Baxter 1979 1980 Syria Syria El - Khani Abdallah El - Khani ( nl ) 1981 1985 USA United States Schwebel , Stephen Stephen Schwebel 1981 2000 1997 -- 2000 1994 -- 1997 UK United Kingdom Jennings Sir Robert Jennings 1982 1995 1991 -- 1994 France France de Lacharrière Guy Ladreit de Lacharrière ( nl ) 1982 1985 -- 1987 Senegal Senegal Mbaye , Kéba Kéba Mbaye 1982 1991 1987 -- 1991 Algeria Algeria Bedjaoui , Mohammed Mohammed Bedjaoui 1982 2001 1994 -- 1997 China China Ni Ni Zhengyu ( zh ) 1985 1994 Norway Norway Evensen , Jens Jens Evensen 1985 1994 USSR / Russia Soviet Union / Russia Tarassov Nikolaj Konstantinovitsj Tarasov ( ru ) 1985 1994 France France Guillaume Gilbert Guillaume ( fr ) 2005 2000 -- 2003 Guyana Guyana Shahabuddeen Mohamed Shahabuddeen 1988 1997 India India Pathak , Raghunandan Swarup Raghunandan Swarup Pathak 1991 Venezuela Venezuela Aguilar Mawdsley Andrés Aguilar Mawdsley ( nl ) 1991 1995 Sri Lanka Sri Lanka Weeramantry , Christopher Christopher Weeramantry 1991 2000 1997 -- 2000 Madagascar Madagascar Ranjeva , Raymond Raymond Ranjeva 1991 2009 2003 -- 2006 Nigeria Nigeria Ajibola , Bola Bola Ajibola 1991 1994 Hungary Hungary Herczegh Géza Herczegh ( hu ) 1993 2003 China China Shi Shi Jiuyong 1994 2003 -- 2006 2000 -- 2003 Germany Germany Fleischhauer , Carl - August Carl - August Fleischhauer 1994 2003 Sierra Leone Sierra Leone Koroma , Abdul G. Abdul G. Koroma 1994 2012 Russia Russia Vereschetin Vladlen Veresjtsjetin ( nl ) 1994 2006 Italy Italy Ferrari Bravo , Luigi Luigi Ferrari Bravo 1995 1997 UK United Kingdom Higgins , Rosalyn Rosalyn Higgins 1995 2009 2006 -- 2009 Venezuela Venezuela Parra Aranguren Gonzalo Parra - Aranguren 2009 Netherlands Netherlands Kooijmans , Pieter Pieter Kooijmans 1997 2006 Brazil Brazil Rezek , Francisco Francisco Rezek 1997 2006 Jordan Jordan Al - Khasawneh Awn Al - Khasawneh 2000 2011 2006 -- 2009 USA United States Buergenthal , Thomas Thomas Buergenthal 2000 Egypt Egypt El Araby , Nabil Nabil El Araby 2001 2006 Japan Japan Owada , Hisashi Hisashi Owada 2003 2009 -- 2012 Germany Germany Simma , Bruno Bruno Simma 2003 2012 Slovakia Slovakia Tomka , Peter Peter Tomka 2003 2012 -- 2015 2009 -- 2012 France France Abraham , Ronny Ronny Abraham 2005 2014 2015 -- New Zealand New Zealand Sir Kenneth Keith 2006 2015 Mexico Mexico Sepúlveda Amor , Bernardo Bernardo Sepúlveda Amor 2006 2015 2012 -- 2015 Morocco Morocco Bennouna , Mohamed Mohamed Bennouna 2006 2024 Russia Russia Skotnikov , Leonid Leonid Skotnikov 2006 2015 Brazil Brazil Trindade , Antônio Augusto Cançado Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade 2009 2018 Somalia Somalia Yusuf , Abdulqawi Ahmed Abdulqawi Ahmed Yusuf 2009 2018 2015 -- UK United Kingdom Greenwood Sir Christopher Greenwood 2009 2018 China China Xue Xue Hanqin 2012 USA United States Donoghue , Joan E. Joan E. Donoghue Italy Italy Gaja , Giorgio Giorgio Gaja 2012 Uganda Uganda Sebutinde , Julia Julia Sebutinde 2012 India India Bhandari , Dalveer Dalveer Bhandari 2012 Australia Australia Crawford James Crawford 2015 Russia Russia Gevorgian , Kirill Kirill Gevorgian 2015 Jamaica Jamaica Robinson , Patrick Lipton Patrick Lipton Robinson 2015

Impeachment in the United States - wikipedia Impeachment in the United States This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 30 September 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search `` House Manager '' redirects here . For theater operations , see House management . The impeachment trial of President Bill Clinton in 1999 , Chief Justice William Rehnquist presiding . The House managers are seated beside the quarter - circular tables on the left and the president 's personal counsel on the right , much in the fashion of President Andrew Johnson 's trial . Impeachment in the United States is an enumerated power of the legislature that allows formal charges to be brought against a civil officer of government for crimes alleged to have been committed . Most impeachments have concerned alleged crimes committed while in office , though there have been a few cases in which Congress has impeached and convicted officials partly for prior crimes . The actual trial on such charges , and subsequent removal of an official upon conviction , is separate from the act of impeachment itself . Impeachment proceedings have been initiated against several presidents of the United States . Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton are the only two presidents to have been successfully impeached by the House of Representatives , and both were later acquitted by the Senate . The impeachment process against Richard Nixon was unsuccessful , as Nixon resigned his office before the vote of the full House for impeachment , but successful in the broader sense of leading to Nixon 's departure . To date , no U.S. President has been removed from office by impeachment and conviction . The impeached official continues in office until conviction . Impeachment is analogous to indictment in regular court proceedings ; trial by the other house is analogous to the trial before judge and jury in regular courts . Typically , the lower house of the legislature impeaches the official and the upper house conducts the trial . At the federal level , Article Two of the United States Constitution states in Section 4 that `` The President , Vice President , and all civil Officers of the United States shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for , and conviction of , Treason , Bribery , or other High Crimes and Misdemeanors . '' The House of Representatives has the sole power of impeaching , while the United States Senate has the sole power to try all impeachments . The removal of impeached officials is automatic upon conviction in the Senate . In Nixon v. United States ( 1993 ) , the Supreme Court determined that the federal judiciary can not review such proceedings . Impeachment can also occur at the state level : state legislatures can impeach state officials , including governors , in accordance with their respective state constitutions . At the Philadelphia Convention , Benjamin Franklin noted that , historically , the removal of `` obnoxious '' chief executives had been accomplished by assassination . Franklin suggested that a proceduralized mechanism for removal -- impeachment -- would be preferable . Contents ( hide ) 1 Federal impeachment 1.1 House of Representatives 1.2 Senate 1.3 History 1.4 Federal officials impeached 1.5 Demands for impeachment 2 Impeachment in the states 2.1 State and territorial officials impeached 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Federal impeachment ( edit ) House of Representatives ( edit ) Impeachment proceedings may be commenced by a member of the House of Representatives on her or his own initiative , either by presenting a list of the charges under oath , or by asking for referral to the appropriate committee . The impeachment process may be initiated by non-members . For example , when the Judicial Conference of the United States suggests a federal judge be impeached , a charge of actions constituting grounds for impeachment may come from a special prosecutor , the President , or state or territorial legislature , grand jury , or by petition . The type of impeachment resolution determines the committee to which it is referred . A resolution impeaching a particular individual is typically referred to the House Committee on the Judiciary . A resolution to authorize an investigation regarding impeachable conduct is referred to the House Committee on Rules , and then to the Judiciary Committee . The House Committee on the Judiciary , by majority vote , will determine whether grounds for impeachment exist . If the Committee finds grounds for impeachment , it will set forth specific allegations of misconduct in one or more articles of impeachment . The Impeachment Resolution , or Article ( s ) of Impeachment , are then reported to the full House with the committee 's recommendations . The House debates the resolution and may at the conclusion consider the resolution as a whole or vote on each article of impeachment individually . A simple majority of those present and voting is required for each article or the resolution as a whole to pass . If the House votes to impeach , managers ( typically referred to as `` House managers '' , with a `` lead House manager '' ) are selected to present the case to the Senate . Recently , managers have been selected by resolution , while historically the House would occasionally elect the managers or pass a resolution allowing the appointment of managers at the discretion of the Speaker of the United States House of Representatives . These managers are roughly the equivalent of the prosecution / district attorney in a standard criminal trial . Also , the House will adopt a resolution in order to notify the Senate of its action . After receiving the notice , the Senate will adopt an order notifying the House that it is ready to receive the managers . The House managers then appear before the bar of the Senate and exhibit the articles of impeachment . After the reading of the charges , the managers return and make a verbal report to the House . Senate ( edit ) Depiction of the impeachment trial of President Andrew Johnson , in 1868 , Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase presiding . The proceedings unfold in the form of a trial , with each side having the right to call witnesses and perform cross-examinations . The House members , who are given the collective title of managers during the course of the trial , present the prosecution case , and the impeached official has the right to mount a defense with his own attorneys as well . Senators must also take an oath or affirmation that they will perform their duties honestly and with due diligence . After hearing the charges , the Senate usually deliberates in private . The U.S. Constitution requires a two - thirds majority for conviction . The Senate enters judgment on its decision , whether that be to convict or acquit , and a copy of the judgment is filed with the Secretary of State . Upon conviction in the Senate , the official is automatically removed from office and may also be barred from holding future office . The removed official is also liable to criminal prosecution . The President may not grant a pardon in the impeachment case , but may in any resulting criminal case . Beginning in the 1980s with Harry E. Claiborne , the Senate began using `` Impeachment Trial Committees '' pursuant to Senate Rule XI . These committees presided over the evidentiary phase of the trials , hearing the evidence and supervising the examination and cross-examination of witnesses . The committees would then compile the evidentiary record and present it to the Senate ; all senators would then have the opportunity to review the evidence before the chamber voted to convict or acquit . The purpose of the committees was to streamline impeachment trials , which otherwise would have taken up a great deal of the chamber 's time . Defendants challenged the use of these committees , claiming them to be a violation of their fair trial rights as well as the Senate 's constitutional mandate , as a body , to have `` sole power to try all impeachments . '' Several impeached judges sought court intervention in their impeachment proceedings on these grounds , but the courts refused to become involved due to the Constitution 's granting of impeachment and removal power solely to the legislative branch , making it a political question . History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the United Kingdom , impeachment was a procedure whereby a member of the House of Commons could accuse someone of a crime . If the Commons voted for the impeachment , a trial would then be held in the House of Lords . Unlike a bill of attainder , a law declaring a person guilty of a crime , impeachments did not require royal assent , so they could be used to remove troublesome officers of the Crown even if the monarch was trying to protect them . The monarch , however , was above the law and could not be impeached , or indeed judged guilty of any crime . When King Charles I was tried before the Rump Parliament of the New Model Army in 1649 he denied that they had any right to legally indict him , their king , whose power was given by God and the laws of the country , saying : `` no earthly power can justly call me ( who is your King ) in question as a delinquent ... no learned lawyer will affirm that an impeachment can lie against the King . '' While the House of Commons pronounced him guilty and ordered his execution anyway , the jurisdictional issue tainted the proceedings . With this example in mind , the delegates to the Philadelphia Convention chose to include an impeachment procedure in Article II , Section 4 of the Constitution which could be applied to any government official ; they explicitly mentioned the President to ensure there would be no ambiguity . Opinions differed , however , as to the reasons Congress should be able to initiate an impeachment . Initial drafts listed only treason and bribery , but George Mason favored impeachment for `` maladministration '' ( incompetence ) . James Madison argued that impeachment should only be for criminal behavior , arguing that a maladministration standard would effectively mean that the President would serve at the pleasure of the Senate . Thus the delegates adopted a compromise version allowing impeachment for `` treason , bribery and other high crimes and misdemeanors . '' The precise meaning of the phrase `` high crimes and misdemeanors '' is somewhat ambiguous ; some scholars , such as Kevin Gutzman , argue that it can encompass even non-criminal abuses of power . Whatever its theoretical scope , however , Congress traditionally regards impeachment as a power to use only in extreme cases . The House of Representatives has actually initiated impeachment proceedings only 62 times since 1789 . Two cases did not come to trial because the individuals had left office . Actual impeachments of 19 federal officers have taken place . Of these , 15 were federal judges : thirteen district court judges , one court of appeals judge ( who also sat on the Commerce Court ) , and one Supreme Court Associate Justice . Of the other four , two were Presidents , one was a Cabinet secretary , and one was a U.S. Senator . Of the 19 impeached officials , eight were convicted . One , former judge Alcee Hastings , was elected as a member of the United States House of Representatives after being removed from office . The 1797 impeachment of Senator William Blount of Tennessee stalled on the grounds that the Senate lacked jurisdiction over him . No other member of Congress has ever been impeached . The Constitution does give authority to the Senate and House , so that each body may expel its own members . ( see List of United States senators expelled or censured and List of United States Representatives expelled , censured , or reprimanded ) . Expulsion removes the individual from functioning as a representative or senator because of their misbehavior , but unlike impeachment , expulsion can not result in barring an individual from holding future office . Federal officials impeached ( edit ) # Date of Impeachment Accused Office Accusation ( s ) Result References July 7 , 1797 William Blount United States Senator ( Tennessee ) Conspiring to assist Britain in capturing Spanish territory Senate refused to accept impeachment of a Senator by the House of Representatives , instead expelling him from the Senate on their own authority March 2 , 1803 John Pickering Judge ( District of New Hampshire ) Drunkenness and unlawful rulings Removed on March 12 , 1804 March 12 , 1804 Samuel Chase Associate Justice ( Supreme Court of the United States ) Political bias and arbitrary rulings , promoting a partisan political agenda on the bench Acquitted on March 1 , 1805 April 24 , 1830 James H. Peck Judge ( District of Missouri ) Abuse of power Acquitted on January 31 , 1831 5 May 6 , 1862 West Hughes Humphreys Judge ( Eastern , Middle , and Western Districts of Tennessee ) Supporting the Confederacy Removed and disqualified on June 26 , 1862 6 February 24 , 1868 Andrew Johnson President of the United States Violating the Tenure of Office Act Acquitted on May 26 , 1868 7 February 28 , 1873 Mark W. Delahay Judge ( District of Kansas ) Drunkenness Resigned on December 12 , 1873 8 March 2 , 1876 William W. Belknap United States Secretary of War Graft / corruption Acquitted after his resignation on August 1 , 1876 . 9 December 13 , 1904 Charles Swayne Judge ( Northern District of Florida ) Failure to live in his district , abuse of power Acquitted on February 27 , 1905 10 July 11 , 1912 Robert Wodrow Archbald Associate Justice ( United States Commerce Court ) Judge ( Third Circuit Court of Appeals ) Improper acceptance of gifts from litigants and attorneys Removed and disqualified on January 13 , 1913 11 April 1 , 1926 George W. English Judge ( Eastern District of Illinois ) Abuse of power Resigned on November 4 , 1926 , proceedings dismissed on December 13 , 1926 12 February 24 , 1933 Harold Louderback Judge ( Northern District of California ) Corruption Acquitted on May 24 , 1933 13 March 2 , 1936 Halsted L. Ritter Judge ( Southern District of Florida ) Champerty / corruption , tax evasion , practicing law while a judge Removed on April 17 , 1936 14 July 22 , 1986 Harry E. Claiborne Judge ( District of Nevada ) Tax evasion Removed on October 9 , 1986 15 August 3 , 1988 Alcee Hastings Judge ( Southern District of Florida ) Accepting a bribe , and committing perjury during the resulting investigation Removed on October 20 , 1989 16 May 10 , 1989 Walter Nixon Chief Judge ( Southern District of Mississippi ) Perjury Removed on November 3 , 1989 17 December 19 , 1998 Bill Clinton President of the United States Perjury and obstruction of justice Acquitted on February 12 , 1999 18 June 19 , 2009 Samuel B. Kent Judge ( Southern District of Texas ) Sexual assault , and obstruction of justice during the resulting investigation Resigned on June 30 , 2009 , proceedings dismissed on July 22 , 2009 19 March 11 , 2010 Thomas Porteous Judge ( Eastern District of Louisiana ) Making false financial disclosures Removed and disqualified on December 8 , 2010 Demands for impeachment ( edit ) See also : Impeachment investigations of United States federal officials While the actual impeachment of a federal public official is a rare event , demands for impeachment , especially of presidents , are common , going back to the administration of George Washington in the mid-1790s . In fact , most of the 63 resolutions mentioned above were in response to presidential actions . While almost all of them were for the most part frivolous and were buried as soon as they were introduced , several did have their intended effect . Treasury Secretary Andrew Mellon and Supreme Court Justice Abe Fortas both resigned in response to the threat of impeachment hearings , and , most famously , President Richard Nixon resigned from office after the House Judiciary Committee had already reported articles of impeachment to the floor . Impeachment in the States ( edit ) State legislatures can impeach state officials , including governors . The court for the trial of impeachments may differ somewhat from the federal model -- in New York , for instance , the Assembly ( lower house ) impeaches , and the State Senate tries the case , but the members of the seven - judge New York State Court of Appeals ( the state 's highest , constitutional court ) sit with the senators as jurors as well . Impeachment and removal of governors has happened occasionally throughout the history of the United States , usually for corruption charges . A total of at least eleven U.S. state governors have faced an impeachment trial ; a twelfth , Governor Lee Cruce of Oklahoma , escaped impeachment conviction by a single vote in 1912 . Several others , most recently Connecticut 's John G. Rowland , have resigned rather than face impeachment , when events seemed to make it inevitable . The most recent impeachment of a state governor occurred on January 14 , 2009 , when the Illinois House of Representatives voted 117 - 1 to impeach Rod Blagojevich on corruption charges ; he was subsequently removed from office and barred from holding future office by the Illinois Senate on January 29 . He was the eighth U.S. state governor to be removed from office . The procedure for impeachment , or removal , of local officials varies widely . For instance , in New York a mayor is removed directly by the governor `` upon being heard '' on charges -- the law makes no further specification of what charges are necessary or what the governor must find in order to remove a mayor . State and territorial officials impeached ( edit ) Date Accused Office Result 1804 William W. Irvin Associate Judge , Fairfield County , Ohio Court of Common Pleas Removed 1832 Theophilus W. Smith Associate Justice , Illinois Supreme Court Acquitted February 26 , 1862 Charles L. Robinson Governor of Kansas Acquitted February 26 , 1862 John Winter Robinson Secretary of State of Kansas Removed on June 12 , 1862 February 26 , 1862 George S. Hillyer Kansas State auditor Removed on June 16 , 1862 1871 William Woods Holden Governor of North Carolina Removed 1871 David Butler Governor of Nebraska Removed February 1872 Harrison Reed Governor of Florida Acquitted 1872 Henry C. Warmoth Governor of Louisiana `` suspended from office , '' though trial was not held 1876 Adelbert Ames Governor of Mississippi Resigned 1888 James W. Tate Kentucky State Treasurer Removed 1901 David M. Furches Chief Justice , North Carolina Supreme Court Acquitted 1901 Robert M. Douglas Associate Justice , North Carolina Supreme Court Acquitted August 13 , 1913 William Sulzer Governor of New York Removed on October 17 , 1913 July 1917 James E. Ferguson Governor of Texas Removed October 23 , 1923 John C. Walton Governor of Oklahoma Removed January 21 , 1929 Henry S. Johnston Governor of Oklahoma Removed April 6 , 1929 Huey P. Long Governor of Louisiana Acquitted May 1958 Raulston Schoolfield Judge , Hamilton County , Tennessee Criminal Court Removed on July 11 , 1958 March 14 , 1984 Paul Douglas Nebraska Attorney General Acquitted by the Nebraska Supreme Court on May 4 , 1984 February 6 , 1988 Evan Mecham Governor of Arizona Removed on April 4 , 1988 March 30 , 1989 A. James Manchin West Virginia State treasurer Resigned on July 9 , 1989 before trial started January 25 , 1991 Ward `` Butch '' Burnette Kentucky Commissioner of Agriculture Resigned on February 6 , 1991 before trial started May 24 , 1994 Rolf Larsen Associate Justice , Pennsylvania Supreme Court Removed on October 4 , 1994 , and declared ineligible to hold public office in Pennsylvania October 6 , 1994 Judith Moriarty Secretary of State of Missouri Removed by the Missouri Supreme Court on December 12 , 1994 November 11 , 2004 Kathy Augustine Nevada State Controller Censured on December 4 , 2004 , not removed from office April 11 , 2006 David Hergert Member of the University of Nebraska Board of Regents Removed by the Nebraska Supreme Court on July 7 , 2006 January 8 , 2009 ( first vote ) Rod Blagojevich Governor of Illinois 95th General Assembly ended January 14 , 2009 ( second vote ) Removed on January 29 , 2009 , and declared ineligible to hold public office in Illinois February 11 , 2013 Benigno Fitial Governor of the Northern Mariana Islands Resigned on February 20 , 2013 See also ( edit ) Censure in the United States Efforts to impeach George W. Bush Impeachment investigations of United States federal officials Impeachment investigations of United States federal judges Jefferson 's Manual List of federal political scandals in the United States Recall election Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Removed and disqualified '' indicates that following conviction the Senate voted to disqualify the individual from holding further federal office pursuant to Article I , Section 3 of the United States Constitution , which provides , in pertinent part , that `` ( j ) udgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from office , and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor , trust or profit under the United States . '' Jump up ^ During the impeachment trial of Senator Blount , it was argued that the House of Representatives did not have the power to impeach members of either House of Congress ; though the Senate never explicitly ruled on this argument , the House has never again impeached a member of Congress . The Constitution allows either House to expel one of its members by a two - thirds vote , which the Senate had done to Blount on the same day the House impeached him ( but before the Senate heard the case ) . Jump up ^ Judge Nixon later challenged the validity of his removal from office on procedural grounds ; the challenge was ultimately rejected as nonjusticiable by the Supreme Court in Nixon v. United States , 506 U.S. 224 ( 1993 ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cole , J.P. ; Garvey , T. ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` Impeachment and Removal '' ( PDF ) . Federation of American Scientists . Congressional Research Service . pp. 15 -- 16 . Retrieved 22 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Erskine , Daniel H. ( 2008 ) . `` The Trial of Queen Caroline and the Impeachment of President Clinton : Law As a Weapon for Political Reform '' . Washington University Global Studies Law Review . 7 ( 1 ) . ISSN 1546 - 6981 . Jump up ^ Josh Chafetz ( 2010 ) . `` Impeachment and Assassination '' . 95 . Minnesota Law Review . SSRN 1568950 Jump up ^ `` Rules of Procedure and Practice in the Senate When Sitting on Impeachment Trials '' ( PDF ) . law.cornell.edu . Jump up ^ The Constitution of the United States , Article 1 , Section 3 . `` Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from Office , and disqualification to hold and enjoy any Office of honor , Trust or Profit under the United States : but the Party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to Indictment , Trial , Judgment and Punishment , according to Law . '' Jump up ^ http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/pdf/3_1986SenatesImpeachmentRules.pdf Jump up ^ Welcome to The American Presidency ^ Jump up to : Staff ( n.d. ) . `` Chapter 4 : Complete List of Senate Impeachment Trials '' . United States Senate . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 08 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ( ) ^ Jump up to : U.S. Joint Committee on Printing ( September 2006 ) . `` Impeachment Proceedings '' . Congressional Directory . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 19 . ( Archived by WebCite ) ^ Jump up to : staff ( n.d. ) . `` Impeachments of Federal Judges '' . Federal Judicial Center . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` 1801 : Senate Tries Supreme Court Justice '' . 25 November 2014 . Jump up ^ PBS NewsHour ^ Jump up to : staff ( n.d. ) . `` Judges of the United States Courts -- Delahay , Mark W . '' . Federal Judicial Center . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Hinds ' Precedents , Volume 3 - Chapter 78 - The Impeachment and Trial of Charles Swayne '' . Jump up ^ Gamboa , Suzanne ( 2009 - 06 - 30 ) . `` White House accepts convicted judge 's resignation '' . AP . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 22 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ( ) Jump up ^ Gamboa , Suzanne ( 2009 - 07 - 22 ) . `` Congress ends jailed judge 's impeachment '' . AP . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 08 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ( ) Jump up ^ Powell , Stewart ( 2009 - 06 - 19 ) . `` U.S. House impeaches Kent '' . Houston Chronicle . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 19 . In action so rare it has been carried out only 14 times since 1803 , the House on Friday impeached a federal judge -- imprisoned U.S. District Court Judge Samuel B. Kent ... CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ( ) Jump up ^ Alpert , Bruce ; Jonathan Tilove ( 2010 - 12 - 08 ) . `` Senate votes to remove Judge Thomas Porteous from office '' . New Orleans Times - Picayune . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ Alpert , Bruce ( 2010 - 03 - 11 ) . `` Judge Thomas Porteous impeached by U.S. House of Representatives '' . New Orleans Times - Picayune . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Tentative description of a dinner given to promote the impeachment of President Dwight Eisenhower : ( poem ) by Lawrence Ferlinghetti ; City Lights Books : ( 1958 ) Jump up ^ Clark , Richard C. ( 2008 - 07 - 22 ) . `` McFadden 's Attempts to Abortababy the Federal Reserve System '' . Scribd . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 20 . Though a Republican , he moved to impeach President Herbert Hoover in 1932 and introduced a resolution to bring conspiracy charges against the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve . Jump up ^ `` National Affairs : Texan , Texan & Texan '' . Time . January 25 , 1932 . Retrieved May 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ NYS Constitution , Article VI , § 24 Jump up ^ Staff reporter ( 2004 - 06 - 21 ) . `` Embattled Conn. governor resigns '' . AP . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` House votes to impeach Blagojevich again '' . Chicago Tribune . 2009 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Bateman , Newton ; Paul Selby ; Frances M. Shonkwiler ; Henry L Fowkes ( 1908 ) . Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois . Chicago , IL : Munsell Publishing Company . p. 489 . ^ Jump up to : `` Impeachment of State Officials '' . Cga.ct.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Blackmar , Frank ( 1912 ) . Kansas : A Cyclopedia of State History . Standard Publishing Co. p. 598 . Jump up ^ `` Letters Relating to the Efforts to Impeach Governor Harrison Reed During the Reconstruction Era '' . floridamemory.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 05 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` State Governors of Louisiana : Henry Clay Warmoth '' . Enlou.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : News & Observer : NC 's dark impeachment history by Rob Christensen Jump up ^ `` SULZER IMPEACHED BY ASSEMBLY BUT REFUSES TO SURRENDER OFFICE '' , Syracuse Herald , August 13 , 1913 , p1 Jump up ^ `` HIGH COURT REMOVES SULZER FROM OFFICE BY A VOTE OF 43 TO 12 '' , Syracuse Herald , October 17 , 1913 , p1 Jump up ^ Block , Lourenda ( 2000 ) . `` Permanent University Fund : Investing in the Future of Texas '' . TxTell ( University of Texas at Austin ) . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ Official Journal of the House of Representatives of the State of Louisiana , April 6 , 1929 pp. 292 - 94 Jump up ^ `` Raulston Schoolfield , Impeached Judge , Dies '' . UPI . October 8 , 1982 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Impeachment Trial Finds Judge Guilty '' . AP . July 11 , 1958 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Staff reporter ( 1984 - 03 - 14 ) . `` Attorney General is Impeached '' . AP . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Staff reporter ( 1984 - 05 - 04 ) . `` Nebraskan Found Not Guilty '' . AP . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Gruson , Lindsey ( 1988 - 02 - 06 ) . `` House Impeaches Arizona Governor '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Gruson , Lindsey ( 1988 - 04 - 05 ) . `` Arizona 's Senate Ousts Governor , Voting Him Guilty of Misconduct '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Staff reporter ( 1989 - 03 - 30 ) . `` Impeachment in West Virginia '' . AP . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Anise C. ( 1989 - 07 - 10 ) . `` Treasurer of West Virginia Retires Over Fund 's Losses '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Kentucky House Votes To Impeach Jailed Official '' . Orlando Sentinel. 1991 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 16 . The House voted unanimously Friday to impeach the agriculture commissioner six days after he began serving a one - year sentence for a payroll violation . Jump up ^ `` Jailed Official Resigns Before Impeachment Trial '' . Orlando Sentinel. 1991 - 02 - 07 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 16 . Kentucky 's commissioner of agriculture , serving a one - year jail sentence for felony theft , resigned Wednesday hours before his impeachment trial was scheduled to begin in the state Senate . Jump up ^ Hinds , Michael deCourcy ( 1994 - 05 - 25 ) . `` Pennsylvania House Votes To Impeach a State Justice '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 24 . A State Supreme Court justice convicted on drug charges was impeached today by the Pennsylvania House of Representatives . Jump up ^ Moushey , Bill ; Tim Reeves ( 1994 - 10 - 05 ) . `` Larsen Removed Senate Convicts Judge On 1 Charge '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Pittsburgh , PA USA . p . A1 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 14 . Rolf Larsen yesterday became the first justice of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court to be removed from office through impeachment . The state Senate , after six hours of debate , found Larsen guilty of one of seven articles of impeachment at about 8 : 25 p.m , then unanimously voted to remove him permanently from office and bar him from ever seeking an elected position again . Jump up ^ Young , Virginia ( 1994 - 10 - 07 ) . `` Moriarty Is Impeached -- Secretary Of State Will Fight Removal '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . St. Louis , MO USA . p. 1A . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 14 . The House voted overwhelmingly Thursday to impeach Secretary of State Judith K. Moriarty for misconduct that `` breached the public trust . '' The move , the first impeachment in Missouri in 26 years , came at 4 : 25 p.m. in a hushed House chamber . Jump up ^ Young , Virginia ; Kim Bell ( 1994 - 12 - 13 ) . `` High Court Ousts Moriarty '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . St. Louis , MO . p. 1A . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 14 . In a unanimous opinion Monday , the Missouri Supreme Court convicted Secretary of State Judith K. Moriarty of misconduct and removed her from office . Jump up ^ Vogel , Ed ( 2004 - 11 - 12 ) . `` Augustine impeached '' . Review - Journal . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Whaley , Sean ( 2004 - 12 - 05 ) . `` Senate lets controller keep job '' . Review - Journal . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Nate ( 2006 - 04 - 11 ) . `` Hergert impeached '' . Lincoln Journal Star . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 11 . With the last vote and by the slimmest of margins , the Legislature did to University of Nebraska Regent David Hergert Wednesday what it had n't done in 22 years -- move to unseat an elected official . Jump up ^ Staff reporter ( 2006 - 08 - 08 ) . `` Hergert Convicted '' . WOWT - TV . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 11 . University of Nebraska Regent David Hergert was convicted Friday of manipulating campaign - finance laws during his 2004 campaign and then lying to cover it up . The state Supreme Court ruling immediately removed Hergert , 66 , from office . Jump up ^ Staff reporter ( 2009 - 01 - 09 ) . `` Illinois House impeaches Gov. Rod Blagojevich '' . AP . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Mckinney , Dave ; Jordan Wilson ( 2009 - 01 - 14 ) . `` Illinois House impeaches Gov. Rod Blagojevich '' . Chicago Sun - Times ' . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Long , Ray ; Rick Pearson ( 2009 - 01 - 30 ) . `` Blagojevich is removed from office '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ Haidee V. Eugenio ( 2009 - 01 - 09 ) . `` CNMI governor impeached on 13 charges '' . Saipan Tribune . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 14 . Further reading ( edit ) Lichtman , Allan J. ( 2017 ) , The Case for Impeachment , Dey Street Books , ISBN 978 - 0062696823 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Impeachment in the United States . An Overview of the Impeachment Process ( hide ) United States Constitution Text ( via Wikisource ) Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments 1 -- 10 Amendments 11 -- 27 Unsuccessful Proposed Amendments Debates in State Conventions on the Adoption of the Constitution Preamble and articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 Others 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Repealed Eighteenth Amendment Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights List of Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bill of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Congressional enforcement Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Impeachment_in_the_United_States&oldid=803069987 '' Categories : Impeachment in the United States Clauses of the United States Constitution Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Articles needing additional references from December 2016 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska עברית Português Suomi Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 30 September 2017 , at 07 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who has the power to remove a president from office

At the federal level , Article Two of the United States Constitution states in Section 4 that `` The President , Vice President , and all civil Officers of the United States shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for , and conviction of , Treason , Bribery , or other High Crimes and Misdemeanors . '' The House of Representatives has the sole power of impeaching , while the United States Senate has the sole power to try all impeachments . The removal of impeached officials is automatic upon conviction in the Senate . In Nixon v. United States ( 1993 ) , the Supreme Court determined that the federal judiciary can not review such proceedings .

First day of school - wikipedia First day of school Students on their first day of school . The first day of school is the first day of an academic year . This is usually in August or September in the Northern Hemisphere and January or February in the Southern Hemisphere , but differs from country to country . Contents 1 America 1.1 Canada 1.2 Costa Rica 1.3 United States 2 Asia 2.1 Philippines 2.2 Qatar 2.3 Singapore 3 Europe 3.1 Greece 3.2 Poland 3.3 Russia 3.4 United Kingdom 3.4. 1 England and Wales 3.4. 2 Scotland 4 References America ( edit ) Canada ( edit ) The First Day of school is commonly in early September , usually after Labour Day . Costa Rica ( edit ) The first day of school in Costa Rica is in early February . The Education Ministry changes the date every year to ensure 200 effective days are in the school calendar . United States ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the United States , educational policy is determined primarily at the state level and at the level of individual school districts . Therefore , there is no one particular day on which all schools start . Most schools start usually the day after Labor Day in September , while some can start in early August . The first day of school for many school districts is on the Wednesday or Thursday after Labor Day ( first Monday in September ) . On that day , public transportation services increase and start the rush hour earlier . In some other school districts , school begins in August . For example , in San Diego Unified School District , San Diego , California , the first school student 's day of 2017 - 18 school year was set to August 28 . Asia ( edit ) Philippines ( edit ) The government school calendar in the Philippines usually begins in June every year . However , private schools have the exception to deviate from the calendar as regulated by Republic Act No. 7797 . Some colleges or universities may start the school year on August . The school year must consist of 200 but not more than 220 days . Qatar ( edit ) The first day of school in Qatar is on September 15 , with some of the Arab World countries . Singapore ( edit ) The school year for all Singapore primary and secondary schools will start from early January and end sometime in November . This takes into account 40 weeks of curriculum time for teaching and learning before the start of the national examinations , and six weeks of school vacation at end of year for teachers and students . Europe ( edit ) Greece ( edit ) The first day of school in Greece is September 11 , or the first Monday following if September 11 is a Saturday or Sunday . Poland ( edit ) According to a 2010 decree of Polish Minister of Public Education , the first day of school for regular compulsory education schools in Poland is on September 1 or the first following Monday if September 1 falls on Friday , Saturday or Sunday . The last day is the last Friday after 18th of June . Previously , according to a similar 2002 decree , the above exception was only for Saturday and Sunday , and the last day was the first Friday after June 18 . See also : Education in Poland Russia ( edit ) Schools in Russia ( and formerly Soviet Union ) historically begin on September 1 . This exact date for the country has been fixed by the Decree of the Council of the People 's Commissars in 1935 and was established officially by the Decree of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union No. 3018 - X in 1980 . In 1984 , September 1 was officially declared to be the Knowledge Day . If it falls on Sunday , most schools opt to hold on Sunday a traditional ceremonial line - up , which symbolically commences the school year , and begin actual lessons on Monday . Traditionally students bring flowers to the teachers . United kingdom ( edit ) England and Wales ( edit ) The first day of school for state schools in England and Wales varies by local authority and sometimes by school , but it is nearly always during the first week of September , or occasionally in the second week . Scotland ( edit ) The school term in Scotland begins in mid - to late - August , more than a week earlier than in the rest of the UK . The precise date varies by local authority and sometimes by school . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Calendario Escolar 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Ministerio de Educación Pública . Retrieved 18 June 2012 . Jump up ^ https://www.sandiegounified.org/traditional-academic-calendar ( retrieved September 15 , 2017 ) Jump up ^ http://www.deped.gov.ph/orders/do-25-s-2017 Jump up ^ `` New policy sparks confusion over school start dates in Qatar - Doha News '' . 4 September 2013 . Retrieved 14 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` School Terms and Holidays '' . Retrieved 14 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` School Holidays in Athens '' . Angloinfo Athens . Angloinfo . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Dz. U. 2010 nr 186 poz. 1245 Rozporządzenie Ministra Edukacji Narodowej z dnia 5 października 2010 r . zmieniające rozporządzenie w sprawie organizacji roku szkolnego Jump up ^ Dz. U. 2002 nr 46 poz. 432 Rozporządzenie Ministra Edukacji Narodowej i Sportu z dnia 18 kwietnia 2002 r . w sprawie organizacji roku szkolnego Jump up ^ `` День знаний в России : история праздника '' . Retrieved 14 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Праздник 1 сентября - День знаний : история и традиции . Значение праздника 1 сентября `` День знаний '' . Женский сайт www.InMoment.ru `` . Retrieved 14 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` When are the school Christmas holidays and term dates 2016 / 2017 ? '' . The Telegraph : Education . Retrieved 7 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scottish School Term dates '' . Scottish Government website . Retrieved 7 September 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_day_of_school&oldid=856402785 '' Categories : Schools Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia 日本 語 Српски / srpski 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2018 , at 22 : 59 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

when do students go back to school in the us

In the United States , educational policy is determined primarily at the state level and at the level of individual school districts . Therefore , there is no one particular day on which all schools start . Most schools start usually the day after Labor Day in September , while some can start in early August . The first day of school for many school districts is on the Wednesday or Thursday after Labor Day ( first Monday in September ) . On that day , public transportation services increase and start the rush hour earlier . In some other school districts , school begins in August . For example , in San Diego Unified School District , San Diego , California , the first school student 's day of 2017 - 18 school year was set to August 28 .

List of justices of the North Carolina Supreme Court - wikipedia List of justices of the North Carolina Supreme Court Jump to : navigation , search Following is a list of Justices of the North Carolina Supreme Court . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current Justices 2 Former Justices 3 References 4 External links Current Justices ( edit ) The Court 's current ( January 2017 ) members are : Name Joined Term Ends Mandatory Retirement Law School Attended Mark Martin 1963 1999 2022 April 29 , 2035 University of North Carolina School of Law Cheri Beasley 1966 2013 2022 Feb. 14 , 2038 University of Tennessee College of Law Sam J. Ervin , IV 1955 2015 2022 November 18 , 2027 Harvard School of Law Robin E. Hudson 1952 2007 2022 Feb. 20 , 2024 University of North Carolina School of Law Barbara Jackson 1961 2011 2018 Dec. 25 , 2033 University of North Carolina School of Law Michael R. Morgan 1955 2017 2024 2027 North Carolina Central University School of Law Paul Martin Newby 1955 2020 May 5 , 2027 University of North Carolina School of Law Former justices ( edit ) Judge Began active service Ended active service Notes Adams , William J. William J. Adams 1921 1934 . Allen , William Reynolds William Reynolds Allen 1903 1926 . Ashe , Thomas Samuel Thomas Samuel Ashe 1878 1887 . Avery , Alphonso C. Alphonso C. Avery 1889 1897 . Barnhill , Maurice Victor Maurice Victor Barnhill 1937 1956 Chief Justice ( 1954 - 1956 ) Battle , William Horn William Horn Battle 1848 1852 1848 1868 . Billings , Rhoda Rhoda Billings 1985 1986 Chief Justice ( 1986 ) Bobbitt , William H. William H. Bobbitt 1954 Chief Justice ( 1969 - 1974 ) Boyden , Nathaniel Nathaniel Boyden 1872 1873 . Brady , Edward Thomas Edward Thomas Brady 2003 . Branch , Joseph Joseph Branch 1966 1986 Chief Justice ( 1979 - 1986 ) Britt , David M. David M. Britt 1978 1982 . Brock , Walter E. Walter E. Brock 1979 1980 . Brogden , W.J. W.J. Brogden 1926 1935 . Brown , George H. George H. Brown 1905 1920 . Burwell , Armistead Armistead Burwell 1892 1894 . Butterfield , G.K. G.K. Butterfield 2001 2002 . Bynum , William P. William P. Bynum 1873 1909 . Carlton , J. Phil J. Phil Carlton 1979 . Clark , Walter Walter Clark 1889 1924 Chief Justice ( 1903 - 1924 ) Clarkson , Heriot Heriot Clarkson 1923 1942 . Connor , Henry G. Henry G. Connor 1903 1909 . Connor , George Whitfield George Whitfield Connor 1903 1909 . Cooke , Charles A. Charles A. Cooke 1901 1903 . Copeland , J. William J. William Copeland 1985 . Daniel , Joseph J. Joseph J. Daniel 1832 1848 . Davis , Joseph J. Joseph J. Davis 1887 1892 . Denny , Emery B. Emery B. Denny 1942 1966 Chief Justice ( 1962 - 1966 ) Devin , William A. William A. Devin 1935 1954 Chief Justice ( 1951 - 1954 ) Dick , Robert P. Robert P. Dick 1868 1872 . Dillard , John H. John H. Dillard 1878 1881 . Douglas , Robert M. Robert M. Douglas 1896 1904 . Edmunds , Jr. , Robert H. Robert H. Edmunds , Jr . 2001 2016 . Ervin , Sam Sam Ervin 1948 1954 . Exum , James G. James G. Exum 1995 Chief Justice ( 1986 - 1995 ) Faircloth , William T. William T. Faircloth 1895 1901 Chief Justice ( 1895 - 1901 ) Freeman , Franklin Franklin Freeman 2000 2000 . Frye , Henry Henry Frye 2001 Chief Justice ( 1999 - 2001 ) Furches , David M. David M. Furches 1894 1903 Chief Justice ( 1901 - 1903 ) Gaston , William William Gaston 1833 1844 . Hall , John John Hall 1819 1832 . Henderson , Leonard Leonard Henderson 1818 1833 Chief Justice ( 1829 -- 1833 ) Higgins , Carlisle W. Carlisle W. Higgins 1954 . Hoke , William A. William A. Hoke 1904 1925 Chief Justice ( 1924 - 1925 ) Hunter , Jr. , Robert N. Robert N. Hunter , Jr . 2014 2014 . Huskins , J. Frank J. Frank Huskins 1968 1982 . Johnson , Jr. , Jefferson D. Jefferson D. Johnson , Jr . 1950 1960 . Lake , I. Beverly I. Beverly Lake 1985 1992 1994 1992 2006 Chief Justice ( 2001 - 2006 ) Lake , Sr. , I. Beverly I. Beverly Lake , Sr . 1965 1978 . MacRae , James C. James C. MacRae 1892 1895 . Manly , Matthias Evans Matthias Evans Manly 1860 1865 . Manning , James S. James S. Manning 1909 1911 . Martin , Harry C. Harry C. Martin 1982 1992 . Merrimon , Augustus Summerfield Augustus Summerfield Merrimon 1883 1892 Chief Justice ( 1889 - 1892 ) Meyer , Louis B. Louis B. Meyer 1981 1994 . Mitchell , Burley Burley Mitchell 1982 1999 Chief Justice ( 1995 - 1999 ) Montgomery , Walter A. Walter A. Montgomery 1894 1905 . Moore , Dan K. Dan K. Moore 1969 1978 Nash , Frederick Frederick Nash 1844 1858 Chief Justice ( 1852 - 1858 ) Orr , Robert F. Robert F. Orr 1994 . Parker , R. Hunt R. Hunt Parker 1952 1969 Chief Justice ( 1966 - 1969 ) Parker , Sarah Sarah Parker 2014 Chief Justice ( 2006 - 2014 ) Pearson , Richmond Mumford Richmond Mumford Pearson 1848 1878 Chief Justice ( 1858 -- 1878 ) ; First Chief Justice elected by the people ( in the 1868 election ) . Reade , Edwin Godwin Edwin Godwin Reade 1868 1879 . Rodman , William B. William B. Rodman 1868 1879 . Rodman , Jr. , William B. William B. Rodman , Jr . 1956 1965 . Ruffin , Thomas Thomas Ruffin 1829 1858 1852 1859 Chief Justice ( 1833 - 1852 ) Ruffin , Jr. , Thomas Thomas Ruffin , Jr . 1881 1883 . Schenck , Michael Michael Schenck 1934 1948 . Seawell , Aaron A.F. Aaron A.F. Seawell 1938 1950 . Settle , Thomas Thomas Settle 1868 1871 . Sharp , Susie Susie Sharp 1962 1979 Chief Justice ( 1975 - 1979 ) Shepherd , James E. James E. Shepherd 1888 1895 Chief Justice ( 1893 - 1895 ) Smith , William Nathan Harrell William Nathan Harrell Smith 1878 1889 Chief Justice ( 1878 - 1889 ) Stacy , Walter P. Walter P. Stacy 1925 1951 Chief Justice ( 1925 - 1951 ) Taylor , John Louis John Louis Taylor 1818 1829 First Chief Justice ( 1818 - 1829 ) Timmons - Goodson , Patricia Patricia Timmons - Goodson 2006 2011 Toomer , John D. John D. Toomer 1829 1829 . Valentine , Sr. , Itimous T. Itimous T. Valentine , Sr . 1951 1952 . Varser , Lycurgus R. Lycurgus R. Varser 1985 1985 . Vaughn , Earl W. Earl W. Vaughn 1985 1985 . Wainwright , Jr. , George L. George L. Wainwright , Jr . 1998 2006 . Walker , Platt D. Platt D. Walker 1903 1926 . Webb , John John Webb 1986 1998 . Whichard , Willis Willis Whichard 1986 1998 . Winborne , J. Wallace J. Wallace Winborne 1937 1962 Chief Justice ( 1956 - 1962 ) Wynn , Jr. , James A. James A. Wynn , Jr . 1998 1998 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Term ends Dec. 31 of the year listed . Jump up ^ North Carolina judges must retire at age 72 if they are still in office . External links ( edit ) North Carolina Supreme Court Historical Society page on Justices of the North Carolina Supreme Court Lists of Justices of High Courts of the United States List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York ( Chief Judges ) ( Assoc . Judges ) North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma ( Civil ) Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas ( Civil ) Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Justices_of_the_North_Carolina_Supreme_Court&oldid=768852058 '' Categories : North Carolina Supreme Court justices Lists of United States state supreme court justices Lists of people from North Carolina Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 March 2017 , at 04 : 29 . About Wikipedia

who are the justices of the nc supreme court

Name Joined Term Ends Mandatory Retirement Law School Attended Mark Martin 1963 1999 2022 April 29 , 2035 University of North Carolina School of Law Cheri Beasley 1966 2013 2022 Feb. 14 , 2038 University of Tennessee College of Law Sam J. Ervin , IV 1955 2015 2022 November 18 , 2027 Harvard School of Law Robin E. Hudson 1952 2007 2022 Feb. 20 , 2024 University of North Carolina School of Law Barbara Jackson 1961 2011 2018 Dec. 25 , 2033 University of North Carolina School of Law Michael R. Morgan 1955 2017 2024 2027 North Carolina Central University School of Law Paul Martin Newby 1955 2020 May 5 , 2027 University of North Carolina School of Law

Comparison of Star Trek and Star Wars - wikipedia Comparison of Star Trek and Star Wars Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A fan of Star Trek dressed in Starfleet uniform ( left ) and a fan of Star Wars dressed in Imperial Death Star gunner uniform ( right ) at a fan convention . Star Trek and Star Wars are American media franchises which present alternative scenarios of space adventure . The two franchises are dominant in this setting of storytelling and have offered various forms of media productions for decades that manage billions of dollars of intellectual property , providing employment and entertainment for billions of people around the world . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Differences 2.1 Runtime 3 Similarities and commonalities 3.1 Abrams era 4 Estimated financial comparisons 5 Critique and commentaries 6 Influences on each other 7 Comic relief 8 Future 8.1 Fan works 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Background ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2014 ) Star Trek was introduced as a live - action television series in 1966 that lasted three years . Star Trek : The Animated Series commenced in 1973 ( based directly on the original series ) but lasted only two seasons with a combined total of 22 episodes . With the subsequent publication of novels , comics , animated series , toys and feature films , Star Trek grew into a popular media franchise . Star Wars was introduced as a feature film , A New Hope ( 1977 ) . A novelization titled Star Wars : From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker , based on the original script of the film , was published about a year earlier . Upon the release of the first film , Star Wars quickly grew into a popular media franchise . Differences ( edit ) Star Trek debuted in television . The franchise was conceived in the style of the television Western Wagon Train and the adventure stories of Horatio Hornblower , but evolved into an idealistic , utopian prospect of future human society . Inspired by Gulliver 's Travels , Star Trek 's main focus is of space exploration and a galactic society consisting of multiple planets and species , where conflict occasionally occurs . Star Trek occurs in the relatively distant future , specifically the 22nd through 24th centuries , with occasional time travel and interdimensional travel . The Earth of the Star Trek universe shares most of its history with the real world . Star Wars debuted in film , despite the novel based on the film 's original script having been published a year before the film itself . Star Wars mainly belongs to the space opera subgenre of science fiction that was inspired by works such as Beowulf , King Arthur and other mythologies , world religions , as well as ancient and medieval history . It depicts a galactic society in constant conflict . Though there are periods of peace , these are only documented in novels , comics , video games , non-feature films and other spin - off media . Star Wars is set `` a long time ago , in a galaxy far , far away '' , although many characters are human , occasionally use Earth metaphors and exhibit human character traits . Although both Star Trek and Star Wars populate various forms of media , not all types have been produced that are mutual to both franchises . Star Wars has not produced any live - action television series while Star Trek has produced six live - action television series . Star Trek likewise has not produced any television films ; whereas Star Wars has produced at least three live - action television films outside the Star Wars film saga . The Star Wars Holiday Special , Ewoks : Caravan of Courage and Ewoks : Battle for Endor are all live - action television spin - off films set in the Star Wars universe , but not considered part of the official Star Wars canon . Runtime ( edit ) ~ 513 hours ( Star Trek television ) + ~ 25 hours ( Star Trek films ) ~ 84 hours ( Star Wars films ) + Star Wars canon series + expanded universe films and TV productions . Similarities and commonalities ( edit ) Aside from having the word ' Star ' in their respective titles , the two franchises share many similarities and commonalities . Both franchises have their origins in the space western subgenre . Both stories depict societies consisting of multiple planets and species . The main galaxy in Star Trek consists of various planets , each inhabited by different species , united into a single state , the United Federation of Planets . Star Wars depicts a galaxy that is mostly part of a single state known as the Old Republic , inhabited by humans and countless other species , which later became the Galactic Empire and was again later reformed into a new society called the New Republic after a series of wars . Both franchises promote philosophical and political messages . The primary philosophies of Star Trek convey the morals of exploration and interference and how to properly confront and ethically resolve a new situation . Creator Gene Roddenberry was inspired by morality tales such as Gulliver 's Travels . The primary philosophical messages of Star Wars are the ethics of good against evil and how to distinguish them from one another . Star Wars preaches against totalitarian systems and favors societies that offer equality . In an interview on the Star Wars 20th Anniversary UK Programme aired in 1997 referring to the mythology of the original Star Wars trilogy , Patrick Stewart stated `` A belief in one 's own powers ; especially one 's own powers to do good because the underlying morality of Star Wars is a very very positive one . '' There have been actors from both franchises who have appeared on common television series such as The Outer Limits and Seaquest . Both franchises also derive significantly from history and ancient mythology , including Greco - Roman mythology . Many planets and alien species in Star Trek , for instance , are named after ancient Roman deities . Several episodes from various Star Trek television series , such as `` Who Mourns for Adonais '' , are directly based on ancient Greek - Roman themes and settings . The series also make references to Ancient Babylon and its mythic folklore . The Klingons and their warrior culture are a representation of the 12th century Mongols . Much of Star Wars ' story plots and character developments are based on ancient history , including classical Greece and Rome , such as the fall of the Old Republic in Star Wars , followed by the rise of the Galactic Empire , which parallels the fall of the ancient Roman Republic followed by the rise of the Roman Empire . A 1983 documentary on the making of Star Wars Episode VI : Return of the Jedi was hosted by Leonard Nimoy , who also made mention of Lucas 's original plan to do two other trilogies preceding and proceeding the original trilogy . Abrams era ( edit ) J.J. Abrams , director and producer of Star Trek ( 2009 ) and Star Trek Into Darkness ( 2013 ) and producer of Star Trek Beyond ( 2016 ) , directed and produced Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) . Star Trek ( 2009 ) and Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) are each the first entries in expected trilogies . These films received favorable critical and commercial response and revived interest for both franchises . In addition to Abrams , actors such as Simon Pegg starred in both series . Star Trek : Nemesis ( 2002 ) was poorly received and Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) had capped off the prequel trilogy , which overall had a mixed to positive reception . The newer films of the two franchises filmed major scenes in the United Arab Emirates . The desert scenes on the planet Jakku in Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) were filmed in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi , while scenes for cities in the film Star Trek Beyond ( 2016 ) were filmed in the Emirate of Dubai . The two franchises now offer almost all forms of media ranging from novels , television series , comic books , toys for younger audience , magazines , themed merchandise , board games and video games , as well as fan works . These include canonical and non-canonical works , including works made both by series producers and fans jointly . Estimated financial comparisons ( edit ) Despite the difference in the numbers of films , the profit made by the Star Wars film series exceed the profit of the Star Trek film series by almost five times , while the entire franchise outgrosses the other by four times . It is difficult to accurately judge the total worth of each franchise as television series , memorabilia and video games must be taken into account . Star Trek films ( $ million ) Year Title Budget Box Office Net 1979 The Motion Picture 35 139 104 1982 The Wrath of Khan 12 96 84 1984 The Search for Spock 18 87 69 1986 The Voyage Home 24 133 109 The Final Frontier 30 70 40 1991 The Undiscovered Country 27 96.9 69.9 Generations 38 120 82 First Contact 46 150 104 1998 Insurrection 70 117 47 2002 Nemesis 60 67 7 2009 Star Trek ( reboot ) 140 386 246 2013 Into Darkness 190 467 277 2016 Beyond 185 343 158 Total 875 2,272 1,397 Star Wars films ( $ million ) Year Title Budget Box Office Net 1977 A New Hope 11 786.6 775.6 1980 The Empire Strikes Back 23 534.1 511.1 Return of the Jedi 32.5 572.7 540.2 1999 The Phantom Menace 115 1027 912 2002 Attack of the Clones 115 656.6 541.6 2005 Revenge of the Sith 115 848.9 733.9 2008 The Clone Wars 8.5 68.6 60.1 2015 The Force Awakens 306 2058 1752 2016 Rogue One 200 1056 856 2017 The Last Jedi 200 1321 1121 Total 1,126 8,929.5 7,803.5 Franchise Year of inception Total Revenue Star Trek 1966 $10 Billion ( as of 2016 ) Star Wars 1977 $42 Billion ( as of 2015 ) Critique and commentaries ( edit ) Science fiction writer David Brin criticized Star Wars at the time of the release of The Phantom Menace , arguing that while the Star Wars movies provide special effects and action / adventure , audiences are not encouraged to engage with their overriding themes . Among his issues with Star Wars and George Lucas , whom he accused of `` having an agenda '' , is that the Star Wars galaxy is too `` elitist '' , with arbitrary rulers on both the evil and good sides , replacing one another without any involvement of the population . He criticizes both sides of the Galactic Civil War as part of the `` same genetically superior royal family '' . He finds the Star Wars universe flawed with additional forms of absolutism , such as justified emotions leading a good person to evil - for example citing the idea that Luke Skywalker killing Palpatine would somehow turn him to the dark side , despite the act potentially saving millions of lives . Among the many other flaws he sees with Star Wars is that Anakin Skywalker becomes a hero in the ending of Return of the Jedi simply because he saved his son 's life , while the atrocities he committed during his time in power go largely ignored . In contrast , he argues that , despite its flaws , Star Trek is `` democratic '' and follows genuine issues and strong questioning . William Shatner argues that Star Trek is superior to Star Wars . According to him , `` Star Trek had relationships and conflict among the relationships and stories that involved humanity and philosophical questions . '' Shatner believes that Star Wars was only better than Star Trek in terms of special effects , and that once J.J. Abrams became involved , Star Trek was able to `` supersede Star Wars on every level '' . Tim Russ , who played Tuvok on Star Trek : Voyager , claims that it is difficult to find common enough elements to be able to compare the two . Among those common elements are their similar settings of unique characters and technologies . He echoed Shatner that Star Trek reflects common human issues , the morals of exploration and considers ethical questions . Star Wars in his view is a classic medieval tale dressed up as action - adventure , and that embraces the Eastern philosophy of inner - strength . Russ concludes that despite both their success and popularity , Star Trek comes out as the better of the two , as it is set in `` our '' galaxy and therefore people can relate better to it , whereas Star Wars takes place in another galaxy . He acknowledged that he could be biased . Jeremy Bulloch is best known for his role as Boba Fett in the original Star Wars trilogy . He is a huge fan of Star Trek : The Original Series . He argued that while both franchises are popular , Star Wars comes out as the superior , for its soundtracks and special effects . Contrasting the focus of the two franchises , contributor J.C. Herzthe of The New York Times argued , `` Trek fandom revolves around technology because the Star Trek universe was founded on ham - fisted dialogue and Gong Show - caliber acting . But the fictional science has always been brilliant . The science in Star Wars is nonsense , and everyone knows it . But no one cares because Star Wars is n't about science . It 's epic drama . It 's about those incredibly well - developed characters and the moral decisions they face . People do n't get into debates about how the second Death Star works . They get into debates about the ethics of blowing it up . '' John Wenzel of The Denver Post highlighted two differences in approach , noting the `` swashbuckling '' and `` gunslinger '' style of Star Wars compared with Star Trek 's `` broader themes of utopian living , justice and identity '' and that the spiritual aspect of Star Wars contrasts with the balance of emotion and logic seen in Star Trek . Billionaire Peter Thiel told Dowd `` I 'm a capitalist . Star Wars is the capitalist show . Star Trek is the communist one '' . He further stated `` There is no money in Star Trek because you just have the transporter machine that can make anything you need . The whole plot of Star Wars starts with Han Solo having this debt that he owes and so the plot in Star Wars is driven by money . '' Archived footage in Trek Nation showed Gene Roddenberry saying , `` I like Star Wars . It was young King Arthur growing up , slaying the evil emperor finally . There 's nothing wrong with that kind of entertainment - everything does n't have to create a philosophy for you - for your whole life . You can also have fun . '' Influences on each other ( edit ) See also : Star Wars sources and analogues The two franchises have a `` symbiotic relationship '' stated Shatner , who credits Star Wars for launching the Star Trek films . He repeated this sentiment at a 2016 Star Trek fan convention in Las Vegas by stating `` Star Wars created Star Trek '' . He clarified this statement by explaining that at the time of the release of the first Star Wars film ( A New Hope ) , Paramount , then under new management , was struggling to come up with something that could compete with it . A Star Trek relaunch was the choice . Since then , public interest has returned to Star Trek . `` It was Star Wars that thrust Star Trek into the people of Paramount 's consciousness '' Shatner stated . The documentary Trek Nation features interviews where both Lucas and Roddenberry praise each other 's respective franchises , with the former stating that Star Trek was an influence while writing the original screenplay for Star Wars . He explained that while both franchises were so `` far out '' , Star Trek produced a fanbase that `` softened up the entertainment arena '' so that Star Wars could `` come along and stand on its shoulders . '' This is also acknowledged by Shatner , who went as far as to call Star Wars a `` derivative '' of Star Trek . A few references to Star Wars have been inserted into Star Trek films . For fleeting moments , one can see ships and droids from Star Wars in both Star Trek ( 2009 ) and Star Trek Into Darkness ( 2013 ) . Some Star Trek films and television episodes used the Star Wars animation shop , Industrial Light & Magic , for their special effects . When Roddenberry was honored at a Star Trek convention late in life , a congratulatory letter from Lucas was presented by an actor dressed as Darth Vader . A few years earlier , Roddenberry had contributed an entry in honor of Star Wars and Lucas at a convention honoring the latter . Comic relief ( edit ) William Shatner was a presenter at Lucas ' American Film Institute Lifetime Achievement Award ceremony in 2007 and did a comical stage performance honoring Lucas . At a live concert , Shatner dressed as an imperial stormtrooper singing ' Girl Crush ' alongside Carrie Underwood and Brad Paisley . In 2011 , Shatner and Carrie Fisher posted a series of humorous YouTube videos satirizing each other 's franchises . In a 2016 interview , Shatner commented that Captain Kirk and Princess Leia eloping and running off into the sunset would be the `` perfect union '' between Star Trek and Star Wars . Shatner has also posted a number of humorous tweets on his Twitter account mocking Star Wars . Amongst them were commemorating the 35th anniversary of the poorly received Star Wars Holiday Special . It was then that Star Wars actor Peter Mayhew posted a `` retaliation '' tweet congratulating Shatner for the directing of Star Trek V : The Final Frontier , another poorly received film . Future ( edit ) Both franchises are set to grow throughout the next decade . Star Trek was rebooted with a series of feature films starting with the Star Trek reboot ( 2009 ) , which was followed by Star Trek Into Darkness ( 2013 ) and Star Trek Beyond ( 2016 ) and a number of sequels are set to follow . A new television series based in the original timeline , subtitled Discovery , serving as a prequel to the original series , debuted on CBS All Access , an online streaming platform , in 2017 . Star Wars picked up from where Return of the Jedi left off , with The Force Awakens the first in the new trilogy , and The Last Jedi following two years later . Additionally , more spin - off media is also underway after the debut of Star Wars Rebels , a television series set in between the Star Wars prequels and the original trilogy , and an anthology of stand - alone Star Wars films , starting with Rogue One , which was released in December 2016 , and Solo following in May 2018 . Fan works ( edit ) Further information : Star Trek fan productions and Star Wars fan films Aside from official works by the producers of Star Trek and Star Wars , many fan films and webisodes set in the two universes of the franchises are also constantly produced and posted on the Internet by fans , but are not officially considered canon in relation to either franchise . See also ( edit ) Comparison of Marvel and DC References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Richard Ho ( May 14 , 1999 ) , `` Trekkers VS Lucasites '' , The Harvard Crimson ^ Jump up to : Forbeck , Matt ( 18 April 2011 ) . Star Wars vs. Star Trek : Could the Empire kick the Federation 's ass ? And other galaxy - shaking enigmas . Adams Media . ISBN 1 - 4405 - 2577 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek vs Star Wars : the space battle that will never end '' . ^ Jump up to : Richard Keller Simon ( 23 November 1999 ) . Trash Culture : Popular Culture and the Great Tradition . University of California Press . pp. 139 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 92442 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Mark Clark ( 1 April 2012 ) . Star Trek FAQ : Everything Left to Know About the First Voyages of the Starship Enterprise . Applause Theatre & Cinema Books . pp. 22 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55783 - 963 - 3 . Jump up ^ Empire of Dreams : The Story of the Star Wars Trilogy . Star Wars Trilogy Box Set DVD documentary . ( 2005 ) ^ Jump up to : Lucasfilm ( 15 October 2012 ) . Star Wars and History . Wiley . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 28525 - 1 . Jump up ^ Decker , Kevin S. ( 1 October 2010 ) . Star Wars and Philosophy : More Powerful Than You Can Possibly Imagine . ReadHowYouWant.com . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4596 - 0101 - 7 . Jump up ^ Redmond , Sean ( 2004 ) . Liquid Metal : The Science Fiction Film Reader . Wallflower Press . pp. 303 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 903364 - 87 - 1 . Jump up ^ Kapell , Matthew Wilhelm ( 1 March 2010 ) . Star Trek as Myth : Essays on Symbol and Archetype at the Final Frontier . McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 5594 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek as Myth Through an Analysis of the Similarities and Differences Between the Gilgamesh / Enkidu and Kirk / Spock Relationships '' . The Kirk / Spock fanfiction archive . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek And the New Myth of the Machine as Seen in the Talosians , Trelane , and the Organians '' . Ken Sanes . Transperancy . Jump up ^ `` Leonard Nimoy hosts 1983 Return of the Jedi set visit in this awesome , long - lost clip '' . Trent Moore . SyFyWire . Jump up ^ Ali Jaafar . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens Helps Abu Dhabi Build Road To Somewhere - Deadline '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ `` ' Star Trek Beyond ' descends on Dubai : JLT , DIFC ' raided ' '' . Emirates 24 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Business of ' Star Trek ' : Franchise celebrates 50th anniversary '' . CGTN . July 26 , 2016 . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chew , Jonathan ( December 24 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars Franchise Worth More Than Harry Potter and James Bond , Combined '' . Fortune . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Brin , David . `` '' Star Wars '' despots vs. `` Star Trek '' populists `` . ^ Jump up to : Editor , Gazelle Emami Deputy Features ; Post , The Huffington ( 15 September 2011 ) . `` William Shatner : ' Star Wars Is Derivative Of Star Trek ' '' . Jump up ^ `` ' Star Wars ' World With a Sense of Humor '' . The New York Times . 29 October 1998 . Jump up ^ John Wenzel ( 11 October 2009 ) . `` '' Star Wars '' vs. `` Star Trek '' : The final frontier of marketing is an expanding universe `` . The Denver Post . Jump up ^ `` Peter Thiel Thinks ' Star Trek ' Is ' Communist ' While ' Star Wars ' Is ' Capitalist ' '' . 11 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Trek Nation ( 2010 documentary ) Jump up ^ Dominguez , Robert ( 1999 - 05 - 17 ) . `` William Shatner 's Trek Never Ends The Actor - author Keeps Seeking New Challenges While Feeding Fans ' Hunger For All Things Kirk '' . New York Daily News . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 12 . Retrieved October 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` William Shatner Says Star Wars Created Star Trek '' . Jump up ^ Pagliery , Jose ( 6 August 2016 ) . `` Captain Kirk thanks Star Wars ! '' . CNNMoney . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Adam . `` William Shatner : ' Star Trek ' owes a big thanks to ' Star Wars ' '' . Mashable . Jump up ^ `` George Lucas on how Star Trek helped Star Wars '' . Jump up ^ Child , Ben ( 2013 - 09 - 10 ) . `` Star Wars droid R2D2 spotted in Star Trek Into Darkness '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Archive '' . Industrial Light & Magic . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Shatner Honors Lucas '' . American Film Institute . Jump up ^ `` William Shatner Dresses as ' Star Wars ' Stormtrooper , Sings ' Girl Crush ' at CMAs '' . Jump up ^ `` William Shatner ca n't stop trolling Star Wars fans '' . The Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek New Star Trek Series Premieres January 2017 '' . StarTrek.com . Jump up ^ `` Upcoming Star Wars Movies : List Of Titles And Release Dates - CINEMABLEND '' . CINEMABLEND. 2015 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 13 . External links ( edit ) Star Wars at Memory Alpha ( a Star Trek wiki ) stardestroyer.net a website that compares Star Trek and Star Wars from both in - universe and intellectual perspectives . Star Trek Outline Timeline Canon Television series The Original Series episodes The Animated Series episodes The Next Generation episodes Deep Space Nine episodes Voyager episodes Enterprise episodes Discovery episodes Feature films The Original Series The Motion Picture The Wrath of Khan The Search for Spock The Voyage Home The Final Frontier The Undiscovered Country The Next Generation Generations First Contact Insurrection Nemesis Reboot ( Kelvin Timeline ) Star Trek Into Darkness Beyond Setting Characters A -- F G -- M N -- S T -- Z Concepts Games Kobayashi Maru Law Prime Directive Materials Dilithium Sexuality Pon farr Stardate Locations Galactic quadrant Mirror Universe Planets A -- B C -- F G -- L M -- Q R -- S T -- Z Cultures and species Andorian Bajoran Borg Breen Cardassian Dominion Ferengi Rules of Acquisition Gorn Kazon Klingon language Maquis Orion Q Romulan Species 8472 United Federation of Planets Starfleet Academy Section 31 Tribble Vidiians Vulcan nerve pinch salute Xindi Technology Communicator Deflector shields Holodeck Hypospray Impulse drive LCARS Medicine Replicator Spacecraft Deep Space Nine Defiant Earth Spacedock Enterprise NX - 01 NCC - 1701 Shuttlecraft Voyager Starships ordered by class Transporter Tricorder Uniforms Warp drive Weapons Bat'leth Production List of staff Gene Roddenberry Norway Corporation Composers and music musical theme `` Where no man has gone before '' `` Beam me up , Scotty '' Redshirt Unmade projects The God Thing Planet of the Titans Phase II Spin - off fiction Games Literature Comics Novels Reference books Stage A Klingon Christmas Carol Klingon opera Documentaries Trekkies Mind Meld Trekkies 2 How William Shatner Changed the World Beyond the Final Frontier The Captains Trek Nation For the Love of Spock Cultural influence Comparison to Star Wars Crossovers Fandom productions expanded universe Kirk and Uhura 's kiss Kirk / Spock Memory Alpha The Exhibition The Experience Book Category Portal Star Wars Feature films Saga Star Wars The Empire Strikes Back Return of the Jedi The Phantom Menace Attack of the Clones Revenge of the Sith The Force Awakens The Last Jedi Anthology Rogue One Solo Other The Clone Wars Television Series Droids Ewoks Clone Wars The Clone Wars cast episodes Rebels characters episodes Forces of Destiny Resistance Detours ( unaired ) Films Holiday Special Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure Ewoks : The Battle for Endor Production George Lucas Lucasfilm Cast Characters Changes in film re-releases Han shot first Filming locations Opening crawl Sequel trilogy Sources and analogues Music Soundtracks Star Wars The Empire Strikes Back Return of the Jedi Ewoks Episode I : The Phantom Menace Episode II : Attack of the Clones Episode III : Revenge of the Sith The Clone Wars The Force Awakens Rogue One The Last Jedi Themes `` Star Wars ( Main Title ) '' `` The Imperial March '' `` Ewok Celebration '' `` Duel of the Fates '' `` Battle of the Heroes '' Outside media Attractions A Galactic Spectacular Jedi Training : Trials of the Temple Star Tours The Adventures Continue Galaxy 's Edge Star Wars Hotel Star Wars Hyperspace Mountain Star Wars Launch Bay Star Wars Weekends Where Science Meets Imagination Lego List of sets Droid Tales The Resistance Rises The Freemaker Adventures Merchandise Action figures Kenner list Hasbro Vintage Collection Star Wars Transformers Games Star Wars Pez Manga Force Trainer Shepperton Design Studios Trading cards Vinylmation Star Wars Rollinz toys Television specials The Making of Star Wars SP FX : The Empire Strikes Back From Star Wars to Jedi : The Making of a Saga Other Radio dramatizations Video games list Shadows of the Empire Knights of the Old Republic The Force Unleashed The Old Republic Art Books non-fiction Comics list Expanded universe characters Cultural impact 501st Legion Comparison to Star Trek Fan films Parodies Force for Change Jedi census Jediism Rebel Legion Star Wars Celebration Star Wars Day Star Wars : In Concert Star Wars Insider Wookieepedia TheForce.Net Yoda conditions Book Category Portal Speculative fiction portal Star Trek portal Star Wars portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Comparison_of_Star_Trek_and_Star_Wars&oldid=843152650 '' Categories : Space Westerns Star Trek Star Wars Star Trek fandom Star Wars fandom Comparisons Rivalry Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from June 2014 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Română 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 07 : 14 . 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what was made first star wars or star trek

Star Trek was introduced as a live - action television series in 1966 that lasted three years . Star Trek : The Animated Series commenced in 1973 ( based directly on the original series ) but lasted only two seasons with a combined total of 22 episodes . With the subsequent publication of novels , comics , animated series , toys and feature films , Star Trek grew into a popular media franchise .

The Honeymooners - wikipedia The Honeymooners Jump to : navigation , search For the 2005 film , see The Honeymooners ( film ) . For the television episode , see The Honeymooners ( King of the Hill ) . The Honeymooners Genre Sitcom Created by Jackie Gleason Written by Marvin Marx Walter Stone A.J. Russell Herbert Finn Leonard Stern Sydney Zelinka Directed by Frank Satenstein Starring Jackie Gleason Audrey Meadows Art Carney Joyce Randolph Theme music composer Jackie Gleason Bill Templeton Opening theme `` You 're My Greatest Love '' Ending theme `` You 're My Greatest Love '' ( Extended Version ) Composer ( s ) Sammy Spear Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 39 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Jack Philbin Stanley Poss Producer ( s ) Jack Hurdle Location ( s ) Adelphi Theatre , New York , New York Cinematography Daniel Cavelli Doug Downs Jack Etra Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 26 -- 27 minutes Production company ( s ) Jackie Gleason Enterprises Distributor CBS Television Distribution Release Original network CBS Picture format Black - and - white Audio format Monaural Original release October 1 , 1955 ( 1955 - 10 - 01 ) -- September 22 , 1956 ( 1956 - 09 - 22 ) Chronology Followed by The Honeymooners ( film ) The Honeymooners is an American television sitcom created by and starring Jackie Gleason , based on a recurring comedy sketch of the same name that had been part of his variety show . The sketches originally aired on the DuMont network 's variety series Cavalcade of Stars , which Gleason hosted , and subsequently on the CBS network 's The Jackie Gleason Show , which was broadcast live in front of a theater audience . The popularity of the sketches led Gleason to rework The Honeymooners as a filmed half - hour series , which debuted October 1 , 1955 , on CBS , in place of the variety series . Although initially a ratings success -- becoming the # 2 show in the United States during its first season -- it faced stiff competition from The Perry Como Show on NBC , and eventually dropped to # 19 , ending its production after only 39 episodes ( now referred to as the `` Classic 39 '' ) . The final episode of The Honeymooners aired on September 22 , 1956 , although Gleason revived the characters sporadically until 1978 . The Honeymooners was one of the first U.S. television shows to portray working - class married couples in a gritty , non-idyllic manner ( the show is set mostly in the Kramdens ' kitchen , in a neglected Brooklyn apartment building ) . The program also is popular internationally , particularly in Canada , Poland , Norway and Sweden . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast and characters 1.1 Ralph Kramden 1.2 Alice Kramden 1.3 Edward Lillywhite `` Ed '' Norton 1.4 Thelma `` Trixie '' Norton 1.5 Others 1.6 The apartment house 1.7 Apartment residents 2 History 2.1 Origins 2.2 Move to CBS 2.3 The `` Classic 39 '' episodes 2.4 Revivals 3 Production 4 Awards 5 Plot 6 Broadcast history 7 Episodes 8 Syndication and home video / DVD / Blu - ray Disc 9 Impact 10 Legacy 10.1 The Flintstones 10.2 Spoofs , parodies and importation 10.3 Adaptations and remakes 10.3. 1 International remakes 10.3. 1.1 Indonesia 10.3. 1.2 Canada 10.3. 1.3 Netherlands 10.3. 1.4 Sweden 10.3. 1.5 Poland 10.3. 2 Film 10.3. 3 Video Game 10.3. 4 Reboot 11 Further reading 12 References 13 External links Cast and characters ( edit ) The show 's cast in 1955 as it premiered on CBS . The majority of The Honeymooners episodes focused on its four principal characters , and generally used fixed sets within their Brooklyn apartment building . Although various secondary characters made multiple appearances and occasional exterior shots were incorporated during editing , virtually all action and dialogue was `` on stage '' inside the normal backdrop . Ralph Kramden ( edit ) Played by Jackie Gleason -- a bus driver for the fictional Gotham Bus Company based in New York City . He never is seen driving a bus ( except in publicity photos ) , but sometimes is shown at the bus depot . Ralph is frustrated by his lack of success , and often develops get - rich - quick schemes . He is very short tempered , frequently resorting to bellowing , insults , and making hollow threats . Well hidden beneath the many layers of bluster , however , is a soft - hearted man who loves his wife and is devoted to his best pal , Ed Norton . Ralph enjoys -- and is proficient at -- bowling and playing pool , and is an enthusiastic member of the fictitious Loyal Order of Raccoons ( although in several episodes a blackboard at the lodge lists his dues as being in arrears ) . The Ralph character was given honorary membership in the union for real New York City bus drivers ( Local 100 of the Transport Workers Union ) during the run of the show , and a Brooklyn bus depot was named in Gleason 's honor after his death . Ralph Kramden is the inspiration for the animated character Fred Flintstone . Alice Kramden ( edit ) Alice ( née Alice Gibson ) , played in the first nine skits , starting in 1951 , and ending in January 1952 by Pert Kelton , and by Audrey Meadows for all remaining episodes , is Ralph 's patient but sharp - tongued wife of roughly 12 years . She often finds herself bearing the brunt of Ralph 's insults , which she returns with biting sarcasm . She is levelheaded , in contrast to Ralph 's pattern of inventing various schemes to enhance his wealth or his pride . In each case , she sees the current one 's un-workability , but he becomes angry and ignores her advice ( and by the end of the episode , her misgivings almost always are proven to have been well - founded ) . She has grown accustomed to his empty threats -- such as `` One of these days , POW ! ! ! Right in the kisser ! '' , `` BANG , ZOOM ! '' or `` You 're going to the moon ! '' -- to which she usually replies , `` Ahhh , shaddap ! '' Alice studied to be a secretary before her marriage and works briefly in that capacity when Ralph is laid off . Wilma Flintstone is based on Alice Kramden . Another foil for Ralph is Alice 's mother , who is even sharper - tongued than her daughter . She despises Ralph as a bad provider . Alice 's father is occasionally mentioned but never seen . Alice 's sister , Agnes , appeared in one episode ( Ralph jeopardizes his newlywed sister - in - law 's marriage after giving some bad advice to the groom , but all works out in the end ) . Ralph and Alice lived with her mother for six years after getting married before they got their own apartment . Ralph 's mother rarely is mentioned , although she does appear in one episode . Ralph 's father is only mentioned in one episode ( `` Young Man with a Horn '' ) as having given Ralph a cornet he learned to play as a boy , and insists on keeping when Alice suggests it be thrown away . In a 1967 revival , Ralph refers to Alice ( played by Sheila MacRae 1966 -- 70 and once more in 1973 ) as being one of 12 children with her father never working . The Honeymooners originally appeared as a sketch on the DuMont Network 's Cavalcade of Stars , with the role of Alice played by Pert Kelton ( 1907 - 1968 ) . When his contract with DuMont expired , Gleason moved to the CBS network where he had The Jackie Gleason Show , and the Alice role went to Audrey Meadows because Kelton had been blacklisted during the infamous McCarthy hearings investigating alleged Communist activities in the entertainment world . Edward lillywhite `` Ed '' Norton ( edit ) Actor Art Carney , won numerous awards for his portrayal of Ed Norton Played by Art Carney ; a New York City municipal sewer worker and Ralph 's best friend ( and upstairs neighbor ) . He is considerably more good - natured than Ralph , but nonetheless trades insults with him on a regular basis . Ed ( typically called `` Norton '' by Ralph and sometimes by his own wife , Trixie ) often gets mixed up in Ralph 's schemes . His carefree and rather dimwitted nature usually results in raising Ralph 's ire , while Ralph often showers him with verbal abuse and throws him out of the apartment when Ed irritates him . In most episodes , Ed is shown to be better - read , better - liked , more worldly and more even - tempered than Ralph , despite his unassuming manner and the fact that he usually lets Ralph take the lead in their escapades . Ed and Ralph both are members of the fictional Raccoon Lodge . ( `` An Emergency Meeting is an emergency meeting -- never a poker game . An Executive Meeting , that 's a poker game . '' ) According to Entertainment Weekly , Norton is one of the `` greatest sidekicks . '' Ed worked for the New York City sewer department and described his job as a `` Sub-supervisor in the sub-division of the department of subterranean sanitation , I just keep things moving along . '' He served in the U.S. Navy , and used his G.I. Bill money to pay for typing school , but felt he was unable to work in an office because he hated working in confined spaces . The relatively few scenes set in the Norton apartment showed it to have the same layout as the Kramdens ' but is much more nicely furnished . Though Norton makes the same weekly $62 salary as Ralph ( about $555 in 2016 dollars ) , their higher standard of living might be explained by Norton 's freer use of credit ; at one point he admits to having 19 charge accounts . Like Ralph , Ed enjoys and is good at bowling and playing pool . Ed is the inspiration for Barney Rubble in The Flintstones . He 's also the inspiration behind Yogi Bear ( in terms of design , clothing , and mannerisms ) . In 1999 , TV Guide ranked him 20th on its list of the `` 50 Greatest TV Characters of All Time . '' Thelma `` Trixie '' Norton ( edit ) Played most famously by Joyce Randolph ; Ed 's wife and Alice 's best friend . She did not appear in every episode and had a less developed character , though she is shown to be somewhat bossy toward her husband . In one episode , she surprisingly is depicted as a pool hustler . On another episode , Ralph insults Trixie by making a reference to Minsky 's ( a famous New York City burlesque theater ; the original Trixie character was an ex-burlesque dancer ) . There are a few references to Trixie 's burlesque background in the lost episodes ( e.g. , Norton : `` Every night I 'd meet her backstage and hand her a rose ... It was her costume ! '' ) . Randolph played Trixie as an ordinary , rather prudish , housewife , complaining to her husband on one occasion when a `` fresh '' young store clerk called her `` sweetie pie . '' In a 1967 special , Trixie ( played by Jane Kean from 1966 -- 1970 and 1976 -- 1978 ) resentfully denied Ralph 's implications that she `` worked in burlesque '' to which he replied `` If the shoe fits , take it off . '' Trixie is the inspiration for Betty Rubble in The Flintstones . Elaine Stritch was the first and original Trixie Norton in a Honeymooners sketch with Jackie Gleason , Art Carney , and Pert Kelton . The ex-dancer character was rewritten and recast after just one episode with the more wholesome looking Randolph playing the character as a housewife . Others ( edit ) Some of the actors who appeared multiple times on the show include George O. Petrie and Frank Marth as various characters , Ethel Waite Owen as Alice 's mother , Zamah Cunningham as apartment building neighbor Mrs. Manicotti , and Cliff Hall as the Raccoon Lodge president . Ronnie Burns , son of George Burns and Gracie Allen , made a guest appearance as `` Wallace '' on one episode . On another episode , Ed Norton makes a reference to a co-worker `` Nat Birnbaum '' ( as in `` ' nat , '' a three - letter word for bug , '' says crossword puzzle aficionado Norton ) . George Burns 's real name was Nathan Birnbaum . The apartment house ( edit ) The Kramdens and Nortons lived in an apartment house at 328 Chauncey Street in the Bedford - Stuyvesant section of Brooklyn , New York , a nod to the fact that Jackie Gleason lived there after his family moved from his birthplace at 364 Chauncey Street . In the 1955 episode `` A Woman 's Work is Never Done , '' the address is referred to as 728 Chauncey Street . The landlord of the apartment house is Mr. Johnson . In the Honeymooners episodes taped from 1967 to 1970 , the address of the apartment house changed to 358 Chauncey Street , and the number of the Kramden apartment is 3B . The actual 328 Chauncey Street is located in the Bushwick section of the borough , approximately eight miles northeast of the show 's fictional location . Apartment residents ( edit ) Mr. and Mrs. Manicotti : An older couple of Italian descent . Tommy Manicotti : He played stickball and contracted the measles . He also left his water pistol in the Kramdens ' apartment . McGarrity : A vocal upstairs neighbor with whom Ralph was frequently fueding . He fought with Ralph for disturbing the neighbors with practicing for The $99,000 Answer quiz show . But showing some humour in other episodes , he accused Ralph of renting the tuxedo for his sister - in - law 's wedding from an undertaker , and loved Ralph 's joke about `` sending a knight out on a dog like this . '' McGarrity Boy : He played stickball and contracted the measles . Mrs. Bennett : Needed her radiator fixed when Ralph was the janitor . Johnny Bennett : He played stickball , earned an apple for a home - run -- and contracted the measles like the other boys . Mrs. Doyle : Mother of Tommy Doyle . Tommy Doyle : He was arrested for spending a $100 counterfeit bill that Ralph gave him to take his suits to the cleaners . Mrs. Stevens : She gave Alice a box for hairpins that was made of matchsticks for Christmas which was the same exact gift Ralph was about to give her but he vastly overpaid for it and thought he had a great gift rather than an insignificant trinket for Alice . Alice gave Mrs. Stevens a kitchen thermometer . Mrs. Olsen : She said that Ralph broke her venetian blinds instead of repairing them when Ralph temporarily was the building janitor . Mrs. Hannah : Needed her bathtub fixed when Ralph was the janitor . Mrs. Fogerty : Accused Ralph of taking food out of her ice box when Ralph was the janitor . Mrs. Schwartz : The apartment house blabbermouth who reported that the Kramdens had set the all - time lowest gas bill for the building . She also was curious to know if the house phone was able to connect to Jersey when Ralph was the janitor . Mr. Riley : Had a full garbage can that needed to be emptied when Ralph was the janitor . Judy Connors : A teenager who did n't want her father to meet a boy named Wallace , her date . Tommy Mullins : A U.S. Navy service member who was home on leave for Christmas . Carlos Sanchez : A mambo dancer who works at night . Mr. and Mrs. August Gunther : Former residents of the building . August hit it big with his doughnut business . The real 328 Chauncey Street History ( edit ) See also : List of The Honeymooners sketches Origins ( edit ) In July 1950 , Jackie Gleason took over as the host of Cavalcade of Stars , a variety show that aired on the struggling DuMont Television Network . After the first year , he and his writers Harry Crane and Joe Bigelow developed a sketch that drew upon familiar domestic situations for its material . Based on the popular radio show The Bickersons , Gleason wanted a realistic portrayal of life for a poor husband and wife living in Brooklyn , his home borough . The couple would continually argue , but ultimately show their love for each other . After rejecting titles such as `` The Beast , '' `` The Lovers , '' and `` The Couple Next Door , '' Gleason and his staff settled on `` The Honeymooners . '' Gleason took the role of Ralph Kramden , a blustery bus driver , and he chose veteran comedy movie actress Pert Kelton for the role of Alice Kramden , Ralph 's acerbic and long - suffering wife . `` The Honeymooners '' made its debut on October 5 , 1951 , as a six - minute sketch . Ensemble cast member Art Carney made a brief appearance as a police officer who gets hit with flour Ralph had thrown out the window . The tone of these early sketches was much darker than the later series , with Ralph exhibiting extreme bitterness and frustration with his marriage to an equally bitter and argumentative middle - aged woman ( Kelton was nine years older than Gleason ) . The Kramdens ' financial struggles mirrored those of Gleason 's early life in Brooklyn , and he took great pains to duplicate on set the interior of the apartment where he grew up ( right down to his boyhood address of 328 Chauncey Street ) . The Kramdens -- and later the Nortons when those characters are added -- are childless , an issue only occasionally explored , but a condition on which Gleason insisted . Ralph and Alice did legally adopt a baby girl whom they named Ralphina ( because he actually wanted a baby boy he could name after himself but fell in love with the baby girl the agency had placed with them ) . However , the biological mother requested to have her baby returned , and the agency asked whether the Kramdens would be willing to do so even though they were the legal parents . Ralph agreed and stated that they would visit her and she would have a real - life Santa Claus every Christmas . A few later skits had ralph mistakenly believe for a while that Alice was pregnant . Early cast additions in later sketches were upstairs neighbors Ed and Trixie Norton . Ed ( Carney ) was a sewer worker and Ralph 's best friend , although his innocent and guileless nature was the source of many arguments between the two . Trixie ( maiden name never mentioned ) , Ed 's wife , originally portrayed by Elaine Stritch as a burlesque dancer but was replaced after just one appearance by the more wholesome looking Joyce Randolph . Trixie is a foil to Ed , just as Alice is for Ralph , but derivatively , and almost always off - screen . Due in part to the colorful array of characters Gleason invented ( including the cast of The Honeymooners ) , Cavalcade of Stars became a huge success for DuMont . It increased its audience share from nine to 25 percent . Gleason 's contract with DuMont expired in the summer of 1952 , and the financially struggling network ( which suffered through ten layoffs from July through October 1953 ) was unable to re-sign him so he moved on to CBS . Move to CBS ( edit ) CBS president William S. Paley in July 1952 made sure the cast of the former DuMont ensemble that was becoming The Jackie Gleason Show embarked on a highly successful five - week promotional tour across the United States , performing a variety of musical numbers and sketches ( including the popular `` Honeymooners '' ) . However , actress Pert Kelton who played Alice Kramden and other roles , was blacklisted at the time and was replaced on the tour by Beulah actress Ginger Jones , who subsequently also was blacklisted ( having earlier been named on the Red Channels blacklist ) by CBS . All this political maneuvering meant yet another new Alice was needed . Ralph Kramden ( Jackie Gleason ) with Ed Norton ( Art Carney ) , and Alice Kramden ( Audrey Meadows ) in a Honeymooners scene . Jones 's replacement was Audrey Meadows , known for her work in the 1951 Broadway musical Top Banana and on the Bob and Ray television show . However , before being cast for CBS , Meadows had to overcome Gleason 's reservations about her being too attractive to make a credible Alice . To accomplish this , she hired a photographer to come to her apartment early in the morning and take pictures of her wearing no make - up , clad in a torn housecoat , and with her hair undone . When the pictures were delivered to Gleason , he looked at them and said , `` That 's our Alice . '' When it was explained who it was , Gleason reportedly said , `` Any dame who has a sense of humor like that deserves the job . '' With the addition of Meadows the now - iconic `` Honeymooners '' lineup of Gleason , Carney , Meadows , and Randolph was in place . The rising popularity of The Honeymooners was reflected in its increasing prominence of the sketches as part of The Jackie Gleason Show variety lineup . During the first season , it appeared on a regular basis ( although not weekly ) as a series of short sketches ranging in length from seven to thirteen minutes . For the 1953 -- 54 season , the shorter sketches were outnumbered by ones that ran for a half - hour or longer . Playing off its growing popularity , during the 1954 -- 55 season most episodes of The Jackie Gleason Show consisted entirely of The Honeymooners . Fan response became overwhelming . Meadows received hundreds of curtains and aprons in the mail from fans who wanted to help Alice lead a fancier life . By January 1955 , The Jackie Gleason Show was competing with -- and sometimes beating -- I Love Lucy as the most - watched TV show in the United States . Audience members lined up around the block hours in advance to attend the show . The `` Classic 39 '' episodes ( edit ) The `` Classic 39 '' episodes of The Honeymooners are the ones that originally aired as a weekly half - hour sitcom on CBS from October 1955 to September 1956 . Before Gleason 's initial three - year contract with CBS expired , he was offered a much larger one by CBS and General Motors ' Buick division ( the carmaker having dropped their sponsorship of Milton Berle 's Buick - Berle Show after two seasons on NBC ) . The three - year contract , reportedly valued at $11 million , was at the time one of the largest in show business history . It called for Gleason to produce 78 filmed episodes of The Honeymooners over two seasons , with an option for a third season of 39 more . He was scheduled to receive $65,000 for each episode ( $70,000 per episode in the second season ) , but had to pay all production costs out of that amount . Art Carney received $3,500 per week , Audrey Meadows $2,000 , and Joyce Randolph ( who did not appear in every episode ) $500 per week . Production for The Honeymooners was handled by Jackie Gleason Enterprises Inc. , which also produced the show 's lead - in , Stage Show , which starred The Dorsey Brothers . Reportedly , only Audrey Meadows , who later became a banker , received residuals when the `` Classic 39 '' episodes were rebroadcast in syndicated reruns . Her brother Edward , a lawyer , had inserted language to that effect into her contract . However , Joyce Randolph , who played Trixie Norton , did receive royalty payments when the `` lost '' Honeymooners episodes from the variety shows were released . The first episode of the new half - hour series aired on Saturday , October 1 , 1955 , at 8.30 pm Eastern Time ( during prime time ) , opposite Ozark Jubilee on ABC and The Perry Como Show on NBC . Because it was sponsored by Buick , the opening credits originally ended with a sponsor identification by announcer Jack Lescoulie ( `` Brought to you by ... your Buick dealer . And , away we go ! '' ) , and the show concluded with a brief Gleason sales pitch for the company. , all common practices at the time . However , all references to the carmaker were removed when the show entered syndication in 1957 , although `` And , away we go ! '' was a phrase Gleason frequently used in various shows and is inscribed at his gravesite as his memorial catchphrase . The initial critical reaction to the half - hour sitcom Honeymooners was mixed . The New York Times and Broadcasting & Telecasting Magazine wrote that it was `` labored '' and lacked the spontaneity of the live sketches . But TV Guide praised it as `` rollicking , '' `` slapsticky '' and `` fast - paced . '' In February 1956 , the show was moved to the 8 p.m. ( EST ) timeslot , but already had begun losing viewers to the hugely popular Perry Como Show . Gleason 's writers also had begun to feel confined by the restrictive half - hour format -- in previous seasons , Honeymooners sketches typically ran 35 minutes or more -- and Gleason felt they were beginning to run out of original ideas . So , after just one season , Gleason and CBS agreed to cancel The Honeymooners , which aired its 39th and last original episode on September 22 , 1956 . In explaining his decision to end the show with $7 million remaining on his contract Gleason said , `` The excellence of the material could not be maintained , and I had too much fondness for the show to cheapen it ... Gleason subsequently sold the films of the `` Classic 39 '' episodes of the show to CBS for $1.5 million . Revivals ( edit ) On September 29 , 1956 , one week after The Honeymooners ended , The Jackie Gleason Show returned . The `` Honeymooners '' sketches soon were brought back as part of the revived variety show . In 1959 , TV Guide magazine mentioned Gleason 's interest in producing new Honeymooners shows . This did not happen for several years but he did team up with Art Carney to revive an old Honeymooners scene for an October , 1960 CBS TV Special called `` The Big Sell '' , poking fun at America 's sales people . After the spectacular failure of Gleason 's 1961 game show You 're in the Picture , and the relative success of the eight - episode talk show that Gleason used to fill its time slot , Gleason 's variety show returned in 1962 under the title Jackie Gleason and His American Scene Magazine . The `` Honeymooners '' sketches returned as part of that show whenever Carney was available . However , Audrey Meadows and Joyce Randolph were replaced as Alice and Trixie by Sue Ane Langdon and Patricia Wilson , respectively , for two sketches . In January 1966 , Meadows again returned as Alice for a musical special , The Honeymooners : The Adoption , a re-enactment of a 1955 sketch of the same name . When The Jackie Gleason Show ( by then based in Miami Beach , FL , where Gleason lived ) returned in 1966 , the `` Honeymooners '' sketches , in color for the first time , incredibly returned as a series of elaborate musicals that , in effect , were the equivalent of a new Broadway musical each time . The sketches , which covered 10 of the first season 's thirty - two shows , followed a story arc that had the Kramdens and Nortons traveling across Europe after Ralph won a contest ( an updated version of a 1957 story arc , with musical numbers added ) . `` The Color Honeymooners , '' as it has since become known , featured Sheila MacRae and Jane Kean in , respectively , the roles of Alice and Trixie , because Audrey Meadows and Joyce Randolph declined to relocate to Miami . Gleason raised no objections to that recasting , but was adamant that the Ed Norton role never be played by anyone other than Art Carney . One notable 1967 segment featured the return of Pert Kelton ( in one of her last performances before her death in 1968 of heart disease at the age of 61 ) , but this time she played Alice 's mother , Mrs. Gibson . The Honeymooners ended again when The Jackie Gleason Show was canceled in 1970 , the result of a disagreement in direction between Gleason and the network . Gleason wanted to continue interspersing `` The Honeymooners '' within the confines of his regular variety show , while CBS wanted a full - hour `` Honeymooners '' every week . ( CBS 's ongoing effort to move its product toward younger audiences and away from established variety show stars was another potential factor in the show 's demise . ) On October 11 , 1973 , Gleason , Carney , MacRae and Kean reunited for a `` Honeymooners '' skit called `` Women 's Lib '' as part of a Gleason special on CBS . In a major move as far as affiliations go , the Kramdens and Nortons were brought back for four final one - hour specials on ABC , which aired from 1976 -- 1978 . Alongside Gleason and Carney , Audrey Meadows returned as Alice . Meanwhile Jane Kean continued to play Trixie . ( Joyce Randolph , the actress most identified as Trixie , never played the part after the 1950s . ) These four specials came at a time when Gleason and Carney each achieved new - found expanded fame , with Gleason 's prominent role in the box office smash Smokey and the Bandit and Carney winning an Academy Award for his leading role in Harry and Tonto , which actually brought some more attention to these series of specials . These were the final original `` Honeymooners '' productions . Production ( edit ) The Honeymooners was filmed using three Electronicams . In 1955 , many television shows ( including The Jackie Gleason Show ) were performed live and recorded using kinescope technology , though sitcoms already largely were recorded done on film , e.g. , The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet , My Little Margie , and I Married Joan . I Love Lucy , which was recorded directly onto 35mm film , had influenced television production companies to produce directly on film . For The Honeymooners , Gleason utilized the Electronicam TV - film system , developed by DuMont in the early 1950s , which allowed for a live performance to be directly captured on film . As a result of the superior picture and sound quality afforded by the system called Electronicam , episodes of The Honeymooners were much more suitable for rebroadcast than were most other `` live '' shows of the era . All 39 episodes of The Honeymooners were filmed at the DuMont Television Network 's Adelphi Theatre at 152 West 54th Street in Manhattan , in front of an audience of 1,000 . Episodes never were fully rehearsed because Gleason felt rehearsals would rob the show of its spontaneity . A result was that , while the cast was able to bring a fresh approach to the material , mistakes often were made . Lines either were recited incorrectly or altogether forgotten , and actors did not always follow the scripted action directions . To compensate , the cast developed visual cues for each other . For example , Gleason patted his stomach when he forgot a line , while Meadows would glance at the icebox when someone else was supposed to retrieve something from it . In contrast to other popular comedies of the era ( such as Father Knows Best , Leave It to Beaver , and The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet ) , which depicted their characters in comfortable , middle class suburban environments , the set design for The Honeymooners reflected the blue collar existence of its characters . The Kramdens lived in a small , painfully sparsely furnished two - room apartment ( the main set ) in a tenement building at least four stories high ( the Kramdens were on the third floor and the Nortons ' were one floor above them ) , badly aired and with insufficient lighting . They used the single main room as the kitchen , dining and living room . It consisted of a functional table and chairs , a plain chest of drawers , a curtainless window with a view of a fire escape , a noisy sink , and an outdated icebox . The Kramdens ' bedroom never was seen , although in the episode about Ed Norton 's sleepwalking the Nortons ' bedroom is . One of the few other sitcoms about a blue collar family was The Life of Riley , whose first season ( 1949 -- 50 ) had featured Jackie Gleason in the lead role , although veteran movie actor William Bendix , who had originated the role of Chester A. Riley on the radio show , thereafter took over the role on television . The instrumental theme song for The Honeymooners , called `` You 're My Greatest Love , '' was composed by Gleason and performed by an orchestra led by Ray Bloch -- who previously had been the orchestra leader on Gleason 's variety show , as well as The Ed Sullivan Show . Although lyrics were composed , they never were sung . Sammy Spear , who later became Gleason 's musical director , provided the arrangement . The music heard in the episodes was not performed during the show , so to enhance the feeling of a live performance for the studio audience an orchestra performed before filming and during breaks . The show 's original announcer was Jack Lescoulie , who also was a spokesman for the sponsor , Buick . For the non-sponsored syndicated version , the introduction was voiced by CBS staff announcer Gaylord Avery . Awards ( edit ) Art Carney won five Emmy Awards for his portrayal of Ed Norton -- two for the original Jackie Gleason Show , one for The Honeymooners , and two for the final version of The Jackie Gleason Show . He was nominated for another two ( in 1957 and 1966 ) but lost . Gleason and Meadows both were nominated in 1956 for their work on The Honeymooners . Gleason was nominated for Best Actor -- Continuing Performance , but lost to Phil Silvers , while Meadows was nominated for Best Actress - Supporting Role but lost to Nanette Fabray . Meadows also was nominated for Emmys for her portrayal of Alice Kramden in 1954 and 1957 . The following table summarizes award wins by cast members , both for The Honeymooners and The Jackie Gleason Show . Actor Awards won Show Art Carney Emmy , Best Series Supporting Actor ( 1954 ) The Jackie Gleason Show Emmy , Best Supporting Actor in a Regular Series ( 1955 ) The Jackie Gleason Show Emmy , Best Actor in a Supporting Role ( 1956 ) The Honeymooners Emmy , Special Classifications of Individual Achievement ( 1967 ) The Jackie Gleason Show Emmy , Special Classification of Individual Achievements ( 1968 ) The Jackie Gleason Show Audrey Meadows Emmy , Best Supporting Actress in a Regular Series ( 1955 ) The Jackie Gleason Show Plot ( edit ) Most of The Honeymooners took place in Ralph and Alice Kramden 's small sparsely furnished two - room apartment . Other settings used in the show included the Gotham Bus Company depot , the Raccoon Lodge , a neighborhood pool parlor , a park bench where Ralph and Ed occasionally meet for lunch , and on occasion the Nortons ' apartment ( always noticeably better - furnished than the Kramdens ' ) . Many episodes began with a shot of Alice in the apartment awaiting Ralph 's arrival from work . Most episodes focused on Ralph ' and Ed 's characters , although Alice played a substantial role . Ed 's wife , Trixie , played a smaller role in the series , and did not appear in every episode as did the other three . Each episode presented a self - contained story , which rarely carried over into a subsequent one . The show employed a number of standard sitcom clichés and plots , particularly those of jealousy , get - rich - quick schemes , and comic misunderstanding . As to the occasional plot continuations , there were two such sequences -- one concerning Ralph being sent to a psychiatrist because of `` impatient '' behavior during work that resulted in several passengers lodging complaints about his professional demeanor , and one that continued for two sequential shows in which Aunt Ethel visited and Ralph hatched a scheme to marry her off to the neighborhood butcher . The series presented Ralph as an everyman and an underdog who struggled to make a better life for he and his wife , but who ultimately failed due to his own shortcomings . He , often along with Ed , devised a number of get - rich - quick schemes , none of which succeeded . Ralph would be quick to blame others for his misfortune until it was pointed out to him where he had fallen short . Ralph 's anger then would be replaced by short - lived remorse , and he would apologize for his actions . Many of these apologies to Alice ended with Ralph saying in a heartfelt manner , `` Baby , you 're the greatest , '' followed by a hug and kiss . In most episodes , Ralph 's short temper got the best of him , leading him to yell at others and to threaten comical physical violence , usually against Alice . Ralph 's favorite threats to her were `` One of these days ... One of these days ... Pow ! right in the kisser ! '' or to knock her `` to the Moon , Alice ! '' ( Sometimes this last threat was simply abbreviated : as `` Bang , zoom ! '' ) On other occasions , Ralph simply told Alice , `` Oh , are you gon na get yours . '' All of this led to criticism , more than 40 years later , that the show displayed an acceptance of domestic violence . But , Ralph never carried out his threats , and others have pointed out that Alice knew he never would because of their deep love for each other In retaliation , the targets of Ralph 's verbal abuse often responded by simply joking about his weight , a common theme throughout the series . Incidentally , Alice never was seen to back down during any of Ralph 's tirades . For the `` Classic 39 '' episodes of The Honeymooners , there was no continuing story arc . Each episode is self - contained . For example , in the series premiere episode `` TV Or Not TV , '' Ralph and Norton buy a television set with the intent to share it . By the next week 's show , the set is gone although in later episodes a set is shown in the Nortons ' apartment . In the installment `` The Baby Sitter , '' the Kramdens get a telephone , but in the next episode it is gone . And , in the episode , `` A Dog 's Life , '' Alice gets a dog from the pound which Ralph tries to return . But , in the end , Ralph finds himself growing to love the dog and decides to keep it along with a few other dogs . However , in the next episode , the dogs are nowhere to be seen and never are referred to again . Occasionally , references to earlier episodes were made , including to Ralph 's various `` crazy harebrained schemes '' from the lost episodes . Norton 's sleepwalking in `` The Sleepwalker '' was referenced in `` Oh My Aching Back . '' But , it was not until the 1967 `` Trip To Europe '' shows that a Honeymooners story arc finally is used . Broadcast history ( edit ) Day & Time Preceded by Saturdays at 8 : 30 pm ( October 1 , 1955 -- February 18 , 1956 ) Saturdays at 8 : 00 pm ( February 25 -- September 22 , 1956 ) The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show at 8 : 00 pm ( January 7 -- February 18 , 1956 ) Stage Show at 8 : 30 pm ( April 14 -- June 2 , 1956 / September 22 , 1956 ) Two for the Money at 8 : 30 pm ( September 8 -- 15 , 1956 ) Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Written by Original air date `` TV or Not TV '' Marvin Marx and Walter Stone October 1 , 1955 ( 1955 - 10 - 01 ) Too cheap to pay the full price , Ralph cons Norton into paying for half a TV Set ; Ralph fights with Norton over a TV that they share but is in Ralph 's apartment . This episode has Ralph doing a double take when Norton watches Captain Video and His Video Rangers ! In 1997 , TV Guide ranked this episode # 26 on its list of the 100 Greatest Episodes . `` Funny Money '' Marvin Marx and Walter Stone October 8 , 1955 ( 1955 - 10 - 08 ) Ralph finds a suitcase full of money and goes on a spending spree . However , it is revealed that the money is phony , and Ralph is forced to fear for his life , and also having to return everything he got with said money . `` The Golfer '' A.J. Russell and Herbert Finn October 15 , 1955 ( 1955 - 10 - 15 ) Ralph needs to bone up on becoming a good golfer to impress his boss . This episode is punctuated by a hilarious impromptu golfing lesson in the Kramden apartment , including the classic moment when Norton `` addresses the ball . '' NOTE : `` Addressing the ball '' is the term used for placing the club behind the ball in preparation for striking it , in particular with the ball on a tee prior to the first stroke of any hole . In 1996 , TV Guide included this episode as part of its ' 100 Most Memorable Moments in TV History ' , ranking it # 56 . `` A Woman 's Work Is Never Done '' Marvin Marx and Walter Stone October 22 , 1955 ( 1955 - 10 - 22 ) Ralph and Alice hire a maid to ease Alice 's burden of housework . As Alice sternly tells Ralph , `` Man works from sun to sun , but woman 's work is never done ! '' 5 `` A Matter of Life and Death '' Marvin Marx and Walter Stone October 29 , 1955 ( 1955 - 10 - 29 ) When he sees the vet 's report on his mother - in - law 's sick dog , Ralph mistakenly concludes that he has only six months to live . 6 `` The Sleepwalker '' A.J. Russell and Herbert Finn November 5 , 1955 ( 1955 - 11 - 05 ) Ralph is forced to deal with a sleepwalking Norton . 7 `` Better Living Through TV '' Marvin Marx and Walter Stone November 12 , 1955 ( 1955 - 11 - 12 ) Ralph devises a get - rich - quick scheme -- selling Handy Housewife Helpers on TV . Features a rare gone - wrong moment when one of the gadgets flies off the handle , forcing Gleason to retrieve it and then ad - lib his way back into the scene.It classically devolves into another one of Ralph 's schemes failing royally . In 2009 , TV Guide ranked this episode # 7 on its list of the 100 Greatest Episodes . 8 `` Pal o ' Mine '' Leonard Stern and Sydney Zelinka November 19 , 1955 ( 1955 - 11 - 19 ) Ralph finds a gift from Norton that he thinks is for him , but when he discovers otherwise , his friendship with Norton is jeopardized . This changes when he finds out Norton was injured in an explosion in the sewer . 9 `` Brother Ralph '' Marvin Marx and Walter Stone November 26 , 1955 ( 1955 - 11 - 26 ) Alice is forced to find a job after Ralph is temporarily laid off due to too many buses on Madison Avenue , his route . But to get the job , Alice has to claim that Ralph is her brother , because a lot of employers do n't like to hire married women because of their commitments to home and family . Ralph gets jealous when he realizes that Alice 's boss is interested in her . 10 `` Hello , Mom '' Marvin Marx and Walter Stone December 3 , 1955 ( 1955 - 12 - 03 ) Ralph 's foul mood is worsened when he finds out that Alice 's mother is coming for a visit . The last time she stayed according to him `` was Christmas and New Years ' , except she came New Years ' and stayed ' til Christmas . '' Later it 's revealed in the end that it 's his mother coming for a visit . 11 `` The Deciding Vote '' A.J. Russell and Herbert Finn December 10 , 1955 ( 1955 - 12 - 10 ) Ralph blames Norton when he loses an election for Raccoon Lodge convention manager by one vote , only to find out Norton did vote for him and it was another member who changed his vote because of a defective appliance Ralph convinced him to buy . This episode includes a conspicuous flub in that the lodge member who Ralph told about his vacuum cleaner was introduced to Alice as Joe Muncey , but later spoken of as Joe Rumsey . 12 `` Something Fishy '' Leonard Stern and Sydney Zelinka December 17 , 1955 ( 1955 - 12 - 17 ) Ralph and Norton want to go fishing with their fellow lodge members , but without their wives , who , meanwhile , wo n't stand for such treatment . 13 `` ' Twas the Night Before Christmas '' Marvin Marx and Walter Stone December 24 , 1955 ( 1955 - 12 - 24 ) Ralph sells his bowling ball to get Alice a last minute Christmas gift . After the end of this show , Jackie Gleason and the cast wish the audience a Merry Christmas . It is the only time in the series the fourth wall is broken . 14 `` The Man from Space '' A.J. Russell and Herbert Finn December 31 , 1955 ( 1955 - 12 - 31 ) Ralph wants to attend a costume party as Henry VIII , but is forced to improvise when he ca n't get the money to rent the costume . Norton wins the contest when he arrives at the party last minute from work in his work gear . Several scenes from this episode are prominently shown in the movie Back to the Future . There is an anachronism , as this episode originally aired on December 31 , 1955 and the time frame it was shown in Back to the Future was November 5 , 1955 . Episode # 6 The Sleepwalker should 've been on television while the Baines family was eating supper . 15 `` A Matter of Record '' A.J. Russell and Herbert Finn January 7 , 1956 ( 1956 - 01 - 07 ) The classic `` blabbermouth '' episode in which Ralph throws out his mother - in - law after she gives away the ending of a new murder mystery show Ralph was about to see . Alice soon follows , leaving Ralph alone . In a last - ditch effort to win Alice back , Ralph records a message on record to apologize to her and her mother . It is revealed the Alice 's mother even referred to his weight at their wedding . She said : `` I 'm not losing a daughter , I 'm gaining a ton . 16 `` Oh , My Aching Back '' Leonard Stern and Sydney Zelinka January 14 , 1956 ( 1956 - 01 - 14 ) Ralph feigns illness to avoid visiting his mother - in - law . Then the pain gets real : he injures his back bowling . 17 `` The Baby Sitter '' `` Bensonhurst 0 - 7741 '' Leonard Stern and Sydney Zelinka January 21 , 1956 ( 1956 - 01 - 21 ) Ralph is furious when Alice has had a telephone installed . Confusion ensues when she secretly starts babysitting to pay for it . In the end , everything gets sorted out - but the telephone does n't exist in any of the following episodes . 18 `` The $99,000 Answer '' Leonard Stern and Sydney Zelinka January 28 , 1956 ( 1956 - 01 - 28 ) Ralph is a contestant on The $99,000 Answer ( a spoof of The $64,000 Question ) and is determined to go all the way in spite of Alice 's concerns . This episode features a running gag of Norton 's when he practices the opening bars to Swannee River to warm up . Unfortunately , Ralph messes up on the first question which asks for the composer of that song . In 1997 , TV Guide ranked this episode # 6 on its list of the 100 Greatest Episodes . 19 `` Ralph Kramden , Inc . '' A.J. Russell and Herbert Finn February 4 , 1956 ( 1956 - 02 - 04 ) When Ralph is $20.00 short on his day 's receipts on the bus , he convinces Norton to give him that amount by saying that it 's an investment in the imaginary Kramden Corporation . When they learn that Ralph is menitoned in the will of a long time passenger , they go the will reading expecting to share in her fortune . 20 `` Young at Heart '' Marvin Marx and Walter Stone February 11 , 1956 ( 1956 - 02 - 11 ) Ralph tries to prove to Alice that he can still do all the things he used to do when they were younger . The song that Ralph learns to dance is The Hucklebuck which was written by Roy Albert and Andy Gibson and sung by Connie Francis . Ronnie Burns makes an appearance in this episode as Wallace . 21 `` A Dog 's Life '' Leonard Stern and Sydney Zelinka February 18 , 1956 ( 1956 - 02 - 18 ) Ralph thinks he 's found a great idea for a new food product , not realizing it 's actually dog food for the puppy Alice bought behind his back . 22 `` Here Comes the Bride '' Marvin Marx and Walter Stone February 25 , 1956 ( 1956 - 02 - 25 ) Ralph nearly ruins the imminent marriage between a fellow Raccoon Lodge member and Alice 's sister , Agnes , after he provides some advice to the groom . This episode contains a veiled reference to Willie Mays , who was , by then reaching the peak of his baseball career . Ralph says that , out of habit , Alice 's sister caught the bouquet herself . Alice says it was because her foot slipped to which Ralph responds , `` I wish my foot could slip like that , I 'd be playing center field for the New York Giants . '' 23 `` Mama Loves to Mambo '' Marvin Marx and Walter Stone March 3 , 1956 ( 1956 - 03 - 03 ) Ralph and Norton are annoyed with a new neighbor , a mambo dance instructor , ( Charles Korvin ) , who is unwittingly winning their wives ' hearts -- and their cooking time . 24 `` Please Leave the Premises '' Marvin Marx and Walter Stone March 10 , 1956 ( 1956 - 03 - 10 ) The Kramdens and the Nortons are at war with the landlord over a rent increase of $5 per month , though the only one who really wants to fight is Ralph . 25 `` Pardon My Glove '' A.J. Russell and Herbert Finn March 17 , 1956 ( 1956 - 03 - 17 ) Alice tries to surprise Ralph for his birthday , but her plans are ruined because of his jealousy . 26 `` Young Man with a Horn '' A.J. Russell and Herbert Finn March 24 , 1956 ( 1956 - 03 - 24 ) Ralph tries to improve himself in the hopes of securing a civil service job . The song that Ralph tries to hit the high note on is the Carnival of Venice . 27 `` Head of the House '' Leonard Stern and Sydney Zelinka March 31 , 1956 ( 1956 - 03 - 31 ) After boasting that he is the boss of his household , Ralph accepts a bet that he can command Alice to cook a special dinner . 28 `` The Worry Wart '' Marvin Marx and Walter Stone April 7 , 1956 ( 1956 - 04 - 07 ) Ralph frets after being summoned to his local IRS office , to clear up a mysterious tax problem . 29 `` Trapped '' Leonard Stern and Sydney Zelinka April 14 , 1956 ( 1956 - 04 - 14 ) Ralph witnesses an armed robbery and murder . He arrives home a nervous wreck . And for good reason : the killers are after him . 30 `` The Loudspeaker '' Marvin Marx and Walter Stone April 21 , 1956 ( 1956 - 04 - 21 ) Thinking he is about to be named Raccoon of the Year , Ralph prepares an acceptance speech . In the end , Alice finds out from the Grand High Exalted Mister Grueller that the honor is going to Norton . 31 `` On Stage '' Leonard Stern and Sydney Zelinka April 28 , 1956 ( 1956 - 04 - 28 ) When Ralph is asked to take the lead in a play , he lets it go to his head . 32 `` Opportunity Knocks But '' Leonard Stern and Sydney Zelinka May 5 , 1956 ( 1956 - 05 - 05 ) Ralph gets a chance to impress his boss and earn a promotion , but Norton gets the job instead . 33 `` Unconventional Behavior '' Marvin Marx and Walter Stone May 12 , 1956 ( 1956 - 05 - 12 ) Ralph and Norton are sure to be a riot at the annual Raccoon convention ... if they ever manage to get out of Norton 's `` trick '' handcuffs . In the meantime Norton saves up spending money ( $50 in 1955 = $400 in 2017 ) for the trip , unlike Ralph . So Ralph , in order to get spending money for the trip from Alice , decides to take her along to Norton 's chagrin -- since it means Trixie will force him take her along as well . He finds out too late that Alice had decided to give the money anyway . When Norton asks him how he gets them into these fixes , Ralph replies he has a `` BIG MOUTH ! '' 34 `` The Safety Award '' Leonard Stern and Sydney Zelinka May 19 , 1956 ( 1956 - 05 - 19 ) Ralph wins an award as the safest bus driver in the city , but a series of mishaps , disagreements , and even an accident on the way to the award ceremony haunt his every step . 35 `` Mind Your Own Business '' Leonard Stern and Sydney Zelinka May 26 , 1956 ( 1956 - 05 - 26 ) Norton loses his job in the sewer after listening to advice from Ralph on how to gain a promotion . He starts selling steam irons door - to - door . Ralph , convinced of Norton 's success , wants to do the same . 36 `` Alice and the Blonde '' Leonard Stern and Sydney Zelinka June 2 , 1956 ( 1956 - 06 - 02 ) Alice and Trixie feel unappreciated after being ignored by Ralph and Ed . 37 `` The Bensonhurst Bomber '' Marvin Marx and Walter Stone September 8 , 1956 ( 1956 - 09 - 08 ) Ralph ( with Norton 's help ) inadvertently challenges a tough guy to a boxing match . After scheming with Norton to make the tough guy think that Ralph really can clobber him , a classic trick ending ensues . 38 `` Dial J for Janitor '' A.J. Russell and Herbert Finn September 15 , 1956 ( 1956 - 09 - 15 ) Ralph decides to save some money and avoid a fued with the landlord by becoming the new building janitor , but quickly finds out there 's more to the job than he thought . 39 `` A Man 's Pride '' Leonard Stern and Sydney Zelinka September 22 , 1956 ( 1956 - 09 - 22 ) When Ralph runs into one of Alice 's old boyfriends , he pretends to run the Gotham Bus Company to impress him . Another scheme collapses when the Kramdens and the Davises go to dinner in a fancy restaurant . Syndication and home Video / DVD / Blu - ray disc ( edit ) The Honeymooners gained its greatest fame in syndication , where it has aired continually since its original cancellation . WPIX in New York City has aired the series for more than five decades ( after initially running in 1957 -- 1958 on WRCA - TV , which now is WNBC ) , with occasional brief breaks . It regularly airs on WPIX with a marathon that begins on the final hour of New Year 's Eve and runs well into New Year 's Day . In the United Kingdom it originally aired on ITV between 1958 - 1963 . BBC Two aired 38 of the original 39 episodes beginning in 1989 and ending in 1991 . The show also has aired in Australia , Iran , Nigeria , Saudi Arabi , Ireland , and Suriname . It previously was seen on WGN America from June 2008 to September 2009 and on Me - TV from December 2010 to September 2011 . In April 2012 , the show returned to Me - TV . The show currently airs on the network on Sunday nights . In 1984 , the Museum of Television and Radio announced the `` discovery '' of four original Honeymooners sketches from the original series The Jackie Gleason Show . Later , when they held a public viewing for three of them the response was overwhelmingly positive . In January 1985 , Gleason announced the release of an additional group of `` lost '' episodes from his private vault . As with the previously released sketches , these `` lost episodes '' actually were kinescopes of sketches from the 1952 -- 55 , 1956 -- 57 run of The Jackie Gleason Show . ( Kinescopes were recordings of TV programs on motion picture film , shot directly through a lens focused on the screen of a video monitor . ) Because the prints had not been stored under ideal conditions , parts of the soundtracks of three episodes were unusable , and the voices had to be redubbed . Gleason personally approved the soundalike actors , with noted voice actor Joe Alaskey -- Joseph Francis Alaskey III ( 1952 - 2016 ) , a native of Troy , NY -- providing Kramden 's lines . Gleason sold the broadcast rights to the so - called `` lost '' episodes to Viacom , and they first were aired from 1985 -- 1986 as a series of sixty - eight 22 - minute episodes on the Showtime cable network . They since have joined the original 39 episodes in syndication , and also have been released on VHS and DVD . In September 2004 , another `` lost '' episode reportedly was discovered at the Peabody Award archives in Georgia . This episode , titled `` Love Letter , '' originally aired on The Jackie Gleason Show on October 16 , 1954 . It aired for the first time since then on October 16 , 2004 , its 50th anniversary , on TVLand . CBS Television Distribution ( the modern - day successor to Viacom ) , via CBS Broadcasting , owns the `` Classic 39 '' series outright , while the Gleason estate owns the `` lost episodes '' ( although CTD does distribute them ) . Paramount Home Entertainment / CBS DVD released the six - disc DVD box set The Honeymooners `` Classic 39 '' Episodes in November 2003 ( only available in Region 1 ) . The set contains all 39 episodes from the series ' original 1955 -- 56 broadcast run . Also included in the set is an edited version of a 1990 anniversary special hosted by Audrey Meadows , as well as original show openings and closings sponsored by Buick that were removed when the show went into syndication . MPI Home Video released 80 of the `` lost episodes '' in Region 1 DVD format during 2001 -- 02 , spread out on 24 single - disc volumes . MPI subsequently re-packaged the 24 volumes into six 4 - disc box sets . Both the 24 individual volumes and the six 4 - disc box sets went out of print during the course of 2008 . However , MPI has since renewed its deal with Jackie Gleason Enterprises LLC and has continued to release new editions of the `` lost episodes '' and other Honeymooners material not currently owned by CBS . On July 28 , 2011 , MPI Home Video announced the release of a complete restored set of all existing Honeymooners Lost Episodes from 1951 to 1957 . The 50 - hour , 15 DVD set would contain 107 Honeymooners sketches , included the home video debut of the nine existing original DuMont Network sketches , six other sketches never before released on home video and the eight musical Honeymooners episodes from 1957 , which are collectively known as the `` Trip To Europe '' shows that have been long sought after by Honeymooners fans . The new restored set of Lost Episodes was released on Oct. 4 , 2011 , sixty years after the first Honeymooners sketch aired . DVD Name Ep # Release Date The Honeymooners - Lost Episodes Collection 1 13 October 30 , 2001 The Honeymooners - Lost Episodes Collection 2 13 October 30 , 2001 The Honeymooners - Lost Episodes Collection 3 15 January 29 , 2002 The Honeymooners - Lost Episodes Collection 4 15 March 26 , 2002 The Honeymooners - Lost Episodes Collection 5 12 June 25 , 2002 The Honeymooners - Lost Episodes Collection 6 12 August 27 , 2002 The Honeymooners - Lost Episodes : The Complete Restored Series 107 October 4 , 2011 In June 2006 , MPI Home Video released The Color Honeymooners -- Collection 1 ( NTSC and PAL ) , which collects the `` Trip to Europe '' story arc presented on The Jackie Gleason Show in 1966 . It has since released an additional three volumes featuring additional episodes from this story arc . AmericanLife TV Network has also aired The Color Honeymooners shows under license from Gleason Enterprises and Paul Brownstein Television . DVD Name Ep # Release Date The Color Honeymooners - Collection 1 9 June 27 , 2006 The Color Honeymooners - Collection 2 8 February 26 , 2008 The Color Honeymooners - Collection 3 12 May 27 , 2008 The Color Honeymooners - Collection 4 12 August 26 , 2008 On July 22 , 2013 Paramount and CBS Home Entertainment announced that all 39 episodes would be released on Blu - ray Disc on October 15 , 2013 . The release was remastered and in high definition . On September 30 , it was announced that the box set had been pushed back and was released on March 18 , 2014 . Impact ( edit ) Steven Sheehan explains the popularity of The Honeymooners as the embodiment of working - class masculinity in the character of Ralph Kramden , and postwar ideals in American society regarding work , housing , consumerism , and consumer satisfaction . The series visually demonstrated the burdens of material obligations and participation in consumer culture , as well as the common use of threats -- even though The Honeymooners never showed or even hinted at actual violence -- of domestic violence in working class households . In 1997 , the episodes `` The $99,000 Answer '' and `` TV or Not TV '' were respectively ranked # 6 and # 26 on `` TV Guide 's 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time '' . In 1999 , TV Guide published a list titled `` TV 's 100 Greatest Characters Ever ! '' Ed Norton was # 20 , and Ralph Kramden was # 2 . In 2002 , The Honeymooners was listed at # 3 on TV Guide 's 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time . On June 1 , 2007 , FOX aired a TV 's Funniest Moments special , in which a clip from the episode `` The $99,000 Answer '' was on the list . In the clip , Ralph lamely identifies the composer of `` Swanee River '' as being `` Ed Norton '' . In 2013 , TV Guide ranked The Honeymooners # 13 on their list of the 60 Greatest Shows of All Time . The instrument used for Visible / Infrared Imaging by NASA on the New Horizons space probe was named after Ralph Kramden , in parallel to the Alice instrument ( naming not related to the TV show ) that was used on the Rosetta Mission Legacy ( edit ) Due to its enduring popularity , The Honeymooners has been referenced numerous times in American pop culture , and has served as the inspiration for other television shows , notably The Flintstones . The show also introduced memorable catchphrases into American culture , such as `` Bang , zoom , straight to the moon ! '' , `` One of these days ... one of these days ... , '' `` Homina , homina , homina , '' and `` Baby , you 're the greatest '' . The Flintstones ( edit ) In 1960 , the Hanna - Barbera - produced animated sitcom The Flintstones debuted on ABC . Many critics and viewers noted the close resemblance of that show 's premise and characters to that of The Honeymooners . In various interviews over the years , co-creators William Hanna and Joseph Barbera each stated that The Honeymooners was used as a basis for the concept of The Flintstones . Mel Blanc , the voice of Barney Rubble , was asked to model Barney 's voice after Ed Norton , but reportedly refused . Gleason later said that he considered suing , but decided that becoming known as `` the guy who yanked Fred Flintstone off the air '' was n't worth the negative publicity . Spoofs , parodies and importation ( edit ) In the Futurama episode `` The Series Has Landed '' , Fry witnesses the future 's interpretation of The Honeymooners . In the episode `` Spanish Fry '' of the same show , Lrrr says , `` One of these days , Ndnd , bang ! zoom ! straight to the third moon of Omicron Persei 8 ! ! '' The sitcom The King of Queens was inspired partly by The Honeymooners . The show was parodied in a series of animated Looney Tunes shorts , in which the principal characters , Ralph and Alice Cramden and Ed and Trixie Morton , are depicted as mice and Ralph 's `` big dream '' is like to get enough cheese to impress Alice . These cartoons are The Honey - Mousers ( 1956 ) , Cheese It , the Cat ! ( 1957 ) , and Mice Follies ( 1960 ) . Human caricatures of Ralph and Ed are pitted against Bugs Bunny in the 1956 Warner cartoon Half - Fare Hare . And in another cartoon , A Bird in a Bonnet ( 1958 ) , when Sylvester falls into an open manhole , inside a voice like Ed Norton 's says , `` Whoo - hoo - hoo ! Hey , look at this , Ralph , a pussycat . '' To which Sylvester simply peers out of the sewer to the audience . The writer / comic Louis C.K. stated in an interview that he based the layout of Louie 's apartment in the HBO show Lucky Louie on the Kramdens ' apartment , in contrast to other shows such as The King of Queens that have very nicely decorated apartments despite the characters ' professed low incomes . Stan Freberg created a brief audio skit entitled `` The Honeyearthers , '' in which Ralph , Alice , Norton and Trixie are aliens living on the moon . In keeping with 1950s ideas of what aliens would look like , they have three feet , one eye , and antennae . Ralph drives a rocket ship and Norton works in a `` green cheese mine . '' At the end of the skit , Ralph offers to take Alice on a `` honeyearth '' to renew their marriage . In Back to the Future ( 1985 ) Lorraine 's ( Lea Thompson ) father ( George DiCenzo ) wheels their newly acquired television set in front of the family table , saying giddily : `` Let 's eat , while we watch Jackie Gleason ! '' -- a reference to the TV series . In the 21 Jump Street season 3 episode `` High High '' ( where the Jump Street team is assigned to go undercover at a performing arts school ) , Doug Penhall cites The Honeymooners as one of his favorite shows growing up . Towards the end , he reenacts a scene from the episode `` Young Man with a Horn '' for acting class . The Honeymooners was spoofed in an episode of Perfect Strangers as a result of the character Balki Bartoukomos ( Bronson Pinchot ) 's spinning an extended metaphor about the characters ' existential situation to an episode of The Honeymooners he had once seen ; Balki 's description of the episode is shown in a black - and - white flashback . As Ralph Kramden was a New York City bus driver , one of the service depots in Brooklyn was renamed the Jackie Gleason Bus Depot in 1988 . All buses that originate from the bus depot bear a sticker on the front that has a logo derived from the ' face on the Moon ' opening credits of The Honeymooners . The MTA also took 1948 GM - TDH5101 bus number 4789 , renumbered it to 2969 and made it the ' official Jackie Gleason bus ' . A statue of Gleason as Ralph Kramden stands at the Eighth Avenue entrance to the Port Authority Bus Terminal in New York City . The plaque on the base of the statue reads , `` Jackie Gleason as Ralph Kramden -- Bus Driver -- Raccoon Lodge Treasurer -- Dreamer -- Presented by the People of TV Land '' The Toronto Coach Terminal included a restaurant and bar named Kramden 's Kafe from 1984 until 2013 . An episode of The Simpsons , `` The Ten - Per - Cent Solution '' , includes a fictional rip - off of The Honeymooners called The Adventures of Fatso Flannigan . In 2011 , an adult parody entitled The Honeymoaners was released by DreamZone Entertainment , with Peter O'Tole as Ralph and Anthony Rosano as Ed . Ironically , both actors also played Fred and Barney in The Flintstones - A XXX Parody , an adult parody of the Flintstones , which have resemblance to the show ( as mentioned above ) . The plot of the parody is similar to the episode `` The $99,000 Answer '' , only here the show is called `` The $69,000 Answer '' and Ralph is answering questions about sex . The Honeymooners was spoofed in episode 22 of the first season of Saturday Night Live ( then known as NBC 's Saturday Night ) in a sketch featuring The Killer Bees ( referenced as ' The Bees ' in this particular episode ) . John Belushi took the role of Ralph , with Gilda Radner as Alice , Dan Aykroyd as Norton , and Jane Curtin as Trixie . In 1988 Ron Jeremy led a cast of adult performers in the critically panned `` The Horneymooners '' . The first adult film parody of the show , `` Honeymooners '' premiered in 1976 and starred adult film legend John Leslie as the Ralph Kramden character . Adaptations and remakes ( edit ) The success of The Honeymooners in countries outside the United States has led to the production of new shows based entirely on it . International remakes ( edit ) Polish tram driver , Karol Krawczyk ( Cezary Żak ) , inspired by Ralph Kramden in Miodowe lata Indonesia ( edit ) Two series , 26 episodes in all were made for R.C.T.I. in 1996 . It was the first sitcom of that style ever attempted in Indonesia . It was entitled Detak Detik and starred Mat Sola as the Jackie Gleason character . Art Carney rang the cast prior to production to give them his best wishes . It was decided to make Mat Sola a Silver Bird taxi driver as they had a bit more prestige in Indonesia . They left Nurbuat who mirrored Ed Norton as a sewerage worker . The chemistry worked well . They had to remove any references to alcohol as Indonesia is a country with a majority of Muslim population . Canada ( edit ) French Canada was entertained for years in the 1960s and ' 70s by a sitcom titled Cré Basile , with Olivier Guimond , Béatrice Picard , Denis Drouin and Amulette Garneau , which was an uncredited Quebecois version of The Honeymooners . It could , by contemporary standards , qualify as plagiarism . Netherlands ( edit ) In 1994 , the Dutch broadcasting network KRO produced a version of The Honeymooners titled Toen Was Geluk Heel Gewoon ( ( Back ) then happiness was very normal ) , using translated scripts of the original series but changing its setting to 1950s Rotterdam . After the original 39 scripts were exhausted , the series ' lead actors , Gerard Cox and Sjoerd Pleijsier , took over writing , adding many new characters and references to Dutch history and popular culture . The series was a hit in the Netherlands and it finished its run after 16 years and 229 episodes in June 2009 . Sweden ( edit ) In 1994 , the Swedish network TV4 produced a version of The Honeymooners titled Rena Rama Rolf , but changing its setting to modern - day Gothenburg , where Rolf ( Ralph ) is working as a streetcar driver . The show ran until 1998 . Poland ( edit ) In 1998 , the Polish network Polsat produced a version of The Honeymooners titled Miodowe lata which translates to `` Honeymoon years '' , using both translated scripts of the original series and new ones , but changing its setting to modern - day Warsaw . The original series ran until 2003 and was continued in 2004 as Całkiem nowe lata miodowe . Film ( edit ) On June 10 , 2005 , a feature film remake of The Honeymooners was released , featuring a predominantly African American cast . The roles of Ralph , Alice , Ed , and Trixie were played by Cedric the Entertainer , Gabrielle Union , Mike Epps , and Regina Hall , respectively . The movie was a critical and commercial failure , earning slightly more than US $13 million worldwide . The film was released by Paramount Pictures . Video game ( edit ) In 1988 , First Row Software released a Honeymooners computer game for the Commodore 64 and DOS systems . The game involves the Kramdens and Nortons trying to earn $223 for train fare to Miami Beach , where Ralph wants to host the annual Raccoon Lodge convention , by playing a variety of mini-games related to the series . Additionally , players have the option of trying to double their money after each round by answering a Honeymooners - related question in a bonus round based on `` The $99,000 Answer '' episode . Reboot ( edit ) It was announced in December 2016 that CBS will develop a reboot of The Honeymooners with Bob Kushell writing and executive producing the series along with Sarah Timberman , Carl Beverly , Eric & Kim Tannenbaum , and Jeff Greenstein . Further reading ( edit ) Crescenti , Peter ; Bob Columbe ( 1990 ) . The Official Honeymooners Treasury : To the Moon and Back with Ralph , Norton , Alice , and Trixie . Perigee Books . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 07 . Katsigeorgis , John ( 2002 ) . To the Moon : The Honeymooners Book of Trivia -- Official Authorized Edition . Metrobooks . ISBN 1 - 58663 - 694 - 4 . McCrohan , Donna and Peter Crescenti ( 1986 ) . The Honeymooners Lost Episodes . Workman Publishing . ISBN 0 - 89480 - 157 - 0 . McCrohan , Donna ( 1978 ) . The Honeymooners ' Companion : the Kramdens and the Nortons Revisited . Workman . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 07 . Meadows , Audrey ( 1994 ) . Love , Alice : My Life as a Honeymooner . Crown Publishers . ISBN 0 - 517 - 59881 - 7 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Kaplan , Peter W. ( January 26 , 1985 ) . `` 75 ' Honeymooners ' Episodes Found '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 26 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle ( 1999 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows ( 7th ed . ) . Ballantine Books . p. 464 . ISBN 0345429230 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Gerard ( 1993 ) . `` Sweet Subversion '' . Honey I 'm Home ! : Sitcoms -- Selling the American Dream . MacMillan . p. 112 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 08810 - 8 . Jump up ^ Brooks ; Marsh , `` Top - Rated Programs by Season '' , p. 1245 Jump up ^ Conner ( 2010 ) , Sitcoms Often Reinforce Racial Ethnic Stereotypes Archived October 5 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Pollak , Michael ( February 8 , 2004 ) . `` F.Y.I. '' . New York Times . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( July 1 , 1988 ) . `` How Sweet It Is - At Jackie Gleason Depot '' . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Fischer , Stuart Kids ' TV : The First Twenty - Five Years `` The Flintstones '' Jump up ^ `` The Honeymooners '' . Amazon Prime Video . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ben Schott , Schott 's Mischellany Calendar 2009 ( New York : Workman Publishing , 2008 ) , March 21 . Jump up ^ TV Guide Guide to TV . Barnes and Noble. 2004 . p. 651 . ISBN 0 - 7607 - 5634 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Elaine Stritch Biography '' tcm.com , accessed August 31 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Jackie Gleason '' , United Press International . Accessed October 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ New York Times : `` Harry Crane , 85 , Who Helped Create ' The Honeymooners ' '' by Nick Ravo Monday September 20 , 1999 Jump up ^ Variety : `` Harry Crane '' by Doug Galloway September 16 , 1999 ^ Jump up to : McCrohan , Donna ( 1978 ) . The Honeymooners ' Companion -- The Kramdens and the Nortons Revisited . New York : Workman Publishing . ISBN 0 - 89480 - 022 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Simon , Ron . `` The Honeymooners '' . The Museum of Broadcast Communications . Retrieved November 25 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Lewisohn , Mark . `` BBC Guide to Comedy -- The Honeymooners '' . BBC . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2006 . Retrieved November 25 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Gehring , Wes ( November 2001 ) . `` ' The honeymooners ' turns 50 : a half - century after they first arrived on TV screens , Ralph and Alice Kramden and Ed Norton continue to delight audiences on countless late - night reruns '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on 2005 - 03 - 24 . Retrieved December 6 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Boudreaux , Jonathan ( November 12 , 2003 ) . `` The Honeymooners `` Classic 39 '' Episodes DVD Review `` . tvdvdreviews.com . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2006 . Retrieved November 25 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Reed , J.D. `` Diamond in the Rough '' February 19 , 1996 People Magazine retrieved October 28 , 2015 Jump up ^ Collins , Glenn `` For TV 's Trixie , the Honeymoon Lives On '' January 27 , 2007 The New York Times retrieved October 28 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Classic TV At Its Best '' . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2013 . Retrieved November 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Jackie Gleason '' . Retrieved November 30 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` 1956 Emmy Awards '' . Retrieved December 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Art Carney at the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences '' . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2006 . Retrieved December 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Idaho Council on Domestic Violence And Victim Assistance ( October 3 , 1999 ) . `` '' Take time this month to reflect on effects of domestic violence and work to end it ! '' ( editorial ) `` . The Idaho Statesman . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2004 . Retrieved December 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Michalski , Thomas ( November 23 , 2006 ) . `` Various agencies help crack down on domestic violence '' . Pinellas Park Beacon . Retrieved December 8 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Special Collector 's Issue : 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time '' . TV Guide ( June 28 - July 4 ) . 1997 . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide 's Top 100 Episodes '' . Rev / Views . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ TV Guide Guide to TV . Barnes and Noble. 2004 . p. 667 . ISBN 0 - 7607 - 5634 - 1 . Jump up ^ WRCA - TV ( now WNBC ) was the first New York City station to air The Honeymooners , Tuesdays at 7 p.m. during the 1957 -- 58 season , as per contemporary New York - Metropolitan Edition issues of TV Guide . WPIX first aired the show at the start of the 1958 -- 59 season . Jump up ^ `` Birthday wishes to a Honeymooner ! '' . Me - TV . October 21 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2015 . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Lost ' episode of ' Honeymooners ' uncovered '' . Retrieved November 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The Honeymooners : Classic 39 Episodes Blu - ray '' . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Postponement for ' The Classic 39 Episodes ' Blu - ray Disc Jump up ^ Steven T. Sheehan , `` ' Pow ! Right in the Kisser ' : Ralph Kramden , Jackie Gleason , and the Emergence of the Frustrated Working - Class Man , Journal of Popular Culture , June 2010 , Vol. 43 # 3 pgs. 564 - 82 Jump up ^ `` TV GUIDE 'S LIST OF TOP 100 EPISODES '' . Associated Press . June 22 , 1997 . Jump up ^ Fretts , Bruce ; Roush , Matt ( December 23 , 2013 ) . `` The Greatest Shows on Earth '' . TV Guide Magazine . 61 ( 3194 - 3195 ) : 16 -- 19 . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ralph : A Visible / Infrared Imager for the New Horizons Pluto / Kuiper Belt Mission on arxiv.org '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Honeymooners on TV Heaven '' . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2006 . Retrieved December 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The Flintstones Frequently Asked Questions List ( item 2 ) '' . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2014 . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The King of Queens -- About the Show '' . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2006 . Retrieved November 25 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Hagan , Joe ( January 21 , 2006 ) . `` HBO tries to revive the sitcom . But can foul - mouthed Louis C.K. thrive in a feel - good genre ? '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved November 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Ralph Kramden Statue '' . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2006 . Retrieved November 30 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` KRO Produces A Dutch Version of The Honeymooners '' . Retrieved November 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Meils , Cathy ( October 26 , 1998 ) . `` ' Honeymooners ' intro 'd by Polsat '' . Variety.com . Retrieved November 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The Honeymooners at boxofficemojo.com '' . Retrieved November 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Honeymooners ' Reboot in Works at CBS '' . Deadline.com . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Honeymooners . Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Honeymooners History of and photos from The Honeymooners The Honeymooners on IMDb The Honeymooners at TV.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Honeymooners&oldid=805288592 '' Categories : The Honeymooners 1955 American television series debuts 1956 American television series endings 1950s American television series 1950s American comedy television series American television sitcoms Black - and - white television programs Brooklyn in fiction CBS network shows Culture of Brooklyn English - language television programs Television series by CBS Television Studios Television shows set in New York City Television spin - offs Television programs adapted into films Television programs adapted into video games Television series based on comedy sketches Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from June 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Français Italiano Polski Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 14 October 2017 , at 10 : 32 . 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who played the first alice on the honeymooners

Alice ( née Alice Gibson ) , played in the first nine skits , starting in 1951 , and ending in January 1952 by Pert Kelton , and by Audrey Meadows for all remaining episodes , is Ralph 's patient but sharp - tongued wife of roughly 12 years . She often finds herself bearing the brunt of Ralph 's insults , which she returns with biting sarcasm . She is levelheaded , in contrast to Ralph 's pattern of inventing various schemes to enhance his wealth or his pride . In each case , she sees the current one 's un-workability , but he becomes angry and ignores her advice ( and by the end of the episode , her misgivings almost always are proven to have been well - founded ) . She has grown accustomed to his empty threats -- such as `` One of these days , POW ! ! ! Right in the kisser ! '' , `` BANG , ZOOM ! '' or `` You 're going to the moon ! '' -- to which she usually replies , `` Ahhh , shaddap ! '' Alice studied to be a secretary before her marriage and works briefly in that capacity when Ralph is laid off . Wilma Flintstone is based on Alice Kramden .

Sketches by Boz - wikipedia Sketches by Boz Jump to : navigation , search Sketches by Boz Frontispiece of the ( first series ) first edition , February 1836 . Illustration by George Cruikshank Author Charles Dickens ( `` Boz '' ) Original title Sketches by `` Boz , '' Illustrative of Every - day Life and Every - day People Illustrator George Cruikshank Cover artist George Cruikshank Country England Language English Genre Sketches Published 1833 - 1836 in newspapers and periodicals ; in 1836 ( two series ) ; first one volume edition 1839 Publisher John Macrone , St. James 's Square Followed by The Pickwick Papers Sketches by `` Boz , '' Illustrative of Every - day Life and Every - day People ( commonly known as Sketches by Boz ) is a collection of short pieces Charles Dickens originally published in various newspapers and other periodicals between 1833 and 1836 . They were re-issued in book form , under their current title , in February and August 1836 , with illustrations by George Cruikshank . The first complete one volume edition appeared in 1839 . The 56 sketches concern London scenes and people , and the whole work is divided into four sections : `` Our Parish '' , `` Scenes '' , `` Characters '' and `` Tales '' . The material in the first three sections consists of non-narrative pen - portraits , but the last section comprises fictional stories . Contents ( hide ) 1 The History of `` Boz '' 2 Illustrations 3 Publication 4 Instalment Contents 5 Book Contents 6 References 7 External links The history of `` Boz '' ( edit ) The sketch `` Mr Minns and his Cousin '' ( originally titled `` A Dinner at Poplar Walk '' ) , was the first work of fiction Dickens ever published . It appeared in The Monthly Magazine in December 1833 . Although Dickens continued to place pieces in that magazine , none of them bore a signature until August 1834 , when `` The Boarding House '' appeared under the strange pen - name `` Boz '' . A verse in Bentley 's Miscellany for March 1837 recalled the public 's perplexity about this pseudonym : `` Who the dickens ' Boz ' could be Puzzled many a learned elf , Till time unveiled the mystery , And ' Boz ' appeared as Dickens 's self . '' Dickens took the pseudonym from a nickname he had given his younger brother Augustus , whom he called `` Moses '' after a character in Oliver Goldsmith 's The Vicar of Wakefield . This , `` being facetiously pronounced through the nose , '' became `` Boses '' , which in turn was shortened to `` Boz '' . The name remained coupled with `` inimitable '' until `` Boz '' eventually disappeared and Dickens became known as , simply , `` The Inimitable '' . The name was originally pronounced / ˈboʊz / but is now usually / ˈbɒz / . Illustrations ( edit ) The popularity of Dickens 's writings was enhanced by the regular inclusion of detailed illustrations to highlight key scenes and characters . Each sketch typically featured two black - and - white illustrations , as well as an illustration for the wrapper . The images were created with wood engravings or metal etchings . Dickens worked closely with several illustrators during his career , including George Cruikshank , Hablot Knight Browne ( aka `` Phiz '' ) , and John Leech . The accuracy of the illustrations was of the utmost importance to Dickens , as the drawings portrayed the characters just as he envisioned them , and gave readers valuable insights about the characters ' personalities and motives , as well as the plot . Title page of the second series ( 1836 ) . The illustration by George Cruikshank portrays two figures closely resembling the author and his illustrator waving from a balloon . Publication ( edit ) The earliest version of Sketches by Boz was published by John Macrone in two series : the first as a two - volume set in February 1836 , just a month before the publication of the first number of The Pickwick Papers ( 1836 -- 37 ) , and then a `` Second Series '' in August 1836 . After Dickens 's fame skyrocketed he purchased the rights to the material from Macrone . Instalment contents ( edit ) The majority of the 56 sketches that appeared together in 1839 were originally published individually in popular newspapers and periodicals , including The Morning Chronicle , The Evening Chronicle , The Monthly Magazine , The Carlton Chronicle and Bell 's Life in London , between 1833 and 1836 : `` Mr. Minns and his Cousin '' ( SB 46 ) , originally , `` A Dinner at Poplar Walk '' in The Monthly Magazine , 1 December 1833 . `` Mrs. Joseph Porter , Over the Way '' ( SB 53 ) , originally in The Monthly Magazine , January 1834 . `` Horatio Sparkins '' ( SB 49 ) , originally in The Monthly Magazine , February 1834 . `` The Bloomsbury Christening '' ( SB 55 ) , originally in The Monthly Magazine , April 1834 . `` The Boarding - House '' ( SB 45 ) , originally in The Monthly Magazine , May & August 1834 . `` Sentiment '' ( SB 47 ) , originally in Bell 's Weekly Magazine , 7 June 1834 . `` The Steam Excursion '' ( SB 51 ) , originally in The Monthly Magazine , October 1834 . `` A Passage in the Life of Mr. Watkins Tottle '' ( SB 54 ) , originally `` Chapter the First '' and `` Chapter the Second '' in two numbers of The Monthly Magazine , January and February 1835 . `` The Four Sisters '' ( SB 3 ) , Our Parish 3 , originally , `` Sketches of London No. 14 '' in The Evening Chronicle , 18 June 1835 . `` The Election for Beadle '' ( SB 4 ) , Our Parish 4 , originally , `` Sketches of London No. 16 '' in The Evening Chronicle , 14 July 1835 . `` The Broker 's Man '' ( SB 5 ) , Our Parish 5 , originally , `` Sketches of London No. 18 '' in The Evening Chronicle , 28 July 1835 . `` The Ladies ' Societies '' ( SB 6 ) , Our Parish 6 , originally , `` Sketches of London No. 20 '' in The Evening Chronicle , 28 July 1835 . `` Miss Evans and the Eagle '' ( SB 36 ) , ( Scenes and Characters No. 2 ) originally in Bell 's Life in London , 4 October 1835 . `` The Dancing Academy '' ( SB 41 ) , originally , `` Scenes and Characters , No. 3 '' in Bell 's Life in London , 11 October 1835 . `` Making a Night of It '' ( SB 43 ) , originally , `` Scenes and Characters No. 4 '' in Bell 's Life in London , 18 October 1835 . `` The Misplaced Attachment of Mr. John Dounce '' ( SB 39 ) , originally , `` Scenes and Characters No. 5 . Love and Oysters , '' in Bell 's Life in London , 25 October 1835 . `` Some Account of an Omnibus Cad '' originally , `` Scenes and Characters No. 6 , '' later retitled and expanded into `` The Last Cab - driver and the First Omnibus Cab '' ; in Bell 's Life in London , 1 November 1835 . `` The Mistaken Milliner . A Tale of Ambition '' ( SB 40 ) originally `` Scenes and Characters No. 7 . The Vocal Dressmaker , '' in Bell 's Life in London , 22 November 1835 . `` The New Year '' ( SB 35 ) , originally in Bell 's Life in London , 3 January 1836 . `` The Great Winglebury Duel '' ( SB 52 ) , originally in the First Series of Sketches by Boz , 8 February 1836 . `` The Black Veil '' ( SB 50 ) originally in the First Series of Sketches by Boz , 8 February 1836 . `` Our Next - Door Neighbour '' ( Our Parish 7 ) , originally , `` Our Next - Door Neighbours '' in The Morning Chronicle , 18 March 1836 . `` The Tuggses at Ramsgate '' ( Tales 4 ) , originally in The Library of Fiction No. 1 , 31 March 1836 ( accompanied by two Robert Seymour woodcuts ) . `` The Hospital Patient '' ( SB 38 ) , Characters 6 , originally in The Carlton Chronicle , 6 August 1836 . `` The Drunkard 's Death '' ( SB 56 ) , originally in the Second Series of Sketches by Boz , 17 December 1836 . Book Contents ( edit ) The contents of Sketches by Boz are : `` The Streets -- morning '' , Illustration by George Cruikshank Our parish The Beadle . The Parish Engine . The Schoolmaster . The Curate . The Old Lady . The Half - pay Captain The Four Sisters The Election for Beadle The Broker 's Man The Ladies ' Societies Our Next - door Neighbour Scenes The Streets -- morning The Streets -- night Shops and their Tenants Scotland Yard Seven Dials Meditations in Monmouth - Street Hackney - coach Stands Doctors ' Commons London Recreations The River Astley 's Greenwich Fair Private Theatres Vauxhall Gardens by Day Early Coaches Omnibuses The Last Cab - driver , and the First Omnibus cad A Parliamentary Sketch Public Dinners The First of May Brokers ' and Marine - store Shops Gin - shops The Pawnbroker 's Shop Criminal Courts A Visit to Newgate Characters Thoughts about People A Christmas Dinner The New Year Miss Evans and the Eagle The Parlour Orator The Hospital Patient The Misplaced attachment of Mr. John Dounce The Mistaken Milliner . A Tale of Ambition The Dancing Academy Shabby - Genteel People Making a Night of It The Prisoners ' Van Tales The Boarding - house Chapter the first Chapter the second Mr. Minns and his Cousin Sentiment The Tuggses at Ramsgate Horatio Sparkins The Black Veil The Steam Excursion The Great Winglebury Duel Mrs. Joseph Porter A Passage in the Life of Mr. Watkins Tottle Chapter the first Chapter the second The Bloomsbury Christening The Drunkard 's death References ( edit ) Jump up ^ G.M. Miller , BBC Pronouncing Dictionary of British Names ( Oxford UP , 1971 ) , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Philip V. Allingham , Faculty of Education , Lakehead University , Thunder Bay , Ontario External links ( edit ) Online editions Wikisource has original text related to this article : Sketches by Boz Sketches by Boz at Internet Archive Sketches by Boz at Project Gutenberg Sketches by Boz -- easy to read HTML Sketches by Boz -- large print HTML Sketches by Boz public domain audiobook at LibriVox ( hide ) Charles Dickens Bibliography Novels The Pickwick Papers Oliver Twist Nicholas Nickleby The Old Curiosity Shop Barnaby Rudge Martin Chuzzlewit Dombey and Son David Copperfield Bleak House Hard Times Little Dorrit A Tale of Two Cities Great Expectations Our Mutual Friend The Mystery of Edwin Drood Christmas books A Christmas Carol The Chimes The Cricket on the Hearth The Battle of Life The Haunted Man and the Ghost 's Bargain Short stories `` The Long Voyage '' `` The Signal - Man '' Short story collections Sketches by Boz The Mudfog Papers Master Humphrey 's Clock Non-fiction American Notes Pictures from Italy The Life of Our Lord A Child 's History of England The Uncommercial Traveller Letters Plays The Frozen Deep No Thoroughfare : A Drama : In Five Acts Journalism Bentley 's Miscellany Master Humphrey 's Clock The Daily News Household Words All the Year Round Collaborations `` A House to Let '' `` The Haunted House '' `` A Message from the Sea '' `` Mugby Junction '' No Thoroughfare See also Catherine Dickens ( wife ) Epitaph of Charles Irving Thornton Bleak House Dickens and Little Nell ( statue ) Dickens of London ( 1976 miniseries ) Dickens in America ( 2005 documentary ) The Invisible Woman ( 2013 film ) Dickensian ( 2015 TV series ) The Man Who Invented Christmas ( 2017 film ) Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sketches_by_Boz&oldid=814681977 '' Categories : 1836 short stories Short story collections by Charles Dickens Art by George Cruikshank 1836 short story collections 1833 short stories 1834 short stories 1835 short stories Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 Articles with LibriVox links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Nederlands Simple English Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 December 2017 , at 07 : 51 . 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who was boz and what did he write about

Sketches by Boz Frontispiece of the ( first series ) first edition , February 1836 . Illustration by George Cruikshank Author Charles Dickens ( `` Boz '' ) Original title Sketches by `` Boz , '' Illustrative of Every - day Life and Every - day People Illustrator George Cruikshank Cover artist George Cruikshank Country England Language English Genre Sketches Published 1833 - 1836 in newspapers and periodicals ; in 1836 ( two series ) ; first one volume edition 1839 Publisher John Macrone , St. James 's Square Followed by The Pickwick Papers

United states presidential election , 1952 - wikipedia United states presidential election , 1952 Jump to : navigation , search United States presidential election , 1952 ← 1948 November 4 , 1952 1956 → All 531 electoral votes of the Electoral College 266 electoral votes needed to win Turnout 63.3 % 10.3 pp Nominee Dwight D. Eisenhower Adlai Stevenson Party Republican Democratic Home state New York Illinois Running mate Richard Nixon John Sparkman Electoral vote 442 89 States carried 39 9 Popular vote 34,075,529 27,375,090 Percentage 55.2 % 44.3 % Presidential election results map . Red denotes states won by Eisenhower / Nixon , blue denotes those won by Stevenson / Sparkman . Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state . President before election Harry S. Truman Democratic Elected President Dwight D. Eisenhower Republican The United States presidential election of 1952 was the 42nd quadrennial presidential election , held on Tuesday , November 4 , 1952 . Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower won a landslide victory , ending a string of Democratic Party wins that stretched back to 1932 . He carried the Republican Party ( GOP ) to narrow control of the House and Senate . During this time , Cold War tension between the United States and the Soviet Union was at a high level , as was fear of Communism in the US , epitomized by the campaign of McCarthyism . Foreign policy was a main issue in the race for the Republican nomination . The nation was polarized over the stalemated Korean War , and the extent of corruption in the federal government became a major issue as well . The economy was prosperous and economic and social issues played little role in the campaign . Incumbent President Harry S. Truman , having been knocked out of the race by a poor showing in the early primaries , decided to back the Governor of Illinois , Adlai Stevenson . Stevenson had gained a reputation in Illinois as a reformer and intellectual ; however , he had vacillated a great deal on whether he even wanted to run for the presidency . President Truman had several meetings with Stevenson about the President 's desire for Stevenson to become the standard - bearer for the party . Truman became very frustrated with Stevenson and his high level of indecision before Stevenson actually committed to running . The Republican Party saw an intense battle for its nomination contest between the senior Senator of Ohio , Robert A. Taft and Eisenhower . The issue was foreign policy , with Eisenhower supporters attacking Taft as too isolationist . Taft saw little role for the United States in the Cold War . Eisenhower , the former NATO commander and war hero , narrowly defeated Taft . Eisenhower then crusaded against the Truman policies he blasted as `` Korea , Communism and Corruption . '' Eisenhower did well in all major demographic and regional groups outside the Deep South . Contents ( hide ) 1 Nominations 1.1 Republican Party 1.2 Republican Convention 1.3 Democratic Party 1.4 Democratic Convention 2 General election 2.1 Campaign issues 2.2 Campaign 2.3 Citizens for Eisenhower 2.4 Results 2.4. 1 Results by state 2.5 Close state races 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 5.1 Primary sources 6 External links 7 Navigation Nominations ( edit ) Republican party ( edit ) Main article : Republican Party presidential primaries , 1952 Republican candidates : Supreme Allied Commander , Europe ( SACEUR ) Dwight D. Eisenhower , from New York Senator Robert A. Taft from Ohio Former Governor Harold Stassen of Minnesota Governor Earl Warren of California General Douglas MacArthur , from New York The fight for the Republican nomination was between General Dwight D. Eisenhower , who became the candidate of the party 's moderate eastern establishment ; Senator Robert A. Taft from Ohio , the longtime leader of the Republican Party 's conservative wing ; Governor Earl Warren of California , who appealed to Western delegates and independent voters ; and former Governor Harold Stassen of Minnesota , who still had a base of support in the Midwest . The moderate Eastern Republicans were led by New York Governor Thomas E. Dewey , the party 's presidential nominee in 1944 and 1948 . The moderates tended to be interventionists , who felt that America needed to fight the Cold War overseas and confront the Soviet Union in Eurasia ; they were also willing to accept most aspects of the social welfare state created by the New Deal in the 1930s . The moderates were also concerned with ending the Republicans ' losing streak in presidential elections ; they felt that the personally popular Eisenhower had the best chance of beating the Democrats . For this reason , Dewey himself declined the notion of a third run for president , even though he still had a large amount of support within the party . The GOP had been out of power for 20 years , and the sentiment that a proper two - party system needed to be reestablished was strong , also a Republican Party in control of the White House would have more incentive to reign in unpopular demagogues such as Wisconsin Senator Joseph McCarthy . The conservative Republicans , led by Taft , were based in the Midwest and parts of the South . The Midwest was a bastion of conservatism and isolationist sentiment , dislike of Europeans , in particular Great Britain , was common , and there was a widespread feeling that the British manipulated US foreign policy and were eager to kowtow to the Soviet Union , although attitudes were beginning to change among the younger generation who had fought in World War II . Taft had unsuccessfully sought the Republican nomination in the 1940 and 1948 presidential elections , losing both times to moderate candidates from New York ( Wilkie and Dewey ) . Taft , 63 , felt that this was his last chance to run for president and so his friends and supporters worked extra hard to ensure that he win the nomination . Warren , although highly popular in California , refused to campaign in the presidential primaries and thus limited his chances of winning the nomination . He did retain the support of the California delegation , and his supporters hoped that , in the event of an Eisenhower - Taft deadlock , Warren might emerge as a compromise candidate . After being persuaded to run , Eisenhower scored a major victory in the New Hampshire primary , when his supporters wrote his name onto the ballot , giving him an upset victory over Taft . However , from there until the Republican Convention the primaries were divided fairly evenly between the two , and by the time the convention opened , the race for the nomination was still too close to call . Taft won the Nebraska , Wisconsin , Illinois , and South Dakota primaries , while Eisenhower won the New Jersey , Pennsylvania , Massachusetts , and Oregon primaries . Stassen and Warren only won their home states of Minnesota and California respectively , which effectively ended their chances of earning the nomination . General Douglas MacArthur also got ten delegates from various states ( mostly Oregon ) , but had made it clear from early in the race that he had no interest in being nominated . Republican convention ( edit ) When the 1952 Republican National Convention opened in Chicago , Illinois , most political experts rated Taft and Eisenhower as neck - and - neck in the delegate vote totals . Eisenhower 's managers , led by Dewey and Massachusetts Senator Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. , accused Taft of `` stealing '' delegate votes in Southern states such as Texas and Georgia . They claimed that Taft 's leaders in these states had unfairly denied delegate spots to Eisenhower supporters and put Taft delegates in their place . Lodge and Dewey proposed to evict the pro-Taft delegates in these states and replace them with pro-Eisenhower delegates ; they called this proposal `` Fair Play . '' Although Taft and his supporters angrily denied this charge , the convention voted to support Fair Play 658 to 548 , and Taft lost many Southern delegates . Eisenhower also received two more boosts , firstly when several uncommitted state delegations , such as Michigan and Pennsylvania , decided to support him , and secondly when Stassen released his delegates and asked them to support Eisenhower , whose moderate policies he much preferred to those of Taft . The removal of many pro-Taft Southern delegates and the support of the uncommitted states decided the nomination in Eisenhower 's favor . However , the mood at the convention was one of the most bitter and emotional in American history . When Senator Everett Dirksen from Illinois , a Taft supporter , pointed at Dewey on the convention floor during a speech and accused him of leading the Republicans `` down the road to defeat , '' mixed boos and cheers rang out from the delegates , and there were even fistfights between some Taft and Eisenhower delegates . In the end , Eisenhower narrowly defeated Taft on the first ballot . To heal the wounds caused by the battle , he went to Taft 's hotel suite and met with him . Taft issued a brief statement congratulating Eisenhower on his victory , but he was bitter about what he felt was the untrue `` stealing delegates '' charge , and he withheld his active support for Eisenhower for several weeks after the convention . In September 1952 Taft and Eisenhower met again at Morningside Heights in New York City , where Taft promised to support Eisenhower actively in exchange for Eisenhower agreeing to a number of requests . These included a demand that Eisenhower give Taft 's followers a fair share of patronage positions if he won the election , and that Eisenhower agree to balance the federal budget and `` fight creeping domestic socialism in every field . '' Eisenhower agreed to the terms , and Taft campaigned hard for the Republican ticket . In fact , Eisenhower and Taft agreed on most domestic issues ; their disagreements were primarily in foreign policy . Though there were initial suggestions that Warren could have earned the party 's vice presidential slot for the second successive election if he were to withdraw and endorse Eisenhower , he ultimately chose not to do so . Eisenhower himself had been partial to giving the VP nod to Stassen , who had endorsed Eisenhower of his own accord and had generally similar political positions . The party bosses , however , were keen to find a running mate who could mollify Taft 's supporters , as the schism between the moderate and conservative wings was so severe that in the worst case it could potentially lead to the conservatives bolting and running Taft as a third - party candidate . Eisenhower had apparently given little thought to choosing his running mate , when asked , he replied that he assumed the convention would pick someone . The spot ultimately fell to the young California Congressman Richard Nixon , who was seen as being in the exact center of the GOP . Nixon was known as an aggressive campaigner and a fierce anti-communist , however he shied away from some of the more extreme ideas of the party 's right wing , including isolationism and dismantling the New Deal . Most historians now believe that Eisenhower 's nomination was primarily due to the feeling that he was a `` sure winner '' against the Democrats ; most of the delegates were conservatives who would probably have supported Taft if they felt he could have won the general election . Despite not earning the presidential or vice presidential nominations , Warren would subsequently be appointed as Chief Justice in October 1953 , while Stassen would hold various positions within Eisenhower 's administration . The balloting at the Republican Convention went as follows : Presidential Balloting , RNC 1952 Ballot 1st Before Shifts 1st After Shifts Dwight D. Eisenhower 595 845 Robert A. Taft 500 280 Earl Warren 81 77 Harold Stassen 20 0 Douglas MacArthur 10 Democratic party ( edit ) Main article : Democratic Party ( United States ) presidential primaries , 1952 Vice President Alben W. Barkley Senator Hubert Humphrey from Minnesota Senator Estes Kefauver from Tennessee Senator Robert S. Kerr from Oklahoma Senator Richard Russell , Jr. from Georgia Governor Adlai Stevenson of Illinois The expected candidate for the Democratic nomination was incumbent President Harry S. Truman . Since the newly passed 22nd Amendment did not apply to whoever was president at the time of its passage , he was eligible to run again . But Truman entered 1952 with his popularity plummeting , according to polls . The bloody and indecisive Korean War was dragging into its third year , Senator Joseph McCarthy 's anti-Communist crusade was stirring public fears of an encroaching `` Red Menace , '' and the disclosure of widespread corruption among federal employees ( including some high - level members of Truman 's administration ) left Truman at a low political ebb . Polls showed that he had a 66 % disapproval rating , a record only matched decades later by Richard Nixon and surpassed by George W. Bush . Kefauver won all but three primaries , but failed to win nomination Truman 's main opponent was populist Tennessee Senator Estes Kefauver , who had chaired a nationally televised investigation of organized crime in 1951 and was known as a crusader against crime and corruption . The Gallup poll of February 15 showed Truman 's weakness : nationally Truman was the choice of only 36 % of Democrats , compared with 21 % for Kefauver . Among independent voters , however , Truman had only 18 % while Kefauver led with 36 % . In the New Hampshire primary , Kefauver upset Truman , winning 19,800 votes to Truman 's 15,927 and capturing all eight delegates . Kefauver graciously said that he did not consider his victory `` a repudiation of Administration policies , but a desire ... for new ideas and personalities . '' Stung by this setback , Truman soon announced that he would not seek re-election ( however , Truman insisted in his memoirs that he had decided not to run for reelection well before his defeat by Kefauver ) . With Truman 's withdrawal , Kefauver became the front - runner for the nomination , and he won most of the primaries . Other primary winners were Senator Hubert Humphrey , who won his home state of Minnesota , while Senator Richard Russell Jr. from Georgia won the Florida primary and U.S. diplomat W. Averell Harriman won West Virginia . However , most states still chose their delegates to the Democratic Convention via state conventions , which meant that the party bosses -- especially the mayors and governors of large Northern and Midwestern states and cities -- were able to choose the Democratic nominee . These bosses ( including Truman ) strongly disliked Kefauver ; his investigations of organized crime had revealed connections between Mafia figures and many of the big - city Democratic political organizations . The party bosses thus viewed Kefauver as a maverick who could not be trusted , and they refused to support him for the nomination . Instead , with Truman taking the initiative , they began to search for other , more acceptable , candidates . However , most of the other candidates had a major weakness . Richard Russell had much Southern support , but his support of racial segregation and opposition to civil rights for Southern blacks led many liberal Northern and Midwestern delegates to reject him . Truman favored W. Averell Harriman of New York , but he had never held an elective office and was inexperienced in politics . Truman next turned to his vice-president , Alben W. Barkley , but at 74 he was rejected as being too old by labor union leaders . Other minor or favorite son candidates included Oklahoma Senator Robert S. Kerr , Governor Paul A. Dever of Massachusetts , Senator Hubert Humphrey from Minnesota , and Senator J. William Fulbright from Arkansas . One candidate soon emerged who seemingly had few political weaknesses : Governor Adlai Stevenson of Illinois . The grandson of former Vice-President Adlai E. Stevenson , he came from a distinguished family in Illinois and was well known as a gifted orator , intellectual , and political moderate . In the spring of 1952 , Truman tried to convince Stevenson to take the presidential nomination , but Stevenson refused , stating that he wanted to run for re-election as Governor of Illinois . Yet Stevenson never completely took himself out of the race , and as the convention approached , many party bosses , as well as normally apolitical citizens , hoped that he could be `` drafted '' to run . Democratic convention ( edit ) The 1952 Democratic National Convention was held in Chicago in the same coliseum the Republicans had gathered in several weeks earlier . Since the convention was being held in his home state , Governor Stevenson -- who still proclaimed that he was not a presidential candidate -- was asked to give the welcoming address to the delegates . He proceeded to give a witty and stirring address that led his supporters to begin a renewed round of efforts to nominate him , despite his protests . After meeting with Jacob Arvey , the `` boss '' of the Illinois delegation , Stevenson finally agreed to enter his name as a candidate for the nomination . The party bosses from other large Northern and Midwestern states quickly joined in support . Kefauver led on the first ballot , but had far fewer votes than necessary to win . Stevenson gradually gained strength until he was nominated on the third ballot . After the delegates nominated Stevenson , the convention then turned to selecting a vice-presidential nominee . After narrowing it down to Senators John Sparkman , and A.S. Mike Monroney , President Truman and a small group of political insiders chose Sparkman , a conservative and segregationist from Alabama , for the nomination . The convention largely complied and nominated Sparkman as Stevenson 's running mate . He was chosen because of his Southern identity and conservative record ; party leaders hoped this factor would create a balanced ticket . General election ( edit ) Play media CBS News ' coverage of the 1952 United States presidential election Campaign issues ( edit ) The Eisenhower campaign was one of the first presidential campaigns to make a major , concerted effort to win the female vote . Many of his radio and television commercials discussed topics such as education , inflation , ending the war in Korea , and other issues that were thought to appeal to women . The Eisenhower campaign made extensive use of female campaign workers . These workers made phone calls to likely Eisenhower voters , distributed `` Ike '' buttons and leaflets , and threw parties to build support for the GOP ticket in their neighborhoods . On election day , Eisenhower won a solid majority of the female vote . Eisenhower campaigned by attacking `` Korea , Communism , and Corruption '' -- that is , what the Republicans regarded as the failures of the outgoing Truman administration to deal with these issues . The Eisenhower campaign accused the administration of `` neglecting Latin America '' and thus `` leading them into the arms of wily Communist agents waiting to exploit local misery and capitalize on any opening to communize the Americas . '' Charges that Soviet spies had infiltrated the government plagued the Truman Administration and also became a `` major campaign issue '' for Eisenhower . The Republicans blamed the Democrats for the military 's failure to be fully prepared to fight in Korea ; they accused the Democrats of harboring communist spies within the federal government ; and they blasted the Truman Administration for the numbers of officials who had been accused of various crimes . Stevenson hoped to exploit the rift between the conservative Taft Republicans and the moderate Eisenhower Republicans . In a speech in Baltimore , Stevenson said , `` The GOP elephant has two heads nowadays , and I ca n't tell from day to day who 's driving the poor beast , Senator Taft or the General . I doubt that America will entrust its future , its hopes , to the master of a house divided against itself . '' Stevenson , Truman , and other Democrats campaigning that fall also criticized Senator Joseph McCarthy and other right - wing Republicans for what they believed were reckless and unwarranted attacks and congressional investigations into leading government officials and public servants . In a Salt Lake City speech Stevenson stated that right - wing Republicans were `` quick with accusations , with defamatory hints and whispering campaigns when they see a chance to scare or silence those with whom they disagree . Rudely , carelessly , they invade the field of thought , of conscience , which belongs to God , and not to Senators ... McCarthy and men like him can say almost anything , and if my opponent 's conscience permits , he can try to help all of them get reelected . '' Stevenson said that right - wing attacks on government officials such as General George Marshall , who had served Truman as Secretary of State and Secretary of Defense , reflected a `` middle of the gutter approach '' to politics . President Truman repeatedly criticized Senator McCarthy 's character and temperament , and called on Eisenhower to repudiate him . Stevenson ridiculed right - wing Republicans `` who hunt Communists in the Bureau of Wildlife and Fisheries while hesitating to aid the gallant men and women who are resisting the real thing in the front lines of Europe and Asia ... They are finally the men who seemingly believe that we can confound the Kremlin by frightening ourselves to death . '' In return , Senator McCarthy often confused the names Adlai and Alger , the first name of convicted Soviet spy Alger Hiss , by stating `` Alger , I mean Adlai ... '' in his speeches . McCarthy , in response to Stevenson 's criticisms , also stated during the campaign that he would like to get on the Stevenson campaign trail `` with a club and make a good and loyal American '' out of Stevenson . Adlai Stevenson warns against a return of the Republican policies of Herbert Hoover Neither Stevenson nor Sparkman had been a part of the Truman administration and they largely ignored its record , preferring to hark back to the Roosevelt 's New Deal achievements while warning of against a repetition of the Hoover depression . Historian Herbert Parmet says that although Stevenson : tried to separate his campaign from Truman 's record , his efforts failed to dispel the widespread recognition that , for a divided America , torn by paranoia and unable to understand what had disrupted the anticipated tranquility of the postwar world , the time for change had really arrived . Neither Stevenson nor anyone else could have dissuaded the electorate from its desire to repudiate ' Trumanism . ' Campaign ( edit ) Eisenhower presidential campaign in Baltimore , Maryland , September 1952 Many Democrats were particularly upset when Eisenhower , on a scheduled campaign swing through Wisconsin , decided not to give a speech he had written criticizing McCarthy 's methods , and then allowed himself to be photographed shaking hands with McCarthy as if he supported him . Truman , formerly friends with Eisenhower , never forgot what he saw as a betrayal ; he had previously thought Eisenhower would make a good president , but said , `` he has betrayed almost everything I thought he stood for . '' Despite these mishaps , Eisenhower retained his enormous personal popularity from his leading role in World War II , and huge crowds turned out to see him around the nation . His campaign slogan , `` I Like Ike , '' was one of the most popular in American history . Stevenson attracted the support of the young , emergent postwar intellectual class , however Eisenhower was seen as more appealing to Main Street . Stevenson was ridiculed in some quarters as too effeminate to be president , the staunchly conservative New York Daily News called him `` Adelaide '' Stevenson , even though he had a reputation as a ladies ' man and several mistresses . A notable event of the 1952 campaign concerned a scandal that emerged when Richard Nixon , Eisenhower 's running mate , was accused by several newspapers of receiving $18,000 in undeclared `` gifts '' from wealthy donors . In reality , contributions were by design only from early supporters and limited to $1,000 , with full accountability . Nixon , who had been accusing the Democrats of hiding crooks , suddenly found himself on the defensive . Eisenhower and his aides considered dropping Nixon from the ticket and picking another running mate . Results by county explicitly indicating the percentage for the winning candidate . Shades of red are for Eisenhower ( Republican ) and shades of blue are for Stevenson ( Democratic ) . Eisenhower , who barely knew Nixon , waffled and refused to comment on the incident . Nixon saved his political career , however , with a dramatic half - hour speech , the `` Checkers speech , '' on live television . In this speech , Nixon denied the charges against him , gave a detailed account of his modest financial assets , and offered a glowing assessment of Eisenhower 's candidacy . The highlight of the speech came when Nixon stated that a supporter had given his daughters a gift -- a dog named `` Checkers '' -- and that he would not return it , because his daughters loved it . The `` Checkers speech '' led hundreds of thousands of citizens nationwide to wire the Republican National Committee urging the Republican Party to keep Nixon on the ticket , and Eisenhower stayed with him . Despite the red - baiting of the right wing of the GOP , the campaign on the whole was conducted with a considerable degree of dignity and Stevenson was seen as reinvigorating a Democrat Party that had become exhausted after 20 years in power and refreshing its appeal with younger voters . He accused Eisenhower of silently tolerating Joseph McCarthy 's excesses , and that the GOP was dominated by `` men who hunt communists in the Bureau of Wildlife and Fisheries while refusing to help the brave men and women confronting the real thing in Europe and Asia '' . Stevenson went before the American Legion , a bastion of hardline conservatism , and boldly declared that there was nothing patriotic or American about what Joseph McCarthy was doing . Even with the dignified nature of the campaign , the dislike between the two candidates was visible ; Stevenson criticized Eisenhower 's non-condemnation of McCarthy and use of television spots , and Eisenhower , while he had initially respected Stevenson , in time came to view him as simply another career politician , something he strongly disliked . The 1952 election campaign was the first one to make use of the new medium of television , in part thanks to the efforts of Rosser Reeves , the head of the Ted Bates Agency , a leading advertising firm . Reeves had initially proposed a series of radio spots to Thomas Dewey in the 1948 campaign , but Dewey considered them undignified , and Reeves maintained that Dewey might have won the election had he been slightly more open - minded . Studying Douglas MacArthur 's keynote speech at the Republican convention in July , Reeves believed that the general 's words were `` powerful '' , but `` unfocused '' and `` all over the map '' . Eisenhower 's public speeches were even worse , he was unable to make his point to the voting public in a clear , legible manner . Reeves felt that Eisenhower needed to condense his message down to a few simple , easily digestible slogans . Eisenhower at first also fared poorly on television and had a difficult time appearing relaxed and at ease on camera . The TV lighting was not flattering and it made him look old and unattractive , in particular his forehead tended to glisten under the lights . Eisenhower became upset when CBS correspondent Dave Schoenbrun pointed this out and suggested he try altering his poses to make his forehead less noticeable and also apply makeup so it would not shine from the lighting . Eventually , he gave in and agreed to these modifications . Reeves also wanted Eisenhower to not wear his eyeglasses on camera in order to look younger , but he could not read the prompter board without them , so Reeves devised a large , handwritten signboard . Reeves 's TV work , although pioneering , was the subject of considerable criticism on the grounds that he was attempting to sell a presidential candidate to the public in the same manner that one might sell a car or a brand of toothpaste . Adlai Stevenson for his part would have nothing to do with television at all and condemned Eisenhower 's use of the medium , calling it `` selling the presidency like cereal '' . He himself made a point of the fact that he did not own a TV or watch television , and many of his inner circle did likewise . Both campaigns made use of television ads . A notable ad for Eisenhower was an issue - free , feel - good animated cartoon with a soundtrack song by Irving Berlin called `` I Like Ike . '' For the first time , a presidential candidate 's personal medical history was released publicly , as were partial versions of his financial histories , because of the issues raised in Nixon 's speech . Near the end of the campaign , Eisenhower , in a major speech , announced that if he won the election he would go to Korea to see if he could end the war . His great military prestige , combined with the public 's weariness with the conflict , gave Eisenhower the final boost he needed to win . Throughout the entire campaign , Eisenhower led in all opinion polls , and by wide margins in most of them . Citizens for Eisenhower ( edit ) To circumvent the local Republican Party apparatus mostly controlled by Taft supporters , the Eisenhower forces created a nationwide network of grass - roots clubs , `` Citizens for Eisenhower . '' Independents and Democrats were welcome , as the group specialized in canvassing neighborhoods and holding small group meetings . Citizens for Eisenhower hoped to revitalize the GOP by expanding its activist ranks and by supporting moderate and internationalist policies . It did not endorse candidates other than Eisenhower . However Eisenhower paid it little attention after he won , and it failed to maintain its impressive starting momentum . Instead it energized the conservative Republicans , leading finally to the Barry Goldwater campaign of 1964 . Long - time Republican activists viewed the newcomers with suspicion and hostility . More significantly , activism in support of Eisenhower did not translate into enthusiasm for the party cause . Results ( edit ) On election day , Eisenhower won a decisive victory , winning over 55 % of the popular vote and carrying thirty - nine of the forty - eight states . Stevenson did not win a single state north of the Mason -- Dixon line or west of Arkansas , whilst Eisenhower took three Southern states that the Republicans had won only once since Reconstruction : Virginia , Florida , and Texas . Despite the Republican win in Florida , this remains the last time to date a Democrat has won Collier County before southwestern Florida was turned into a growing Sun Belt Republican stronghold , and is also the last time a Democrat has won Aiken County , South Carolina , before the `` Solid South '' would collapse in the wake of the Civil Rights Movement. 1952 is also , however , the last time a Republican won Yolo County , California , or Native American Rolette County , North Dakota , and the last until Donald Trump in 2016 that the Republicans won Pacific County , Washington , or Swift County , Minnesota . This was the last time the Republicans won Missouri until 1968 and the last time the Democrats won Kentucky until 1964 . It is also the last time that a Republican won the election without Kentucky . Stevenson 's 700 - vote win was the smallest percentage margin in any state since Woodrow Wilson won New Hampshire by fifty - six votes in 1916 . This election was the first in which a computer ( the UNIVAC I ) was used to predict the results . Presidential candidate Party Home state Popular vote Electoral vote Running mate Count Percentage Vice-presidential candidate Home state Electoral vote Dwight D. Eisenhower Republican New York 34,075,529 55.18 % 442 Richard Nixon California 442 Adlai Stevenson Democratic Illinois 27,375,090 44.33 % 89 John Sparkman Alabama 89 Vincent Hallinan Progressive California 140,746 0.23 % 0 Charlotta Bass New York 0 Stuart Hamblen Prohibition Texas 73,412 0.12 % 0 Enoch A. Holtwick Illinois 0 Eric Hass Socialist Labor New York 30,406 0.05 % 0 Stephen Emery New York 0 Darlington Hoopes Socialist Pennsylvania 20,203 0.03 % 0 Samuel H. Friedman New York 0 Douglas MacArthur Constitution Arkansas 17,205 0.03 % 0 Harry F. Byrd Virginia 0 Farrell Dobbs Socialist Workers Minnesota 10,312 0.02 % 0 Myra Tanner Weiss California 0 Other 9,039 0.02 % -- Other -- Total 61,751,942 100 % 531 531 Needed to win 266 266 Source ( Popular Vote ) : Leip , David . `` 1952 Presidential Election Results '' . Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Retrieved September 16 , 2012 . Source ( Electoral Vote ) : `` Electoral College Box Scores 1789 -- 1996 '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved August 1 , 2005 . Popular vote Eisenhower 55.18 % Stevenson 44.33 % Others 0.49 % Electoral vote Eisenhower 83.24 % Stevenson 16.76 % Results by county , shaded according to winning candidate 's percentage of the vote Results by state ( edit ) States won by Eisenhower / Nixon States won by Stevenson / Sparkman Dwight D. Eisenhower Republican Adlai Stevenson Democratic Vincent Hallinan Progressive Stuart Hamblen Prohibition Eric Hass Socialist Labor Margin State Total State electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # % # Alabama 11 149,231 35.02 -- 275,075 64.55 11 -- -- -- 1,814 0.43 -- -- -- -- - 125,844 - 29.53 426,120 AL Arizona 152,042 58.35 108,528 41.65 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 43,514 16.70 260,570 AZ Arkansas 8 177,155 43.76 -- 226,300 55.90 8 -- -- -- 886 0.22 -- 0.00 -- - 49,145 - 12.14 404,800 AR California 32 3,035,587 56.83 32 2,257,646 42.27 -- 24,692 0.46 -- 16,117 0.30 -- 273 0.01 -- 777,941 14.56 5,341,603 CA Colorado 6 379,782 60.27 6 245,504 38.96 -- 1,919 0.30 -- -- -- -- 352 0.06 -- 134,278 21.31 630,103 CO Connecticut 8 611,012 55.70 8 481,649 43.91 -- 1,466 0.13 -- -- -- -- 535 0.05 -- 129,363 11.79 1,096,911 CT Delaware 90,059 51.75 83,315 47.88 -- 155 0.09 -- 234 0.13 -- 242 0.14 -- 6,744 3.88 174,025 DE Florida 10 544,036 54.99 10 444,950 44.97 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 99,086 10.02 989,337 FL Georgia 12 198,979 30.34 -- 456,823 69.66 12 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- - 257,844 - 39.32 655,803 GA Idaho 180,707 65.42 95,081 34.42 -- 443 0.16 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 85,626 31.00 276,231 ID Illinois 27 2,457,327 54.84 27 2,013,920 44.94 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 9,363 0.21 -- 443,407 9.90 4,481,058 IL Indiana 13 1,136,259 58.11 13 801,530 40.99 -- 1,222 0.06 -- 15,335 0.78 -- 979 0.05 -- 334,729 17.12 1,955,325 IN Iowa 10 808,906 63.75 10 451,513 35.59 -- 5,085 0.40 -- 2,882 0.23 -- 139 0.01 -- 357,393 28.17 1,268,773 IA Kansas 8 616,302 68.77 8 273,296 30.50 -- -- -- -- 6,038 0.67 -- -- -- -- 343,006 38.27 896,166 KS Kentucky 10 495,029 49.84 -- 495,729 49.91 10 336 0.03 -- 1,161 0.12 -- 893 0.09 -- - 700 - 0.07 993,148 KY Louisiana 10 306,925 47.08 -- 345,027 52.92 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- - 38,102 - 5.84 651,952 LA Maine 5 232,353 66.05 5 118,806 33.77 -- 332 0.09 -- -- -- -- 156 0.04 -- 113,547 32.28 351,786 ME Maryland 9 499,424 55.36 9 395,337 43.83 -- 7,313 0.81 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 104,087 11.54 902,074 MD Massachusetts 16 1,292,325 54.22 16 1,083,525 45.46 -- 4,636 0.19 -- 886 0.04 -- 1,957 0.08 -- 208,800 8.76 2,383,398 MA Michigan 20 1,551,529 55.44 20 1,230,657 43.97 -- 3,922 0.14 -- 10,331 0.37 -- 1,495 0.05 -- 320,872 11.47 2,798,592 MI Minnesota 11 763,211 55.33 11 608,458 44.11 -- 2,666 0.19 -- 2,147 0.16 -- 2,383 0.17 -- 154,753 11.22 1,379,483 MN Mississippi 8 112,966 39.56 -- 172,566 60.44 8 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- - 59,600 - 20.87 285,532 MS Missouri 13 959,429 50.71 13 929,830 49.14 -- 987 0.05 -- 885 0.05 -- 169 0.01 -- 29,599 1.56 1,892,062 MO Montana 157,394 59.39 106,213 40.07 -- 723 0.27 -- 548 0.21 -- -- -- -- 51,181 19.31 265,037 MT Nebraska 6 421,603 69.15 6 188,057 30.85 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 233,546 38.31 609,660 NE Nevada 50,502 61.45 31,688 38.55 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 18,814 22.89 82,190 NV New Hampshire 166,287 60.92 106,663 39.08 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 59,624 21.84 272,950 NH New Jersey 16 1,374,613 56.81 16 1,015,902 41.99 -- 5,589 0.23 -- 989 0.04 -- 5,815 0.24 -- 358,711 14.83 2,419,554 NJ New Mexico 132,170 55.39 105,661 44.28 -- 225 0.09 -- 297 0.12 -- 35 0.01 -- 26,509 11.11 238,608 NM New York 45 3,952,815 55.45 45 3,104,601 43.55 -- 64,211 0.90 -- -- -- -- 1,560 0.02 -- 848,214 11.90 7,128,241 NY North Carolina 14 558,107 46.09 -- 652,803 53.91 14 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- - 94,696 - 7.82 1,210,910 NC North Dakota 191,712 70.97 76,694 28.39 -- 344 0.13 -- 302 0.11 -- -- -- -- 115,018 42.58 270,127 ND Ohio 25 2,100,391 56.76 25 1,600,367 43.24 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 500,024 13.51 3,700,758 OH Oklahoma 8 518,045 54.59 8 430,939 45.41 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 87,106 9.18 948,984 OK Oregon 6 420,815 60.54 6 270,579 38.93 -- 3,665 0.53 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 150,236 21.61 695,059 OR Pennsylvania 32 2,415,789 52.74 32 2,146,269 46.85 -- 4,222 0.09 -- 8,951 0.20 -- 1,377 0.03 -- 269,520 5.88 4,580,969 PA Rhode Island 210,935 50.89 203,293 49.05 -- 187 0.05 -- -- -- -- 83 0.02 -- 7,642 1.84 414,498 RI South Carolina 8 168,082 49.28 -- 173,004 50.72 8 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- - 4,922 - 1.44 341,086 SC South Dakota 203,857 69.27 90,426 30.73 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 113,431 38.54 294,283 SD Tennessee 11 446,147 49.99 11 443,710 49.71 -- 885 0.10 -- 1,432 0.16 -- -- -- -- 2,437 0.27 892,553 TN Texas 24 1,102,878 53.13 24 969,228 46.69 -- 294 0.01 -- 1,983 0.10 -- -- -- -- 133,650 6.44 2,075,946 TX Utah 194,190 58.93 135,364 41.07 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 58,826 17.85 329,554 UT Vermont 109,717 71.45 43,355 28.23 -- 282 0.18 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 66,362 43.22 153,557 VT Virginia 12 349,037 56.32 12 268,677 43.36 -- 311 0.05 -- -- -- -- 1,160 0.19 -- 80,360 12.97 619,689 VA Washington 9 599,107 54.33 9 492,845 44.69 -- 2,460 0.22 -- -- -- -- 633 0.06 -- 106,262 9.64 1,102,708 WA West Virginia 8 419,970 48.08 -- 453,578 51.92 8 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- - 33,608 - 3.85 873,548 WV Wisconsin 12 979,744 60.95 12 622,175 38.71 -- 2,174 0.14 -- -- -- -- 770 0.05 -- 357,569 22.25 1,607,370 WI Wyoming 81,047 62.71 47,934 37.09 -- -- -- -- 194 0.15 -- 36 0.03 -- 33,113 25.62 129,251 WY TOTALS : 531 34,075,529 55.18 442 27,375,090 44.33 89 140,746 0.23 -- 73,412 0.12 -- 30,406 0.05 -- 6,700,439 10.85 61,751,942 US Close state races ( edit ) Election results in these states were within one percentage point ( 21 electoral votes ) : Kentucky , 0.07 % Tennessee , 0.27 % Election results in these states were within five percentage points ( 36 electoral votes ) : South Carolina , 1.44 % Missouri , 1.56 % Rhode Island , 1.84 % West Virginia , 3.85 % Delaware , 3.88 % Election results in these states were between five and ten percentage points ( 140 electoral votes ) : Louisiana , 5.84 % Pennsylvania , 5.88 % Texas , 6.44 % North Carolina , 7.82 % Massachusetts , 8.76 % Oklahoma , 9.18 % Washington , 9.64 % Illinois , 9.90 % See also ( edit ) United States House of Representatives elections , 1952 United States Senate elections , 1952 History of the United States ( 1945 -- 1964 ) First inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Voter Turnout in Presidential Elections '' . The American Presidency Project . UC Santa Barbara . Jump up ^ Sabato , Larry ; Ernst , Howard ( 2006 ) . `` Presidential Election 1952 '' . Encyclopedia of American Political Parties and Elections . Facts on File . p. 354 . Retrieved 16 November 2016 . Eisenhower , born in Texas , considered a resident of New York , and headquartered at the time in Paris , finally decided to run for the Republican nomination ... ^ Jump up to : `` The Presidents '' . uselectionatlas.org . David Leip . Retrieved January 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ James Chace ( 2008 ) . Acheson : The Secretary Of State Who Created The American World . Simon and Schuster . p. 326 . ISBN 9780684864822 . Jump up ^ ( Patterson , pp. 575 - 578 ) Jump up ^ ( Patterson , pp. 591 - 592 ) Jump up ^ ( Richard C. Bain and Judith H. Parris , Convention Decisions and Voting Records , pp. 280 - 286 ) Jump up ^ Page , Susan ( April 22 , 2008 ) . `` Disapproval of Bush breaks record '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 23 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : ( McKeever , p. 186 ) Jump up ^ `` 1952 : The Election of a Military Hero '' . The Press and the Presidency . Kennesaw State University , Department of Political Science & International Affairs . August 31 , 2001 . Retrieved November 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Robert North Roberts ; Scott John Hammond ; Valerie A. Sulfaro ( 2012 ) . Presidential Campaigns , Slogans , Issues , and Platforms . ABC - CLIO . p. 255 . ISBN 9780313380921 . Jump up ^ Smith , Peter H. ( 2007 ) ( 1996 ) . Talons of the Eagle : Dynamics of U.S. - Latin American Relations ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford University Press , USA . p. 392 . Jump up ^ Time : `` The Corruption Issue : A Pandora 's Box , '' September 24 , 1956 , accessed November 18 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : ( Abels , p. 192 ) ^ Jump up to : ( Halberstam , p. 234 ) ^ Jump up to : ( Halberstam , p. 235 ) Jump up ^ ( McCullough , p. 911 ) Jump up ^ ( Halberstam , p. 236 ) Jump up ^ ( McKeever , p. 237 ) Jump up ^ Quoted in Chester J. Pach , ed. ( 2017 ) . A Companion to Dwight D. Eisenhower . Wiley . p. 136 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Gibbs , Nancy ( November 10 , 2008 ) . `` When New President Meets Old , It 's Not Always Pretty '' . Time . Jump up ^ TIME : `` National Affairs : Public Accounting , '' October 27 , 1952 , accessed November 18 , 2010 Jump up ^ Mason , Robert ( 2013 ) . `` Citizens for Eisenhower and the Republican Party , 1951 -- 1965 '' . The Historical Journal . 56 ( 2 ) : 513 -- 536 . doi : 10.1017 / S0018246X12000593 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan , Robert David ; ' How the Red and Blue Map Evolved Over the Past Century ' ; America Magazine in The National Catholic Review ; June 29 , 2016 Jump up ^ UNIVAC : the troubled life of America 's first computer arstechnica.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1952 Presidential General Election Data -- National '' . Retrieved March 18 , 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Blake , David Haven . Liking Ike : Eisenhower , Advertising , and the Rise of Celebrity Politics ( Oxford UP , 2016 ) . xvi , 281 pp . Bowen , Michael . The roots of modern conservatism : Dewey , Taft , and the battle for the soul of the Republican party ( 2011 ) Converse , Philip E. , Warren E. Miller , Donald E. Stokes , Angus Campbell . The American Voter ( 1964 ) the classic political science study of voters in 1952 and 1956 David , Paul Theodore ( 1954 ) . Presidential nominating politics in 1952 . 5 vol of details on each region Davies , Gareth , and Julian E. Zelizer , eds . America at the Ballot Box : Elections and Political History ( 2015 ) pp. 167 - 83 , role of television . Divine , Robert A. ( 1974 ) . Foreign Policy and U.S. Presidential Elections , 1952 -- 1960 . Greene , John Robert . I Like Ike : The Presidential Election of 1952 ( 2017 ) excerpt Halberstam , David . The Fifties . New York : Fawcett Columbine. ( 1993 ) Hyman , Herbert H. and Paul B. Sheatsley . `` The political appeal of President Eisenhower '' , Public Opinion Quarterly , 17 ( 1953 -- 54 ) , pp. 443 -- 60 McCullough , David . Truman . New York : Simon & Schuster . ( 1992 ) McKeever , Porter ( 1991 ) . Adlai Stevenson : his life and legacy . Martin , John Bartlow . Adlai Stevenson of Illinois ( 1976 ) vol 1 covers his campaign in depth Parmet , Herbert S. Eisenhower and the American crusades ( 1972 ) Patterson , James T. ( 1972 ) . Mr. Republican : a biography of Robert A. Taft . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt ( HMH ) . Pickett , William B. Eisenhower decides to run : presidential politics and Cold War strategy ( 2000 ) Smith , Jean Edward . Eisenhower in War and Peace ( 2012 ) pp. 498 -- 549 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 6693 - 3 Primary sources ( edit ) Gallup , George H. , ed. ( 1972 ) . The Gallup Poll : Public Opinion , 1935 -- 1971 . 3 vols . Random House . External links ( edit ) Newsreel on Eisenhower campagn 1952 popular vote by counties 1952 State - by - state Popular vote The Decision Not to Run in 1952 , an excerpt from a Truman biography from a University of Virginia How close was the 1952 election ? -- Michael Sheppard , Massachusetts Institute of Technology The Living Room Candidate : Presidential Campaign Commercials : 1952 Eisenhower 's 1952 presidential campaign , Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library Election of 1952 in Counting the Votes `` It 's a Free Country '' . Time Magazine . September 1 , 1952 . Retrieved May 6 , 2008 . Navigation ( edit ) United States presidential elections Elections by year 1788 -- 89 1792 1796 1800 1804 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Elections by state Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington Washington , D.C. 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Bender George Theodore Mickelson Harold Stassen Robert Taft Earl Warren Democratic Party Convention Primaries Nominee Adlai Stevenson VP nominee John Sparkman Candidates Alben W. Barkley Paul A. Dever W. Averell Harriman Hubert Humphrey Estes Kefauver Robert S. Kerr Richard Russell Jr . Third party and independent candidates Prohibition Party Nominee Stuart Hamblen VP nominee Enoch A. Holtwick Progressive Party Nominee Vincent Hallinan VP nominee Charlotta Bass Socialist Labor Party Nominee Eric Hass Socialist Party Nominee Darlington Hoopes VP nominee Samuel H. Friedman Socialist Workers Party Nominee Farrell Dobbs VP nominee Myra Tanner Weiss Independents and other candidates Edward Longstreet Bodin Henry B. Krajewski Other 1952 elections : House Senate State Results of the 1952 U.S. presidential election Candidates Dwight D. Eisenhower Adlai Stevenson Vincent Hallinan Full list General articles Election timeline Democratic primaries Republican primaries Republican Convention Democratic Convention Debates Local results Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Other 1952 elections House Senate Gubernatorial Dwight D. Eisenhower 34th President of the United States ( 1953 -- 1961 ) Supreme Allied Commander Europe ( 1951 -- 1952 ) Chief of Staff of the Army ( 1945 -- 1948 ) Commander , Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force ( 1943 -- 1945 ) Military career Military career 1919 Motor Transport Corps convoy Louisiana Maneuvers Operation Torch European Theater of Operations Allied invasion of Sicily Normandy landings Operation Veritable Military Governor , U.S. Occupation Zone in Germany Disarmed Enemy Forces European Advisory Commission Supreme Commander of NATO , 1951 - 1952 Presidency Presidency 1953 inauguration 1957 inauguration Korean War Armistice 1953 Iranian coup d'état `` Chance for Peace '' speech `` Atoms for Peace '' speech Civil Rights Act of 1957 Cold War Domino theory Khrushchev , Eisenhower and De-Stalinization New Look policy 1955 Geneva Summit 1960 U-2 incident NASA DARPA National Defense Education Act Interstate Highway System Suez Crisis Eisenhower Doctrine Little Rock Nine intervention Operation 40 Farewell address / `` Military -- industrial complex '' Office of Food for Peace President 's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports People to People Student Ambassador Program State of the Union Address ( 1955 1956 1960 ) Cabinet Judicial appointments Supreme Court Books Crusade in Europe ( 1948 ) Elections Draft Eisenhower movement Republican Party presidential primaries , 1948 1952 1956 Republican National Convention , 1952 1956 United States Presidential election , 1952 1956 Legacy Birthplace Eisenhower Presidential Library , Museum , gravesite Boyhood home Eisenhower National Historic Site Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Eisenhower Executive Office Building Wichita Dwight D. Eisenhower National Airport Eisenhower Fellowships Eisenhower Institute Eisenhower Monument Eisenhower dollar commemorative U.S. Postage stamps Dwight D. Eisenhower Army Medical Center Eisenhower Medical Center Eisenhower Trophy Eisenhower Golf Club Eisenhower Theater Places named for Eisenhower Other tributes and memorials Popular culture Eisenhower jacket Eisenhower Tree Crusade in Europe ( 1949 television series ) Ike ( 1979 miniseries ) Ike : Countdown to D - Day ( 2004 film ) Pressure ( 2014 play ) Family Mamie Geneva Doud Eisenhower ( wife ) Doud Eisenhower ( son ) John Eisenhower ( son ) David Eisenhower ( grandson ) Anne Eisenhower ( granddaughter ) Susan Eisenhower ( granddaughter ) Mary Jean Eisenhower ( granddaughter ) Jennie Eisenhower ( great - granddaughter ) Ida Stover Eisenhower ( mother ) Earl D. Eisenhower ( brother ) Edgar N. Eisenhower ( brother ) Milton S. Eisenhower ( brother ) Related Eisenhower baseball controversy Camp David `` And I do n't care what it is '' Atoms for Peace Award Eddie Slovik Kay Summersby ← Harry S. Truman John F. Kennedy → Category Richard Nixon 37th President of the United States ( 1969 -- 1974 ) 36th Vice President of the United States ( 1953 -- 1961 ) U.S. Senator from California ( 1950 -- 1953 ) U.S. Representative for CA - 12 ( 1947 -- 1950 ) Presidency First inauguration Second inauguration Nixon Doctrine `` Bring Us Together '' Economic policies Nixon shock Tar Baby Option Environmental Protection Agency creation National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Space exploration 1971 National Cancer Act Vietnam War Cambodian bombing Paris Peace Accords `` Peace with Honor '' Silent majority Cold War period Linkage policy 1972 Visit to China Shanghai Communiqué Détente 1972 Moscow Summit Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty SALT I Treaty Prevention of Nuclear War Agreement Threshold Test Ban Treaty Endangered Species Act Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse War on Drugs Drug Enforcement Administration Enemies List list of opponents Operation CHAOS Watergate timeline White House tapes United States v. 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General Services Administration Death and funeral Books Six Crises ( 1962 ) Bibliography Elections United States House of Representatives elections , 1946 1948 U.S. Senate election , 1950 California gubernatorial election , 1962 Republican Party presidential primaries , 1960 1964 1968 1972 Republican National Conventions , 1952 1956 1960 1968 1972 Nixon Presidential campaign , 1968 United States presidential elections , 1952 1956 1960 debates 1968 1972 Popular culture Nixon goes to China ( phrase ) Millhouse ( 1971 film ) Four More Years ( 1972 film ) All the President 's Men ( 1976 film ) White House Madness ( 1975 film ) Nixon in China ( 1987 opera ) Nixon ( 1995 film ) Elvis Meets Nixon ( 1997 film ) Dick ( 1999 film ) The Frost - Nixon Interviews ( 2006 play , 2008 film ) Our Nixon ( 2013 film ) U.S. Postage stamp Related Presidential Recordings and Materials Preservation Act Presidential Townhouse Staff Colonel Jack Brennan ( aide de camp ) Manolo Sanchez ( valet ) Rose Mary Woods ( secretary ) Family Thelma `` Pat '' Ryan Nixon ( wife ) Tricia Nixon Cox ( daughter ) Julie Nixon Eisenhower ( daughter ) Frank Nixon ( father ) Hannah Nixon ( mother ) Donald Nixon ( brother ) Edward Nixon ( brother ) Donald A. Nixon ( nephew ) Christopher Nixon Cox ( grandson ) Jennie Eisenhower ( granddaughter ) ← Lyndon B. Johnson Gerald Ford → Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election,_1952&oldid=803148395 '' Categories : United States presidential election , 1952 History of the United States ( 1945 -- 64 ) Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower Richard Nixon November 1952 events Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Use mdy dates from November 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax Elections using electoral votes Talk Navigation Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Kiswahili Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 September 2017 , at 19 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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who ran against eisenhower in the 1952 election

Nominee Dwight D. Eisenhower Adlai Stevenson

Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2017 - wikipedia Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2017 Jump to : navigation , search Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Li'l Champs 2017 सुरों का दंगल Suron Ka Dangal Created by Zee TV , Gajendra Singh Presented by Aditya Narayan Judges Himesh Reshammiya Javed Ali Neha Kakkar Country of origin India Original language ( s ) Hindi No. of episodes 71 Production Producer ( s ) Essel Vision Productions Running time 60 - 120 minutes Release Original network Zee TV Picture format 576i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release February 25 , 2017 -- 29 October 2017 Chronology Preceded by Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2014 Related shows Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs External links Website www.ozee.com/shows/sa-re-ga-ma-pa-lil-champs-2017 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2017 ( stylised as Saregamapa Li'l Champs ) is a singing competition television series , which premiered on February 25 , 2017 on Zee TV . The series airs every Saturday and Sunday nights at 9 pm . In a ' Back to School ' format that lends itself to a spirited atmosphere of camaraderie and fun , the L'il Champs will represent their schools . For the first time in L'il Champs , they have incorporated the format created for Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2016 . There is a 30 - member Grand Jury which grades the contestants and the average percentage of their scores is displayed . Himesh Reshammiya , Neha Kakkar & Javed Ali are the mentors in the show , whereas Aditya Narayan is the host . The show went off air on 29 october 2017 . With GREAT GRAND FINALE JAIPUR Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 2 Grand Jury 3 Top 15 Contestants 4 References Format Children aged 5 - 14 years participate in a singing competition . In the auditions round , they have 100 seconds to impress the three judges and the 30 - members of the grand jury . If two of the three judges say YES and they secure at least 50 per cent of the support of the Grand Jury , then the contestant progresses to the next round . In the Gala round , the judges select the ' Student of the Week ' who is the best performer according to them . The contestant gets to sit on a ' flying sofa ' , which indicates that the contestant is safe from next week 's elimination . The audience vote will come in later in the competition . The contestant with the highest votes in the final round will win the competition . Grand jury The show has a panel of 30 jury members who are experts from the music industry . They closely assess the contestants from the audition stage wherein they help the mentors in the selection process and are present in the show during the studio rounds too . Some of them are : Pandit Ajay Pohankar ( Classical maestro ) Ami Mishra ( singer , composer ) Amit Mishra ( singer ) Aneek Dhar ( singer , winner of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2007 ) Arpita Mukherjee ( singer ) , winner of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa : Golden Voice Hunt ) Arvinder Singh ( singer ) Asees Kaur ( singer ) Bhavya Pandit ( singer ) Chintu Singh ( guitarist ) Debojit Saha ( singer , winner of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2005 ) Earl Edgar URL ( rapper , singer ) Eric Pillai ( mixing engineer & music producer ) Ghanshyam Vaswani ( singer ) Hamsika Iyer ( singer ) Hrishikesh Chury ( singer ) Jalees Sherwani ( lyricist ) Jasraj Jayant Joshi ( singer , winner of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2012 ) Jolly Mukherjee ( singer ) Kamal Khan ( singer , winner of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Singing Superstar ) Kiran Kamath ( music producer , DJ ) Manasi Scott ( singer , songwriter ) Murtaza Khan ( singer ) Nandini Srikar ( singer ) Nikhil Paul George ( singer , record producer & composer ) Padma Wadkar ( singer , winner of the first series of Sa Re Ga Ma in 1995 ) DJ Paroma ( celebrity DJ ) Pavni Pandey ( singer ) Prashant Ingole ( lyricist ) Raja Hasan ( singer , contestant on Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2007 ) Ram Shankar ( singer & composer ) Raman Mahadevan ( singer ) Ranjeet Rajwada ( singer , contestant on Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Singing Superstar ) Ronu Majumdar ( flautist ) Sachin Kumar Valmiki ( singer ) Sandeep Batraa ( singer , contestant on Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2005 and Fame Gurukul ) Sarfraz Ahmed Khan ( Sufi maestro ) Shabbir Ahmed ( lyricist ) Shamsher Singh ( composer , brother of Daler Mehndi and Mika Singh ) Shashi Suman ( singer & composer ) Shibani Kashyap ( singer ) Shriram Iyer ( singer ) Sumedha Karmahe ( singer , contestant on Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2007 ) Suzanne D'Mello ( singer ) Vaishali Made ( singer , winner of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2009 ) Dr. Vinod Hasal ( Kathak exponent ) Vipin Aneja ( singer ) Yashita Yashpal Sharma ( singer , contestant on Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2009 ) Top 15 contestants Contestant Age ( in years ) From ( hide ) Result Adnan Hussain Sabri 12 Mumbai Maharashtra eliminated Dhroon Tickoo 11 Amritsar Punjab Runner - up Jasu Khan Mir 13 Rajasthan eliminated Rajashree Bag 14 Kolkata West Bengal eliminated Riya Biswas 13 Kolkata West Bengal Runner - up Saimann Sewa 13 Siliguri eliminated Satyajeet Jena 12 Bhubaneshwar Odisha Quits on June 24 , 2017 Shaktiswaroopa Panda 9 Odisha eliminated Shanmukhapriya 14 Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh Runner - up Shreyan Bhattacharya 11 Midnapur West Bengal Winner Sonakshi Kar 13 Kolkata West Bengal Runner - up Tanya Tiwari 13 Varanasi Uttar Pradesh Eliminated Utkarsh Wankhede 11 Nagpur Maharashtra Eliminated Yumna Ajin 11 Kerala Runner - up Jayas Kumar Delhi Runner - up Jayas Kumar , a 5 - year - old boy from Delhi is a special non-competitive participant of the show retained only for his entertainment quotient . References Jump up ^ Zee TV - Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2017 Jump up ^ Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2017 - Format Jump up ^ Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2017 - Grand Jury Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2005 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Ek Main Aur Ek Tu Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2007 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2009 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Mega Challenge Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Singing Superstar Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2012 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs International Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2009 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2011 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2014 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2017 Regional shows Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Marathi L'il Champs Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge USA 2008 Zee Tamil Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2009 Challenge Programs currently broadcast by Zee TV Soap Opera Aisi Deewangi Dekhi Nahi Kahi Bin Kuch Kahe Kumkum Bhagya Kundali Bhagya Piyaa Albela Sethji Woh Apna Sa Zindagi Ki Mahek Jeet Gayi Toh Piya Morey ( TV Series ) Reality Show Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Weekends Show Fear Files Reality television shows in India Adventure Fear Factor India ( Fear Factor : Khatron Ke Khiladi ) Survivor India Comedy Comedy Circus Comedy Nights Bachao Comedy Nights Live Comedy Nights with Kapil Majaa Talkies Comedy Superstars Laugh India Laugh Lunars Comedy Express Mirakkel The Great Indian Laughter Challenge The Kapil Sharma Show Dance D 4 Dance Dance Bangla Dance Dance India Dance Dance Plus Dance Champions Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa Jodi Number One Just Dance Nach Baliye Food Dhe Chef Foodistan MasterChef India Game 10 Ka Dum India Poochega Sabse Shaana Kaun ? Kaiyil Oru Kodi - Are You Ready ? Kannadada Kotyadhipati Kaun Banega Crorepati Minute To Win It Neengalum Vellalam Oru Kodi Ningalkkum Aakaam Kodeeshwaran Music Antakshari Intercollegiate Championship Bol Baby Bol Asianet Super Voice Quiz Bournvita Quiz Contest Dadagiri Unlimited Disney Q Family Mastermind Jabab Kinte Chai Kya Aap Paanchvi Pass Se Tez Hain ? Quizzing in India Sell Me the Answer Thatt Antha Heli Singing Airtel Super Singer Airtel Super Singer Junior Idea Star Singer Indian Idol Sa Re Ga Ma Pa ( Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs ) * Voice of India Lip Sing Battle Others Bigg Boss Bigg Boss Bangla Bigg Boss Tamil Bigg Boss Kannada Bigg Boss Telugu Biggest Loser Jeetega Lead India Malayalee House National Bingo Night Roadies Sacch Ka Saamna Zee 20 Cricket League Defunct Ad Mad Show Antakshari -- The Great Challenge Baazi Kiski Biggest Loser Jeetega Boogie Woogie Champions of the World Dance Premier League Deal Ya No Deal Fame X Idea Star Singer India 's Magic Star Jo Jeeta Wohi Super Star Junoon Lead India Mastermind India National Bingo Night Sawaal Dus Crore Ka Titan Antakshari Zee Cinestars Zor Ka Jhatka Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sa_Re_Ga_Ma_Pa_L%27il_Champs_2017&oldid=808120367 '' Categories : Indian reality television series Indian game shows 2010s Indian television series Hindi - language television programs Music competitions in India Singing talent shows Television shows set in Mumbai Zee TV television series Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2017 Wikipedia semi-protected pages Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 November 2017 , at 00 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who won sa re ga ma pa little champs 2017

Contestant Age ( in years ) From ( hide ) Result Adnan Hussain Sabri 12 Mumbai Maharashtra eliminated Dhroon Tickoo 11 Amritsar Punjab Runner - up Jasu Khan Mir 13 Rajasthan eliminated Rajashree Bag 14 Kolkata West Bengal eliminated Riya Biswas 13 Kolkata West Bengal Runner - up Saimann Sewa 13 Siliguri eliminated Satyajeet Jena 12 Bhubaneshwar Odisha Quits on June 24 , 2017 Shaktiswaroopa Panda 9 Odisha eliminated Shanmukhapriya 14 Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh Runner - up Shreyan Bhattacharya 11 Midnapur West Bengal Winner Sonakshi Kar 13 Kolkata West Bengal Runner - up Tanya Tiwari 13 Varanasi Uttar Pradesh Eliminated Utkarsh Wankhede 11 Nagpur Maharashtra Eliminated Yumna Ajin 11 Kerala Runner - up Jayas Kumar Delhi Runner - up

United States Congress - wikipedia United States Congress Jump to : navigation , search For the current Congress , see 115th United States Congress . For the building , see United States Capitol . United States Congress 115th United States Congress Type Type Bicameral Houses Senate House of Representatives History Founded March 4 , 1789 ( 228 years ago ) ( 1789 - 03 - 04 ) Preceded by Congress of the Confederation New session started January 3 , 2017 Leadership President of the Senate & Vice President Mike Pence ( R ) Since January 20 , 2017 Speaker of the House of Representatives Paul Ryan ( R ) Since October 29 , 2015 President pro tempore of the Senate Orrin Hatch ( R ) Since January 6 , 2015 Structure Seats 535 voting members 100 senators 435 representatives 6 non-voting members Senate political groups Republican ( 51 ) Democratic ( 47 ) Independent ( 2 ) ( caucusing with Democrats ) House of Representatives political groups Republican ( 239 ) Democratic ( 193 ) Vacant ( 3 ) Elections Senate last election November 8 , 2016 House of Representatives last election November 8 , 2016 Meeting place United States Capitol Washington , D.C. , United States Website www.congress.gov This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts United States Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States consisting of two chambers : the Senate and the House of Representatives . The Congress meets in the United States Capitol in Washington , D.C . Both senators and representatives are chosen through direct election , though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a gubernatorial appointment . Congress has 535 voting members : 435 Representatives and 100 Senators . The House of Representatives has six non-voting members representing Puerto Rico , American Samoa , Guam , the Northern Mariana Islands , the U.S. Virgin Islands , and Washington , D.C. in addition to its 435 voting members . Although they can not vote , these members can sit on congressional committees and introduce legislation . The members of the House of Representatives serve two - year terms representing the people of a single constituency , known as a `` district '' . Congressional districts are apportioned to states by population using the United States Census results , provided that each state has at least one congressional representative . Each state , regardless of population or size , has two senators . Currently , there are 100 senators representing the 50 states . Each senator is elected at - large in their state for a six - year term , with terms staggered , so every two years approximately one - third of the Senate is up for election . To be eligible for election , a candidate must be aged at least 25 ( House ) or 30 ( Senate ) , have been a citizen of the United States for seven ( House ) or nine ( Senate ) years , and be an inhabitant of the state which they represent . The Congress was created by the Constitution of the United States and first met in 1789 , replacing in its legislative function the Congress of the Confederation . Although not constitutionally mandated , in practice since the 19th century , Congress members are typically affiliated to the Republican Party or to the Democratic Party and only rarely to a third party or as independents . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 History 2.1 1780s -- 1820s : The formative era 2.2 1830s -- 1900s : The partisan era 2.3 1910s -- 1960s : The committee era 2.4 1970s -- present : The contemporary era 3 Congress in the United States government 3.1 Powers of Congress 3.1. 1 Overview of congressional power 3.1. 2 Enumerated powers 3.1. 3 Implied powers and the commerce clause 3.1. 4 Territorial Government 3.2 Checks and balances 4 Structure 4.1 Committees 4.1. 1 Specializations 4.1. 2 Power 4.1. 3 Officer 4.2 Support services 4.2. 1 Library of Congress 4.2. 2 Congressional Research Service 4.2. 3 Congressional Budget Office 4.2. 4 Lobbyists 4.2. 5 United States Capitol Police 4.3 Partisanship versus bipartisanship 5 Procedures of Congress 5.1 Sessions 5.2 Joint sessions 5.3 Bills and resolutions 6 Congress and the public 6.1 Advantage of incumbency 6.1. 1 Citizens and representatives 6.1. 2 Expensive campaigns 6.1. 3 Television and negative advertising 6.1. 4 Public perceptions of Congress 6.2 Smaller states and bigger states 6.3 Members and constituents 6.4 Congressional style 7 Privileges and pay 7.1 Privileges protecting members 7.2 Pay and benefits 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Overview ( edit ) Play media Overview of the United States legislative process , as explained by the Library of Congress In 1868 , this committee of representatives prosecuted president Andrew Johnson in his impeachment trial , but the Senate did not convict him . Article One of the United States Constitution states , `` All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States , which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives . '' The House and Senate are equal partners in the legislative process -- legislation can not be enacted without the consent of both chambers . However , the Constitution grants each chamber some unique powers . The Senate ratifies treaties and approves presidential appointments while the House initiates revenue - raising bills . The House initiates impeachment cases , while the Senate decides impeachment cases . A two - thirds vote of the Senate is required before an impeached person can be forcibly removed from office . The term Congress can also refer to a particular meeting of the legislature . A Congress covers two years ; the current one , the 115th Congress , began on January 3 , 2017 , and will end on January 3 , 2019 . The Congress starts and ends on the third day of January of every odd - numbered year . Members of the Senate are referred to as senators ; members of the House of Representatives are referred to as representatives , congressmen , or congresswomen . Scholar and representative Lee H. Hamilton asserted that the `` historic mission of Congress has been to maintain freedom '' and insisted it was a `` driving force in American government '' and a `` remarkably resilient institution '' . Congress is the `` heart and soul of our democracy '' , according to this view , even though legislators rarely achieve the prestige or name recognition of presidents or Supreme Court justices ; one wrote that `` legislators remain ghosts in America 's historical imagination '' . One analyst argues that it is not a solely reactive institution but has played an active role in shaping government policy and is extraordinarily sensitive to public pressure . Several academics described Congress : Congress reflects us in all our strengths and all our weaknesses . It reflects our regional idiosyncrasies , our ethnic , religious , and racial diversity , our multitude of professions , and our shadings of opinion on everything from the value of war to the war over values . Congress is the government 's most representative body ... Congress is essentially charged with reconciling our many points of view on the great public policy issues of the day . -- Smith , Roberts , and Wielen Congress is constantly changing and is constantly in flux . In recent times , the American south and west have gained House seats according to demographic changes recorded by the census and includes more minorities and women although both groups are still underrepresented , according to one view . While power balances among the different parts of government continue to change , the internal structure of Congress is important to understand along with its interactions with so - called intermediary institutions such as political parties , civic associations , interest groups , and the mass media . The Congress of the United States serves two distinct purposes that overlap : local representation to the federal government of a congressional district by representatives and a state 's at - large representation to the federal government by senators . Most incumbents seek re-election , and their historical likelihood of winning subsequent elections exceeds 90 percent . The historical records of the House of Representatives and the Senate are maintained by the Center for Legislative Archives , which is a part of the National Archives and Records Administration . Congress is directly responsible for the governing of the District of Columbia , the current seat of the federal government . History ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States Congress The First Continental Congress was a gathering of representatives from twelve of the thirteen British Colonies in North America . On July 4 , 1776 , the Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence , referring to the new nation as the `` United States of America '' . The Articles of Confederation in 1781 created the Congress of the Confederation , a unicameral body with equal representation among the states in which each state had a veto over most decisions . Congress had executive but not legislative authority , and the federal judiciary was confined to admiralty. and lacked authority to collect taxes , regulate commerce , or enforce laws . George Washington presiding over the signing of the United States Constitution . Government powerlessness led to the Convention of 1787 which proposed a revised constitution with a two -- chamber or bicameral congress . Smaller states argued for equal representation for each state . The two - chamber structure had functioned well in state governments . A compromise plan was adopted with representatives chosen by population ( benefiting larger states ) and exactly two senators chosen by state governments ( benefiting smaller states ) . The ratified constitution created a federal structure with two overlapping power centers so that each citizen as an individual was subjected to both the power of state government and the national government . To protect against abuse of power , each branch of government -- executive , legislative , and judicial -- had a separate sphere of authority and could check other branches according to the principle of the separation of powers . Furthermore , there were checks and balances within the legislature since there were two separate chambers . The new government became active in 1789 . Political scientist Julian E. Zelizer suggested there were four main congressional eras , with considerable overlap , and included the formative era ( 1780s -- 1820s ) , the partisan era ( 1830s -- 1900s ) , the committee era ( 1910s -- 1960s ) , and the contemporary era ( 1970s -- today ) . 1780s -- 1820s : the formative era ( edit ) Federalists and anti-federalists jostled for power in the early years as political parties became pronounced , surprising the Constitution 's Founding Fathers of the United States . With the passage of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights , the Anti-Federalist movement was exhausted . Some activists joined the Anti-Administration Party that James Madison and Thomas Jefferson were forming about 1790 -- 91 to oppose policies of Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton ; it soon became the Democratic - Republican Party or the Jeffersonian Democrat Party and began the era of the First Party System . Thomas Jefferson 's election to the presidency marked a peaceful transition of power between the parties in 1800 . John Marshall , 4th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court empowered the courts by establishing the principle of judicial review in law in the landmark case Marbury v. Madison in 1803 , effectively giving the Supreme Court a power to nullify congressional legislation . 1830s -- 1900s : the partisan era ( edit ) These years were marked by growth in the power of political parties . The watershed event was the Civil War which resolved the slavery issue and unified the nation under federal authority , but weakened the power of states rights . The Gilded Age ( 1877 -- 1901 ) was marked by Republican dominance of Congress . During this time , lobbying activity became more intense , particularly during the administration of President Ulysses S. Grant in which influential lobbies advocated for railroad subsidies and tariffs on wool . Immigration and high birth rates swelled the ranks of citizens and the nation grew at a rapid pace . The Progressive Era was characterized by strong party leadership in both houses of Congress as well as calls for reform ; sometimes reformers would attack lobbyists as corrupting politics . The position of Speaker of the House became extremely powerful under leaders such as Thomas Reed in 1890 and Joseph Gurney Cannon . The Senate was effectively controlled by a half dozen men . 1910s -- 1960s : the committee era ( edit ) United States Congress meeting , c. 1915 The United States Capitol A system of seniority -- in which long - time Members of Congress gained more and more power -- encouraged politicians of both parties to serve for long terms . Committee chairmen remained influential in both houses until the reforms of the 1970s . Important structural changes included the direct election of senators by popular election according to the Seventeenth Amendment , ratified in April 8 , 1913 , with positive effects ( senators more sensitive to public opinion ) and negative effects ( undermining the authority of state governments ) . Supreme Court decisions based on the Constitution 's commerce clause expanded congressional power to regulate the economy . One effect of popular election of senators was to reduce the difference between the House and Senate in terms of their link to the electorate . Lame duck reforms according to the Twentieth Amendment ended the power of defeated and retiring members of Congress to wield influence despite their lack of accountability . The Great Depression ushered in President Franklin Roosevelt and strong control by Democrats and historic New Deal policies . Roosevelt 's election in 1932 marked a shift in government power towards the executive branch . Numerous New Deal initiatives came from the White House rather than being initiated by Congress . The Democratic Party controlled both houses of Congress for many years . During this time , Republicans and conservative southern Democrats formed the Conservative Coalition . Democrats maintained control of Congress during World War II . Congress struggled with efficiency in the postwar era partly by reducing the number of standing congressional committees . Southern Democrats became a powerful force in many influential committees although political power alternated between Republicans and Democrats during these years . More complex issues required greater specialization and expertise , such as space flight and atomic energy policy . Senator Joseph McCarthy exploited the fear of communism and conducted televised hearings . In 1960 , Democratic candidate John F. Kennedy narrowly won the presidency and power shifted again to the Democrats who dominated both houses of Congress until 1994 . 1970s -- present : the contemporary era ( edit ) Historical graph of party control of the Senate , House , and Presidency . Since 1980 , the Democrats have held the Presidency for four terms , but because of the Senate filibuster , have only been able to freely legislate in two years . The Republicans have been similarly disabled . Congress enacted Johnson 's Great Society program to fight poverty and hunger . The Watergate Scandal had a powerful effect of waking up a somewhat dormant Congress which investigated presidential wrongdoing and coverups ; the scandal `` substantially reshaped '' relations between the branches of government , suggested political scientist Bruce J. Schulman . Partisanship returned , particularly after 1994 ; one analyst attributes partisan infighting to slim congressional majorities which discouraged friendly social gatherings in meeting rooms such as the Board of Education . Congress began reasserting its authority . Lobbying became a big factor despite the 1971 Federal Election Campaign Act . Political action committees or PACs could make substantive donations to congressional candidates via such means as soft money contributions . While soft money funds were not given to specific campaigns for candidates , the money often benefited candidates substantially in an indirect way and helped reelect candidates . Reforms such as the 2002 McCain - Feingold act limited campaign donations but did not limit soft money contributions . One source suggests post-Watergate laws amended in 1974 meant to reduce the `` influence of wealthy contributors and end payoffs '' instead `` legitimized PACs '' since they `` enabled individuals to band together in support of candidates '' . From 1974 to 1984 , PACs grew from 608 to 3,803 and donations leaped from $12.5 million to $120 million along with concern over PAC influence in Congress . In 2009 , there were 4,600 business , labor and special - interest PACs including ones for lawyers , electricians , and real estate brokers . From 2007 to 2008 , 175 members of Congress received `` half or more of their campaign cash '' from PACs . From 1970 to 2009 , the House expanded delegates , along with their powers and privileges representing U.S. citizens in non-state areas , beginning with representation on committees for Puerto Rico 's Resident Commissioner in 1970 . In 1971 , a delegate for the District of Columbia was authorized , and in 1972 new delegate positions were established for U.S. Virgin Islands and Guam. 1978 saw an additional delegate for American Samoa , and another for the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands began in 2009 . These six Members of Congress enjoy floor privileges to introduce bills and resolutions , and in recent congresses they vote in permanent and select committees , in party caucuses and in joint conferences with the Senate . They have Capitol Hill offices , staff and two annual appointments to each of the four military academies . While their votes are constitutional when Congress authorizes their House Committee of the Whole votes , recent Congresses have not allowed for that , and they can not vote when the House is meeting as the House of Representatives . In the late 20th century , the media became more important in Congress 's work . Analyst Michael Schudson suggested that greater publicity undermined the power of political parties and caused `` more roads to open up in Congress for individual representatives to influence decisions '' . Norman Ornstein suggested that media prominence led to a greater emphasis on the negative and sensational side of Congress , and referred to this as the tabloidization of media coverage . Others saw pressure to squeeze a political position into a thirty - second soundbite . A report characterized Congress in 2013 as being unproductive , gridlocked , and `` setting records for futility '' . In October 2013 , with Congress unable to compromise , the government was shut down for several weeks and risked a serious default on debt payments , causing 60 % of the public to say they would `` fire every member of Congress '' including their own representative . One report suggested Congress posed the `` biggest risk to the US economy '' because of its brinksmanship , `` down - to - the - wire budget and debt crises '' and `` indiscriminate spending cuts '' , resulting in slowed economic activity and keeping up to two million people unemployed . There has been increasing public dissatisfaction with Congress , with extremely low approval ratings which dropped to 5 % in October 2013 . Congress in the United States government ( edit ) Powers of Congress ( edit ) Main article : Powers of the United States Congress Overview of congressional power ( edit ) Congress 's `` power of the purse '' authorizes taxing citizens , spending money , and printing currency . Article I of the Constitution creates and sets forth the structure and most of the powers of Congress . Sections One through Six describe how Congress is elected and gives each House the power to create its own structure . Section Seven lays out the process for creating laws , and Section Eight enumerates numerous powers . Section Nine is a list of powers Congress does not have , and Section Ten enumerates powers of the state , some of which may only be granted by Congress . Constitutional amendments have granted Congress additional powers . Congress also has implied powers derived from the Constitution 's Necessary and Proper Clause . Congress has authority over financial and budgetary policy through the enumerated power to `` lay and collect Taxes , Duties , Imposts and Excises , to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States '' . There is vast authority over budgets , although analyst Eric Patashnik suggested that much of Congress 's power to manage the budget has been lost when the welfare state expanded since `` entitlements were institutionally detached from Congress 's ordinary legislative routine and rhythm '' . Another factor leading to less control over the budget was a Keynesian belief that balanced budgets were unnecessary . The Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 extended congressional power of taxation to include income taxes without apportionment among the several States , and without regard to any census or enumeration . The Constitution also grants Congress the exclusive power to appropriate funds , and this power of the purse is one of Congress 's primary checks on the executive branch . Congress can borrow money on the credit of the United States , regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the states , and coin money . Generally , both the Senate and the House of Representatives have equal legislative authority , although only the House may originate revenue and appropriation bills . Congress authorizes defense spending such as the purchase of the USS Bon Homme Richard ( CV - 31 ) . Congress has an important role in national defense , including the exclusive power to declare war , to raise and maintain the armed forces , and to make rules for the military . Some critics charge that the executive branch has usurped Congress 's constitutionally defined task of declaring war . While historically presidents initiated the process for going to war , they asked for and received formal war declarations from Congress for the War of 1812 , the Mexican -- American War , the Spanish -- American War , World War I , and World War II , although President Theodore Roosevelt 's military move into Panama in 1903 did not get congressional approval . In the early days after the North Korean invasion of 1950 , President Truman described the American response as a `` police action '' . According to Time magazine in 1970 , `` U.S. presidents ( had ) ordered troops into position or action without a formal congressional declaration a total of 149 times . '' In 1993 , Michael Kinsley wrote that `` Congress 's war power has become the most flagrantly disregarded provision in the Constitution , '' and that the `` real erosion ( of Congress 's war power ) began after World War II . '' Disagreement about the extent of congressional versus presidential power regarding war has been present periodically throughout the nation 's history . '' Congress can establish post offices and post roads , issue patents and copyrights , fix standards of weights and measures , establish Courts inferior to the Supreme Court , and `` make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers , and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States , or in any Department or Officer thereof . '' Article Four gives Congress the power to admit new states into the Union . Congress oversees other government branches , for example , the Senate Watergate Committee , investigating President Nixon and Watergate , in 1973 -- 74 . One of Congress 's foremost non-legislative functions is the power to investigate and oversee the executive branch . Congressional oversight is usually delegated to committees and is facilitated by Congress 's subpoena power . Some critics have charged that Congress has in some instances failed to do an adequate job of overseeing the other branches of government . In the Plame affair , critics including Representative Henry A. Waxman charged that Congress was not doing an adequate job of oversight in this case . There have been concerns about congressional oversight of executive actions such as warrantless wiretapping , although others respond that Congress did investigate the legality of presidential decisions . Political scientists Ornstein and Mann suggested that oversight functions do not help members of Congress win reelection . Congress also has the exclusive power of removal , allowing impeachment and removal of the president , federal judges and other federal officers . There have been charges that presidents acting under the doctrine of the unitary executive have assumed important legislative and budgetary powers that should belong to Congress . So - called signing statements are one way in which a president can `` tip the balance of power between Congress and the White House a little more in favor of the executive branch , '' according to one account . Past presidents , including Ronald Reagan , George H.W. Bush , Bill Clinton , and George W. Bush have made public statements when signing congressional legislation about how they understand a bill or plan to execute it , and commentators including the American Bar Association have described this practice as against the spirit of the Constitution . There have been concerns that presidential authority to cope with financial crises is eclipsing the power of Congress . In 2008 , George F. Will called the Capitol building a `` tomb for the antiquated idea that the legislative branch matters . '' Enumerated powers ( edit ) Main article : Powers of the United States Congress The Constitution enumerates the powers of Congress in detail . In addition , other congressional powers have been granted , or confirmed , by constitutional amendments . The Thirteenth ( 1865 ) , Fourteenth ( 1868 ) , and Fifteenth Amendments ( 1870 ) gave Congress authority to enact legislation to enforce rights of African Americans , including voting rights , due process , and equal protection under the law . Generally militia forces are controlled by state governments , not Congress . Implied powers and the commerce Clause ( edit ) Congress also has implied powers deriving from the Constitution 's Necessary and Proper Clause which permit Congress to `` make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers , and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States , or in any Department or Officer thereof . '' Broad interpretations of this clause and of the Commerce Clause , the enumerated power to regulate commerce , in rulings such as McCulloch v Maryland , have effectively widened the scope of Congress 's legislative authority far beyond that prescribed in Section 8 . Territorial government ( edit ) Main article : Territories of the United States Constitutional responsibility for the oversight of Washington , D.C. , the federal district and national capital and the U.S. territories of Guam , American Samoa , Puerto Rico , the U.S. Virgin Islands , and the Northern Mariana Islands rests with Congress . The republican form of government in territories is devolved by Congressional statute to the respective territories including direct election of governors , the D.C. mayor and locally elective territorial legislatures . Each territory and Washington , D.C. elect a non-voting delegate to the U.S. House of Representatives as they have throughout Congressional history . They `` possess the same powers as other members of the House , except that they may not vote when the House is meeting as the House of Representatives . '' They are assigned offices and allowances for staff , participate in debate , and appoint constituents to the four military service academies for the Army , Navy , Air Force and Coast Guard . Washington , D.C. citizens alone among U.S. territories have the right to directly vote for the President of the United States , although the Democratic and Republican political parties nominate their presidential candidates at national conventions which include delegates from the five major territories . Checks and balances ( edit ) Main article : U.S. Congress in relation to the president and Supreme Court View of the United States Capitol from the United States Supreme Court building . Representative Lee H. Hamilton explained how Congress functions within the federal government : To me the key to understanding it is balance . The founders went to great lengths to balance institutions against each other -- balancing powers among the three branches : Congress , the president , and the Supreme Court ; between the House of Representatives and the Senate ; between the federal government and the states ; among states of different sizes and regions with different interests ; between the powers of government and the rights of citizens , as spelled out in the Bill of Rights ... No one part of government dominates the other . The Constitution provides checks and balances among the three branches of the federal government . Its authors expected the greater power to lie with Congress as described in Article One . The influence of Congress on the presidency has varied from period to period depending on factors such as congressional leadership , presidential political influence , historical circumstances such as war , and individual initiative by members of Congress . The impeachment of Andrew Johnson made the presidency less powerful than Congress for a considerable period afterwards . The 20th and 21st centuries have seen the rise of presidential power under politicians such as Theodore Roosevelt , Woodrow Wilson , Franklin D. Roosevelt , Richard Nixon , Ronald Reagan , and George W. Bush . However , in recent years , Congress has restricted presidential power with laws such as the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 and the War Powers Resolution . Nevertheless , the Presidency remains considerably more powerful today than during the 19th century . Executive branch officials are often loath to reveal sensitive information to members of Congress because of concern that information could not be kept secret ; in return , knowing they may be in the dark about executive branch activity , congressional officials are more likely to distrust their counterparts in executive agencies . Many government actions require fast coordinated effort by many agencies , and this is a task that Congress is ill - suited for . Congress is slow , open , divided , and not well matched to handle more rapid executive action or do a good job of overseeing such activity , according to one analysis . The impeachment trial of President Clinton in 1999 , Chief Justice William Rehnquist presiding . The Constitution concentrates removal powers in the Congress by empowering and obligating the House of Representatives to impeach both executive and judicial officials for `` Treason , Bribery , or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors . '' Impeachment is a formal accusation of unlawful activity by a civil officer or government official . The Senate is constitutionally empowered and obligated to try all impeachments . A simple majority in the House is required to impeach an official ; however , a two - thirds majority in the Senate is required for conviction . A convicted official is automatically removed from office ; in addition , the Senate may stipulate that the defendant be banned from holding office in the future . Impeachment proceedings may not inflict more than this ; however , a convicted party may face criminal penalties in a normal court of law . In the history of the United States , the House of Representatives has impeached sixteen officials , of whom seven were convicted . Another resigned before the Senate could complete the trial . Only two presidents have ever been impeached : Andrew Johnson in 1868 and Bill Clinton in 1999 . Both trials ended in acquittal ; in Johnson 's case , the Senate fell one vote short of the two - thirds majority required for conviction . In 1974 , Richard Nixon resigned from office after impeachment proceedings in the House Judiciary Committee indicated he would eventually be removed from office . The Senate has an important check on the executive power by confirming Cabinet officials , judges , and other high officers `` by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate . '' It confirms most presidential nominees but rejections are not uncommon . Furthermore , treaties negotiated by the President must be ratified by a two - thirds majority vote in the Senate to take effect . As a result , presidential arm - twisting of senators can happen before a key vote ; for example , President Obama 's secretary of state , Hillary Clinton , urged her former senate colleagues to approve a nuclear arms treaty with Russia in 2010 . The House of Representatives has no formal role in either the ratification of treaties or the appointment of federal officials , other than in filling a vacancy in the office of the vice president ; in such a case , a majority vote in each House is required to confirm a president 's nomination of a vice president . In 1803 , the Supreme Court established judicial review of federal legislation in Marbury v. Madison , holding , however , that Congress could not grant unconstitutional power to the Court itself . The Constitution does not explicitly state that the courts may exercise judicial review ; however , the notion that courts could declare laws unconstitutional was envisioned by the founding fathers . Alexander Hamilton , for example , mentioned and expounded upon the doctrine in Federalist No. 78 . Originalists on the Supreme Court have argued that if the constitution does not say something explicitly it is unconstitutional to infer what it should , might or could have said . Judicial review means that the Supreme Court can nullify a congressional law . It is a huge check by the courts on the legislative authority and limits congressional power substantially . In 1857 , for example , the Supreme Court struck down provisions of a congressional act of 1820 in its Dred Scott decision . At the same time , the Supreme Court can extend congressional power through its constitutional interpretations . Investigations are conducted to gather information on the need for future legislation , to test the effectiveness of laws already passed , and to inquire into the qualifications and performance of members and officials of the other branches . Committees may hold hearings , and , if necessary , compel individuals to testify when investigating issues over which it has the power to legislate by issuing subpoenas . Witnesses who refuse to testify may be cited for contempt of Congress , and those who testify falsely may be charged with perjury . Most committee hearings are open to the public ( the House and Senate intelligence committees are the exception ) ; important hearings are widely reported in the mass media and transcripts published a few months afterwards . Congress , in the course of studying possible laws and investigating matters , generates an incredible amount of information in various forms , and can be described as a publisher . Indeed , it publishes House and Senate reports and maintains databases which are updated irregularly with publications in a variety of electronic formats . Congress also plays a role in presidential elections . Both Houses meet in joint session on the sixth day of January following a presidential election to count the electoral votes , and there are procedures to follow if no candidate wins a majority . The main result of congressional activity is the creation of laws , most of which are contained in the United States Code , arranged by subject matter alphabetically under fifty title headings to present the laws `` in a concise and usable form '' . Structure ( edit ) Main article : Structure of the United States Congress Congress is split into two chambers -- House and Senate -- and manages the task of writing national legislation by dividing work into separate committees which specialize in different areas . Some members of Congress are elected by their peers to be officers of these committees . Further , Congress has ancillary organizations such as the Government Accountability Office and the Library of Congress to help provide it with information , and members of Congress have staff and offices to assist them as well . In addition , a vast industry of lobbyists helps members write legislation on behalf of diverse corporate and labor interests . Committees ( edit ) Play media Library of Congress video explanation of committees in the United States Congress . Second committee room in Congress Hall in Philadelphia Main article : United States congressional committee Specializations ( edit ) The committee structure permits members of Congress to study a particular subject intensely . It is neither expected nor possible that a member be an expert on all subject areas before Congress . As time goes by , members develop expertise in particular subjects and their legal aspects . Committees investigate specialized subjects and advise the entire Congress about choices and trade - offs . The choice of specialty may be influenced by the member 's constituency , important regional issues , prior background and experience . Senators often choose a different specialty from that of the other senator from their state to prevent overlap . Some committees specialize in running the business of other committees and exert a powerful influence over all legislation ; for example , the House Ways and Means Committee has considerable influence over House affairs . Power ( edit ) Committees write legislation . While procedures such as the House discharge petition process can introduce bills to the House floor and effectively bypass committee input , they are exceedingly difficult to implement without committee action . Committees have power and have been called independent fiefdoms . Legislative , oversight , and internal administrative tasks are divided among about two hundred committees and subcommittees which gather information , evaluate alternatives , and identify problems . They propose solutions for consideration by the full chamber . In addition , they perform the function of oversight by monitoring the executive branch and investigating wrongdoing . Officer ( edit ) At the start of each two - year session the House elects a speaker who does not normally preside over debates but serves as the majority party 's leader . In the Senate , the Vice President is the ex officio president of the Senate . In addition , the Senate elects an officer called the President pro tempore . Pro tempore means for the time being and this office is usually held by the most senior member of the Senate 's majority party and customarily keeps this position until there 's a change in party control . Accordingly , the Senate does not necessarily elect a new president pro tempore at the beginning of a new Congress . In both the House and Senate , the actual presiding officer is generally a junior member of the majority party who is appointed so that new members become acquainted with the rules of the chamber . Support services ( edit ) Library of Congress ( edit ) Library of Congress Jefferson Building Main article : Library of Congress The Library of Congress was established by an act of Congress in 1800 . It is primarily housed in three buildings on Capitol Hill , but also includes several other sites : the National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped in Washington , D.C. ; the National Audio - Visual Conservation Center in Culpeper , Virginia ; a large book storage facility located at Ft . Meade , Maryland ; and multiple overseas offices . The Library had mostly law books when it was burned by a British raiding party during the War of 1812 , but the library 's collections were restored and expanded when Congress authorized the purchase of Thomas Jefferson 's private library . One of the Library 's missions is to serve the Congress and its staff as well as the American public . It is the largest library in the world with nearly 150 million items including books , films , maps , photographs , music , manuscripts , graphics , and materials in 470 languages . Congressional Research Service ( edit ) Main article : Congressional Research Service The Congressional Research Service provides detailed , up - to - date and non-partisan research for senators , representatives , and their staff to help them carry out their official duties . It provides ideas for legislation , helps members analyze a bill , facilitates public hearings , makes reports , consults on matters such as parliamentary procedure , and helps the two chambers resolve disagreements . It has been called the `` House 's think tank '' and has a staff of about 900 employees . Congressional budget office ( edit ) Main article : Congressional Budget Office The Congressional Budget Office or CBO is a federal agency which provides economic data to Congress . It was created as an independent nonpartisan agency by the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 . It helps Congress estimate revenue inflows from taxes and helps the budgeting process . It makes projections about such matters as the national debt as well as likely costs of legislation . It prepares an annual Economic and Budget Outlook with a mid-year update and writes An Analysis of the President 's Budgetary Proposals for the Senate 's Appropriations Committee . The Speaker of the House and the Senate 's President pro tempore jointly appoint the CBO Director for a four - year term . Lobbyists ( edit ) Lobbying depends on cultivating personal relationships over many years . Photo : Lobbyist Tony Podesta ( left ) with former senator Kay Hagan ( center ) and her husband . Main article : Lobbying in the United States Lobbyists represent diverse interests and often seek to influence congressional decisions to reflect their clients ' needs . Lobby groups and their members sometimes write legislation and whip bills . In 2007 there were approximately 17,000 federal lobbyists in Washington . They explain to legislators the goals of their organizations . Some lobbyists represent non-profit organizations and work pro bono for issues in which they are personally interested . United States Capitol Police ( edit ) Main article : United States Capitol Police Partisanship versus bipartisanship ( edit ) Congress has alternated between periods of constructive cooperation and compromise between parties known as bipartisanship and periods of deep political polarization and fierce infighting known as partisanship . The period after the Civil War was marked by partisanship as is the case today . It is generally easier for committees to reach accord on issues when compromise is possible . Some political scientists speculate that a prolonged period marked by narrow majorities in both chambers of Congress has intensified partisanship in the last few decades but that an alternation of control of Congress between Democrats and Republicans may lead to greater flexibility in policies as well as pragmatism and civility within the institution . Procedures of Congress ( edit ) Main article : Procedures of the United States Congress Sessions ( edit ) A term of Congress is divided into two `` sessions '' , one for each year ; Congress has occasionally been called into an extra or special session . A new session commences on January 3 each year unless Congress decides differently . The Constitution requires Congress meet at least once each year and forbids either house from meeting outside the Capitol without the consent of the other house . Joint sessions ( edit ) Main article : Joint session of the United States Congress Joint Sessions of the United States Congress occur on special occasions that require a concurrent resolution from both House and Senate . These sessions include counting electoral votes after a presidential election and the president 's State of the Union address . The constitutionally - mandated report , normally given as an annual speech , is modeled on Britain 's Speech from the Throne , was written by most presidents after Jefferson but personally delivered as a spoken oration beginning with Wilson in 1913 . Joint Sessions and Joint Meetings are traditionally presided over by the Speaker of the House except when counting presidential electoral votes when the Vice President ( acting as the President of the Senate ) presides . Bills and resolutions ( edit ) See also : Act of Congress and List of United States federal legislation An Act of Congress from 1960 . The House Financial Services committee meets . Committee members sit in the tiers of raised chairs , while those testifying and audience members sit below . Ideas for legislation can come from members , lobbyists , state legislatures , constituents , legislative counsel , or executive agencies . Anyone can write a bill , but only members of Congress may introduce bills . Most bills are not written by Congress members , but originate from the Executive branch ; interest groups often draft bills as well . The usual next step is for the proposal to be passed to a committee for review . A proposal is usually in one of these forms : Bills are laws in the making . A House - originated bill begins with the letters `` H.R. '' for `` House of Representatives '' , followed by a number kept as it progresses . Joint resolutions . There is little difference between a bill and a joint resolution since both are treated similarly ; a joint resolution originating from the House , for example , begins `` H.J. Res . '' followed by its number . Concurrent Resolutions affect only both the House and Senate and accordingly are not presented to the president for approval later . In the House , they begin with `` H. Con. Res . '' Simple resolutions concern only the House or only the Senate and begin with `` H. Res . '' or `` S. Res . '' Representatives introduce a bill while the House is in session by placing it in the hopper on the Clerk 's desk . It 's assigned a number and referred to a committee which studies each bill intensely at this stage . Drafting statutes requires `` great skill , knowledge , and experience '' and sometimes take a year or more . Sometimes lobbyists write legislation and submit it to a member for introduction . Joint resolutions are the normal way to propose a constitutional amendment or declare war . On the other hand , concurrent resolutions ( passed by both houses ) and simple resolutions ( passed by only one house ) do not have the force of law but express the opinion of Congress or regulate procedure . Bills may be introduced by any member of either house . However , the Constitution states , `` All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives . '' While the Senate can not originate revenue and appropriation bills , it has power to amend or reject them . Congress has sought ways to establish appropriate spending levels . Each chamber determines its own internal rules of operation unless specified in the Constitution or prescribed by law . In the House , a Rules Committee guides legislation ; in the Senate , a Standing Rules committee is in charge . Each branch has its own traditions ; for example , the Senate relies heavily on the practice of getting `` unanimous consent '' for noncontroversial matters . House and Senate rules can be complex , sometimes requiring a hundred specific steps before becoming a law . Members sometimes use experts such as Walter Oleszek , a senior specialist in American national government at the Congressional Research Service , to learn about proper procedures . Each bill goes through several stages in each house including consideration by a committee and advice from the Government Accountability Office . Most legislation is considered by standing committees which have jurisdiction over a particular subject such as Agriculture or Appropriations . The House has twenty standing committees ; the Senate has sixteen . Standing committees meet at least once each month . Almost all standing committee meetings for transacting business must be open to the public unless the committee votes , publicly , to close the meeting . A committee might call for public hearings on important bills . Each committee is led by a chair who belongs to the majority party and a ranking member of the minority party . Witnesses and experts can present their case for or against a bill . Then , a bill may go to what 's called a mark - up session where committee members debate the bill 's merits and may offer amendments or revisions . Committees may also amend the bill , but the full house holds the power to accept or reject committee amendments . After debate , the committee votes whether it wishes to report the measure to the full house . If a bill is tabled then it is rejected . If amendments are extensive , sometimes a new bill with amendments built in will be submitted as a so - called clean bill with a new number . Both houses have procedures under which committees can be bypassed or overruled but they are rarely used . Generally , members who have been in Congress longer have greater seniority and therefore greater power . A bill which reaches the floor of the full house can be simple or complex and begins with an enacting formula such as `` Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled . '' Consideration of a bill requires , itself , a rule which is a simple resolution specifying the particulars of debate -- time limits , possibility of further amendments , and such . Each side has equal time and members can yield to other members who wish to speak . Sometimes opponents seek to recommit a bill which means to change part of it . Generally , discussion requires a quorum , usually half of the total number of representatives , before discussion can begin , although there are exceptions . The house may debate and amend the bill ; the precise procedures used by the House and Senate differ . A final vote on the bill follows . Once a bill is approved by one house , it is sent to the other which may pass , reject , or amend it . For the bill to become law , both houses must agree to identical versions of the bill . If the second house amends the bill , then the differences between the two versions must be reconciled in a conference committee , an ad hoc committee that includes both senators and representatives sometimes by using a reconciliation process to limit budget bills . Both houses use a budget enforcement mechanism informally known as pay - as - you - go or paygo which discourages members from considering acts which increase budget deficits . If both houses agree to the version reported by the conference committee , the bill passes , otherwise it fails . The Constitution specifies that a majority of members known as a quorum be present before doing business in each house . However , the rules of each house assume that a quorum is present unless a quorum call demonstrates the contrary . Since representatives and senators who are present rarely demand quorum calls , debate often continues despite the lack of a majority . Voting within Congress can take many forms , including systems using lights and bells and electronic voting . Both houses use voice voting to decide most matters in which members shout `` aye '' or `` no '' and the presiding officer announces the result . The Constitution , however , requires a recorded vote if demanded by one - fifth of the members present . If the voice vote is unclear or if the matter is controversial , a recorded vote usually happens . The Senate uses roll - call voting , in which a clerk calls out the names of all the senators , each senator stating `` aye '' or `` no '' when their name is announced . In the Senate , the vice president may cast the tie - breaking vote if present . The House reserves roll - call votes for the most formal matters , as a roll call of all 435 representatives takes quite some time ; normally , members vote by using an electronic device . In the case of a tie , the motion in question fails . Most votes in the House are done electronically , allowing members to vote yea or nay or present or open . Members insert a voting ID card and can change their votes during the last five minutes if they choose ; in addition , paper ballots are used on some occasions -- yea indicated by green and nay by red . One member can not cast a proxy vote for another . Congressional votes are recorded on an online database . After passage by both houses , a bill is enrolled and sent to the president for approval . The president may sign it making it law or veto it , perhaps returning it to Congress with their objections . A vetoed bill can still become law if each house of Congress votes to override the veto with a two - thirds majority . Finally , the president may do nothing -- neither signing nor vetoing the bill -- and then the bill becomes law automatically after ten days ( not counting Sundays ) according to the Constitution . But if Congress is adjourned during this period , presidents may veto legislation passed at the end of a congressional session simply by ignoring it ; the maneuver is known as a pocket veto , and can not be overridden by the adjourned Congress . Congress and the public ( edit ) Main article : U.S. Congress and citizens Advantage of incumbency ( edit ) Citizens and Representatives ( edit ) Senators face reelection every six years , and representatives every two . Reelections encourage candidates to focus their publicity efforts at their home states or districts . Running for reelection can be a grueling process of distant travel and fund - raising which distracts senators and representatives from paying attention to governing , according to some critics although others respond that the process is necessary to keep members of Congress in touch with voters . In this example , the more even distribution is on the left and the gerrymandering is presented on the right . Nevertheless , incumbent members of Congress running for reelection have strong advantages over challengers . They raise more money because donors expect incumbents to win , they give their funds to them rather than challengers , and donations are vital for winning elections . One critic compared being elected to Congress to receiving life tenure at a university . Another advantage for representatives is the practice of gerrymandering . After each ten - year census , states are allocated representatives based on population , and officials in power can choose how to draw the congressional district boundaries to support candidates from their party . As a result , reelection rates of members of Congress hover around 90 percent , causing some critics to accuse them of being a privileged class . Academics such as Princeton 's Stephen Macedo have proposed solutions to fix gerrymandering . Both senators and representatives enjoy free mailing privileges called franking privileges . Expensive campaigns ( edit ) In 1971 , the cost of running for congress in Utah was $70,000 but costs have climbed . The biggest expense is television ads . Today 's races cost more than a million dollars for a House seat , and six million or more for a Senate seat . Since fundraising is vital , `` members of Congress are forced to spend ever - increasing hours raising money for their re-election . '' Nevertheless , the Supreme Court has treated campaign contributions as a free speech issue . Some see money as a good influence in politics since it `` enables candidates to communicate with voters . '' Few members retire from Congress without complaining about how much it costs to campaign for reelection . Critics contend that members of Congress are more likely to attend to the needs of heavy campaign contributors than to ordinary citizens . Elections are influenced by many variables . Some political scientists speculate there is a coattail effect ( when a popular president or party position has the effect of reelecting incumbents who win by `` riding on the president 's coattails '' ) , although there is some evidence that the coattail effect is irregular and possibly declining since the 1950s . Some districts are so heavily Democratic or Republican that they are called a safe seat ; any candidate winning the primary will almost always be elected , and these candidates do not need to spend money on advertising . But some races can be competitive when there is no incumbent . If a seat becomes vacant in an open district , then both parties may spend heavily on advertising in these races ; in California in 1992 , only four of twenty races for House seats were considered highly competitive . Television and negative advertising ( edit ) Since members of Congress must advertise heavily on television , this usually involves negative advertising , which smears an opponent 's character without focusing on the issues . Negative advertising is seen as effective because `` the messages tend to stick . '' However , these ads sour the public on the political process in general as most members of Congress seek to avoid blame . One wrong decision or one damaging television image can mean defeat at the next election , which leads to a culture of risk avoidance , a need to make policy decisions behind closed doors , and concentrating publicity efforts in the members ' home districts . Public perceptions of Congress ( edit ) The Federalist Papers argued in favor of a strong connection between citizens and their representatives . Prominent Founding Fathers writing in The Federalist Papers felt that elections were essential to liberty , and that a bond between the people and the representatives was particularly essential and that `` frequent elections are unquestionably the only policy by which this dependence and sympathy can be effectually secured . '' In 2009 , however , few Americans were familiar with leaders of Congress . The percentage of Americans eligible to vote who did , in fact , vote was 63 % in 1960 , but has been falling since , although there was a slight upward trend in the 2008 election . Public opinion polls asking people if they approve of the job Congress is doing have , in the last few decades , hovered around 25 % with some variation . Scholar Julian Zeliger suggested that the `` size , messiness , virtues , and vices that make Congress so interesting also create enormous barriers to our understanding the institution ... Unlike the presidency , Congress is difficult to conceptualize . '' Other scholars suggest that despite the criticism , `` Congress is a remarkably resilient institution ... its place in the political process is not threatened ... it is rich in resources '' and that most members behave ethically . They contend that `` Congress is easy to dislike and often difficult to defend '' and this perception is exacerbated because many challengers running for Congress run against Congress , which is an `` old form of American politics '' that further undermines Congress 's reputation with the public : The rough - and - tumble world of legislating is not orderly and civil , human frailties too often taint its membership , and legislative outcomes are often frustrating and ineffective ... Still , we are not exaggerating when we say that Congress is essential to American democracy . We would not have survived as a nation without a Congress that represented the diverse interests of our society , conducted a public debate on the major issues , found compromises to resolve conflicts peacefully , and limited the power of our executive , military , and judicial institutions ... The popularity of Congress ebbs and flows with the public 's confidence in government generally ... the legislative process is easy to dislike -- it often generates political posturing and grandstanding , it necessarily involves compromise , and it often leaves broken promises in its trail . Also , members of Congress often appear self - serving as they pursue their political careers and represent interests and reflect values that are controversial . Scandals , even when they involve a single member , add to the public 's frustration with Congress and have contributed to the institution 's low ratings in opinion polls. -- Smith , Roberts & Wielen An additional factor that confounds public perceptions of Congress is that congressional issues are becoming more technical and complex and require expertise in subjects such as science , engineering and economics . As a result , Congress often cedes authority to experts at the executive branch . Since 2006 , Congress has dropped 10 points in the Gallup confidence poll with only 9 % having `` a great deal '' or `` quite a lot '' of confidence in their legislators . Since 2011 , Gallup poll has reported Congress 's approval rating among Americans at 10 % or below three times . Public opinion of Congress plummeted further to 5 % in October 2013 after parts of the U.S. government deemed ' nonessential government ' shut down . Smaller States and bigger States ( edit ) When the Constitution was ratified in 1787 , the ratio of the populations of large states to small states was roughly twelve to one . The Connecticut Compromise gave every state , large and small , an equal vote in the Senate . Since each state has two senators , residents of smaller states have more clout in the Senate than residents of larger states . But since 1787 , the population disparity between large and small states has grown ; in 2006 , for example , California had seventy times the population of Wyoming . Critics such as constitutional scholar Sanford Levinson have suggested that the population disparity works against residents of large states and causes a steady redistribution of resources from `` large states to small states . '' However , others argue that the Connecticut compromise was deliberately intended by the Framers to construct the Senate so that each state had equal footing not based on population , and contend that the result works well on balance . Members and constituents ( edit ) A major role for members of Congress is providing services to constituents . Constituents request assistance with problems . Providing services helps members of Congress win votes and elections and can make a difference in close races . Congressional staff can help citizens navigate government bureaucracies . One academic described the complex intertwined relation between lawmakers and constituents as home style . Congressional style ( edit ) One way to categorize lawmakers , according to political scientist Richard Fenno , is by their general motivation : Reelection . These are lawmakers who `` never met a voter they did n't like '' and provide excellent constituent services . Good public policy . Legislators who `` burnish a reputation for policy expertise and leadership . '' Power in the chamber . Lawmakers who spend serious time along the `` rail of the House floor or in the Senate cloakroom ministering to the needs of their colleagues . '' Famous legislator Henry Clay in the mid-19th century was described as an `` issue entrepreneur '' who looked for issues to serve his ambitions . Privileges and pay ( edit ) Privileges protecting members ( edit ) Members of Congress enjoy parliamentary privilege , including freedom from arrest in all cases except for treason , felony , and breach of the peace and freedom of speech in debate . This constitutionally derived immunity applies to members during sessions and when traveling to and from sessions . The term arrest has been interpreted broadly , and includes any detention or delay in the course of law enforcement , including court summons and subpoenas . The rules of the House strictly guard this privilege ; a member may not waive the privilege on their own , but must seek the permission of the whole house to do so . Senate rules , however , are less strict and permit individual senators to waive the privilege as they choose . The Constitution guarantees absolute freedom of debate in both houses , providing in the Speech or Debate Clause of the Constitution that `` for any Speech or Debate in either House , they shall not be questioned in any other Place . '' Accordingly , a member of Congress may not be sued in court for slander because of remarks made in either house , although each house has its own rules restricting offensive speeches , and may punish members who transgress . Obstructing the work of Congress is a crime under federal law and is known as contempt of Congress . Each branch has the power to cite individuals for contempt but can only issue a contempt citation -- the judicial system pursues the matter like a normal criminal case . If convicted in court , an individual found guilty of contempt of Congress may be imprisoned for up to one year . The franking privilege allows members of Congress to send official mail to constituents at government expense . Though they are not permitted to send election materials , borderline material is often sent , especially in the run - up to an election by those in close races . Indeed , some academics consider free mailings as giving incumbents a big advantage over challengers . Pay and Benefits ( edit ) See also : Salaries of members of the United States Congress From 1789 to 1815 , members of Congress received only a daily payment of $6 while in session . Members received an annual salary of $1,500 per year from 1815 to 1817 , then a per diem salary of $8 from 1818 to 1855 ; since then they have received an annual salary , first pegged in 1855 at $3,000 . In 1907 , salaries were raised to $7,500 per year , the equivalent of $173,000 in 2010 . In 2006 , members of Congress received a yearly salary of $165,200 . Congressional leaders were paid $183,500 per year . The Speaker of the House of Representatives earns $212,100 annually . The salary of the President pro tempore for 2006 was $183,500 , equal to that of the majority and minority leaders of the House and Senate . Privileges include having an office and paid staff . In 2008 , non-officer members of Congress earned $169,300 annually . Some critics complain congressional pay is high compared with a median American income of $45,113 for men and $35,102 for women . Others have countered that congressional pay is consistent with other branches of government . In January 2014 , it was reported that for the first time over half of the members of Congress were millionaires . Congress has been criticized for trying to conceal pay raises by slipping them into a large bill at the last minute . Others have criticized the wealth of members of Congress . Representative Jim Cooper of Tennessee told Harvard professor Lawrence Lessig that a chief problem with Congress was that members focused on lucrative careers as lobbyists after serving -- -- that Congress was a `` Farm League for K Street '' -- -- instead of on public service . Members elected since 1984 are covered by the Federal Employees Retirement System ( FERS ) . Like other federal employees , congressional retirement is funded through taxes and participants ' contributions . Members of Congress under FERS contribute 1.3 % of their salary into the FERS retirement plan and pay 6.2 % of their salary in Social Security taxes . And like Federal employees , members contribute one - third of the cost of health insurance with the government covering the other two - thirds . The size of a congressional pension depends on the years of service and the average of the highest three years of their salary . By law , the starting amount of a member 's retirement annuity may not exceed 80 % of their final salary . In 2006 , the average annual pension for retired senators and representatives under the Civil Service Retirement System ( CSRS ) was $60,972 , while those who retired under FERS , or in combination with CSRS , was $35,952 . Members of Congress make fact - finding missions to learn about other countries and stay informed , but these outings can cause controversy if the trip is deemed excessive or unconnected with the task of governing . For example , the Wall Street Journal reported in 2009 that lawmaker trips abroad at taxpayer expense had included spas , $300 - per - night extra unused rooms , and shopping excursions . Lawmakers respond that `` traveling with spouses compensates for being away from them a lot in Washington '' and justify the trips as a way to meet officials in other nations . See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal Caucuses of the United States Congress Elections in the United States § Congressional elections Current members of the United States House of Representatives List of current United States Senators List of United States Congresses Lobbying in the United States 115th United States Congress Oath of office § United States Party divisions of United States Congresses Term limits in the United States United States Congressional Baseball Game United States congressional hearing United States presidents and control of congress United States Congress Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction Radio and Television Correspondents ' Association Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : John V. Sullivan ( July 24 , 2007 ) . `` How Our Laws Are Made '' . U.S. House of Representatives . Retrieved November 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lee H. Hamilton ( 2004 ) . How Congress works and why you should care . Indiana University Press . ISBN 0 - 253 - 34425 - 5 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Steven S. Smith ; Jason M. Roberts ; Ryan J. Vander Wielen ( 2006 ) . `` The American Congress ( Fourth Edition ) '' . Cambridge University Press . p. 23 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Julian E. Zelizer ( editor ) Joanne Barrie Freeman , Jack N. Rakove , Alan Taylor ; et al. ( 2004 ) . `` The American Congress : The Building of Democracy '' . Houghton Mifflin Company . pp. xiii -- xiv . ISBN 0 - 618 - 17906 - 2 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Steven S. Smith ; Jason M. Roberts ; Ryan J. Vander Wielen ( 2006 ) . `` The American Congress ( Fourth Edition ) '' . Cambridge University Press . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Perry Bacon Jr . ( August 31 , 2009 ) . `` Post Politics Hour : Weekend Review and a Look Ahead '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Information about the Archives of the United States Senate '' . U.S. Senate . Retrieved January 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kramnick , Isaac ( ed ) ; Thomas Paine ( 1982 ) . Common Sense . Penguin Classics . p. 21 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` References about weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation '' . * Pauline Maier ( book reviewer ) ( November 18 , 2007 ) . `` HISTORY -- The Framers ' Real Motives ( book review ) UNRULY AMERICANS AND THE ORIGINS OF THE CONSTITUTION book by Woody Holton '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . * `` The Constitution and the Idea of Compromise '' . PBS . October 10 , 2009 . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . * Alexander Hamilton ( 1788 ) . `` FEDERALIST No. 15 -- The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union '' . FoundingFathers.info . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ English ( 2003 ) , pp. 5 -- 6 Jump up ^ Collier ( 1986 ) , p. 5 Jump up ^ James Madison ( 1787 ) . `` James Madison and the Federal Constitutional Convention of 1787 -- Engendering a National Government '' . The Library of Congress -- American memory . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Founding Fathers : New Jersey '' . The Charters of Freedom . October 10 , 2009 . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` THE PRESIDENCY : Vetoes '' . Time . March 9 , 1931 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : David E. Kyvig , author , Julian E. Zelizer ( editor ) ( 2004 ) . `` The American Congress : The Building of Democracy '' . Houghton Mifflin Company . p. 362 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 17906 - 2 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ David B. Rivkin Jr. & Lee A. Casey ( August 22 , 2009 ) . `` Illegal Health Reform '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Founding Fathers via FindLaw ( 1787 ) . `` U.S. Constitution : Article I ( section 8 paragraph 3 ) -- Article Text -- Annotations '' . FindLaw . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ English ( 2003 ) , p. 7 Jump up ^ English ( 2003 ) , p. 8 Jump up ^ `` The Convention Timeline '' . U.S. Constitution Online . October 10 , 2009 . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Eric Patashnik , author , Julian E. Zelizer ( editor ) ( 2004 ) . `` The American Congress : The Building of Democracy '' . Houghton Mifflin Company . ISBN 0 - 618 - 17906 - 2 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Margaret S. Thompson , The `` Spider Web '' : Congress and Lobbying in the Age of Grant ( 1985 ) Jump up ^ Elisabeth S. Clemens , The People 's Lobby : Organizational Innovation and the Rise of Interest - Group Politics in the United States , 1890 -- 1925 ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ David B. Rivkin Jr. & Lee A. Casey ( August 22 , 2009 ) . `` Illegal Health Reform '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Steven S. Smith ; Jason M. Roberts ; Ryan J. Vander Wielen ( 2006 ) . `` The American Congress ( Fourth Edition ) '' . Cambridge University Press . p. 38 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ David E. Kyvig , author , Julian E. Zelizer ( editor ) ( 2004 ) . `` The American Congress : The Building of Democracy '' . Houghton Mifflin Company . ISBN 0 - 618 - 17906 - 2 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` THE CONGRESS : 72nd Made '' . Time . November 17 , 1930 . Retrieved October 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : English ( 2003 ) , p. 14 Jump up ^ `` THE CONGRESS : Democratic Senate '' . Time . November 14 , 1932 . Retrieved October 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` POLITICAL NOTES : Democratic Drift '' . Time . November 16 , 1936 . Retrieved October 10 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` THE CONGRESS : The 76th '' . Time . November 21 , 1938 . Retrieved October 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` THE VICE PRESIDENCY : Undeclared War '' . Time . March 20 , 1939 . Retrieved October 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` CONGRESS : New Houses '' . Time . November 11 , 1940 . Retrieved October 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Before the G.O.P. Lay a Forked Road '' . Time . November 16 , 1942 . Retrieved October 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Business & Finance : Turn of the Tide '' . Time . November 16 , 1942 . Retrieved October 10 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Congress : Effort toward Efficiency '' . Time . May 21 , 1965 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` National Affairs : JUDGMENTS & PROPHECIES '' . Time . November 15 , 1954 . Retrieved October 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` THE CONGRESS : Ahead of the Wind '' . Time . November 17 , 1958 . Retrieved October 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Party in Power - Congress and Presidency - A Visual Guide to the Balance of Power in Congress , 1945 - 2008 '' . Uspolitics.about.com . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2012 . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bruce J. Schulman ( author ) , Julian E. Zelizer ( editor ) ( 2004 ) . `` The American Congress : The Building of Democracy '' . Houghton Mifflin Company . p. 638 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 17906 - 2 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` THE HOUSE : New Faces and New Strains '' . Time . November 18 , 1974 . ^ Jump up to : Steven S. Smith ; Jason M. Roberts ; Ryan J. Vander Wielen ( 2006 ) . `` The American Congress ( Fourth Edition ) '' . Cambridge University Press . p. 58 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Nick Anderson ( March 30 , 2004 ) . `` Political Attack Ads Already Popping Up on the Web '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Susan Tifft ; Richard Homik ; Hays Corey ( August 20 , 1984 ) . `` Taking an Ax to the PACs '' . Time . Retrieved October 2 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : ADAM CLYMER ( October 29 , 1992 ) . `` Campaign spending in congress races soars to new high '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 2 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffrey H. Birnbaum ( October 3 , 2004 ) . `` Cost of Congressional Campaigns Skyrockets '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Richard E. Cohen ( August 12 , 1990 ) . `` PAC Paranoia : Congress Faces Campaign Spending -- Politics : Hysteria was the operative word when legislators realized they could not return home without tougher campaign finance laws '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Walter Isaacson , Evan Thomas , other bureaus ( October 25 , 1982 ) . `` Running with the PACs '' . Time . Retrieved October 2 , 2009 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : John Fritze ( March 2 , 2009 ) . `` PACs spent record $416 M on federal election '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Thomas Frank ( October 29 , 2006 ) . `` Beer PAC aims to put Congress under influence '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved October 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Michael Isikoff & Dina Fine Maron ( March 21 , 2009 ) . `` Congress -- Follow the Bailout Cash '' . Newsweek . Retrieved October 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Richard L. Berke ( February 14 , 1988 ) . `` Campaign Finance ; Problems in the PAC 's : Study Finds Frustration '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Betsy . Delegates to the U.S. Congress : history and current status , Congressional Research Service ; U.S. House of Representatives , `` The House Explained '' , viewed January 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Julian E. Zelizer ( editor ) Michael Schudson ( author ) ( 2004 ) . `` The American Congress : The Building of Democracy '' . Houghton Mifflin Company . ISBN 0 - 618 - 17906 - 2 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Steven S. Smith ; Jason M. Roberts ; Ryan J. Vander Wielen ( 2006 ) . `` The American Congress ( Fourth Edition ) '' . Cambridge University Press . p. 12 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mark Murray , NBC News , June 30 , 2013 , Unproductive Congress : How stalemates became the norm in Washington DC . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 Jump up ^ Domenico Montanaro , NBC News , October 10 , 2013 , NBC / WSJ poll : 60 percent say fire every member of Congress . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 , `` ... 60 percent of Americans ... if they had the chance to vote to defeat and replace every single member of Congress ... they would ... '' Jump up ^ Andy Sullivan of Reuters , NBC News , October 17 , 2013 , Washington : the biggest risk to US economy . Retrieved October 18 , 2013 , `` ... the biggest risk to the world 's largest economy may be its own elected representatives ... Down - to - the - wire budget and debt crises , indiscriminate spending cuts and a 16 - day government shutdown ... '' Jump up ^ Domenico Montanaro , NBC News , October 10 , 2013 , NBC / WSJ poll : 60 percent say fire every member of Congress . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 , `` ... 60 percent of Americans ... saying if they had the chance to vote to defeat and replace every single member of Congress , including their own representative , they would ... '' ^ Jump up to : Wall Street Journal , Approval of Congress Matches All - Time Low . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : Carrie Dann , NBC News , Americans ' faith in Congress lower than all major institutions -- ever . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : `` White House : Republicans Will ' Do the Right Thing ' '' . Voice of America . October 9 , 2013 . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Epps , Garrett ( 2013 ) . American Epic : Reading the U.S. Constitution . New York : Oxford . p. 9 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 938971 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Eric Patashnik ( 2004 ) . `` The American Congress : The Building of Democracy '' . Houghton Mifflin Company . pp. 671 -- 2 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 17906 - 2 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Davidson ( 2006 ) , p. 18 Jump up ^ `` Congress and the Dollar '' . New York Sun . May 30 , 2008 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kate Zernike ( September 28 , 2006 ) . `` Senate Passes Detainee Bill Sought by Bush '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` References about congressional war declaring power '' . Dana D. Nelson ( October 11 , 2008 ) . `` The ' unitary executive ' question '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 4 , 2009 . Steve Holland ( May 1 , 2009 ) . `` Obama revelling in U.S. power unseen in decades '' . Reuters UK . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . `` The Law : The President 's War Powers '' . Time . June 1 , 1970 . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Law : The President 's War Powers '' . Time . June 1 , 1970 . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The President 's News Conference of June 29 , 1950 '' . Teachingamericanhistory.org . June 29 , 1950 . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Michael Kinsley ( March 15 , 1993 ) . `` The Case for a Big Power Swap '' . Time . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Time Essay : Where 's Congress ? '' . Time . May 22 , 1972 . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Law : The President 's War Powers '' . Time . June 1 , 1970 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The proceedings of congress. ; senate '' . The New York Times . June 28 , 1862 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ David S. Broder ( March 18 , 2007 ) . `` Congress 's Oversight Offensive '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Thomas Ferraro ( April 25 , 2007 ) . `` House committee subpoenas Rice on Iraq '' . Reuters . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ James Gerstenzang ( July 16 , 2008 ) . `` Bush claims executive privilege in Valerie Plame Wilson case '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2008 . Retrieved October 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth B. Bazan and Jennifer K. Elsea , legislative attorneys ( January 5 , 2006 ) . `` Presidential Authority to Conduct Warrantless Electronic Surveillance to Gather Foreign Intelligence Information '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Linda P. Campbell & Glen Elsasser ( October 20 , 1991 ) . `` Supreme Court Slugfests A Tradition '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Eric Cantor ( July 30 , 2009 ) . `` Obama 's 32 Czars '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Christopher Lee ( January 2 , 2006 ) . `` Alito Once Made Case For Presidential Power '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dan Froomkin ( March 10 , 2009 ) . `` Playing by the Rules '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dana D. Nelson ( October 11 , 2008 ) . `` The ' unitary executive ' question '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Charlie Savage ( March 16 , 2009 ) . `` Obama Undercuts Whistle - Blowers , Senator Says '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Binyamin Appelbaum & David Cho ( March 24 , 2009 ) . `` U.S. Seeks Expanded Power to Seize Firms Goal Is to Limit Risk to Broader Economy '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ George F. Will -- op - ed columnist ( December 21 , 2008 ) . `` Making Congress Moot '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Davidson ( 2006 ) , p. 19 Jump up ^ J. Leslie Kincaid ( January 17 , 1916 ) . `` To Make the Militia a National Force : The Power of Congress Under the Constitution `` for Organizing , Arming , and Disciplining '' the State Troops `` . The New York Times . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Stephen Herrington ( February 25 , 2010 ) . `` Red State Anxiety and The Constitution '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline '' . CBS News . 2010 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Randy E. Barnett ( April 23 , 2009 ) . `` The Case for a Federalism Amendment '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Executive Order 13423 Sec. 9. ( l ) . `` The ' United States ' when used in a geographical sense , means the fifty states , the District of Columbia , the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico , Guam , American Samoa , the U.S. Virgin Islands , and the Northern Mariana Islands , and associated territorial waters and airspace . '' Jump up ^ U.S. State Department , Dependencies and Areas of Special Sovereignty Chart , under `` Sovereignty '' , lists five places under United States sovereignty administered by a local ' Administrative Center ' , with ' Short form names ' , American Samoa , Guam , Northern Mariana Islands , Puerto Rico , Virgin Islands , U.S. Jump up ^ House Learn webpage . Viewed January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Green Papers , 2016 Presidential primaries , caucuses and conventions , viewed September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The very structure of the Constitution gives us profound insights about what the founders thought was important ... the Founders thought that the Legislative Branch was going to be the great branch of government . '' -- Hon . John Charles Thomas ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Susan Sachs ( January 7 , 1999 ) . `` Impeachment : The Past ; Johnson 's Trial : 2 Bitter Months for a Still - Torn Nation '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Greene , Richard ( January 19 , 2005 ) . `` Kings in the White House '' . BBC News . Retrieved October 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Steven S. Smith ; Jason M. Roberts ; Ryan J. Vander Wielen ( 2006 ) . `` The American Congress ( Fourth Edition ) '' . Cambridge University Press . pp. 18 -- 19 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Steven S. Smith ; Jason M. Roberts ; Ryan J. Vander Wielen ( 2006 ) . `` The American Congress ( Fourth Edition ) '' . Cambridge University Press . p. 19 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Charles Wolfson ( August 11 , 2010 ) . `` Clinton Presses Senate to Ratify Nuclear Arms Treaty with Russia '' . CBS News . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Constitutional Interpretation the Old Fashioned Way '' . Center For Individual Freedom . Retrieved September 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Decision of the Supreme Court in the Dred Scott Case '' . The New York Times . March 6 , 1851 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Frank Askin ( July 21 , 2007 ) . `` Congress 's Power To Compel '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Ben 's Guide to US Government ( 2010 ) . `` Congressional Hearings : About '' . GPO Access . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2010 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : United States government ( 2010 ) . `` Congressional Reports : Main Page '' . U.S. Government Printing Office . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2010 . 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Upper Saddle River , New Jersey 07458 : Pearson Prentice Hall . p. 388 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 063085 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Congressional Budget Office -- About CBO '' . Cbo.gov . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2010 . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Washington Representatives ( 32 ed . ) . Bethesda , MD : Columbia Books . November 2007 . p. 949 . ISBN 1 - 880873 - 55 - 9 . Jump up ^ Steven S. Smith ; Jason M. Roberts ; Ryan J. Vander Wielen ( 2006 ) . The American Congress ( Fourth Edition ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 17 -- 18 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Partnership for Public Service ( March 29 , 2009 ) . `` Walter Oleszek : A Hill Staffer 's Guide to Congressional History and Habit '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` BLACKS : Confronting the President '' . Time . April 5 , 1971 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` News from Washington '' . The New York Times . December 3 , 1861 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ United States government ( 2010 ) . `` Recent Votes '' . United States Senate . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The U.S. Congress -- Votes Database -- Members of Congress / Robert Byrd '' . The Washington Post . June 17 , 2010 . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2010 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Larry J. Sabato ( September 26 , 2007 ) . `` An amendment is needed to fix the primary mess '' . USA Today . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Joseph A. Califano Jr . ( May 27 , 1988 ) . `` PAC 's Remain a Pox '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Brian Kalish ( May 19 , 2008 ) . `` GOP exits to cost party millions '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Susan Page ( May 9 , 2006 ) . `` 5 keys to who will control Congress : How immigration , gas , Medicare , Iraq and scandal could affect midterm races '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Macedo , Stephen ( August 11 , 2008 ) . `` Toward a more democratic Congress ? Our imperfect democratic constitution : the critics examined '' . Boston University Law Review . Boston University Law Review . 89 : 609 -- 628 . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Time Essay : Campaign Costs : Floor , Not Ceiling '' . Time . May 17 , 1971 . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Barbara Borst , Associated Press ( October 29 , 2006 ) . `` Campaign spending up in U.S. congressional elections '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Dan Froomkin ( September 15 , 1997 ) . `` Campaign Finance -- Introduction '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Evan Thomas ( April 4 , 2008 ) . `` At What Cost ? -- Sen. John Warner and Congress 's money culture '' . Newsweek . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` References about diffname '' . Jean Merl ( October 18 , 2000 ) . `` Gloves Come Off in Attack Ads by Harman , Kuykendall '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Shanto Iyengar -- Director , Political Communications Lab , Stanford University ( August 12 , 2008 ) . `` Election 2008 : The Advertising '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Dave Lesher ( September 12 , 1994 ) . `` COLUMN ONE -- TV Blitz Fueled by a Fortune -- Once obscure , Huffington now is pressing Feinstein . His well - financed rapid - response team has mounted an unprecedented ad attack '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Howard Kurtz ( October 28 , 1998 ) . `` Democrats Chase Votes With a Safety Net '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ James Oliphant ( April 9 , 2008 ) . `` ' 08 Campaign costs nearing $2 Billion . Is it worth it ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Campaign Finance Groups Praise Rep. Welch for Cosponsoring Fair Elections Now Act '' . Reuters . May 19 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2010 . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ John Balzar ( May 24 , 2006 ) . `` Democrats Battle Over a Safe Seat in Congress '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Congress : An Idea on the March '' . Time . January 11 , 1963 . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Decision ' 92 -- SPECIAL VOTERS ' GUIDE TO STATE AND LOCAL ELECTIONS -- THE CONGRESSIONAL RACES '' . Los Angeles Times . October 25 , 1992 . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` References about prevalence of attack ads '' . Brooks Jackson & Justin Bank ( February 5 , 2009 ) . `` Radio , Radio -- New Democratic ads attacking House Republicans in the lead - up to the 2010 midterm elections do n't tell the whole story '' . Newsweek . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Fredreka Schouten ( September 19 , 2008 ) . `` Union helps non-profit groups pay for attack ads '' . USA Today . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Ruth Marcus ( August 8 , 2007 ) . `` Attack Ads You 'll Be Seeing '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Chris Cillizza ( September 20 , 2006 ) . `` Ads , Ads Everywhere ! '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . SAMANTHA GROSS Associated Press ( September 7 , 2007 ) . `` Coming Soon : Personalized Campaign Ads '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Howard Kurtz ( January 6 , 2008 ) . `` CAMPAIGN ON TELEVISION People May Dislike Attack Ads , but the Messages Tend to Stick '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Steven S. Smith ; Jason M. Roberts ; Ryan J. Vander Wielen ( 2006 ) . `` The American Congress ( Fourth Edition ) '' . Cambridge University Press . p. 21 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Alexander Hamilton or James Madison ( February 8 , 1788 ) . `` The Federalist Paper No. 52 '' . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Congress ' Approval Rating at Lowest Point for Year '' . Reuters . September 2 , 2009 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2009 . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` THE CONGRESS : Makings of the 72nd ( Cont . ) '' . Time . September 22 , 1930 . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Peterson ( October 21 , 1996 ) . `` Confident Clinton Lends Hand to Congress Candidates '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` References about diffname '' . `` THE CONGRESS : Makings of the 72nd ( Cont . ) '' . Time . September 22 , 1930 . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Maki Becker ( June 17 , 1994 ) . `` Informed Opinions on Today 's Topics -- Looking for Answers to Voter Apathy '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Daniel Brumberg ( October 30 , 2008 ) . `` America 's Re-emerging Democracy '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Karen Tumulty ( July 8 , 1986 ) . `` Congress Must Now Make Own Painful Choices '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Janet Hook ( December 22 , 1997 ) . `` As U.S. Economy Flows , Voter Vitriol Ebbs '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Congress gets $4,100 pay raise '' . USA Today . Associated Press . January 9 , 2008 . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gallup Poll / Newsweek ( October 8 , 2009 ) . `` Congress and the Public : Congressional Job Approval Ratings Trend ( 1974 -- present ) '' . The Gallup Organization . Retrieved October 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` References about low approval ratings '' . `` Congress ' Approval Rating Jumps to 31 % '' . Gallup . February 17 , 2009 . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . `` Congress ' Approval Rating at Lowest Point for Year '' . Reuters . September 2 , 2009 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2009 . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . John Whitesides ( September 19 , 2007 ) . `` Bush , Congress at record low ratings : Reuters poll '' . Reuters . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Seung Min Kim ( February 18 , 2009 ) . `` Poll : Congress ' job approval at 31 % '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ interview by David Schimke ( September -- October 2008 ) . `` Presidential Power to the People -- Author Dana D. Nelson on why democracy demands that the next president be taken down a notch '' . Utne Reader . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Guy Gugliotta ( November 3 , 2004 ) . `` Politics In , Voter Apathy Out Amid Heavy Turnout '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Voter Turnout Rate Said to Be Highest Since 1968 '' . The Washington Post . Associated Press . December 15 , 2008 . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Julian E. Zelizer ( editor ) ( 2004 ) . `` The American Congress : The Building of Democracy '' . Houghton Mifflin Company . p. xiv -- xv . ISBN 0 - 618 - 17906 - 2 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Norman , Jim ( 2016 - 06 - 13 ) . `` Americans ' Confidence in Institutions Stays Low '' . Gallup . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Roger Sherman and The Connecticut Compromise '' . Connecticut Judicial Branch : Law Libraries . January 10 , 2010 . Retrieved January 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cass R. Sunstein ( October 26 , 2006 ) . `` It Could Be Worse '' . The New Republic . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2010 . Retrieved January 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Reviewed by Robert Justin Lipkin ( January 2007 ) . `` OUR UNDEMOCRATIC CONSTITUTION : WHERE THE CONSTITUTION GOES WRONG ( AND HOW WE THE PEOPLE CAN CORRECT IT ) '' . Widener University School of Law . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2009 . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sanford Levinson ( 2006 ) . `` Our Undemocratic Constitution '' . p. 60 . Retrieved January 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Richard Labunski interviewed by Policy Today 's Dan Schwartz ( October 18 , 2007 ) . `` Time for a Second Constitutional Convention ? '' . Policy Today . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Charles L. Clapp , The Congressman , His Work as He Sees It ( Washington , D.C. : The Brookings Institution , 1963 ) , p. 55 ; cf . pp. 50 -- 55 , 64 -- 66 , 75 -- 84 . Jump up ^ Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report 35 ( September 3 , 1977 ) : 1855 . English , op . cit. , pp. 48 -- 49 , notes that members will also regularly appear at local events in their home district , and will maintain offices in the home congressional district or state . Jump up ^ Robert Preer ( August 15 , 2010 ) . `` Two Democrats in Senate race stress constituent services '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Daniel Malloy ( August 22 , 2010 ) . `` Incumbents battle association with stimulus , Obama '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Amy Gardner ( November 27 , 2008 ) . `` Wolf 's Decisive Win Surprised Even the GOP '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : William T. Blanco , editor ( 2000 ) . `` Congress on display , Congress at work '' . University of Michigan . ISBN 0 - 472 - 08711 - 8 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Davidson ( 2006 ) , p. 17 Jump up ^ English ( 2003 ) , pp. 24 -- 25 Jump up ^ Simpson , G.R. ( October 22 , 1992 ) . `` Surprise ! Top Frankers Also Have the Stiffest Challenges '' . Roll Call . Jump up ^ Steven S. Smith ; Jason M. Roberts ; Ryan J. Vander Wielen ( 2006 ) . `` The American Congress ( Fourth Edition ) '' . Cambridge University Press . p. 79 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Senate Salaries since 1789 . United States Senate . Retrieved August 13 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Salaries of Members of Congress ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved August 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Salaries of Legislative , Executive , and Judicial Officials ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved August 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` US Census Bureau news release in regards to median income '' . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2010 . Retrieved August 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Lipton , Eric ( January 9 , 2014 ) . `` Half of Congress Members Are Millionaires , Report Says '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Quiet Raise -- Congressional Pay -- special report '' . The Washington Post . 1998 . Retrieved February 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lawrence Lessig ( February 8 , 2010 ) . `` How to Get Our Democracy Back '' . CBS News . Retrieved December 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lawrence Lessig ( November 16 , 2011 ) . `` Republic , Lost : How Money Corrupts Congress -- and a Plan to Stop It '' . Google , YouTube , The Huffington Post . Retrieved December 13 , 2011 . ( see 30 : 13 minutes into the video ) Jump up ^ Scott , Walter ( April 25 , 2010 ) . `` Personality Parade column : Q. Does Congress pay for its own health care ? '' . New York , NY : Parade . p. 2 . Jump up ^ Retirement Benefits for Members of Congress ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service , February 9 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Brody Mullins & T.W. Farnam ( December 17 , 2009 ) . `` Congress Travels More , Public Pays : Lawmakers Ramp Up Taxpayer - Financed Journeys ; Five Days in Scotland '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved December 17 , 2009 . References ( edit ) `` How To Clean Up The Mess From Inside The System , A Plea -- And A Plan -- To Reform Campaign Finance Before It 's Too '' . NEWSWEEK . October 28 , 1996 . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . `` The Constitution and the Idea of Compromise '' . PBS . October 10 , 2009 . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Alexander Hamilton ( 1788 ) . `` FEDERALIST No. 15 -- The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union '' . FoundingFathers.info . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Bacon , Donald C. ; Davidson , Roger H. ; Keller , Morton , editors ( 1995 ) . Encyclopedia of the United States Congress ( 4 vols . ) . Simon & Schuster . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Collier , Christopher & Collier , James Lincoln ( 1986 ) . Decision in Philadelphia : The Constitutional Convention of 1787 . Ballantine Books . ISBN 0 - 394 - 52346 - 6 . Davidson , Roger H. & Walter J. Oleszek ( 2006 ) . Congress and Its Members ( 10th ed . ) . Congressional Quarterly ( CQ ) Press . ISBN 0 - 87187 - 325 - 7 . ( Legislative procedure , informal practices , and other information ) English , Ross M. ( 2003 ) . The United States Congress . Manchester University Press . ISBN 0 - 7190 - 6309 - 4 . Francis - Smith , Janice ( October 22 , 2008 ) . `` Waging campaigns against incumbents in Oklahoma '' . The Oklahoma City Journal Record . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2010 . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Herrnson , Paul S. ( 2004 ) . Congressional Elections : Campaigning at Home and in Washington . CQ Press . ISBN 1 - 56802 - 826 - 1 . Huckabee , David C. ( 2003 ) . Reelection Rates of Incumbents . Hauppauge , New York : Novinka Books , an imprint of Nova Science Publishers . p. 21 . ISBN 1 - 59033 - 509 - 0 . Huckabee , David C. -- Analyst in American National Government -- Government Division ( March 8 , 1995 ) . `` Reelection rate of House Incumbents 1790 -- 1990 Summary ( page 2 ) '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service -- The Library of Congress . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Maier , Pauline ( book reviewer ) ( November 18 , 2007 ) . `` HISTORY -- The Framers ' Real Motives ( book review ) UNRULY AMERICANS AND THE ORIGINS OF THE CONSTITUTION book by Woody Holton '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Oleszek , Walter J. ( 2004 ) . Congressional Procedures and the Policy Process . CQ Press . ISBN 0 - 87187 - 477 - 6 . Polsby , Nelson W. ( 2004 ) . How Congress Evolves : Social Bases of Institutional Change . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 516195 - 5 . Price , David E. ( 2000 ) . The Congressional Experience . Westview Press . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 1157 - 8 . Struble , Robert , Jr. ( 2007 ) . chapter seven , Treatise on Twelve Lights . TeLL . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Zelizer , Julian E. ( 2004 ) . The American Congress : The Building of Democracy . Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 618 - 17906 - 2 . Further Reading ( edit ) Baker , Ross K. ( 2000 ) . House and Senate , 3rd ed . New York : W.W. Norton . ( Procedural , historical , and other information about both houses ) Barone , Michael and Richard E. Cohen . The Almanac of American Politics , 2006 ( 2005 ) , elaborate detail on every district and member ; 1920 pages Berg - Andersson , Richard E. ( 2001 ) . Explanation of the types of Sessions of Congress ( Term of congress ) Berman , Daniel M. ( 1964 ) . In Congress Assembled : The Legislative Process in the National Government . London : The Macmillan Company . ( Legislative procedure ) Bianco , William T. ( 2000 ) Congress on Display , Congress at Work , University of Michigan Press . Hamilton , Lee H. ( 2004 ) How Congress Works and Why You Should Care , Indiana University Press . Herrick , Rebekah ( 2001 ) . `` Gender effects on job satisfaction in the House of Representatives '' . Women and Politics . 23 ( 4 ) : 85 -- 98 . doi : 10.1300 / J014v23n04_04 . Hunt , Richard ( 1998 ) . `` Using the Records of Congress in the Classroom '' . OAH Magazine of History . 12 ( Summer ) : 34 -- 37 . doi : 10.1093 / maghis / 12.4. 34 . Imbornoni , Ann - Marie , David Johnson , and Elissa Haney . ( 2005 ) . `` Famous Firsts by American Women . '' Infoplease . Lee , Frances and Bruce Oppenheimer . ( 1999 ) . Sizing Up the Senate : The Unequal Consequences of Equal Representation . University of Chicago Press : Chicago . ( Equal representation in the Senate ) Rimmerman , Craig A. ( 1990 ) . `` Teaching Legislative Politics and Policy Making . '' Political Science Teacher , 3 ( Winter ) : 16 -- 18 . Ritchie , Donald A. ( 2010 ) . The U.S. Congress : A Very Short Introduction . ( History , representation , and legislative procedure ) Smith , Steven S. , Jason M. Roberts , and Ryan Vander Wielen ( 2007 ) . The American Congress ( 5th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 19704 - X . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ( Legislative procedure , informal practices , and other information ) Story , Joseph . ( 1891 ) . Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States . ( 2 vols ) . Boston : Brown & Little . ( History , constitution , and general legislative procedure ) Tarr , David R. and Ann O'Connor . Congress A to Z ( CQ Congressional Quarterly ) ( 4th 2003 ) 605pp Wilson , Woodrow. ( 1885 ) . Congressional Government . New York : Houghton Mifflin . Some information in this article has been provided by the Senate Historical Office . External links ( edit ) Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` United States Congress '' dated 2006 - 08 - 04 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Congress . 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United States Congress 115th United States Congress Type Type Bicameral Houses Senate House of Representatives History Founded March 4 , 1789 ( 228 years ago ) ( 1789 - 03 - 04 ) Preceded by Congress of the Confederation New session started January 3 , 2017 Leadership President of the Senate & Vice President Mike Pence ( R ) Since January 20 , 2017 Speaker of the House of Representatives Paul Ryan ( R ) Since October 29 , 2015 President pro tempore of the Senate Orrin Hatch ( R ) Since January 6 , 2015 Structure Seats 535 voting members 100 senators 435 representatives 6 non-voting members Senate political groups Republican ( 51 ) Democratic ( 47 ) Independent ( 2 ) ( caucusing with Democrats ) House of Representatives political groups Republican ( 239 ) Democratic ( 193 ) Vacant ( 3 ) Elections Senate last election November 8 , 2016 House of Representatives last election November 8 , 2016 Meeting place United States Capitol Washington , D.C. , United States Website www.congress.gov

Porgy and Bess - Wikipedia Porgy and Bess Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Porgy and Bess ( disambiguation ) . Porgy and Bess Opera by George Gershwin Boston try - out prior to the Broadway opening Librettist DuBose Heyward Language English Based on Heyward 's novel Porgy Premiere September 30 , 1935 ( 1935 - 09 - 30 ) Colonial Theatre ( Boston ) Porgy and Bess is an English - language opera by the American composer George Gershwin , with a libretto written by author DuBose Heyward and lyricist Ira Gershwin . It was adapted from Heyward 's play Porgy , itself an adaptation of his 1925 novel of the same name . Porgy and Bess was first performed in Boston on September 30 , 1935 , before it moved to Broadway in New York City . It featured a cast of classically trained African - American singers -- a daring artistic choice at the time . After suffering from an initially unpopular public reception due in part to its racially charged theme , a 1976 Houston Grand Opera production gained it new popularity , and it is now one of the best - known and most frequently performed operas . Gershwin read Porgy in 1926 and proposed to Heyward to collaborate on an operatic version . In 1934 , Gershwin and Heyward began work on the project by visiting the author 's native Charleston , South Carolina . In a 1935 New York Times article , Gershwin explained why he called Porgy and Bess a folk opera : `` Porgy and Bess is a folk tale . Its people naturally would sing folk music . When I first began work in the music I decided against the use of original folk material because I wanted the music to be all of one piece . Therefore I wrote my own spirituals and folksongs . But they are still folk music -- and therefore , being in operatic form , Porgy and Bess becomes a folk opera . '' The libretto of Porgy and Bess tells the story of Porgy , a disabled black street - beggar living in the slums of Charleston . It deals with his attempts to rescue Bess from the clutches of Crown , her violent and possessive lover , and Sportin ' Life , her drug dealer . The opera plot generally follows the stage play . In the years following Gershwin 's death , Porgy and Bess was adapted for smaller scale performances . It was adapted as a film in 1959 . Some of the songs in the opera , such as `` Summertime '' , became popular and frequently recorded songs . In the late 20th and early 21st centuries , the trend has been toward productions with greater fidelity to Gershwin 's original intentions . Smaller - scale productions also continue to be mounted . A complete recorded version of the score was released in 1976 ; since then , it has been recorded several times . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition history 2 Performance history 2.1 1935 original Broadway production 2.2 1942 Broadway revival 2.3 European premieres 2.4 1952 touring production 2.5 1970 Charleston performances 2.6 1976 Houston Grand Opera production 2.7 Subsequent productions 2.8 2006 The Gershwins ' Porgy and Bess ( Nunn adaptation ) 2.9 2011 The Gershwins ' Porgy and Bess ( Paulus adaptation ) 2.10 2014 The Gershwins ' Porgy and Bess ( London production ) 3 Roles 4 Synopsis 4.1 Act 1 4.2 Act 2 4.3 Act 3 5 Racial controversy 6 Musical elements 6.1 Instrumentation 7 Recordings 7.1 Excerpts 7.2 Complete recordings 8 Adaptations 8.1 Film 8.1. 1 1959 film 8.1. 2 Other films 8.2 Television 8.3 Radio 8.4 Concert 8.5 Piano 8.6 Jazz versions 9 Songs 10 Commendations 11 References 12 External links Composition history ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2015 ) In the fall of 1933 Gershwin and Heyward signed a contract with the Theatre Guild to write the opera . In the summer of 1934 Gershwin and Heyward went to Folly Beach , South Carolina ( a small island near Charleston ) , where Gershwin got a feel for the locale and its music . He worked on the opera there and in New York . Ira Gershwin , in New York , wrote lyrics to some of the opera 's classic songs , most notably `` It Ai n't Necessarily So '' . Most of the lyrics , including `` Summertime '' , were written by Heyward , who also wrote the libretto . Performance history ( edit ) 1935 original Broadway production ( edit ) Gershwin 's first version of the opera , running four hours ( counting the two intermissions ) , was performed privately in a concert version in Carnegie Hall , in the fall of 1935 . He chose as his choral director Eva Jessye , who also directed her own renowned choir . The world premiere performance took place at the Colonial Theatre in Boston on September 30 , 1935 -- the try - out for a work intended initially for Broadway where the opening took place at the Alvin Theatre in New York City on October 10 , 1935 . During rehearsals and in Boston , Gershwin made many cuts and refinements to shorten the running time and tighten the dramatic action . The run on Broadway lasted 124 performances . The production and direction were entrusted to Rouben Mamoulian , who had previously directed the Broadway productions of Heyward 's play Porgy . The music director was Alexander Smallens . The leading roles were played by Todd Duncan and Anne Brown . The influential vaudeville artist John W. Bubbles created the role of Sportin ' Life ; the role of Serena was created by Ruby Elzy . After the Broadway run , a tour started on January 27 , 1936 , in Philadelphia and traveled to Pittsburgh and Chicago before ending in Washington , D.C. , on March 21 , 1936 . During the Washington run , the cast -- as led by Todd Duncan -- protested segregation at the National Theatre . Eventually management gave in to the demands , resulting in the first integrated audience for a performance of any show at that venue . Around 1938 , much of the original cast reunited for a West Coast revival ; Avon Long took on the role of Sportin ' Life . Long continued to reprise his role in several of the following productions . 1942 Broadway revival ( edit ) The noted director and producer Cheryl Crawford produced professional stock theater in Maplewood , New Jersey , for three very successful seasons . The last of these closed with Porgy and Bess , which she co-produced with John Wildberg . In re-fashioning it in the style of musical theatre which Americans were used to hearing from Gershwin , Crawford produced a drastically cut version of the opera compared with the first Broadway staging . The orchestra was reduced , the cast was halved , and many recitatives were reduced to spoken dialog . Having seen the performance , theater owner Lee Shubert arranged for Crawford to bring her production to Broadway . The show opened at the Majestic Theatre in January 1942 . Duncan and Brown reprised their roles as the title characters , with Alexander Smallens again conducting . In June the contralto Etta Moten , whom Gershwin had first envisioned as Bess , replaced Brown in the role . Moten was such a success that Bess became her signature role . The Crawford production ran for nine months and was far more successful financially than the original . Radio station WOR in New York broadcast a live one - hour version on May 7 , 1942 . The cast included Todd Duncan , Anne Brown , Ruby Elzy , Avon Long , Edward Matthews , Harriet Jackson , Georgette Harvey , Jack Carr , and the Eva Jesse Choir ; the WOR Symphony was conducted by Alfred Wallenstein . The 12 `` - diameter 78 rpm , glass base , lacquer - coated disks were transferred to open - reel tape on February 6 , 1975 . European premieres ( edit ) On March 27 , 1943 , the opera had its European premiere at the Royal Danish Theatre in Copenhagen . Performed during the Nazi occupation of the country , this performance was notable for being performed by an all - white cast made up in blackface . After 22 sold - out performances , the Nazis closed the production . Other all - white or mostly - white productions in Europe , reflecting contemporary demographics in the countries , took place in Zurich , Switzerland , in 1945 and 1950 , and Gothenburg and Stockholm , Sweden in 1948 . Leontyne Price as Bess 1952 touring production ( edit ) Blevins Davis and Robert Breen produced a revival in 1952 which restored much of the music cut in the Crawford version , including many of the recitatives . It divided the opera into two acts , with the intermission occurring after Crown forces Bess to stay on Kittiwah Island . This version restored the work to a more operatic form , though not all of the recitatives were retained . In this version , Porgy and Bess was warmly received throughout Europe . The London premiere took place on October 9 , 1952 at the Stoll Theatre , where the opera continued until February 10 , 1953 . This production 's original cast featured Americans Leontyne Price as Bess , William Warfield as Porgy , and Cab Calloway as Sportin ' Life , a role that Gershwin had composed with him in mind . The role of Clara was played by a young Maya Angelou . Price and Warfield met and wed while on the tour . The role of Porgy was the first for Warfield after his appearance as Joe , singing `` Ol ' Man River '' in the popular 1951 MGM film of Show Boat . After a tour of Europe financed by the United States Department of State , the production came to Broadway 's Ziegfeld Theatre in March 1953 . It later toured North America . After completing its North American run in Montreal , the company embarked on an international tour , with LeVern Hutcherson as Porgy and Gloria Davy as Bess . The production first performed in Venice , Paris , and London , and in other cities in Belgium , Germany , Greece , Italy , Switzerland , and Yugoslavia . The company also made a stop at the Cairo Opera House in Egypt in January 1955 . In 1955 -- 1956 the company toured in cities in the Middle East , Africa , Russia , and Latin America . During this tour , Porgy and Bess was presented for the first time at La Scala in Milan in February 1955 . A historic yet tense premiere took place in Moscow in December 1955 ; it was during the Cold War and the first time an American theater group had been to the Soviet capital since the Bolshevik Revolution . Author Truman Capote traveled with the cast and crew , and wrote an account included in his book The Muses Are Heard . 1970 Charleston performances ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The first performances of Porgy and Bess in Charleston , South Carolina , were presented in 1970 as part of South Carolina 's Tricentennial celebration . The performances were a collaborative effort of the Choraliers Music Club , led by James Edwards , and the Charleston Symphony Orchestra , conducted by Lucien DeGroote . The part of Porgy was played by Reuben Wright . The collaboration of the two groups was evidence that race relations in Charleston had improved . In 1971 excerpts from the opera were presented by the same performers during the inauguration festivities for Governor John C. West . Inclusion of this interracial performance at this time was further evidence of improvement in race relations in South Carolina . 1976 Houston Grand opera production ( edit ) During the 1960s and early 1970s , Porgy and Bess mostly languished on the shelves , a victim of its perceived racism . Though new productions took place in 1961 and 1964 , along with a Vienna Volksoper premiere in 1965 ( again with William Warfield as Porgy ) , these did little to change many African Americans ' opinions of the work . Many music critics still had not accepted it as a true opera . A new staging of Porgy and Bess was produced by the Houston Grand Opera in 1976 under music director John DeMain ; it restored the complete original score for the first time . Following its debut in Houston , the production opened on Broadway at the Uris Theatre on September 25 , 1976 and was recorded complete by RCA Records . This version was very influential in turning the tide of opinion about the work . For the first time , an American opera company , not a Broadway production company , had tackled the opera . This production was based on Gershwin 's original full score . It did not incorporate the cuts and other changes which Gershwin had made before the New York premiere , nor the ones made for the 1942 Cheryl Crawford revival or the 1959 film version . It allowed the public to take in the operatic whole as first envisioned by the composer . In this light , Porgy and Bess was accepted as an opera . Donnie Ray Albert and Robert Mosley alternated performances in the role of Porgy . Clamma Dale and Larry Marshall starred , respectively , as Bess and Sportin ' Life . This production won the Houston Grand Opera a Tony Award -- the only opera ever to receive one -- and a Grammy Award . The conductor was John DeMain . Subsequent productions ( edit ) Another Broadway production was staged in 1983 at Radio City Music Hall with conductor C. William Harwood , based on the Houston production . The Metropolitan Opera finally presented a production of Porgy and Bess in 1985 after considering it since the 1930s . It opened February 6 , 1985 with a cast including Simon Estes , Grace Bumbry , Bruce Hubbard , Gregg Baker and Florence Quivar . The Met production was directed by Nathaniel Merrill and designed by Robert O'Hearn . The conductor was James Levine . The production received 16 performances in its first season and was revived in 1986 , 1989 and 1990 , for a total of 54 performances . Trevor Nunn first tackled the work in an acclaimed 1986 production at England 's Glyndebourne Festival . The 1986 Trevor Nunn production was scenically expanded and videotaped for television in 1993 ( see below in `` Television '' ) . These productions were also based on the `` complete score , '' without incorporating Gershwin 's revisions . A semi-staged version of this production was performed at the Proms in 1998 . The centennial celebration of the Gershwin brothers from 1996 -- 1998 included a new production as well . On February 24 -- 25 , 2006 , the Nashville Symphony , under the direction of John Mauceri , gave a concert performance at the Tennessee Performing Arts Center . It incorporated Gershwin 's cuts made for the New York premiere , thus giving the audience an idea of what the opera sounded like on its Broadway opening . In 2000 and 2002 the New York City Opera had a revival directed by Tazewell Thompson . In 2007 , Los Angeles Opera staged a revival directed by Francesca Zambello and conducted by John DeMain , who led the history - making Houston Opera revival of Porgy and Bess in 1976 . South Africa 's Cape Town Opera has frequently performed Porgy and Bess abroad , most notably with the Welsh National Opera , NorrlandsOperan , Deutsche Oper Berlin and at the Wales Millennium Centre , Royal Festival Hall and Edinburgh Festival Theatre . In October 2010 , its planned tour of the opera to Israel was criticised by Desmond Tutu . 2006 the Gershwins ' Porgy and Bess ( Nunn adaptation ) ( edit ) The Gershwins ' Porgy and Bess premiered on November 9 , 2006 , at the Savoy Theatre ( London ) , directed by Trevor Nunn . ( Although that was the title given to this production , the 1993 television adaptation of Nunn 's 1986 production had also used it . ) For this new production , he adapted the lengthy opera to fit the conventions of musical theatre . Working with the Gershwin and Heyward estates , Nunn used dialogue from the original novel and subsequent Broadway stage play to replace the recitatives with naturalistic scenes . He did not use operatic voices in this production , but relied on musical theatre actors as leads . Gareth Valentine provided the musical adaptation . Despite mostly positive reviews , Nunn 's production closed months early due to poor box office . This original cast of this version included Clarke Peters as Porgy , Nicola Hughes as Bess , O.T. Fagbenle as Sportin ' Life , and Cornell S. John as Crown . 2011 the Gershwins ' Porgy and Bess ( Paulus adaptation ) ( edit ) Another production titled The Gershwins ' Porgy and Bess , directed by Diane Paulus , with book adapted by Suzan - Lori Parks , and music adapted by Diedre Murray , was presented by the American Repertory Theater ( ART ) in Cambridge , Massachusetts . The Broadway production was produced by Buddy Freitag and Barbara Freitag . Previews started August 17 , and the show opened August 31 , 2011 . Following Trevor Nunn 's latest production of the work , the ART Porgy was the second production initiated by the Gershwin and Heyward estates to adapt the opera for the musical theatre stage . Again spoken dialogue , here written by Parks , replaced the opera 's sung recitatives . William David Brohn and Christopher Jahnke created new orchestrations for the production . Prior to the opening , Paulus , Parks and Murray made statements to the press about the production 's primary goal being to `` introduce the work to the next generation of theatergoers '' . They discussed changes to the opera 's plot , dialogue and score that were being explored to make the work more appealing to a contemporary audience . In response , Stephen Sondheim wrote an editorial letter criticizing Paulus , McDonald and Park 's `` disdain '' toward the work , and criticized the new title because it underplayed the contribution of Heyward . Critic Hilton Als countered in The New Yorker that Sondheim had very little exposure to black culture and that the Paulus version succeeded in `` humanizing the depiction of race onstage . '' The production began previews on Broadway at the Richard Rodgers Theatre in December 2011 and officially opened on January 12 , 2012 . The original cast included Audra McDonald as Bess , Norm Lewis as Porgy , David Alan Grier as Sportin ' Life , Phillip Boykin as Crown , Nikki Renee Daniels as Clara , and Joshua Henry as Jake . All of the major roles are played by the same cast as in Cambridge . Early reviews of the show were positive to mixed . All praised McDonald 's performance of Bess , but critics were divided on the success of the adaptation , staging and setting . Some praised the intimate scale of the drama and the believability of the performances ; others found the staging to be unfocused and the settings to lack atmosphere . Time magazine ranked the show as its number two choice among theatre productions in 2011 . The production was nominated for 10 awards in the 2012 Tony Awards , winning Best Revival of a Musical and Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical for McDonald . The production ran through September 23 , 2012 . It played 322 performances , 17 more than the 1953 revival , making it the longest - running production of Porgy and Bess on Broadway thus far . 2014 the Gershwins ' Porgy and Bess ( London production ) ( edit ) This production ran at the Regent 's Park Open Air Theatre from 17 July to 23 August . Cast members included Rufus Bonds Jr ( Porgy ) , Nicola Hughes ( Bess ) , Cedric Neal ( Sportin ' Life ) , Phillip Boykin ( Crown ) , Sharon D. Clarke ( Mariah ) , Jade Ewen ( Clara ) and Golda Rosheuvel ( Serena ) . The production was directed by Timothy Sheader , and also used the book adapted by Suzan - Lori Parks , and music adapted by Diedre Murray . It was nominated at the Olivier Awards for Best Musical Revival . Roles ( edit ) Role Voice type Premiere cast September 30 , 1935 ( Conductor : Alexander Smallens ) Porgy , a disabled beggar bass - baritone Todd Duncan Bess , Crown 's girl soprano Anne Brown Crown , a tough stevedore baritone Warren Coleman Sportin ' Life , a dope peddler tenor John W. Bubbles Robbins , an inhabitant of Catfish Row tenor Henry Davis Serena , Robbins ' wife soprano Ruby Elzy Jake , a fisherman baritone Edward Matthews Clara , Jake 's wife soprano Abbie Mitchell Maria , keeper of the cook - shop contralto Georgette Harvey Mingo tenor Ford L. Buck Peter , the honeyman tenor Gus Simons Lily , Peter 's wife soprano Helen Dowdy Frazier , a black `` lawyer '' baritone J. Rosamond Johnson Annie mezzo - soprano Olive Ball Strawberry woman mezzo - soprano Helen Dowdy Jim , a cotton picker baritone Jack Carr Undertaker baritone John Garth Nelson tenor Ray Yeates Crab man tenor Ray Yeates Scipio , a small boy boy soprano Mr. Archdale , a white lawyer spoken George Lessey Detective spoken Alexander Campbell Policeman spoken Burton McEvilly Coroner spoken George Carleton The Eva Jessye Choir , led by Eva Jessye With the exception of the small speaking roles , all of the characters are black . Synopsis ( edit ) This section 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( January 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Place : Catfish Row , a fictitious black tenement ( once , a mansion of the aristocracy ) on the waterfront of Charleston , South Carolina . Time : The `` recent past '' ( c. 1930 ) . Act 1 ( edit ) Scene 1 : Catfish Row , a summer evening The opera begins with a short introduction which segues into an evening in Catfish Row . Jasbo Brown entertains the community with his piano playing . Clara , a young mother , sings a lullaby to her baby ( `` Summertime '' ) as the working men prepare for a game of craps ( `` Roll them Bones '' ) . One of the players , Robbins , scorns his wife Serena 's demands that he not play , retorting that on a Saturday night , a man has the right to play . Clara 's husband , the fisherman Jake , tries his own lullaby ( `` A Woman is a Sometime Thing '' ) with little effect . Little by little , other characters in the opera enter Catfish Row , among them Mingo , another fisherman , and Jim , a stevedore who , tired of his job , decides to give it up and join Jake and the other fishermen . Porgy , a disabled beggar , enters on his goat cart to organize the game . Peter , an elderly `` honey man '' returns , singing his vendor 's call . Crown , a strong and brutal stevedore , storms in with his woman , Bess , and buys cheap whiskey and some `` Happy Dust '' off the local dope peddler , Sportin ' Life . Bess is shunned by the women of the community , especially the pious Serena and the matriarchal cookshop owner Maria , but Porgy softly defends her . The game begins . One by one , the players get crapped out , leaving only Robbins and Crown , who has become extremely drunk . When Robbins wins , Crown attempts to prevent him from taking his winnings . A brawl ensues , which ends when Crown stabs Robbins with a cotton hook , killing him . Crown runs , telling Bess to fend for herself but that he will be back for her when the heat dies down . Sportin ' Life gives her a dose of happy dust and offers to take her with him when he goes to New York , but she rejects him . He flees , and Bess begins to pound on doors , but is rejected by all of the residents of Catfish Row , with the exception of Porgy , who lets her in . Scene 2 : Serena 's Room , the following night `` My Man 's Gone Now '' sung by Cynthia Clarey in the Glyndebourne production ( stage version ) The mourners sing a spiritual to Robbins ( `` Gone , Gone , Gone '' ) . To raise money for his burial , a saucer is placed on his chest for the mourners ' donations ( `` Overflow '' ) . Bess enters with Porgy and attempts to donate to the burial fund , but Serena rejects her money until Bess explains that she is now living with Porgy . A white detective enters and coldly tells Serena that she must bury her husband the next day , or his body will be given to medical students ( for dissection ) . He suddenly accuses Peter of Robbins 's murder . Peter denies his guilt and says Crown was the murderer . The Detective orders Peter to be arrested as a material witness , whom he will force to testify against Crown . Serena laments her loss in `` My Man 's Gone Now '' . The undertaker enters . The saucer holds only fifteen dollars of the needed twenty - five , but he agrees to bury Robbins as long as Serena promises to pay him back . Bess , who has been sitting in silence slightly apart from the rest of those gathered , suddenly begins to sing a gospel song and the chorus joyfully join in , welcoming her into the community . ( `` Oh , the Train is at de Station '' ) Act 2 ( edit ) Scene 1 : Catfish Row , a month later , in the morning Jake and the other fishermen prepare for work ( `` It take a long pull to get there '' ) . Clara asks Jake not to go because it is time for the annual storms , but he tells her that they desperately need the money . This causes Porgy to sing from his window about his new , happy - go - lucky outlook on life . ( `` I got plenty o ' nuttin '' ) . Sportin ' Life waltzes around selling `` happy dust '' , but soon incurs the wrath of Maria , who threatens him . ( `` I hates yo ' struttin ' style '' ) . A fraudulent lawyer , Frazier , arrives and farcically divorces Bess from Crown . When he discovers Bess and Crown were not married , he raises his price from a dollar to a dollar and a half . Archdale , a white lawyer , enters and informs Porgy that Peter will soon be released . The bad omen of a buzzard flies over Catfish Row and Porgy demands that it leave now that he finally has found happiness . ( `` Buzzard keep on flyin ' over '' . ) As the rest of Catfish Row prepares for the church picnic on nearby Kittiwah Island , Sportin ' Life again offers to take Bess to New York with him ; she refuses . He attempts to give her some `` happy dust '' despite her claims that she 's given up drugs , but Porgy grabs his arm and scares him off . Sportin ' Life leaves , reminding Bess as he goes that her men friends come and go , but he will be there all along . Bess and Porgy are now left alone , and express their love for each other ( `` Bess , You Is My Woman Now '' ) . The chorus re-enters in high spirits as they prepare to leave for the picnic ( `` Oh , I ca n't sit down '' ) . Bess is invited to the picnic by Maria , but she demurs as Porgy can not come ( due to his disability , he can not get on the boat ) , but Maria insists . Bess leaves Porgy behind as they go off to the picnic . Porgy watches the boat leave ( `` I got plenty o ' nuttin '' reprise ) . Scene 2 : Kittiwah Island , that evening The chorus enjoys themselves at the picnic ( `` I ai n't got no shame '' ) . Sportin ' Life presents the chorus his cynical views on the Bible ( `` It Ai n't Necessarily So '' ) , causing Serena to chastise them ( `` Shame on all you sinners ! '' ) . Everyone gets ready to leave . As Bess , who has lagged behind , tries to follow them , Crown emerges from the bushes . He reminds her that Porgy is `` temporary '' and laughs off her claims that she has been living decently now . Bess wants to leave Crown forever and attempts to make him forget about her ( `` Oh , what you want wid Bess ? '' ) but Crown refuses to give her up . He grabs her and will not let her go to the boat , which leaves without her , and then forcefully kisses her . He laughs at his conquest as her resistance begins to fail , and commands her to get into the woods , where his intentions are only too clear . Scene 3 : Catfish Row , a week later , just before dawn A week later , Jake leaves to go fishing with his crew , one of whom observes that it looks as if a storm is coming in . Peter , still unsure of his crime , returns from prison . Meanwhile , Bess is lying in Porgy 's room delirious with fever , which she has had ever since returning from Kittiwah Island . Serena prays to remove Bess 's affliction ( `` Oh , Doctor Jesus '' ) , and promises Porgy that Bess will be well by five o'clock . As the day passes , a strawberry woman , Peter ( the Honey Man ) and a crab man each pass by with their wares ( `` Vendors ' Trio '' ) . As the clock chimes five , Bess recovers from her fever . Porgy tells Bess that he knows she has been with Crown , and she admits that Crown has promised to return for her . Porgy tells her she is free to go if she wants to , and she tells him that although she wants to stay , she is afraid of Crown 's hold on her . Porgy asks her what would happen if there was no Crown , and Bess tells Porgy she loves him and begs him to protect her , and he promises that she will never have to be afraid again ( `` I Loves You , Porgy '' ) . Clara watches the water , fearful for Jake . Maria tries to allay her fears , but suddenly the hurricane bell begins to ring . Scene 4 : Serena 's Room , dawn of the next day The residents of Catfish Row are all gathered in Serena 's room for shelter from the hurricane . They drown out the sound of the storm with prayers and hymns ( `` Oh , Doctor Jesus '' ) while Sportin ' Life mocks their assumption that the storm is a signal of Judgment Day . Clara desperately sings her lullaby ( `` Summertime '' ( reprise ) ) . A knock is heard at the door , and the chorus believes it to be Death ( `` Oh there 's somebody knocking at the door '' ) . Crown enters dramatically , having swum from Kittiwah Island , seeking Bess . He shows no fear of God , claiming that after the long struggle from Kittiwah , God and he are friends . The chorus tries to drown out his blaspheming with more prayer , and he taunts them by singing a vulgar song . ( `` A red - headed woman '' ) . Suddenly , Clara sees Jake 's boat float past the window , upside - down , and she runs out to try to save him , handing her baby to Bess . Bess asks that one of the men go out with her , and Crown taunts Porgy , who can not go . Crown goes himself , yelling out as he leaves `` Alright , Big Friend ! We 're on for another Bout ! '' The chorus continue to pray as the storm rises . Act 3 ( edit ) Scene 1 : Catfish Row , the next night A group of women mourn Clara , Jake , and all of those who have been killed in the storm ( `` Clara , Clara , do n't you be downhearted '' ) . When they begin to mourn for Crown as well , Sportin ' Life laughs at them and is told off by Maria . He insinuates that Crown may not be dead , and observes that when a woman has a man , maybe she 's got him for keeps , but if she has two men , then it 's highly likely she 'll end up with none . Bess is heard singing Clara 's lullaby to her baby , whom she is now taking care of . ( `` Summertime '' ( reprise ) ) . Once Catfish Row is dark , Crown stealthily enters to claim Bess , but is confronted by Porgy . A fight ensues which ends when Porgy kills Crown . Porgy exclaims to Bess , `` You 've got a man now . You 've got Porgy ! '' Scene 2 : Catfish Row , the next afternoon The detective enters and talks with Serena and her friends about the murders of Crown and Robbins . They deny knowledge of Crown 's murder , frustrating the detective . Needing a witness for the coroner 's inquest , he next questions an apprehensive Porgy . Once Porgy admits to knowing Crown , he is ordered to come and identify Crown 's body . Sportin ' Life tells Porgy that corpses bleed in the presence of their murderers , and the detective will use this to hang Porgy . Porgy refuses to identify the body , but is dragged off anyway . Bess is distraught , and Sportin ' Life puts his plan into action . He tells her that Porgy will be locked up for a long time , and points out that he is the only one still here . He offers her happy dust , and though she refuses , he forces it on her . After she takes a whiff , he paints a seductive picture of her life with him in New York ( `` There 's a boat dat 's leavin ' soon for New York '' ) . She regains her strength and rushes inside , slamming the door on his face , but he leaves a packet of happy dust on her doorstep , and settles down to wait . Scene 3 : Catfish Row , a week later On a beautiful morning , Porgy is released from jail , where he has been arrested for contempt of court after refusing to look at Crown 's body . He returns to Catfish Row much richer after playing craps with his cellmates . He gives gifts to the residents , and pulls out a beautiful red dress for Bess . He does not understand why everyone seems so uneasy at his return . He sees Clara 's baby is now with Serena and realizes something is wrong . He asks where Bess is . Maria and Serena tell him that Bess has run off with Sportin ' Life to New York ( `` Oh Bess , Oh Where 's my Bess ? '' ) . Porgy calls for his goat cart , and resolves to leave Catfish Row to find her . He prays for strength , and begins his journey . ( `` Oh , Lawd , I 'm on my way '' ) Racial controversy ( edit ) From the outset , the opera 's depiction of African Americans attracted controversy . Problems with the racial aspects of the opera continue to this day . Virgil Thomson , a white American composer , stated that `` Folklore subjects recounted by an outsider are only valid as long as the folk in question is unable to speak for itself , which is certainly not true of the American Negro in 1935 . '' Duke Ellington was supposed to have stated `` the times are here to debunk Gershwin 's lampblack Negroisms . '' ( Ellington 's response to the 1952 Breen revival was completely the opposite . His telegram to the producer read : `` Your Porgy and Bess the superbest , singing the gonest , acting the craziest , Gershwin the greatest . '' ) Several of the members of the original cast later stated that they , too , had concerns that their characters might play into a stereotype that African Americans lived in poverty , took drugs and solved their problems with their fists . A planned production by the Negro Repertory Company of Seattle in the late 1930s , part of the Federal Theatre Project , was cancelled because actors were displeased with what they viewed as a racist portrayal of aspects of African American life . The director initially envisioned that they would perform the play in a `` Negro dialect . '' These Pacific Northwest African American actors , who did not speak in such dialect , would be coached in it . Florence James attempted a compromise of dropping the use of dialect but the production was canceled . Another production of Porgy and Bess , this time at the University of Minnesota in 1939 , ran into similar troubles . According to Barbara Cyrus , one of the few black students then at the university , members of the local African - American community saw the play as `` detrimental to the race '' and as a vehicle that promoted racist stereotypes . The play was cancelled due to pressure from the African - American community , which saw their success as proof of the increasing political power of blacks in Minneapolis -- Saint Paul . The belief that Porgy and Bess was racist gained strength during the Civil Rights Movement and Black Power movement of the 1950s , 1960s and 1970s . As these movements advanced , Porgy and Bess was seen as more and more out of date . When the play was revived in the 1960s , social critic and African - American educator Harold Cruse called it , `` The most incongruous , contradictory cultural symbol ever created in the Western World . '' In the 1976 Houston Opera production , the director , Sherwin Goldman , had trouble finding interested performers . Goldman , a white Texas native and a graduate of Yale and Oxford Universities , recalled , `` I was auditioning singers all around the country , I guess thirty cities in all , from theater groups to church choirs , but was having a hard time finding directors ... I do n't think there was a single black person , of those who had never been associated with Porgy , who did n't seriously bad - mouth it . '' Nevertheless , a cast was assembled of African American classically trained performers from all around the country . Gershwin 's all - black opera was also unpopular with some celebrated black artists . Harry Belafonte declined to play Porgy in the late 1950s film version , so the role went to Sidney Poitier . Betty Allen , president of The Harlem School of the Arts , admittedly loathed the piece , and Grace Bumbry , who excelled in the 1985 Metropolitan Opera production as Bess , made the often cited statement : I thought it beneath me , I felt I had worked far too hard , that we had come far too far to have to retrogress to 1935 . My way of dealing with it was to see that it was really a piece of Americana , of American history , whether we liked it or not . Whether I sing it or not , it was still going to be there . Over time , however , the opera gained acceptance from the opera community and some ( though not all ) in the African - American community . Maurice Peress stated in 2004 that `` Porgy and Bess belongs as much to the black singer - actors who bring it to life as it does to the Heywards and the Gershwins . '' Indeed , Ira Gershwin stipulated that only blacks be allowed to play the lead roles when the opera was performed in the United States , launching the careers of several prominent opera singers . That Gershwin sought to write a true jazz opera , and that he believed that Metropolitan Opera staff singers could never master the jazz idiom , but could instead only be sung by a black cast , seems to indicate he did not intend the work to belittle African - Americans . Some black singers were overjoyed at Gershwin 's work going so far as to describe him as the `` Abraham Lincoln of Negro music '' . The source of much of the racial controversy seems to arise from the miscegenation of Gershwin 's jazz experience . Gershwin wrote Porgy through an idiom of jazz that was influenced by Western European opera traditions , African - American music , and Russian - Jewish music . During the era of apartheid in South Africa , several South African theatre companies planned to put on all - white productions of Porgy and Bess . Ira Gershwin , as heir to his brother , consistently refused to permit these productions to be staged . But in 2009 , Cape Town Opera 's production , set in 1970s South Africa and inspired by life in Soweto , toured Britain , opening at the Wales Millennium Centre in Cardiff and going on to the Royal Festival Hall in London and Edinburgh Festival Theatre . Most of the cast were black South Africans ; American singers involved in the production have found the `` passionate identification with the opera '' by the South African singers `` a wake - up call '' . `` I think we 've got a little jaded in the US with Porgy and Bess , '' says Lisa Daltirus , one of two singers who will play Bess on the UK tour . `` A lot of people just think that this is a show that is lovely to listen to and happened way back when . They 're not thinking that you can still find places where this is real . And if we 're not careful we could be right back there . '' -- The Times , London , October 16 , 2009 Musical elements ( edit ) In the summer of 1934 , George Gershwin worked on the opera in Charleston , South Carolina . He drew inspiration from the James Island Gullah community , which he felt had preserved some African musical traditions . This research added to the authenticity of his work . The music itself reflects his New York jazz roots , but also draws on southern black traditions . Gershwin modeled the pieces after each type of folk song which the composer knew about ; jubilees , blues , praying songs , street cries , work songs , and spirituals are blended with traditional arias and recitatives . The most fundamental influences on the composition and orchestrations in evidence throughout Porgy and Bess , aside from those of American Jazz and Black religious music , are the European composers whose music Gershwin studied and absorbed during his tutelage with the likes of Edward Kilenyi , Rubin Goldmark , Charles Hambitzer , and Henry Cowell . Cowell 's key contribution , however , may have been to suggest that Gershwin study with Joseph Schillinger , whose influence , if not as important as his followers claim , is notable throughout . Some commenters have believed they heard simililarities to melodies heard in Jewish liturgical music in Gershwin 's opera . Gershwin biographer Edward Jablonski heard a similarity between the melody of `` It Ai n't Necessarily So '' and the Haftarah blessing , while others hear similarities with Torah blessing . In a sociological survey of Jewish American culture , the author remarked , `` One musicologist detected ' an uncanny resemblance ' between the folk tune ' Havenu ( sic ) Shalom Aleichem ' and the spiritual ( sic ) ' It Take a Long Pull to Get There ' from Porgy and Bess . '' The score makes use of a series of leitmotifs . Many of these represent individual characters : some of these are fragments of the opera 's set numbers ( Sportin ' Life , for example , is frequently represented by the melody which sets the title words of `` It Ai n't Necessarily So '' ) . Other motifs represent objects ( such as the sleazy chromatic `` Happy Dust '' motif ) or places , notably Catfish Row . Many of the through - composed passages of the score combine or develop these leitmotifs in order to reflect the on - stage action . Particularly sophisticated uses of this techniques can be seen after the aria `` There 's a boat dat 's leaving soon for New York '' in act 3 , scene 2 . The opera also frequently reprises its set numbers ( these might be considered extended Leitsektionen ) . Notable in this respect are the reprises of `` Bess , you is my woman now '' and `` I got plenty o ' nuttin ' '' which conclude act 2 , scene 1 . The song `` Summertime '' is stated four times alone . The duration of the work is about 180 minutes . Instrumentation ( edit ) The work is scored for two flutes ( second doubling piccolo ) , two oboes ( second doubling English horn ) , three clarinets in B - flat ( second and third doubling alto saxophones ) , one bass clarinet in B - flat ( doubling fourth clarinet and tenor saxophone ) , one bassoon ; three French horns in F , three trumpets in B - flat , one trombone , one bass trombone , one tuba ; a percussion section that includes timpani , xylophone , triangle , glockenspiel , suspended and crash cymbals , antique cymbals , snare drum , tom - toms , bass drum , African drums , tubular bells , wood block , temple blocks , sandpaper and train whistle ; one piano ; and strings . Recordings ( edit ) Main article : Porgy and Bess discography The 1976 and 1977 recordings of the opera won Grammy Awards for Best Opera Recording , making Porgy and Bess the only opera to win this award over two consecutive years . Excerpts ( edit ) Days after the Broadway premiere of Porgy and Bess with an all - black cast , two white opera singers , Lawrence Tibbett and Helen Jepson , both members of the Metropolitan Opera , recorded highlights of the opera in a New York sound studio , released as Highlights from Porgy and Bess . Members of the original cast were not recorded until 1940 , when Todd Duncan and Anne Brown recorded selections from the work . Two years later , when the first Broadway revival occurred , American Decca rushed other members of the cast into the recording studio to record other selections not recorded in 1940 . These two albums were marketed as a two - volume 78 rpm set Selections from George Gershwin 's Folk Opera Porgy and Bess . After LPs began to be manufactured in 1948 , the recording was transferred to LP , and subsequently , to CD . Also in 1940 , baritone Bruce Foote released a 78 - RPM album of selections from Porgy and Bess . In 1942 , Mabel Mercer and Cy Walter released a 78 - RPM jazz album of excerpts from the opera on an obscure label . Although members of the jazz community initially felt that a Jewish piano player and a white novelist could not adequately convey the plight of blacks in a 1930s Charleston ghetto , jazz musicians warmed up more to the opera after twenty years , and more jazz - based recordings of it began to appear . Louis Armstrong and Ella Fitzgerald recorded an album in 1957 in which they sang and scatted Gershwin 's tunes . The next year , Miles Davis recorded what some consider a seminal interpretation of the opera arranged for big band . In 1959 , Columbia Masterworks Records released a soundtrack album of Samuel Goldwyn 's film version of Porgy and Bess , which had been made that year . It was not a complete version of the opera , nor was it even a complete version of the film soundtrack , which featured more music than could be contained on a single LP . The album remained in print until the early 1970s , when it was withdrawn from stores at the request of the Gershwin estate . It is the first stereo album of music from Porgy and Bess with an all - black cast . However , according to the album liner notes , Sammy Davis Jr. was under contract to another recording company , and his vocal tracks for the film could not be used on the album . Cab Calloway substituted his own vocals of Sportin ' Life 's songs . Robert McFerrin was the singing voice of Porgy , and Adele Addison the singing voice of Bess . The white singer Loulie Jean Norman was the singing voice of Clara ( portrayed onscreen by Diahann Carroll ) , and Inez Matthews the singing voice of Serena ( portrayed onscreen by Ruth Attaway ) . In 1963 , Leontyne Price and William Warfield , who had starred in the 1952 world tour of Porgy and Bess , recorded their own album of excerpts from the opera for RCA Victor . None of the other singers from that production appeared on that album , but John W. Bubbles , the original Sportin ' Life , substituted for Cab Calloway ( who had played Sportin ' Life onstage in the 1952 production ) . The 1963 recording of Porgy and Bess excerpts remains the only official recording of the score on which Bubbles sings Sportin ' Life 's two big numbers . In , 1976 , for RCA Victor , Ray Charles and Cleo Laine recorded an album of excerpts in which the two of them sang several roles . The album was arranged and conducted by Frank De Vol . It featured the organ of Joe Sample , the trumpet of Harry Edison and guitar work of Joe Pass and Lee Ritenour . It was jazz - based with full orchestrations , but the orchestrations used were not Gershwin 's . In 1990 , Leonard Slatkin conducted an album of excerpts from the opera , released on a Philips Records CD , with Simon Estes ( who sang Porgy in the first Metropolitan Opera production of the work ) and Roberta Alexander . Complete recordings ( edit ) 1951 : Columbia Masterworks : the company recorded a 3 - LP album of what was then the standard performing version of Porgy and Bess -- the most complete recording made of the opera up to that time . It was billed as a `` complete '' version , but was complete only insofar as that was the way the work was usually performed then . ( Actually , nearly an hour was cut from the opera . ) Because album producer Goddard Lieberson was eager to bring as much of Porgy and Bess as he felt was practical on records at the time , the recording featured more of Gershwin 's original recitatives and orchestrations than had ever been heard before . The recording was conducted by Lehman Engel , and starred Lawrence Winters and Camilla Williams , both from the New York City Opera . Several singers who had been associated with the original 1935 production and the 1942 revival of Porgy and Bess were finally given a chance to record their roles more or less complete . The album was highly acclaimed as a giant step in recorded opera in its time . It was re-released at budget price on the Odyssey label in the early 1970s . It has subsequently appeared on CD on Sony 's `` Masterworks Heritage '' CD series , and on the Naxos label as well . The album is not sung in as directly `` operatic '' a style as later versions , treading a fine line between opera and musical theatre . 1952 : Guild ( not released until 2008 ) : A live recording of a September 21 , 1952 , performance of Porgy and Bess , starring Leontyne Price , William Warfield , Cab Calloway and the rest of the cast of the 1952 Davis - Breen revival . This is the only known recording of an actual performance made from the historic and highly acclaimed 1952 world tour of the opera . While the opera itself is not performed truly complete , it is a complete recording of that specific performance . Alexander Smallens , who led the original 1935 production and the 1942 revival , conducts . Some of the sung recitatives are still performed as spoken dialogue in the production . 1956 : Bethlehem Records : A version of the opera more heavily oriented toward jazz than the original . Mel Tormé sings Porgy and Frances Faye is Bess . The only 3 - LP version of most of the opera with white singers . ( Released on CD by Rhino Records . ) 1976 : Decca Records : The first complete recording of the opera based on Gershwin 's original score , restoring the material cut by Gershwin during rehearsals for the New York premiere in 1935 , was made by the Cleveland Orchestra under Lorin Maazel in 1976 for Decca Records in the UK and London Records in the U.S. , in time for the U.S. Bicentennial . It starred Willard White singing his first Porgy , and Leona Mitchell as Bess . The recording was praised by critics for its performance quality and racial significance , but at the same time was highly criticized by some for not bringing out the `` jazzier '' qualities of the score . 1977 : RCA Victor : A complete recording of the opera by the Houston Grand Opera based on the complete original score . 1989 : EMI : The Glyndebourne album also based on the complete original score , without Gershwin 's cuts . 2006 : Decca : A recording of the opera made by the Nashville Symphony under John Mauceri is the first to observe Gershwin 's cuts and thus present the opera as it was heard in New York in 1935 . The musical cuts made on this album coincide almost exactly with those in the 1951 album , with the exception that `` The Buzzard Song '' , usually cut in early productions , is heard on the 1951 album , and the `` Occupational Humoresque '' , heard on the 2006 album , is not heard on the 1951 album at all . This version stars Marquita Lister as Bess . 2010 : RCA Victor : Nikolaus Harnoncourt , an unusual choice for this Gershwin opera , conducted a recording of an almost complete Porgy and Bess , which was released in the U.S. in September 2010 . Gregg Baker , who sang Crown in the 1985 Metropolitan Opera production , the 1986 Glyndebourne production , the 1989 EMI recording made with the Glyndebourne cast , and in the 1993 television adaptation of that production , repeated his performance here , but the roles of Porgy and Bess are taken by two singers virtually unknown in the U.S. , Jonathan Lemalu and Isabelle Kabatu . 2014 : EuroArts Music International : DVD and Blu - ray recorded live by San Francisco Opera in June 2009 , with Eric Owens and Laquita Mitchell in the title roles . Adaptations ( edit ) Film ( edit ) 1959 film ( edit ) Poster for the 1959 film version A 1959 film version , produced in 70 mm Todd - AO by Samuel Goldwyn , was plagued with problems . Rouben Mamoulian , who had directed the 1935 Broadway premiere , was hired to direct the film , but was subsequently fired in favor of director Otto Preminger after a disagreement with the producer . Mamoulian urged making the film on location in South Carolina after a fire on the sound stage destroyed the film 's sets . Goldwyn , who never liked making films on location , considered Mamoulian 's request a sign of disloyalty . Robert McFerrin dubbed the singing voice for Sidney Poitier 's Porgy as did Adele Addison for Dorothy Dandridge 's Bess . Ruth Attaway 's Serena and Diahann Carroll 's Clara were also dubbed . Although Dandridge and Carroll were singers , their voices were not considered operatic enough . Sammy Davis Jr. , Brock Peters and Pearl Bailey ( who played Sportin ' Life , Crown and Maria ) were the only principals who provided their own singing . André Previn 's adaptation of the score won him an Academy Award , the film 's only Oscar . The Gershwin estate was disappointed with the film , as the score was substantially edited to make it more like a musical . Much of the music was omitted from the film , and many of Gershwin 's orchestrations were either changed or completely scrapped . It was shown on network television in the U.S. only once , in 1967 . Critics attacked it for not being faithful to Gershwin 's opera , for over-refining the language grammatically , and for its `` overblown '' staging . The film was removed from release in 1974 by the Gershwin estate . In 2011 , it was selected to the U.S. National Film Registry . Other films ( edit ) The 1945 Warner Bros. film biography of Gershwin , Rhapsody in Blue , featured an extended musical scene recreating the opening of the original Broadway production of Porgy and Bess . Included was the original Bess , Anne Brown , recreating her performance . The scene includes a more elaborate ( and historically inaccurate ) arrangement for the film of the song `` Summertime '' , sung by Anne Brown as Bess with full chorus , but the Catfish Row set design is a virtual duplicate of the one seen in the 1935 Broadway stage production . The 1985 film White Nights featured a scene in which Gregory Hines performed `` There 's a Boat Dat 's Leavin ' Soon for New York '' as Sportin ' Life . Hines ' rendition , before a Siberian audience , included a tap dancing sequence . Director Taylor Hackford pointed out in a special edition DVD release of the film that it was necessary to locate a Russian woman of color ( Helene Denbey ) to portray Bess , as per Gershwin 's stipulations . Television ( edit ) In 1993 , Trevor Nunn 's Glyndebourne Festival stage production of Porgy and Bess , not to be confused with his later production , was greatly expanded scenically and videotaped in a television studio without an audience . This first Nunn production was also called The Gershwins ' ' Porgy and Bess ' when shown on television . It was telecast by the BBC in England and by PBS in the United States . It featured a cast of operatic American singers , with the exception of Willard White , who is Jamaican but sounded American , as Porgy . Cynthia Haymon sang the role of Bess . Nunn 's `` opening up '' of the stage production was considered highly imaginative ; his cast received much critical praise , and the three - hour production retained nearly all of Gershwin 's music , heard in the original 1935 orchestrations . This included the opera 's sung recitatives , which have occasionally been turned into spoken dialogue in other productions . No extra dialogue was written for this production , as had been done in the 1959 film . All performers lip - synched rather than singing live on set , leading The New York Times to write : `` What you hear is basically Mr. Nunn 's acclaimed Glyndebourne Festival production , the original cast intact . What you see was filmed later in a London studio . The performers , some new to the production , are lip - synching . It 's as if an elaborate visual aid had been concocted for the EMI recording . '' This Porgy and Bess production was subsequently released on VHS and DVD . It has won far greater acclaim than the 1959 film , which was widely panned by most critics . The 1993 television production of Porgy and Bess was nominated for four Emmy Awards , and won for its art direction . It also won a BAFTA Award for Best Video Lighting . In 2002 , the New York City Opera telecast its new version of the Houston Opera production , in a live performance from the stage of Lincoln Center . This version featured far more cuts than the previous telecast , but , like nearly all stage versions produced since 1976 , used the sung recitatives and Gershwin 's orchestrations . The telecast also included interviews with director Tazewell Thompson and was hosted by Beverly Sills . In 2009 the San Francisco Opera debuted the Gershwins ' Porgy and Bess to critical acclaim . The production was recorded at that time and shown on PBS in the fall of 2014 , and was later released on DVD and Blu - ray . Radio ( edit ) On December 1 , 1935 , during the Broadway run , Todd Duncan and Anne Brown performed `` Summertime '' , `` I Got Plenty o ' Nuttin ' '' and `` Bess , You Is My Woman Now '' on NBC 's The Magic Key of RCA radio program . Duncan and Brown also appeared on the 1937 CBS Gershwin memorial concert on September 8 , 1937 , broadcast from the Hollywood Bowl less than two months after the composer 's death , along with several other members of the Broadway cast , including John W. Bubbles and Ruby Elzy . They performed several selections from the opera . The complete Porgy and Bess has been broadcast by the Metropolitan Opera three times as part of the Met 's live radio broadcast series . The 1985 broadcast performance starred Simon Estes and Grace Bumbry . In 1986 Ms. Bumbry was heard with Robert Mosley as Porgy . In 1990 , Estes and Leona Mitchell sang the leads in the third broadcast . Concert ( edit ) Gershwin prepared an orchestral suite containing music from the opera after Porgy and Bess closed early on Broadway . Though it was originally titled `` Suite from Porgy and Bess '' , Ira later renamed it Catfish Row . In 1942 Robert Russell Bennett arranged a medley ( rather than a suite ) for orchestra which has often been heard in the concert hall , known as Porgy and Bess : A Symphonic Picture . It is based on Gershwin 's original scoring , though for a slightly different instrumentation ( the piano was removed from the orchestral texture at the request of the conductor Fritz Reiner , for whom the arrangement was made ) . Morton Gould also arranged an orchestral suite in the 1950s . Bennett 's 40 - minute Porgy and Bess , a concert version for soprano and baritone soloists , chorus and orchestra was prepared in 1956 . It is based very closely on Gershwin 's original instrumental and vocal scoring , the principal recasting being the use of standard concert - orchestra instrumentation , eliminating the clarinet - saxophone doubling specified in Gershwin 's 1935 orchestration . Piano ( edit ) In 1951 , Australian - born composer Percy Grainger , who was an admirer , performer and arranger of Gershwin 's music , completed a twenty - minute piece for two pianos titled Fantasy on George Gershwin 's `` Porgy and Bess '' . The pianist Earl Wild prepared a virtuoso piano arrangement in the manner of Franz Liszt , entitled Fantasy on Gershwin 's `` Porgy & Bess '' . Jazz versions ( edit ) Miles Davis and Gil Evans recorded jazz arrangements of Porgy and Bess . Released as an LP in 1959 by Columbia Records , it was highly successful . Mundell Lowe 's Porgy & Bess ( RCA Camden , 1958 ) and Hank Jones ' Porgy and Bess ( Capitol , 1958 ) were recorded at around the same time as the Davis and Evans collaboration and Ella Fitzgerald and Louis Armstrong recorded many of the selections from the opera on their 1958 collaboration . Oscar Peterson recorded ten titles from the opera on his 1959 album Oscar Peterson Plays Porgy & Bess ; in 1976 he returned to the material in a duo with Joe Pass , curiously choosing to play a clavichord on the recording . Eddy Louiss and Ivan Jullien released the album Porgy and Bess in 1971 , a big band arrangement of material from the opera with Louiss on Hammond organ and André Ceccarelli on drums . The album was released on Riviera , and re-released by Universal in 2000 as part of their Jazz in Paris series . In 1997 , saxophonist Joe Henderson recorded jazz arrangements on the album Porgy & Bess with the participation of several eminent jazz musicians . Songs ( edit ) Porgy and Bess contains many songs that have become popular in their own right , becoming standards in jazz and blues in addition to their original operatic setting . Some of the most popular songs are : `` Summertime '' , act 1 , scene 1 `` A Woman Is a Sometime Thing '' , act 1 , scene 1 `` My Man 's Gone Now '' , act 1 , scene 2 `` It Take a Long Pull to Get There '' , act 2 , scene 1 `` I Got Plenty o ' Nuttin ' '' , act 2 , scene 1 `` Buzzard Keep on Flyin ' '' , act 2 , scene 1 `` Bess , You Is My Woman Now '' , act 2 , scene 1 `` Oh , I Ca n't Sit Down , '' act 2 , scene 1 `` It Ai n't Necessarily So '' , act 2 , scene 2 `` What You Want Wid Bess '' , act 2 , scene 2 `` Oh , Doctor Jesus '' , act 2 , scene 3 `` I Loves You , Porgy '' , act 2 , scene 3 `` A Red - Haired Woman '' , act 2 , scene 4 `` There 's a Boat Dat 's Leavin ' Soon for New York '' , act 3 , scene 2 `` Bess , O Where 's My Bess ? '' , act 3 , scene 3 `` O Lawd , I 'm on My Way '' , act 3 , scene 3 Some of the more celebrated renditions of these songs include Sarah Vaughan 's `` It Ai n't Necessarily So '' and the versions of `` Summertime '' recorded by Billie Holiday , Ella Fitzgerald and Louis Armstrong , Miles Davis , John Coltrane , and Jascha Heifetz in his own transcriptions for violin and piano . Numerous other musicians have recorded `` Summertime '' in varying styles , including both instrumental and vocal recordings ; it may be even the most popular cover song in popular music . Janis Joplin recorded a Blues rock version of `` Summertime '' with Big Brother and the Holding Company . Billy Stewart 's version became a Top 10 Pop and R&B hit in 1966 for Chess Records . Even seemingly unlikely performers such as The Zombies ( 1965 ) or the ska punk band Sublime ( as `` Doin ' Time '' , 1997 ) have made recordings of `` Summertime '' . An international group of collectors of recordings of `` Summertime '' by the name `` The Summertime Connection '' claims more than 30,000 recorded performances ( many live ) in their collection . Nina Simone recorded several Porgy and Bess songs . She made her debut in 1959 with a version of `` I Loves You , Porgy '' , which became a Billboard top 20 hit . Other songs she recorded included `` Porgy , I 's Your Woman Now '' ( i.e. `` Bess , You Is My Woman Now '' ) , `` Summertime '' and `` My Man 's Gone Now '' . Christina Aguilera performed `` I Loves You , Porgy '' in a tribute to the Nina Simone version at the 2008 Grammy Nominations Concert . The violinist Isaac Stern and the cellist Julian Lloyd Webber both recorded instrumental versions of `` Bess , You is My Woman Now '' . Commendations ( edit ) On July 14 , 1993 , the United States Postal Service recognized the opera 's cultural significance by issuing a commemorative 29 - cent postage stamp . In 2001 , Porgy and Bess was proclaimed the official opera of the state of South Carolina . The 1940 / 1942 Decca Porgy and Bess recording with members of the original cast was included by the National Recording Preservation Board in the Library of Congress , National Recording Registry in 2003 . The board selects recordings on an annual basis that are `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant . '' References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Strachan , Ian Gregory ; Mask , Mia ( 2014 - 11 - 27 ) . Poitier Revisited : Reconsidering a Black Icon in the Obama Age . Bloomsbury Publishing USA . p. 102 . ISBN 9781623562977 . Jump up ^ Gershwin , George ( November 2 , 1935 ) . `` Gershwin explains why his Porgy and Bess is called `` folk opera '' `` . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Stephen Raskauskas = 2016 . `` The true origins of Gershwin 's Summertime '' . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jablonski & Stewart , 227 -- 229 . ^ Jump up to : Porgy and Bess , American Memory : `` Today in History , September 2 '' , Library of Congress ^ Jump up to : Standifer , James , `` The Tumultuous Life of Porgy and Bess '' , Humanities , November / December 1997 , Volume 18 , Number 6 Jump up ^ Victor Book of the Opera New York : Simon and Schuster , 1968 , pp. 326 -- 328 Jump up ^ Martin , George : The Opera Companion to Twentieth Century Opera New York : Dodd , Meade & Company , 1979 . pp. 389 -- 396 . ^ Jump up to : `` Porgy ' Goes Abroad '' . The New York Times . January 30 , 1955 . p. 240 . Jump up ^ Sam Zolotow ( September 3 , 1954 ) . `` Premiere In Paris For ' Blues Opera ' '' . The New York Times . p. 13 . Jump up ^ Robert Breen Papers , ( ca . 1935 -- ca . 1979 ) . Ohio State University Libraries . Jump up ^ The Broadway League . `` Porgy and Bess IBDB : The official source for Broadway Information '' . IBDB . Retrieved February 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Met History '' . The Metropolitan Opera . Retrieved February 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cape Town Opera , `` Cape Town Opera 's Tour To Israel , Press release : 27 October 2010 Archived 5 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Press views : Porgy and Bess '' . BBC News . November 11 , 2006 . Retrieved August 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Simonson , Robert ( 2012 - 05 - 31 ) . `` Broadway Producer Edgar Freitag Is Dead at 80 '' . Playbill.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Healey , Patrick ( August 5 , 2011 ) . `` It Ai n't Necessarily ' Porgy ' '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ibdb.com Jump up ^ `` Your Guide to The Gershwins ' Porgy and Bess '' . American Repertory Theater . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Sondheim Takes Issue With Plan for Revamped Porgy and Bess '' . The New York Times . August 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Als , Hilton ( September 26 , 2011 ) . `` A Man and a Woman '' . The New Yorker . Condé Nast Publications . LXXXVII ( 29 ) : 110 . ISSN 0028 - 792X . Jump up ^ `` Porgy and Bess on Broadway '' . 2011 Porgy and Bess . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2011 . Retrieved November 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Review Roundup : Norm Lewis , Audra McDonald , et al. Open in The Gershwins ' Porgy and Bess '' . Theatermania.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Zoglin , Richard . `` The Best of 2011 : Theater '' , Time magazine , December 19 , 2011 issue , p. 77 Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam . `` Tony - Winning The Gershwins ' Porgy and Bess Will Conclude Broadway Run Sept. 23 '' Archived 2013 - 06 - 03 at the Wayback Machine. , Playbill.com , July 18 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Breaking News : The Gershwin 's PORGY & BESS Moves Broadway Closing Up to September 23 , 2012 '' . Broadway World . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Porgy and Bess , Regent 's Park Open Air Theatre , review : Gloriously sung Gershwin '' by Paul Taylor , The Independent , 31 July 2014 Jump up ^ Thomson , Virgil in Modern Music , November -- December 1935 . pp. 16 -- 17 . Jump up ^ The quote was probably invented by a journalist who interviewed Ellington about the opera . Ellington publicly repudiated the article shortly after its publication . Howard Pollack , George Gershwin ( University of California Press , 2006 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 24864 - 9 , 167 . Jump up ^ Hutchisson , James M. DuBose Heyward : A Charleston Gentleman and the World of `` Porgy and Bess . '' University of Mississippi Press ( 2000 ) , ISBN 978 - 1 - 57806 - 250 - 8 , 165 . Jump up ^ Becker , Paula . `` '' Negro Repertory Company '' on HistoryLink.org , November 10 , 2002 . Jump up ^ Brady , Tim , `` The Way Spaces Were Allocated : African Americans on Campus , Part II '' , Minnesota , November -- December 2002 , University of Minnesota Alumni Association . Jump up ^ Albert , H. ( 1990 ) . The Life and Times of ' Porgy and Bess ' . Knopf . p. 298 . Jump up ^ Reverend Phyllis L. Hubbell , `` I Got Plenty O Nuttin '' Archived 2005 - 05 - 29 at the Wayback Machine. , sermon at the First Unitarian Church of Baltimore , August 20 , 2000 . Jump up ^ Peress , Maurice . `` George Gershwin and African American Music Archived 2005 - 07 - 28 at the Wayback Machine ... New MusicBox , 8 July 2005 Jump up ^ Pollack , George Gershwin pp. 597 -- 98 Jump up ^ Ross , Alex ( 2007 ) . The Rest Is Noise . Farrar , Straus and Giroux . pp. 147 -- 150 . ISBN 9780374249397 . Jump up ^ `` Cape Town Opera brings Porgy and Bess to Europe -- The only opera company in South Africa is on the road to Britain with a Porgy and Bess set in the depths of apartheid '' , The Times , London , October 16 , 2009 , Retrieved on October 21 , 2009 Jump up ^ Ewen , David , The Home Book of 20th Century Music , Arco , 1956 , p. 138 Jump up ^ unconservatory.org Jump up ^ Pollack , George Gershwin , 127 . Jump up ^ Jablonski , Edward , Gershwin , New York : Doubleday , ( 1987 ) : Cited in Benaroya , Adam ( May 2000 ) `` The Jewish Roots in George Gershwin 's Music '' , I.L. Peretz Community Jewish School ; Retrieved January 2 , 2005 Jump up ^ Pareles , Jon ( January 29 , 1997 ) History of a Nation in Its Song to Itself The New York Times ; Retrieved February 21 , 2006 Jump up ^ Whitfield , Stephen J. ( September 1999 ) ( Stephen J. Whitfield , In Search of American Jewish Culture ( Brandeis University Press , 1999 ) , 63 . Jump up ^ Gershwin , George ( 1935 ) . Porgy and Bess . Schott . Jump up ^ Amazon.com : Porgy and Bess ( Selections ) : Act 2 : It Ai n't Necessarily So ( 1998 Remastered ) : Lawrence Tibbett : MP3 Downloads Jump up ^ Amazon.com : Gershwin : Porgy & Bess ( With Members of the Original Cast ) : George Gershwin , Alexander Smallens , Todd Duncan , Anne Brown , Avon Long : Music Jump up ^ Porgy and Bess , Bruce Foote : CastAlbums.org Jump up ^ Mabel Mercer Sings , Cy Walter Plays ... Selection from George Gershwin 's Porgy and Bess Jump up ^ Amazon.com : Porgy & Bess : High Performance : William Warfield , John W. Bubbles , Leontyne Price : Music Jump up ^ Amazon.com : Porgy & Bess : George Gershwin : Music Jump up ^ Music was played by the London Philharmonic Orchestra and conducted by Simon Rattle . Producer : David R. Murray ; Balance Engineer : Mark Vigars ; Assistant Producer : Tony Harrison ; Production Assistant : Alison Fox . Recorded at No. 1 Studio , Abbey Road , London . Recorded using B&W loudspeakers . Box cover , booklet cover & photos : Guy Gravett . Original sound recording made By EMI Records Ltd. 1989 Jump up ^ Janos Gereben , `` Porgy and Bess on DVD and Blu - Ray '' , San Francisco Classical Voice on sfcv.org Jump up ^ Marx , Arthur : Goldwyn -- The Man Behind the Myth Jump up ^ Porterfield , Christopher ( October 4 , 1993 ) . `` Conjuring Up Catfish Row '' . TIME . Retrieved February 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , John J. ( October 6 , 1993 ) . `` Review / Television ; Two Law Series Return , With Some Revisions '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Porgy & Bess Movie DVD Review -- About.com '' . Homevideo.about.com . Retrieved February 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Porgy and Bess ( 1993 ) ( TV ) -- Awards Jump up ^ Awards Database -- The BAFTA site Jump up ^ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/frame.htm Jump up ^ Crouch , Stanley , Considering Genius : Writings on Jazz , Basic Books , 2007 , p. 54 . ISBN 0 - 465 - 01512 - 3 Jump up ^ Klaver , Wilfred . `` The Summertime Connection '' . The Summertime Connection . Retrieved 3 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Summertime Connection list Jump up ^ `` I Loves You , Porgy Archived 2006 - 08 - 23 at the Wayback Machine . '' , Nina Simone version , on Billboard Chart Jump up ^ Edger , Walter . The South Carolina Encyclopedia , Columbia : University of South Carolina Press , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 National Recording Registry choices '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved February 4 , 2010 . Sources Brady , Tim : `` The Way Spaces Were Allocated : African Americans on Campus , Part II '' Minnesota , November -- December 2002 , University of Minnesota Alumni Association Ferencz , George J. `` Porgy and Bess on the Concert Stage : Gershwin 's 1936 Suite ( Catfish Row ) and the 1942 Gershwin -- Bennett Symphonic Picture . '' The Musical Quarterly 94 : 1 -- 2 ( Spring - Summer 2011 ) , 93 -- 155 . Jablonski , Edward : Gershwin : A Biography Garden City , New Jersey : Doubleday & Company , 1987 , ISBN 0 - 7924 - 2164 - 7 Jablonski , Edward and Lawrence D. Stewart : The Gershwin Years , Garden City , New Jersey : Doubleday & Company , 1973 , Second edition , ISBN 0 - 306 - 80739 - 4 Kimball , Robert and Alfred Simon : The Gershwins , New York : Atheneum , 1973 , ISBN 0 - 689 - 10569 - X Marx , Arthur . Goldwyn : A Biography of the Man Behind the Myth , W.W. Norton , 1976 , ISBN 0 - 393 - 07497 - 8 Schwartz , Charles : Gershwin : His Life and Music New York : Bobbs - Merrill Company , 1973 , ISBN 0 - 306 - 80096 - 9 Southern Eileen : The Music of Black Americans : A History , New York : W.W. Norton & Company ; 3rd edition , ISBN 0 - 393 - 97141 - 4 Further reading Alpert , Hollis : The Life and Times of Porgy and Bess : The Story of an American Classic Publisher : Nick Hern Books , 1991 ISBN 1 - 85459 - 054 - 5 Bauch , Marc A. Europäische Einflüsse im amerikanischen Musical , Marburg , Germany : Tectum Verlag , 2013 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8288 - 3209 - 1 ( A unique , paratextual comparison between Wozzeck by Alban Berg and Porgy and Bess ) Capote , Truman : The Muses Are Heard : An Account New York : Random House , 1956 , ISBN 0 - 394 - 43732 - 2 ( story of the 1955 Porgy and Bess production in Moscow ) Fisher , Burton D. Porgy and Bess ( Opera Journeys Mini Guide Series ) Coral Gables , Florida : Opera Journeys Publishing , 2000 , ISBN 1 - 930841 - 19 - 1 , overview of the opera Hamm , Charles : `` The Theatre Guild Production of Porgy and Bess '' , Journal of the American Musicological Society , Fall 1987 , pp. 495 -- 532 . Hutchisson , James , M. : Dubose Heyward : A Charleston Gentleman and the World of Porgy and Bess , University Press of Mississippi , 2000 ISBN 1 - 57806 - 250 - 0 Noonan , Ellen . The Strange Career of Porgy and Bess : Race , Culture , and America 's Most Famous Opera ( University of North Carolina Press ; 2012 ) 448 pages ; traces the history of the opera since 1935 Weaver , David E : `` The Birth of Porgy and Bess '' , pp. 80 -- 98 , Black Diva of the Thirties -- The Life of Ruby Elzy , University Press of Mississippi , 2004 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Porgy and Bess . Porgy and Bess , NPR webcast of full opera , staged November 12 , 2005 at the Kennedy Center , Washington , DC `` Porgy and Bess : An American Voice '' Excerpts from PBS documentary on the opera Hypertext edition of the novel Porgy `` Jazzbo : Why we still listen to Gershwin '' The New Yorker article by Claudia Roth Pierpoint Internet Broadway Database listings for all Broadway productions Ovrtur.com Entry `` 75 years Porgy and Bess '' Porgy and Bess Adaptations Novel Play Opera Film adaptation Catfish Row Porgy and Bess : A Symphonic Picture Porgy and Bess ( Miles Davis album ) Porgy and Bess ( Ella Fitzgerald and Louis Armstrong album ) Porgy and Bess ( Harry Belafonte and Lena Horne album ) Porgy and Bess ( Oscar Peterson and Joe Pass album ) Creators George Gershwin Ira Gershwin DuBose Heyward Dorothy Heyward Songs `` Summertime '' `` My Man 's Gone Now '' `` I Got Plenty o ' Nuttin ' '' `` Bess , You Is My Woman Now '' `` It Ai n't Necessarily So '' `` I Loves You , Porgy '' Media Discography George and Ira Gershwin musicals , operas and films Together A Dangerous Maid Primrose Lady , Be Good ! Tell Me More Tip - Toes Song of the Flame Oh , Kay ! Strike Up the Band Funny Face Rosalie Treasure Girl Show Girl Girl Crazy Delicious ( film ) Of Thee I Sing Pardon My English Let ' Em Eat Cake Porgy and Bess Shall We Dance ( film ) A Damsel in Distress ( film ) The Goldwyn Follies ( film ) The Shocking Miss Pilgrim ( film ) George La La Lucille Morris Gest Midnight Whirl George White 's Scandals ( 1920 -- 1924 , including Blue Monday ) Our Nell The Rainbow Sweet Little Devil Ira Two Little Girls in Blue Be Yourself That 's a Good Girl Life Begins at 8 : 40 Ziegfeld Follies of 1936 Lady in the Dark The North Star ( film ) Cover Girl ( film ) The Firebrand of Florence Where Do We Go from Here ? ( film ) Park Avenue The Barkleys of Broadway ( film ) A Star Is Born ( film ) The Country Girl ( film ) repurposed Rhapsody in Blue ( film ) An American in Paris ( film ) My One and Only ( musical ) Crazy for You Nice Work If You Can Get It An American in Paris ( musical ) A Damsel In Distress ( musical ) George Gershwin Albums Gershwin Plays Gershwin : The Piano Rolls Ballets An American in Paris Gershwin Piano Concerto Three Preludes Who Cares ? List of stagings Operas Blue Monday ( 1922 ) Porgy and Bess ( 1935 ) Orchestral works Rhapsody in Blue ( 1924 ) Concerto in F ( 1925 ) An American in Paris ( 1928 ) Second Rhapsody ( 1931 ) Cuban Overture ( 1932 ) Strike Up the Band ( 1934 ) Hoctor 's Ballet ( 1937 ) Piano compositions Three Preludes ( 1926 ) French Ballet Class ( 1937 ) Songs `` Are n't You Kind Of Glad We Did ? '' `` ( I 've Got ) Beginner 's Luck '' `` Bidin ' My Time '' `` Blah Blah Blah '' `` Boy Wanted '' `` Boy ! What Love Has Done To Me ! '' `` But Not for Me '' `` By Strauss '' `` Clap Yo ' Hands '' `` Do It Again '' `` Doin ' Time '' `` Embraceable You '' `` Fascinating Rhythm '' `` A Foggy Day '' `` For You , For Me , For Evermore '' `` Funny Face '' `` ' The Half of It , Dearie ' Blues '' `` He Loves and She Loves '' `` How Long Has This Been Going On ? '' `` I Ca n't Be Bothered Now '' `` I Got Rhythm '' `` I Was Doing All Right '' `` I 've Got a Crush on You '' `` Is n't It a Pity ? '' `` Just Another Rhumba '' `` Let 's Call the Whole Thing Off '' `` Let 's Kiss and Make Up '' `` Liza ( All the Clouds 'll Roll Away ) '' `` Looking for a Boy '' `` Lorelei '' `` Love Is Here to Stay '' `` Love is Sweeping the Country '' `` Love Walked In '' `` The Man I Love '' `` My Cousin in Milwaukee '' `` My One and Only '' `` Nice Work If You Can Get It '' `` Of Thee I Sing '' `` Oh , Lady Be Good ! '' `` Oh , So Nice ! '' `` The Real American Folk Song ( is a Rag ) '' `` 'S Wonderful '' `` Sam and Delilah '' `` Slap That Bass '' `` Somebody from Somewhere '' `` Somebody Loves Me '' `` Someone to Watch Over Me '' `` Soon '' `` Stairway to Paradise '' `` Stiff Upper Lip '' `` Strike Up the Band '' `` Summertime '' `` Swanee '' `` That Certain Feeling '' `` They All Laughed '' `` They Ca n't Take That Away from Me '' `` Things Are Looking Up '' `` Tra - la - la '' `` Treat Me Rough '' `` Walking the Dog '' `` Who Cares ? '' `` You 've Got What Gets Me '' Tribute albums Brian Wilson Reimagines Gershwin By George Ella Fitzgerald Sings the George and Ira Gershwin Song Book Ella Sings Gershwin Gershwin Live ! Gershwin 's World The Glory of Gershwin Ira , George and Joe Nice Work If You Can Get It Oscar Peterson Plays the George Gershwin Songbook Red Hot + Rhapsody : The Gershwin Groove Rosemary Clooney Sings the Lyrics of Ira Gershwin Related articles Gershwin Prize Ira Gershwin ( brother ) Arthur Gershwin ( brother ) Frances Gershwin ( sister ) Gershwin Theatre List of compositions by George Gershwin Category : George Gershwin Tony Award for Best Revival Porgy and Bess ( 1977 ) Dracula ( 1978 ) no award ( 1979 ) Morning 's at Seven ( 1980 ) The Pirates of Penzance ( 1981 ) Othello ( 1982 ) On Your Toes ( 1983 ) Death of a Salesman ( 1984 ) Joe Egg ( 1985 ) Sweet Charity ( 1986 ) All My Sons ( 1987 ) Anything Goes ( 1988 ) Our Town ( 1989 ) Gypsy ( 1990 ) Fiddler on the Roof ( 1991 ) Guys and Dolls ( 1992 ) Anna Christie ( 1993 ) Tony Award for Best Revival of a Musical Carousel ( 1994 ) Show Boat ( 1995 ) The King and I ( 1996 ) Chicago ( 1997 ) Cabaret ( 1998 ) Annie Get Your Gun ( 1999 ) Kiss Me , Kate ( 2000 ) 42nd Street ( 2001 ) Into the Woods ( 2002 ) Nine ( 2003 ) Assassins ( 2004 ) La Cage aux Folles ( 2005 ) The Pajama Game ( 2006 ) Company ( 2007 ) South Pacific ( 2008 ) Hair ( 2009 ) La Cage aux Folles ( 2010 ) Anything Goes ( 2011 ) Porgy and Bess ( 2012 ) Pippin ( 2013 ) Hedwig and the Angry Inch ( 2014 ) The King and I ( 2015 ) The Color Purple ( 2016 ) Hello , Dolly ! ( 2017 ) Opera portal VIAF : 185892626 LCCN : n82217189 GND : 300057946 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Porgy_and_Bess&oldid=814612734 '' Categories : Porgy and Bess Operas 1935 operas Operas by George Gershwin English - language operas Verismo operas Operas based on novels Operas set in the United States 1935 in music All - Black cast Broadway shows African - American music 1935 musicals Broadway musicals Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients United States National Recording Registry recordings Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles to be expanded from March 2015 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles needing additional references from August 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from August 2017 Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from January 2015 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from October 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara Français 한국어 Interlingua Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 December 2017 , at 21 : 51 . 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who wrote the lyrics for porgy and bess

Porgy and Bess is an English - language opera by the American composer George Gershwin , with a libretto written by author DuBose Heyward and lyricist Ira Gershwin . It was adapted from Heyward 's play Porgy , itself an adaptation of his 1925 novel of the same name .

Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer - wikipedia Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer Jump to : navigation , search See also : Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer ( film ) and Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer ( Grey 's Anatomy ) `` Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer '' Picture sleeve of 1984 release by Epic Records ( 34 - 04703 ) Single by Elmo & Patsy from the album Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer B - side `` Christmas '' ( Elmo ' n ' Patsy ; Oink ; Soundwaves ) `` Percy , The Puny Poinsettia '' ( Epic ) Released 1979 ( Elmo ' n ' Patsy ) 1982 ( Oink ; Soundwaves ) 1984 ( Epic ) Format 7 - inch Recorded 1978 Genre Christmas , country , novelty , pop Length 3 : 30 ( Elmo ' n ' Patsy ; Oink ; Soundwaves ) 3 : 26 ( Epic ) Label Elmo ' n ' Patsy 2984 Oink 2984 Soundwaves 4658 Epic 34 - 04703 Songwriter ( s ) Randy Brooks Producer ( s ) Gary Potterton `` Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer '' is a novelty Christmas song . Written by Randy Brooks , the song was originally performed by the husband - and - wife duo of Elmo and Patsy Trigg Shropshire in 1979 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Releases 3 Covers 4 Parodies 5 Popularity 6 Television 7 Music video 8 Chart performance 9 References 10 External links Synopsis ( edit ) In the lyrics , a grandmother is celebrating at a Christmas Eve party with her family when , while off her medication and drunk on spiked eggnog , she staggers outside into a snowstorm against the pleas of everyone in the room . She is found the next day , trampled ; Santa Claus and his reindeer are determined to be the culprit when `` incriminating Claus marks '' are found on Grandma 's back . The second and third verses describe the Christmas gathering where `` all the family 's dressed in black '' and the family wonders if all the Christmas gifts they bought for her should be returned ( the consensus is a firm yes ) . Christmas dinner otherwise goes on as normal , with a centerpiece of roast goose , figgy pudding for dessert , and `` blue and silver candles '' to match Grandma 's hairpiece ; the newly widowed Grandpa seems completely unfazed by his wife 's demise and spends the holiday `` watching football , drinking beer and playing cards with Cousin Mel '' ( who , while not stated as such in the lyrics , is an attractive and much younger woman in the music video and animated film ) . The upshot is a warning to the listener to be aware , because `` a man who drives a sleigh and plays with elves '' should have never received a driver 's license . In the music video , in which Elmo plays both Grandma and Grandpa while Patsy plays Cousin Mel , Grandma survives the attack and makes a triumphant return through the chimney . Releases ( edit ) According to Brooks , he played the song while sitting in with Elmo and Patsy at the Hyatt Lake Tahoe in December 1978 , and after the show they had him make a cassette of the song for them to learn . A year later , they were selling 45s of the song from the stage , with Elmo himself appearing in drag on the album cover as `` Grandma '' . The song was originally self - released in San Francisco by the Shropshires in 1979 on their own record label ( on `` Elmo ' n ' Patsy '' # 2984 ) , with the B - side titled `` Christmas '' . Initial copies appeared on a cream - colored label , with a sketch of a pig clearly visible , at left . Once initial copies had sold out , later - pressed # 2984 cream - colored 45 label copies retained the same pig sketch , but decided to both move the sketch , and add the word `` Oink '' , to the top of the 45 's label . Meanwhile , the duo 's names were moved to the bottom of the label , below the song title . By the early 1980s , the song was becoming a seasonal hit , first on country stations and then on Top 40 stations . Oink Records , still based in Windsor , California , continued distribution of the 45 rpm record in the western U.S. , with `` Nationwide Sound Distributors '' ( NSD ) of Nashville , Tennessee pressing and distributing the song on its Soundwaves Records in the eastern U.S. , peaking at # 92 on the country singles charts . In 1982 , the duo both re-recorded and re-released the song as a single , again as Oink # 2984 . But this time , Oink chose to handle all nationwide product distribution themselves , ending the old NSD - Soundwaves agreement . Re-recorded Oink # 2984 45 copies appeared on a white label , not a cream - colored label , however . That is the easiest way ( aside from listening to the 45 itself ) to differentiate between the original , 1979 Oink # 2984 recording and its now - much - more familiar , 1982 re-recording . An entire LP , named after their hit song , was also recorded in 1982 , and was initially released as Oink # 8223 . In 1984 , with the song now a big hit nationally , CBS Records was interested in re-issuing both the 1982 Oink 45 re-recording , and the 1982 Oink LP . Soon after , Epic Records acquired the rights to both , from Elmo and Patsy . The Epic # 04703 45 opted to replace the Oink 45 's B - side , `` Christmas '' , with a track from the LP , ( `` Percy , the Puny Poinsettia '' ) . Epic 's 1984 re-release of the 1982 Oink LP was a straight re-issue , on Epic # 39931 . By the end of 1984 , it was reported that sales of `` Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer '' were , by record label : Oink : 50,000 45s sold ; Soundwaves : 175,000 45s sold ; Epic : 150,000 45s sold and 90,000 LPs sold . The Epic Records version charted at # 64 on the country charts in 1998 and # 48 in 1999 . The original version was released in the United Kingdom on Stiff Records ( BUY 99 ) in 1980 . It did not chart . Other releases by the original artist ( s ) would follow : Following the Shropshires ' divorce , Elmo re-recorded it solo in 1992 and again in 2000 . SonyBMG released Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer by Dr. Elmo in 2002 . Madacy Records released a Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer gift tin ( CD / DVD / Xmas stocking ) by Dr. Elmo in 2007 . Time Life Records released Dr. Elmo 's Bluegrass Christmas in 2010 , which featured a bluegrass instrumental of `` Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer . '' A sequel , `` Grandpa 's Gonna Sue the Pants Off of Santa '' , was released by Elmo Shropshire on his album , Dr. Elmo 's Twisted Christmas ( 1992 ) . Grandpa gets lawyers to fight Santa in court . Covers ( edit ) The song has been recorded by other acts . The first wide release of the song was in Canada in 1982 by The Irish Rovers , released on the album , It Was a Night Like This . Their signature version , produced by Jack Richardson , rose to # 20 on the RPM charts within a week of its release . The single became a seasonal hit , first on country stations , then on Top 40 stations , and today remains a ' seasonal holiday anthem ' . The song was also released on the Rovers ' 1999 album Songs of Christmas . It has also been covered by Family Force 5 ( in the song , the word `` beer '' was edited out and replaced with root beer ) , and in 1996 by Poe . It was also covered by Less Than Jake on their album Goodbye Blue and White . A rock cover version is on the album We Wish You a Metal Xmas and a Headbanging New Year . Country a cappella band Home Free covered it on their 2014 Christmas album Full of Cheer . Reel Big Fish covered the song on their 2014 EP Happy Skalidays . Ray Stevens covered `` Grandma '' on Clyde Records , 2016 . Composer Brooks also has a version on the 2014 self - released Randy Brooks ' Greatest Hit . Danish comedy band Linie 3 released a cover version of the song in 1984 , with a slight change to the original lyrics and in Danish . Parodies ( edit ) Z100 Portland Morning Zoo made a New Kids on the Block - bashing parody of the song for Christmas 1989 , entitled `` New Kids Got Run Over by a Reindeer '' . A parody `` Grandpa Got Run Over by a Beer Truck '' was released by Da Yoopers in 1993 . Radio personality Bob Rivers recorded his own topical parody titled `` Osama Got Run Over by a Reindeer '' on the 2002 White Trash Christmas album . Cledus T. Judd in 1996 released a parody called `` Grandpa Got Run Over by a John Deere '' as a sequel to `` Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer '' and as well did a cover of the song in 2002 . Stan Boreson sings a Norwegian - American version , `` Lena Got Run Over by a Reindeer '' on his Christmas album , Stan Boreson Fractures Christmas . Others include `` Grandma Got Molested at the Airport '' by Donny Aldridge , also sung by Dick Mango ; and `` Grandma Got Dismembered by a Chainsaw '' . Popularity ( edit ) Edison Media Research and Pinnacle Media Worldwide independently survey radio listeners on which Christmas songs they like and dislike . In both surveys , results of which were reported in 2007 , the only song that reached the top of both liked and disliked lists was `` Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer . '' Its `` loved '' ratings in the Edison and Pinnacle polls were relatively high -- 47 and 32 percent , respectively -- but so were the `` hate '' or `` dislike '' ratings -- 17 and 22 percent . A major Washington , D.C. radio station , WASH ( 97.1 FM ) , dropped the song from its playlist . `` It was too polarizing , '' says Bill Hess , program director . `` It was n't strong , except with a few people , and it had a lot of negatives . '' The song also gained notoriety at Davenport , Iowa radio station WLLR in 1985 when a disc jockey played the song 27 times back - to - back during the morning show before station management was able to stop him . The disc jockey , who was suspended , was reportedly depressed and upset that a co-worker had left employment at the station to work out - of - state . Shropshire claims it is `` a beloved holiday favorite . '' The video of the song was `` a holiday staple on MTV for many seasons . '' It has been `` incorporated into talking toys and a musical greeting card . '' `` My royalties are four or five times what they were '' 20 years ago , claims Elmo , who performs the song with his bluegrass group year - round . `` A lot of younger people say it 's not really Christmas until they hear it . '' Television ( edit ) The 2000 animated television program Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer portrays the events depicted in the song , though made for children ; the cartoon is toned down a bit , so that Grandma survives . Moreover , Santa is actually innocent of the crime , which was instead masterminded by scheming relative Cousin Mel , who is mentioned briefly in the song but made into a gold - digging villainness in the special . Elmo Shropshire narrates the special and voices Grandpa . The special is a staple of Cartoon Network 's holiday programming and airs every holiday season on The CW ( The special originally aired on the WB Network every holiday season until the 2006 merge with UPN to form The CW , where it continues to air today ) . In the 2015 episode of the tv show Scorpion , titled , ' Dam Breakthrough ' , three of the main characters sing part of this song , while inhaling helium . Music video ( edit ) The promotional music video for Elmo & Patsy 's `` Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer '' was released in the mid-1980s , and aired on MTV for at least 18 years . The video could also be seen on VH1 , CMT , TNN , GAC , and VH1 Classic during the holiday season , as well as being on Spike 's official website and YouTube . Elmo Shropshire played Grandpa and Grandma while Patsy played Cousin Mel . While the family matriarch was run over by Santa Claus 's reindeer , she has survived the accident ( unlike in the song ) and thus reappears toward the end of the video , alive and very much well , but somewhat fazed by the trampling . While being escorted inside the house by two policemen , she finally speaks the cautionary last line of the last verse as though commenting on Santa 's driving : `` They should NEVER give a license / To a man who drives a sleigh and plays with elves '' . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1984 ) Peak position US Hot Country Singles ( Billboard ) 92 Chart ( 1992 ) Peak position US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles ( Billboard ) 12 Chart ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Peak position US Hot Country Singles & Tracks ( Billboard ) 64 US Billboard Hot 100 87 Chart ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Peak position US Hot Country Singles & Tracks ( Billboard ) 48 References ( edit ) Lisi , Michael ( December 10 , 2000 ) . `` The novelty never wears off for some clever songs written for the season '' . The Daily Gazette . p . G01 . Retrieved February 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ RPM Album Charts ( Dec 1982 ) . `` Adult Contemporary - Volume 37 , No. 19 , December 25 , 1982 '' . Archives Canada . Jump up ^ Anningston , Brett ( Feb 25 , 2010 ) . `` After four decades , group still loves to entertain '' . Times & Transcript . ^ Jump up to : Farhi , Paul ( December 14 , 2007 ) . `` All I Want for Christmas Is Not To Hear That Song '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ United Press International , `` Dj ` s Record Effort Pulls Him Off Air , '' Chicago Tribune , December 19 , 1985 . Accessed 12 - 23 - 2017 . ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 2008 ) . Hot Country Songs 1944 -- 2008 . Record Research , Inc . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 177 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 2011 ) . Top Pop Singles 1955 -- 2010 . Record Research , Inc . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 188 - 8 . External links ( edit ) 2012 Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer # 1 on the billboard charts - 1st time in 27 years . 2009 / 2010 Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer promotion on TV and radio on YouTube 2001 The Balladeers , It Was A Night Like This Dr. Elmo / Grandma Official WebSite Grannies Learn to Love ' Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer ' Monica Garske AOL NEWS 2010 article by Phyllis Stark Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer Songfacts 2012 Novelty reindeer song still has legs 2013 Singer 's persistence turns reindeer song into bestseller 2013 Dr. Elmo on Comcast / Yahoo Sports Network A Remix of the original song `` Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer . '' Produced and performed by Dr. Elmo , Written by Randy Brooks , re-mixed by Frank Martin . on YouTube 2016 Interview with Randy Brooks and his famous song on YouTube Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grandma_Got_Run_Over_by_a_Reindeer&oldid=823418155 '' Categories : Comedy songs Christmas novelty songs American Christmas songs 1979 songs Epic Records singles Songs about death Songs about women Songs about animals Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 1 February 2018 , at 03 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who made the song grandma got run over by a reindeer

`` Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer '' is a novelty Christmas song . Written by Randy Brooks , the song was originally performed by the husband - and - wife duo of Elmo and Patsy Trigg Shropshire in 1979 .

Hydronics - Wikipedia Hydronics This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Hydronics is the use of a liquid heat - transfer medium in heating and cooling systems . The working fluid is typically water , glycol , or mineral oil . Some of the oldest and most common examples are steam and hot - water radiators . Historically , in large - scale commercial buildings such as high - rise and campus facilities , a hydronic system may include both a chilled and a heated water loop , to provide for both heating and air conditioning . Chillers and cooling towers are used either separately or together as means to provide water cooling , while boilers heat water . A recent innovation is the chiller boiler system , which provides an efficient form of HVAC for homes and smaller commercial spaces . Contents 1 District heating 2 Types of hydronic system 2.1 Basic types 2.2 Classification 2.3 Piping arrangements 3 Single - pipe steam 4 Two - pipe steam systems 5 Two - pipe direct return system 5.1 Advantages 5.2 Disadvantages 6 Two - pipe reverse return system 6.1 Advantages 6.2 Disadvantages 7 Water loops 8 Improved efficiency and operating costs 9 Balancing 10 Boiler water treatment 11 Air elimination 11.1 Water - loop system 11.1. 1 Free air 11.1. 2 Entrained air 11.1. 3 Dissolved air 12 Accommodating thermal expansion 13 Automatic fill mechanisms 14 Safety mechanisms 15 Typical schematic with control devices shown 16 See also 17 References 18 External links District heating ( edit ) Main article : District heating Many larger cities have a district heating system that provides , through underground piping , publicly available high temperature hot water and chilled water . A building in the service district may be connected to these on payment of a service fee . Types of hydronic system ( edit ) Basic types ( edit ) Hydronic systems are of two basic types : Hot water Chilled water Classification ( edit ) Hydronic systems are classified in five ways : Flow generation ( forced flow or gravity flow ) Temperature ( low , medium , and high ) Pressurization ( low , medium , and high ) Piping arrangement Pumping arrangement Snow melting hydronics Piping arrangements ( edit ) Hydronic systems may be divided into several general piping arrangement categories : Single or one - pipe Two pipe steam ( direct return or reverse return ) Three pipe Four pipe Series loop Single - pipe steam ( edit ) Single - pipe steam radiator In the oldest modern hydronic heating technology , a single - pipe steam system delivers steam to the radiators where the steam gives up its heat and is condensed back to water . The radiators and steam supply pipes are pitched so that gravity eventually takes this condensate back down through the steam supply piping to the boiler where it can once again be turned into steam and returned to the radiators . Despite its name , a radiator does not primarily heat a room by radiation . If positioned correctly a radiator will create an air convection current in the room , which will provide the main heat transfer mechanism . It is generally agreed that for the best results a steam radiator should be no more than one to two inches from a wall . Single - pipe systems are limited in both their ability to deliver high volumes of steam ( that is , heat ) and the ability to control the flow of steam to individual radiators ( because closing off the steam supply traps condensate in the radiators ) . Because of these limitations , single - pipe systems are no longer preferred . These systems depend on the proper operation of thermostatic air - venting valves located on radiators throughout the heated area . When the system is not in use , these valves are open to the atmosphere , and radiators and pipes contain air . When a heating cycle begins , the boiler produces steam , which expands and displaces the air in the system . The air exits the system through the air - venting valves on the radiators and on the steam pipes themselves . The thermostatic valves close when they become hot ; in the most common kind , the vapor pressure of a small amount of alcohol in the valve exerts the force to actuate the valve and prevent steam from leaving the radiator . When the valve cools , air enters the system to replace the condensing steam . Some more modern valves can be adjusted to allow for more rapid or slower venting . In general , valves nearest to the boiler should vent the slowest , and valves furthest from the boiler should vent the fastest . Ideally , steam should reach each valve and close each and every valve at the same time , so that the system can work at maximal efficiency ; this condition is known as a `` balanced '' system . Two - pipe steam systems ( edit ) In two - pipe steam systems , there is a return path for the condensate and it may involve pumps as well as gravity - induced flow . The flow of steam to individual radiators can be modulated using manual or automatic valves . Two - pipe direct return system ( edit ) The return piping , as the name suggests , takes the most direct path back to the boiler . Advantages ( edit ) Low cost of return piping in most ( but not all ) applications , and the supply and return piping are separated . Disadvantages ( edit ) This system can be difficult to balance due to the supply line being a different length than the return ; the further the heat transfer device is from the boiler , the more pronounced the pressure difference . Because of this , it is always recommended to : minimize the distribution piping pressure drops ; use a pump with a flat head characteristic , include balancing and flow - measuring devices at each terminal or branch circuit ; and use control valves with a high head loss at the terminals . Two - pipe reverse return system ( edit ) The two - pipe reverse return configuration which is sometimes called ' the three - pipe system ' is different to the two - pipe system in the way that water returns to the boiler . In a two - pipe system , once the water has left the first radiator , it returns to the boiler to be reheated , and so with the second and third etc . With the two - pipe reverse return , the return pipe travels to the last radiator in the system before returning to the boiler to be reheated . Advantages ( edit ) The advantage with the two - pipe reverse return system is that the pipe run to each radiator is about the same , this ensures that the frictional resistance to the flow of water in each radiator is the same . This allows easy balancing of the system . Disadvantages ( edit ) The installer or repair person can not trust that every system is self - balancing without properly testing it . Very large scale systems can be built using the two - pipe principle . For example , rather than heating individual radiators , the water may be used in the reheat coils of large air handlers to heat an entire floor of a building . Water loops ( edit ) Modern systems almost always use heated water rather than steam . This opens the system to the possibility of also using chilled water to provide air conditioning . In homes , the water loop may be as simple as a single pipe that `` loops '' the flow through every radiator in a zone . In such a system , flow to the individual radiators can not be modulated as all of the water is flowing through every radiator in the zone . Slightly more complicated systems use a `` main '' pipe that flows uninterrupted around the zone ; the individual radiators tap off a small portion of the flow in the main pipe . In these systems , individual radiators can be modulated . Alternatively , a number of loops with several radiators can be installed , the flow in each loop or zone controlled by a zone valve connected to a thermostat . In most water systems , the water is circulated by means of one or more circulator pumps . This is in marked contrast to steam systems where the inherent pressure of the steam is sufficient to distribute the steam to remote points in the system . A system may be broken up into individual heating zones using either multiple circulator pumps or a single pump and electrically operated zone valves . Improved efficiency and operating costs ( edit ) There have been considerable improvements in the efficiency and therefore the operating costs of a hydronic heating system with the introduction of insulating products . Radiator Panel system pipes are covered with a fire rated , flexible and lightweight elastomeric rubber material designed for thermal insulation . Slab Heating efficiency is improved with the installation of a thermal barrier made of foam . There are now many product offerings on the market with different energy ratings and installation methods . Balancing ( edit ) Most hydronic systems require balancing . This involves measuring and setting the flow to achieve an optimal distribution of energy in the system . In a balanced system every radiator gets just enough hot water to allow it to heat up fully . Boiler water treatment ( edit ) Domestic ( home ) systems may use ordinary tap water , but sophisticated commercial systems often add various chemicals to the system water . For example , these added chemicals may : Inhibit corrosion Prevent freezing of the water in the system Increase the boiling point of the water in the system Inhibit the growth of mold and bacteria Allow improved leak detection ( for example , dyes that fluoresce under ultraviolet light ) Air elimination ( edit ) All hydronic systems must have a means to eliminate air from the system . A properly designed , air - free system should continue to function normally for many years . Air causes irritating system noises , as well as interrupting proper heat transfer to and from the circulating fluids . In addition , unless reduced below an acceptable level , the oxygen dissolved in water causes corrosion . This corrosion can cause rust and scale to build up on the piping . Over time these particles can become loose and travel around the pipes , reducing or even blocking the flow as well as damaging pump seals and other components . Water - loop system ( edit ) Water - loop systems can also experience air problems . Air found within hydronic water - loop systems may be classified into three forms : Free air ( edit ) Various devices such as manual and automatic air vents are used to address free air which floats up to the high points throughout the system . Automatic air vents contain a valve that is operated by a float . When air is present , the float drops , allowing the valve to open and bleed air out . When water reaches ( fills ) the valve , the float lifts , blocking the water from escaping . Small ( domestic ) versions of these valves in older systems are sometimes fitted with a Schrader - type air valve fitting , and any trapped , now - compressed air can be bled from the valve by manually depressing the valve stem until water rather than air begins to emerge . Entrained air ( edit ) Entrained air is air bubbles that travel around in the piping at the same velocity as the water . Air `` scoops '' are one example of products which attempt to remove this type of air . Dissolved air ( edit ) Dissolved air is also present in the system water and the amount is determined principally by the temperature and pressure ( see Henry 's Law ) of the incoming water . On average , tap water contains between 8 - 10 % dissolved air by volume . Removal of dissolved , free and entrained air can only be achieved with a high - efficiency air elimination device that includes a coalescing medium that continually scrubs the air out of the system . Tangential or centrifugal style air separator devices are limited to removal of free and entrained air only . Accommodating thermal expansion ( edit ) Water expands as it heats and contracts as it cools . A water - loop hydronic system must have one or more expansion tanks in the system to accommodate this varying volume of the working fluid . These tanks often use a rubber diaphragm pressurised with compressed air . The expansion tank accommodates the expanded water by further air compression and helps maintain a roughly constant pressure in the system across the expected change in fluid volume . Simple cisterns open to atmospheric pressure are also used . Automatic fill mechanisms ( edit ) Hydronic systems are usually connected to a water supply ( such as the public water supply ) . An automatic valve regulates the amount of water in the system and also prevents backflow of system water ( and any water treatment chemicals ) into the water supply . Safety mechanisms ( edit ) Excessive heat or pressure may cause the system to fail . At least one combination over-temperature and over-pressure relief valve is always fitted to the system to allow the steam or water to vent to the atmosphere in case of the failure of some mechanism ( such as the boiler temperature control ) rather than allowing the catastrophic bursting of the piping , radiators , or boiler . The relief valve usually has a manual operating handle to allow testing and the flushing of contaminants ( such as grit ) that may cause the valve to leak under otherwise - normal operating conditions . Typical schematic with control devices shown ( edit ) See also ( edit ) Central heating Hydronic balancing Radiant heating Radiant cooling Boiler Chiller Aquastat References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.home-heating-systems-and-solutions.com/two-pipe-system.html External links ( edit ) Fluid Handling Representatives Association - Hydronics association website . Hydronic and Boiler Water Loops for HVAC - Hydronic and Boiler Water Loops for HVAC Problems to look out for when installing a Hydronic Heating system Melbourne Hydronic Heating - Cambro Hydronic Heating . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

where is air vented from a hydronic heating system

These systems depend on the proper operation of thermostatic air - venting valves located on radiators throughout the heated area . When the system is not in use , these valves are open to the atmosphere , and radiators and pipes contain air . When a heating cycle begins , the boiler produces steam , which expands and displaces the air in the system . The air exits the system through the air - venting valves on the radiators and on the steam pipes themselves . The thermostatic valves close when they become hot ; in the most common kind , the vapor pressure of a small amount of alcohol in the valve exerts the force to actuate the valve and prevent steam from leaving the radiator . When the valve cools , air enters the system to replace the condensing steam .

Opportunity cost - wikipedia Opportunity cost Jump to : navigation , search Economics A supply and demand diagram , illustrating the effects of an increase in demand . Index Outline History Types Classification History of economics Economic history ( academic study ) Schools of economics Microeconomics Macroeconomics Methodology Heterodox economics JEL classification codes Concepts Theory Techniques Econometrics Economic growth Economic system Experimental economics Mathematical economics Game theory Post-scarcity Market National accounting By application Agricultural Behavioral Business Computational Cultural Demographic Development Digitization Ecological Education Engineering Environmental Evolutionary Expeditionary Geography Health Industrial organization Information International Knowledge Labour Law Managerial Monetary / Financial Natural resource Organizational Personnel Public / Welfare economics Regional Rural Service Social Urban Welfare Lists Economists Publications ( journals ) Glossary Glossary of economics Business and economics portal In microeconomic theory , the opportunity cost , also known as alternative cost , is the value ( not a benefit ) of the choice of a best alternative cost while making a decision . A choice needs to be made between several mutually exclusive alternatives ; assuming the best choice is made , it is the `` cost '' incurred by not enjoying the benefit that would have been had by taking the second best available choice . The New Oxford American Dictionary defines it as `` the loss of potential gain from other alternatives when one alternative is chosen . '' Opportunity cost is a key concept in economics , and has been described as expressing `` the basic relationship between scarcity and choice . '' The notion of opportunity cost plays a crucial part in attempts to ensure that scarce resources are used efficiently . Thus , opportunity costs are not restricted to monetary or financial costs : the real cost of output forgone , lost time , pleasure or any other benefit that provides utility should also be considered an opportunity cost . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Opportunity costs in production 2.1 Explicit costs 2.2 Implicit costs 3 Evaluation 4 Example 5 Rational opportunity cost 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) The term was coined in 1914 by Austrian economist Friedrich von Wieser in his book Theorie der gesellschaftlichen Wirtschaft ( Theory of Social Economy ) . The idea had been anticipated by previous writers including Benjamin Franklin and Frédéric Bastiat. Franklin coined the phrase `` Time is Money '' , and spelt out the associated opportunity cost reasoning in his `` Advice to a Young Tradesman '' ( 1746 ) : `` Remember that Time is Money . He that can earn Ten Shillings a Day by his Labour , and goes abroad , or sits idle one half of that Day , tho ' he spends but Sixpence during his Diversion or Idleness , ought not to reckon That the only Expence ; he has really spent or rather thrown away Five Shillings besides . '' Bastiat 's 1848 essay `` What Is Seen and What Is Not Seen '' used opportunity cost reasoning in his critique of the broken window fallacy , and of what he saw as spurious arguments for public expenditure . Opportunity costs in production ( edit ) Explicit costs ( edit ) Explicit costs are opportunity costs that involve direct monetary payment by producers . The explicit opportunity cost of the factors of production not already owned by a producer is the price that the producer has to pay for them . For instance , if a firm spends $100 on electrical power consumed , its explicit opportunity cost is $100 . This cash expenditure represents a lost opportunity to purchase something else with the $100 . Implicit costs ( edit ) Implicit costs ( also called implied , imputed or notional costs ) are the opportunity costs that are not reflected in cash outflow but implied by the failure of the firm to allocate its existing ( owned ) resources , or factors of production to the best alternative use . For example : a manufacturer has previously purchased 1000 tons of steel and the machinery to produce a widget . The implicit part of the opportunity cost of producing the widget is the revenue lost by not selling the steel and not renting out the machinery instead of using it for production . One example of opportunity cost is in the evaluation of `` foreign '' ( to the US ) buyers and their allocation of cash assets in real estate or other types of investment vehicles . With the recent downturn ( circa June / July 2015 ) of the Chinese stock market , more and more Chinese investors from Hong Kong and Taiwan are turning to the United States as an alternative vessel for their investment dollars ; the opportunity cost of leaving their money in the Chinese stock market or Chinese real estate market is too high relative to yields available in the US real estate market . Evaluation ( edit ) Note that opportunity cost is not the sum of the available alternatives when those alternatives are , in turn , mutually exclusive to each other . It is the next best alternative given up selecting the best option . The opportunity cost of a city 's decision to build the hospital on its vacant land is the loss of the land for a sporting center , or the inability to use the land for a parking lot , or the money the city could have made by selling the land . Use for any one of those purposes precludes all the others . If someone loses the opportunity to earn money , that is part of the opportunity cost . If someone chooses to spend money , that money could be used to purchase other goods and services so the spent money is part of the opportunity cost as well . Add the value of the next best alternatives and you have the total opportunity cost . If you miss work to go to a concert , your opportunity cost is the money you would have earned if you went to work plus the cost of the concert . Example ( edit ) Question Say suppose you have a free ticket to a concert by Band X . The ticket has no resale value . On the night of the concert your next - best alternative entertainment is a performance by Band Y for which the tickets cost $40 . You like Band Y and would usually be willing to pay $50 for a ticket to see them . What is the opportunity cost of using your free ticket and seeing Band X instead of Band Y ? Answer The benefit you forgo ( that is , the value to you ) is $10 : the $50 benefit of seeing Band Y less the ticket cost of $40 . Rational opportunity cost ( edit ) Tshilidzi Marwala and Evan Hurwitz in their book introduced the notion of rational opportunity cost . This is the opportunity forgone that offers the expected utility that is the same as that which a rational person would choose . A rational person chooses that option which maximizes utility . The possibility of this are cases where a number of options have the same utility values . See also ( edit ) Economics portal Budget constraint Economic value added Fear of missing out Opportunity cost of capital Parable of the broken window Production - possibility frontier There Ai n't No Such Thing As A Free Lunch Time management Trade - off Best alternative to a negotiated agreement References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Opportunity Cost '' . Investopedia . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ James M. Buchanan ( 2008 ) . `` Opportunity cost '' . The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics Online ( Second ed . ) . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Opportunity Cost '' . Economics A -- Z . The Economist . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ Friedrich von Wieser ( 1927 ) . A. Ford Hinrichs ( translator ) , ed . Social Economics ( PDF ) . New York : Adelphi . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 07 . Friedrich von Wieser ( November 1914 ) . Theorie der gesellschaftlichen Wirtschaft ( Theory of Social Economics ) ( in German ) . Original publication . Jump up ^ Explicit vs. Implicit Cost Jump up ^ `` AP Economics Review : Cost , Revenue , and Profit '' . ReviewEcon.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ Gittins , Ross ( 19 April 2014 ) . `` At the coal face economists are struggling to measure up '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 23 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Marwala , Tshilidzi ; Hurwitz , Evan ( 2017 ) . Artificial Intelligence and Economic Theory : Skynet in the Market . London : Springer . ISBN 978 - 3 - 319 - 66104 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Opportunity cost The Opportunity Cost of Economics Education by Robert H. Frank ( hide ) Microeconomics Major topics Aggregation Bilateral monopoly Budget Consumer Convexity and non-convexity Cost Cost -- benefit analysis Deadweight loss Distribution Duopoly Economies of scale Economies of scope Elasticity Equilibria Exchange Expected utility Externality Firms General equilibrium Household Income -- consumption curve Information Indifference curve Intertemporal choice Marginal cost Market failure Market structure Monopoly Monopsony Oligopoly Preferences Production Profit Public goods Returns to scale Risk aversion Scarcity Shortage Social choice Sunk costs Supply & demand Surplus Uncertainty Utility Welfare Subfields Behavioral Business Computational Statistical decision theory Econometrics Engineering Economics Experimental Game theory Industrial organization Labor Managerial Mathematical economics Microfoundations of macroeconomics Operations research Optimization Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Opportunity_cost&oldid=816655426 '' Categories : Costs Economics and time Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Articles containing German - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ລາວ Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 34 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 December 2017 , at 20 : 09 . 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why is the concept of opportunity cost important

In microeconomic theory , the opportunity cost , also known as alternative cost , is the value ( not a benefit ) of the choice of a best alternative cost while making a decision . A choice needs to be made between several mutually exclusive alternatives ; assuming the best choice is made , it is the `` cost '' incurred by not enjoying the benefit that would have been had by taking the second best available choice . The New Oxford American Dictionary defines it as `` the loss of potential gain from other alternatives when one alternative is chosen . '' Opportunity cost is a key concept in economics , and has been described as expressing `` the basic relationship between scarcity and choice . '' The notion of opportunity cost plays a crucial part in attempts to ensure that scarce resources are used efficiently . Thus , opportunity costs are not restricted to monetary or financial costs : the real cost of output forgone , lost time , pleasure or any other benefit that provides utility should also be considered an opportunity cost .

If I Had $1000000 - wikipedia If I Had $1000000 Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Barenaked Ladies song . For the film , see If I Had a Million . `` If I Had $1000000 '' Single by Barenaked Ladies from the album Gordon Released 1992 , 1996 Format CD 12 '' 7 '' cassette Recorded Genre Folk rock Length 4 : 27 Label Reprise Songwriter ( s ) Steven Page Ed Robertson Producer ( s ) Barenaked Ladies Michael Phillip Wojewoda Barenaked Ladies singles chronology `` Brian Wilson '' ( 1992 ) `` If I Had $1000000 '' ( 1992 ) `` Jane '' ( 1994 ) `` Brian Wilson '' ( 1992 ) `` If I Had $1000000 '' ( 1992 ) `` Jane '' ( 1994 ) `` Shoe Box '' ( 1995 ) Shoe Box 1995 `` If I Had $1000000 '' ( 1996 ) If I Had $10000001996 `` The Old Apartment '' ( 1997 ) The Old Apartment 1997 Alternative cover 1996 cover `` If I Had $1000000 '' is a song by the Canadian musical group Barenaked Ladies from their album Gordon . Composed by founding members Steven Page and Ed Robertson , the sing - along track has become one of the band 's best - known songs , and is a live show staple , despite never having been a true single and without an accompanying music video . In the band 's iTunes Originals , Page recalls a Maroon - era interview in which bassist Jim Creeggan cited this as his favourite song of theirs , which sparked a realization in Page that the song means so much to so many people , and has become a part of people 's memories of a certain time in their lives . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Structure 2.1 Kraft Dinner 3 Legacy 4 List of potential purchases 5 Live performances 6 Track listings 7 Charts 8 References History ( edit ) The song first appeared on one of the later versions of the band 's first independent release , Buck Naked . The song subsequently appeared on their second and third tapes , Barenaked Lunch , and The Yellow Tape , as well as their 1991 EP Variety Recordings , and their debut CD , Gordon , which would go on to sell over a million copies in Canada , where the song remains very popular and well known . An edited version of the Gordon recording of the song later appeared as a bonus track on the UK edition of Born on a Pirate Ship ( this version was later released as a single ) , and a live version of it was featured on Rock Spectacle . The Gordon version was then included on Disc One : All Their Greatest Hits , bringing the total album count for the song to eight . `` If I Had $1000000 '' gained popularity over the course of the band 's early tours , before the release of their first album ( Gordon ) and became highly requested on radio stations in Canada following the release of Gordon . This prompted the band 's label to release a one - track radio single of the song in 1992 . In 1993 , the song would be officially released as a commercial single in the UK ; a second commercial single was released there in 1996 . Another radio single containing the Gordon and Rock Spectacle versions of the song was released in North America later . Despite these releases , the song is often not considered a true single , since it gained popularity before the release of a radio single , and it never had a music video ( although stations such has MuchMoreMusic and MuchMoreRetro have occasionally aired a 1992 performance from Intimate and Interactive as a video ) . `` If I Had $1000000 '' is one of the earliest - composed Barenaked Ladies songs . It was first conceived as a simple improvised song while Page and Robertson were counsellors at a summer music camp . On the way home from camp , Robertson played the tune for the campers , randomly listing amusing things he would buy with a million dollars . Upon returning to camp , he brought the idea to Page , and the two fleshed out the song . The song has become an icon of Canadian culture , reflecting sentiments on Canadians who wish to win a large lottery prize . In 2005 , the song 's popularity to people of all ages caused it to be placed at # 2 in the list of Top 50 Essential Canadian Tracks , aired on CBC Radio . The song 's title is sometimes written ( unofficially ) as `` If I Had A Million Dollars , '' or `` If I Had $1,000,000 '' ( with commas inserted ) . Structure ( edit ) While hinting at romantic intentions , the lyrics offer eccentric ideas about purchases one would make with a million dollars . The protagonist suggests all the things he would buy for his sweetheart were he a millionaire . Ed Robertson and Steven Page share the vocals : in the verses , it is a call - and - response vocal with Page responding to the lines Robertson starts ; in the choruses , Robertson and the rest of the band repeat the harmonized title line while Page responds to the line with further spending ideas . A trademark of the song developed early on : After each of the first two choruses of the song , the vocals break down into a free - form banter . On each of the song 's first three indie cassette appearances ( Buck Naked , the Pink Tape and the Yellow Tape ) , the banter between Page and Robertson lasts only in the remainder of the bar after the last line of the chorus . On Buck Naked , the second banter is followed by an instrumental interlude . The dialogues became improvisational for Page and Robertson at live shows . When it came time to record Gordon , recognizing that spontaneity in these banters would be vital to the song , the band chose to record a different take of this song each day , with the best one chosen for the album . In live performances , it became traditional for Page and Robertson to improvise entirely new dialogue at these points . Initially the subject tended to flow from the previous sung lyric ( a fridge in a treefort after the first chorus , and Kraft Dinner after the second chorus ) ; with time this grew less common , and evolved into one of the two lead singers telling an unrelated anecdote . Since Page 's departure from the band in February 2009 , keyboardist Kevin Hearn has filled his singing role in concert and all of the remaining band members have picked up some of the bantering with Robertson . Some of the purchases are humorous references to the lavish spending of pop star Michael Jackson during the 1980s , specifically exotic animals , the remains of the `` Elephant Man '' and a pet monkey . The line `` but not a real green dress that 's cruel '' was originally written as `` with a tastefully rounded neck '' . Page incorrectly sang the former lyric in the studio , which Robertson found so funny that the rest of the band decided to leave it in the finished song . Kraft Dinner ( edit ) A line in the song inspired fans to begin throwing Kraft Dinner at the band during concerts . It initially began as a single box at a 1991 show at the Danforth Music Hall in Toronto . It quickly grew by word - of - mouth , and the number of boxes being thrown rapidly increased . It became so bad that eventually hundreds of boxes were pelted at shows ; the band and their instruments were often the target . Especially unpleasant were open cheese packages , which would create a putrid aroma when sitting on stage under hot spotlights . Some diehard fans would go one step further and throw cooked pasta . Eventually , BNL requested that fans cease the Kraft Dinner throwing ritual , and instead donate the food via bins set up in the lobbies of their shows for local food banks . Security occasionally checks incoming concert - goers for boxes , though the practice almost entirely subsided by the late 2000s . The campaign spawned the fan slogan , `` those in the know do n't throw '' . Legacy ( edit ) In the early 2000s , the song was used in television and radio advertising for the New York Lottery . In 2002 , it was featured in the episode `` My Fruit Cups '' of Scrubs . The song was also featured in the end credits of Dave , Shelly , and Chainsaw 's 2006 film The Trouble with Money and was featured on the soundtrack of the 2003 film My Boss 's Daughter . It also appeared in an episode of Bait Car as it was playing loudly on the stereo of the `` stolen '' car The Seattle Mariners played it on the sound system at Safeco Field when Alex Rodriguez batted as a Texas Ranger , as a mocking gesture towards his record breaking $252,000,000 contract . It has been parodied by the Brobdingnagian Bards as `` If I Had a Million Ducats '' , replacing the objects and banter with more medieval and renaissance references . The song became a flavour in May 2009 when BNL partnered with American ice cream company Ben & Jerry 's to create `` If I Had 1,000,000 Flavours '' . The confection consists of vanilla and chocolate ice cream , peanut butter cups , chocolate - coated toffee chunks , white chocolate chunks and chocolate - coated almonds . BNL became the first Canadian band to receive their own ice cream flavour , following in the footsteps of other band - themed Ben & Jerry 's flavours such as Cherry Garcia ( Jerry Garcia ) , One Sweet Whirled ( Dave Matthews Band ) and Phish Food ( Phish ) . All royalties from the sale of `` If I Had 1,000,000 Flavours '' are donated to the ABC Canada Literacy Foundation , a Toronto - based organization that promotes reading to children at home . List of potential purchases ( edit ) The following is a list of things the narrator would buy for his sweetheart if he had $1,000,000 ( from the Gordon version ) : A house Furniture for the house ( such as a chesterfield or an ottoman ) A K car ( such as a Plymouth Reliant ) A tree fort A `` little tiny fridge '' to put in the tree fort , ( containing pre-wrapped sausages in the Gordon version ) A fur coat ( made of fake fur ) An exotic pet ( such as a llama or emu ) The remains of John Merrick ( possibly a botched reference to Joseph Merrick , the `` Elephant Man '' ) A limousine to drive to the store More Kraft Dinner ( and expensive ketchup - dijon ketchup - to go with it , in the Gordon version ) A green dress ( but not a real one ) Some art ( such as a Picasso or a Garfunkel ) A monkey `` Your love '' Live performances ( edit ) Several live changes have been common in performances . The post-chorus banters mentioned earlier are ad libbed at every performance and far more lengthy than the album versions . Due to these banters , the song is typically the longest song in a concert ( it typically falls at the end of the main set or as an encore ) . The lyric `` I 'd buy you John Merrick 's remains '' sometimes has another name substituted , such as John Tesh or John Davidson . The latter can be heard on the Rock Spectacle album , while the former is heard on Live from the River Music Hall Vol . One ( 1998 ) , an album featuring multiple artists recording songs live at WXRV radio in Haverhill , Massachusetts . Since the early 1990s , the third verse of the song has featured a different groove than the rest of the song , and since the mid-1990s has become a sing - along , with the audience calling back the title line instead of Page . This has continued by Hearn since Page 's departure . Both of these are heard on Rock Spectacle . The introduction to the song has also occasionally also been used for banter or to sing covers or parodies of songs . In the early 1990s , Page and Robertson would often talk about the intro 's `` hot guitar lick '' . An example of the intro being used to sing another song is found on the Rock Spectacle version , in which they sing an excerpt of their own song `` Grade 9 . '' The aforementioned River Music Hall version begins with a parody of Kenny Rogers ' `` The Gambler '' . At the end of the song , the band would often extend the musical outro to allow Page to demonstrate his vocal ability by belting out a short excerpt of another song ( typically a cover song ) . In the past , this tended to lead into a medley of cover songs and rapping known as the `` Barenaked Rap '' . This medley was retired in 2002 , but was revived after Page 's 2009 departure . On the band 's tour to support the album Maybe You Should Drive , the song frequently ended on the lyric `` If I Had $1000000 , some son - of - a-bitch would die '' , an allusion to the Bruce Cockburn song `` If I Had a Rocket Launcher '' . Track listings ( edit ) Tracks for the two commercial UK singles : 1993 `` If I Had $1000000 '' - 4 : 27 `` Grade 9 '' ( Live ) - 3 : 07 `` Crazy '' - 4 : 06 `` If I Had $1000000 '' ( UK edit ) - 4 : 15 `` Trust Me '' - 2 : 48 `` Shoe Box '' ( Radio Remix ) - 3 : 09 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1992 ) Peak position Canadian RPM Top Singles 13 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Robertson , Ed & Frohman , Lorne ( Interviewer / Host ) ( 2005 ) . Distinguished Artists ( TV - series ) . Toronto , Canada : Humber College School of Media Studies . Jump up ^ newswire.ca Jump up ^ chartattack.com ( hide ) Barenaked Ladies Jim Creeggan Kevin Hearn Ed Robertson Tyler Stewart Andy Creeggan Steven Page Studio albums Gordon Maybe You Should Drive Born on a Pirate Ship Stunt Maroon Everything to Everyone Barenaked for the Holidays As You Like It Barenaked Ladies Are Me Barenaked Ladies Are Men Snacktime ! All in Good Time Grinning Streak Silverball Fake Nudes Live albums Rock Spectacle Extended Versions Talk to the Hand : Live in Michigan BNL Rocks Red Rocks Compilation albums Disc One : All Their Greatest Hits ( 1991 -- 2001 ) Hits from Yesterday & the Day Before Stop Us If You 've Heard This One Before DVDs Barenaked in America Barelaked Nadies Talk to the Hand : Live in Michigan Singles `` Be My Yoko Ono '' `` Lovers in a Dangerous Time '' `` Enid '' `` What a Good Boy '' `` Brian Wilson '' `` If I Had $1000000 '' `` Jane '' `` Alternative Girlfriend '' `` Shoe Box '' `` The Old Apartment '' `` One Week '' `` It 's All Been Done '' `` Call and Answer '' `` Get in Line '' `` Alcohol '' `` Pinch Me '' `` Too Little Too Late '' `` Falling for the First Time '' `` Another Postcard '' `` Celebrity '' `` One Little Slip '' `` You Run Away '' `` Every Subway Car '' `` Boomerang '' `` Odds Are '' `` Did I Say That Out Loud ? '' `` Say What You Want '' `` Duct Tape Heart '' `` Lookin ' Up '' Concert tours Au Naturale Tour Side projects The Brothers Creeggan Kevin Hearn and Thin Buckle The Vanity Project Yukon Kornelius Related articles Discography Chris Brown Greg Kurstin Barenaked on a Stick Demo tapes Barenaked Ladies Public Stunts Private Stories Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=If_I_Had_$1000000&oldid=787878097 '' Categories : 1992 singles Barenaked Ladies songs List songs Songs written by Ed Robertson Songs written by Steven Page 1992 songs Reprise Records singles Hidden categories : Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 June 2017 , at 03 : 03 . 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who sings if i had a million dollars song

`` If I Had $1000000 '' is a song by the Canadian musical group Barenaked Ladies from their album Gordon . Composed by founding members Steven Page and Ed Robertson , the sing - along track has become one of the band 's best - known songs , and is a live show staple , despite never having been a true single and without an accompanying music video . In the band 's iTunes Originals , Page recalls a Maroon - era interview in which bassist Jim Creeggan cited this as his favourite song of theirs , which sparked a realization in Page that the song means so much to so many people , and has become a part of people 's memories of a certain time in their lives .

Oakland Raiders relocation to Las Vegas - wikipedia Oakland Raiders relocation to Las Vegas Oakland -- Alameda Coliseum before a football game . The Oakland Raiders relocation to Las Vegas was a successful effort by the owner of the Oakland Raiders ( Mark Davis ) to relocate the American football club from its current and longtime home of Oakland , California to Paradise , Nevada . The team is scheduled to begin play as the Las Vegas Raiders for the 2020 National Football League ( NFL ) season , playing home games at the Las Vegas Stadium , although a move to Las Vegas could happen as soon as 2019 with Sam Boyd Stadium . NFL team owners voted 31 -- 1 to approve the move , which was announced at the annual league meetings in Phoenix , Arizona on March 27 , 2017 . The Raiders became the third NFL franchise to relocate in the 2010s , following the Rams ' move from St. Louis , Missouri to Los Angeles , California on January 12 , 2016 , and the Chargers ' move from San Diego , California to Los Angeles on January 12 , 2017 . The Raiders ' move to Las Vegas comes after years of failed efforts to renovate or replace the Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum , which has been rated by multiple sources as one of the worst stadiums in the NFL . Contents 1 Background 2 The hunt for a home 2.1 2011 : Levi 's Stadium 2.2 2012 − 2013 : Coliseum City 2.3 2013 : Concord , California 2.4 2014 : San Antonio , Texas 2.5 2015 : Raiders attempt to put together a project with Athletics 2.6 2015 : Los Angeles project and losing to the Rams 3 2015 − 2017 : Negotiations to move to Las Vegas and last Oakland stadium effort 3.1 2015 : Exploring Las Vegas 3.2 2016 3.3 2017 4 Relocation to Las Vegas 4.1 2018 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) The Oakland Raiders were founded as a charter member of the American Football League ( AFL ) in 1960 . The team joined the NFL as a result of the merger in 1970 . From 1966 until 1981 , it played home games at the Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum , which it shared with Major League Baseball 's Oakland Athletics after that team moved to Oakland in 1968 . In 1980 Al Davis , dissatisfied with the stadium situation in Oakland and seeing luxury boxes as the future of the NFL came to an agreement with the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum commission to move the Raiders to Los Angeles . The NFL had refused to let the team move , but a court over-ruled the league , clearing the way for the Raiders to move to Los Angeles and become the Los Angeles Raiders . In 1982 , the Raiders ( then owned by Al Davis ) were approved to relocate from Oakland to Los Angeles . The Raiders played home games at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum from 1982 to 1994 . In 1995 , after being unable to secure a new stadium in the Los Angeles area and after a proposed move to Sacramento that involved Davis taking ownership of the Sacramento Kings fell apart the Raiders moved back to Oakland . Meanwhile , Las Vegas had been home to a number of other professional football franchises between 1994 and the Raiders ' arrival , none of which were particularly successful . The Las Vegas Posse , part of the Canadian Football League 's effort to enter the U.S. market , lasted one season in 1994 and suffered from poor on - field product and worse attendance figures . The XFL included the Las Vegas Outlaws in its lone 2001 season ; its attendance and on - field performance were respectable , and the team embraced the city 's culture , but the Outlaws ' modest success was overshadowed by the failure of the XFL . The Las Vegas Locomotives of the United Football League were a major on - field success and were one of the UFL 's best teams ; it nonetheless suffered from poor attendance to start that continued to decline throughout the league 's existence to the point that its last home game drew only 600 fans . The Arena Football League included three teams in Las Vegas over the course of its history : the Las Vegas Sting ( 1994 and 1995 ) , Las Vegas Gladiators ( 2003 to 2007 , now the Cleveland Gladiators ) , and another Las Vegas Outlaws ( 2015 ) . The Las Vegas Sin of the Lingerie Football League ( now the Legends Football League ) played in the city from 2011 to 2014 . The hunt for a home ( edit ) Raiders owner Mark Davis Recent efforts to either renovate the Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum or replace it with a new football stadium in Oakland or elsewhere date back to November 18 , 2009 . In 2011 , Al Davis died and control of the team was assumed by his son Mark Davis who made finding a solution to the three - decade - long stadium problem a top priority . The Raiders were free to move after the 2013 NFL season , when its lease on the Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum expired . While exploring possible solutions in the Bay Area and potential relocation candidates , the Raiders signed one - year extensions of its lease on the Coliseum . 2011 : Levi 's stadium ( edit ) There had been discussions for the Raiders to share Levi 's Stadium in Santa Clara , California with the San Francisco 49ers . However , the 49ers went ahead without the Raiders and broke ground on the $1.2 billion stadium on April 19 , 2012 and afterwards sold $670 million worth of seats including 70 % of club and luxury suites , making it more unlikely that the Raiders would continue to explore the idea of sharing the stadium as they would then be secondary tenants with little to no commercial rights over the highly lucrative luxury suites . Mark Davis further increased the unlikelihood of the Raiders and the 49ers to share Levi 's stadium when he told NFL Network reporter Ian Rapoport that he had no plans to share the stadium but that he did recognize the Raiders ' need for a new home and that he hoped the new home would be in Oakland . When Levi 's Stadium had its grand opening on July 17 , 2014 , NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell mentioned to the live crowd that it would make a great home for the Raiders and that the team had to decide whether or not it wanted to play there or build a stadium on the site of the Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum . 2012 − 2013 : Coliseum city ( edit ) On March 7 , 2012 , then - mayor Jean Quan unveiled an ambitious project to the media that was designed to improve the sports facilities of all three major league sports teams in the city ( the Raiders , Major League Baseball ( MLB ) 's Athletics and the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) 's Golden State Warriors ) , as well as attract new businesses to the city . The project , dubbed Coliseum City , had entailed the redevelopment of the existing Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum complex . The redevelopment would have seen the construction of two new stadiums on the present location , a baseball - only stadium and a football - only stadium , while Oracle Arena , home of the Warriors , would have been either rebuilt or undergone extensive renovations . A sum of $3.5 million was committed to preliminary planning on the project . However , no officials from either of Oakland 's major league teams were present at the media conference . According to the San Francisco Business Times , Oakland 's assistant city administrator Fred Blackwell said the Bay Investment Group LLC , an entity being formed by Colony Capital LLC , Rashid Al Malik ( chairman and CEO of HayaH Holdings ) , and the city , had numerous details to continue working out for the prospective $2 billion Coliseum City project , which covered 800 acres surrounding the Oakland -- Alameda Coliseum Complex . The development team also included JRDV Urban International , HKS Architects , and Forest City Real Estate Services . In an ideal situation , construction could have started by the end of 2014 . Meanwhile , the Warriors began to go forward with plans to build a new arena at Mission Bay , not far from AT&T Park , and move back across the Bay from Oakland to San Francisco as soon as 2019 . 2013 : Concord , California ( edit ) The abandoned Concord Naval Weapons Station , 26.6 miles from Oakland , was announced in 2013 as a possible location for a new stadium but developments failed to materialize . 2014 : San Antonio , Texas ( edit ) In July 2014 , San Antonio , Texas , emerged as a potential relocation candidate for the team , after Raiders owner Mark Davis visited an event hosted for former Raiders wide receiver Cliff Branch in the city . San Antonio , while it was in a smaller media market than the San Francisco Bay Area , had the advantage of having a relatively new and NFL - ready stadium in the Alamodome and less sporting competition . On July 29 , 2014 , it was reported by the San Antonio Express - News that Mark Davis met with officials from the city of San Antonio to discuss the possibility of relocating the Raiders to San Antonio after the 2014 -- 15 NFL season . Davis confirmed that he did speak with San Antonio city officials while visiting San Antonio to honor former Raiders wide receiver Cliff Branch 's induction into a local Hall of Fame , but did not comment on whether he was considering relocation to San Antonio . The Raiders would have played at the 65,000 - seat Alamodome until a new stadium could be built . San Antonio remained in contention as a site through at least November 2014 , when Raiders staffers scouted the stadium and began negotiating with San Antonio officials . 2015 : Raiders attempt to put together a project with Athletics ( edit ) It was reported in early 2015 that the Raiders sat down with Athletics owner Lewis Wolff in an effort to create a stadium solution where two separate stadiums ( one for the Raiders and one for the Athletics ) would have been built on the coliseum site . The Athletics balked at the deal . In an interview with J.T. the Brick on KGMZ on April 4 , 2017 , Davis revealed that he offered Wolff 20 percent of the Raiders in an attempt to get a deal done . Davis further elaborated that the closest the Raiders came to a deal in Oakland was in 2013 with Colony Capital , before the Athletics agreed to a 10 - year lease extension at the Coliseum with the city of Oakland . 2015 : Los Angeles project and losing to the Rams ( edit ) Main articles : National Football League in Los Angeles , Carson Stadium , Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park , and History of the Los Angeles Raiders § Attempted return to Los Angeles On February 19 , 2015 , the Raiders and the then San Diego Chargers announced that they would build a privately financed $1.78 billion stadium in Carson , California if they were to move back to the Los Angeles market . Both teams stated that they would continue to attempt to get stadiums built in their respective cities . The Carson City Council would bypass the public vote and approved the plan 3 -- 0 . The council voted without having clarified several issues , including who would finance the stadium , how the required three - way land swap would be performed , and how it would raise enough revenue if only one team moved in as tenant . On January 12 , 2016 , the NFL rejected the Raiders ' relocation request in favor of a competing plan by Stan Kroenke to move the then St. Louis Rams back to Los Angeles and construct a stadium and entertainment district in Inglewood , California . However , the NFL left open the possibility of the Raiders relocating to Los Angeles by 2020 and playing in the new stadium under construction to house the Los Angeles Rams . The San Diego Chargers however had the first option to join the Rams at the new stadium , the Raiders would have been authorized to negotiate an agreement if the Chargers did not exercise their option by January 2017 . The Chargers exercised their choice and announced their relocation to Los Angeles in January 2017 , shutting the Raiders out of the Southern California market . Around this time other markets expressed interest in luring the Raiders . For example Duluth , Minnesota submitted a proposal to construct a new stadium for the team , a proposal that was not taken seriously because of the metro area 's small size , proximity to the Minnesota Vikings and unwillingness to commit money to the stadium proposal . Less than a month after the Chargers announced their move to Los Angeles , Las Vegas had emerged as the most likely destination candidate for the Raiders . 2015 − 2017 : negotiations to move to Las Vegas and last Oakland stadium effort ( edit ) Main article : Las Vegas Stadium 2015 view of the Las Vegas Stadium site , adjacent to Mandalay Bay and Interstate 15 2015 : exploring Las Vegas ( edit ) On February 23 , 2015 , while still involved in the Carson project , Mark Davis attended a secret meeting at the UNLV International Gaming Research Center to look at Las Vegas sports betting , its effect on pro sports , how it could effect a pro sports team in Vegas and how the Raiders and the NFL could possibly work in Las Vegas . At the time Las Vegas was seen as a long shot candidate for the Raiders . The meeting was set up by Napoleon McCallum , former Raiders player and current Las Vegas Sands employee . McCallum approached Davis about moving the team to Las Vegas before a Broncos - Raiders game on November 9 , 2014 in Oakland . McCallum was the first to suggest meeting with UNLV about the idea . Previously Las Vegas officials notably Mayor Carolyn Goodman had suggested building a stadium near Las Vegas Motor Speedway . In attendance at the meeting was Davis and McCallum along with then UNLV president Don Snyder and Bo Bernhard , executive director of the International Gaming Institute . The meeting would not be known about until two years later . 2016 ( edit ) On January 29 , 2016 , Davis met with Las Vegas Sands owner Sheldon Adelson about possibly relocating to a $2.3 billion , 65,000 capacity domed stadium in Las Vegas , Nevada . During Davis ' meeting with Adelson , he also visited the University of Nevada , Las Vegas ( UNLV ) , which included a contingent consisting of the university 's president Len Jessup , former university president Donald Snyder , Steve Wynn , and former Ultimate Fighting Championship ( UFC ) owner Lorenzo Fertitta . The proposed stadium would replace Sam Boyd Stadium and would serve as the home of both the Raiders and the UNLV Rebels college football program . A relocation to Las Vegas would be a long - term proposal , as Sam Boyd Stadium is undersized for the NFL and there are no other professional - caliber stadiums in Nevada . Raiders officials were also in Las Vegas to tour locations in the valley for a potential new home ; they were also on the 42 - acre site of the proposed stadium to ask questions about the site . Interviewed by sports columnist Tim Kawakami of the San Jose Mercury News , Davis said that he had a `` great '' visit in the city he described it as interesting . Davis also said that Las Vegas was a global city and that `` it 's absolutely an NFL city , '' as well as saying that `` the Raider brand would do well '' and `` I think Las Vegas is coming along slowly . '' On March 21 , 2016 , when asked about Las Vegas , Davis said , `` I think the Raiders like the Las Vegas plan , '' and `` it 's a very very very intriguing and exciting plan , '' referring to the stadium plan in Las Vegas . Davis also met with Nevada Governor Brian Sandoval about the stadium plan . On April 1 , 2016 , Davis toured Sam Boyd Stadium to evaluate whether UNLV could serve as a temporary home of the team and was with UNLV football coach Tony Sanchez , athletic director Tina Kunzer - Murphy , adviser Don Snyder and school president Len Jessup to further explore the possibility of the Raiders moving to Las Vegas . On April 28 , 2016 , Davis said he wanted to move the Raiders to Las Vegas and pledged $500 million toward the construction of a proposed $2.4 billion domed stadium . `` Together we can turn the Silver State into the silver and black state , '' Davis said . At a media conference in UNLV 's Stan Fulton Building , Davis also said the club had `` made a commitment to Las Vegas at this point in time and that 's where it stands . '' In an interview with ESPN after returning from a meeting for the 2016 NFL draft he expanded upon reasons why Southern Nevada held a certain appeal over the East Bay of the Oakland -- San Francisco Bay Area , how he tried to make it work in Oakland and why ( as he told Sandoval ) he hopes to turn Nevada into the `` Silver and Black State '' ; he also spoke of the meeting saying , `` It was a positive , well - organized presentation that I believe was well - received '' , and stating , `` It was a very positive step in finding the Raiders a home . '' On May 20 , 2016 , New England Patriots owner Robert Kraft said he would support Davis and the Raiders move to Las Vegas , stating , `` I think it would be good for the NFL . '' On May 23 , 2016 , the San Francisco Chronicle and other media outlets reported that a group led by former San Francisco 49ers safety ( and Pro Football Hall of Fame member ) Ronnie Lott and retired quarterback Rodney Peete were looking into building a new Oakland stadium for the Raiders . The group met with team executives and Oakland city officials to brief them on their proposal . They also met with mayor Libby Schaaf . The Alameda County Board of Supervisors voted to begin negotiations with Lott 's group and with the city of Oakland regarding the `` price and terms of sale '' for the 120 - acre land of the Oakland Coliseum and Oracle Arena . Davis publicly reiterated his commitment to his announced plans to relocate the Raiders franchise to Las Vegas , Nevada with the support of the state of Nevada and casino mogul Sheldon Adelson , and said he did not wish to negotiate further with Oakland while the Las Vegas deal was still actively in progress ; any relocation to Las Vegas needed to be approved by a three - quarters majority of all NFL owners , and NFL commissioner Roger Goodell publicly stated his preference for keeping the Raiders franchise in Oakland if at all possible . However , it was reported that the NFL had issues with the Lott Group 's financier Fortress Investment Group due to past issues the group had . On August 11 , 2016 , Raiders ' officials met with Northern Nevada officials about the possibility of Reno being the site of a new training camp / practice facility and toured several sites including the University of Nevada , Reno , Reno area high schools , and sports complexes . On August 25 , 2016 , the Raiders filed a trademark application for `` Las Vegas Raiders '' on the same day renderings of a new stadium ( located west of Interstate 15 at Las Vegas ) were released to the public . On September 15 , 2016 , the Southern Nevada Tourism Infrastructure Committee unanimously voted to recommend and approve $750 million for the Las Vegas stadium plan . On October 11 , 2016 , the Nevada Senate voted 16 -- 5 to approve the funding bill for the Las Vegas stadium proposal . The Nevada Assembly voted 28 -- 13 three days later to approve the bill to fund the new Las Vegas stadium proposal ; two days later , Sandoval signed the funding bill into law . Davis told ESPN on October 15 , 2016 that even if the Raiders were approved by the league to relocate to the Las Vegas metropolitan area , the club would play the next two seasons at the Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum in 2017 and 2018 , stating `` We want to bring a Super Bowl championship back to the Bay Area . '' The team would then play at a temporary facility in 2019 after its lease at the Coliseum expires . Davis has also indicated a desire to play at least one preseason game in Las Vegas , at Sam Boyd Stadium , as early as the 2018 season . ( The Raiders ' 2017 schedule has both preseason games in Oakland . ) On October 17 , 2016 , Nevada Governor Brian Sandoval signed into law Senate Bill 1 and Assembly Bill 1 which approved a hotel room tax rate increase to accommodate $750 million in public funding for the new stadium . On November 12 , 2016 , a report from the NFL 's own in - house media team outlined how Las Vegas might not be a done deal . The report stated that the majority of owners favored the Raiders staying in Oakland due to market size and stability . The vast majority of the NFL 's revenue comes from TV contracts . So because of that , it made little sense for the other 31 NFL owners to vote in favor of one of their partners abandoning the 6th biggest media market for the 42nd . On November 30 , 2016 , a framework deal to keep the Raiders in Oakland was announced . In addition to the public land , the city of Oakland would commit $200 million to improve the infrastructure of the surrounding area . The Raiders would contribute $500 million to the stadium , while Lott 's group would contribute $400 million ; the NFL already committed $300 million when it rejected the Raiders ' bid to return to Los Angeles in 2015 . Ronnie Lott had no financial or ownership stake in the Raiders ; some sources indicated that Lott was also asking for an ownership stake ( reportedly around 20 percent ) in the Raiders franchise as part of the deal , a condition that was unacceptable to Raiders owner Mark Davis . The Oakland proposal was officially announced in December 2016 , and called for a $1.3 billion , football - only stadium built on the existing Coliseum site . It included mixed use development for possible office or retail space , hotel or residential living and parking , as well as 15 acres set aside for a new baseball - only facility for the Oakland Athletics if the A 's so desired . The site also could have been expanded to include the land Oracle Arena sits on , with the Warriors cleared to move to their new San Francisco arena by the 2019 season . The Ronnie Lott proposal was voted on by the Oakland city and Alameda County elected officials on December 13 , 2016 and approved by Oakland in a 7 -- 0 vote and by Alameda County in a 3 -- 1 vote . 2017 ( edit ) The Raiders officially filed paperwork to relocate from Oakland , California , to Las Vegas , Nevada , on January 19 , 2017 . The Raiders needed 24 of the 32 NFL club owners to vote to officially approve the move to Las Vegas . On January 30 , 2017 , it was announced that Adelson had dropped out of the stadium project , also withdrawing the Las Vegas Sands ' proposed $650 million contribution from the project . Instead , the Raiders would increase their contribution from $500 million to $1.15 billion . One day after Adelson 's announcement , Goldman Sachs ( the company behind the financing to the proposed Las Vegas stadium ) announced its intent to withdraw from the project . On January 31 , 2017 , in the aftermath of Adelson and Goldman Sachs ' withdrawal from the Las Vegas deal , the San Diego Union - Tribune reported that Mayor Kevin Faulconer reached out to an NFL official to let them know they were eager to engage ; a city official also spoke to a Raiders official on the phone . The Union - Tribune noted that any possible Raiders relocation to San Diego or bringing a team to the city would have been aided by a proposal for a soccer - specific stadium and mixed development . NFL commissioner Roger Goodell reiterated , during his State of the NFL address , that San Diego would need a new stadium in order to be a relocation possibility . Another roadblock for a Raiders relocation to the city would have been the owners of the current Los Angeles teams . Stan Kroenke and Dean Spanos would block any team from sharing Southern California , especially if that team is the Raiders ( given the team 's continued popularity in the region ) . San Diego , as an option for the Raiders , was remote . San Diego was previously home to the San Diego Chargers from 1961 until 2016 ( when the team relocated to the Greater Los Angeles Area ) ; a Raiders move there would have been ironic given that the team 's primary rival the Chargers were based in that city . On February 16 , 2017 , the San Diego Union - Tribune obtained a letter from Doug Manchester that stated he had `` assembled a powerful group of associates '' who would develop a 70,000 - seat stadium on the land of Qualcomm Stadium ; the letter also stated the project would provide `` a viable alternative '' to the Raiders in case Las Vegas fell through ; the group also stated that they were `` open to working with the Chargers , Raiders , other NFL owners , or a new ownership group '' ; it also stated an NFL franchise could participate as a partner or tenant : `` Our group will provide the funds previously allocated to be provided by the City of San Diego and guarantee the stadium 's expeditious construction . Accordingly it will not require voter approval . '' It also said they would provide `` new state of the art scoreboards and upgrade Qualcomm Stadium while the new stadium is being constructed '' . On March 1 , 2017 , Fortress Investment Group submitted a tweaked version of the Oakland stadium plan to the NFL . Relocation to Las Vegas ( edit ) On March 6 , 2017 , the Raiders revealed that Bank of America would be replacing Sheldon Adelson 's portion of the funding for the new stadium in Las Vegas . On March 27 , 2017 , the National Football League officially approved the Raiders move from Oakland to Las Vegas in a 31 -- 1 vote , ensuring them a new stadium in the process . However , even though the Raiders were approved to move to Las Vegas , the club will still play the 2017 and 2018 NFL seasons at the Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum and still be known as the Oakland Raiders as long as they play in the San Francisco Bay Area . The team expects the new stadium to open in 2020 . As of August 2018 they have not determined where they will play in 2019 , and the Coliseum management is reluctant to host the team in 2019 unless the Raiders pay additional compensation to cover the US $1,000,000 annual loss the Coliseum incurs by hosting Raiders games . About one thousand season ticket holders asked for and received refunds after the move to Las Vegas was announced . Their tickets were sold to other fans within hours , and the Raiders ' 53,250 season tickets were all sold out by late May . The league levied a $350 million relocation fee on the Raiders , which will be paid in ten annual installments beginning in 2019 . This figure is slightly more than half of the $650 million fee that the Rams and Chargers each paid to relocate to Los Angeles . On November 13 , 2017 , the Raiders officially broke ground on Las Vegas Stadium . 2018 ( edit ) On January 2 , 2018 , the Henderson city council approved the sale of 55 vacant acres of land to the Raiders for their new headquarters and practice facility near Henderson Executive Airport . In January , construction crews began blasting caliche rock with dynamite to excavate and create the stadium bowl . As of April 2018 , more than 30 Raiders employees had already relocated to Las Vegas from Oakland . See also ( edit ) Baltimore Colts relocation to Indianapolis Cleveland Browns relocation controversy National Football League franchise moves and mergers Relocation of professional sports teams National Football League controversies References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Rosenthal , Gregg ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` NFL team owners approve Raiders ' move to Las Vegas '' . National Football League . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Raiders Media Relations ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders Receive NFL Approval For Las Vegas Relocation '' . Oakland Raiders . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hanzus , Dan ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` Rams to relocate to L.A. ; Chargers first option to join '' . NFL.com . National Football League . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chargers announce decision to relocate to Los Angeles '' . National Football League . January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chase , Chris ( October 16 , 2015 ) . `` Ranking the best and worst NFL stadiums , from No. 1 ( Lambeau ) to 31 ( Soldier ) '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ranking the NFL 's Best and Worst Stadiums '' . Athlon Sports . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Puma , Mike ( December 1 , 2003 ) . `` Good guys wear black '' . ESPN Classic . Retrieved January 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Smith , Timothy W. ( June 24 , 1995 ) . `` PRO FOOTBALL ; Raiders Run a Reverse Play Back to Oakland '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sacramento Raiders ? ' It was a done deal ' '' . NBCS Bay Area . 2018 - 01 - 12 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Kantowski , Ron ( December 2 , 2009 ) . `` Grey Cup stirs memories of Posse '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved December 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kantowski , Ron ( January 28 , 2017 ) . `` New ESPN film examines XFL 's short life , legacy '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . I spent a lot of time in Las Vegas a couple of years ago , '' said Charlie Ebersol , son of Dick Ebersol , the NBC Sports executive who co-founded the XFL with pro wrestling mastermind Vince McMahon . `` I think it spoke to the ethos of what that city is about . Jump up ^ Dewey , Todd ( October 4 , 2012 ) . `` Sparse crowd sees Las Vegas Locos roll over Omaha '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved October 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Around the NFL staff ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders relocation to Las Vegas : Timeline of events '' . National Football League . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kukura , Joe ( August 18 , 2013 ) . `` NFL May Bribe Raiders , 49ers Into Shotgun Wedding '' . KNTV . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Price , Taylor ( April 19 , 2012 ) . `` 49ers break ground on Santa Clara stadium '' . San Francisco 49ers . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Florio , Mike ( September 10 , 2012 ) . `` Niners strike gold with new stadium '' . Profootballtalk.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Raiders have no plans to share stadium with 49ers '' . National Football League . October 16 , 2012 . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Goodell : Levi 's might fit Raiders '' . ESPN . July 18 , 2014 . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Torres , Bianca ( October 3 , 2013 ) . `` Oakland 's Coliseum City project could cost $2 billion '' . San Francisco Business Times . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Matier & Ross ( October 7 , 2013 ) . `` Raiders owner scouts Concord site for new stadium '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Baugh , Josh ; Orsborn , Tom ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` Raiders look at potential home deep in heart of Texas '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders owner confirms talks with San Antonio '' . Associated Press ( AP ) . 2014 - 07 - 30 . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Davis , San Antonio group meet '' . ESPN . Associated Press . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ @ DailyNewsVinny ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` 2 . To propose a joint development project on Coliseum land that would have built new stadiums for both teams . But A 's declined '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ J.T. the Brick ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders owner Mark Davis breaks down relocation brick by brick with JT `` the Brick '' `` . KGMZ . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Williams , Eric D. ( February 20 , 2015 ) . `` Chargers , Raiders reveal L.A. plan '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rapoport , Ian ( February 20 , 2015 ) . `` Chargers , Raiders team up for stadium proposal in Los Angeles '' . NFL.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jablon , Robert ( April 22 , 2015 ) . `` City Council approves plan for NFL stadium near Los Angeles '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ Logan , Tim ; Nathan Fenno ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Carson City Council may be set to approve NFL stadium , sight unseen '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Source : Chargers think L.A. proposal has doable components '' . ESPN . Retrieved 15 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` An NFL team in Duluth - Superior ? Proctor is going long '' . Twin Cities Pioneer Press . May 17 , 2015 . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How the Raiders got comfortable with sports betting '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas Sands wants stadium for UNLV , possibly Raiders '' . Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . January 28 , 2016 . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Raiders owner willing to give $20 M toward Las Vegas stadium '' . National Football League . Associated Press . April 28 , 2016 . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gutierrez , Paul ( April 28 , 2016 ) . `` Raiders owner Mark Davis says he wants to move team to Las Vegas '' . ESPN.com . ESPN . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Raiders owner willing to spend $500 million to move team to Vegas '' . Fox News . Associated Press . April 28 , 2016 . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Knoblauch , Austin ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` Robert Kraft would support Raiders move to Las Vegas '' . National Football League . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Matier & Ross ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` Ronnie Lott wants to help build a Raiders stadium in Oakland '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pelissero , Tom ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Raiders owner Mark Davis rails against Oakland ' disrespect , ' has sole focus on Las Vegas '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Breech , John ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Goodell wants Raiders in Oakland , while Davis wants game in Vegas in 2017 '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Richardson , Seth ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` Raiders relocation could include Reno training camp '' . Reno Gazette - Journal . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Perez , A.J. ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` Oakland Raiders file to trademark ' Las Vegas Raiders ' name '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stadium plan to lure Raiders to Las Vegas passes vote '' . National Football League . Associated Press . September 15 , 2016 . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chereb , Sandra ; Whaley , Sean ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` Raiders stadium project for Las Vegas clears Nevada Senate in 16 -- 5 vote '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas stadium plan gains approval from Nevada Legislature '' . National Football League . Associated Press . October 14 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gutierrez , Paul ( October 15 , 2016 ) . `` Mark Davis : Raiders ' Oakland plan unchanged even if Las Vegas deal OK 'd '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nevada governor signs bill to approve Las Vegas stadium plan '' . National Football League . Associated Press . October 17 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Spousta , Tom ( October 17 , 2016 ) . `` Gov. Brian Sandoval signs Raiders stadium bill -- VIDEO '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Boilard , Kevin ( November 12 , 2016 ) . `` Report : NFL against Las Vegas , wants to keep Raiders in Oakland '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Matier & Ross ( November 30 , 2016 ) . `` Outline emerges of Oakland stadium deal to keep Raiders '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oakland , Ronnie Lott Group Unveil Stadium Plan To Keep Raiders '' . KPIX - TV . Associated Press . December 9 , 2016 . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vergara , Andre . `` Oakland reveals stadium proposal to keep Raiders '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Ryan ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` Oakland , Alameda County approve stadium deal to try to keep Raiders '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Will the Raiders stay in Oakland ? Negotiations on $1.3 - billion stadium OK 'd '' . Los Angeles Times . Associated Press . December 13 , 2016 . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Raiders file Las Vegas relocation paperwork '' . National Football League . January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders file paperwork for Las Vegas relocation '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Adelson no longer involved in Raiders ' Las Vegas stadium plan '' . National Football League . January 30 , 2017 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sources : Financial giant Goldman Sachs backs out of Raiders ' stadium deal '' . ESPN . January 31 , 2017 . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders secure financing for potential Las Vegas stadium '' . National Football League . March 7 , 2017 . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jon Mark Saraceno ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders ' Las Vegas stadium gets boost from Bank of America '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders could remain at Oakland stadium in 2019 after all '' . LasVegasSun.com. 2017 - 09 - 14 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Coliseum director sounds like he wants Raiders out immediately '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ Smith , Michael David ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders ' move led about 1,000 fans to seek ticket refunds '' . Profootballtalk.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leuty , Ron ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders ' move led about 1,000 fans to seek ticket refunds '' . San Francisco Business Times . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Skurski , Jay ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Bills ' piece of national NFL revenue pie revealed to be a whopping $244 million '' . The Buffalo News . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Around the NFL staff ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders break ground on new stadium in Las Vegas '' . National Football League . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Velotta , Richard N. ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders launch work on stadium in Las Vegas '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lopez , Sandy ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` Henderson City Council votes to sell land to Raiders '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sapienza , Vince ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` Rock blasting begins on Raiders stadium site '' . KVVU - TV . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Velotta , Richard . `` Financing , parking on to - do list for Las Vegas Raiders Stadium '' . ReviewJournal.com . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . External links ( edit ) Sin City Or Bust -- A profile on how Mark Davis moved the Raiders to Las Vegas from ESPN 's Outside the Lines Las Vegas Raiders from the Oakland Raiders ' official website Oakland Raiders Founded in 1960 Played in Los Angeles ( 1982 -- 1994 ) Based in Oakland , California Headquartered in Alameda , California Franchise History in Los Angeles relocation to Las Vegas Seasons Players First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Head coaches Stadiums Kezar Stadium Candlestick Park Frank Youell Field Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Las Vegas Stadium Key personnel Owner / CEO : Mark Davis President : Marc Badain General manager : Reggie McKenzie Head coach : Jon Gruden Culture Oakland Raiderettes Raider Nation The Autumn Wind Mount Davis Ricky 's Sports Theatre and Grill Straight Outta L.A. In the House Lore Heidi Game Immaculate Reception The Sea of Hands Ghost to the Post Holy Roller Red Right 88 Tuck Rule Game Rivalries Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Pittsburgh Steelers San Francisco 49ers Media Broadcasters Television : NBC Sports California NBC Sports Bay Area KTVU KVVU Radio : KCBS ( AM ) KGMZ - FM KFRC - FM KCYE KDWN Other : Compass Media Networks The Raider Cast Personalities : Bill King Greg Papa J.T. the Brick Wild card berths ( 6 ) 1977 1980 1984 1991 1993 2016 Division championships ( 15 ) 1967 1968 1969 1970 1972 1973 1976 1985 1990 2000 2001 2002 Conference championships ( 4 ) 1976 1980 2002 League championships ( 4 ) 1967 1976 ( XI ) 1980 ( XV ) 1983 ( XVIII ) Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : West Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 59 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1990 1991 1993 1994 1995 2001 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold Sports in Las Vegas Professional Las Vegas Raiders ( 2020 ) Vegas Golden Knights Las Vegas Aces Las Vegas 51s Las Vegas Lights FC USA Sevens Fabulous Sin City Rollergirls National Finals Rodeo Collegiate UNLV Rebels CSN Coyotes Las Vegas Bowl Sports teams based in Nevada Australian rules football USAFL Las Vegas Gamblers Baseball PCL Las Vegas 51s Reno Aces Basketball WNBA Las Vegas Aces TBL Mesquite Desert Dogs Football NFL Las Vegas Raiders ( 2020 ) WFA Sin City Trojans Ice hockey NHL Vegas Golden Knights Roller derby WFTDA Fabulous Sin City Rollergirls Soccer USL Las Vegas Lights FC Reno 1868 FC College athletics ( NCAA Div . I ) Nevada Wolf Pack UNLV Rebels ( NJCAA ) CSN Coyotes WNC Wildcats Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oakland_Raiders_relocation_to_Las_Vegas&oldid=855603195 '' Categories : Oakland Raiders Las Vegas Raiders National Football League controversies National Football League franchise relocations 2017 in sports in California 2017 in sports in Nevada Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 August 2018 , at 14 : 22 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

when are the raiders moving to los vegas

The Oakland Raiders relocation to Las Vegas was a successful effort by the owner of the Oakland Raiders ( Mark Davis ) to relocate the American football club from its current and longtime home of Oakland , California to Paradise , Nevada . The team is scheduled to begin play as the Las Vegas Raiders for the 2020 National Football League ( NFL ) season , playing home games at the Las Vegas Stadium , although a move to Las Vegas could happen as soon as 2019 with Sam Boyd Stadium . NFL team owners voted 31 -- 1 to approve the move , which was announced at the annual league meetings in Phoenix , Arizona on March 27 , 2017 . The Raiders became the third NFL franchise to relocate in the 2010s , following the Rams ' move from St. Louis , Missouri to Los Angeles , California on January 12 , 2016 , and the Chargers ' move from San Diego , California to Los Angeles on January 12 , 2017 . The Raiders ' move to Las Vegas comes after years of failed efforts to renovate or replace the Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum , which has been rated by multiple sources as one of the worst stadiums in the NFL .

Love Never Felt So Good - wikipedia Love Never Felt So Good Jump to : navigation , search `` Love Never Felt So Good '' Single by Michael Jackson and Justin Timberlake from the album Xscape Released May 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 02 ) Format CD single digital download Recorded 1983 ( original ) 2013 -- 2014 ( reworked ) Genre Disco soul Length 3 : 21 ( original version ) 3 : 54 ( reworked solo version ) 4 : 05 ( duet version ) Label Epic Songwriter ( s ) Michael Jackson Paul Anka Producer ( s ) Michael Jackson Paul Anka John McClain ( reworked solo version ) Giorgio Tuinfort ( reworked solo version ) Timbaland ( duet version ) Justin Timberlake ( duet version ) J - Roc ( duet version ) Michael Jackson singles chronology `` I 'm So Blue '' ( 2012 ) `` Love Never Felt So Good '' ( 2014 ) `` A Place with No Name '' ( 2014 ) `` I 'm So Blue '' ( 2012 ) `` Love Never Felt So Good '' ( 2014 ) `` A Place with No Name '' ( 2014 ) Justin Timberlake singles chronology `` Not a Bad Thing '' ( 2014 ) Not a Bad Thing 2014 `` Love Never Felt So Good '' ( 2014 ) Love Never Felt So Good2014 `` Drink You Away '' ( 2015 ) Drink You Away 2015 Music video `` Love Never Felt So Good '' on YouTube `` Love Never Felt So Good '' is a song by American singer and songwriter Michael Jackson , released posthumously on May 2 , 2014 . The song , reworked from a 1983 demo track originally composed by Jackson and Canadian singer - songwriter Paul Anka , was the first single released from Jackson 's second posthumous album , Xscape . Two versions of the single were developed . The first was a solo version produced by American record producer John McClain and Dutch record producer Giorgio Tuinfort . The second version was a duet featuring American singer Justin Timberlake , produced by American record producers Timbaland and J - Roc , which received positive reviews from music critics . Its accompanying music video premiered on May 14 , 2014 on The Ellen DeGeneres Show . In the video , Timberlake appears with a crowd of young dancers , who reference Jackson 's most known dance moves , interspersed with archival footage of the pop singer 's many short films . The song is the second collaboration between Jackson and Anka to be released since Jackson 's death in 2009 -- the first being `` This Is It '' . The duet version of `` Love Never Felt So Good '' charted within the top ten in eighteen national charts , reaching the top spot in five countries . Michael Jackson became the first artist in history to have a top 10 single on the US Billboard Hot 100 in five different decades when `` Love Never Felt So Good '' reached number 9 on May 31 , 2014 ( six decades if his Jackson 5 tenure is included ) . It spent eight weeks on top of the US Adult R&B Songs . The song also charted at number 8 on the UK Singles Chart . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Release 3 Critical reception 4 Commercial performance 5 Music videos 6 Live performance 7 Awards and nominations 8 Track listing 9 Official versions 10 Personnel 11 Charts 11.1 Weekly charts 11.2 Year - end charts 12 Certifications 13 Release history 14 Cover versions 15 See also 16 References 17 External links Background ( Edit ) First worked on as a demo , Jackson co-produced the song during a 1983 recording session with Anka . The original version only featured Jackson 's vocals , finger snaps and a piano , played by Anka . In 1984 , Anka sent the song to Johnny Mathis , who recorded a new version of the song with revised lyrics by Anka and Kathleen Wakefield . Mathis ' version made it on his 1984 album , A Special Part of Me . In 2006 , Jackson 's demo leaked online . During the 2013 - 2014 recording sessions for the Xscape album , the song was given a revision as a disco - sounding track . The first version , which only features Jackson , was produced by John McClain and Giorgio Tuinfort and was featured as the first track on the standard version of Xscape . The second version , featured as the last track on the deluxe version of the album , was co-produced by Timbaland and J - Roc and featured Timberlake in duet vocals with Jackson . While producing Timberlake 's duet version , Timberlake sampled the percussion and breaths from Jackson 's 1979 song `` Workin ' Day and Night '' . Larry Gold arranged the Timberlake version . Release ( Edit ) On April 30 , 2014 , it was revealed that `` Love Never Felt So Good '' would be unveiled at the iHeartRadio Music Awards on May 1 , 2014 as the album 's first single . During the awards show , the song premiered with a tribute by American R&B singer Usher . The digital download for the single became available on iTunes at 0 : 01 EDT on May 2 , 2014 on both its album version and duet version with Justin Timberlake . The release date of the single to urban radio stations was confirmed as May 6 , 2014 , though actually the single hit the radios on May 2 . On May 10 , 2014 a Fedde Le Grand remix was announced and world - premiered by Danny Howard on his BBC Radio 1 show Dance Anthems . The remix was released on May 19 , 2014 . Critical reception ( Edit ) Upon its release , `` Love Never Felt So Good '' received positive reviews from critics . Surprised by the quality of the song , Aisha Harris from Slate magazine wrote that Timberlake 's version `` sounds like an outtake from Off the Wall '' and further commented : `` If producers are going to put out more MJ music , let 's hope it continues to sound this good . '' Carl Willott of Idolator offered a positive outlook on the duet version , stating : `` ( ... ) where ( Timberlake and Jackson 's ) voices make for an uncannily natural combination ... the other great thing is that it 's not trying to be an event , it 's just a breezy dance floor strut that would n't feel out of place on Off the Wall or The 20 / 20 Experience . '' Chris Richards of The Washington Post called the solo Jackson rendition `` terrific . It 's airy , sweet , funky and pretty much impossible to dislike , '' though he would go on to pan the Timberlake remix , which he commented `` surfaces all the grody feelings that came rushing in 2010 with Jackson 's first posthumous album , Michael . '' Gavin Edwards from Rolling Stone said , `` even if it is n't on a par with Jackson 's best work , it sounded like it could have easily been the sixth single off Bad , which is more impressive than it sounds . '' Stephanie Chase from Contactmusic said that `` It 's not groundbreaking or an exceptional example of his artistry , but it gives a good indication that Xscape could serve as a fitting tribute to Jackson and his legacy . Jon O'Brien from Yahoo ! commented : `` the classy disco - soul of this single could easily have been lifted from Off the Wall or Thriller . '' `` Love Never Felt So Good '' also got praised by musician DJ Cassidy , who told the song had a positive impact on him . I have n't been a huge fan of albums that come out after an artist dies . You know , it just does n't have their stamp on it , so it 's never going to be what it would have been if the person was alive . But `` Love Never Felt So Good '' was a great record . It was definitely one of my top five songs from the last five years . Commercial performance ( Edit ) `` Love Never Felt So Good '' became Michael Jackson 's 29th top - ten single and Justin Timberlake 's ( pictured ) 16th on the US Billboard Hot 100 . The single debuted on the UK Singles Chart at No. 27 in the issue dated May 4 , 2014 after just 24 hours on sale . It reached number one in South Korea , Denmark , Israel , South Africa , and Germany and Belgium 's respective urban charts . In the United States , the single sold more than 60,000 downloads from the debut date of May 2 , 2014 to May 4 , 2014 , and drew 31 million all - format radio audience impressions since its first plays that Friday . With the Clear Channel 's promotional synergy after the premiere of the song on the iHeartRadio Music Awards , the song received hourly plays on May 2 , 2014 on the company 's pop , adult and R&B / hip - hop stations , greatly contributing to its airplay , which made the song debut on the following Billboard radio charts : Adult R&B Songs ( No. 19 ) , Adult Contemporary ( No. 23 ) , R&B / Hip - Hop Airplay ( No. 28 ) and Adult Pop Songs ( No. 40 ) . The song made splashy debuts at No. 20 on the Billboard Hot 100 and No. 6 on Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs from 80,000 downloads sold , 34 million audience impressions from 358 radio stations , and 1.9 million U.S. streams , which made it Jackson 's highest - charting entry since the 2002 single `` Butterflies '' . After its first full week on sale , the song reached No. 6 on Billboard 's Digital Songs chart with sales of 101,000 copies , but the whole week radio audience impressions reduced 36 % to 22 million which caused the song to drop to No. 38 on Radio Songs , and lowered the song 's Hot 100 position to # 22 in its second week on the chart . In its third week , the song rose to No. 9 , becoming Jackson 's first top - ten hit since 2001 's `` You Rock My World '' . Jackson also became the first act in the Hot 100 's history to score top ten hits in five different decades , as he has done for each decade from the 1970s to the 2010s . The single then topped the US Billboard Top Adult R&B Songs chart for 8 weeks . `` Love Never Felt So Good '' has since been certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . As of 2018 , the song has sold 1.11 million copies in the country . Counting Jackson 's entire chart career in addition to his solo career , the 2010s is actually his sixth decade with a single charted ( not peaking ) in the US Top 10 , as The Jackson 5 single `` I Want You Back '' first reached the Top 10 the week of December 27 , 1969 , on its way to a number one peak in late January 1970 ; however , Jackson was not credited on that single as an individual artist . Music videos ( Edit ) The music video for the duet debuted in the morning on May 14 , 2014 , which was regarded as `` a careful visual tribute of the late pop singer 's lasting legacy on future generations . '' It was directed by Rich Lee and Justin Timberlake . A crowd of young dancers lip synced and Justin Timberlake sang along and made some memorable moves from Michael Jackson 's classic music videos or live shows . Clips from the following music videos appeared in the `` Love Never Felt So Good '' music video ( in order of appearance ) : `` Black or White '' `` The Way You Make Me Feel '' `` Jam '' `` Speed Demon '' `` Billie Jean '' `` Smooth Criminal '' `` Bad '' `` Remember the Time '' `` Beat It '' `` In the Closet '' `` Do n't Stop ' Til You Get Enough '' `` Liberian Girl '' `` Another Part of Me '' `` Thriller '' `` ABC '' ( live performance by The Jackson 5 ) `` Blame It on the Boogie '' ( by The Jacksons ) `` Blood on the Dance Floor '' A month later , a music video for the solo version was uploaded to the official Michael Jackson YouTube channel . The music video featured clips from the duet version , as well as clips from other Michael Jackson music videos , such as `` Dirty Diana '' and `` You Rock My World '' , along with some of Jackson 's live performances , such as `` Billie Jean '' . Live performance ( Edit ) The song was performed live at the 2014 iHeart Radio Music Awards on May 1 , 2014 . American R&B singer Usher danced across the stage , moonwalked , and hopped on a table to spin during the play of the song . Other dancers dressed in Jackson 's style performed his signature moves in front of digital backdrops flashing graffiti and brick walls . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Category Result Ref . 2014 Soul Train Music Awards Song of the Year Nominated Best Collaboration MTV Video Music Awards Best Choreography 2015 NAACP Image Award Outstanding Music Video BMI R&B / Hip - Hop Awards Most Performed R&B / Hip - Hop Song Won Track listing ( edit ) Digital download -- solo version `` Love Never Felt So Good '' -- 3 : 54 Digital download -- duet version `` Love Never Felt So Good '' ( with Justin Timberlake ) -- 4 : 05 Digital download -- Fedde Le Grand remix `` Love Never Felt So Good '' ( Fedde le Grand remix ) -- 4 : 43 CD single `` Love Never Felt So Good '' -- 3 : 54 `` Love Never Felt So Good '' ( with Justin Timberlake ) -- 4 : 05 Digital EP -- duet version `` Love Never Felt So Good '' ( DM - FK Classic Tribute Mix ) - 8 : 23 `` Love Never Felt So Good '' ( DM Classic Radio Mix ) - 4 : 11 `` Love Never Felt So Good '' ( DM Epic Dub ) - 7 : 54 `` Love Never Felt So Good '' ( DM Red Zone Dub ) - 6 : 52 Official versions ( edit ) Original Version 3 : 21 Album Version 3 : 54 Duet Version 4 : 05 Video Mix 3 : 55 Video Edit 2 : 13 ( Incorrect ) Fedde Le Grand Remix ( Extended ) 4 : 43 Fedde Le Grand Remix Radio Edit 3 : 26 D.M. - F.K. Classic Tribute Mix 8 : 23 D.M. Classic Radio Mix 4 : 12 D.M. Epic Dub Mix 7 : 54 D.M. Red Zone Mix 6 : 52 Personnel ( edit ) Written and composed by Michael Jackson , Paul Anka Arrangements by Michael Jackson , John McClain , Franck van der Heijden and Timbaland Produced by Michael Jackson , John McClain , Giorgio Tuinfort , Timbaland , J - Roc and Justin Timberlake Mixed by Dave Pensado Featured and additional background vocals by Justin Timberlake Keyboard by Paul Anka Horns by The Regiment Horns Percussion by Terry Santiel Guitars by Elliott Ives and Mike Scott Bass by Mike Scott Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 28 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 20 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium Dance ( Ultratop Flanders ) 6 Belgium Urban ( Ultratop Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 6 Brazil ( Billboard Brasil Hot 100 ) 23 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 20 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 7 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 57 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 18 Germany ( Deutsche Black Charts ) Greece Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 8 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) 17 Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) Lebanon ( The Official Lebanese Top 20 ) 8 Luxembourg Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 6 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 12 Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 13 Poland ( Dance Top 50 ) 21 Portugal Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 19 Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 25 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 88 South Africa ( EMA ) South Korea ( International ) ( Gaon ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 6 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 57 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 15 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 8 US Billboard Hot 100 9 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 5 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 7 US Adult R&B Songs ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 13 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 8 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 19 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 ) Rank Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 38 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 44 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 89 France ( SNEP ) 19 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 73 Hungary ( MAHASZ ) 15 Israel ( Media Forest ) 11 Italy ( FIMI ) 54 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 36 South Korea ( International ) ( Gaon ) 18 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 22 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 74 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 69 US Billboard Hot 100 78 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 22 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 26 US Adult R&B Songs ( Billboard ) Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Belgium ( BEA ) Gold 15,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 45,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum 30,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) Platinum + Gold 90,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 400,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,110,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Version Label Italy May 2 , 2014 Contemporary hit radio Solo Duet Epic United States Digital download Solo Duet Epic MJJ May 6 , 2014 Contemporary hit radio Duet Epic Adult contemporary radio Solo Duet Urban contemporary radio Solo May 19 , 2014 Digital download Fedde Le Grand remix MJJ Germany May 30 , 2014 CD single Solo Duet Sony Cover versions ( Edit ) American pop music singer Johnny Mathis released this song for his 1984 album A Special Part of Me with new lyrics by Anka and Kathleen Wakefield , which was the song 's first released version . German jazz guitarists Gismo Graf Trio covered this song in their 2014 album Modus Vivendi . See also ( edit ) List of number - one singles of 2014 in South Africa List of number - one international songs of 2014 in South Korea References ( Edit ) Jump up ^ `` Love Never Felt So Good '' . BMI . Jump up ^ Epic Records ( 1 May 2014 ) . `` Michael Jackson 's ' Love Never Felt So Good ' First Single From XSCAPE Premieres Tonight at the '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Jackson ' New ' Single Written with Paul Anka Is Actually 31 Years Old '' . Showbiz411.com . May 1 , 2014 . Retrieved May 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Blistein , Jon ( May 1 , 2014 ) . `` Michael Jackson 's New Single to Premiere at iHeart Radio Music Awards '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` XSCAPE Deluxe Edition Tracklisting Revealed ! '' . michaeljackson.com . May 1 , 2014 . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . 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Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` sc_Israelairplay_ '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ `` Top Digital Download - Classifica settimanale WK 26 ( dal 23 - 06 - 2014 al 29 - 06 - 2014 ) '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Archived from the original on 14 July 2014 . Retrieved 3 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Lebanese Top 20 '' . The Official Lebanese Top 20 . Retrieved June 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson -- Chart history '' Billboard Luxembourg Digital Songs for Michael Jackson . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Michael Jackson & Justin Timberlake -- Love Never Felt So Good '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` sc_Dutch100_Michael Jackson & Justin Timberlake '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . 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Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` sc_UK_ '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Jackson Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` sc_Billboardhot100_Michael Jackson '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Jackson Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` sc_Billboardrandbhiphop_Michael Jackson '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Jackson Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( June 27 , 2014 ) . `` Chart Moves : Michael Jackson Tops Adult R&B ; Kenny Chesney Soars Onto Hot Country Songs ; Michelle Williams ' Destiny 's Child Reunion Leads Hot Gospel Songs '' . Billboard . 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Type Michael Jackson in the box under the ARTISTA column heading . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Michael Jackson -- Love Never Felt So Good '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Love Never Felt So Good in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Michael Jackson -- Love Never Felt So Good '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Corradini , Paola . `` Michael Jackson -- Love Never Felt So Good ( Epic ) '' ( in Italian ) . Radio Airplay SRL . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Corradini , Paola . `` Michael Jackson & Justin Timberlake -- Love Never Felt So Good ( Epic ) '' ( in Italian ) . Radio Airplay SRL . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / Mainstream Future Releases '' . All Access Music Group . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2014 . Retrieved May 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Jackson : Love Never Felt So Good ( AC ) '' . All Access Music Group . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2014 . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Urban / UAC Future Releases '' . All Access Music Group . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2014 . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Love Never Felt So Good ( Fedde Le Grand Remix Radio Edit ) -- Single by Michael Jackson '' . iTunes Store ( US ) . Apple . May 16 , 2014 . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Love Never Felt So Good ( Single ) '' . Amazon.de ( in German ) . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Modus Vivendi : Amazon.de : Musik '' . amazon.de . Amazon.de. 17 Jan 2014 . Retrieved 11 May 2014 . External links ( Edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Michael Jackson songs Discography 1970s `` Got to Be There '' `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' `` I Wanna Be Where You Are '' `` Rockin ' Robin '' `` Love Is Here and Now You 're Gone '' `` You 've Got a Friend '' `` Ben '' `` Everybody 's Somebody 's Fool '' `` My Girl '' `` Shoo - Be-Doo - Be-Doo - Da - Day '' `` We 've Got a Good Thing Going '' `` With a Child 's Heart '' `` Morning Glow '' `` All the Things You Are '' `` Happy '' `` Too Young '' `` Doggin ' Around '' `` Music and Me '' `` We 're Almost There '' `` One Day in Your Life '' `` Just a Little Bit of You '' `` You Ca n't Win '' `` Ease on Down the Road '' `` A Brand New Day '' `` Do n't Stop ' Til You Get Enough '' `` Rock with You '' `` Working Day and Night '' `` Get on the Floor '' `` Off the Wall '' `` Girlfriend '' `` I Ca n't Help It '' `` She 's Out of My Life '' `` It 's the Falling in Love '' `` Burn This Disco Out '' 1980s `` Someone in the Dark '' `` The Girl Is Mine '' `` Ca n't Get Outta the Rain '' `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' `` Baby Be Mine '' `` Thriller '' `` Beat It '' `` Billie Jean '' `` Human Nature '' `` P.Y.T. ( Pretty Young Thing ) '' `` The Lady In My Life '' `` You 've Really Got a Hold on Me '' `` Here I Am ( Come and Take Me ) '' `` I Hear a Symphony '' `` Lonely Teardrops '' `` That 's What Love Is Made Of '' `` I Was Made to Love Her '' `` I Just Ca n't Stop Loving You '' `` Todo Mi Amor Eres Tu '' `` Bad '' `` The Way You Make Me Feel '' `` Speed Demon '' `` Liberian Girl '' `` Just Good Friends '' `` Another Part of Me '' `` Man in the Mirror '' `` Dirty Diana '' `` Smooth Criminal '' `` Leave Me Alone '' `` Twenty - Five Miles '' 1990s `` Black or White '' `` Jam '' `` Why You Wanna Trip On Me '' `` In the Closet '' `` She Drives Me Wild '' `` Remember the Time '' `` Ca n't Let Her Get Away '' `` Heal the World '' `` Who Is It '' `` Give In to Me '' `` Will You Be There '' `` Keep the Faith '' `` Gone Too Soon '' `` Dangerous '' `` Come Together '' `` Someone Put Your Hand Out '' `` Scream '' `` Childhood '' `` They Do n't Care About Us '' `` Stranger in Moscow '' `` This Time Around '' `` Earth Song '' `` D.S. '' `` Money '' `` You Are Not Alone '' `` Tabloid Junkie '' `` 2 Bad '' `` HIStory '' `` Little Susie '' `` Smile '' `` Mind Is the Magic '' `` Blood on the Dance Floor '' `` Morphine '' `` Superfly Sister '' `` Ghosts '' `` Is It Scary '' `` On the Line '' 2000s `` Speechless '' `` You Rock My World '' `` Carousel '' `` Streetwalker '' `` Fly Away '' `` Unbreakable '' `` Heartbreaker '' `` Invincible '' `` Heaven Can Wait '' `` Butterflies '' `` 2000 Watts '' `` You Are My Life '' `` Privacy '' `` Do n't Walk Away '' `` Cry '' `` The Lost Children '' `` Whatever Happens '' `` Threatened '' `` Shout '' `` One More Chance '' `` Cheater '' `` Beautiful Girl '' `` We 've Had Enough '' `` Sunset Driver '' `` Scared of the Moon '' `` We Are Here to Change the World '' `` Monkey Business '' `` Fall Again '' `` In the Back '' `` The Way You Love Me '' `` For All Time '' `` Got the Hots '' `` This Is It '' 2010s `` Breaking News '' `` Hold My Hand '' `` Hollywood Tonight '' `` Keep Your Head Up '' `` Monster '' `` Best of Joy '' `` ( I Ca n't Make It ) Another Day '' `` Behind the Mask '' `` Much Too Soon '' `` Do n't Be Messin ' ' Round '' `` I 'm So Blue '' `` Song Groove ( aka Abortion Papers ) '' `` Free '' `` Price of Fame '' `` Al Capone '' `` Je Ne Veux Pas La Fin De Nous '' `` Love Never Felt So Good '' `` Chicago '' `` Loving You '' `` A Place with No Name '' `` Slave to the Rhythm '' `` Do You Know Where Your Children Are '' `` Blue Gangsta '' `` Xscape '' `` Blood on the Dance Floor x Dangerous '' Other `` We Are the World '' `` What More Can I Give '' `` Todo Para Ti '' `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' Featured `` Save Me '' `` Night Time Lover '' `` Say Say Say '' `` The Man '' `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' `` Tell Me I 'm Not Dreamin ' ( Too Good to Be True ) '' `` Get It '' `` 2300 Jackson Street '' `` Do the Bartman '' `` Whatzupwitu '' `` Why '' `` I Need You '' `` We Be Ballin ' '' `` All in Your Name '' `` There Must Be More To Life Than This '' Book Category Portal Justin Timberlake songs Discography Justified `` Like I Love You '' `` Cry Me a River '' `` Rock Your Body '' `` Señorita '' Live from London `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' FutureSex / LoveSounds `` FutureSex / LoveSound '' `` SexyBack '' `` My Love '' `` LoveStoned '' `` What Goes Around ... Comes Around '' `` Summer Love '' `` Until the End of Time '' The 20 / 20 Experience `` Pusher Love Girl '' `` Suit & Tie '' `` Do n't Hold the Wall '' `` Strawberry Bubblegum '' `` Tunnel Vision '' `` Let the Groove Get In '' `` Mirrors '' `` Blue Ocean Floor '' The 20 / 20 Experience -- 2 of 2 `` Gimme What I Do n't Know ( I Want ) '' `` Cabaret '' `` TKO '' `` Take Back the Night '' `` Drink You Away '' `` Not a Bad Thing '' Trolls ( soundtrack ) `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' `` Hair Up '' `` What U Workin ' With ? 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when was love never felt so good made

`` Love Never Felt So Good '' is a song by American singer and songwriter Michael Jackson , released posthumously on May 2 , 2014 . The song , reworked from a 1983 demo track originally composed by Jackson and Canadian singer - songwriter Paul Anka , was the first single released from Jackson 's second posthumous album , Xscape . Two versions of the single were developed . The first was a solo version produced by American record producer John McClain and Dutch record producer Giorgio Tuinfort . The second version was a duet featuring American singer Justin Timberlake , produced by American record producers Timbaland and J - Roc , which received positive reviews from music critics . Its accompanying music video premiered on May 14 , 2014 on The Ellen DeGeneres Show . In the video , Timberlake appears with a crowd of young dancers , who reference Jackson 's most known dance moves , interspersed with archival footage of the pop singer 's many short films . The song is the second collaboration between Jackson and Anka to be released since Jackson 's death in 2009 -- the first being `` This Is It '' .

Pretty Little Liars ( book series ) - wikipedia Pretty Little Liars ( book series ) Jump to : navigation , search This article may be written from a fan 's point of view , rather than a neutral point of view . Please clean it up to conform to a higher standard of quality , and to make it neutral in tone . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Pretty Little Liars Arc 1 : Pretty Little Liars Flawless Perfect Unbelievable Arc 2 : Wicked Killer Heartless Wanted Arc 3 : Twisted Ruthless Stunning Burned Arc 4 : Crushed Deadly Toxic Vicious Companion novels : Alison 's Pretty Little Diary Pretty Little Secrets Ali 's Pretty Little Lies Pretty Little Love Pretty Little Lost Author Sara Shepard Country United States Language English Genre Young adult Mystery Romance Coming of age Publisher HarperTeen Published October 2006 -- December 2014 Media type Print ( hardback & paperback ) Audiobook E-book No. of books 16 Pretty Little Liars is a series of young adult novels by Sara Shepard . Beginning with 2006 's initial novel of the same name , the series follows the lives of four girls -- Spencer Hastings , Hanna Marin , Aria Montgomery and Emily Fields . The novels have appeared on The New York Times Best Seller list . A television series adaptation loosely based on the novels debuted on June 8 , 2010 , on ABC Family . The franchise has been licensed by Amazon.com 's Kindle Worlds range of non-canon ebooks . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Characters 3 Novels 3.1 First Arc 3.2 Second Arc 3.3 Third Arc 3.4 Fourth Arc 3.5 Companion novels 4 References 5 External links Overview ( edit ) The series is loosely divided into four arcs , chronicling the introduction and reveal of each `` A '' . Set in the suburbs of Philadelphia The series follows the lives of four teenage girls nicknamed the Pretty little Liars or simply the Liars , whose clique falls apart after the disappearance of their Queen bee leader , `` Alison DiLaurentis '' . Three years after her disappearance , the girls begin receiving threatening messages from an anonymous character named `` A , '' who threatens to expose their secrets , including long - hidden ones they thought only Alison knew . Shortly after the messages begin , Alison 's body is discovered buried in her yard . The books progress with the four girls trying to figure out the identity of `` A '' and facing many dangerous obstacles and twists as they do so . Characters ( edit ) The series has many characters , most of them recurring . The main characters are : Spencer Hastings : Spencer is a headstrong , intelligent , overachieving girl who comes from the wealthy Hastings family . Hanna Marin : Hanna is the bubbly , strong , and fierce `` it - girl '' of the group following Alison 's disappearance . She suffers from an eating disorder , about which she received taunts from Alison . Aria Montgomery : Aria is a quirky and artsy girl who , at the beginning of the books , is trying to find herself . Emily Fields : Emily is considered the jock of the group , being a physical , loyal girl who struggles with her sexuality . Alison DiLaurentis : Alison is the former `` Queen Bee '' of her clique , consisting of : Spencer , Hanna , Aria and Emily . She had supposedly been killed at the beginning of the series however is revealed to have been alive and also their tormentor `` A '' as she was mistaken for her twin sister Courtney who pretended to be like her and was sent to The Preserve at Addison Stephens , which she believed was the Liars fault and has been plotting revenge ever since . Her identical twin sister Courtney DiLaurentis is not crazy but she starts appearing in Wanted after the TV show came on in 2010 . In the prequel , Courtney - as - Ali started disappearing in the last chapter and getting almost killed numerous times , until the end of the series ( Vicious ) when Courtney - as - Ali came out as Courtney and started becoming friends with her twin Ali again after rehab with Iris and Tabitha , two lookalikes of Aria , all in the penultimate chapter . In the book , their older brother 's name is Jason DiLaurentis and their half - sisters are Melissa and Spencer Hastings . Courtney DiLaurentis : Courtney is really Charlotte in the books . She used to be sweet , until she started pretending to be Alison , where her personality morphed into her . She is the third child to Jessica and Kenneth and was sent to The Preserve at Addison Stephens after a physical argument with Alison who she eventually turned into and befriended the Liars up until the night of her infamous disappearance when she was killed and buried by the real Alison DiLaurentis and her accomplice Nick Maxwell . She is not really dead as the TV show makes her out to be , she is a living character in the children 's book series for juvenile middle schoolers . A : A is the main antagonist of the series , being , for the most part , an anonymous character who relentlessly torments many characters , in particular the Liars . Mona Vanderwaal , Alison DiLaurentis and Nick Maxwell are discovered to be A. Mona became A due to Alison and the Liars being responsible for The Jenna Thing , which burned her too . However , she is killed when Spencer pushes her off a cliff face and her neck is caught between rocks . However , a new `` A '' rises , this time even more determined to hurt the Liars . This A is revealed to be Alison herself who wanted revenge on the Liars for ruining her life and Nick , who is revealed to be her accomplice . Novels ( edit ) First arc ( edit ) Book # Title Publication Date ISBN Pages Pretty Little Liars October 3 , 2006 978 - 0 - 06 - 088730 - 8 286 The story introduces an exclusive group of friends : Alison DiLaurentis , the popular yet manipulative queen bee , Aria Montgomery , an independent girl who is considered to be the oddball in Rosewood , she also went to Iceland for the summer , Emily Fields , a swimmer who holds secret feelings for Alison , she actually loved her , Hanna Marin , who strives to be thin and popular like Alison , and Spencer Hastings , an overachiever who is brave enough to stand up against Alison 's manipulative ways . Alison mysteriously disappears during a sleepover with the girls in the summer before 8th grade . The story then jumps 3 years later , when the girls are living their own lives and do n't speak to each other . Aria returns to Rosewood from a 3 - year trip to Iceland with her family and comes back much more sophisticated than before she left . She meets and makes out with a guy in a local bar who is revealed later to be her English teacher , Ezra Fitz . Emily befriends the new girl in town , Maya St. Germain , and soon develops romantic feelings for her , even though Emily has a boyfriend , Ben . Ben later finds Maya and Emily kissing in the photo booth at a party and dumps beer on them . Hanna is the new popular girl in town alongside the former nerd , Mona Vanderwaal . However , she and Mona sometimes shoplift though both can clearly afford their steals . Hanna battles the urge to turn back to bulimia , and struggles to manage the stress of keeping her queen bee status . Spencer continues to struggle in her long - standing rivalry with Melissa Hastings , her perfect older sister . Problems occur when she begins to feel attracted to Melissa 's new boyfriend , Wren Kim Throughout the story , the liars get messages threatening to reveal their secrets of the present and past , including a terrifying incident the girls refer to as `` The Jenna Thing '' . They automatically believe it is their missing friend , Alison , because she is the only one each of them confided in regarding their darkest secrets . However , they are shocked when the police find her corpse buried in the gazebo of her former house . The book ends with the liars receiving a text at Alison 's funeral saying , `` I 'm still here , bitches . And I know everything . - A `` . The girls have made up at this point . Flawless March 27 , 2007 978 - 0 - 06 - 088733 - 9 330 Spencer Hastings , Hanna Marin , Aria Montgomery , and Emily Fields continue to receive text messages from an unknown person , `` A '' , and are more desperate than ever to discover the identity of `` A '' , who is still taunting them with the threat of exposing their many secrets . At first the girls think `` A '' is Alison , because she is the only person who knew their secrets , but then they start to believe the person behind the threats is Toby , because some messages they receive refer to ' The Jenna Thing ' and with Alison dead , he is the only other person who was a part of the incident , although everyone but Spencer is unaware of why he took the blame for what happened to Jenna . `` The Jenna Thing '' is revealed to be an incident in which Ali had set off a stink bomb in Jenna Cavanaugh 's step - brother Toby 's treehouse to get revenge after supposedly spying on her , only to see the treehouse burst into flames , not knowing that Jenna was inside , and due to that , she was permanently blinded . Toby was framed for the garage fire by Alison . `` A '' sends Emily a text message hinting that `` A '' knows about Emily and Maya 's romantic relationship and threatens to tell everyone about it . Emily becomes close with Toby and goes to a big benefit party with him but then later tells him that she thinks she might be gay . `` A '' leaves a note for Hanna that forces her to tell Naomi and Riley that she makes herself throw up and that Sean was the one who broke up with her . Later on , she receives a text that tells her Sean is at Foxy with another girl . Hanna is shocked to discover her former boyfriend Sean Ackard ignoring his Virginity Club vows and nearly having sex with Aria . `` A '' continuously tells Aria to either ' get rid of the problem ' or to tell her mom the truth about Byron , her father , that he is seeing another woman . Aria goes to confront the other woman , Meredith , but when she does Meredith tells her that she and Aria 's father are in love . Ella finds out that Byron is having an affair with a student named Meredith Gates and kicks him out , leaving Ella and Aria 's mother - daughter relationship shattered . Spencer continues to date with her sister Melissa 's now ex-boyfriend Wren and later loses her virginity to him . However , Melissa starts to hook - up with him as well and eventually makes sure that he will be out of both of their lives for good . Emily blames herself for Toby 's suicide . In this book it is revealed that Toby was forcing himself on Jenna when they were in middle school and Ali and Spencer were the only ones who knew about it , which is how Alison forced Toby to take the blame . Perfect August 21 , 2007 978 - 0 - 06 - 088736 - 0 298 Now homeless , Aria goes to live with her new boyfriend , Sean Ackard . Still seeing Ezra , their relationship is broken up when Sean informs the police , having found out the secret from `` A '' . Emily plans to go to the police to stop `` A '' , which leads to `` A '' taking revenge by outing her to the whole school . Emily 's parents threaten to send her away if she does not attend a `` de-gaying '' program , however , Emily realizes she ca n't change who she is . Spencer is nominated for a Golden Orchid Award for the essay she copied from her sister Melissa , which `` A '' threatens to expose . Spencer 's family discovers she cheated on her Golden Orchid essay , but keep it quiet to protect their reputation . Spencer comes to believe she might have killed Alison after discovering she suffers from rage - induced blackouts . Hanna and Mona get into a fight , and Hanna seeks comfort with an `` uncool '' boy named Lucas . She goes to Mona 's birthday party but gets humiliated , but she receives a text from `` A '' and recognizes the number . She intends to reveal the true identity of `` A '' to the other girls , but is run down by `` A '' before she can do so . The girls recognize it is A from the eerie text : She Knew Too Much - A Unbelievable May 27 , 2008 978 - 0 - 06 - 088739 - 1 335 Hanna barely survives being rundown by `` A '' , and due to a head injury , she loses her memory of the previous day , thus forgetting `` A '' 's identity . Emily 's parents catch her with Maya at a party and send her to Iowa to live with her strict , religious relatives . She is glad to be safe from `` A '' , but after Emily is accused of threatening her cousins , she runs away . Emily returns home when she sees her parents on TV , who tell her that they love her and accept her for who she is . Emily and Maya are reunited , but Trista , a girl who Emily had met and flirted with in Iowa comes to visit , their relationship is shattered , and Emily is saddened further when she sees Trista and Noel hooking up . After being kicked out of Sean 's house , Aria reluctantly moves in with Byron and Meredith , who announces that she is pregnant and when Bryon 's and Ella 's divorce is finalized , they are to be married . While at Hollis College , Aria takes an art class and befriends Jenna , who she suspects could be `` A '' . `` A '' reveals to Melissa ( Spencer 's sister ) that Spencer stole her essay for the Golden Orchid competition , but the family keeps quiet to protect their reputation . Melissa and Spencer grow closer , and Spencer confesses that she kissed Ian , and that he and Alison were secretly dating . When fragments of her memory from the night Alison died are restored , Spencer is horrified when it dawns on her that she may have accidentally killed Alison . Mona and Hanna 's friendship is restored , and to celebrate Hanna 's recovery , Mona and Spencer plan a party for her . Spencer is surprised to discover that she enjoys Mona 's company , and even more so when Mona tells her that she has been receiving messages from `` A '' . Hanna is thrilled that Spencer approves of Mona , and they consider letting her join their clique . `` A '' tells Aria that Meredith has a secret job at Hooters , and she goes there with Mike , only to discover that `` A '' was lying . Darren Wilden and several other cops are there , and Aria is tempted to tell them about `` A '' . When Mike realizes that something is troubling his sister , he urges her to tell Darren , and she eventually does . On the night of Hanna 's party , Aria tells Jenna what happened the night she was blinded and apologizes for not stopping Alison , but Jenna reveals that she and Alison had planned it together to get rid of Toby . Aria asks Jenna about `` A '' , but Jenna becomes scared and quickly leaves , hinting that she knows who `` A '' is . Melissa confronts Spencer about seeing Ian behind her back , which Spencer denies , and when she leaves , Spencer and Mona discover another note from `` A '' and suspect that Melissa killed Alison because she was jealous of her relationship with Ian . They inform the others , and decide to turn Melissa in . Mona drives Spencer to the police station , and Aria tells Emily and Hanna the truth about The Jenna Thing . When Hanna says that one in four boys sexually abuse their sister , Emily tells her not to believe everything she hears , which causes Hanna 's memory to return , and she is horrified when she remembers who `` A '' is : Mona . Spencer is hesitant about turning in Melissa , but Mona comforts her and convinces her otherwise . Moments later , Spencer receives a text from Emily , telling her that Mona is `` A '' . When she receives several more from the girls , who are worrying about what Mona will do , Mona realizes that they finally figured it out . While Aria , Emily and Hanna go to the police station to tell Darren that Mona is `` A '' , Mona drives Spencer to Floating Man 's Quarry , where she explains that she saw what happened on the night of The Jenna Thing , and when Maya moved in , she found Alison 's diary , which contained the girls ' secrets . Using the information to her advantage , she got a new phone and became `` A '' to get revenge on the girls for blinding Jenna . Spencer accuses Mona of killing Alison , but Mona says that it was Ian who killed her , as Alison had blackmailed him about their relationship . Spencer secretly calls Darren , who overhears her conversation with Mona and learns of their location . Mona tells Spencer that she originally planned to frame her for Alison 's murder , but recently grew to like her , and thus decided to frame Melissa to do Spencer a favor . She then offers Spencer her life in return that she becomes `` A '' with her , as they could pin the blame on someone else . Spencer refuses and Mona attacks her . They fight on the cliff 's edge , and in the struggle , Spencer accidentally pushes Mona off the cliff to her death . Aria , Emily and Hanna arrive on the scene with Darren and police , and find Mona 's body and an unconscious Spencer . Second arc ( edit ) Book # Title Publication Date ISBN Pages 5 Wicked November 25 , 2008 978 - 0 - 06 - 156607 - 3 310 A new `` A '' begins making threats . Ian denies being Ali 's killer . Emily finds herself confused about her sexuality once again , as she now has feelings for a boy she met at church , Christian singer Isaac . Emily tries to date Isaac without him finding out about her orientation , though `` A '' keeps interfering . Emily tells Isaac about Maya and he then hugs her and tell her that he accepts her for who she is . Hanna , still overcome with shock after discovering Mona Vanderwaal was really `` A '' , ca n't seem to catch a break . She now has trouble with her stepsister Kate Randall . At a party at a hotel opening , Hanna and Kate continue to fight over title of `` Queen Bee '' . Hanna and Lucas break up after Hanna tells everyone that Kate has herpes at a party to sabotage her . Eventually , Hanna 's father forbids her from talking to anyone except Kate . Aria has feelings for a man , Xavier , who she met at an art show ; however , he ends up meeting and dating her mother through an online match site . This puts her at risk of hurting her mother again and further damaging their newly repaired relationship . Aria moves in with Meredith and Byron to avoid Xavier as his true intentions will jeopardize Aria and Ella 's relationship . After a shock at her gran 's will reading and her family neglecting her , Spencer comes to believe that she is adopted and starts searching a reuniting website for answers . In the end , Spencer , Emily , Aria , and Hanna find Ian 's body in the woods behind Spencer 's house , but when they return with the police , the body is missing . Wilden sort of pushes it off , and begins the search hours after the girls had shared their story . 6 Killer June 30 , 2009 978 - 0 - 06 - 156611 - 0 321 The girls discover that the person they think is Ali 's murderer -- Ian Thomas -- has actually been framed , and they start to wonder if the new `` A '' really wants to threaten them or just to solve the mystery . Spencer meets a woman named Olivia Caldwell who she thinks is her real mother , and attempts to move to New York , but it turns out to be a scam and she loses her college money . Hanna and Kate compete for the affections of Aria 's brother Mike Montgomery . Aria falls in love with Jason DiLaurentis again . Emily has sex with her new boyfriend Isaac , whose mother finds out and banishes Emily from their house without Isaac knowing . At the opening party for Radley , a former so - called `` haven for troubled youth '' , Emily finds proof that Jason DiLaurentis had been a patient there , and soon Hanna , Aria , and Emily all come to believe that Jason and Darren Wilden had something to do with Ali 's murder . Ian Thomas confirms their suspicions about Darren and Jason right before someone sets the woods behind Spencer 's house to fire . Although at first they had their doubts about Ian being alive , they are now confident he is . While Aria is trying to get to Spencer 's barn to show them Ali 's flag from 6th grade , she finds someone caught in the woods because of the fire , saves this person , and then they all recognize her as Ali . 7 Heartless January 19 , 2010 978 - 0 - 06 - 156614 - 1 274 After the fire , no one believes the girls when they insist that they saw Alison . `` A '' sends Emily to Lancaster , where Emily comes to believe that Ali was not the girl in the hole , but that Wilden has murdered a girl named Leah and covered it up by making it seem like it was Ali . Aria begins a relationship with Noel Kahn , after he defends her at a party . She visits a medium , who produces a message in Ali 's handwriting that states that `` Ali killed Ali . '' This leads her to believe that Ali might have committed suicide . Hanna 's father sends her to a clinic to prevent her eating disorder from reappearing due to stress , where she befriends a troubled girl named Iris . Hanna has more dreams about Ali , which causes her to suspect that Iris had something to do with Ali 's death . `` A '' reveals to Spencer that her father had an affair ( and that Alison is Spencer 's half - sister ) , making her suspicious of her mother . The Liars are arrested for Ali 's murder . They realize that `` A '' has tricked each of them into believing someone else killed Ali . However , a man named Billy Ford is soon arrested for murdering Alison and Jenna Cavanaugh . Everyone now believes Ian is dead . 8 Wanted June 8 , 2010 978 - 0 - 06 - 156617 - 2 259 Aria , Hanna , Emily and Spencer are shocked to learn of the existence of Alison 's twin sister , Courtney , when she 's introduced at a press conference . Courtney had spent her life in institutions due to `` health issues '' and her existence was kept secret by her family . It is revealed that Jason was not a patient at the Radley but instead he was visiting Courtney . She was finally released and went home to Rosewood , where she attempts to resume her sister 's life and begins tentative friendships with Ali 's old friends . She later reveals that she 's actually Ali , the real Courtney had pretended to be her on the night of Ali 's disappearance , and she was the one who was killed . When she had tried to tell her family who she was , they did n't believe her because Courtney was notorious for pretending to be Ali , and sent her back to the institution in Courtney 's place . The girls are thrilled that Ali is back , and jump at the chance to go with her to the family 's house in the Poconos after a school dance . On the way there , Spencer gets a frantic call from her mother telling her that Melissa has disappeared . Spencer had begun to believe that her sister was the one who killed Ali and that she may be after the rest of them , but once they arrive at the house it 's revealed that Ali is the killer . They discover that the girl they were friends with years ago was actually Courtney , and the real Ali was stuck in an institution . She had killed Courtney for ruining her life , attempted to kill the girls in the forest fire , tried to have them arrested , and is now going to kill them by setting the house on fire . They 're able to escape after stumbling onto Ian 's body hidden in a closet and releasing a bound Melissa , who Ali had kidnapped and was planning to kill as well . Ali is trapped inside the house and it 's assumed she died in the fire , although her body is never found . After learning that her ex-husband shipped Hanna off to a mental institution , Ashley Marin transfers back to Rosewood and kicks Hanna 's father , Isabel and Kate out of the house , thrilling Hanna . Hanna and Mike get back together . Meredith goes into labor , giving birth to a girl named Lola . Aria and Noel get back together after it is revealed that Ali kissed him , not the other way around , and Ella breaks up with Xavier after learning of his inappropriate behavior towards Aria . Spencer 's father proclaims that even though he and her mother may not get back together , things are going to change for the better in their family , and Spencer and Melissa grow closer after almost being killed . Emily buries everything she can find that reminds her of Ali at Courtney 's grave , hoping she can finally find closure , but is unsure of whether the noises she hears at the cemetery are real or imagined . And somewhere , a new girl starts her senior year at an anonymous school , a girl whose name just so happens to be an anagram of Alison DiLaurentis . The reader is left wondering if Alison is alive . Third arc ( edit ) Book # Title Publication Date ISBN Pages 9 Twisted July 5 , 2011 978 - 0 - 06 - 208101 - 8 305 The book begins with the girls vacationing in Jamaica and Emily seeing a girl who she believes is Ali . Throughout the rest of the book , details about that fateful vacation emerge . In the meantime , Noel , Aria 's boyfriend , has an exchange student , from Finland , come to live with him . Instead of being the nerdy boy , Klaudius , that Noel expected , the exchange student turns out to be a gorgeous blonde , Klaudia , who tries to steal Noel from Aria . Aria ends up accidentally pushing Klaudia off of a ski lift as an act of self - defense ; however , Klaudia uses that information against Aria . By that point , Aria and Noel 's relationship is shaky and uncertain . Emily meets a new girl , Chloe , who moves into the Cavanaugh 's old house . They immediately become good friends , bonding over Chloe 's baby sister , Grace . Emily has now given up hope of getting a swim scholarship , her only option for college . Chloe 's dad offers to help but also hits on Emily , even making sexual moves towards her . Chloe walks in on her dad kissing Emily , but thinks that it 's Emily who is wrecking her family ( her father had previously been cheating ) . Hanna 's dad runs for senator of Pennsylvania . Patrick , somebody who 's helping out at the set , offers Hanna a modeling job , but he takes some naughty pictures and threatens her with them , saying he will release them to the public and ruin her dads ' chances of becoming senator , unless she gives him $10,000 . Hanna steals money from her dad and frames Jeremiah , a mean man who is also working on set . Spencer 's mom has begun to date Nicholas Pennythistle , the father of snobby Amelia and her brother Zach , in whom Spencer develops a romantic interest . When they go out dancing , she kisses him , only to find out Zach is gay . When the Hastings and Pennythistles travel to New York together , Spencer and Zach drunkenly fall asleep in the same bed . During the night , Spencer had kicked off her clothes because she was hot , leaving her in her blouse and underwear . The next morning Mr. Pennythistle wakes them both up by entering the room . Their indecent clothing and close proximity leads Mr. Pennythistle to believe that they had slept together and acts violent . Spencer tells him that Zach did n't touch her and that he 's gay , hoping to help , but Mr. Pennythistle becomes furious and sends Zach to military school . Zach and Spencer 's friendship ends , Zach leaving Spencer with the words `` Rot in hell , bitch '' . The girls start to get messages from a new `` A '' , and believe it 's Ali and that she somehow survived the fall from the building . In the end of the book , the news turns on and a teenage girl 's dead body was found floating in the water in Jamaica . They identify this girl as Tabitha Clark from New Jersey . The cops believe her death was a tragic accident - not a murder . The girls realize they killed an innocent girl . 10 Ruthless December 6 , 2011 978 - 0 - 06 - 208186 - 5 338 It is revealed that last summer while Spencer was taking AP courses at Penn , she began taking speed pills as a way to help with studying . After being arrested by the police for possession , she arranges for Hanna to help her frame her roommate , Kelsey , as a dealer , in order for Spencer to not face charges . After landing the role of Lady Macbeth in the school play , the stress and guilt begin to take their toll on Spencer , causing her to have frequent hallucinations in which she is haunted by Kelsey and Tabitha . She becomes paranoid and begins to believe Kelsey is `` A '' and is taking revenge on her for being framed . Emily accidentally meets Kelsey at a party and is instantly smitten with her . She and Kelsey grow close , much to Spencer 's disapproval . After Emily is hurt by Spencer 's remarks about her love for Alison , she angrily tells Kelsey that Spencer framed her for the drug possession . Depressed , Kelsey overdoses and attempts to throw herself into the quarry where Mona died , but Emily saves her and Kelsey is sent to the Preserve for treatment . While visiting Kelsey , the girls realize that Tabitha was also a patient at the Preserve and was the same age as Alison and Courtney . Hanna 's father asks her to help with the social media aspect of his campaigning . She meets a boy named Liam , who she falls for , despite knowing he is the son of her father 's political opponent . They break up when she learns he has been seeing multiple other girls while dating her , and reconciles with Mike . After Aria is dumped by Noel , she seeks out comfort in Ezra , in hopes of rekindling their romance . However , things are strained between them , and Aria eventually goes back into a relationship with Noel , after discovering Ezra and Klaudia being intimate . The Liars attempt to circumvent `` A 's '' threats by coming clean about their secrets , with varied success . Meanwhile , `` A '' becomes more violent , shoving Emily down a hill at Stockbridge trail . `` A '' sends Spencer an email of Tabitha on the beach with a head injury , indicating that `` A '' was the one who disposed of Tabitha 's body . `` A '' taunts the Liars , stating they will never discover `` A 's '' true identity . Kelsey can not be A. Emily and Spencer have their biggest rivalry . 11 Stunning June 5 , 2012 978 - 0 - 06 - 208189 - 6 302 The Liars begin to suspect a woman , Gayle , might be `` A '' , when she comes to Rosewood and begins to harass them ; it is revealed that Emily backed out of a deal to let Gayle adopt her daughter in exchange for $50,000 paid under the table . Emily finds herself reconnecting with Isaac while attempting to tell him about her pregnancy , but she fears the repercussions of such a confession . Spencer visits Princeton hoping to join an Eating Club , but `` A '' interferes and spikes Spencer 's pot brownies with LSD and Ritalin . Aria panics when she finds out Noel 's father is a drag queen and ends up putting her relationship with Noel at risk when `` A '' threatens Aria to expose Noel 's father photo publicly . On a tip from `` A '' , Hanna begins spying on Mike 's new girlfriend , Colleen . Later she becomes publicly humiliated by `` A '' when she sends everybody a video of Hanna stalking Colleen , and her desperate ways of getting Mike back . Gayle is murdered by `` A '' and it is revealed that she was Tabitha 's stepmother . Tabitha 's father speaks at Gayle 's funeral , and announces that Tabitha 's autopsy showed no trace of alcohol , meaning that she was murdered . He thus plans to re-open the investigation into her death , and threatens the killer that he will find him , both Gayle 's and Tabitha 's killer . The girls get very nervous about this . 12 Burned December 4 , 2012 978 - 0 - 06 - 208192 - 6 319 It is revealed that prior to the events of Twisted , the Liars covered up Hanna 's involvement in a car accident that left another girl , Madison , badly injured . While on a school - sponsored cruise in the Caribbean , the Liars uncover clues that suggest `` A '' is more than one person . They begin to suspect Naomi Zeigler of being `` A '' , after she befriends Hanna ( who is unaware that Madison is Naomi 's cousin ) and attempts to sabotage Spencer 's new relationship . Aria becomes friends with a boy named Graham , only to discover he is Tabitha 's ex-boyfriend , leading the Liars come to believe that Naomi and Graham are working together as `` A '' . Meanwhile , Emily falls for a stowaway , Jordan , unaware that she is a thief on the run from the authorities . After an explosion on the boat , the Liars go off on their own to bury `` evidence '' of their connection to Tabitha ( Tabitha 's locket , which `` A '' had planted for Noel to find ) . `` A '' tampers with their lifeboat , nearly stranding them in the middle of the ocean . The near - death experience pushes the girls into wanting to confess about killing Tabitha . However , as they make plans to come clean about everything , they discover that they were not responsible for Tabitha 's death at all : She had been bludgeoned to death by `` A '' . The Liars finally come to believe that `` A '' is , in fact , Alison , as Emily reveals that she may have helped Alison escape the burning Poconos house in Wanted . Suspiciously though Naomi was at Gayle 's funeral . Fourth arc ( edit ) Book # Title Publication Date ISBN Pages 13 Crushed June 4 , 2013 978 - 0 - 06 - 219971 - 3 340 Weeks before the annual Rosewood Day Prom , the four girls are put under much stress . They break down and try being one step ahead of `` A '' , and marking off who their suspects could be . In this novel it is revealed there are two people working as A. Spencer , Hanna , and Emily agree that the main suspect is Noel Kahn , Aria 's boyfriend . Aria does n't want to believe it but the facts tell her otherwise . He was on the trip to Jamaica , he went to Iceland . He was good friends with Ali ( he loved her ) , and he visited her in the Preserve when she was there . He knew about the twins . He knew enough to make him look like A. Emily tries getting information of out of Ali 's old friends , Iris , ( who we met in ' ' Heartless ) . Iris tells Emily little tidbits of Ali , and at Prom Iris recognizes Noel and for sure he was Ali 's secret boyfriend who visited her . Spencer finds an internet blogger , who blogs about Alison DiLaurentis theories . She meets him and actually ends up liking him , finding his name is Chase . He helps Spencer get information on Alison . Hanna , in an attempt to get information on a burned victim from the last book , Graham , starts volunteering at the Burn Clinic . There , Graham is still in a coma and right when he 's about to wake up , he dies - all the information is kept hidden for good . Aria , worried and paranoid about what happened last summer , is trying to handle things with Noel being A , even though she does n't want to believe it . At Prom , Noel admits to loving Ali , and Aria , furious , freaks out and asks Noel if Ali is still alive . He says he does n't know . While Aria is attempting to get away , Noel pins her to the ground . Spencer , Hanna , and Emily arrive and Noel flees . The morning later , Hanna gets a text from A saying to go to the shed in the Rosewood Day back . She and the three other girls go , and just in case bring Cops and police and inside is a supposedly unconscious Noel tied up to a chair . It is not revealed if Noel is dead or alive . The girls get a text , signed by A , informing them that they 've failed to make progress , Noel was n't A , and they are back where they started . 14 Deadly December 3 , 2013 978 - 0 - 06 - 219974 - 4 320 The book starts out as the real Alison DiLaurentis is limping out of the burning house in her vacation home right after she tried to kill the liars . It 's seemingly said in the start that she survived by the help of `` Helper A '' her boyfriend . Aria visits Noel in the hospital and it is shown that he is in fact still alive . Agent Fuji comes to the girls after they are arrested for the charges they have committed over the past year . The girls finally admit to Agent Fuji about `` A '' and told her that all of their charges had to be dropped . They also told her that they thought that Alison was still alive and that they needed 24 - hour protection of their family . Agent Fuji tells the girls to give her all of the `` A '' notes and the girls do as they are told . As a result of telling the police , `` A '' gave the police a fake security video of the girls beating up Tabitha before she is killed . The police arrest all of them and told the girls that all of the texts from `` A '' had come from their phones . The girls are put on bail and go home . Emily 's family seem to hate her and Emily and Carolyn get into a fight . As this happens Emily 's mom has a heart attack . Hanna 's father wants nothing to do with her because it will hurt the campaign . After their hearing they are sentenced to go to trial in Jamaica the next day . Certain to find `` A '' they go searching . They find a house by Hanna 's fathers office and go inside . It is small and disgusting . As they are walking in Nick Maxwell comes in pointing a gun at the girls . He is `` Helper A '' Real Ali 's boyfriend . The girls all know him as someone else . Spencer knows him as Phineas , a guy at Penn 's summer program who sold her study drugs . Hanna knew him as Jackson , the bartender who kept on giving Madison drinks and refusing to get a cab , resulting in Hanna getting in a wreck with Madison . Emily knew him as Derrick , a friend she had at her job , telling him all of her secrets . And Aria knew him as Olaf , a guy she stole The Starry Night with while vacationing in Iceland . Right as they realized what was happening Alison shows up with a gun and tells the girls to get in the basement . They girls do as they are told and the go down . They see a mural of Ali on the wall and they are confused . Ali tells them that after she kills them that it is going to look like they did it to be with Ali because they were sad that she was gone . Astonished the girls ask questions . After , Nick and Ali grab gas masks and turn on a poisonous gas . They girls awake in the hospital and Agent Fuji tells them that Nick Maxwell was caught but not Ali . In the epilogue Ali is running away and goes to a little house that Nick did n't know of . She has money and reveals that she is going to lure someone else to kill with her again . 15 Toxic June 3 , 2014 9780062287014 336 With A apparently arrested , the girls attempt to move on with their lives . Hanna gets a film offer , and Spencer starts an anti-bullying campaign . However , it is soon revealed that the real A is still seeking vengeance . 16 Vicious December 2 , 2014 9780062287045 After being falsely accused of killing Alison , the girls seek to outwit her and avoid jail time . Companion novels ( edit ) Book # Title Publication Date ISBN Pages 0.6 Alison 's Pretty Little Diary September 6 , 2010 978 - 0 - 06 - 223336 - 3 14 Ali made changed the lives of The Liars forever . But now thanks to this diary never seen before , you finally know what Alison was thinking in the day she picked those four girls to be her new best friends . 4.5 Pretty Little Secrets January 3 , 2012 978 - 0 - 06 - 212591 - 0 464 Set between Unbelievable and Wicked , the book is told from the point of view of the second `` A '' , Alison DiLaurentis , as she spies on the girls during their Christmas vacation . The novel is divided into a series of four short stories , with each one focusing on the exploits of a specific girl . Spencer : Spencer and her family go to Nana Hastings mansion in Florida , and Spencer falls in love with a tennis player named Colin at the country club . Melissa seems to be helping Spencer win Colin 's heart , but Colin ends up taking an interest in Melissa . During the trip , Spencer and her mother also run into Mrs. DiLaurentis several times , and Spencer is confused by her mother 's strange behavior around Mrs DiLaurentis . Spencer also decides to fight for Colin . After Colin dumps Melissa to go out with her , Spencer and Melissa discover that Colin 's actually 33 years old and also has a wife and child . Spencer and Melissa decide to team up to get revenge on Colin by putting crushed Viagra in his Aminospa vitamin water right before his important tennis game . In the end , they all have a fun vacation , but Spencer worries that someone has been following her . Melissa and Spencer seem to briefly make up in this , hence the sisters ' wary friendship in Wicked . Emily : Emily is asked to go undercover as Santa Claus at the new mall , in order to catch 4 girls who work as elves there , who are suspected of vandalizing Christmas decorations around town , including Emily 's mom 's baby Jesus ceramic figure . The 4 girls , who call themselves the `` Merry Elves '' , take a liking to Emily , and it 's revealed that one of the girls , Cassie , was close with Alison . Emily accompanies the girls on their biggest prank yet , but Emily 's mom uses her phone to track her , and the Merry Elves get caught . Eventually , the elves forgive Emily after she bails them out of jail . In the end , everyone realizes the true meaning of Christmas , but Emily ca n't shake off the weird feeling that someone is following her . It is revealed that A is blonde ( she will later be revealed as Alison ) as Emily sees a blonde figure run off . Hanna : Hanna joins a boot camp after thinking she gained too much weight at a holiday party . She develops feelings for the instructor , Vince . She also develops a rival , Dinah , another girl who also likes Vince . After competing for Vince 's affection , she and Dinah become friends after catching Kate making out with the mall 's new Santa ( prior to Emily ) , something which Hanna also photographs . After agreeing to stop chasing Vince , she celebrates by going out for drinks with Dinah , where Dinah admits she knew Alison . Hanna goes home drunk , causing her to oversleep . As she arrives at boot camp , she discovers Vince and Dinah kissing , revealing that Dinah only pretended to be friends with Hanna to have Hanna let down her guard . Hanna flees the scene , devastated , and is confronted by Kate , who , after receiving a tip - off , followed Hanna around , taking unflattering photos of her at boot camp , which she threatens to put on Facebook . Hanna counterattacks by showing Kate the pictures of her and Santa , causing Kate to back off . Hanna also improves her relationship with her father , who gives Hanna her grandmother 's Cartier locket for Christmas . Hanna has a happy Christmas , despite the fact that she thinks someone other than Kate has been watching her every move . Some of what Dinah said may be true such as she knew Alison . But it is likely she made most of it up to get Hanna 's trust . Aria : Aria goes with her father and Mike to Bear Claw Resort , but leaves to go back home after finding out that Byron invited Meredith along as well . Upon arriving at home , Aria 's surprised to see Halbjorn , an old boyfriend of hers from Iceland . Halbjorn tells her that he 's running from the Icelandic police who 're after him because he protested against the demolition of a puffin sanctuary . Unfortunately , his travel visa only lasts for a week . Aria proposes the idea of marrying him , and the two head off to Atlantic City to elope . At the hotel , they attend a magic show involving two panthers , which greatly angers Halbjorn , who cares a lot about the environment . After getting married the following day , which requires Aria to forge her mother 's signature and lie about her age , they go to the place where the panthers are kept . After convincing Halbjorn not to release the panthers , they go back to the hotel . The next morning , Aria wakes up to find Halbjorn gone and his clothes missing as well . On the lobby 's TV , Aria sees that Halbjorn ended up releasing the panthers anyway . Aria goes to the courthouse and confesses to lying about her age and forging her mother 's signature , making the marriage null and void . Upon returning to Rosewood , she is joined by Mike and Byron , who know nothing about her marriage . As they watch TV , it shows that Halbjorn has been caught , and it also reveals that he 's done these sorts of things in the past , including trying to blow up a demolition office . Aria 's satisfied with breaking up with him , but is paranoid about someone following her . In Wicked , it 's briefly stated that Aria and Meredith did converse about the baby . The book ends with a sign - off from the new `` A , '' ( as always ) who says that the Liars ' lives are going to get a lot worse . All of which comes true ... 0.5 Ali 's Pretty Little Lies January 2 , 2013 978 - 0062233363 304 Before there was `` A , '' there was `` Alison DiLaurentis '' . Boys wanted to date her , girls wanted to be her and somebody wanted her dead . It 's the end of seventh grade , and `` Alison DiLaurentis '' and her friends are the alpha girls of Rosewood Day . `` Ali '' runs her clique with an iron fist , and she 's got enough dirt on Hanna , Emily , Aria and Spencer to keep them in line . But `` Ali 's '' hiding a dark secret of her own , something so huge it would destroy everything if it ever got out . She 's desperate to keep the perfect life she 's worked so hard to build , but in Rosewood deadly secrets have deadly consequences . Set in the weeks leading up to `` Ali 's '' murder , this special Pretty Little Liars tale is told by the prettiest little liar of all : `` Ali '' herself . For the first time ever , we see how the mystery began -- and how `` Alison DiLaurentis ' '' life ended . Note : This book is titled Ali 's Pretty Little Lies but it 's actually about her twin sister , Courtney , who pretended to be Alison because she did n't want to go to a psych ward . This book reveals a lot of secrets . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Children 's Series Best Sellers '' . The New York Times . June 22 , 2008 . Retrieved May 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Children 's Series Best Sellers '' . The New York Times . July 26 , 2009 . Retrieved May 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Children 's Series Best Sellers '' . The New York Times . February 5 , 2012 . Retrieved May 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Amazon.com . `` Kindle Worlds : Pretty Little Liars '' . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : ASIN 0060887303 , Pretty Little Liars . ^ Jump up to : ASIN 0060887338 , Flawless . ^ Jump up to : ASIN 0060887362 , Perfect . ^ Jump up to : ASIN 0060887397 , Unbelievable . ^ Jump up to : ASIN 0061566071 , Wicked . ^ Jump up to : ASIN 006156611X , Killer . ^ Jump up to : ASIN 0061566144 , Heartless . ^ Jump up to : ASIN 0061566179 , Wanted . ^ Jump up to : ASIN 0062081012 , Twisted . ^ Jump up to : ASIN 0062081861 , Ruthless . ^ Jump up to : ASIN 0062081896 , Stunning . ^ Jump up to : ASIN 0062081926 , Burned . Jump up ^ `` Betrayed ( Pretty Little Liars # 14 ) '' . GoodReads . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . 308 Jump up ^ `` Toxic ( Pretty Little Liars # 15 ) '' . GoodReads . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . 326 Jump up ^ `` Exposed ( Pretty Little Liars # 16 ) '' . GoodReads . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : ASIN 0062125915 , Pretty Little Secrets . ^ Jump up to : ASIN 006223336X , Ali 's Pretty Little Lies . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pretty Little Liars ( book series ) . Official website ( hide ) Pretty Little Liars Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' Season 2 `` UnmAsked '' Season 3 `` It Happened ' That Night ' '' Season 4 `` ' A ' Is for A-l-i-v-e '' `` Grave New World '' `` Free Fall '' `` A Is for Answers '' Season 5 `` Miss Me × 100 '' `` How the ' A ' Stole Christmas '' Season 6 `` Game On , Charles '' `` Game Over , Charles '' `` Of Late I Think of Rosewood '' `` Charlotte 's Web '' `` Where Somebody Waits For Me '' `` Hush , Hush , Sweet Liars '' Season 7 `` Tick - Tock , Bitches '' `` Bedlam '' `` The Talented Mr. Rollins '' `` Hit and Run , Run , Run '' `` Along Comes Mary '' `` Wanted : Dead or Alive '' `` Original G'A'ngsters '' `` Exes and OMGs '' `` The Wrath of Kahn '' `` The DArkest Knight '' `` Playtime '' `` These Boots Were Made for Stalking '' `` Hold Your Piece '' `` Power Play '' `` In the Eye Abides the Heart '' `` The Glove That Rocks the Cradle '' `` Driving Miss Crazy '' `` Choose or Lose '' `` Till Death Do Us Part '' Characters `` A '' Alex Drake Alison DiLaurentis Aria Montgomery Charlotte Drake Emily Fields Hanna Marin Jenna Marshall Mary Drake Melissa Hastings Mona Vanderwaal Red Coat Sara Harvey Spencer Hastings Sydney Driscoll Related Book series 2006 novel Rosewood , Pennsylvania Ravenswood Pretty Little Liars : The Perfectionists Pretty Dirty Secrets Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pretty_Little_Liars_(book_series)&oldid=810402367 '' Categories : Book series introduced in 2006 American young adult novels Novel series Pretty Little Liars HarperCollins books Fictional identical twins Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2014 Articles with a promotional tone from March 2013 All articles with a promotional tone Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Русский Slovenščina ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 15 November 2017 , at 01 : 09 . 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what's the first book in the pretty little liars series

Pretty Little Liars October 3 , 2006 978 - 0 - 06 - 088730 - 8 286

List of changes in Star Wars re-releases - wikipedia List of changes in Star Wars re-releases Jump to : navigation , search Changes in Star Wars re-releases vary from minor differences in color timing , audio mixing , and take choices to major insertions of new visual effects , additions of characters and dialogue , scene expansions , and replacement of original cast members with newer ones . Though changes were also made to the prequel trilogy , the original trilogy saw the most alteration . Dissatisfied with the original theatrical cuts of the original Star Wars film , The Empire Strikes Back , and Return of the Jedi , creator George Lucas altered the films in an attempt to achieve the ideal versions that he could not initially due to limitations of time , budget , and technology . The first significant changes were made in 1997 with the release of a Special Edition remaster in commemoration of the franchise 's twentieth anniversary . These changes were intended to modernize the films and create consistency with the forthcoming prequel trilogy . Additional significant changes were made when the original trilogy was released on DVD in 2004 , and such changes tried to further create consistency with the prequel trilogy after the release of The Phantom Menace and Attack of the Clones and in anticipation of Revenge of the Sith . Further changes were made to the films for their Blu - ray release in 2011 . Many changes met criticism and outrage from fans and critics , and many believed that Lucas degraded the original films with the additions . Most controversial is the decision to have Greedo shoot before Han Solo does , which sparked wide usage of the phrase `` Han shot first '' . Other controversial changes include replacing the `` Lapti Nek '' performance by a puppet Sy Snootles with a longer `` Jedi Rocks '' performance by a CGI Snootles , having Darth Vader yell `` No ! '' as he kills the Emperor , and replacing Sebastian Shaw as the Force ghost of Anakin Skywalker with Hayden Christensen , who was cast to play Anakin in the prequel films . It was also felt that subsequent changes stripped the Star Wars film of the qualities for which it won Academy Awards . Despite the negative response to many significant changes , critics also felt that many smaller changes were improvements , innocuous , or understandable . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Star Wars release history 2 Significant changes 2.1 Title change to Star Wars 2.2 Han shot first 2.3 Biggs Darklighter on Yavin IV 2.4 Jabba the Hutt and Boba Fett in Star Wars 2.5 Max Rebo Band 2.6 Expansion of Oola 's death scene 2.7 Addition of Darth Vader 's `` No ! '' in Return of the Jedi 2.8 Victory celebration in Return of the Jedi 2.9 Consistency between original and prequel trilogies 3 Response 4 References 5 External links Background ( edit ) There will only be one ( version of the films ) . And it wo n't be what I would call the `` rough cut '' , it 'll be the `` final cut '' . The other one will be some sort of interesting artifact that people will look at and say , `` There was an earlier draft of this . '' The same thing happens with plays and earlier drafts of books . In essence , films never get finished , they get abandoned . At some point , you 're dragged off the picture kicking and screaming while somebody says , `` Okay , it 's done . '' That is n't really the way it should work . Occasionally , ( you can ) go back and get your cut of the video out there , which I did on both American Graffiti and THX 1138 ; that 's the place where it will live forever . So what ends up being important in my mind is what the DVD version is going to look like , because that 's what everybody is going to remember . The other versions will disappear . Even the 35 million tapes of Star Wars out there wo n't last more than 30 or 40 years . A hundred years from now , the only version of the movie that anyone will remember will be the DVD version ( of the Special Edition ) , and you 'll be able to project it on a 20 - foot - by - 40 - foot screen with perfect quality . I think it 's the director 's prerogative , not the studio 's , to go back and reinvent a movie . George Lucas The 1977 release of Star Wars was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry of the United States Library of Congress in 1989 . In 2014 , the National Film Registry still did not have a copy of the 1977 film ; George Lucas refused to submit a copy , stating that he no longer authorized the release of the theatrical version . Lucasfilm offered the altered 1997 Special Edition release , but the Registry refused it as the first published version must be accepted . The Library of Congress , however , received a 35mm print of the film , without the A New Hope subtitle and subsequent alterations , in 1978 as part of the film 's copyright deposit . Star Wars release history ( edit ) 1977 : Star Wars was theatrically released . 1980 : The Empire Strikes Back was theatrically released . A 70mm print of the film differed from the more widely distributed 35mm print in takes of dialogue , visual and sound effects , shot choices , and transitions between shots . None of these changes appeared in later releases , with exception of one dialogue change . 1983 : Return of the Jedi was theatrically released . 1985 : Star Wars , now subtitled A New Hope , was re-released on VHS and in 1989 released on LaserDisc with an improved audio mix . The LaserDisc release , and the CED videodisc also released , sped the film up by three percent to fit the film onto a single disc . Some releases additionally had minor aspect ratio changes . 1993 : The original trilogy was released on LaserDisc as `` The Definitive Collection '' . With exception of a THX audio mix , scratch and dirt removal , and color balance changes , it matched the original theatrical releases . 1995 : The original trilogy was offered on VHS in a `` last chance to own the original '' campaign before the films were taken off the market in January 1996 and an altered re-release released in 1997 . 1997 : The Special Edition of the original trilogy was released theatrically and to home media for the twentieth anniversary of Star Wars . This release featured the first significant changes , intended to modernize the films and create consistency with the forthcoming prequel trilogy . The original negatives were also digitally restored . 1999 : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace was theatrically released . 2002 : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones was theatrically released . 2004 : The original trilogy was released on DVD . Further significant alterations were made . 2005 : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith was theatrically released . 2006 : Another version of 2004 DVD edition was released . An unaltered version of the trilogy was included on bonus discs ; it was same as the 1993 LaserDisc release and was of inferior quality to the restored version . 2011 : The original and prequel films were released for Blu - ray . Alterations were made to all films . 2015 : The original and prequel films were released digitally to streaming services . It is identical to the Blu - ray release , except for changes to the opening logos and fanfares . Significant changes ( edit ) Title change to Star Wars ( edit ) Main article : Star Wars ( film ) § Title The first film was released in 1977 under the title Star Wars . The subtitles Episode IV and A New Hope were retroactively added to the opening crawl in a subsequent release . Accounts differ as to when this change occurred . Some , including Lucasfilm , date the addition to a theatrical re-release on April 10 , 1981 , while others place it much earlier at the re-release in July 1978 . This change was made to bring the original film in line with the titling of its sequel The Empire Strikes Back , which was released in 1980 with the subtitle Episode V . Han shot first ( edit ) Main article : Han shot first Because I was thinking mythologically -- should he be a cowboy , should he be John Wayne ? And I said , ' Yeah , he should be John Wayne . ' And when you 're John Wayne , you do n't shoot people ( first ) -- you let them have the first shot . George Lucas in 2015 In the Star Wars film , Han Solo is cornered in the Mos Eisley Cantina by the bounty hunter Greedo , and the confrontation ends with Han shooting under the table and killing Greedo . The circumstances of the shot varies between versions of the film . In the original 1977 theatrical release of the film , Han shoots Greedo , and Greedo does not shoot at all . The 1997 Special Edition release of the film alters the scene so that Greedo shoots first and misses , and the scene is altered again in the 2004 DVD release of the film so that Han and Greedo shoot simultaneously . Lucas stated that he always intended for Greedo to have shot first . He felt that the idea of Han shooting first depicts him as `` a cold - blooded killer '' . This decision sparked objections that it changed Han 's moral ambiguity , fundamentally altered his established character , and diminished his transition from antihero to hero ; it became one of the most controversial changes to the films . Biggs Darklighter on Yavin IV ( edit ) During the production of the Star Wars film , scenes were filmed featuring Biggs Darklighter and his friendship with Luke Skywalker set on Tatooine and at the rebel base on Yavin IV shortly before the attack on the Death Star . The scenes were cut because they were felt to disrupt the pacing of the film , and in the original theatrical release , Biggs is only seen briefly during the attack on the Death Star , in which he dies , and a relationship between Biggs and Luke is never stated . Despite this , Luke reacts strongly to Biggs 's death . The 1997 Special Edition of the Star Wars film incorporated the previously deleted scene on Yavin IV . The loss of the scenes at Tatooine and Yavin IV was felt to lessen the significance of Biggs ' death , cast Luke 's reaction to the death as overly strong , and make the framing of the death as a tragedy confusing . It was felt that the readdition of the Yavin IV scene helped to rectify this issue . Jabba the Hutt and Boba Fett in Star Wars ( edit ) The original script for the Star Wars film included a scene between Jabba the Hutt and Han Solo , and the scene was filmed with Harrison Ford , playing Solo , and Declan Mulholland , a stand - in for Jabba . Lucas intended to replace Mulholland in post-production with a stop motion character . Due to time limitations and budget constraints , Lucas could not achieve this , and the scene was cut . In the 1997 Special Edition , the scene was reinserted with CGI replacing Mulholland . Because Ford walked too close to Mulholland in the original scene , Han stepping on Jabba 's tail , causing Jabba to squeal , was created as a workaround . Boba Fett was also added to the background of the scene . Jabba 's design was modified for the 2004 DVD release . The insertion of this scene into the film was criticized for being superfluous to the previous cantina scene , slowing down the pacing , and failing to move the plot forward . The original 1997 CGI was also described as `` atrocious '' . Max Rebo Band ( edit ) Main article : Max Rebo Band The scene in Return of the Jedi in which Jabba the Hutt feeds the dancer Oola to the rancor opens with performance by the Max Rebo Band and its lead singer Sy Snootles . In the original theatrical release , the song is `` Lapti Nek '' , sung for 45 seconds in the fictional language Huttese . The 1997 Special Edition changed the performance to the `` less dated '' song `` Jedi Rocks '' , which runs nearly 2 minutes . Owen Good of Polygon , though he understood the desire to update the song , described the `` Jedi Rocks '' performance as `` an overproduced intrusion that takes twice as long to add nothing '' and felt that it distracted from the intention of the scene : to establish the trapdoor leading to the rancor and Jabba 's deadliness . He also felt that `` Lapti Nek '' was an overall better song and described the vocal performance in `` Jedi Rocks '' as difficult to listen to or understand and as having `` the volume and vocal fry of a higher pitched Tina Turner but none of the soul '' . Brian Raftery of Wired wrote that replacing `` Lapti Nek '' , which he praised as a track , was `` one of Lucas ' most salaciously dumb choices '' and described `` Jedi Rocks '' as a Pointer Sisters `` rip - off '' and a `` soul - free strutter , which is so grating that you can almost hear a tone - deaf Lucas beard - smirking approvingly in the background '' . Ryan Lambie of Den of Geek ! similar noted that change negatively altered the tone of the scene and only `` replaced one flawed effect with another '' , writing : `` What was once a low - key yet appealing background moment in the movie 's first act had grown into a literal show - stopper -- an in - your - face audio - visual spectacle that literally overshadowed the original hand - made effects '' . The puppet used for Sy Snootles was also replaced with CGI in the Special Edition . This was made because , according to producer Rick McCallum , Lucas could not achieve the `` large musical number '' he envisioned because characters could not move in certain ways , Sy Snootles could not open her mouth to lip sync correctly , and her eyes did not move . Lambie criticized this decision because it removed almost all evidence of puppeteer Timothy D. Rose 's work in the film . The 1997 Special Edition also increased the size of the Max Rebo Band from three members to twelve . While Good wrote that this change was inconsequential , Ratery felt that the additions made the scene `` overstuffed '' and described the CGI as dead on arrival . Expansion of Oola 's death scene ( edit ) In the theatrical release of Return of the Jedi , Oola 's death is filmed from outside the rancor pit : she falls into the pit , and her scream is heard from off - screen . In the 1997 Special Edition , extra shots were inserted depicting her in the pit , including shots where she looks up to the crowd , the pit door being raised , and a shot of her terror . The rancor and Oola as she screams remain off - screen . Femi Taylor , who played Oola , impressed critics with her ability to reprise the role almost a decade later without visible difference . James Whitbrook at io9 praised the additions to the scene , especially in comparison to the decision to bring the wampa on - screen in the Special Edition of The Empire Strikes Back , writing that it teased the rancor well while still keeping the monster a surprise for Luke 's later battle with it . Den of Geek ! UK , however , criticized the additions as unnecessary and felt that they made the audience familiar with the pit , lessening fear during Luke 's scene in the pit . Addition of Darth Vader 's `` No ! '' in Return of the Jedi ( edit ) At the climax of Return of the Jedi , the Emperor tortures Luke with Force lightning , prompting Darth Vader to throw the Emperor down a chasm and kill him . In the theatrical release and earlier home video releases , Darth Vader watches and acts in silence . The 2011 Blu - ray release adds Darth Vader muttering `` No '' and then yelling a drawn out `` No '' , creating a parallel with his similar cry at the end of Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith . This addition was described as unnecessary and awful sounding , and it was said to `` ( take ) what was once emotional and ( make ) it laughable '' and even ruin the film 's climax . It was also felt that the addition displayed a distrust in an audience 's ability to interpret Vader 's emotions . The symmetry created by the parallel was described as `` clumsy '' and was felt to mock the scene in the prequel . Victory Celebration in Return of the Jedi ( edit ) Return of the Jedi ends with a scene of the Rebel Alliance and a village of Ewoks on Endor celebrating the death of the Emperor and victory over the Empire . The original theatrical release of the film featured the song `` Ewok Celebration '' , also known as `` Yub Nub '' , playing over the celebration . The 1997 Special Edition release of the film replaced `` Ewok Celebration '' with score composed by John Williams titled `` Victory Celebration '' , and the scene was lengthened to include shots of celebration on the planets Coruscant , Bespin , and Tatooine . The 2004 DVD release further added a shot set on Naboo , in which a Gungan is given a line of dialogue . Consistency between original and prequel trilogies ( edit ) The original theatrical release of Return of the Jedi showed Sebastian Shaw as Anakin Skywalker ( above ) . The 2004 DVD release of the film replaced him with Hayden Christensen ( below ) , who was cast in the role for the prequel trilogy . In The Empire Strikes Back , the Emperor appears via hologram . In the original theatrical 1980 release , he was portrayed by a woman under heavy makeup and voiced by Clive Revill . The Emperor was later played by Ian McDiarmid in Return of the Jedi , and McDiarmid reprised the role for the prequel trilogy . To reflect this , the 2004 DVD release of The Empire Strikes Back replaced the woman with McDiarmid and new dialogue was written . Boba Fett 's dialogue in The Empire Strikes Back was originally recorded by Jason Wingreen . Subsequently , Attack of the Clones revealed Boba to be a clone of Jango Fett , played by Temuera Morrison . To reflect this , Morrison re-recorded Boba 's lines for the 2004 DVD release of the film . In a scene of Return of the Jedi where Darth Vader is unmasked , the 2004 DVD release digitally removed his eyebrows to reflect Anakin burning on Mustafar at the end of Revenge of the Sith . At the end of Return of the Jedi , Darth Vader is redeemed killing the Emperor to save Luke Skywalker 's life , dies of his injuries shortly after , and appears to Luke as Anakin Skywalker alongside the Force ghosts of Yoda and Obi - Wan Kenobi . In the 1983 theatrical release , Sebastian Shaw plays this Force ghost in addition to an unmasked Vader . Later , Hayden Christensen was cast as Anakin in the prequel trilogy films Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith . To reflect this , the 2004 DVD release of Return of the Jedi replaced Shaw 's appearance as the Force ghost with Christensen . Response ( edit ) The first Star Wars won the Academy Awards for Best Visual Effects , Best Production Design , Best Original Score , and the Special Edition changes to the sound mixing , sound effects , and visual effects were felt to have `` stripped the film of every aspect that it had won its Academy Awards for '' . Michael Matessino of Mashable , who in 2015 viewed the original theatrical print of Star Wars submitted to the Library of Congress , notes merit to Lucas ' belief that technology did not allow him to achieve his vision , noting that a visible marquee around Leia 's ship is `` so jarring that it temporarily pulls me out of the film '' because it is `` lack ( ing ) the seamless quality ( he has ) come to expect from sci - fi and fantasy '' . Despite this , he `` hate ( s ) each and every one '' of the later added CGI effects and describes positively his ability to view the original print despite `` Lucas 's meddling '' . Dave Tach writing for Polygon noted minor changes , such as adding windows to Cloud City on Bespin , adding sparks to Jango Fett 's jetpack , or replacing the original Emperor hologram with McDiarmid , as `` innocuous '' ones that `` angered , to a close approximation , nobody '' because `` there was a solid logic behind those amendments '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Magid , Ron ( February 1997 ) . `` An Expanded Universe '' . American Society of Cinematographers . p. 4 . Retrieved August 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Complete National Film Registry Listing '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Eveleth , Rose ( August 27 , 2014 ) . `` The Star Wars George Lucas Does n't Want You To See '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abramo , Donya ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` Unaltered Star Wars theatrical cuts rumored to be released : Why it 's culturally important '' . Hypable . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Unaloff , Lance ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` The search for the ' Star Wars ' George Lucas does n't want you to see '' . Mashable . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` George Lucas '' . Catalog of Feature Films . American Film Institute . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Matessino , Michael ( January -- February 1997 ) . `` 70mm Variations Strike Back '' . Film Score Monthly . Vol. 2 no . 1 . p. 15 . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kirby , Ben ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` Who Shot First ? The Complete List Of Star Wars Changes '' . Empire . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Daly , Steve ( September 15 , 1995 ) . `` Video Review : ' The Star Wars Trilogy ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Eileen ; Goldstein , Seth ( July 1 , 1997 ) . `` Video at ' Miracle ' Price ; Last Shot for ' Star Wars ' '' . Billboard . p. 107 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : `` Star Wars : Episode IV A New Hope '' . Lucasfilm . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 30 pieces of trivia about Star Wars '' . BBC . May 23 , 2007 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marcus , Hearn ( 2005 ) . The Cinema of George Lucas . New York : Harry N. Abrams . p. 124 . ISBN 0810949687 . OCLC 56405075 . ^ Jump up to : Stuever , Hank ( December 5 , 2015 ) . `` George Lucas : To feel the true force of ' Star Wars , ' he had to learn to let it go '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Block , Alex Ben ( February 9 , 2012 ) . `` 5 Questions With George Lucas : Controversial ' Star Wars ' Changes , SOPA and ' Indiana Jones 5 ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Polo , Susana ; Hall , Charlie ; Good , Owen ; Tach , Dave ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` The Worst Things in Star Wars '' . Polygon . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vanderbilt , Mike ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` Finally , Star Wars character Biggs Darklighter gets his due '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Whitbrook , James ( September 28 , 2015 ) . `` 6 Ways the Star Wars Special Editions Actually Improved The Original Trilogy '' . io9 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Watkins , Gwynne ( July 29 , 2015 ) . `` 15 Changes to the Original ' Star Wars ' Trilogy That Still Make Us Crazy '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 10 Worst Crimes Against the Original Star Wars Trilogy '' . Den of Geek !. April 4 , 2011 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Max Rebo Band : Behind the Scenes '' . StarWars.com . Lucasfilm . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2006 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Raftery , Brian ( December 21 , 2015 ) . `` The 9 Best Songs Ever Played in a Star Wars Movie '' . Wired . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lambie , Ryan ( January 22 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : the changing face of Sy Snootles & the Rebo band '' . Den of Geek ! . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Popolo , Meredith ( September 16 , 2011 ) . `` Top 10 Worst Changes Made to Star Wars '' . PC Magazine . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ King , Darryn ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` The Star Wars Saga 's Secret Weapon : A Visual Effects Nerd with a Big Story to Tell '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clark , Mark ( 2015 ) . Star Wars FAQ : Everything Left to Know About the Trilogy That Changed the Movies . Milwaukee , WI : Applause Theatre & Cinema Books . ISBN 148036018X . OCLC 907104091 . ^ Jump up to : Hyde , Douglas ( September 23 , 2004 ) . `` Five major changes in the ' Star Wars ' DVD '' . CNN . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Palpatine '' . StarWars.com . Lucasfilm . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2006 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Romano , Nick ( January 2 , 2016 ) . `` Jason Wingreen dead : All in the Family , Star Wars actor was 95 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fett , Jango '' . StarWars.com . Lucasfilm . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2008 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Online archive of Star Wars coverage at American Cinematographer , including interviews regarding the 1997 Special Edition Lists of changes in Star Wars , The Empire Strikes Back , Return of the Jedi , and the prequel trilogy at DVD Active ( hide ) Star Wars Feature films Saga Star Wars ( 1977 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) Anthology Rogue One ( 2016 ) Solo ( 2018 ) Other The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) Television and radio Films Holiday Special ( 1978 ) Caravan of Courage ( 1984 ) The Battle for Endor ( 1985 ) Series Droids ( 1985 -- 1986 ) Ewoks ( 1985 -- 1986 ) Clone Wars ( 2003 -- 2005 ) The Clone Wars ( 2008 -- 2014 ) cast episodes Rebels ( 2014 -- ) characters episodes Forces of Destiny ( 2017 -- ) Detours ( unaired ) Radio dramas ( 1981 -- 1996 ) Other The Making of Star Wars ( 1977 ) From Star Wars to Jedi : The Making of a Saga ( 1983 ) Other media Games and multimedia Video games list Shadows of the Empire ( 1996 ) Knights of the Old Republic ( 2003 -- 2005 ) The Force Unleashed ( 2008 -- 2010 ) The Old Republic ( 2011 -- ) Literature and artwork Art Books non-fiction Comics list Expanded universe Setting Characters Jedi Sith Stormtrooper Clone trooper Concepts Architecture Creatures / Species Languages The Force Physics Planets and moons Events Clone Wars Galactic Civil War Organizations First Order Galactic Empire Galactic Republic New Republic Rebel Alliance Technology Weapons Blaster Death Star Lightsaber Vehicles Landspeeder TIE fighter X-wing fighter Star Destroyer Millennium Falcon Other Mos Eisley Cantina Production George Lucas Lucasfilm Cast Changes in film re-releases Han shot first Filming locations Music Opening crawl Sequel trilogy Sources and analogues Cultural impact Attractions A Galactic Spectacular Jedi Training : Trials of the Temple Star Tours The Adventures Continue Galaxy 's Edge Star Wars Hotel Star Wars Hyperspace Mountain Star Wars Launch Bay Star Wars Weekends Where Science Meets Imagination Lego List of sets Droid Tales ( 2015 ) The Resistance Rises ( 2016 ) The Freemaker Adventures ( 2016 -- ) Merchandise Action figures Kenner list Hasbro Vintage Collection Star Wars Transformers Games Star Wars Pez Manga Force Trainer Shepperton Design Studios Trading cards Vinylmation Star Wars Rollinz toys Parodies Hardware Wars ( 1978 ) Spaceballs ( 1987 ) Star Warped ( 1997 ) Thumb Wars ( 1999 ) George Lucas in Love ( 1999 ) Robot Chicken : Star Wars ( 2007 ) Laugh It Up , Fuzzball : The Family Guy Trilogy ( 2007 -- 10 ) The People vs. George Lucas ( 2010 ) Other 501st Legion Comparison to Star Trek Fan films Force for Change Jedi census Jediism Rebel Legion Star Wars Celebration Star Wars Day Star Wars : In Concert Star Wars Insider Wookieepedia TheForce.Net Yoda conditions Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_changes_in_Star_Wars_re-releases&oldid=808174616 '' Categories : Star Wars lists Alternate versions of films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 1 November 2017 , at 09 : 48 . 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when was episode iv added to star wars

The first film was released in 1977 under the title Star Wars . The subtitles Episode IV and A New Hope were retroactively added to the opening crawl in a subsequent release . Accounts differ as to when this change occurred . Some , including Lucasfilm , date the addition to a theatrical re-release on April 10 , 1981 , while others place it much earlier at the re-release in July 1978 . This change was made to bring the original film in line with the titling of its sequel The Empire Strikes Back , which was released in 1980 with the subtitle Episode V .

Frosty the Snowman ( film ) - wikipedia Frosty the Snowman ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Frosty the Snowman DVD cover Based on `` Frosty the Snowman '' by Steve Nelson Jack Rollins Written by Romeo Muller Directed by Jules Bass Arthur Rankin , Jr . Starring Billy De Wolfe Jackie Vernon Paul Frees June Foray Narrated by Jimmy Durante Theme music composer Maury Laws Country of origin United States Japan Original language ( s ) English Production Producer ( s ) Jules Bass Arthur Rankin , Jr . Running time 25 minutes Production company ( s ) Rankin / Bass Productions Mushi Production ( animation ) Distributor DreamWorks Classics NBCUniversal Television Distribution Release Original network CBS Original release December 7 , 1969 ( 1969 - 12 - 07 ) Chronology Followed by Frosty 's Winter Wonderland Frosty the Snowman is a 1969 animated Christmas television special based on the song `` Frosty the Snowman '' . The program , which first aired on December 7 , 1969 on CBS ( where it continues to air annually ) , was produced for television by Rankin / Bass Productions and featured the voices of comedians Jimmy Durante as the film 's narrator ( Durante 's final performance in a film ) and Jackie Vernon as the title character . Arthur Rankin , Jr. and Jules Bass wanted to give the show and its characters the look of a Christmas card , so Paul Coker , Jr. , a greeting card and Mad magazine artist , was hired to do the character and background drawings . The animation was produced by Mushi Production in Japan , with then - Mushi staffer Osamu Dezaki among the animation staff . Rankin / Bass veteran writer Romeo Muller adapted and expanded the story for television as he had done with Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer . TV Guide ranked the special number 4 on its 10 Best Family Holiday Specials list . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Voice cast 3 Production credits 4 Soundtrack 5 Television rights 6 Home media 6.1 VHS and LaserDisc 6.2 DVD and Blu - ray 7 Sequels 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) One December afternoon , a little girl named Karen and her friends create a snowman after a class Christmas party at school . After several suggestions of what to call their snowman ( including `` Oatmeal '' and `` Christopher Columbus '' ) , Karen decides to name him `` Frosty . '' Later , the children acquire a top hat discarded by inept magician Professor Hinkle . Karen places the hat on top of Frosty 's head , and the snowman comes to life ( and always says `` Happy Birthday ! '' in response ) . When Hinkle learns of the magic power his hat actually possesses , he takes it back and departs , pretending that he did not see Frosty come to life . However , the professor 's pet rabbit , Hocus Pocus , returns the hat to Frosty and the children . Frosty soon senses the temperature is rising and worries about melting away . The children suggest putting him on the next train to the North Pole , where he will never melt , and they all parade into the city on the way to the train station , where Frosty has his confrontation with the traffic cop mentioned in the song 's lyrics . When Karen explains that Frosty came to life and does n't know what a traffic light or a lamp post is , the traffic cop lets Frosty go . At the train station , Frosty stows away aboard a refrigerated train car , since neither he nor the children have any money for a train ticket . As the train is about to leave the station , Karen and Hocus decide to join Frosty for the ride to keep him company . With that , Frosty , Karen , and Hocus wave goodbye to the other kids as the train takes off . Unbeknownst to them , Hinkle has also hitched a ride on the train , intending to get his hat back . As the train continues up north , however , Frosty notices Karen is freezing and starting to catch a cold , so they jump off the train , leaving Hinkle behind once again . Hinkle , seeing them escape , jumps off the train too , but falls down a mountain and crashes into a tree where a pile of snow falls on him . At Frosty 's request , Hocus convinces some forest animals who are preparing for Christmas to build a campfire for Karen . Fearing that Karen still can not survive for long in the cold weather , Frosty asks Hocus who might be able to help them . Hocus suggests ( by pantomiming ) the President of the United States and the United States Marines , before suggesting Santa Claus . Frosty agrees , and promptly takes credit for the idea himself ( much to Hocus ' annoyance ) . Hocus hops off to get Santa , but Hinkle then confronts Frosty and Karen once more and blows out Karen 's campfire . Frosty and Karen are again forced to flee , this time with Karen riding on Frosty 's back as he slides head - first down a hill . At the bottom of the slope , Karen and Frosty discover a greenhouse filled with Christmas poinsettias . Despite Karen 's objections , Frosty steps inside the warm greenhouse with her , suggesting that he could afford to lose a little weight while she warms up . Unfortunately , an angry and vengeful Hinkle catches up to them immediately after and locks them in the greenhouse . Hocus brings Santa Claus to the greenhouse only to find Karen in tears and Frosty melted on the floor due to Hinkle 's cruel act . Santa explains to Karen that Frosty is made from Christmas snow , and that he can never completely disappear , only take the form of summer rain , until next December . With a gust of cold wind through the open greenhouse door , the puddle that was Frosty blows out the door and magically changes back into his typical snowman form . Before Santa can put the finishing touch on Frosty and bring him back to life , as Hocus arrives with the hat , Hinkle arrives on the scene and again demands the return of his hat . He relents only when threatened with being removed from Santa 's Christmas list for the rest of his life if he put so much as one finger on the hat . Santa states that if Hinkle is truly repentant for his mean attitude and harming Frosty , and if he goes home and writes `` I am really sorry for what I did to Frosty '' a hundred zillion times , he may find a gift in his stocking on Christmas morning , which makes Hinkle bid Frosty and Karen farewell and run home to repeatedly write his apologies , assuming he may get a new hat . Finally , Santa then places the magic hat back on top of Frosty 's head , and the snowman returns to life again . After celebrating , Santa takes Karen home and Frosty to the North Pole , but promises that Frosty will be back next winter . The end credits show all the characters the next Christmas marching through the town square with Frosty in the lead , singing the `` Frosty the Snowman '' song . Among them is a redeemed Professor Hinkle , who is proudly wearing his new top hat . At the end of the parade , Frosty gets back into Santa 's waiting sleigh and they return to the North Pole , with Frosty proclaiming , `` I 'll be back on Christmas Day ! '' Voice cast ( edit ) Jackie Vernon as Frosty Jimmy Durante as himself ( Narrator ) June Foray as Karen ( original airing ) , schoolteacher , and Karen 's friends ( original airing ) Suzanne Davidson as Karen ( later airings , uncredited ) Billy De Wolfe as Professor Hinkle Paul Frees as the traffic cop , ticket man , and Santa Claus Production credits ( edit ) Produced and Directed by Arthur Rankin , Jr. and Jules Bass Written by Romeo Muller Based on the Original Song by Steve Nelson , Jack Rollins © 1951 Hill - Range Songs Production Designer : Paul Coker , Jr . Continuity Designer : Don Duga Animation Production by Mushi Studio Supervising Director : Steve Nakagawa Animation Director : Osamu Dezaki ( uncredited ) Animation : Akio Sugino , Sadao Miyamoto ( both uncredited ) Music Composed and Directed by Maury Laws Sound Effects Engineers : Jim Harris , Phil Kaye Supervising Film Editing : Irwin Goldress © 1969 Videocraft International Limited Soundtrack ( edit ) CD cover Released by Rhino on October 1 , 2002 , the entire audio portion of Frosty the Snowman is available on CD along with the entire audio portion of Santa Claus is Comin ' to Town , the Rankin / Bass special produced in 1970 . This edition contains the full dialogue and song audio of both specials . The track listing is as follows : Medley : Santa Claus Is Comin ' To Town ... Be Prepared To Pay 25 : 18 Medley : Put One Foot In Front Of The Other ... Santa Claus Is Comin ' To Town ( finale ) 24 : 55 Frosty The Snowman Theme & Narration ( Beginning ) 13 : 45 Frosty The Snowman Theme & Narration ( Conclusion ) 11 : 48 Santa Claus Is Comin ' To Town ( Soundtrack Version ) 1 : 50 Frosty The Snowman ( Soundtrack Version ) 1 : 04 Television rights ( edit ) In the United States , CBS continues to hold the telecast rights to the original program ( under license from the current copyright holder , Universal Television , and still airs it yearly with the CBS - produced sequel Frosty Returns ( see below ) . The CBC holds broadcast rights in Canada . The special also airs on Freeform in some territories . However , CBS does not own the telecast rights to the 1976 sequel Frosty 's Winter Wonderland ( that special currently airs on Freeform 's 25 Days of Christmas each year ) , which prompted CBS to produce its own `` sequel '' of sorts , Frosty Returns ( see below ) . Home Media ( edit ) VHS and LaserDisc ( edit ) Family Home Entertainment released Frosty the Snowman on VHS as part of the Christmas Classics Series in 1989 and 1993 , with multiple re-prints throughout the 1990s . It was paired with The Little Drummer Boy on LaserDisc in 1992 . Upon its 1989 and 1993 releases , the special was also bundled in box sets with the other Rankin / Bass Christmas specials including Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer and Santa Claus is Comin ' to Town , the 1973 Chuck Jones holiday special , A Very Merry Cricket and the sequel Frosty Returns which aired on CBS in 1992 . In 1998 , Sony Wonder and Golden Books Family Entertainment released the special on VHS , and also paired it with these other Rankin / Bass Christmas specials including Cricket on the Hearth in the separate Holiday Classics Collection box sets . DVD and Blu - ray ( edit ) The special was also released on DVD by Sony Wonder and Classic Media in 2002 and 2004 , and by Genius Entertainment in 2007 . Gaiam Vivendi Entertainment released it on DVD and Blu - ray on October 12 , 2010 , and on the DVD / Blu - ray combo pack on November 6 , 2012 . Most DVD releases also include Frosty Returns . On September 8 , 2015 , Classic Media released both the special and Santa Claus is Comin ' to Town in their 45th Anniversary Collector 's Edition on Blu - ray and DVD in addition to the 50th Anniversary release of Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer in 2014 . Sequels ( edit ) Frosty returned in several sequels : Frosty 's Winter Wonderland -- This 1976 sequel by Rankin / Bass was also written by Romeo Muller . Narration is provided by Andy Griffith ( Durante had suffered a stroke that had forced his retirement in 1972 and eventually killed him ) . Jackie Vernon once again reprised his role as the voice of Frosty . Animation is produced by Topcraft in Japan . Unlike the original , the sequel takes place later in the winter season and is based upon the 1934 song `` Winter Wonderland ; '' it features Frosty 's pursuit of a wife and efforts to preserve him into the springtime . Furthermore , it makes no mention whatsoever of Christmas ; in fact it could be considered more a `` winter solstice '' special than a Christmas special as it celebrates the season of winter . Rudolph and Frosty 's Christmas in July -- This 1979 Rankin / Bass feature - length sequel was filmed in `` Animagic '' stop - motion animation in the style of Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer and Rudolph 's Shiny New Year . While the Frosty specials were 30 minutes long , and the Rudolph specials were 60 minutes , this ambitious special was feature length , at 97 minutes long ( 120 minutes on television , including commercials ) . Vernon once again played the role of Frosty , in his last time for Rankin / Bass playing the voice of Frosty . This film features Frosty and his family as supporting characters . This is the only other Frosty cartoon to mention Christmas or Santa Claus in addition to the 1969 original . Frosty Returns -- This 1992 half - hour special is not truly a sequel to the 1969 classic , as it was produced not by Rankin / Bass but by CBS . The characters , setting , voices and animation ( by Bill Melendez ) are vastly different . Despite this , it is shown with the original special every year on CBS and was even included as a bonus on its DVD release . John Goodman provides the voice of Frosty in this special , and Jonathan Winters serves as narrator . Frosty 's appearance is physically different , his personality and humor have changed , and he has the ability to live without his top hat , in direct contrast with the original and its other sequels . Also in contrast to the original specials , the special avoids all mention of Christmas ( despite the special portraying the beginning of winter ) and has an environmentalist theme , as Frosty works to stop a corporate executive whose product wipes out snow packs with one spray . The Legend of Frosty the Snowman -- This 2005 straight - to - video film was produced by Classic Media , the previous rights holder for the original Rankin / Bass special , and the remainder of their pre-1974 library . This movie has been bundled with the original 1969 Rankin / Bass special and the CBS sequel , and has also aired on Cartoon Network . The appearance of Frosty resembles much more the Rankin / Bass character design from their original animation , and Professor Hinkle returns in two cameo appearances -- shown in a picture and flashback . Frosty is voiced by Bill Fagerbakke , best known as the voice of Patrick Star on SpongeBob SquarePants . And it , like Frosty Returns and Frosty 's Winter Wonderland , also never mentions anything to do with Christmas whatsoever . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ TV Guide Guide to TV . Barnes and Noble. 2004 . p. 574 . ISBN 0 - 7607 - 5634 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Frosty the Snowman ( film ) Holiday Central at CBS.com Frosty the Snowman on IMDb Christmas portal film portal United States portal Japan portal 1960s portal Rankin / Bass Productions Television specials Return to Oz Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer The Edgar Bergen & Charlie McCarthy Show The Ballad of Smokey the Bear Cricket on the Hearth Mouse on the Mayflower The Little Drummer Boy Frosty the Snowman The Mad , Mad , Mad Comedians Santa Claus Is Comin ' To Town Here Comes Peter Cottontail The Enchanted World of Danny Kaye : The Emperor 's New Clothes Mad Mad Mad Monsters Willie Mays and the Say - Hey Kid The Red Baron That Girl in Wonderland ' Twas the Night Before Christmas The Year Without a Santa Claus The First Christmas : The Story of the First Christmas Snow The First Easter Rabbit Frosty 's Winter Wonderland Rudolph 's Shiny New Year The Little Drummer Boy , Book II The Easter Bunny Is Comin ' to Town The Hobbit Nestor , the Long - Eared Christmas Donkey The Stingiest Man in Town Jack Frost Rudolph and Frosty 's Christmas in July The Return of the King Pinocchio 's Christmas The Leprechaun 's Christmas Gold The Flight of Dragons The Coneheads The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus The Wind in the Willows Santa Baby ! 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who brought frosty the snowman back to life

Hocus brings Santa Claus to the greenhouse only to find Karen in tears and Frosty melted on the floor due to Hinkle 's cruel act . Santa explains to Karen that Frosty is made from Christmas snow , and that he can never completely disappear , only take the form of summer rain , until next December . With a gust of cold wind through the open greenhouse door , the puddle that was Frosty blows out the door and magically changes back into his typical snowman form . Before Santa can put the finishing touch on Frosty and bring him back to life , as Hocus arrives with the hat , Hinkle arrives on the scene and again demands the return of his hat . He relents only when threatened with being removed from Santa 's Christmas list for the rest of his life if he put so much as one finger on the hat . Santa states that if Hinkle is truly repentant for his mean attitude and harming Frosty , and if he goes home and writes `` I am really sorry for what I did to Frosty '' a hundred zillion times , he may find a gift in his stocking on Christmas morning , which makes Hinkle bid Frosty and Karen farewell and run home to repeatedly write his apologies , assuming he may get a new hat . Finally , Santa then places the magic hat back on top of Frosty 's head , and the snowman returns to life again . After celebrating , Santa takes Karen home and Frosty to the North Pole , but promises that Frosty will be back next winter .

There 's Something About Mary - wikipedia There 's Something About Mary Jump to : navigation , search For the 2004 book on philosophy , see Knowledge argument . There 's Something About Mary Theatrical release poster Directed by Peter Farrelly Bobby Farrelly Produced by Michael Steinberg Bradley Thomas Charles B. Wessler Frank Beddor Screenplay by Ed Decter John J. Strauss Peter Farrelly Bobby Farrelly Story by Ed Decter John J. Strauss Starring Cameron Diaz Matt Dillon Ben Stiller Lee Evans Chris Elliott Narrated by Jonathan Richman Music by Jonathan Richman Cinematography Mark Irwin Edited by Christopher Greenbury Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date July 15 , 1998 ( 1998 - 07 - 15 ) Running time 119 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $23 million Box office $369.9 million There 's Something About Mary is a 1998 American romantic comedy film directed by Bobby and Peter Farrelly . It stars Cameron Diaz as the title character with Matt Dillon , Ben Stiller , Lee Evans and Chris Elliott all playing men who are in love with Mary and vying for her affections . The film was placed 27th in the American Film Institute 's 100 Years , 100 Laughs : America 's Funniest Movies , a list of the 100 funniest movies of the 20th century . In 2000 , readers of Total Film magazine voted it the fourth - greatest comedy film of all time . Diaz won a New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress , an MTV Movie Award for Best Performance , an American Comedy Award for Best Actress , a Blockbuster Entertainment Award for Best Actress . She also received a Golden Globe nomination for her performance . It was also nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy . It won 4 out of 8 MTV Movie Awards , including Best Movie . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 5 Soundtrack 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1985 , 16 - year - old high school student Ted Stroehmann is about to go on a prom date with his dream girl Mary Jensen when he gets his scrotum stuck in a zipper . He is hospitalized when it bleeds after being unzipped , which cancels their date . Ted subsequently loses contact with Mary . Thirteen years later , in 1998 , 29 - year - old Ted is still in love with Mary . On the advice of his best friend Dom Woganowski , he hires a private detective named Pat Healy to track her down . Pat discovers that she is an orthopedic surgeon living in Miami with her friend , Magda , and instantly falls in love with Mary as well . He lies to Ted about her , saying she is overweight with four children and confined to a wheelchair , to discourage him from having any contact with her . Pat resorts to lying , cheating , stalking , and drugging Magda 's dog to win Mary over , but is exposed by Mary 's British architect friend , Tucker , who is heavily reliant on crutches . Pat later feels guilty about lying to Mary and reveals his true self to her . Enraged after overhearing Tucker subsequently slander him as a murderer , Pat tails Tucker and discovers him to be a fraud himself : he is an able - bodied , entirely American pizza delivery boy named Norm Phipps who is also in love with Mary . For years , Norm has been driving away potential rivals through slander , including one oft - mentioned suitor referred to only as `` Brett . '' Meanwhile , Ted decides he still wants to reconnect with Mary and , assisted by Dom , drives down to Florida and discovers the truth about her . Ted seems to have won Mary 's love , until an anonymous letter exposes his connection with Pat , and she breaks contact with him . Ted confronts Pat and Norm , and Mary is accosted by Dom , who is revealed to be her ex-boyfriend `` Woogie '' that she has a restraining order against . He wants to reconnect with her as well , which she quickly refuses . When Mary is finally together with all of her deceitful suitors , Ted realizes that the only one who did not resort to lying or manipulation to win over Mary was Brett , who he learns is NFL quarterback Brett Favre . After reuniting Brett and Mary , Ted leaves tearfully until Mary catches up to Ted , saying that `` I 'd be happiest with you '' . The film concludes with the two engaging in a kiss while singer / songwriter Jonathan Richman , who has periodically narrated the story in song throughout the film , is accidentally shot by Magda 's boyfriend , who was trying to shoot Ted so he could win over Mary . Cast ( edit ) Cameron Diaz as Mary Jensen Ben Stiller as Ted Stroehmann Matt Dillon as Patrick `` Pat '' Healy Chris Elliott as Dom `` Woogie '' Woganowski Lee Evans as Tucker and Norm Phipps Lin Shaye as Magda Jeffrey Tambor as Sully Markie Post as Sheila Jensen , Mary 's mother Keith David as Charlie , Mary 's stepfather W. Earl Brown as Warren Jensen , Mary 's mentally disabled brother Sarah Silverman as Brenda , Mary 's sarcastic best friend Khandi Alexander as Joanie Willie Garson as Dr. Zit Face Harland Williams as The Hitchhiker Richard Tyson as Detective Krevoy Rob Moran as Detective Stabler Jonathan Richman as The Singing Narrator Steve Sweeney as Policeman Lenny Clarke as Fireman Production ( edit ) The movie was filmed in Miami , Florida . The Big Pink Restaurant is where Healy meets with Sully , the hair gel scene was filmed at the Cardozo Hotel , and the Miami - Dade Cultural Center was the location for the architecture exhibit Mary and Healy attended together . Churchill 's Pub was used as a strip club for a scene with Healy . The makeup effects and animatronic animal effects were the handiwork of Makeup Effects Designer Tony Gardner and Alterian , Inc . Besides Ben Stiller , actors Owen Wilson and Jon Stewart were considered potential candidates for the role of Ted Stroehmann . Bill Murray was considered for the role of Pat Healy , but the Farrelly brothers thought he was too old for it . Brett Favre plays himself in a cameo that was originally written - for and offered to NFL quarterback Steve Young , but he turned the role down due to the film 's coarse nature and was replaced with Favre . Reception ( edit ) This sleeper hit was the highest - grossing comedy of 1998 in North America as well as the fourth - highest - grossing film of the year . It also catapulted Diaz and Stiller into the limelight . The film made $369 million worldwide , including $176 million in the U.S. alone . The film was released in the United Kingdom on September 25 , 1998 , and topped the country 's box office for the next two weekends . The film received positive reviews from critics . Rotten Tomatoes gives it a score of 83 % based on 83 reviews , and an average rating of 7 / 10 , with the consensus : `` There 's Something About Mary proves that unrelentingly , unabashedly puerile humor does n't necessarily come at the expense of a film 's heart . '' Metacritic gives the film a score of 69 out of 100 based on reviews from 29 critics . Roger Ebert gave it three out of four stars , stating `` What a blessed relief is laughter . It flies in the face of manners , values , political correctness and decorum . It exposes us for what we are , the only animal with a sense of humor . '' Gene Siskel ranked the film No. 9 on his 10 Best films of 1998 ( the final `` best of '' list he did before passing away ) . The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2000 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Laughs -- # 27 2002 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions -- Nominated 2007 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- Nominated 2008 : AFI 's 10 Top 10 -- Nominated Romantic Comedy Film Soundtrack ( edit ) `` There 's Something About Mary '' ( Jonathan Richman ) -- 1 : 47 `` How to Survive a Broken Heart '' ( Ben Lee ) -- 2 : 47 `` Every Day Should Be a Holiday '' ( The Dandy Warhols ) -- 4 : 02 `` Everything Shines '' ( The Push Stars ) -- 2 : 27 `` This Is the Day '' ( Ivy ) -- 3 : 33 `` Is She Really Going Out with Him ? '' ( Joe Jackson ) -- 3 : 36 `` True Love Is Not Nice '' ( Jonathan Richman ) -- 2 : 13 `` History Repeating '' ( The Propellerheads feat . Shirley Bassey ) -- 4 : 04 `` If I Could Talk I 'd Tell You '' ( The Lemonheads ) -- 2 : 51 `` Mary 's Prayer '' ( Danny Wilson ) -- 3 : 54 `` Margo 's Waltz '' ( Lloyd Cole ) -- 4 : 01 `` Speed Queen '' ( Zuba ) -- 3 : 44 `` Let Her Go Into the Darkness '' ( Jonathan Richman ) -- 1 : 19 `` Build Me Up Buttercup '' ( The Foundations ) -- 2 : 59 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` THERE 'S SOMETHING ABOUT MARY ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 1998 - 07 - 22 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : There 's Something About Mary at Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ Ily Goyanes ( 2010 - 09 - 01 ) . `` Celluloid City : There 's Something About Mary Filmed at Churchill 's Pub and Big Pink '' . Miami New Times . Archived from the original on 2018 - 01 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` There 's Something About Mary '' . Internet Movie Database . Jump up ^ Patrick Smith ( 2014 - 12 - 18 ) . `` Peter Farrelly interview : ' Jon Stewart was nearly the lead in There 's Something About Mary ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on 2017 - 11 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ Locke , Greg W. ( 26 August 2011 ) . `` The Top 25 Roles Bill Murray Did n't Take '' . Retrieved 25 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Evans , Bradford ( 17 February 2011 ) . `` The Lost Roles of Bill Murray '' . Retrieved 25 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Do n't Forget : ' There 's Something About Mary ' '' . Yahoo ! Movies . February 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend box office 25th September 1998 - 27th September 1998 '' . www.25thframe.co.uk . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend box office 2nd October 1998 - 4th October 1998 '' . www.25thframe.co.uk . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` There 's Something About Mary '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` There 's Something About Mary '' . Metacritic . CBS . Jump up ^ Roger Ebert . `` There 's Something About Mary '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Laughs '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies Nominees ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 10 Top 10 Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 19 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` There 's Something about Mary Soundtrack '' . Soundtrackinfo.com. 1998 - 07 - 14 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 15 . External links ( edit ) Film in the United States portal 1990s portal Miami portal Comedy portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : There 's Something About Mary There 's Something About Mary on IMDb There 's Something About Mary at the TCM Movie Database There 's Something About Mary at AllMovie There 's Something About Mary at Box Office Mojo There 's Something About Mary at Rotten Tomatoes There 's Something About Mary at Metacritic Films directed by the Farrelly brothers Peter Farrelly Bobby Farrelly Dumb and Dumber ( 1994 ) Kingpin ( 1996 ) There 's Something About Mary ( 1998 ) Me , Myself & Irene ( 2000 ) Osmosis Jones ( 2001 ) Shallow Hal ( 2001 ) Stuck on You ( 2003 ) Fever Pitch ( 2005 ) The Heartbreak Kid ( 2007 ) Hall Pass ( 2011 ) The Three Stooges ( 2012 ) Dumb and Dumber To ( 2014 ) Green Book ( TBA , Peter only ) MTV Movie Award for Movie of the Year Best Movie Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1992 ) A Few Good Men ( 1993 ) Menace II Society ( 1994 ) Pulp Fiction ( 1995 ) Seven ( 1996 ) Scream ( 1997 ) Titanic ( 1998 ) There 's Something About Mary ( 1999 ) The Matrix ( 2000 ) Gladiator ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2003 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2004 ) Napoleon Dynamite ( 2005 ) Wedding Crashers ( 2006 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2007 ) Transformers ( 2008 ) Twilight ( 2009 ) The Twilight Saga : New Moon ( 2010 ) The Twilight Saga : Eclipse ( 2011 ) Movie of the Year The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 ( 2012 ) The Avengers ( 2013 ) The Hunger Games : Catching Fire ( 2014 ) The Fault in Our Stars ( 2015 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2016 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie -- Comedy There 's Something About Mary ( 1999 ) Austin Powers : The Spy Who Shagged Me ( 2000 ) Miss Congeniality ( 2001 ) American Pie 2 ( 2002 ) Sweet Home Alabama ( 2003 ) Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) Napoleon Dynamite ( 2005 ) She 's the Man ( 2006 ) Knocked Up ( 2007 ) Juno ( 2008 ) Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian ( 2009 ) Date Night ( 2010 ) Bad Teacher ( 2011 ) 21 Jump Street ( 2012 ) Pitch Perfect ( 2013 ) The Other Woman ( 2014 ) Pitch Perfect 2 ( 2015 ) Ride Along 2 ( 2016 ) Finding Dory ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=There%27s_Something_About_Mary&oldid=843425497 '' Categories : 1998 films English - language films 1990s romantic comedy films 1990s sex comedy films American films American romantic comedy films American sex comedy films American slapstick comedy films Films directed by the Farrelly brothers Films set in 1985 Films set in 1998 Films set in Florida Films set in Miami Films set in Rhode Island Films shot in Miami Films shot in Rhode Island 20th Century Fox films Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Íslenska Italiano עברית Latina Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 02 : 28 . 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where is there's something about mary filmed

The movie was filmed in Miami , Florida . The Big Pink Restaurant is where Healy meets with Sully , the hair gel scene was filmed at the Cardozo Hotel , and the Miami - Dade Cultural Center was the location for the architecture exhibit Mary and Healy attended together . Churchill 's Pub was used as a strip club for a scene with Healy . The makeup effects and animatronic animal effects were the handiwork of Makeup Effects Designer Tony Gardner and Alterian , Inc .

M * a * S * H ( season 11 ) - wikipedia M * a * S * H ( season 11 ) Jump to : navigation , search M * A * S * H ( season 11 ) Country of origin United States No. of episodes 16 Release Original network CBS Original release October 25 , 1982 ( 1982 - 10 - 25 ) -- February 28 , 1983 ( 1983 - 02 - 28 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 10 List of M * A * S * H episodes The eleventh and final season of M * A * S * H aired Mondays at 9 : 00 - 9 : 30 pm on CBS , as part of the 1982 -- 83 United States network television schedule . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 2 Episodes 3 Notes 4 External links Cast ( edit ) Actor Role Alan Alda Capt . Benjamin Franklin `` Hawkeye '' Pierce Mike Farrell Capt . B.J. Hunnicut Harry Morgan Col. Sherman T. Potter Loretta Swit Maj . Margaret `` Hot Lips '' Houlihan David Ogden Stiers Maj . Charles Emerson Winchester III Jamie Farr Sgt . Maxwell Q. Klinger William Christopher Captain Father Francis Mulcahy Episodes ( edit ) No. in Series No. in Season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code 241 `` Hey , Look Me Over '' Susan Oliver Alan Alda and Karen Hall October 25 , 1982 ( 1982 - 10 - 25 ) 1 - G21 A notorious colonel 's visit makes Margaret evaluate herself , while Kellye is fed up with being taken for granted as `` one of the guys '' by Hawkeye . The colonel is played by Peggy Feury in a guest appearance . 242 `` Trick or Treatment '' Charles S. Dubin Dennis Koenig November 1 , 1982 ( 1982 - 11 - 01 ) 9 - B01 The 4077th 's Halloween party is side - tracked by wounded and a brawl that starts at Rosie 's . A soldier declared dead by battalion aid , is n't actually dead ; and a wounded soldier ( Richard Lineback ) is suffering from malnutrition . Featuring George Wendt as a Marine with a pool ball stuck in his mouth . Andrew Dice Clay plays another Marine . 243 `` Foreign Affairs '' Charles S. Dubin David Pollock & Elias Davis November 8 , 1982 ( 1982 - 11 - 08 ) 1 - G22 An Army PR officer ( Jeffrey Tambor ) looks for a scoop worthy of propaganda when an enemy pilot lands near the 4077th -- a reference to Operation Moolah -- while Charles falls for a French Red Cross volunteer . 244 `` The Joker is Wild '' Burt Metcalfe John Rappaport and Dennis Koenig November 15 , 1982 ( 1982 - 11 - 15 ) 1 - G24 B.J. is tired of hearing how great a prankster Trapper was , so he swears to pull the ultimate prank on the whole camp . 245 5 `` Who Knew ? '' Harry Morgan Elias Davis & David Pollock November 22 , 1982 ( 1982 - 11 - 22 ) 1 - G18 Hawkeye volunteers to deliver the eulogy for a nurse no one actually knew , while Klinger seeks an investor for his latest invention -- the hula hoop . 246 6 `` Bombshells '' Charles S. Dubin Dan Wilcox & Thad Mumford November 28 , 1982 ( 1982 - 11 - 28 ) 9 - B02 Hawkeye starts a rumor that Marilyn Monroe is coming to the 4077th , while a sniper interrupts B.J. 's fishing trip and involves him in a helicopter rescue . 247 7 `` Settling Debts '' Michael Switzer Thad Mumford & Dan Wilcox December 6 , 1982 ( 1982 - 12 - 06 ) 1 - G23 Potter gets paranoid when his wife sends Hawkeye a letter , while B.J. treats a lieutenant paralyzed by a sniper . 248 8 `` The Moon is Not Blue '' Charles S. Dubin Larry Balmagia December 13 , 1982 ( 1982 - 12 - 13 ) 1 - G20 Hawkeye and B.J. try to get a racy movie ( The Moon Is Blue ) to spice things up at the 4077th , while a wounded general declares last call for the officers ' club . 249 9 `` Run for the Money '' Nell Cox Story by : Mike Farrell and Elias Davis & David Pollock Teleplay by : Elias Davis & David Pollock December 20 , 1982 ( 1982 - 12 - 20 ) 9 - B03 Klinger depends on divine intervention when Father Mulcahy is chosen to race a veteran track star from another unit . Winchester stands up for a stuttering soldier , threatening to report his bullying CO for inhumanity . 250 10 `` U.N. , the Night and the Music '' Harry Morgan Elias Davis & David Pollock January 3 , 1983 ( 1983 - 01 - 03 ) 9 - B06 A UN delegation has a deep impact on the 4077th , while B.J. feels guilty about a patient 's condition . 251 11 `` Strange Bedfellows '' Mike Farrell Karen Hall January 10 , 1983 ( 1983 - 01 - 10 ) 9 - B07 Potter learns depressing news from his visiting son - in - law that reminds him of his own past , while Charles denies his excessive snoring . 252 12 `` Say No More '' Charles S. Dubin John Rappaport January 24 , 1983 ( 1983 - 01 - 24 ) 9 - B08 Margaret contracts laryngitis , while a no - nonsense major general sets up camp at the 4077th , where his son is being treated . 253 13 `` Friends and Enemies '' Jamie Farr Karen Hall February 7 , 1983 ( 1983 - 02 - 07 ) 9 - B05 An old Army buddy of Potter 's has caused unnecessary casualties by overstepping his boundaries . When Winchester receives a new shipment of classical records and Margaret receives a new turntable with no records , B.J. sets up a scheme to rid Winchester of his music and amuse himself at the same time . 254 14 `` Give and Take '' Charles S. Dubin Dennis Koenig February 14 , 1983 ( 1983 - 02 - 14 ) 9 - B09 A wounded GI and the North Korean he shot end up bunked next to each other in post-op , while the position of charity - collection officer is passed around . 255 15 `` As Time Goes By '' Burt Metcalfe Dan Wilcox & Thad Mumford February 21 , 1983 ( 1983 - 02 - 21 ) 9 - B10 Margaret collects significant items for a time capsule , while B.J. and Rizzo play practical jokes on each other . 256 16 `` Goodbye , Farewell and Amen '' Alan Alda Alan Alda , Burt Metcalfe , John Rappaport , Dan Wilcox , Thad Mumford , Elias Davis , David Pollock and Karen Hall February 28 , 1983 ( 1983 - 02 - 28 ) 9 - B04 The Korean War comes to an end as the staff of the 4077th tends to one final deluge of casualties and sorts out their personal problems before going their separate ways . Note : Alan Alda is the only cast member to appear in every episode of the series . Notes ( edit ) M * A * S * H portal Jump up ^ Titles taken from DVD ^ Jump up to : Credits from episode title cards Jump up ^ Production Code from end credits External links ( edit ) List of M * A * S * H ( season 11 ) episodes at the Internet Movie Database M * A * S * H Novels MASH : A Novel About Three Army Doctors M * A * S * H Goes to Maine M * A * S * H Mania Film MASH Music `` Suicide Is Painless '' Television Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Guest stars Characters Trapper John , M.D. AfterMASH W * A * L * T * E * R Portal M * A * S * H episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` To Market , to Market '' `` Requiem for a Lightweight '' `` Chief Surgeon Who ? '' `` The Moose '' `` Yankee Doodle Doctor '' `` Bananas , Crackers and Nuts '' `` Cowboy '' `` Henry Please Come Home '' `` I Hate a Mystery '' `` Germ Warfare '' `` Dear Dad '' `` Edwina '' `` Love Story '' `` Tuttle '' `` The Ringbanger '' `` Sometimes You Hear the Bullet '' `` Dear Dad ... Again '' `` The Longjohn Flap '' `` The Army - Navy Game '' `` Sticky Wicket '' `` Major Fred C. Dobbs '' `` Ceasefire '' `` Showtime '' Season 2 `` Divided We Stand '' `` 5 O'Clock Charlie '' `` Radar 's Report '' `` For the Good of the Outfit '' `` Dr. Pierce and Mr. Hyde '' `` Kim '' `` L.I.P. ( Local Indigenous Personnel ) '' `` The Trial of Henry Blake '' `` Dear Dad ... Three '' `` The Sniper '' `` Carry On , Hawkeye '' `` The Incubator '' `` Deal Me Out '' `` Crisis '' `` George '' `` A Smattering of Intelligence '' Season 3 `` Adam 's Ribs '' `` Mad Dogs and Servicemen '' `` The Consultant '' `` House Arrest '' `` Aid Station '' `` Love and Marriage '' `` Big Mac '' `` Payday '' `` White Gold '' `` Abyssinia , Henry '' Season 4 `` Welcome to Korea '' `` The Late Captain Pierce '' `` The Kids '' `` Quo Vadis , Captain Chandler ? '' `` Dear Peggy '' `` Of Moose and Men '' `` Der Tag '' `` The Novocaine Mutiny '' `` The Interview '' Season 5 `` Bug Out `` Margaret 's Engagement '' `` Out of Sight , Out of Mind '' `` Dear Sigmund '' Season 6 `` Fallen Idol '' `` Last Laugh '' `` War of Nerves '' `` The Winchester Tapes '' Season 7 Season 8 `` Good Bye , Radar '' `` Period of Adjustment '' `` Life Time '' `` Dreams '' Season 9 Season 10 Season 11 `` Hey , Look Me Over '' `` Bombshells '' `` The Moon Is Not Blue '' `` As Time Goes By '' `` Goodbye , Farewell and Amen '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M*A*S*H_(season_11)&oldid=810901005 '' Categories : M * A * S * H episodes 1982 American television seasons 1983 American television seasons M * A * S * H seasons Hidden categories : Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 18 November 2017 , at 05 : 18 . 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how many episodes are in season 11 of mash

M * A * S * H ( season 11 ) Country of origin United States No. of episodes 16 Release Original network CBS Original release October 25 , 1982 ( 1982 - 10 - 25 ) -- February 28 , 1983 ( 1983 - 02 - 28 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 10 List of M * A * S * H episodes

I Just Want to Dance with You - Wikipedia I Just Want to Dance with You Jump to : navigation , search `` I Just Want To Dance With You '' Single by George Strait from the album One Step at a Time B - side `` Neon Row '' Released April 13 , 1998 Format CD Single Genre Country Length 3 : 27 Label MCA Nashville Songwriter ( s ) Roger Cook , John Prine Producer ( s ) Tony Brown , George Strait George Strait singles chronology `` Round About Way '' ( 1998 ) `` I Just Want To Dance With You '' ( 1998 ) `` True '' ( 1998 ) `` Round About Way '' ( 1998 ) `` I Just Want to Dance with You '' ( 1998 ) `` True '' ( 1998 ) `` I Just Want to Dance with You '' is a song written by John Prine and Roger Cook , and performed by American country music singer George Strait . It was released in April 1998 as the first single to his album , One Step at a Time , it is his 34th Number One single on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks ( now Hot Country Songs ) chart , and his 42nd Number One single when all major trade charts are counted . Prine recorded it 12 years earlier , for his 1986 album `` German Afternoons . '' It was also a hit for Daniel O'Donnell in 1992 , reaching 20 in the UK charts . Contents ( hide ) 1 Critical reception 2 Chart positions 2.1 Year - end charts 3 References Critical reception ( edit ) Billboard magazine reviewed the song favorably , calling it a `` tropical flavored li'l ditty , awash in delicate guitar work that is as tantalizing and refreshing as a summer breeze , '' and although the lyric was rather preschoolish , Strait 's crisp co-production with Tony Brown and his appealing vocal performance should help overcome that obstacle . Chart positions ( edit ) `` I Just Want to Dance with You '' debuted at number 38 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week of April 18 , 1998 . Chart ( 1998 ) Peak position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) US Billboard Hot 100 61 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1998 ) Position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 7 US Country Songs ( Billboard ) 7 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Billboard , April 18 , 1998 Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Country Tracks : Issue 3587 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . June 15 , 1998 . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` George Strait Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Jump up ^ `` George Strait Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' Billboard . Jump up ^ `` RPM Top 100 Country Tracks of 1998 '' . RPM . December 14 , 1998 . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 1998 : Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 1998 . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . Preceded by `` This Kiss '' by Faith Hill Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks number - one single June 6 - June 20 , 1998 Succeeded by `` If You See Him / If You See Her '' by Reba McEntire and Brooks & Dunn Preceded by `` I 'm from the Country '' by Tracy Byrd RPM Country Tracks number - one single June 15 , 1998 Succeeded by `` One of These Days '' by Tim McGraw ( hide ) George Strait 1990s singles Livin ' It Up `` Love Without End , Amen '' `` Drinking Champagne '' `` I 've Come to Expect It from You '' Chill of an Early Fall `` If I Know Me '' `` You Know Me Better Than That '' `` The Chill of an Early Fall '' `` Lovesick Blues '' Holding My Own `` Gone as a Girl Can Get '' `` So Much Like My Dad '' Pure Country `` I Cross My Heart '' `` Heartland '' `` When Did You Stop Loving Me '' Easy Come , Easy Go `` Easy Come , Easy Go '' `` I 'd Like to Have That One Back '' `` Lovebug '' `` The Man in Love with You '' Lead On `` The Big One '' `` You Ca n't Make a Heart Love Somebody '' `` Adalida '' `` Lead On '' Strait Out of the Box `` Check Yes or No '' `` I Know She Still Loves Me '' Blue Clear Sky `` Blue Clear Sky '' `` Carried Away '' `` I Can Still Make Cheyenne '' `` King of the Mountain '' Carrying Your Love with Me `` One Night at a Time '' `` Carrying Your Love with Me '' `` Today My World Slipped Away '' `` Round About Way '' One Step at a Time `` I Just Want to Dance with You '' `` True '' `` We Really Should n't Be Doing This '' Always Never the Same `` Meanwhile '' `` Write This Down '' `` What Do You Say to That '' This 1990s country song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Just_Want_to_Dance_with_You&oldid=622581090 '' Categories : 1998 singles George Strait songs Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles RPM Country Tracks number - one singles Songs written by Roger Cook ( songwriter ) Song recordings produced by Tony Brown ( record producer ) Songs written by John Prine MCA Nashville Records singles 1998 songs 1990s country song stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canadacountry Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2014 , at 09 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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who sang i just want to dance with you

`` I Just Want to Dance with You '' is a song written by John Prine and Roger Cook , and performed by American country music singer George Strait . It was released in April 1998 as the first single to his album , One Step at a Time , it is his 34th Number One single on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks ( now Hot Country Songs ) chart , and his 42nd Number One single when all major trade charts are counted . Prine recorded it 12 years earlier , for his 1986 album `` German Afternoons . ''

Mamma Mia ! ( Film ) - wikipedia Mamma Mia ! ( Film ) Mamma Mia ! Theatrical release poster Directed by Phyllida Lloyd Produced by Judy Craymer Gary Goetzman Screenplay by Catherine Johnson Based on Mamma Mia ! by Catherine Johnson Starring Meryl Streep Pierce Brosnan Colin Firth Stellan Skarsgård Julie Walters Dominic Cooper Amanda Seyfried Christine Baranski Music by Benny Andersson Björn Ulvaeus Cinematography Haris Zambarloukos Edited by Lesley Walker Production company Relativity Media Littlestar Productions Playtone Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date June 30 , 2008 ( 2008 - 06 - 30 ) ( Leicester Square ) July 10 , 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 10 ) ( United Kingdom ) July 17 , 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 17 ) ( Germany ) July 18 , 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 18 ) ( United States ) Running time 109 minutes Country Sweden United Kingdom United States Language English Budget $52 million Box office $615.7 million Mamma Mia ! ( promoted as Mamma Mia ! The Movie ) is a 2008 jukebox musical romantic comedy film based on the 1999 musical of the same name , based on the songs of successful pop group ABBA , with additional music composed by ABBA member Benny Andersson . An international co-production between Germany , the United Kingdom , and the United States , the film was directed by Phyllida Lloyd and distributed by Universal Pictures in partnership with Tom Hanks and Rita Wilson 's Playtone and Littlestar , and the title originates from ABBA 's 1975 chart - topper `` Mamma Mia '' . Meryl Streep plays the lead role of single mother Donna Sheridan . Pierce Brosnan , Colin Firth , and Stellan Skarsgård play the three possible fathers to Donna 's daughter , Sophie ( Amanda Seyfried ) . The film received mixed reviews from critics , but was widely acclaimed with audiences , grossing $615 million on a $52 million budget , becoming the fifth highest - grossing film of 2008 . A sequel , titled Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again , is scheduled for a July 20 , 2018 release in North America and the United Kingdom with most of the cast returning . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Musical numbers 4 Production 5 Release 5.1 Reception 5.2 Box office 6 Awards and nominations 7 Home media 8 Sequel 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Plot ( edit ) On the Greek island of Kalokairi , 20 - year - old bride - to - be Sophie Sheridan reveals to her bridesmaids , Ali and Lisa , that she has secretly invited three men to her wedding without telling her mother , Donna . They are the men that her mother 's diary reveals could have been her father : Irish - American architect Sam Carmichael , Swedish adventurer and writer Bill Anderson , and British banker Harry Bright . She dreams of being given away by her father at her wedding , and believes that after she spends time with them she will know which is her father . Sophie 's mother Donna , who owns a villa , is ecstatic to reunite with her former Dynamos bandmates , wisecracking author Rosie Mulligan and wealthy multiple divorcée Tanya Chesham - Leigh , and reveals her bafflement at her daughter 's desire to get married . Donna shows off the villa to Rosie and Tanya . The three men arrive and Sophie smuggles them to their room . She does n't reveal that she believes one of them is her father , but does explain that she and not her mother sent the invitations . She begs them to hide so Donna will be surprised by the old friends of whom she `` so often '' favorably speaks . They overhear Donna working and swear not to reveal Sophie 's secret . Donna spies them and is dumbfounded to find herself facing former lovers , demanding they leave . She confides in Tanya and Rosie that she truly does not know which of the three fathered Sophie . Tanya and Rosie rally her spirits by getting her to dance with an all female ensemble of staff and islanders . Sophie finds the men aboard Bill 's yacht , and they sail around Kalokairi , telling stories of Donna 's carefree youth . Sophie plans to tell her fiancé Sky about her ploy , but loses her nerve . Sky and Sophie sing to each other , but Sky is abducted for his bachelor party . At Sophie 's bachelorette party , Donna , Tanya , and Rosie perform . When Sam , Bill , and Harry arrive , Sophie decides to talk with each of them alone . While her girlfriends dance with the men , Sophie learns from Bill that Donna received the money for her villa from his great - aunt Sofia . Sophie guesses she must be Sofia 's namesake . She asks him to give her away and keep their secret until the wedding . Sophie 's happiness is short - lived as Sam and Harry each pull her aside to tell her they are her father and will give her away . Sophie , overwhelmed by the consequences of raising the hopes of all three `` fathers '' , faints . In the morning , Rosie and Tanya assure Donna they will take care of the men . Bill and Harry intend to tell each other what they learned the previous night , but Rosie interrupts them . Donna confronts Sophie , believing Sophie wants the wedding stopped . Sophie says that all she wants is to avoid her mother 's mistakes . Sam accosts Donna , concerned about Sophie getting married so young . Donna confronts him and they realize they still have feelings for each other . Tanya and young Pepper continue flirtations from the previous night . Sophie confesses to Sky and asks for his help . He reacts angrily to Sophie 's deception and she turns to her mother for support . As Donna helps her daughter dress for the wedding , their rift is healed and Donna reminisces about Sophie 's childhood . Donna admits her mother disowned her when she became pregnant . Sophie asks Donna to give her away . As the bridal party walks to the chapel , Sam intercepts Donna , who reveals the pain she felt over losing him . Sophie and Donna walk down the aisle as the band plays . Donna tells Sophie and all gathered that her father could be any of the three men . Sam reveals that while he left Donna to get married , he did not go through with it , but returned to find Donna with another man . The men do not want paternity confirmed , agreeing to be one - third of a father for Sophie . She tells Sky they should postpone their wedding and travel the world . Sam proposes to Donna . She accepts and they are married . At the reception , Sam sings to Donna and Rosie makes a play for Bill . The couples proclaim their love . Sophie and Sky sail away . Cast ( edit ) ABBA appeared together with the film 's cast in 2008 . Meryl Streep as Donna Sheridan , Sophie 's mother , owner of the hotel Villa Donna . Amanda Seyfried as Sophie Sheridan , Donna 's 20 - year - old daughter , Sky 's fiancée . Pierce Brosnan as Sam Carmichael , Sophie 's possible father and an Irish - American architect . Colin Firth as Harry Bright , Sophie 's possible father and a British banker . Stellan Skarsgård as Bill Anderson , Sophie 's possible father , a Swedish sailor and travel writer . Dominic Cooper as Sky , Sophie 's fiancé who is designing a website for the hotel . Julie Walters as Rosie Mulligan , one of Donna 's former bandmates in Donna and the Dynamos ; an unmarried fun - loving author . Christine Baranski as Tanya Chesham - Leigh , Donna 's other former bandmate ; a rich three - time divorcee . Philip Michael as Pepper , Sky 's best man who likes Tanya ; a bartender Juan Pablo Di Pace as Petros Ashley Lilley as Ali , close friend of Sophie and her bridesmaid . Rachel McDowall as Lisa , close friend of Sophie and her bridesmaid . Enzo Squillino as Gregoris , one of Donna 's employees . Niall Buggy as Father Alex , the wedding priest . Cameo appearances and Uncredited roles Benny Andersson as `` Dancing Queen '' piano player Björn Ulvaeus as Greek god Rita Wilson as Greek goddess Musical Numbers ( edit ) See also : Mamma Mia ! The Movie Soundtrack The following songs are included in the film , of which 18 ( including a hidden track ) are on the soundtrack album , and 3 are excluded : # Title Performed by Original album Notes `` I Have a Dream '' Sophie ( Amanda Seyfried ) Voulez - Vous ( 1979 ) `` Honey , Honey '' Sophie , Ali and Lisa ( Amanda Seyfried , Ashley Lilley and Rachel McDowall ) Waterloo ( 1974 ) `` Money , Money , Money '' Donna , Tanya and Rosie ( Meryl Streep , Christine Baranski and Julie Walters ) Arrival ( 1976 ) `` Mamma Mia '' Donna ( Meryl Streep ) ABBA ( 1975 ) 5 `` Chiquitita '' Rosie , Tanya and Donna ( Julie Walters , Christine Baranski and Meryl Streep ) Voulez - Vous ( 1979 ) 6 `` Dancing Queen '' Tanya , Rosie , Donna ( Christine Baranski , Julie Walters and Meryl Streep ) Arrival ( 1976 ) 7 `` Our Last Summer '' Harry , Bill , Sam , Sophie and Donna ( Colin Firth , Stellan Skarsgård , Pierce Brosnan , Amanda Seyfried and Meryl Streep ) Super Trouper ( 1980 ) 8 `` Lay All Your Love on Me '' Sky and Sophie ( Dominic Cooper and Amanda Seyfried ) Super Trouper ( 1980 ) 9 `` Super Trouper '' Donna , Tanya and Rosie ( Meryl Streep , Christine Baranski and Julie Walters ) Super Trouper ( 1980 ) 10 `` Gimme ! Gimme ! Gimme ! ( A Man After Midnight ) '' Sophie , Ali and Lisa ( Amanda Seyfried , Ashley Lilley and Rachel McDowall ) Greatest Hits Vol. 2 ( 1979 ) 11 `` Voulez - Vous '' Donna , Sam , Tanya , Rosie , Harry , Bill , Sky , Ali , Lisa and Pepper ( Meryl Streep , Pierce Brosnan , Christine Baranski , Julie Walters , Colin Firth , Stellan Skarsgård , Dominic Cooper , Ashley Lilley , Rachel McDowall and Philip Michael ) Voulez - Vous ( 1979 ) 12 `` The Name of the Game '' Sophie ( Amanda Seyfried ) ABBA : The Album ( 1977 ) Deleted scene 13 `` SOS '' Sam and Donna ( Pierce Brosnan and Meryl Streep ) ABBA ( 1975 ) 14 `` Does Your Mother Know '' Tanya and Pepper ( Christine Baranski and Philip Michael ) Voulez - Vous ( 1979 ) 15 `` Slipping Through My Fingers '' Donna and Sophie ( Meryl Streep and Amanda Seyfried ) The Visitors ( 1980 ) 16 `` The Winner Takes It All '' Donna ( Meryl Streep ) Super Trouper ( 1980 ) 17 `` I Do , I Do , I Do , I Do , I Do '' Sam and Donna ( Pierce Brosnan and Meryl Streep ) ABBA ( 1975 ) 18 `` When All Is Said and Done '' Sam and Donna ( Pierce Brosnan and Meryl Streep ) The Visitors ( 1980 ) 19 `` Take a Chance on Me '' Rosie , Bill , Tanya , Pepper and Harry ( Julie Walters , Stellan Skarsgård , Christine Baranski , Philip Michael and Colin Firth ) ABBA : The Album ( 1977 ) 20 `` Mamma Mia '' Cast ABBA ( 1975 ) Reprise 21 `` I Have a Dream '' Sophie ( Amanda Seyfried ) Voulez - Vous ( 1979 ) Reprise 22 `` Dancing Queen '' Tanya , Rosie , Donna ( Christine Baranski , Julie Walters and Meryl Streep ) Arrival ( 1976 ) Reprise 23 `` Waterloo '' Donna , Rosie , Tanya , Sam , Bill , Harry , Sky and Sophie ( Meryl Streep , Julie Walters , Christine Baranski , Pierce Brosnan , Stellan Skarsgård , Colin Firth , Dominic Cooper and Amanda Seyfried ) Waterloo ( 1974 ) 24 `` Thank You for the Music '' Sophie ( Amanda Seyfried ) ABBA : The Album ( 1977 ) End credits The Musical Director of the film was Grammy - Award winner Martin Lowe , a graduate of the University of Hull . Production ( edit ) The Agios Ioannis chapel during filming of the wedding scene for Mamma Mia ! . Most of the outdoor scenes were filmed on location at the small Greek island of Skopelos ( during August / September 2007 ) , and the seaside hamlet of Damouchari in the Pelion area of Greece . On Skopelos , Kastani beach on the south west coast was the film 's main location site . The producers built a beach bar and jetty along the beach , but removed both set pieces after production wrapped . A complete set for Donna 's Greek villa was built at the 007 stage at Pinewood Studios and most of the film was shot there . Real trees were utilised for the set , watered daily through an automated watering system and given access to daylight in order to keep them growing . The part of the film where Brosnan 's character , Sam , leaves his New York office to go to the Greek Island was actually filmed at the Lloyd 's Building on Lime Street in the City of London . He dashes down the escalators and through the porte - cochere , where yellow cabs and actors representing New York mounted police were used for authenticity . The movie was filmed in the Greek island of Skopelos The Fernando , Bill Anderson 's yacht ( actually a ketch ) in the film was the Tai - Mo - Shan built in 1934 by H.S. Rouse at the Hong Kong and Whampoa dockyards . Meryl Streep took opera singing lessons as a child , and as an adult , she previously sang in several films , including Postcards from the Edge , Silkwood , Death Becomes Her , and A Prairie Home Companion . She was a fan of the stage show Mamma Mia ! after seeing it on Broadway in September 2001 , when she found the show to be an affirmation of life in the midst of the destruction of 9 / 11 . Release ( edit ) Though the world premiere of the film occurred elsewhere , most of the media attention was focused on the Swedish premiere , where Anni - Frid Lyngstad and Agnetha Fältskog joined Björn Ulvaeus and Benny Andersson with the cast at the Rival Theatre in Mariatorget , Stockholm , owned by Andersson , on July 4 , 2008 . It was the first time all four members of ABBA had been photographed together since 1986 . Reception ( edit ) Pierce Brosnan 's singing was heavily panned by critics On Rotten Tomatoes the film holds an approval rating of 54 % based on 179 reviews , with an average rating of 5.5 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` This jukebox musical is full of fluffy fun but rough singing voices and a campy tone might not make you feel like ' You Can Dance ' the whole 90 minutes . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 51 out of 100 , based on 37 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale . The Times gave it four stars out of five , as did Channel 4 ( Britain ) which said it had `` all the swing and sparkle of sequined bell - bottoms . '' BBC Radio 5 Live 's film critic Mark Kermode admitted to enjoying the film , despite describing the experience as ' the closest you get to see A-List actors doing drunken karaoke ' . The Guardian was more negative , giving it one star , stating that the film gave the reviewer a `` need to vomit '' , while Bob Chipman of Escape to the Movies said it was `` so base , so shallow and so hinged on meaningless spectacle , it 's amazing it was n't made for men '' . The Daily Telegraph stated that it was enjoyable but poorly put together ( `` Finding the film a total shambles was sort of a shame , but I have a sneaking suspicion I 'll go to see it again anyway . '' ) , whereas Empire said it was `` cute , clean , camp fun , full of sunshine and toe tappers . '' The casting of actors not known for their singing abilities led to some mixed reviews . Variety stated that `` some stars , especially the bouncy and rejuvenated Streep , seem better suited for musical comedy than others , including Brosnan and Skarsgård . '' Brosnan , especially , was savaged by many critics : his singing was compared to `` a water buffalo '' ( New York Magazine ) , `` a donkey braying '' ( The Philadelphia Inquirer ) and `` a wounded raccoon '' ( The Miami Herald ) , and Matt Brunson of Creative Loafing Charlotte said he `` looks physically pained choking out the lyrics , as if he 's being subjected to a prostate exam just outside of the camera 's eye . '' Box office ( edit ) Mamma Mia ! grossed $144.1 million in the United States and $471.6 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $615.7 million , against a production budget of $52 million . It became the highest grossing live - action musical of all time , until it was surpassed by Bill Condon 's Beauty and the Beast in 2017 . It was also the highest - grossing movie directed by a woman , until it was surpassed by Patty Jenkins ' Wonder Woman in 2017 . It is the third highest - grossing film of 2008 internationally ( i.e. , outside North America ) with an international total of $458.4 million and the thirteenth highest gross of 2008 in North America ( the US and Canada ) with $144.1 million . In the United Kingdom , Mamma Mia ! has grossed £ 69.2 million as of January 23 , 2009 , and is the ninth highest - grossing film of all time at the UK box office . The film opened at # 1 in the U.K , taking £ 6.6 million on 496 screens . It managed to hold onto the top spot for 2 weeks , narrowly keeping Pixar 's WALL - E from reaching # 1 in its second week . When released on July 3 in Greece , the film grossed $1.6 million in its opening weekend , ranking # 1 at the Greek box office . The film made $9.6 million in its opening day in the United States and Canada , and $27.6 million in its opening weekend , ranking # 2 at the box office , behind The Dark Knight . At the time , it made Mamma Mia ! the record - holder for the highest grossing opening weekend for a movie based on a Broadway musical , surpassing Hairspray 's box office record in 2007 and later surpassed by Into the Woods . Awards and Nominations ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by Mamma Mia ! Golden Globe Awards Best Motion Picture : Comedy or Musical -- nominated Best Actress in a Motion Picture : Comedy or Musical ( Meryl Streep ) -- nominated BAFTA Awards Outstanding British Film -- nominated The Carl Foreman Award for Special Achievement by a British Director , Writer or Producer for their First Feature Film ( Judy Craymer ) -- nominated Outstanding Music ( Benny Andersson , Björn Ulvaeus ) -- nominated Golden Raspberry Awards Worst Supporting Actor ( Pierce Brosnan ) -- won Home media ( edit ) In November 2008 , Mamma Mia ! became the fastest - selling DVD of all time in the UK , according to Official UK Charts Company figures . It sold 1,669,084 copies on its first day of release , breaking the previous record ( held by Titanic ) by 560,000 copies . By the end of 2008 , the Official UK Charts Company declared that it had become the biggest selling DVD ever in the UK , with one in every four households owning a copy ( over 5 million copies sold ) . The record was previously held by Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl with sales of 4.7 million copies . In the United States , the DVD made over $30 million on its first day of release . By December 31 , 2008 , Mamma Mia ! became the best - selling DVD of all time in Sweden with 545,000 copies sold . Single - disc features Sing - along `` The Name of the Game '' deleted musical number Audio commentary with director Phyllida Lloyd The single - disc DVD released in Sweden on 26 November contains all of the following : Sing - along `` The Name of the Game '' deleted musical number Deleted scenes Outtakes The Making of Mamma Mia ! featurette Anatomy of a Musical Number : `` Lay All Your Love on Me '' Becoming a Singer featurette A look inside Mamma Mia ! featurette `` Gimme ! Gimme ! Gimme ! '' music video Björn Ulvaeus cameo Audio commentary with director Phyllida Lloyd German and English audio Subtitles in English , German , Danish , Dutch , Finnish , Norwegian , Swedish and Icelandic 2 - disc special edition The widescreen single - disc includes a bonus disc which includes : Limited time only digital copy Deleted scenes and outtakes The Making of Mamma Mia ! featurette Anatomy of a Musical Number : `` Lay All Your Love on Me '' Becoming a Singer featurette Behind the scenes with Amanda On Location in Greece featurette A Look Inside Mamma Mia ! featurette `` Gimme ! Gimme ! Gimme ! '' music video Björn Ulvaeus cameo Blu - ray exclusives Universal Pictures ' U-Control Behind the Hits ( details and trivia of the music while the musical performance plays ) Picture - in - picture ( access to cast and crew interviews and behind the scene while the movie plays ) Collector 's Edition with Exclusive Bonus Disc A bonus disc is included in a separate case and bundled with the movie , and includes : A Talented Trio : The Creators of Mamma Mia ! ( creator bios ) Christine Baranski and the Boys ( choreography of `` Does Your Mother Know ? '' ) Breaking Down `` Voulez - Vous '' ( choreography ) More of `` Gimme ! Gimme ! Gimme ! '' ( choreography ) Meryl 's Big Number ( choreography of `` Mamma Mia '' ) VH1 's 10 Most Excellent Things : Mamma Mia ! ( documentary clip ) Sequel ( edit ) Main article : Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Because of the film 's financial success , Hollywood studio chief David Linde , the co-chairman of Universal Studios told The Daily Mail that it would take a while , but there could be a sequel . He stated that he would be delighted if Judy Craymer , Catherine Johnson , Phyllida Lloyd , Benny Andersson , and Björn Ulvaeus agreed to the project , noting that there are still plenty of ABBA songs to use . Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again was announced on May 19 , 2017 , with a planned release date of July 20 , 2018 . It was written and directed by Ol Parker . On June 1 , 2017 , it was announced that Seyfried would be returning as Sophie . Later that month , Dominic Cooper confirmed in an interview that he would be returning for the sequel along with Streep , Firth and Brosnan . In July 2017 , Baranski was confirmed to return as Tanya . That same month , Lily James was confirmed to portray young Donna . Jeremy Irvine and Alexa Davies are also set to portray younger versions of Sam and Rosie , respectively . Julie Walters and Stellan Skarsgård will also return as Rosie and Bill . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Mamma Mia ! ( 2008 ) BFI '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved May 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mamma Mia ! ( 2008 ) '' . The Numbers . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Martin Lowe wins Grammy - University of Hull '' . www2.hull.ac.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter musical director honoured by Hull - University of Hull '' . www2.hull.ac.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Mansfield , Paul ( 2008 - 07 - 15 ) . `` Mamma Mia ! -- Unfazed by the fuss in Skopelos '' . London : The Telegraph . Retrieved May 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` FLAMIN - Page not found '' . 16 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 45 ' Teak Ketch 1933 . Yacht for sale from classic yacht broker in Poole '' . Sandeman Yacht brokerage Poole . Sandeman Yacht Company . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Tai - Mo - Shan '' . Coburg Yacht Brokers website . Coburg Yacht Brokers . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Hiscock , John ( 2008 - 07 - 04 ) . `` Meryl Streep the singing and dancing queen '' . London : The Telegraph . Retrieved May 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Meryl Streep , speaking on ' Abba : The Mamma Mia Story ' , ITV Jump up ^ Sandra Wejbro ( 2008 - 07 - 04 ) . `` ABBA återförenades på röda mattan ( Swedish ) '' . Aftonbladet . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Mamma Mia ! Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Mama Mia reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/film/article4245117.ece(registration required ) Jump up ^ `` Film4 - Film4 '' . Channel4.com. 2016 - 12 - 14 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Kermode Reviews Mamma Mia - BBC Radio 5 live '' . YouTube . 2008 - 07 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Peter Bradshaw . `` Mamma Mia ! Culture '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` MOVIEBOB : Mama Mia '' . YouTube . 2008 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Telegraph review '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 20 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Angie Errigo ( 2016 - 07 - 21 ) . `` Mamma Mia ! Review Movie - Empire '' . gb : Empireonline.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Jordan Mintzer ( 2008 - 07 - 05 ) . `` Mamma Mia ! '' . Variety . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Dark Knight - Mamma Mia ! - The Exiles - New York Magazine Movie Review '' . Nymag.com. 2008 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Rickey , Carrie ( 2008 - 07 - 17 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia , ' here we go again - this time on screen '' . Philly.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez , Rene . `` Mamma Mia ! ( PG - 13 ) * * Â1⁄2 Singing ! And dancing ! Not much of a story ! Who cares ! ? ! MiamiHerald.com '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Brunson , Matt ( 2008 - 07 - 23 ) . `` Out of tune Reviews Creative Loafing Charlotte '' . Charlotte.creativeloafing.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Williams , Trey ( 2017 - 06 - 24 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' passes ' Mamma Mia ! ' as highest - grossing film by female director '' . MarketWatch . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` UK all time top grossing films '' . 25thframe.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Greece Box Office Index '' . Box Office Mojo . June 10 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office Mojo '' . Box Office Mojo . July 19 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Michael Gioia , Vichet Chum ( December 30 , 2014 ) . `` '' Into the Woods '' Slides Into Second Place in Domestic Box - Office Totals , Beating `` Unbroken '' `` . Playbill . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 05 . As previously reported , the Rob Marshall - directed film has become the biggest launch of a Broadway adaptation since `` Mamma Mia ! '' ( $27.8 million ) . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Winners & Nominees 2008 Golden Globes '' . Hfpa.org . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Film Nominations in 2009 - Film - Awards - The BAFTA site '' . 2009 - 01 - 17 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 17 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Wilson , John ( 2009 ) . `` 29th Annual Golden Raspberry ( Razzie ) Award `` Winners '' `` . Home of the Golden Raspberry Award Foundation . Golden Raspberry Award Foundation . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Sutherland , Mark ( 2008 - 12 - 31 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ! ' breaks U.K. DVD record '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ BWW News Desk . `` MAMMA MIA ! DVD Takes In 30 Million In First Day Of Sales '' . Broadwayworld.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Nyheterna - tv4.se '' . nyheterna.se . Retrieved 20 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Updated : Mamma Mia ! Offers a Blu - ray First , Details Announced HDR TheHDRoom '' . Thehdroom.com. 2008 - 10 - 29 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Mamma Mia ! The Movie : Collector 's Edition with Exclusive Bonus Disc : Meryl Streep , Pierce Brosnan , Colin Firth , Stellan Skarsgà ¥ rd , Julie Walters , Dominic Cooper , Amanda Seyfried , Christine Baranski , Ashley Lilley , Rachel McDowall , Nancy Baldwin , Heather Emmanuel , Colin Davis , Ricardo Montez , Mia Soteriou , Enzo Squillino Jr. , Philip Michael , Chris Jarvis , George Georgiou , Hemi Yeroham , Phyllida Lloyd , Benny Andersson , Judy Craymer , Gary Goetzman , Tom Hanks , Mark Huffam , Bjà ¶ rn Ulvaeus , Rita Wilson : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Baz Bamigboye ( 2008 - 10 - 17 ) . `` Baz Bamigboye on a possible Mamma Mia sequel , Kate Winslet , Leonardo DiCaprio and much more '' . Mail Online . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Bryan Alexander ( 2017 - 05 - 19 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ' sequel ' Here We Go Again ' coming next summer '' . US Today . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ Anita Busch ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia : Here We Go Again ! ' On Universal Pictures ' 2018 Schedule '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Amanda Seyfried Set For ' Mamma Mia ! ' Reprise '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zach Seemayer ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Dominic Cooper Dishes on Returning for ' Mamma Mia 2 ' : It 's ' a Phone Call I 've Been Waiting For ' '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Amanda N'Duka ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Christine Baranski Returning For Universal 's ' Mamma Mia ! ' Sequel '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jenna Busch ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Mamma Mia Sequel Casts Baby Driver 's Lily James '' . Comingsoon.net . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ BWW News Desk ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` Jeremy Irvine and Alexa Davies Join Cast of MAMMA MIA Sequel '' . Broadway World . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spencer Perry ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Here We Go Again : Mamma Mia ! Sequel Begins Production '' . Comingsoon.net . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Louise FitzGerald , Melanie Williams : Mamma Mia ! The Movie : Exploring a Cultural Phenomenon . I.B. Tauris , 2013 , ISBN 9781848859425 External links ( edit ) Official website Mamma Mia ! on IMDb Mamma Mia ! at AllMovie Mamma Mia ! at Box Office Mojo Mamma Mia ! at Rotten Tomatoes Mamma Mia ! at Metacritic Mamma Mia ! production notes Agios Ioannis in Skopelos island - The chapel were the wedding scene was filmed hide ABBA Agnetha Fältskog Björn Ulvaeus Benny Andersson Anni - Frid Lyngstad Studio albums Ring Ring Waterloo ABBA Arrival ABBA : The Album Voulez - Vous Super Trouper The Visitors Compilations Greatest Hits Greatest Hits Vol. 2 Gracias Por La Música The Singles : The First Ten Years Thank You for the Music The Songbook -- Australian Chart Hits Gold : Greatest Hits Oro : Grandes Éxitos More ABBA Gold : More ABBA Hits Thank You for the Music ( box set ) Love Stories The Definitive Collection 18 Hits The Complete Studio Recordings Number Ones The Albums Live albums ABBA Live Live at Wembley Arena Tours and TV specials Eurovision Song Contest 1974 European & Australian Tour ABBA : The Tour Dick Cavett Meets ABBA Congratulations : 50 Years of the Eurovision Song Contest ABBA : Thank You for the Music , An All - Star Tribute Films and musicals ABBA : The Movie The Girl with the Golden Hair ABBAcadabra Mamma Mia ! Mamma Mia ! Original Cast Recording Mamma Mia ! ( film ) Mamma Mia ! The Movie Soundtrack Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Video games SingStar ABBA ABBA : You Can Dance Related articles Discography Awards and nominations Songs Unreleased songs `` Just Like That '' `` Thank ABBA for the Music '' ABBA : The Museum Music of Sweden List of ABBA tribute albums Related individuals Stig Anderson Ola Brunkert Rutger Gunnarsson Janne Schaffer Michael B. Tretow Lasse Hallström A-Teens Björn Again Linda Ulvaeus Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mamma_Mia!_(film)&oldid=850539605 '' Categories : 2008 films English - language films ABBA 2000s musical comedy films 2000s romantic comedy films 2000s romantic musical films American films American musical comedy films American romantic comedy films American romantic musical films British films British musical comedy films British romantic comedy films Directorial debut films Greek - language films Films about weddings Films based on musicals Films produced by Gary Goetzman Films set in Greece Films set in the Mediterranean Sea Films set on islands Films shot at Pinewood Studios Films shot in California Films shot in Greece Films shot in London Films shot in Morocco Jukebox musical films Universal Pictures films Hidden categories : Pages with login required references or sources CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 38 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 14 : 25 ( UTC ) . 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what are the dads names in mama mia

On the Greek island of Kalokairi , 20 - year - old bride - to - be Sophie Sheridan reveals to her bridesmaids , Ali and Lisa , that she has secretly invited three men to her wedding without telling her mother , Donna . They are the men that her mother 's diary reveals could have been her father : Irish - American architect Sam Carmichael , Swedish adventurer and writer Bill Anderson , and British banker Harry Bright . She dreams of being given away by her father at her wedding , and believes that after she spends time with them she will know which is her father .

Samsung Galaxy Core Prime - wikipedia Samsung Galaxy Core Prime Jump to : navigation , search Samsung Galaxy Core Prime on display Brand Samsung Galaxy Manufacturer Samsung Electronics Series Samsung Galaxy Core Model SM - G360H SM - G360BT SM - G360V Compatible networks ( GSM / GPRS / EDGE ) : 850 , 900 , 1800 , and 1900 MHz ; 3G ( HSPA 42.2 / 5.76 Mbit / s ) : HSDPA 850 / ‒ 900 / ‒ 1900 / ‒ 2100 MHz ; 4G LTE ( Cat4 150 / 50 Mbit / s ) : 700 , 800 , 850 , 900 , 1700 , 1800 , 1900 , 2100 , and 2600 MHz First released November 2014 ; 3 years ago ( 2014 - 11 ) Predecessor Samsung Galaxy Core II Type Touchscreen smartphone 130.8 mm ( 5.15 in ) H 67.9 mm ( 2.67 in ) W 8.8 mm ( 0.35 in ) D Weight 130 g ( 4.6 oz ) Operating system Android 4.4. 4 KitKat upgradable to Android Lollipop 5.0. 2 or 5.1. 1 System on chip Qualcomm Snapdragon MSM8916 410 Spreadtrum SC8830 ( SM - G360H ) CPU ARM - A7 1.2 GHz quad - core CPU ( SM - G360H ) GPU Adreno 306 Mali - 400MP ( SM - 360H ) Memory 1 GB RAM Storage 8 GB Removable storage microSD , microSDXC up to 128 GB Battery 2000 mAh Li - ion Data inputs Accelerometer Proximity sensor Display 4.5 in ( 110 mm ) 480 × 800 px ( 207 dpi ) Rear camera 5 Megapixel with LED flash Front camera 2 Megapixel Website Official Website The Samsung Galaxy Core Prime ( also known as the Galaxy Prevail LTE in Boost Mobile ) is an Android smartphone designed , developed , and marketed by Samsung Electronics . The Galaxy Core Prime features a 4.5 in ( 110 mm ) WVGA display , 4G LTE connectivity and Android Kitkat 4.4. 4 . Some variants can be upgraded to Lollipop 5.0. 2 or Lollipop 5.1. 1 . The 4G version of Samsung Galaxy Core Prime ( SM - 360FY / DS ) was launched on 2 June 2015 . In Brazil , Core Prime is marketed under the name Win 2 , a model optionally with Digital TV . Specifications ( edit ) Optional Dual SIM 4.5 '' 480 x 800 TFT display with 207dpi ( xdpi : 197 , ydpi : 192 ) Android OS version 4.4. 4 KitKat available to update to Lollipop 5.0. 2 or 5.1. 1 operating system with TouchWiz UI Quad - core 1.2 GHz Cortex - A53 processor Adreno 306 / Mali 400MP GPU 1 GB of RAM Snapdragon 410 chipset / Spreadtrum SC8830 8 GB built - in storage , microSD card slot ( up to 128 GB ) 5 MP camera with LED flash , 720p video recording , 2MP front - facing camera Cat . 4 LTE ( 150 / 50Mbit / s ) ; Wi - Fi b / g / n ; Bluetooth 4.0 ; NFC ; GPS ; microUSB , FM radio 2,000 mAh battery . See also ( edit ) Samsung Galaxy Core Samsung Galaxy Star 2 Plus Samsung smartphones by operating system Android Captivate Glide Droid Charge Exhibit 4G Galaxy Galaxy 3 Galaxy 5 Galaxy A A3 2016 2017 A5 2016 2017 A7 2016 2017 A8 2016 A9 A9 Pro Galaxy Ace Plus Galaxy Alpha Galaxy Beam i8520 i8530 Galaxy Core LTE Galaxy E E5 E7 Galaxy Express Galaxy Fame Galaxy Fit Galaxy Gio Galaxy J J1 2016 Mini J2 J5 2016 J7 2016 Galaxy Mini Galaxy Nexus Galaxy Pocket Duos Neo Galaxy Portal Galaxy Prevail Galaxy R Galaxy S ( Duos Duos 2 Duos 3 Plus Advance ) S II Plus S III Mini Relay 4G S4 Mini Active Zoom S5 Mini Active Sport S6 / S6 Edge / S6 Edge+ Active S7 / S7 Edge S8 / S8+ Galaxy Spica Galaxy Star Galaxy W ( Exhibit II 4G ) Galaxy Y ( Duos Pro Duos ) Galaxy Young Galaxy Grand Max Galaxy Win Galaxy Mega Galaxy Note ( Original II Neo Edge 5 7 8 ) Galaxy Round Infuse 4G Intercept Moment Nexus S Replenish Rugby Smart Transform T - Mobile Sidekick 4G Symbian iNNOV8 ( i8510 ) Omnia HD ( i8910 ) Windows Mobile Omnia Omnia II Omnia Lite Omnia Pro ( B7610 B7330 ) Windows Phone Focus Focus Flash Focus S Focus 2 Omnia 7 Omnia W Omnia M Ativ S Ativ Odyssey Ativ SE Tizen ZEQ 9000 Z1 Z2 Z3 Bada Wave II S8500 Wave II S8530 LiMo M1 Vodafone Palm OS SPH - i500 SPH - i300 Samsung phones by series A127 A167 A177 A300 ( Galaxy A3 ( 2015 ) ) A310 ( Galaxy A3 ( 2016 ) ) A320 ( Galaxy A3 ( 2017 ) ) A460 A500 ( Galaxy A5 ( 2015 ) ) A510 ( Galaxy A5 ( 2016 ) ) A520 ( Galaxy A5 ( 2017 ) ) A503 ( The Drift ) A640 A700 ( Galaxy A7 ( 2015 ) ) A710 ( Galaxy A7 ( 2016 ) ) A720 ( Galaxy A7 ( 2017 ) ) A767 ( Propel ) A800 ( Galaxy A8 ( 2015 ) ) A810 ( Galaxy A8 ( 2016 ) ) A877 ( Impression ) Galaxy A9 ( 2016 ) A940 B450 B5200 B5310 ( Genio Slide , Corby Pro ) B7330 ( Omnia Pro ) D500 D600 D807 D900 E250 E250i E715 E900 E1107 ( Crest Solar / Solar Guru ) E1120 E1170 E2130 ( Guru ) E3210 ( Hero ) F210 F480 ( Tocco ) F700 G350E ( Galaxy Star 2 ) G386F ( Galaxy Core LTE ) G388F ( Galaxy Xcover 3 ) G600 G750x ( Galaxy Mega 2 ) G800 G810 G800x ( Galaxy S5 Mini ) G850x ( Galaxy Alpha ) G890A ( Galaxy S6 Active ) G900x ( Galaxy S5 ) G920x ( Galaxy S6 ) G925x ( Galaxy S6 Edge ) G928x ( Galaxy S6 Edge+ ) G930x ( Galaxy S7 ) G935x ( Galaxy S7 Edge ) G1000 G7100 ( Galaxy Grand 2 ) G950x ( Galaxy S8 ) G955x ( Galaxy S8 Plus ) i300 ( Palm OS ) i300 ( Windows Mobile ) i330 i500 i550 i600 i607 ( BlackJack ) i617 ( BlackJack II ) i627 ( Propel Pro ) i637 ( Jack ) i667 ( Focus 2 ) i700 i760 i770 i847 ( Rugby Smart ) i900 ( Omnia ) i907 ( Epix ) i917 ( Focus ) i927 ( Captivate Glide ) i937 ( Focus S ) i997 ( Infuse 4G ) i5500 ( Galaxy 5 ) i5700 ( Galaxy Spica ) i5800 ( Galaxy 3 ) i7500 ( Galaxy ) i8000 ( Omnia II ) i8150 ( Galaxy W ) i8160 ( Galaxy Ace 2 ) i8190 ( Galaxy S3 mini ) i8520 ( Galaxy Beam i8520 ) i8530 ( Galaxy Beam ) i8550 ( Galaxy Win ) i8730 ( Galaxy Express ) i9000 ( Galaxy S ) i9001 ( Galaxy S Plus ) i9070 ( Galaxy S Advance ) i9080 / i9082 ( Galaxy Grand ) i9100 ( Galaxy S II ) i9105 ( Galaxy S II Plus ) i9250 ( Galaxy Nexus ) i9150 ( Galaxy Mega 5.8 ) i9190 / i9192 / i9195 ( Galaxy S4 Mini ) i9200 ( Galaxy Mega 6.3 ) i9295 ( Galaxy S4 Active ) i9300 / i9305 ( Galaxy S III ) i9500 / i9505 / i9506 ( Galaxy S4 ) J J J1 Ace Neo J2 J3 J5 J5 ( 2016 ) J7 J7 ( 2016 ) M100 M300 M310 M520 M540 ( Rant ) M550 ( Exclaim ) M620 ( Upstage ) M800 ( Instinct ) M810 ( Instinct S30 ) M900 ( Moment ) M910 ( Intercept ) M920 ( Transform ) M7500 ( Emporio Armani ) N270 N7000 ( Galaxy Note ) N7100 ( Galaxy Note II ) N9000 ( Galaxy Note 3 ) N7500 ( Galaxy Note 3 Neo ) N9100 ( Galaxy Note 4 ) N9200 ( Galaxy Note 5 ) N9300 ( Galaxy Note 7 ) N9500 ( Galaxy Note 8 ) P520 R810 ( Finesse ) S3650 ( Corby / Corby Classic ) S5230 ( Star ) S5280 ( Galaxy Star ) S5300 ( Galaxy Pocket ) S5310 / S5312 ( Galaxy Pocket Neo ) S5360 ( Galaxy Y ) S5570 ( Galaxy Mini ) S5660 ( Galaxy Gio ) S5670 ( Galaxy Fit ) S5690 ( Galaxy Xcover ) S5830 ( Galaxy Ace ) S6310 ( Galaxy Young ) S6500 ( Galaxy Mini 2 ) S6810 ( Galaxy Fame ) S7270 ( Galaxy Ace 3 ) S7500 ( Galaxy Ace Plus ) S7530 ( Omnia M ) S7560 ( Galaxy Trend ) S7560M ( Galaxy Ace II x ) S7562 ( Galaxy S Duos ) S7582 ( Galaxy S Duos 2 ) S7710 ( Galaxy Xcover 2 ) S8000 ( Jet ) S8300 ( UltraTOUCH ) S8500 ( Wave ) S8530 ( Wave II ) T100 T409 T459 ( Gravity ) T559 ( Comeback ) T639 T669 ( Gravity T ) T699 ( Galaxy S Relay 4G ) T729 ( Blast ) T749 ( Highlight ) T819 T919 ( Behold ) T939 ( Behold II ) U U450 ( Intensity ) U460 ( Intensity 2 ) U470 ( Juke ) U485 ( Intensity 3 ) U520 U600 U700 U740 ( Alias ) U750 ( Alias 2 / Zeal ) U800 ( Soul ) U940 ( Glyde ) U960 ( Rogue ) X X200 X480 X427m X820 Z Z1 Z2 Z3 Series / other Ativ Galaxy Gravity Minikit Omnia Rugby REX Google Nexus ( for Nexus S ) SGH for GSM Handset SCH for CDMA ( non-Sprint ) Handset SPH for CDMA ( Sprint ) Handset GT for Global Telecommunications SM for Samsung Mobile Android smartphones Acer beTouch E110 Liquid A1 Liquid E Liquid Metal Alcatel OT - 980 OT - 990 Asus PadFone ZenFone BlackBerry Priv DTEK50 DTEK60 KEYone Google Android Dev Phone Play editions Nexus One Galaxy 5 6 5X 6P Pixel Pixel 2 HTC Amaze 4G Aria ChaCha Desire Eye 620 HD X Z Dream Droid Incredible 4G LTE HTC Inspire Evo 4G Shift 4G Design 4G 3D 4G LTE Explorer Hero / Droid Eris Incredible S / Droid Incredible 2 J Butterfly / Droid DNA Legend Magic One series V X One One ( M8 ) One M9 One Mini One Mini 2 One Max HTC 10 Raider 4G Rezound Salsa Sensation T - Mobile US G1 myTouch 3G myTouch 3G Slide Desire Z myTouch 4G myTouch 4G Slide Tattoo ThunderBolt Wildfire Huawei T - Mobile Pulse IDEOS U8150 U8800 ( Ideos X5 ) Sonic ( U8650 ) Ascend Honor LG G series 2 Mini G3 Stylus Flex Pro 2 Pro Lite x Flex 2 5 6 GW620 Optimus Optimus 2X Optimus 3D Optimus 4X HD Optimus Black Optimus Chic Optimus G Optimus L9 Optimus LTE Optimus One Optimus Q Optimus Slider Optimus Vu II Optimus Vu Optimus Zip VS740 V series V10 V20 V30 Meizu M9 PRO 5 MX MX4 Pro 5 Misc . Amazon Fire Phone Canonical Ubuntu Edge Casio G'zOne Commando Dell Venue Essential Phone Garmin Nüvifone GeeksPhone One Intel AZ210 Karbonn a15 Kyocera Echo Lenovo LePhone / IdeaPhone Micromax Canvas A1 Nextbit Robin PepsiCo Pepsi P1 Vertu Ti Motorola Atrix 4G Backflip Charm Cliq XT Defy Devour Droid ( Milestone ) Droid Bionic Droid MAXX & Ultra Droid Mini Droid Pro / XPRT ( Milestone Plus ) Droid Razr Maxx HD Maxx HD Droid Turbo Droid X ( Milestone X ) X2 Flipout i1 Moto X 2013 2014 Style Play 2017 Moto G 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Moto E 2014 2015 2016 Moto Z Play Nokia Nokia 3 Nokia 5 Nokia 6 Nokia 7 Nokia 8 Nokia X Nokia X+ Nokia XL Nokia X2 Nokia XL 4G OnePlus One X 3T 5 5T Pantech Vega Racer Vega R3 Vega N ° 6 Vega Iron Razer Razer Phone Samsung Captivate Glide Galaxy Galaxy Spica Galaxy 3 Galaxy 5 Galaxy Ace Plus Galaxy A Alpha A3 2016 2017 A5 2016 2017 A7 2016 2017 A8 2016 A9 Pro Galaxy Beam Galaxy Core II LTE Galaxy Express Galaxy Express 2 Galaxy Fame Galaxy Fit Galaxy Gio Galaxy Mini Galaxy Mini 2 Galaxy Pocket Galaxy Pocket Plus Galaxy Pocket Neo Galaxy Round Galaxy S series Advance Duos Duos 2 Plus S 4G LTE II II Plus III III Mini 4 Mini 4 Active 5 5 Mini 5 Active 6 6 Active 7 8 Galaxy Star Galaxy W Galaxy Win Galaxy Y Galaxy Young Infuse 4G Transform Intercept Moment Sony Xperia series acro S C3 C4 Go Ion J miro sola SP tipo U V X XA XA Ultra XA1 XA1 Ultra X Performance X Compact XZ XZs XZ Premium Z ZL ZR Z1 Z1 Compact E1 Z2 Z3 E3 Z3 Compact Z3+ / Z4 E4 Z5 Z5 Compact Z5 Premium E5 Sony Ericsson Live with Walkman Xperia active Xperia arc Xperia acro Xperia mini Pro Xperia neo V Xperia Play Xperia pro Xperia ray Xperia X8 Xperia X10 Mini Mini Pro Xiaomi Mi 1 Mi 2 Mi 2A Mi 2S Mi 3 Mi 4 Mi 4i Mi 4c Mi 5 Max 1 MIX 1 Mi Note Pro Redmi Redmi 1S Redmi Note Redmi Note 2 Redmi Note 3 Redmi Note 4 ZTE Blade Racer Skate Engage Android tablets Other Android devices List of features in Android References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Samsung Galaxy Core Prime Getting lollipop update '' . Retrieved 12 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Firmware archive - SM - G360M '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` Firmware archive - SM - G360F '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` Samsung Galaxy Core Prime LTE SM - G360F Specs and features - Phone More '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Lestoc , Costea . `` Samsung Galaxy Core Prime Reaches Android 5.1. 1 Lollipop Update - Improvements and Features - Neurogadget '' . Neurogadget . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Firmware archive - SM - G360G '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` Firmware archive - SM - G361F '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung 's Galaxy Core Prime ( review ) '' . Retrieved 30 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung Galaxy Core Prime 4G launched in India '' . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung Galaxy Core Prime '' . GSMArena . Retrieved January 16 , 2016 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samsung_Galaxy_Core_Prime&oldid=795880497 '' Categories : Android ( operating system ) devices Samsung mobile phones Samsung Galaxy Mobile phones introduced in 2014 Touchscreen mobile phones Talk About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Français Português Edit links This page was last edited on 17 August 2017 , at 02 : 24 . About Wikipedia

when was the samsung galaxy core prime released

Samsung Galaxy Core Prime on display Brand Samsung Galaxy Manufacturer Samsung Electronics Series Samsung Galaxy Core Model SM - G360H SM - G360BT SM - G360V Compatible networks ( GSM / GPRS / EDGE ) : 850 , 900 , 1800 , and 1900 MHz ; 3G ( HSPA 42.2 / 5.76 Mbit / s ) : HSDPA 850 / ‒ 900 / ‒ 1900 / ‒ 2100 MHz ; 4G LTE ( Cat4 150 / 50 Mbit / s ) : 700 , 800 , 850 , 900 , 1700 , 1800 , 1900 , 2100 , and 2600 MHz First released November 2014 ; 3 years ago ( 2014 - 11 ) Predecessor Samsung Galaxy Core II Type Touchscreen smartphone 130.8 mm ( 5.15 in ) H 67.9 mm ( 2.67 in ) W 8.8 mm ( 0.35 in ) D Weight 130 g ( 4.6 oz ) Operating system Android 4.4. 4 KitKat upgradable to Android Lollipop 5.0. 2 or 5.1. 1 System on chip Qualcomm Snapdragon MSM8916 410 Spreadtrum SC8830 ( SM - G360H ) CPU ARM - A7 1.2 GHz quad - core CPU ( SM - G360H ) GPU Adreno 306 Mali - 400MP ( SM - 360H ) Memory 1 GB RAM Storage 8 GB Removable storage microSD , microSDXC up to 128 GB Battery 2000 mAh Li - ion Data inputs Accelerometer Proximity sensor Display 4.5 in ( 110 mm ) 480 × 800 px ( 207 dpi ) Rear camera 5 Megapixel with LED flash Front camera 2 Megapixel Website Official Website

Eclipse - wikipedia Eclipse Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Eclipse ( disambiguation ) and Total Eclipse ( disambiguation ) . Totality during the 1999 solar eclipse . Solar prominences can be seen along the limb ( in red ) as well as extensive coronal filaments . An eclipse is an astronomical event that occurs when an astronomical object is temporarily obscured , either by passing into the shadow of another body or by having another body pass between it and the viewer . This alignment of three celestial objects is known as a syzygy . Apart from syzygy , the term eclipse is also used when a spacecraft reaches a position where it can observe two celestial bodies so aligned . An eclipse is the result of either an occultation ( completely hidden ) or a transit ( partially hidden ) . The term eclipse is most often used to describe either a solar eclipse , when the Moon 's shadow crosses the Earth 's surface , or a lunar eclipse , when the Moon moves into the Earth 's shadow . However , it can also refer to such events beyond the Earth -- Moon system : for example , a planet moving into the shadow cast by one of its moons , a moon passing into the shadow cast by its host planet , or a moon passing into the shadow of another moon . A binary star system can also produce eclipses if the plane of the orbit of its constituent stars intersects the observer 's position . For the special cases of solar and lunar eclipses , these only happen during an `` eclipse season '' , the two times of each year when the plane of the Earth 's orbit around the Sun crosses with the plane of the Moon 's orbit around the Earth . The type of solar eclipse that happens during each season ( whether total , annular , hybrid , or partial ) depends on apparent sizes of the Sun and Moon . If the orbit of the Earth around the Sun , and the Moon 's orbit around the Earth were both in the same plane with each other , then eclipses would happen each and every month . There would be a lunar eclipse at every full moon , and a solar eclipse at every new moon . And if both orbits were perfectly circular , then each solar eclipse would be the same type every month . It is because of the non-planar and non-circular differences that eclipses are not a common event . Lunar eclipses can be viewed from the entire nightside half of the Earth . But solar eclipses , particularly a total eclipse , as occurring at any one particular point on the Earth 's surface , is a rare event that can span many decades from one to the next . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Umbra , penumbra and antumbra 3 Eclipse cycles 4 Earth -- Moon system 4.1 Solar eclipse 4.2 Lunar eclipse 4.3 Historical record 5 Other planets and dwarf planets 5.1 Gas giants 5.2 Mars 5.3 Pluto 5.4 Mercury and Venus 6 Eclipsing binaries 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Etymology ( edit ) The term is derived from the ancient Greek noun ἔκλειψις ( ékleipsis ) , which means `` the abandonment '' , `` the downfall '' , or `` the darkening of a heavenly body '' , which is derived from the verb ἐκλείπω ( ekleípō ) which means `` to abandon '' , `` to darken '' , or `` to cease to exist , '' a combination of prefix ἐκ - ( ek - ) , from preposition ἐκ ( ek ) , `` out , '' and of verb λείπω ( leípō ) , `` to be absent '' . Umbra , penumbra and antumbra ( edit ) Main article : Umbra , penumbra and antumbra Umbra , penumbra and antumbra cast by an opaque object occulting a larger light source For any two objects in space , a line can be extended from the first through the second . The latter object will block some amount of light being emitted by the former , creating a region of shadow around the axis of the line . Typically these objects are moving with respect to each other and their surroundings , so the resulting shadow will sweep through a region of space , only passing through any particular location in the region for a fixed interval of time . As viewed from such a location , this shadowing event is known as an eclipse . Typically the cross-section of the objects involved in an astronomical eclipse are roughly disk shaped . The region of an object 's shadow during an eclipse is divided into three parts : The umbra , within which the object completely covers the light source . For the Sun , this light source is the photosphere . The antumbra , extending beyond the tip of the umbra , within which the object is completely in front of the light source but too small to completely cover it . The penumbra , within which the object is only partially in front of the light source . Sun - moon configurations that produce a total ( A ) , annular ( B ) , and partial ( C ) solar eclipse A total eclipse occurs when the observer is within the umbra , an annular eclipse when the observer is within the antumbra , and a partial eclipse when the observer is within the penumbra . During a lunar eclipse only the umbra and penumbra are applicable . This is because Earth 's apparent diameter from the viewpoint of the Moon is nearly four times that of the Sun . The same terms may be used analogously in describing other eclipses , e.g. , the antumbra of Deimos crossing Mars , or Phobos entering Mars 's penumbra . The first contact occurs when the eclipsing object 's disc first starts to impinge on the light source ; second contact is when the disc moves completely within the light source ; third contact when it starts to move out of the light ; and fourth or last contact when it finally leaves the light source 's disc entirely . For spherical bodies , when the occulting object is smaller than the star , the length ( L ) of the umbra 's cone - shaped shadow is given by : L = r ⋅ R o R s − R o ( \ displaystyle L \ =\ ( \ frac ( r \ cdot R_ ( o ) ) ( R_ ( s ) - R_ ( o ) ) ) ) where R is the radius of the star , R is the occulting object 's radius , and r is the distance from the star to the occulting object . For Earth , on average L is equal to 1.384 × 10 km , which is much larger than the Moon 's semimajor axis of 3.844 × 10 km . Hence the umbral cone of the Earth can completely envelop the Moon during a lunar eclipse . If the occulting object has an atmosphere , however , some of the luminosity of the star can be refracted into the volume of the umbra . This occurs , for example , during an eclipse of the Moon by the Earth -- producing a faint , ruddy illumination of the Moon even at totality . On Earth , the shadow cast during an eclipse moves very approximately at 1 km per sec . This depends on the location of the shadow on the Earth and the angle in which it is moving . Eclipse cycles ( edit ) Main article : Eclipse cycle An eclipse cycle takes place when eclipses in a series are separated by a certain interval of time . This happens when the orbital motions of the bodies form repeating harmonic patterns . A particular instance is the saros , which results in a repetition of a solar or lunar eclipse every 6,585.3 days , or a little over 18 years . Because this is not a whole number of days , successive eclipses will be visible from different parts of the world . Earth -- Moon system ( edit ) A symbolic orbital diagram from the view of the Earth at the center , with the sun and moon projected upon the celestial sphere , showing the Moon 's two nodes where eclipses can occur . An eclipse involving the Sun , Earth , and Moon can occur only when they are nearly in a straight line , allowing one to be hidden behind another , viewed from the third . Because the orbital plane of the Moon is tilted with respect to the orbital plane of the Earth ( the ecliptic ) , eclipses can occur only when the Moon is close to the intersection of these two planes ( the nodes ) . The Sun , Earth and nodes are aligned twice a year ( during an eclipse season ) , and eclipses can occur during a period of about two months around these times . There can be from four to seven eclipses in a calendar year , which repeat according to various eclipse cycles , such as a saros . Between 1901 and 2100 there are the maximum of seven eclipses in : four ( penumbral ) lunar and three solar eclipses : 1908 , 2038 . four solar and three lunar eclipses : 1918 , 1973 , 2094 . five solar and two lunar eclipses : 1934 . Excluding penumbral lunar eclipses , there are a maximum of seven eclipses in : 1591 , 1656 , 1787 , 1805 , 1918 , 1935 , 1982 , and 2094 . Solar eclipse ( edit ) Main article : Solar eclipse The progression of a solar eclipse on August 1 , 2008 , viewed from Novosibirsk , Russia . The time between shots is three minutes . As observed from the Earth , a solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes in front of the Sun . The type of solar eclipse event depends on the distance of the Moon from the Earth during the event . A total solar eclipse occurs when the Earth intersects the umbra portion of the Moon 's shadow . When the umbra does not reach the surface of the Earth , the Sun is only partially occulted , resulting in an annular eclipse . Partial solar eclipses occur when the viewer is inside the penumbra . Each icon shows the view from the centre of its black spot , representing the moon ( not to scale ) The eclipse magnitude is the fraction of the Sun 's diameter that is covered by the Moon . For a total eclipse , this value is always greater than or equal to one . In both annular and total eclipses , the eclipse magnitude is the ratio of the angular sizes of the Moon to the Sun . Solar eclipses are relatively brief events that can only be viewed in totality along a relatively narrow track . Under the most favorable circumstances , a total solar eclipse can last for 7 minutes , 31 seconds , and can be viewed along a track that is up to 250 km wide . However , the region where a partial eclipse can be observed is much larger . The Moon 's umbra will advance eastward at a rate of 1,700 km / h , until it no longer intersects the Earth 's surface . Geometry of a total solar eclipse ( not to scale ) During a solar eclipse , the Moon can sometimes perfectly cover the Sun because its size is nearly the same as the Sun 's when viewed from the Earth . A total solar eclipse is in fact an occultation while an annular solar eclipse is a transit . When observed at points in space other than from the Earth 's surface , the Sun can be eclipsed by bodies other than the Moon . Two examples include when the crew of Apollo 12 observed the Earth to eclipse the Sun in 1969 and when the Cassini probe observed Saturn to eclipse the Sun in 2006 . Lunar eclipse ( edit ) Main article : Lunar eclipse The progression of a lunar eclipse from right to left . Totality is shown with the first two images . These required a longer exposure time to make the details visible . Lunar eclipses occur when the Moon passes through the Earth 's shadow . This happens only during a full moon , when the Moon is on the far side of the Earth from the Sun . Unlike a solar eclipse , an eclipse of the Moon can be observed from nearly an entire hemisphere . For this reason it is much more common to observe a lunar eclipse from a given location . A lunar eclipse lasts longer , taking several hours to complete , with totality itself usually averaging anywhere from about 30 minutes to over an hour . There are three types of lunar eclipses : penumbral , when the Moon crosses only the Earth 's penumbra ; partial , when the Moon crosses partially into the Earth 's umbra ; and total , when the Moon crosses entirely into the Earth 's umbra . Total lunar eclipses pass through all three phases . Even during a total lunar eclipse , however , the Moon is not completely dark . Sunlight refracted through the Earth 's atmosphere enters the umbra and provides a faint illumination . Much as in a sunset , the atmosphere tends to more strongly scatter light with shorter wavelengths , so the illumination of the Moon by refracted light has a red hue , thus the phrase ' Blood Moon ' is often found in descriptions of such lunar events as far back as eclipses are recorded . Historical record ( edit ) Records of solar eclipses have been kept since ancient times . Eclipse dates can be used for chronological dating of historical records . A Syrian clay tablet , in the Ugaritic language , records a solar eclipse which occurred on March 5 , 1223 B.C. , while Paul Griffin argues that a stone in Ireland records an eclipse on November 30 , 3340 B.C. Positing classical - era astronomers ' use of Babylonian eclipse records mostly from the 13th century BC provides a feasible and mathematically consistent explanation for the Greek finding all three lunar mean motions ( synodic , anomalistic , draconitic ) to a precision of about one part in a million or better . Chinese historical records of solar eclipses date back over 4,000 years and have been used to measure changes in the Earth 's rate of spin . By the 1600s , European astronomers were publishing books with diagrams explaining how lunar and solar eclipses occurred . In order to disseminate this information to a broader audience and decrease fear of the consequences of eclipses , booksellers printed broadsides explaining the event either using the science or via astrology . Other planets and dwarf planets ( edit ) Gas giants ( edit ) See also : Solar eclipses on Jupiter , Solar eclipses on Saturn , Solar eclipses on Uranus , and Solar eclipses on Neptune A picture of Jupiter and its moon Io taken by Hubble . The black spot is Io 's shadow . Saturn occults the Sun as seen from the Cassini -- Huygens space probe The gas giant planets ( Jupiter , Saturn , Uranus , and Neptune ) have many moons and thus frequently display eclipses . The most striking involve Jupiter , which has four large moons and a low axial tilt , making eclipses more frequent as these bodies pass through the shadow of the larger planet . Transits occur with equal frequency . It is common to see the larger moons casting circular shadows upon Jupiter 's cloudtops . The eclipses of the Galilean moons by Jupiter became accurately predictable once their orbital elements were known . During the 1670s , it was discovered that these events were occurring about 17 minutes later than expected when Jupiter was on the far side of the Sun . Ole Rømer deduced that the delay was caused by the time needed for light to travel from Jupiter to the Earth . This was used to produce the first estimate of the speed of light . On the other three gas giants , eclipses only occur at certain periods during the planet 's orbit , due to their higher inclination between the orbits of the moon and the orbital plane of the planet . The moon Titan , for example , has an orbital plane tilted about 1.6 ° to Saturn 's equatorial plane . But Saturn has an axial tilt of nearly 27 ° . The orbital plane of Titan only crosses the line of sight to the Sun at two points along Saturn 's orbit . As the orbital period of Saturn is 29.7 years , an eclipse is only possible about every 15 years . The timing of the Jovian satellite eclipses was also used to calculate an observer 's longitude upon the Earth . By knowing the expected time when an eclipse would be observed at a standard longitude ( such as Greenwich ) , the time difference could be computed by accurately observing the local time of the eclipse . The time difference gives the longitude of the observer because every hour of difference corresponded to 15 ° around the Earth 's equator . This technique was used , for example , by Giovanni D. Cassini in 1679 to re-map France . Mars ( edit ) Main article : Transit of Phobos from Mars Transit of Phobos from Mars , as seen by the Mars Opportunity rover ( 10 March 2004 ) . On Mars , only partial solar eclipses ( transits ) are possible , because neither of its moons is large enough , at their respective orbital radii , to cover the Sun 's disc as seen from the surface of the planet . Eclipses of the moons by Mars are not only possible , but commonplace , with hundreds occurring each Earth year . There are also rare occasions when Deimos is eclipsed by Phobos . Martian eclipses have been photographed from both the surface of Mars and from orbit . Pluto ( edit ) Main article : Solar eclipses on Pluto Pluto , with its proportionately largest moon Charon , is also the site of many eclipses . A series of such mutual eclipses occurred between 1985 and 1990 . These daily events led to the first accurate measurements of the physical parameters of both objects . Mercury and Venus ( edit ) Eclipses are impossible on Mercury and Venus , which have no moons . However , both have been observed to transit across the face of the Sun . There are on average 13 transits of Mercury each century . Transits of Venus occur in pairs separated by an interval of eight years , but each pair of events happen less than once a century . According to NASA , the next pair of transits will occur on December 10 , 2117 and December 8 , 2125 . Transits on Mercury are much more common . Eclipsing binaries ( edit ) A binary star system consists of two stars that orbit around their common centre of mass . The movements of both stars lie on a common orbital plane in space . When this plane is very closely aligned with the location of an observer , the stars can be seen to pass in front of each other . The result is a type of extrinsic variable star system called an eclipsing binary . The maximum luminosity of an eclipsing binary system is equal to the sum of the luminosity contributions from the individual stars . When one star passes in front of the other , the luminosity of the system is seen to decrease . The luminosity returns to normal once the two stars are no longer in alignment . The first eclipsing binary star system to be discovered was Algol , a star system in the constellation Perseus . Normally this star system has a visual magnitude of 2.1 . However , every 2.867 days the magnitude decreases to 3.4 for more than nine hours . This is caused by the passage of the dimmer member of the pair in front of the brighter star . The concept that an eclipsing body caused these luminosity variations was introduced by John Goodricke in 1783 . See also ( edit ) List of solar eclipses in the 21st century Mursili 's eclipse Transit of Venus References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Staff ( March 31 , 1981 ) . `` Science Watch : A Really Big Syzygy '' ( Press release ) . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 29 . Jump up ^ http://www.in.gr/dictionary/lookup.asp?Word=%E5%EA%EB%E5%DF%F0%F9+++&x=0&y=0 Jump up ^ http://www.lingvozone.com/main.jsp?action=translation&do=dictionary&language_id_from=23&language_id_to=8&word=%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%AF%CF%80%CF%89+&t.x=55&t.y=16 Jump up ^ https://translate.google.com/translate_t?prev=hp&hl=en&js=y&text=%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%AF%CF%80%CF%89&sl=el&tl=en&history_state0=&swap=1# ^ Jump up to : Westfall , John ; Sheehan , William ( 2014 ) , Celestial Shadows : Eclipses , Transits , and Occultations , Astrophysics and Space Science Library , 410 , Springer , pp. 1 − 5 , ISBN 1493915355 . Jump up ^ Espenak , Fred ( September 21 , 2007 ) . `` Glossary of Solar Eclipse Terms '' . NASA . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Green , Robin M. ( 1985 ) . Spherical Astronomy . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 31779 - 7 . Jump up ^ http://www.sciforums.com/threads/speed-of-eclipse-shadow.53722/ Jump up ^ Espenak , Fred ( July 12 , 2007 ) . `` Eclipses and the Saros '' . NASA . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 30 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ http://moonblink.info/Eclipse/lists/stats Jump up ^ http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/eclipse/eclipsecycles.htm Jump up ^ Hipschman , R. `` Solar Eclipse : Why Eclipses Happen '' . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ Zombeck , Martin V. ( 2006 ) . Handbook of Space Astronomy and Astrophysics ( Third ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 48 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 78242 - 2 . Jump up ^ Staff ( January 6 , 2006 ) . `` Solar and Lunar Eclipses '' . NOAA . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Tony ( February 13 , 2008 ) . `` Total Lunar Eclipse '' . NASA . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ Ancient Timekeepers , http://blog.world-mysteries.com/science/ancient-timekeepers-part-1-movements-of-the-earth/ Jump up ^ de Jong , T. ; van Soldt , W.H. ( 1989 ) . `` The earliest known solar eclipse record redated '' . Nature . 338 ( 6212 ) : 238 -- 240 . Bibcode : 1989Natur. 338 ... 238D . doi : 10.1038 / 338238a0 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Griffin , Paul ( 2002 ) . `` Confirmation of World 's Oldest Solar Eclipse Recorded in Stone '' . The Digital Universe . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ See DIO 16 p. 2 ( 2009 ) . Though those Greek and perhaps Babylonian astronomers who determined the three previously unsolved lunar motions were spread over more than four centuries ( 263 BC to 160 AD ) , the math - indicated early eclipse records are all from a much smaller span : the 13th century BC . The anciently attested Greek technique : use of eclipse cycles , automatically providing integral ratios , which is how all ancient astronomers ' lunar motions were expressed . Long - eclipse - cycle - based reconstructions precisely produce all of the 24 digits appearing in the three attested ancient motions just cited : 6247 synod = 6695 anom ( System A ) , 5458 synod = 5923 drac ( Hipparchos ) , 3277 synod = 3512 anom ( Planetary Hypotheses ) . By contrast , the System B motion , 251 synod = 269 anom ( Aristarchos ? ) , could have been determined without recourse to remote eclipse data , simply by using a few eclipse - pairs 4267 months apart . Jump up ^ `` Solar Eclipses in History and Mythology '' . Bibliotheca Alexandrina . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Girault , Simon ( 1592 ) . Globe dv monde contenant un bref traite du ciel & de la terra . Langres , France . p . Fol . 8V . Jump up ^ Hevelius , Johannes ( 1652 ) . Observatio Eclipseos Solaris Gedani . Danzig , Poland . Jump up ^ Stephanson , Bruce ; Bolt , Marvin ; Friedman , Anna Felicity ( 2000 ) . The Universe Unveiled : Instruments and Images through History . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . pp. 32 -- 33 . ISBN 052179143X . Jump up ^ `` Start eclipse of the Sun by Callisto from the center of Jupiter '' ( Observed at 00 : 28 UT ) . JPL Solar System Simulator. 3 June 2009 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 05 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Eclipse of the Sun by Titan from the center of Saturn '' ( Observed at 02 : 46 UT ) . JPL Solar System Simulator. 3 August 2009 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 05 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Brief Eclipse of the Sun by Miranda from the center of Uranus '' ( Observed at 19 : 58 UT ( JPL Horizons S-O-T = 0.0565 ) ) . JPL Solar System Simulator. 22 January 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 05 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Transit of the Sun by Nereid from the center of Neptune '' ( Observed at 20 : 19 UT ( JPL Horizons S-O-T = 0.0079 ) ) . JPL Solar System Simulator. 28 March 2006 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 05 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Roemer 's Hypothesis '' . MathPages . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Cassini , Giovanni D. ( 1694 ) . `` Monsieur Cassini His New and Exact Tables for the Eclipses of the First Satellite of Jupiter , Reduced to the Julian Stile , and Meridian of London '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society . 18 ( 207 - 214 ) : 237 -- 256 . JSTOR 102468 . doi : 10.1098 / rstl. 1694.0048 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Norman ( 1985 ) . Astronomy and the Imagination : A New Approach to Man 's Experience of the Stars . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 7102 - 0371 - 3 . Jump up ^ Buie , M.W. ; Polk , K.S. ( 1988 ) . `` Polarization of the Pluto - Charon System During a Satellite Eclipse '' . Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society . 20 : 806 . Bibcode : 1988BAAS ... 20 ... 806B . Jump up ^ Tholen , D.J. ; Buie , M.W. ; Binzel , R.P. ; Frueh , M.L. ( 1987 ) . `` Improved Orbital and Physical Parameters for the Pluto - Charon System '' . Science . 237 ( 4814 ) : 512 -- 514 . Bibcode : 1987Sci ... 237 ... 512T . PMID 17730324 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 237.4814. 512 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Espenak , Fred ( May 29 , 2007 ) . `` Planetary Transits Across the Sun '' . NASA . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` When will the next transits of Mercury and Venus occur during a total solar eclipse ? Total Solar Eclipse 2017 '' . eclipse2017.nasa.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Bruton , Dan . `` Eclipsing binary stars '' . Midnightkite Solutions . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 14 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Price , Aaron ( January 1999 ) . `` Variable Star Of The Month : Beta Persei ( Algol ) '' . AAVSO . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 05 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Goodricke , John ; Englefield , H.C. ( 1785 ) . `` Observations of a New Variable Star '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London . 75 : 153 -- 164 . Bibcode : 1785RSPT ... 75 ... 153G . doi : 10.1098 / rstl. 1785.0009 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eclipse . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Eclipse Look up eclipse in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Phobos Eclipsing Mars Observed by Curiosity Rover on YouTube A Catalogue of Eclipse Cycles Search 5,000 years of eclipses NASA eclipse home page International Astronomical Union 's Working Group on Solar Eclipses Mark 's eclipse chasing website Interactive eclipse maps site Image galleries The World at Night Eclipse Gallery Solar and Lunar Eclipse Image Gallery Williams College eclipse collection of images Prof. Druckmüller 's eclipse photography site Lunar eclipses Lists of lunar eclipses All Central total eclipses Total penumbral eclipses Historically significant Lunar eclipses by century 20th BCE 19th BCE 18th BCE 17th BCE 16th BCE 15th BCE 14th BCE 13th BCE 12th BCE 11th BCE 10th BCE 9th BCE 8th BCE 7th BCE 6th BCE 5th BCE 4th BCE 3rd BCE 2nd BCE 1st BCE 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th Lunar eclipses by Saros series 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 Partial eclipses 1950 -- 2049 1952 Feb 1952 Aug 1954 Jul 1955 Nov 1956 May 1958 May 1959 Mar 1961 Mar 1961 Aug 1963 Jul 1965 Jun 1970 Feb 1970 Aug 1972 Jul 1973 Dec 1974 Jun 1976 May 1977 Apr 1979 Mar 1981 Jul 1983 Jun 1988 Aug 1990 Aug 1991 Dec 1992 Jun 1994 May 1995 Apr 1997 Mar 1999 Jul 2001 Jul 2005 Oct 2006 Sep 2008 Aug 2009 Dec 2010 Jun 2012 Jun 2013 Apr 2017 Aug → 2019 Jul 2021 Nov 2023 Oct 2024 Sep 2026 Aug 2028 Jan 2028 Jul 2030 Jun 2034 Sep 2035 Aug 2037 Jul 2039 Jun 2039 Nov 2041 May 2041 Nov 2046 Jan 2046 Jul 2048 Jun Total eclipses 1950 -- 2049 1950 Apr 1950 Sep 1953 Jan 1953 Jul 1954 Jan 1956 Nov 1957 May 1957 Nov 1960 Mar 1960 Sep 1963 Dec 1964 Jun 1964 Dec 1967 Apr 1967 Oct 1968 Apr 1968 Oct 1971 Feb 1971 Aug 1972 Jan 1974 Nov 1975 May 1975 Nov 1978 Mar 1978 Sep 1979 Sep 1982 Jan 1982 Jul 1982 Dec 1985 May 1985 Oct 1986 Apr 1986 Oct 1989 Feb 1989 Aug 1990 Feb 1992 Dec 1993 Jun 1993 Nov 1996 Apr 1996 Sep 1997 Sep 2000 Jan 2000 Jul 2001 Jan 2003 May 2003 Nov 2004 May 2004 Oct 2007 Mar 2007 Aug 2008 Feb 2010 Dec 2011 Jun 2011 Dec 2014 Apr 2014 Oct 2015 Apr 2015 Sep → 2018 Jan 2018 Jul 2019 Jan 2021 May 2022 May 2022 Nov 2025 Mar 2025 Sep 2026 Mar 2028 Dec 2029 Jun 2029 Dec 2032 Apr 2032 Oct 2033 Apr 2033 Oct 2036 Feb 2036 Aug 2037 Jan 2040 May 2040 Nov 2043 Mar 2043 Sep 2044 Mar 2044 Sep 2047 Jan 2047 Jul 2048 Jan Penumbral eclipses Partial Previous penumbral : 2017 Feb 11 Next penumbral : → 2020 Jan 10 Total 1963 Jan 09 1981 Jan 20 1988 Mar 03 1999 Jan 31 2006 Mar 14 → 2042 May 05 2053 Aug 29 See also Danjon scale Gamma Book Category Commons Portal WikiProject → symbol denotes next eclipse in series Solar eclipses Lists of eclipses By century Antiquity 20th BC 19th BC 18th BC 17th BC 16th BC 15th BC 14th BC 13th BC 12th BC 11th BC 10th BC 9th BC 8th BC 7th BC 6th BC 5th BC 4th BC 3rd BC 2nd BC 1st BC 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th Saros series 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 Visibility Australia China Philippines Russia Ukraine United Kingdom United States Historical Mursili 's eclipse ( 1312 BC ) Assyrian eclipse ( 763 BC ) Eclipse of Thales ( 585 BC ) Total / hybrid eclipses → symbol denotes next total / hybrid eclipse 1560 Aug 21 1598 Mar 7 1652 Apr 8 1654 Aug 12 1673 Aug 12 1699 Sep 23 1715 May 3 1724 May 22 1766 Feb 9 1778 Jun 24 1780 Oct 27 1806 Jun 16 1816 Nov 19 1824 Jun 26 1842 Jul 8 1851 Jul 28 1853 Nov 30 1857 Mar 25 1858 Sep 7 1860 Jul 18 1865 Apr 25 1867 Aug 29 1868 Aug 18 1869 Aug 7 1870 Dec 22 1871 Dec 12 1874 Apr 16 1875 Apr 6 1878 Jul 29 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eclipses → symbol denotes next annular eclipse 1820 Sep 7 1854 May 26 1879 Jan 22 1889 Jun 28 1901 Nov 11 1903 Mar 29 1904 Mar 17 1905 Mar 6 1907 Jul 10 1908 Jun 28 1911 Oct 22 1914 Feb 25 1915 Feb 14 1915 Aug 10 1916 Jul 30 1917 Dec 14 1918 Dec 3 1919 Nov 22 1921 Apr 8 1922 Mar 28 1923 Mar 17 1925 Jul 20 1926 Jul 9 1927 Jan 3 1929 Nov 1 1932 Mar 7 1933 Feb 24 1933 Aug 21 1934 Aug 10 1935 Dec 25 1936 Dec 13 1937 Dec 2 1939 Apr 19 1940 Apr 7 1941 Mar 27 1943 Aug 1 1945 Jan 14 1947 Nov 12 1948 May 9 1950 Mar 18 1951 Mar 7 1951 Sep 1 1952 Aug 20 1954 Jan 5 1954 Dec 25 1955 Dec 14 1957 Apr 30 1958 Apr 19 1959 Apr 8 1961 Aug 11 1962 Jul 31 1963 Jan 25 1965 Nov 23 1966 May 20 1969 Mar 18 1969 Sep 11 1970 Aug 31 1972 Jan 16 1973 Jan 4 1973 Dec 24 1976 Apr 29 1977 Apr 18 1979 Aug 22 1980 Aug 10 1981 Feb 4 1983 Dec 4 1984 May 30 1987 Sep 23 1988 Sep 11 1990 Jan 26 1991 Jan 15 1992 Jan 4 1994 May 10 1995 Apr 29 1998 Aug 22 1999 Feb 16 2001 Dec 14 2002 Jun 10 2003 May 31 2005 Oct 3 2006 Sep 22 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Worst Cooks in America - Wikipedia Worst Cooks in America Jump to : navigation , search Worst Cooks in America Genre Reality television Cooking show Judges Anne Burrell ( season 1 -- present ) Beau MacMillan ( season 1 ) Robert Irvine ( season 2 ) Bobby Flay ( season 3 -- 5 ) Tyler Florence ( season 6 , 8 , 12 ) Rachael Ray ( season 7 , 9 -- 11 ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 11 No. of episodes 39 Production Executive producer ( s ) Bob Kirsh Nicola Moody Pip Wells Location ( s ) Los Angeles , California and New York City Running time 42 Minutes Production company ( s ) Optomen Productions , Inc . Release Original network Food Network Original release January 3 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 03 ) -- present Chronology Followed by Worst Bakers in America External links Production website Worst Cooks in America is an American reality television series that premiered on January 3 , 2010 , on the Food Network . The show takes 12 to 16 contestants ( referred to as `` recruits '' ) with very poor cooking skills through a culinary boot camp , to earn a cash prize of $25,000 and a Food Network cooking set . The recruits are trained on the various basic cooking techniques including : baking , knife skills , temperature , seasoning and preparation . The final challenge is to cook a restaurant quality three - course meal for three food critics . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Season 1 : 2010 2.1 Recruits 2.2 Contestant progress 3 Season 2 : 2011 3.1 Recruits 3.2 Contestant progress 3.3 Differences between seasons 1 and 2 4 Season 3 : 2012 4.1 Recruits 4.2 Contestant progress 5 Season 4 : 2013 5.1 Recruits 5.2 Contestant progress 6 Season 5 : 2014 6.1 Recruits 6.2 Contestant progress 7 Season 6 : 2015 7.1 Recruits 7.2 Contestant progress 8 Season 7 : Celebrity Edition 8.1 Recruits 8.2 Contestant progress 9 Season 8 : 2016 9.1 Recruits 9.2 Contestant progress 10 Season 9 : Celebrity Edition 2 10.1 Recruits 10.2 Contestant progress 11 Season 10 : 2017 11.1 Recruits 11.2 Contestant progress 12 Season 11 : Celebrity Edition 3 12.1 Recruits 12.2 Contestant progress 13 Season 12 : 2018 13.1 Recruits 14 References 15 External links History ( edit ) The show premiered on January 3 , 2010 . The show was initially hosted by chef Anne Burrell and chef Beau MacMillan in Season 1 . MacMillan was replaced by chef Robert Irvine on Season 2 , followed by chef Bobby Flay for Seasons 3 -- 5 . On November 20 , 2014 , a Food Network press release announced that chef Tyler Florence will be paired with chef Burrell to host Season 6 , to debut on January 4 , 2015 . Burrell was the winning instructor in seasons 1 , 2 , 3 , 6 , 7 and 8 with Flay winning in Seasons 4 -- 5 . Rachael Ray and Burrell hosted the Season 7 special celebrity edition , which premiered September 23 , 2015 . During the finale of Season 7 , a trailer previewing Season 8 was shown and was aired in January 2016 with the return of Tyler Florence . Season 1 : 2010 ( edit ) Chefs Beau MacMillan and Anne Burrell lead an intense culinary boot camp . They have six recruits each , and every week they must eliminate one recruit from each of their teams until there is only one from each team left . The final two create a three - course meal to fool a panel of restaurant critics into believing that the meal was created by the acclaimed chefs . Recruits ( edit ) Twelve chefs competed in the first season of Worst Cooks in America . Hometowns and occupations are available from the Food Network website . Chef Anne 's team was known as the Red Team and Chef Beau 's team was known as the Blue Team . Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Rachel Coleman 23 Brooklyn , New York Marketing Website editor Winner February 1 Jennifer `` Jenny '' Cross 21 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Waitress Runner - up February 1 Jennifer `` Jen '' Vecchio 38 Cumberland , Rhode Island Dance Studio Owner Eliminated January 31 Eddie Chang 32 Jersey City , New Jersey IT project manager Marque Hernandez 41 Brea , California Director of Clinical Operations Eliminated January 24 Rebecca Hooper 43 Sandy , Utah Salon Owner Sophia Gettys 27 Aurora , Colorado Stay - at - home Mom Eliminated January 17 Susie Shoman 53 Georgetown , South Carolina Grants administrator and entrepreneur Kelly Johnson 31 Scottsdale , Arizona Corporate litigation attorney Eliminated January 10 David Summey 29 Charlotte , North Carolina Salesman Wilhelmina Josephine 29 Aliso Viejo , California Insurance claims adjuster Eliminated January 3 Hamed Hamad 24 North Hollywood , California Journalist and fashion consultant Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 Rachel IN IN IN IN WIN BTM WIN WINNER Jenny * IN IN IN WIN IN BTM WIN RUNNER - UP Jen IN IN WIN IN WIN WIN OUT Eddie BTM WIN BTM BTM IN WIN OUT 5 Marque WIN WIN BTM BTM IN OUT 6 Rebecca WIN BTM IN WIN IN OUT 7 Sophia * IN IN IN OUT 8 Susie IN BTM IN OUT 9 Kelly IN OUT 10 David BTM OUT 11 Wilhelmina OUT 12 Hamed OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge and was considered the winner . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . * Initially a member of the other team but switched after Chef Beau won the bet on whose team member made the best crepes . Season 2 : 2011 ( edit ) Casting for season 2 of Worst Cooks in America was held at the LA Marriott Burbank Airport , Hotel & Convention Center on March 27 , 2010 . The Food Network also began accepting online video applications for season 2 . Food Network 's website announced that Robert Irvine would replace Beau MacMillan for season 2 . Season 2 debuted on January 2 , 2011 . In this season the chefs had eight recruits each . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Joshie Berger 36 Brooklyn , New York Attorney Winner February 20 Georgann `` Georg '' Coleman 38 Chicago , Illinois Speech pathologist Runner - up February 20 Carlos Manuel 28 Atlanta , Georgia Banker Eliminated February 13 Kelsey Milos 22 Kings , Illinois Hair stylist Kat Rose 37 Newnan , Georgia Stay - at - home mother Eliminated February 6 Tyrone `` Ty '' Miller 33 Trenton , New Jersey Property manager Jennifer `` Jen '' MacLean 43 Sparta , New Jersey Operating room nurse Eliminated January 30 Kelly Gray 32 New York , New York Aerobics instructor Erika Rumsey 27 Elgin , Illinois Account manager Eliminated January 23 Anna Altomari 44 Aliso Viejo , California RN Case manager Priscilla Harden 60 Sugar Land , Texas Retired teacher Eliminated January 16 Matt Crespi 24 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania PhD Student Anthony Scinto 32 Crestwood , Illinois Mechanical engineer Eliminated January 9 Jeff Longcor 25 Somerville , Massachusetts Environmental contractor Lina Yu 28 Arcadia , California Production manager Eliminated January 2 Eric Ricupero 34 Quincy , Massachusetts Bar owner Contestant progress ( edit ) Episode Rank Contestant 5 6 7 Joshie IN IN WIN WIN WIN 9th IN IN BTM BTM IN WINNER Georg IN WIN IN IN IN WIN IN WIN BTM WIN WIN RUNNER - UP Carlos IN IN WIN WIN IN 6th WIN WIN WIN WIN OUT Kelsey * WIN IN IN WIN BTM 2nd BTM IN WIN IN OUT 5 Kat * WIN IN BTM IN IN BTM BTM BTM OUT 6 Ty IN IN IN IN BTM 3rd IN BTM OUT 7 Jen IN BTM IN WIN IN 7th IN OUT 8 Kelly IN IN IN IN IN 5th WIN OUT 9 Erika BTM WIN IN WIN IN 8th OUT 10 Anna IN IN IN IN WIN 4th OUT 11 Priscilla IN IN BTM WIN OUT 12 Matt BTM IN WIN IN OUT 13 Anthony IN IN OUT 14 Jeff IN BTM OUT 15 Lina OUT 16 Eric OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge and was considered the winner . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . * Initially a member of the other team but switched after Chef Robert won the bet on whose team member made the best burgers . Differences between seasons 1 and 2 ( edit ) In the first episode , a group of selected novice cooks were to prepare a dish from scratch so the chefs would get an idea of how poor their skills were . After tasting all the items , the chefs took turns picking team members for their rival chef . The first season started off with 24 novice cooks but only the worst 12 were chosen for a team . In the second season , the first episode began with 16 amateurs and all took part for the remainder of that episode . In the penultimate episode of the season , the remaining four recruits learned and replicated a dessert . After this , in the first season , the recruits had to instruct a group of high school students how to replicate the dessert recipe . In the second one , the recruits were assigned the dessert to serve after both chefs , and a special guest enjoyed a main dish . After learning and replicating a dessert , the recruits had to prepare a meal for both chefs and a surprise guest , usually a spouse or other family member . The first season 's main dishes were an improved version of the recruits ' audition meal . The special guests in the second season got to choose what they wanted the students to make them . Two recruits remained in the final episode and had to prepare an appetizer , main dish , and dessert for a panel of three food critics . The critics in season 1 thought that the final meal was prepared by the chefs until after they sampled all the courses . In season 2 , the critics learned their meal was prepared by the recruits immediately after entering the restaurant . Season 3 : 2012 ( edit ) Anne Burrell and Bobby Flay hosted season 3 . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Kelli Powers 40 Los Angeles , California Stay - at - home mother Winner April 1 Vinnie Caligiuri 47 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Mortgage broker Runner - up April 1 Melissa Rhodes 28 Naples , Florida Nursing Student Eliminated March 25 David Shelton 26 Longview , Texas Unemployed Tiffany Michelle 27 Los Angeles , California Poker player and actress Eliminated March 18 Dorothy Strouhal 38 Cove , Texas Make - up artist Anthony Schiano 33 Massapequa , New York Mechanical engineer Eliminated March 11 Benjamin Dennis 37 Dallas , Texas Stay - at - home father Quit March 11 Sean `` Bennett '' Bennett 36 New York City Automotive Spokesperson Eliminated March 4 Sarina Weeraprajuk 31 West Covina , California Wedding photographer Erica Weidner 53 Long Beach , New York Court Reporter Student Eliminated February 26 Robert `` Bob '' Tamke 44 Massapequa Park , New York DJ Sherrill Moss - Solomon 55 New York , New York Fundraiser Eliminated February 19 Rachel Margolin 31 New York , New York Night Club Promoter Richard Chen 55 Queens , New York Attorney Eliminated February 12 Libby Floyd 46 Eden Prairie , Minnesota ShopNBC host Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 7 8 Kelli WIN IN IN IN IN IN BTM WIN BTM WIN WIN WIN WIN WINNER Vinnie IN WIN WIN IN IN IN WIN IN BTM IN WIN WIN WIN RUNNER - UP Melissa IN IN IN IN IN IN IN WIN WIN IN BTM IN OUT David IN IN IN BTM IN IN WIN WIN IN WIN BTM IN OUT 5 Tiffany WIN IN IN WIN IN BTM BTM IN BTM IN OUT 6 Dorothy IN IN WIN IN BTM WIN IN WIN WIN WIN OUT 7 Anthony IN IN IN IN IN IN IN WIN OUT 8 Benjamin IN IN IN IN WIN WIN IN IN QUIT 9 Bennett IN IN BTM BTM WIN BTM OUT 10 Sarina BTM IN IN IN BTM IN OUT 11 Erica IN IN BTM IN OUT 12 Bob IN WIN IN IN OUT 13 Sherrill IN BTM OUT 14 Rachel BTM BTM OUT 15 Richard OUT 16 Libby OUT ^ Note 1 : In Episode 3 , Team Bobby ( blue team ) won the first challenge , he therefore got to choose one person from Team Anne ( red team ) to go to his team , and then choose one person from his team to go to the other team . He chose David to go to Team Anne 's team and chose Melissa from Team Anne 's team to join his team . Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge and was considered the winner . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition ( QUIT ) The contestant volunteered to quit Season 4 : 2013 ( edit ) Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Alina Bolshakova 28 Riga , Latvia Caretaker / Actress Winner March 31 Rasheeda Brown 30 Germantown , Maryland Correctional Officer Runner - up March 31 Chet Pourciau 40 New Orleans , Louisiana Interior Designer Eliminated March 24 Suzanne `` Sue '' Mangogna 42 Northport , New York Single Mother Carla Johnson 47 Long Beach , California Alcohol & Drug Counselor Eliminated March 17 Michael Haydin 25 Rye Brook , New York Accountant Carrie Lee Riggins 32 Carmel , New York Ballerina / Actress Eliminated March 10 Crystal Lonneberg 30 Weehawken , New Jersey Actress / Artist Aadip Desai 36 Sacramento , California Writer / Musician Eliminated March 3 Alex Stein 26 Dallas , Texas Bail Bondsman Michael `` Big Mike '' Paul 24 Thomson , Georgia Woodworker Eliminated February 24 Robert `` Dr. Bob '' Schaefer 58 Pleasant Hill , California Chiropractor Tim Burger 42 Novi , Michigan Former Marine Eliminated February 17 Diana De Rosa 62 Huntington , New York Photographer Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 7 Alina BTM WIN WIN IN IN IN WIN WIN WIN IN WIN WINNER Rasheeda IN IN BTM IN IN WIN WIN WIN BTM WIN WIN RUNNER - UP Chet WIN IN IN IN WIN WIN IN WIN BTM IN OUT Sue IN IN WIN BTM BTM IN BTM IN WIN WIN OUT 5 Carla IN IN BTM WIN IN BTM BTM WIN OUT 6 Michael WIN IN IN BTM WIN IN BTM IN OUT 7 Carrie Lee IN IN IN BTM BTM IN OUT 8 Crystal IN WIN IN IN IN BTM OUT 9 Aadip IN IN IN IN OUT 10 Alex IN IN IN IN OUT 11 Mike IN BTM OUT 12 Bob BTM BTM OUT 13 Tim OUT 14 Diana OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge and was considered the winner . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . Season 5 : 2014 ( edit ) Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Amber Brauner 37 Redlands , California Tattoo Artist Winner March 31 Jamie Thomas 41 New York , New York Flight Attendant Runner - up March 31 Daniel `` Danny '' Beyda 43 Long Island , New York Radiologist Eliminated March 24 Mike Glazer 30 Chicago , Illinois Writer Carie Pullano - Keller 34 Chester , Virginia Promotional Model Eliminated March 17 Stephanie St. Aubin 26 Washington , DC Secretary Danielle Ruiz - Wiley 25 Staten Island , New York Stay at Home Mom Eliminated March 10 Carol Holder 64 New York , New York Real Estate Broker Joe Slaughter 28 Los Angeles , California Actor / Dancer Eliminated March 3 Ken Hsu 29 Seattle , Washington Personal Trainer Lance Green 31 New York , New York Music Producer Eliminated February 24 Benjamin `` Benji '' Hunter Brown III 29 Nashville , Tennessee Live Music Booking Agent Muneerah Warner 33 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Abstinence Advisor Eliminated February 16 Casey Pentony 26 Hollywood , California Nurse Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 7 Amber WIN IN IN IN WIN WIN BTM IN WIN IN WIN WINNER Jamie WIN IN WIN BTM IN IN WIN WIN WIN WIN WIN RUNNER - UP Danny IN IN BTM IN IN WIN WIN WIN BTM IN OUT Mike IN IN IN WIN WIN IN IN IN BTM WIN OUT 5 Carie IN IN IN IN IN IN BTM IN OUT 6 Stephanie IN IN BTM IN IN WIN IN IN OUT 7 Danielle IN WIN IN IN BTM WIN OUT 8 Carol IN WIN IN BTM BTM IN OUT 9 Joe IN IN WIN WIN OUT 10 Ken IN IN IN IN OUT 11 Lance BTM IN OUT 12 Benji BTM IN OUT 13 Muneerah OUT 14 Casey OUT ^ Note 1 : In Episode 3 Team Anne ( red team ) won the first challenge , she therefore got to choose one person from Team Bobby ( blue team ) to go to her team , and then chose one person from her team to go to the other team . She chose Stephanie to go to Team Bobby 's team and chose Carie from Team Bobby 's team to join her team . Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge and was considered the winner . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . ( IN ) The contestant get switched by the host to the other team . Ex : A member of the red team goes to the blue team , and a member of the blue team goes to the red team . Season 6 : 2015 ( edit ) Tyler Florence joins Anne Burrell to host seasons 6 , replacing Bobby Flay after 3 seasons . The season premiered on January 4 , 2015 to 2,123,000 viewers . The second episode was lower at 1,456,000 viewers , with the third episode rising to 1,732,000 viewers and the fourth episode reached 1,689,000 viewers . the 5th episode reached 1,634,000 viewers . The sixth episode received 1.55 million viewers . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Kristen Redmond 25 Austin , Texas Singer / Songwriter Winner February 15 Genique Freeman 33 Fayetteville , North Carolina Esthetician Runner - up February 15 Leopold `` Leo '' Nunan 36 Rio de Janeiro , Brazil Performance Artist Eliminated February 8 Sarah Bettendorf 33 Los Angeles , California Art Teacher Norman Wilson 46 Detroit , Michigan Executive Protection Eliminated February 1 Sharif Dean 27 Los Angeles , California Personal Trainer David Eric Rosenberg 51 Las Vegas , Nevada Theatre Usher Eliminated January 25 Kortni Montgomery 25 New Orleans , Louisiana Customer Service Rep Michael `` Six '' Muldoon 25 Queens , New York Magician Eliminated January 18 Mike Kennedy 45 Scottsdale , Arizona Private Investigator Stephanie Streisand * 25 Los Angeles , California Writer Withdrew January 11 Susie Babin 61 Bush , Louisiana Retired Eliminated January 11 Jason Dixon 30 Chicago , Illinois Artist Eliminated January 5 Christina Oster 38 Zion , Illinois Single Mom Contestant Stephanie Streisand was deemed too ill to continue on January 11 Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 7 Kristen IN WIN WIN IN IN WIN BTM IN WIN WIN WIN WINNER Genique IN IN WIN IN IN WIN IN IN WIN WIN WIN RUNNER - UP Leo IN IN IN IN IN IN WIN IN BTM WIN OUT Sarah WIN IN IN BTM BTM IN WIN WIN BTM WIN OUT 5 Norman WIN IN IN IN BTM IN IN WIN OUT 6 Sharif IN WIN BTM WIN IN IN BTM IN OUT 7 David BTM IN BTM IN WIN BTM OUT 8 Kortni BTM IN BTM BTM WIN BTM OUT 9 Six IN IN IN IN OUT 10 Mike IN BTM IN IN OUT 11 Stephanie IN IN WDR 12 Susie IN BTM OUT 13 Jason OUT 14 Christina OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill and was considered the winner . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . ( WDR ) The contestant withdrew from the competition due to illness . Season 7 : celebrity edition ( edit ) Rachael Ray joins Anne Burrell to host season 7 . The winner earns a $50,000 donation for their chosen charity . Because this season had only 7 total recruits , each team 's worst recruit from that week 's Main Dish challenge competed head to head in a quickfire elimination challenge instead of eliminating both recruits each week . This challenge involved more basic cooking techniques ( e.g. knife skills ) and the winner would be decided by a blind judging from both Anne and Rachael . The winning recruit stayed in the competition while the losing recruit was eliminated . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Occupation Status Jenni `` JWoww '' Farley 29 Reality Television Star Winner October 28 Kendra Wilkinson 30 Former Playboy Model & Television Personality Runner - up October 28 Ellen Cleghorne 49 Saturday Night Live Actress Eliminated October 21 Barry Williams 60 The Brady Bunch Actor Eliminated October 14 Chris Soules 33 The Bachelor Star Eliminated October 7 Jaleel White 38 Actor & Television Host Eliminated September 30 Dean Cain 48 Television Actor Eliminated September 23 Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 Jenni IN WIN IN WIN WIN WINNER Kendra IN WIN BTM WIN BTM RUNNER - UP Ellen WIN IN WIN BTM OUT Barry BTM BTM WIN OUT 5 Chris WIN IN OUT 6 Jaleel IN OUT 7 Dean OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill and was considered the winner . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . Season 8 : 2016 ( edit ) Tyler Florence joins Anne Burrell to host season 8 . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Nick Slater 24 Rancho Cucamonga , California Construction Worker Winner February 14 Lawrence Crawford 26 Deptford , New Jersey Army Combat Medic Runner - up February 14 Ginny Meerman 50 Millersville , Maryland Project Supervisor Eliminated February 7 Taylor Hooper 24 Boston , Massachusetts Marine Veteran Holgie Forrester 66 Twentynine Palms , California Retired / Actress Eliminated January 31 Chanda Hvard 36 Chicago , Illinois Real Estate Agent Donna Koen 60 Newburyport , Massachusetts Lunch Lady & Hairdresser Eliminated January 24 Rachel Thomas 27 Tampa , Florida Stay - at - Home Wife Ernie Adkins 44 Mardela Springs , Maryland Truck driver Eliminated January 17 Glenda Galeano 40 Miami , Florida Event Coordinator / Actress Ty Snow 39 Pasadena , California Special Education Teacher Eliminated January 10 Cindy Nguyen 28 Las Vegas , Nevada Bartender David Fouts 42 Wales , Wisconsin Senior Project Manager Eliminated January 4 Jeni Erdman 51 Dousman , Wisconsin Group Tour Coordinator Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 7 Nick WIN WIN IN IN IN IN IN IN TIE WIN WINNER Lawrence IN IN IN IN IN IN WIN IN BTM WIN RUNNER - UP Ginny WIN BTM WIN IN BTM TIE IN WIN WIN OUT Taylor IN IN IN IN BTM IN WIN WIN TIE OUT 5 Holgie IN WIN IN IN IN TIE BTM IN OUT 6 Chanda BTM IN IN IN WIN WIN BTM IN OUT 7 Donna IN BTM WIN IN IN BTM OUT 8 Rachel BTM IN BTM WIN WIN BTM OUT 9 Ernie IN BTM IN IN OUT 10 Glenda IN BTM BTM IN OUT 11 Ty IN IN OUT 12 Cindy IN IN OUT 13 David OUT 14 Jeni OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill and was considered the winner . ( TIE ) The contestant tied with another contestant as the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . Season 9 : celebrity edition 2 ( edit ) Rachael Ray returns with Anne Burrell to host season 2 of the Celebrity Edition . The winner earns a $50,000 donation for their chosen charity . The season premiered on September 14 , 2016 to 1,185,000 viewers . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Occupation Status Loni Love 44 The Real Co-Host & Comedian Winner November 2 Nicole Sullivan 46 Former MadTV Star , Comedian , & Actress Runner - up November 2 John Henson 49 Former Talk Soup & Wipeout host Eliminated October 26 Mike Situation Sorrentino 34 Reality Television Personality Matt Dallas 33 Television Actor & YouTube Personality Eliminated October 19 Mindy Cohn 50 The Facts of Life & Scooby - Doo Actress Eliminated October 12 Tommy Davidson 52 Comedian & Actor Eliminated September 28 Barbara Eden 85 Film & Television Actress ( I Dream of Jeannie & Harper Valley P.T.A. ) Eliminated September 21 Kenya Moore 45 Miss USA 1993 & The Real Housewives of Atlanta Star Eliminated September 14 Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 7 8 Loni IN IN TIE IN WIN IN IN WINNER Nicole IN WIN IN BTM WIN IN IN RUNNER - UP WIN WIN BTM WIN IN BTM OUT Mike IN BTM WIN WIN IN WIN OUT 5 Matt WIN IN IN IN BTM OUT 6 Mindy IN IN TIE BTM OUT 7 Tommy IN IN OUT 8 Barbara BTM OUT 9 Kenya OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill and was considered the winner . ( TIE ) The contestant tied with another contestant as the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . Season 10 : 2017 ( edit ) Rachael Ray joins Anne Burrell to host season 10 . The season premiered on January 1 , 2017 . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Daniel Mar 35 Burbank , California Photographer Winner March 5 Ann Odogwu 34 Houston , Texas Flight Attendant Runner - Up March 5 Laura Docker 36 Fort Worth , Texas Lawyer Eliminated February 26 Mandy Thornton 24 Hanover , Massachusetts Medical Assistant Adam Cooke 32 Rancho Cucamonga , California Auto Mechanic Eliminated February 19 Brittany Lenore 27 Chicago , Illinois Spiritual Speaker Jeff West 36 Douglassville , Pennsylvania Vending Machine President Eliminated February 12 Kayla Kurtz 27 Kent , Ohio Stay - at - Home Mom Eliminated January 29 Maria Marcello 40 Torrance , California Stay - at - Home Mom Matt Josephs 35 Richmond , Virginia Sports Radio Producer Eliminated January 22 Jake Michaels 21 Manteno , Illinois Model & Singer Eliminated January 15 Jetta Linda Ostrofsky 66 Sacramento , California Retired Stephen Hawkins 67 Temecula , California Retired Eliminated January 8 Buffy Mykkanen 29 Portland , Oregon Tech Support Cedrick Miller 22 El Paso , Texas Cashier Eliminated January 1 Lester Turchin 65 Fort Lauderdale , Florida Retired Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 7 8 9 10 Daniel IN IN WIN BTM BTM IN IN IN WIN IN IN IN WINNER Ann WIN IN IN WIN BTM BTM IN BTM IN SAVE IN IN RUNNER - UP Mandy IN IN IN TIE IN WIN WIN BTM IN BTM IN OUT Laura IN WIN IN IN IN WIN IN BTM WIN WIN IN OUT 5 Brittany WIN IN IN TIE WIN IN IN BTM IN WIN OUT 6 Adam IN IN BTM BTM IN IN IN WIN IN IN OUT 7 Jeff IN WIN IN IN IN BTM IN WIN IN OUT 8 Maria IN IN WIN IN WIN OUT 9 Kayla IN IN IN TIE SAVE OUT 10 Matt IN IN IN IN OUT 11 Jetta IN IN BTM OUT 12 Jake BTM IN IN OUT 13 Stephen BTM IN OUT 14 Buffy IN IN OUT 15 Cedrick OUT 16 Lester OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill and was considered the winner . ( TIE ) The contestant tied with another contestant as the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . ( SAVE ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge but was saved by their respective team mentor . In Episode 6 , Both Chef Anne and Chef Rachael decided not to send anyone from their teams home . Season 11 : celebrity edition 3 ( edit ) Rachael Ray returns with Anne Burrell to host season 3 of the Celebrity Edition . The season premiered on August 23 , 2017 Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Occupation Status Perez Hilton 39 Gossip Blogger Winner October 11 Melissa Peterman 46 Actress & Comedienne Runner - up October 11 Nora Dunn 65 Actress & Comedienne Eliminated October 4 Vivica A. Fox 53 Actress Eliminated October 4 Sean Lowe 33 Reality Star Eliminated September 27 Carmen Electra 45 Model & Actress Withdrew September 13 due to injuries Carson Kressley 47 TV Personality Eliminated September 6 Erik Estrada 68 Star of CHiPs Eliminated August 30 Note : Vivica was originally eliminated on September 20 . In Episode 7 , airing on October 4 , both Vivica and Sean returned to the competition for a redemption skill drill . Vivica won the drill , re-entered the competition and was then eliminated following the main challenge . Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 7 8 Perez IN IN IN IN IN WIN IN IN IN IN IN IN WIN WINNER Melissa IN WIN IN WIN WIN IN SAVE IN BTM IN IN IN WIN RUNNER - UP Nora SAVE TIE IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN BTM IN OUT Vivica IN IN IN IN WIN TIE SAVE IN OUT RTN OUT 5 Sean IN IN IN IN BTM TIE IN IN IN IN OUT 6 Carmen BTM IN BTM WIN IN WDR 7 Carson IN TIE WIN IN OUT 8 Erik IN TIE OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill and was considered the winner . ( TIE ) The contestant tied with another contestant as the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge but was not eliminated ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . ( WDR ) The contestant withdrew from the competition due to illness or injury . ( RTN ) The contestant won the redemption Skill Drill and returned to the competition . ( SAVE ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge but was saved by their respective team mentor . Season 12 : 2018 ( edit ) Tyler Florence joins Anne Burrell to host season 12 . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Steven Crowley 31 New York , New York Real Estate Broker Hazell Mckenzie 36 Brooklyn , New York Graduate Student Asaf Goren 25 Los Angeles , California Dancer Eliminated March 4 Sharon Shvarzman 32 Staten Island , New York Drag Performer Shatima Ruffin 34 Hampton Roads , Virginia Receptionist Eliminated February 25 Lacey Stout 28 Collinsville , Oklahoma Stay - at - Home Mom Robyn Hayden 31 Charleston , South Carolina Balloon Artist Eliminated February 18 Brandon Arroyo 27 Cleveland , Ohio Sports Reporter Eliminated February 11 Spencer Nick 25 Chicago , Illinois Graduate Student Sylvia Jefferies 47 Charleston , South Carolina Stay - at - Home Mom Withdrew January 28 Lily Frey 63 Anaheim , California Retired Eliminated January 28 Skyler Nick 25 Chicago , Illinois Graduate Student Eliminated January 21 Priscilla Nguyen 26 Hattiesburg , Mississippi Receptionist Eliminated January 14 Kevin Pettice 24 Charlotte , North Carolina Administrative Assistant Kayrene Curtis 44 Rocky River , Ohio Stay - at - Home Mom Eliminated January 7 Jonathan Farhat 37 Livermore , California Safety Professional References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' Worst Cooks in America ' is n't just a title : They 're horrible '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Worst Cooks in America ' : Worst thing I watched most of last night '' . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Worst Cooks in America : Red Team ( Chef Anne Burrell ) '' . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Worst Cooks in America : Blue Team ( Chef Beau MacMillan ) '' . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Scattergood , Amy ( March 16 , 2010 ) . `` Casting Calls : Season 2 of Worst Cooks in America Wants You ! -- Los Angeles Restaurants and Dining -- Squid Ink '' . Blogs.laweekly.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Food Network is looking for HOPELESS HOME COOKS ! '' . Worstcookscasting.wordpress.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Powered by Google Docs '' . Docs.google.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Superstar Chefs Anne Burrell And Bobby Flay Transform Kitchen - Challenged Contestants in Season Three of Primetime Competition Series Worst Cooks in America '' ( pdf ) . Food Network . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` WORST COOKS IN AMERICA : Season Three -- Contestant Overview '' ( pdf ) . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` National Television Host on Shop NBC '' . Libby Floyd . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 1.4. 2015 '' . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 1.11. 2015 '' . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 1.18. 2015 '' . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 1.25. 2015 '' . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Tops Night + ' Better Call Saul ' , ' Talking Dead ' , ' The Real Housewives of Atlanta ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.14. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Anne Burrell and Rachael Ray Kick Off the New Year with Season 10 of Worst Cooks in America FN Dish -- Food Network Blog '' . FN Dish -- Food Network Blog. 2016 - 11 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ http://www.foodnetwork.com/shows/worst-cooks-in-america/episodes/social-media-food-failures Jump up ^ http://www.foodnetwork.com/shows/worst-cooks-in-america/photos/worst-cooks-in-america-season-11-meet-the-celebrity-recruits External links ( edit ) Official website Food Network original programming Current Barefoot Contessa ( since 2002 ) Beat Bobby Flay ( since 2014 ) Brunch @ Bobby 's ( since 2010 ) Cake Wars ( since 2015 ) Chopped ( since 2009 ) Chopped After Hours ( since 2015 ) Chopped Junior ( since 2015 ) Clash of the Grandmas ( since 2015 ) Cupcake Wars ( since 2009 ) Cutthroat Kitchen ( since 2013 ) Diners , Drive - Ins and Dives ( since 2006 ) Food Network Star ( since 2005 ) Food Network Star Kids ( since 2016 ) The Great Food Truck Race ( since 2010 ) Guilty Pleasures ( since 2015 ) Guy 's Big Bite ( since 2006 ) Guy 's Grocery Games ( since 2013 ) Halloween Baking Championship ( since 2015 ) Halloween Wars ( since 2011 ) Holiday Baking Championship ( since 2014 ) Kids Baking Championship ( since 2015 ) The Kitchen ( since 2014 ) Kitchen Sink ( since 2016 ) The Pioneer Woman ( since 2011 ) Spring Baking Championship ( since 2015 ) Top 5 Restaurants ( since 2015 ) Valerie 's Home Cooking ( since 2015 ) Worst Bakers in America ( since 2016 ) Worst Cooks in America ( since 2010 ) Former 1990s debuts Cooking Live ( 1997 -- 2003 ) Emeril Live ( 1997 -- 2010 ) Essence of Emeril ( 1994 -- 2007 ) Good Eats ( 1999 -- 2012 ) How to Boil Water ( 1993 -- 2000 ) 2000s debuts 30 Minute Meals ( 2001 -- 2012 ) $40 a Day ( 2002 -- 2005 ) 5 Ingredient Fix ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Ace of Cakes ( 2006 -- 2011 ) BBQ with Bobby Flay ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Boy Meets Grill ( 2002 -- 2011 ) Behind the Bash ( 2006 ) Ask Aida ( 2008 -- 2009 ) The Best Thing I Ever Ate ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Big Daddy 's House ( 2008 -- 2011 ) Chocolate with Jacques Torres ( 2002 -- 2004 ) Dinner : Impossible ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Everyday Italian ( 2003 -- 2008 ) Extreme Cuisine with Jeff Corwin ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Feasting on Asphalt ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Food 911 ( 2000 -- 2006 ) Food Network Challenge ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Giada at Home ( 2008 -- 2015 ) Giada 's Weekend Getaways ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Glutton for Punishment ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Good Deal with Dave Lieberman ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Ham on the Street ( 2006 ) How 'd That Get on My Plate ? 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who won worst cooks in america celebrity edition 2016

Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Nick Slater 24 Rancho Cucamonga , California Construction Worker Winner February 14 Lawrence Crawford 26 Deptford , New Jersey Army Combat Medic Runner - up February 14 Ginny Meerman 50 Millersville , Maryland Project Supervisor Eliminated February 7 Taylor Hooper 24 Boston , Massachusetts Marine Veteran Holgie Forrester 66 Twentynine Palms , California Retired / Actress Eliminated January 31 Chanda Hvard 36 Chicago , Illinois Real Estate Agent Donna Koen 60 Newburyport , Massachusetts Lunch Lady & Hairdresser Eliminated January 24 Rachel Thomas 27 Tampa , Florida Stay - at - Home Wife Ernie Adkins 44 Mardela Springs , Maryland Truck driver Eliminated January 17 Glenda Galeano 40 Miami , Florida Event Coordinator / Actress Ty Snow 39 Pasadena , California Special Education Teacher Eliminated January 10 Cindy Nguyen 28 Las Vegas , Nevada Bartender David Fouts 42 Wales , Wisconsin Senior Project Manager Eliminated January 4 Jeni Erdman 51 Dousman , Wisconsin Group Tour Coordinator

War of the Spanish succession - wikipedia War of the Spanish succession Jump to : navigation , search War of the Spanish Succession The Duke of Vendôme and Philip V of Spain depicted after the victory at the 1710 Battle of Villaviciosa Date 9 July 1701 -- 7 September 1714 ( 1701 - 07 - 09 -- 1714 - 09 - 07 ) ( 13 years , 1 month , 4 weeks and 1 day ) Location Europe , North America , South America Result Treaties of Utrecht , Rastatt , and Baden : Austria , Great Britain and the Dutch Republic recognise Philip V as King of Spain but he renounces any claim to the throne of France . Spain cedes territories in Europe . France cedes territories in Americas Territorial changes Spain cedes the Spanish Netherlands , the Kingdom of Naples , the Duchy of Milan and Sardinia to the Austrian Habsburgs ; cedes the Kingdom of Sicily to the Duchy of Savoy ; and cedes Gibraltar and Menorca to Britain . France recognises British sovereignty over Rupert 's Land and Newfoundland ; it also cedes Acadia and its half of Saint Kitts to Great Britain . Spain 's government centralized on the Spanish Crown . Belligerents Spain loyal to Charles Crown of Aragon Austria Great Britain ( 1707 - 13 ) England ( until 1707 ) Scotland ( until 1707 ) Dutch Republic Prussia Portugal Savoy Hanover Spain loyal to Philip Crown of Castile Kingdom of Naples Kingdom of Sicily France Bavaria ( until 1704 ) Mantua Commanders and leaders Anne Duke of Marlborough Marquis de Ruvigny George Rooke Eugene of Savoy Margrave of Baden Count Starhemberg Anthonie Heinsius Lord Overkirk Earl of Albemarle Marquis of Minas Victor Amadeus II Louis XIV Duke of Villars Duke of Berwick Duke of Vendôme Duke of Boufflers Duke of Villeroi Comte de Tessé Philip V Marquis of Villadarias Marquis de Bay Charles III Gonzaga Maximilian II Emanuel Casualties and losses 95,000 -- 110,000 40,000 -- 52,000 30,000 -- 40,000 20,000 -- 35,000 24,000 -- 30,000 5,000 -- 6,000 115,000 -- 140,000 10,000 -- 12,000 4,000 -- 5,000 400,000 -- 700,000 dead a . Great Britain from May 1707 , previously the Kingdoms of England and Scotland War of the Spanish Succession : Europe Low Countries and Upper France 1st Fort Isabella Middelburg Saint Donas Nijmegen Venlo Stevensweert Roermond 1st Liége Hulst Steckene Ekeren 1st Huy Limburg 2nd Fort Isabella 2nd Huy 2nd Liége 3rd Huy Elixheim Zoutleeuw Zandvliet Diest Ramillies Antwerp Ostend Menin Dendermonde Ath Beachy Head Lizard Point Oudenarde Wijnendale Leffinghe Hondschoote Saint Ghislain Brussels Lille Ghent Tournai Malplaquet Mons 1st Douai Béthune Saint - Venant Aire 1st Bouchain 1st Le Quesnoy Landrécies Denain Marchiennes 2nd Douai 2nd Le Quesnoy 2nd Bouchain Germany and Upper Rhine Kaiserswerth 1st Landau Friedlingen Rheinberg 1st Trarbach Andernach Neubourg Geldern Kehl Sigharting Bonn Munderkingen Breisach Höchstädt Speyerbach 2nd Landau Augsburg Schellenberg Rain Villingen Ingolstadt Blenheim Ulm 3rd Landau 2nd Trarbach Wissembourg Lauterbourg Homburg 1st Hagenau Drusenheim 2nd Hagenau Sendling Aidenbach 3rd Hagenau Stollhofen Rumersheim 4th Landau Freiburg Italy and Southern France Carpi Chiari Cremona 1st Castiglione Santa Vittoria Luzzara Borgoforte Guastalla Governolo Nago Arco Castelnuovo Bormida 1st Susa Vercelli Ivrea Verrua Chivasso Mirandola Cassano Nice Calcinato Turin 2nd Castiglione Pavia Alessandria Pizzigetone Casale Milan Toulon 2nd Susa Gaeta Exilles Fenestrelles Cesana Syracuse Spain and Portugal Cádiz Vigo Bay Cap de la Roque Castello de Vide 1st Barcelona Portalegre 1st Gibraltar Ceuta Málaga 2nd Gibraltar Cabrita Point Valencia de Alcantara Albuquerque Montjuïc 2nd Barcelona Badajoz San Mateo 3rd Barcelona Alcantara 1st Ciudad Rodrigo Murcia El Albujón Cuenca Elche Santa Cruz de Tenerife Cartagena Villena Almansa Xàtiva 2nd Ciudad Rodrigo Lleida Morella Tortosa Minorca Denia Alicante La Gudina Almenar Saragossa Madrid Brihuega Villaviciosa 1st Girona Aren fort Venasque Castel - Leon Tortosa Cardona 2nd Girona 4th Barcelona Hungary Eisenstadt Schmöllnitz Raab Páta Nagyszombat Zsibó Saint Gotthard Trenčín Kölesd Kassa Nagymajtény War of the Spanish Succession : North America Quebec and Newfoundland : Newfoundland 1st St. John 's 2nd St. John 's Fort Albany Quebec Acadia and New England : 1st Northeast Coast Falmouth Deerfield Grand Pré 1st Port Royal Haverhill 2nd Port Royal Bloody Creek 2nd Northeast Coast Carolina and Florida : Flint River St. Augustine Apalachee Charles Town Pensacola War of the Spanish Succession : West Indies and South America Santa Marta Guadeloupe Nassau Colonia del Sacramento 1st Cartagena 1st Rio 2nd Cartagena 2nd Rio Cassard Anglo - Spanish wars 1585 -- 1604 1625 -- 30 1654 -- 60 1701 -- 13 1718 -- 20 1727 -- 29 1739 -- 48 1762 -- 63 1779 -- 83 1796 -- 1802 1803 -- 08 1831 -- 39 Anglo - French wars 1202 -- 04 1213 -- 14 1215 -- 17 1242 -- 43 1294 -- 1303 1337 -- 1453 ( 1337 -- 60 , 1369 -- 89 , 1415 -- 53 ) 1496 - 98 1512 -- 14 1522 -- 26 1542 -- 46 1557 -- 59 1627 -- 29 1666 -- 67 1689 -- 97 1702 -- 13 1744 -- 48 1744 -- 1763 1754 -- 63 1778 -- 83 1793 -- 1802 1803 -- 14 1815 The War of the Spanish Succession ( 1701 -- 1714 ) was a major European conflict of the early 18th century , triggered by the death in 1700 of the last Habsburg King of Spain , the infirm and childless Charles II . Charles II had ruled over a vast global empire , and the question of who would succeed him had long troubled the governments of Europe . Attempts to solve the problem by peacefully partitioning the empire among the eligible candidates from the royal houses of France ( Bourbon ) , Austria ( Habsburg ) , and Bavaria ( Wittelsbach ) ultimately failed , and on his deathbed Charles II fixed the entire Spanish inheritance on his grandnephew Philip , Duke of Anjou , the second eldest grandson of King Louis XIV of France . With Philip ruling in Spain , Louis XIV would secure great advantages for his dynasty , but some statesmen regarded a dominant House of Bourbon as a threat to European stability , jeopardising the balance of power . To counter Louis XIV 's growing dominance , England , the Dutch Republic , and Austria -- together with their allies in the Holy Roman Empire -- re-formed the 1680s Grand Alliance ( 1701 ) and supported the claim of Emperor Leopold I to the whole Spanish inheritance for his second son , Archduke Charles . The English , the Dutch and the Austrians formally declared war in May 1702 . By 1708 , the Duke of Marlborough and Prince Eugene of Savoy had secured victory in the Spanish Netherlands and in Italy , and had defeated Louis XIV 's ally Bavaria . But Allied unity broke and the Grand Alliance was defeated in Spain . With casualties mounting and aims of the Alliance diverging , the Tories came to power in Great Britain in 1710 and resolved to end the war , ceasing combat operations in 1712 . The Dutch , Austrians , and German states fought on to strengthen their own negotiating position , but they were defeated by Marshal Villars and had to accept Anglo - French mediation . The Treaty of Utrecht ( 1713 ) and the Treaty of Rastatt ( 1714 ) ended the conflict by partitioning the Spanish empire . The Austrians received most of Spain 's former European realms , while the Duke of Anjou retained peninsular Spain and Spanish America , where , after renouncing his claim to the French succession , he reigned ( with one brief interlude ) as King Philip V until 1746 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Causes of the war 2.1 Partition treaties 3 Prelude 3.1 Leopold I moves on Milan 3.2 Grand Alliance reassembles 4 Leadership , strategy and contending forces 5 War , politics and diplomacy 5.1 Campaigns : 1702 -- 1708 5.1. 1 Low Countries , Rhine and Danube 5.1. 2 Italy 5.1. 3 Spain and Portugal 5.2 Campaigns : 1709 -- 1714 5.2. 1 The Hague 5.2. 2 Grand Alliance falters 5.2. 3 Preliminary peace talks 5.2. 4 Peace of Utrecht and the final campaigns 6 Aftermath 7 See also 8 Notes and references 9 Further reading Background ( edit ) In the late 1690s the declining health of King Charles II of Spain brought to a head the problem of his succession , a problem which had underlain much of European diplomacy for several decades . By the late 17th century Spain was no longer a hegemonic power in Europe , but the Spanish Empire -- essentially a vast confederation that covered the globe , which Spaniards usually referred to as a `` Monarchy '' -- remained resilient . Besides Spain , Charles II 's other European realms comprised the Balearic Islands , the Spanish Netherlands , Milan , Sicily , Naples , Sardinia , Finale and the State of Presidi on the Tuscan coast ; overseas realms included the Philippines , the Spanish West Indies , Florida , and much of North and South America and several North African cities . The empire was in decline , but remained the largest of the European overseas empires , and was still active and influential on the European and global stage . Charles II had become king following the death of his father , Philip IV , in 1665 , but he was physically weak and incapable of having children ; he was the last male Spanish Habsburg , and he had survived longer than anyone had expected . When the Treaty of Ryswick ( Rijswijk ) brought an end to the Nine Years ' War ( 1688 -- 1697 ) , European statesmen turned their attention to resolve the problem of the Spanish Succession before the death of Charles II should actually take place . Ultimately , the main rivals for the Spanish inheritance were the heirs and descendants of the Bourbon King Louis XIV of France , and the Austrian Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor , Leopold I , both of whom were sons - in - law to Philip IV of Spain and grandsons of Philip III , and both firmly believed in their claims . However , the inheritance was so vast that its transference would dramatically increase either French or Austrian power , which , due to the implied threat of European hegemony , was of utmost importance to Europe as a whole . Causes of the war ( edit ) Claimants to the Spanish throne following the death of Charles II Henry IV of France 1553 -- 1610 Marie de ' Medici 1575 -- 1642 Philip III of Spain 1578 -- 1621 Margaret of Austria 1584 -- 1611 Anne of Austria 1601 -- 1666 Louis XIII of France 1601 -- 1643 Elisabeth of France 1602 -- 1644 Philip IV of Spain 1605 -- 1665 Maria Anna of Spain 1606 -- 1646 Ferdinand III Holy Roman Emperor 1608 -- 1657 Louis XIV of France 1638 -- 1715 Maria Theresa of Spain 1638 -- 1683 Mariana of Austria 1635 -- 96 Leopold I Holy Roman Emperor 1640 -- 1705 Eleonor Magdalene of Neuburg 1655 -- 1720 Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria 1660 -- 1690 Louis Grand Dauphin 1661 -- 1711 Charles II of Spain 1665 -- 1700 Margaret Theresa of Spain 1651 -- 1673 Charles VI Holy Roman Emperor 1685 -- 1740 Louis Dauphin of France 1682 -- 1712 Philip V of Spain 1683 -- 1746 Charles Duke of Berry 1686 -- 1714 Maria Antonia of Austria 1669 -- 1692 Maximilian II Emanuel Elector of Bavaria 1666 -- 1726 Joseph Ferdinand Electoral Prince of Bavaria 1692 -- 1699 Notes : Claimants are shown with a golden border . In cases of second marriages , the first spouse is to the left and the second to the right . Europe at the beginning of the War of the Spanish Succession Unlike the French crown , the Spanish crowns could all be inherited by , or through , a female in default of a male line . The next in line after Charles II , therefore , were his two sisters : Maria Theresa , the elder , and Margaret Theresa , the younger . Maria Theresa had married Louis XIV in 1660 and by him she had a son , Louis , Dauphin of France . If it had been a matter of hereditary rights the Dauphin would have been heir presumptive to the Spanish Monarchy , but Maria Theresa had renounced her claim of succession in return for the payment of a dowry of half a million gold crowns . The testament of her father , Philip IV , reiterated this waiver and bequeathed the reversion of the whole of the Spanish dominions to his younger daughter , Margaret Theresa . However the French , using in part the excuse that the dowry promised Maria Theresa was never paid , insisted that her renunciation was invalid . Nor was it clear whether a princess could waive the rights of her unborn children . The Secret Treaty of Dover , signed in 1670 between Charles II of England and Louis XIV of France , included a clause stating that `` If new rights to the Spanish monarchy revert to the King of France , the King of England will aid him in maintaining these rights '' - clearly indicating that already then Louis contemplated the possibility of the Spanish King dying childless , and of the Spanish throne then being claimed for the House of Bourbon . Portrait of Louis XIV ( 1638 -- 1715 ) . Oil by Hyacinthe Rigaud c. 1701 . The War of the Spanish Succession was Louis XIV 's last . Leopold I married Margaret Theresa in 1666 . At her death in 1673 she left one living heir , Maria Antonia , who in 1685 married Max Emanuel , Elector of Bavaria . Shortly before her death in 1692 , she gave birth to a son , Joseph Ferdinand . When she married , Maria Antonia had formally agreed to waive her rights to the Spanish thrones in favour of Leopold I 's sons from his third marriage : the elder Archduke Joseph ( b . 1678 ) , who would succeed Leopold I as Holy Roman Emperor and ruler of the Austrian Habsburg lands , and the younger Archduke Charles ( b . 1685 ) , who Leopold I promoted as the candidate for the Spanish succession . However , the waiver imposed upon Maria Antonia was questionable and not recognised in Spain where , instead , the Council of State welcomed the prospect of Joseph Ferdinand -- a great - grandson of Philip IV and the son of Maria Antonia -- inheriting the entire empire . The Bavarian claim also attracted support from the Maritime Powers ( England and the Dutch Republic ) who , despite guarantees to Leopold I for the Spanish succession in alliance treaties of 1689 , recognised that the House of Wittelsbach offered no threat to the balance of power in Europe . If he chose , Louis XIV could attempt to assert his will on Spain by force of arms , but the Nine Years ' War had been an immense drain on France 's resources . Moreover , Leopold I 's war with the Ottoman Turks in the Balkans was nearing a successful conclusion , and the Emperor would soon be in a position to transfer his energies west and bolster his claim to the full Spanish inheritance . To seek a satisfactory solution and gain support , Louis XIV turned to his long - standing rival William of Orange , who was both Dutch Stadtholder and King of England ( as William III ) . England and the Dutch Republic had their own commercial , strategic and political interests within the Spanish empire , and they were eager to return to peaceful commerce . However , the Maritime Powers were in a weakened state and both had reduced their forces at the conclusion of the Nine Years ' War . Louis XIV and William III , therefore , sought to solve the problem of the Spanish inheritance through negotiation , based on the principle of partition ( at first without prior reference to the Spanish or Austrian courts ) , to take effect after the death of Charles II . Partition treaties ( edit ) The First Partition Treaty , signed by the Duke of Tallard and the Earl of Portland on 26 September 1698 and ratified on 11 October , allocated Naples and Sicily , the Tuscan ports , Finale , and the Basque province of Guipuzcoa , to the Dauphin of France ; Leopold I 's second son , Archduke Charles , would receive the Duchy of Milan and its dependencies . However , the bulk of the empire -- most of peninsular Spain , the Spanish Netherlands , Sardinia , and the overseas territories -- would transfer to the Bavarian prince , Joseph Ferdinand . Under Joseph the Spanish Monarchy would remain independent from either French or Austrian control , but his premature death in February 1699 necessitated the drawing up of a Second Partition Treaty , the preliminary of which was signed between William III and Tallard on 11 June , then later ratified by the States General on 25 March 1700 . Portrait of Leopold I , Holy Roman Emperor ( 1640 -- 1705 ) . Unknown . The Spanish Empire was now divided between the three surviving candidates . By this new treaty Archduke Charles would receive most of Spain , the Spanish Netherlands , Sardinia , and the overseas empire . The Dauphin would acquire Gipuzkoa , as well as the rest of Spain 's Italian possessions , on the understanding that Milan would be exchanged for the Duchy of Lorraine , which in turn would be incorporated into France . For Leopold I , however , control of Spain and its colonial empire was less important than Italy , in particular Milan which he regarded as essential for the security of Austria 's south - western flank . Although Leopold I and his ministers were willing to accept some sort of partition , they would not agree to a deal that shut the Austrians out of Italy . Leopold I , therefore , opposed the Second Partition Treaty . This was due in part to an adherence to Habsburg dynasticism , but by opposing the division of the Spanish Monarchy the Emperor also hoped to create a favourable impression in Madrid where the idea of partition had been received with consternation . Charles II King of Spain ( 1665 -- 1700 ) . Anonymous . His death triggered the War of the Spanish Succession . Uppermost in the minds of the Spanish ministers was the need to preserve their empire intact and put it in hands powerful enough to guarantee that integrity . The preservation of the whole empire for the next generation of Spaniards was the driving motive in the last months of Charles II 's life , but the grandees , led by Cardinal Portocarrero , knew that militarily their country was at the mercy of neighbouring France and that Austria , lacking a navy , could not hope to validate its claims . Consequently , Charles II , pressed on his sick - bed by his ministers , signed his final will on 3 October 1700 , annulling the renunciations imposed on Maria Theresa and fixing the entire inheritance on the younger grandson of Louis XIV , Philip , Duke of Anjou . As Philip was not immediately in line for the French throne ( the Dauphin and the Duke of Burgundy stood between him and the crown ) , the Spanish government hoped that this arrangement would be acceptable to European states who feared the unification of the French and Spanish thrones under a single monarch . If Philip should die or refuse , the offer was to extend to his younger brother , the Duke of Berry ; if they both refused , the undivided inheritance would be offered to Archduke Charles . Recognition of the Duke of Anjou as King of Spain , under the name of Philip V , 16 November 1700 by François Gérard King Charles II of Spain finally died on 1 November 1700 . Louis XIV now faced a dilemma which he himself recognised as intractable . If he forbade the Duke of Anjou to accept the Spanish thrones and instead adhered to the Second Partition Treaty -- which Leopold I had refused to sign and the Spanish had refused to recognise -- Archduke Charles would almost certainly be acknowledged as the King of Spain and all its dominions , as stipulated in Charles II 's last will in the event of refusal by the Duke of Anjou . The Austrian Habsburgs would accrue enormous power while France would gain nothing , and war with both Spain and Austria would be inevitable . Accepting the will of Charles II would also mean war with Leopold I , but in this case France would be allied with Spain defending rights recognised in the Spanish Monarchy . In any event the French king surmised that the Maritime Powers -- anxious themselves for peace -- would be either neutral or only half - heartedly involved , so long as the French and Spanish crowns were not united . With this reasoning , Louis XIV decided to accept Charles II 's last testament , and sent his grandson to Madrid to reign there as King Philip V of Spain . Prelude ( edit ) The news that Louis XIV had accepted Charles II 's will and that the Second Partition Treaty was dead was a personal blow to William III , who had concluded that Philip V would be nothing more than a French puppet . However , in England many argued that the acceptance of Charles II 's will was preferable to a treaty that would have extended French territory , including the addition of Naples and Sicily , which under French control would pose a threat to England 's Levantine trade . After the exertions of the Nine Years ' War the Tory - dominated House of Commons was keen to prevent further conflict and restore normal commercial activity . Yet to William III , France 's growing strength made war inevitable , and together with Anthonie Heinsius , Grand Pensionary of Holland and de facto executive head of the Dutch state once William had been crowned King of England in 1689 , he made preparations to gain support . To this end , William III was aided by Louis XIV 's own actions , which fatally compromised the position of advantage the French king held . Portrait of King William III ( 1650 -- 1702 ) by Godfrey Kneller . William III was Louis XIV 's greatest long - standing rival , but he died before the declaration of war . Louis XIV 's first act was an official recognition of Philip V 's place in the French line of succession by proclaiming the doctrine of the divine right of kings . This gave rise to the spectre of France and Spain uniting under a single monarch , a direct contradiction of Charles II 's will . Next , in early February 1701 Louis XIV moved to secure the Bourbon succession in the Spanish Netherlands and sent French troops to take over the Dutch - held ' Barrier ' fortresses that William III had secured at the Peace of Ryswick . The Spanish Netherlands were of vital strategic interest to the Dutch as they acted as a buffer zone between France and the Republic . But the French incursion was also detrimental to Dutch commercial interests in the region as there was now no prospect of keeping the Scheldt trade restrictions in place -- restrictions that up till now had ensured the Republic 's position as the primary inlet and outlet for European trade . England also had its own interests in the Spanish Netherlands , and ministers recognised the potential danger posed by an enemy established to the east of the Strait of Dover who , taking advantage of favourable wind and tide , could threaten the British Isles . The French move was designed in part to pressure the States General of the Netherlands into recognising Philip as King of Spain -- which they soon did -- but from William III 's perspective , losing the hard - won securities overturned the work of the last twenty years . Louis XIV further alienated the Maritime Powers by pressing the Spanish to grant special privileges to French traders within their empire , thereby squeezing out English and Dutch merchants . To many , Louis XIV was once again acting like the arbiter of Europe , and support for a war policy gained momentum . Although the French king 's ambitions and motives were not known for certain , English ministers worked on the assumption that Louis XIV would seek to expand his territory and direct and dominate Spanish affairs . With the threat of a single power dominating Europe and overseas trade , London now undertook to support William III 's efforts `` in conjunction with the Emperor and the States General , for the Preservation of the Liberties of Europe , the Property and Peace of England , and for reducing the Exorbitant Power of France . '' Leopold I moves on Milan ( edit ) North Italy : Spanish realms in Italy comprised the Kingdoms of Naples , Sicily , and Sardinia , the Duchy of Milan , the Marquisate of Finale , and the State of Presidi . From the start Leopold I had rejected the final will of Charles II : he was determined to keep the Spanish domains in Italy , above all the Duchy of Milan , which was seen as the southern key to Austria 's security . Before the opening of hostilities French troops had already been accepted in Milan when its viceroy declared for Philip V , as did the neighbouring Duchy of Mantua by a secret convention of February 1701 . The Republic of Venice , the Republic of Genoa , the Grand Duchy of Tuscany , and the Duchy of Parma ( under Papal protection ) , remained neutral . Farther south the Kingdom of Naples acknowledged Philip V as King of Spain , as did Pope Clement XI who , due to the pro-French leanings of his cardinals , generally followed a policy of benevolent neutrality towards France . Only in the Duchies of Modena and Guastalla -- once French troops were expelled at the beginning of the campaign -- did the Emperor find support for his cause . The most significant ruler in northern Italy was Victor Amadeus II , Duke of Savoy , who had a claim to the Spanish thrones through his great - grandmother , daughter of Philip II of Spain . Like the Emperor , the Duke had designs on the neighbouring Duchy of Milan , and he flirted with both Louis XIV and Leopold I to secure his own ambitions . However , the Duke of Anjou 's accession to the Spanish thrones and the subsequent dominance of the Bourbons had initially proved to be most persuasive argument , and on 6 April 1701 Victor Amadeus reluctantly renewed his alliance with France . French troops bound for Milan were now permitted to march through Savoyard territory . In return , the Duke was to receive subsidies and the title of supreme commander of the Savoyard and Bourbon armies in Italy ( in practice it was only a nominal title ) , though he was offered no territorial promises . The alliance was sealed with Philip V 's marriage to Amadeus ' 13 - year - old daughter , Maria Luisa . The French presence in Italy threatened Austria 's security . Although Leopold I 's recent victory over the Ottoman Turks had left his eastern frontiers secure for now , he had been outmanoeuvred diplomatically . In May 1701 , therefore , before declaring war , Leopold I sent Prince Eugene of Savoy across the Alps to secure the Duchy of Milan by force . By early June the bulk of Eugene 's 30,000 troops had crossed the mountains and into neutral Venice , and on 9 July he defeated a detachment from Marshal Catinat 's army at the Battle of Carpi ; this was followed with another victory on 1 September when he defeated Catinat 's successor , Marshal Villeroi , at the Battle of Chiari . Eugene occupied most of pro-French Mantua territories , yet despite his success he received scant support from Vienna . The collapse of government credit led Leopold I to deplete his army , forcing Eugene into unconventional tactics . On 1 February 1702 he attacked the French headquarters at Cremona . The attack ultimately failed , but Villeroi was captured ( later released ) , compelling the French to pull back behind the Adda . The Bourbons still held the Duchy of Milan , yet the Austrians had demonstrated they could and would fight to protect their interests , furnishing the arguments needed to build an alliance with England and the Dutch Republic . Grand Alliance reassembles ( edit ) Portrait of John Churchill , Duke of Marlborough ( 1650 -- 1722 ) by Adriaen van der Werff Talks had begun at The Hague in March 1701 . Despite past antagonisms William III , now nearing death , entrusted the Earl of Marlborough as his political and military successor , appointing him Ambassador Extraordinary at The Hague and commander - in - chief of English and Scottish forces in the Low Countries . Heinsius represented the Dutch , while Count Wratislaw , Imperial ambassador in London , negotiated on behalf of the Emperor . Talks with French ambassador , Count d'Avaux , centred around the fate of the Spanish Monarchy , the French troop incursions into the Spanish Netherlands and the Duchy of Milan , and the favourable trade privileges granted to French merchants at the expense of the Maritime Powers . These somewhat insincere talks proved unfruitful , and they collapsed in early August . Nevertheless , concurrent discussions to form an anti-French military alliance between England , the Dutch Republic , and Austria had made significant progress , resulting in the signing of the Second Treaty of Grand Alliance ( or , Treaty of The Hague ) on 7 September . The overall aims of the Alliance were kept vague : there was no mention of Archduke Charles ascending the Spanish thrones , but the Emperor was to receive an ' equitable and reasonable ' satisfaction to the Spanish succession , and the idea that the French and Spanish kingdoms were to remain separate was central to the agreement . Anne of Great Britain ( 1665 -- 1714 ) by Michael Dahl c. 1705 Even after the formation of the Grand Aliance the French King continued to antagonise . On 16 September 1701 , the Catholic James II of England ( VII of Scotland ) -- exiled in Saint - Germain since the ' Glorious Revolution ' -- died . Despite his renunciation of the Jacobites at the Treaty of Ryswick , Louis XIV soon recognised James II 's Catholic son , James Francis Edward Stuart , as King ' James III ' of England . The French court insisted that granting James the title of King was a mere formality , but English ministers were incredulous and indignant . Louis XIV 's declaration seemed a direct challenge to Parliament and the Act of Settlement , which on the death of Anne 's only surviving son had fixed the English succession on the Electress Sophia of Hanover ( a granddaughter of James VI / I ) and her Protestant heirs . In consequence , securing the Protestant succession was soon recognised by the Grand Alliance as one of England 's main war aims . On 19 March 1702 , William , King of England and Dutch Stadtholder , died . Anne ascended to the British throne and at once assured the Privy Council of her two main aims : the maintenance of the Protestant succession , and the reduction of the power of France . The Queen made the final decisions , but she relied heavily on an experienced team of experts , admirals , generals , diplomats , cabinet members , and War Office officials -- most notably her most successful general John Churchill , 1st Duke of Marlborough . Anne secured Marlborough 's dominant role , making him Captain - General of her land forces ( among other advancements ) , while Sarah , Marlborough 's wife and Anne 's long - standing friend , was granted the key positions of the royal household . The Queen also turned to her close adviser ( and friend of the Marlboroughs ) , Sidney Godolphin , and appointed him Lord High Treasurer . In the Dutch Republic William 's death brought forth the so - called Second Stadtholderless Period , and in most provinces the anti-Orangist , republican , peace - loving party gained the ascendency . Yet contrary to early French expectation the new regime largely endorsed the foreign policy of William . French domination of the Spanish Netherlands was universally regarded as a direct threat to the survival of the Republic and its trade , and Amsterdam 's merchants feared that much of their existing interests with Spain and Spanish America would soon come under French control . Consequently , many leading statesmen of William 's later years remained in office , including the experienced Heinsius whose personal relationship with Marlborough was fundamental to the success of the Grand Alliance in the early stages of the war . With no diplomatic breakthrough made since the signing of the Second Treaty of Grand Alliance , England , the Dutch Republic , and Austria declared war on France on 15 May 1702 . Although several estates of the Holy Roman Empire , most notably Bavaria , openly supported the French cause , a majority of estates backed the emperor . On 30 September 1702 , the Imperial Diet voted for an imperial war ( Reichskrieg ) against France . Leadership , strategy and contending forces ( edit ) Defeating France required a coalition effort , and by attacking Louis XIV across multiple fronts the Allies forced the French to divide their substantial military resources . To England , Spain itself was not the central issue , but the potential growth of French power and its capacity to dominate Europe was seen as the primary danger to England 's interests at home and abroad . The best way to achieve the country 's goals was a source of heated debate . In general terms , the Tories eschewed continental warfare in favour of a ' blue water policy ' whereby the Royal Navy waged war against French and Spanish trade at sea while at the same time protecting and expanding England 's commerce . The Tories regarded a major land commitment on the continent as too expensive , and would primarily benefit Allied rather than English interests . In contrast , the Court Whigs and the financiers in London , who would profit most from the land campaign , supported the continental strategy , arguing that the navy alone could never defeat Louis XIV . The debate over the use of English resources would persist throughout the war , but the country 's financial strength helped it to develop a number of strategies , most important of which was the ability to attack France across multiple fronts . However , defeating Louis XIV was beyond any single Allied member , and therefore any strategy necessitated the close commercial and political co-operation between England and the Dutch Republic to put together an effective army in the field and to sustain a close relationship with a number of European allies , principally from Germany whose princes would provide essential troops for hire . King George I when Elector of Hanover ( 1660 -- 1727 ) , engraving by John Smith , 1706 Many of the small German states ( including Hesse - Kassel , Hesse - Darmstadt , the Palatinate , Münster , Baden ) fought to regain some of the Holy Roman Empire 's former territories in Alsace and Lorraine , and thereby secure a strong Reichsbarriere on the Empire 's western frontier . However , many of the more influential German rulers had other strategic and dynastic priorities , and preferred to enlist many of their troops in the Anglo - Dutch army in exchange for annual subsidies . George Louis , Elector of Hanover , was eager to strengthen his position in England as Queen Anne 's heir , while Frederick Augustus of Saxony -- as King of Poland -- had his own interests in the Great Northern War against Charles XII of Sweden . The Elector of Brandenburg - Prussia -- whose backing Leopold I had secured by recognising him as Frederick I , King in Prussia , as well an equal member of the Grand Alliance -- provided a corps of 12,000 men early in the war , but his participation could only be guaranteed by a steady stream of financial and territorial concessions . Frederick IV of Denmark also provided valuable troops in return for subsidies , though he never joined the war against France . Recognising the rising political , economic , and naval strength in England , the Dutch accepted Marlborough as the Allied commander - in - chief in the Low Countries . However , his command necessarily had its limitations and was subject to the approval of Dutch generals and Field Deputies ( civil and military representatives of the States General ) . The priority of the Dutch was to re-establish their Barrier fortresses , a goal which could be achieved through sieges rather than risky battles . On several occasions the Dutch vetoed Marlborough 's attempts to engage his opponents in the field , but losing a battle in the Low Countries could have potentially fatal consequences to the security of the Republic , and Marlborough himself was a relatively inexperienced foreign general . It was the Dutch , moreover , who provided the main system of supply , as well as the majority of the troops , engineers , and guns in theatre , initially fielding an army of 60,000 men ( including hired contingents from the German states ) , plus 42,000 for garrison duty . For their part , the English Parliament voted for a field army of 40,000 men to fight in the Low Countries in 1702 . Of this figure some 18,500 were British subject troops , the remainder were mostly auxiliaries from Germany . At sea the English dominated having 127 ships of the line notionally available for service in 1700 ; the Dutch having 83 . In contrast , Leopold I had more limited resources and no navy , and he relied heavily on the Maritime Powers for his war effort . The Emperor had initially committed to a field army of 90,000 men , yet in 1702 he was unable to deploy any more than 40,000 in Italy ( which would be half that number by December ) and 20,000 on the Rhine . Portrait of Philip V of Spain ( 1683 -- 1746 ) by Hyacinthe Rigaud , 1701 For Louis XIV , control of the Spanish Empire was a legitimate economic and strategic prize , and he was anxious to keep the riches of America out of the hands of the English and Dutch . For these ends the King exercised complete authority for forming French foreign policy and strategy , relying on a small but trusted group of advisers , notably the Marquis of Torcy , Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs . A series of councils regulated the decision making process , the most prominent of which was the Council of State . As the war progressed -- and as Louis XIV aged -- Torcy , along with others such as Voysin , Secretary of State for War from 1709 , came to dominate discussion in council and elsewhere . In Madrid , French statesmen and generals exerted guiding influence over government and the army , and in the early years of the war Philip V was inclined to defer to his grandfather , who exercised control through the cabinet council ( despacho ) . The principal member of the council was the French ambassador , the most notable of whom , Amelot , stayed in the capital from 1705 -- 09 . Resentful of this French dominance and authority , many grandees , excluded from real power and swayed by family loyalties , would defect to the Austrian Habsburg cause during the course of the war . Maximilian Emanuel , Elector of Bavaria ( 1662 -- 1726 ) by Joseph Vivien At the beginning of the 18th century Louis XIV remained the most powerful monarch in Europe . Although in 1700 his fleet of 108 ships of the line could not match the combined strength of the Maritime Powers , his army was by far the largest , reaching a peak paper figure of 373,000 men ( in real terms approximately 255,000 , including foreign regiments ) . At the beginning of the war Spanish military resources were much more limited , and like other states their numbers had fallen drastically following the Peace of Ryswick . In 1703 the army in Peninsular Spain , for example , numbered just over 13,000 foot and 5,000 horse , and both were ill - equipped to fight . Likewise , Spain 's navy was considerably smaller than the other powers , and Philip V had to rely on the French to help patrol his coastline and guard the American trade routes . Beyond Spain , however , Louis XIV had few other allies to rely on . The Duke of Savoy and King Peter II of Portugal would both break prior agreements and defect to the Grand Alliance in 1703 , and nearly all the German states were against Louis XIV . Nevertheless , the King did have direct influence deep within the Holy Roman Empire through alliances with the House of Wittelsbach : Joseph Clemens , Archbishop - Elector of Cologne and Prince - Bishop of Liège , and , more significantly , his brother Max Emanuel , Elector of Bavaria . After the Spanish throne had been lost with the death of his son , Joseph , Max Emanuel had sought compensation elsewhere . Initially , the Elector had pressed the Emperor into exchanging Bavaria for the Kingdom of Naples and Sicily , but when this was rejected he turned to France for the realisation of his ambitions : the sovereign ownership of the Spanish Netherlands ( of which he was the current governor ) or the Imperial Crown itself . War , politics and diplomacy ( edit ) Campaigns : 1702 -- 1708 ( edit ) Low Countries , Rhine and Danube ( edit ) Low Countries . Vauban 's so - called pré carré -- a double line of French fortresses guarding the frontier -- and French defensive lines constructed at various stages of the war . ( Note : Place names conform to those most commonly used in English . ) The first aim of the Anglo - Dutch army in the Low Countries was to take possession of the Meuse and Lower Rhine fortresses handed to the Bourbons by Joseph Clemens and to clear the French under Marshal Boufflers from threatening the Dutch border . This was largely achieved by the Allies in 1702 , first by taking Kaiserswerth in June , then by capturing the French positions at Saint - Donas , Fort Isabella and Middelburg and finally by prying the French out of several minor fortresses on the Meuse : Venlo , Stevensweert , Roermond , and more importantly , Liège , which fell in late October . Marlborough ( elevated to a dukedom in December ) and the Dutch generals had removed the immediate French threat , and Joseph Clemens fled to France . However , in 1703 Allied progress was more mixed . Rheinberg and Bonn , fell at the beginning of the campaign , and Huy , Limbourg and Guelder were taken towards the end . Nevertheless , the ' Great Design ' to secure Antwerp and thereby open the river lines into Flanders and Brabant , was left in ruins by Marshal Villeroi 's initiative , poor Allied co-ordination , and by General Obdam 's defeat at the Battle of Ekeren on 30 June . Portrait of the Margrave Ludvig Wilhelm von Baden - Baden ( 1655 -- 1707 ) , Anonymous , 1705 Meanwhile , Prince Louis of Baden , the Imperial commander - in - chief , had stood guard on the Upper Rhine , and on 9 September 1702 he captured Landau , the key to Alsace . However , in the opening years of the war it was the French who gained the upper hand in southern Germany . On 14 October Claude de Villars narrowly defeated Baden in the Black Forest at the Battle of Friedlingen , thereby opening up communications between the French on the Rhine and the Bavarians on the Upper Danube . The Imperial fortress at Kehl along the Rhine was captured by Villars on 10 March 1703 . The Elector of Bavaria 's support for the Bourbon cause was a grave concern to the Emperor , but for the French it created new opportunities : it undermined the Allied position in southern Germany , and it facilitated a potential strike towards Vienna or across the Alps into northern Italy . By the time Villars arrived on the Danube in May 1703 , the Elector had taken several strong - points along the river , from Ulm to Regensburg . Although the Elector 's campaign in the Tyrol was defeated by the sharpshooting mountain men in June -- August , on the Danube he remained dominant , and on 20 September he and Villars defeated an Imperial detachment at the Battle of Höchstädt . The victory could not save the increasingly hostile relationship between the two generals , and Marshal Marsin replaced Villars in theatre . Nevertheless , the French maintained their momentum , not only on the Danube , but also back on the Rhine where Marshal Tallard took Breisach in September , defeated the Landgrave of Hesse - Kassel at the Battle of Speyerbach on 15 November , then recaptured Landau . Holy Roman Empire . Beyond the Low Countries the main action occurred along Moselle , the Rhine , and the Upper Danube . In December 1703 the Elector of Bavaria seized Augsburg ; in mid-January 1704 he took Passau on the Danube , adding further pressure on Leopold I in Vienna . The threat to the Emperor was exacerbated by Francis II Rákóczi 's anti-Habsburg revolt in Hungary where , due to the devastation of the recent war with the Ottoman Empire and the subsequent imposition of high taxes and feudal burdens , the people had risen up to restore the old constitution . With Hungarian rebels approaching Vienna from the east and the French and Bavarians threatening from west , it was essential for the Allies to resolve the problem posed by Bavaria . To this end , Marlborough marched up the Rhine from the Low Countries in May ; in June he united his forces with Baden north of the Danube , before securing a crossing on the river at Donauwörth on 2 July . Bavaria now lay open to attack , but Max Emanuel , knowing Tallard was bringing reinforcements from the Rhine , could be persuaded by neither pressure nor inducements to abandon his French alliance . On 13 August , therefore , Marlborough , now joined by Prince Eugene and commanding in total some 52,000 men , attacked the slightly larger Franco - Bavarian army on the Danube near Höchstädt an der Donau . What came to be known in England as the Battle of Blenheim , proved a decisive defeat for Bavaria . Tallard was taken prisoner while Marsin escaped back across the Rhine . Ulm and Ingolstadt soon fell , followed by Trier , Landau , and in December , Trarbach , in preparation for an Allied attack up the Moselle the following year . Max Emanuel returned to govern the Spanish Netherlands , and by the terms of the Treaty of Ilbersheim ( 7 November ) his Bavarian lands were placed under Austrian rule . The threat to knock the Emperor out of the war had been averted . The Blenheim campaign dominated the war in 1704 . For Louis XIV , the defeat was a severe blow to his prestige , but there were some consolations that year , including the success of Marshals Montrevel and Villars against the Allied - backed Camisard revolt in the Cévennes ( although a low - level guerrilla war dragged on for several additional years ) . For Marlborough , the Blenheim campaign secured his reputation and was seen by many as a vindication of the continental strategy , but for England the pressing need now was for the Emperor to make peace in Hungary , and for the Allies to resume the attack against France on all fronts . However , Marlborough 's attempt in 1705 to by - pass the Low Countries and invade Louis XIV 's kingdom via the Moselle , proved a failure . With Villars entrenched at Sierck , and with the German princes failing to fully support the attack , the Duke was forced to return to the Meuse in mid-June . Little was achieved here , though , beyond forestalling a French offensive and forcing the Lines of Brabant at Elixheim , south of Zoutleeuw ( Léau ) , on 17 / 18 July . Pursuit of the French after the Battle of Ramillies , possibly by Louis Laguerre Poor Allied co-operation , tactical disputes and command rivalries ensured the Allies made little progress in 1705 on either the Meuse or the Moselle ; there was also a setback in occupied Bavaria where the Emperor 's heavy taxation and forced recruitment led to a brief peasant revolt . Nevertheless , in 1706 the Allies would at last make the breakthrough in the Low Countries when , on 23 May , Marlborough defeated Villeroi and the Elector of Bavaria at the Battle of Ramillies north of Namur . Each side fielded some 60,000 men , but it was the English general , taking advantage of his opponent 's weak disposition , who won a decisive victory . A two - week pursuit of their shattered opponents quickly secured a number of ill - defended towns , including Brussels , Ghent , Bruges , and Antwerp ; a second campaigning phase required the application of more substantial siegeworks , but the Allies eventually captured Ostend , Menen ( thereby breaching the first line of Vauban 's pré carré ) , Dendermonde , and Ath . The Spanish Netherlands was re-established as the buffer zone between France and the Dutch Republic , and the territory became an Anglo - Dutch condominium for the duration of the war , governed in the name of Charles III but in accordance with the directives from the Maritime Powers . For their part , the Franco - Bavarian army fell back to a new defensive line running between Ypres and Namur , via Lille , Tournai , Condé , Mons , and Charleroi . Due to the defeat at Ramillies , Villars on the Rhine had been ordered to send troops north to Flanders to bolster French fortunes , thereby curtailing his own campaign in 1706 . However , in 1707 Villars would at last make a significant breakthrough when , following Baden 's death in January , he pushed back the new Imperial commander - in - chief , the Margrave of Bayreuth , and forced the Lines of Stollhofen without loss in May , thus enabling him to harvest vital resources in Baden and Württemberg . This victory was mirrored on other fronts that year , including in Spain and south - eastern France ( see below ) . In the Spanish Netherlands , moreover , the Bourbons had some success when the Elector of Bavaria and Marshal Vendôme ( Villeroi 's replacement ) parried all Marlborough 's thrusts -- a setback which Anne 's Captain - General blamed partly on the fact that his field army had to cover the newly - held towns of Brabant . ' Vauban 's masterpiece ' , Lille , and its five bastioned citadel to the west In 1708 the Duke of Berwick moved from Spain to the Rhine to campaign with the Elector of Bavaria . The fighting in Germany proved sterile , however , and the two generals would end up supporting the main French effort in Flanders where Vendôme , under the nominal command of the Duke of Burgundy , planned to take the offensive . To create a diversion Louis XIV supported James Edward Stuart 's descent on Scotland , a country where dissatisfaction over the recent political union with England made it ripe for rebellion . However , due poor navigation and indecision , the attempt in March proved a fiasco , and Claude de Forbin 's invasion fleet returned to Dunkirk . Despite this setback , the campaign in Flanders began well for Louis XIV 's generals . Taking advantage of popular discontent with the new Allied administration , Ghent and Bruges defected to the Bourbons in early July , thereby returning much of Spanish Flanders to French control . Marlborough had been caught off - balance , but it was now he , encouraged and assisted by Eugene newly arrived from the Moselle , who took the decisive action . After a forced march the Allied army , comprising some 80,000 men , engaged Vendôme 's and Burgundy 's slightly larger force on the river Scheldt and won another major victory at the Battle of Oudenarde on 11 July 1708 . The success , aided by the dissension of the two French commanders , was followed by the Siege of Lille in August . Vendôme , Burgundy , and Berwick combined their forces to form a numerically superior field army , but they failed to attack Marlborough 's covering force ; attempts to disrupt supply routes were also thwarted , notably by Webb at the Battle of Wijnendale on 28 September . Consequently , Boufflers was compelled to surrender the town of Lille on 22 October , and eventually its citadel on 9 December . The siege had been costly for the Allies : it had tied down their army for several months , and it had been an orthodox sequel to the victory at Oudenarde . However , Marlborough and Eugene had recovered control of the Spanish Netherlands and had widened the breach of the first line of the pré carré , exposing northern France to attack . Ghent was retaken at the end of December and Bruges capitulated shortly after , thereby restoring the authority of the Anglo - Dutch condominium . Italy ( edit ) Duchy of Savoy . Victor Amadeus II 's lands c. 1700 comprised the Duchy of Savoy , the Principality of Piedmont , the Duchy of Aosta , the County of Nice , and the tiny Principality of Oneglia . In 1702 the war in northern Italy was in its second year . After Austria 's initial success Louis XIV sent Marshal Vendôme to command the Bourbon army , and with greatly superior numbers he began to dominate and pin back his opponent . Although Prince Eugene held the French at the Battle of Luzzara on 15 August , the Austrians had lost much of what they gained in the first campaign , and the Bourbons were still firmly in control of the Duchy of Milan . In June 1703 Eugene returned to Vienna to preside over the Court War Council ( Hofkriegsrat ) and set about reorganising the Imperial armies , leaving Guido Starhemberg to oppose Vendôme . Vendôme had been ordered to link with the Elector of Bavaria for the thrust into the Tyrol , but he made little progress towards this goal , due in part to rumours that Victor Amadeus , Duke of Savoy , was about to defect to the Grand Alliance . Louis XIV had failed to satisfy Amadeus ' claims on the Duchy of Milan , and the latter had taken umbrage at France 's limited financial aid . Moreover , reasoned the Duke , if French power was established in Italy his territory would be surrounded by lands ruled from Versailles . Fearing that he would become little more than a French vassal , Amadeus secured himself behind the walls of his capital , Turin , and declared war on France on 24 October . Won over by a combination of subsidies and territorial concessions , he signed a formal treaty with the Emperor on 8 November . Portrait de Louis Joseph , duc de Vendôme , Maréchal de France , 1706 ( 1654 -- 1712 ) , by Jean Gilbert Murat With the Duke of Savoy 's desertion Piedmont - Savoy became an important goal for the French , who now aimed to isolate Victor Amadeus and Starhemberg from the Austrians to the east and secure communications between France and Milan . By the beginning of 1704 Marshal Tessé had taken the Duchy of Savoy ( except Montmélian ) , and La Feuillade captured Susa in June . Moving into Piedmont from the east Vendôme captured Vercelli in July , Ivrea in September , and invested Verrua in October . By the time Verrua fell in April 1705 , La Feuillade had occupied the County of Nice , including Nice itself ( though its citadel did not fall till January 1706 ) , before threatening Turin . For the Allies , attention was also drawn towards Vienna , for in May 1705 Joseph I succeeded Leopold I as Holy Roman Emperor . Joseph I pursued his father 's anti-Bourbon policy with great enthusiasm and he was initially keen to carry the war into Alsace and Lorraine , but after the Franco - Bavarian advance had been stemmed at Blenheim he began to reassess his priorities . Although the Emperor recognised the importance to the German princes of a strong Reichsbarriere , he could not place their interests above Habsburg dynastic objectives in other theatres . Replacing Spanish with Austrian rule in Italy -- and thereby securing the Monarchy 's south - west flank -- became Joseph I 's priority . For now , though , Philip V still controlled all of Spain 's Italian realms , and Bourbon armies were once again making progress in the north of the peninsula . Portrait of Victor Amadeus II of Savoy , during the siege of Turin , by Maria Giovanna Clementi On 16 August 1705 , Vendôme defeated Eugene at the Battle of Cassano on the Adda . On 19 April 1706 , the French commander defeated Count Reventlow at the Battle of Calcinato , and drove the Austrians back into the mountains around Lake Garda ; shortly after , La Feuillade began the siege of Turin . The French victories had prevented the Austrians marching to aid Savoy , but as in the Spanish Netherlands the year would prove decisive for the Grand Alliance . By mid-May Eugene 's army , newly reinforced with German auxiliaries ( secured by Marlborough and financed by the Maritime Powers ) , had grown to 50,000 men . Thus strengthened , the Austrian commander was at last able to outflank French defences on the Adige , and in mid-July he descended south across the river Po . In response to the disaster at Ramillies , Vendôme was at this point ordered to the Low Countries ; the Duke of Orléans and Marshal Marsin took command in his place , and though they shadowed the Allied army as it marched west up the Po valley , they declined to intercept it . Unchallenged , Eugene joined with Victor Amadeus and his small force in late August , and on 7 September they decisively defeated the Bourbon army at the Battle of Turin . With Marsin mortally wounded , Orléans retreated west , leaving the Count of Medavy isolated on the Adige far to the east . Although Medavy defeated an Imperial corps at the Battle of Castiglione on 8 September , he prudently distributed his army around the fortresses still under Bourbon control . Eugene 's victory had given him effective control of the whole Po valley . Although the Duchy of Savoy and the County of Nice remained in Bourbon hands , Victor Amadeus eventually took possession of most of the territories promised him in the 1703 treaty with the Emperor . However , the Allied victories in 1706 had failed to dampen the growing animosity within the Grand Alliance as English and Dutch ministers blamed Joseph I for refusing to end the war in Hungary . Rákóczi 's uprising was diverting vital Austrian resources from the fight with Louis XIV , and there were also fears the Ottoman Turks would take advantage to renew hostilities against the Emperor . Conversely , the Maritime Powers ' sympathetic stance towards the rebellion 's leader and co-religionist remained a source of bitterness in Vienna . To compound their disagreements , Joseph I signed the Convention of Milan on 13 March 1707 , by which terms Louis XIV surrendered northern Italy in exchange for the safe passage of Medavy 's army back to France . For the Austrians , the agreement assured their full uncontested possession of the Duchy of Milan and the Duchy of Mantua , but it also enabled Joseph I to pursue his dynastic interests in southern Italy , and in May Count Daun , with about 10,000 men , moved south to the Kingdom of Naples . The city of Naples surrendered without resistance and Gaeta fell after a siege on 30 September . Austria was now the predominant power in Italy , and Charles III was proclaimed King of Naples . Portrait of Prince Eugene of Savoy ( 1663 -- 1736 ) , from the school of Godfrey Kneller , 1712 By taking the Duchy of Milan and securing the Spanish realms in Italy , the Austrian Habsburgs had fulfilled their major war objective . Nevertheless , the Neapolitan campaign had been undertaken in the face of opposition from the Maritime Powers , who instead had favoured a diversionary attack on southern France . To assuage his allies Eugene , together with the Duke of Savoy , agreed to attack Toulon in July 1707 , but the attempt proved ineffectual and Marshal Tessé thwarted all attacks . The Allies withdrew in August , though not before acquiring some advantage : the French squadron in the harbour had been permanently put out of action during the battle , leaving the Anglo - Dutch fleet uncontested in the Mediterranean . On the diplomatic front that year the Allies also had to contend with King Charles XII of Sweden , whose war against Russia and Saxony - Poland threatened to spill over into the War of the Spanish Succession . Charles XII had invaded Saxony in 1706 , but the King had also threatened to interfere in Silesia on behalf of the Emperor 's Protestant subjects , and there were fears that he might be inclined to assist the largely Protestant rebels in Hungary . However , once Joseph I had yielded enough concessions and signed the Treaty of Altranstädt on 31 August 1707 , Charles XII turned his back on Germany in September , and headed east to Russia and to his eventual defeat at the Battle of Poltava . The overwhelming strength of Joseph I in Italy had served to emphasise the ongoing tensions between Imperial and Papal suzerainty : in the Duchy of Parma ( which the papacy had deemed a fief of the Holy See , but which Joseph I deemed a fief of the Empire ) , as well as in the Duchy of Milan , Pope Clement XI forbade the collection of Imperial taxes on the church . To gain leverage , the Austrians seized the disputed town of Comacchio in May 1708 , before Daun overran large parts of the Papal States . The Pope raised an army of 25,000 men under Marsigli but he soon capitulated , and in return for Joseph I submitting the disputes over Parma and Comacchio to a cardinal 's commission , Clement XI recognised Archduke Charles as King Charles III of Spain . In the meantime , fighting continued along the French - Savoy border as the Duke of Savoy sought his own ' Barrier ' against future French incursion , and in July he launched a campaign towards Briançon , capturing Exilles and Fenestrelle . These raids were repeated in subsequent years of the war , but Austrian and Savoyard commanders could not overcome the difficulties in launching a full - scale attack over the Alps , and the Emperor showed little enthusiasm for liberating the Duke 's occupied transalpine territories of Nice and Savoy . Spain and Portugal ( edit ) Battle of Vigo Bay . Anonymous . English and Dutch fleet sail towards the Spanish treasure ships and their French naval escorts in Vigo Bay . The despatch of an Anglo - Dutch expeditionary force to Spain in 1702 was a continuation of William III 's policy , using the navy to open the Strait of Gibraltar , secure Allied naval power in the Mediterranean , and cut off Spain 's transatlantic economy . The Austrians also clamoured for early naval support , claiming the sight of an Allied fleet in the Mediterranean would inspire the anti-Bourbon nobles in Naples , overawe the Francophile papacy , and encourage the Duke of Savoy to change sides . The need for a base between England and the Mediterranean was therefore essential , but the attack on Cádiz in September ended in failure and looting . However , the Allies recovered some prestige when they destroyed the Spanish treasure fleet and their French escorts anchored in Vigo Bay on 23 October . The attack did not yield as much silver as hoped , but it was to have wide implications . For King Peter II of Portugal , whose country 's economy depended on oceanic trade with the Americas , the demonstration of Allied naval dominance in the Atlantic played a decisive part in persuading him to abandon his nominal alliance with France and Spain . Although most of his ministers preferred neutrality , Peter II signed with the Allies the Treaty of Defensive Alliance and the Treaty of Offensive Alliance on 16 May 1703 . Portrait of Charles III of Habsburg ( 1685 -- 1740 ) . Oil by Francesco Solimena , c. 1707 . Archduke Charles , known to his supporters as Charles III of Spain . The Portuguese alliance began a new era in political and commercial relations with England . However , of more immediate benefit to the Allies was the port of Lisbon , which would provide year - round naval access to the Mediterranean , as well as support from the Portuguese army to fight for the Grand Alliance in Spain . As part of the agreement Peter II had demanded that Archduke Charles be sent in person to Portugal . In the King 's estimation the presence of the Archduke would help facilitate an anti-Bourbon rising in Spain , but it would also guarantee that the Allies would not leave him in the lurch once he had forfeited his French alliance . To Queen Anne 's ministers replacing the Duke of Anjou with Archduke Charles appeared a good way to break Spain 's trade monopoly in its colonial empire , knowing that Habsburg control over Spanish America was in England 's commercial interest ; moreover , it satisfied the Grand Strategic concept of pressing Louis XIV across multiple fonts . However , the agreement also meant the Allies were now committed to a war to secure the whole Spanish inheritance for the Austrian Habsburgs . At first the Emperor had been hesitant as his immediate goals were in Italy not Spain . Nevertheless , it was the weight of English gold and diplomacy which prevailed , and on 12 September 1703 Archduke Charles was crowned Charles III of Spain in Vienna . He arrived in Lisbon , via London , in early March 1704 . The war now moved to the Iberian Peninsula in earnest . In May 1704 the Franco - Spanish army of approximately 26,000 men under the Duke of Berwick , accompanied by Philip V , advanced on Portugal and scored several minor victories against the disorganised Allies under the Marquis of Minas , the Duke of Schomberg , and the Dutch Baron Fagel , whose combined strength of 21,000 men fell far short of their treaty obligations . For their part , Allied successes that year were achieved and sustained by their navy , and in early August George Rooke and Prince George of Hesse - Darmstadt captured Gibraltar . Two attempts were made to retake the place that year : the first by sea , leading to the indecisive Battle of Málaga on 24 August ( the only full - dress naval engagement of the war ) ; then by land when Tessé and Villadarias besieged the Rock before abandoning the attempt after six months in April 1705 . Gibraltar remained in Allied hands , but attempts to garner support for Charles III amongst the populace of Spain largely failed . Peninsular Spain . The seat of Philip V 's government was in Madrid , the principal city of the Crown of Castile . In the autonomous Crown of Aragon ( as Philip IV ) and the Kingdom of Navarre ( as Philip VII ) , Philip V was represented by his viceroys . On the whole the people of the Crown of Castile had rallied to support Philip V , but in the autonomous Crown of Aragon there had arisen centres of discontent . In the Principality of Catalonia , as in other parts of the peninsula , the people had differing opinions about supporting the Duke of Anjou or Archduke Charles , but there was a strong anti-French feeling rooted in recent experience , especially the attack on Barcelona in 1697 . In early June 1705 a small number of Catalans -- in return for men , weapons , and support for their own constitutional liberties , or Catalan constitutions -- committed themselves to support Charles and the Allied cause . This new allegiance encouraged the English to prepare an expeditionary force to Spain 's Mediterranean provinces , thereby opening a two front war in the peninsula : Das Minas , the Huguenot Earl of Galway ( Schomberg 's replacement ) , and Baron Fagel attacking from Portugal ; and the Earl of Peterborough and Charles III campaigning in the north - east . The arrival of the Allied fleet off the Mediterranean coast not only influenced disaffected Catalans , however . In the Kingdom of Valencia there was strong anti-French feeling based on trade rivalry , but there was also repercussions of a recent peasant rebellion against the Valencian nobility , which was never fully extinguished and which the Allies were able to exploit . In the Kingdom of Aragon there was also strong Francophobia , based largely on commercial rivalry and proximity , but Philip V 's attempts to raise taxes for the war effort without the approval of the Catalan Courts , to appoint a Castilian viceroy , and to move and quarter French and Castilian troops within the kingdom , were also causes of friction , which went against the spirit of their own Constitutions . James FitzJames , 1st Duke of Berwick ( 1670 -- 1734 ) . Anonymous . Berwick was an illegitimate son of King James II and a nephew of the Duke of Marlborough . The internal divisions in the Crown of Aragon prepared the way for early Allied victories in the region in 1705 , culminating with Peterborough taking Barcelona on 9 October , and Juan Bautista Basset y Ramos capturing the city of Valencia on 16 December . The defeats in the north - east provinces were a major set - back to the Bourbon cause ; a problem exacerbated when Philip V and Tessé failed to retake Barcelona in May 1706 . Moreover , the concentration of French forces in the north - east had enabled the Allies under Das Minas and Galway to make progress on the Portuguese front , where they quickly captured several towns . Berwick could not halt a mainly Portuguese - allied army advance led by Das Minas , and on 25 June , Portuguese , Dutch , and British forward elements entered Madrid ; by the time they took Saragossa on the 29th , they controlled the four chief cities of Spain . But the gains were illusory . Although several nobles joined the Habsburg cause the majority of Castile remained loyal to Philip V , and the Allied army , far from its supply ports , could not maintain their position so deep within the country . When Charles III and Peterborough moved to join Das Minas and Galway they failed to take decisive action , and after Berwick received French reinforcements the Allies retreated to Valencia , allowing Philip V to re-enter Madrid in early October . Although the Allies captured the key Valencian town of Alicante , and Leake took the islands of Ibiza and Majorca in September , the Allied retreat from Castile brought forth the reversal of Philip V 's fortunes in the peninsula , and softened the blows of Ramillies and Turin . By the time Cartagena fell to Franco - Spanish forces in November , the territories of Castile , Murcia , and the southern tip of Valencia had returned to Bourbon obedience . Battle of Almansa , 1707 . The victory of the Franco - Spanish Bourbon army at Almansa in Spain was a serious setback for the Grand Alliance . In an attempt to regain the initiative in 1707 , Galway and Das Minas led the main Allied army of 15,500 Portuguese , English , and Dutch troops into Murcia , prior to advancing once again on Madrid . Opposing them stood Berwick who , reinforced with troops released from the Italian front , now commanded 25,000 men . When Berwick advanced towards the Allies on 25 April Galway accepted the challenge . The result was the Battle of Almansa and complete defeat for the main Allied army . With the Allies in full retreat the Duke of Orléans , newly arrived from Italy to take command in Spain , now joined with Berwick to retake much of what had been lost in the earlier campaigns : Valencia city and Saragossa fell in May , d'Asfeld reduced Xátiva in June , and Lleida fell in November . Most of Aragon and Valencia returned to the obedience of Philip V , and the Allies were pushed back to Catalonia and beyond the line of the Segre and the Ebro . The Bourbons also made gains on the Portuguese front , notably the Marquis of Bay 's recovery of Ciudad Rodrigo on 4 October . Young King John V had been on the throne in Portugal for less than a year following the death of Peter II , but his country was exhausted and in danger of defeat if the Allies could not make progress in the Crown of Aragon . Following the Habsburg victory in Italy the Emperor could at last send Charles III assistance in early 1708 . Joseph I 's resources remained limited and he was still unwilling to assign a high priority to the war in Iberia . Nevertheless , the Austrians agreed to send reinforcements , as well as Guido Starhemberg to assume supreme Allied command in the peninsula . James Stanhope -- the English envoy to Charles III -- became the new British commander in Spain , and in September he and Admiral Leake captured Menorca and the key harbour , Mahón . This success followed hard on Leake 's capture of Sardinia in the name of Charles III in August . However , Philip V 's generals on the Spanish mainland continued their advance on Charles III in Barcelona . Orléans took Tortosa in mid-July , while on the Valencian coast d'Asfeld re-captured Dénia in mid-November , and Alicante ( though not its citadel ) in early December . Campaigns : 1709 -- 1714 ( edit ) The Hague ( edit ) From the start of the war the Dutch priority had been to secure their Barrier fortress system as stipulated -- though unspecified -- in the Grand Alliance treaty ; they also had concerns on their eastern German border ( from Cleves in the south to East Frisia in the north ) where their once political and economical dominance had come under threat from the Prussians . As a consequence , Spain had become largely irrelevant to the States General , and they had increasingly looked favourably on a deal with France based on partition of the Spanish inheritance between Archduke Charles and the Duke of Anjou . As early as 1705 Louis XIV had approached the Allies with peace feelers , attempting to split the Dutch from the Alliance and achieve a partition of Spain . The defeat at Ramillies in 1706 , and the defeat at Oudenarde and loss of Lille in 1708 , had further encouraged Louis XIV to abandon the principle of Spanish integrity . Yet for dynastic and strategic reasons Joseph I and his ministers in Vienna were unwilling to grant Philip V compensation in Italy , while Charles III in Barcelona , after years of struggle , sincerely believed in his rightful claims to the whole of Spain and its dependencies . The British supported the Habsburgs in opposing partition , in part to protect their Mediterranean trade : they were already pressing for the cessation of Menorca and the strategically important Port Mahón for themselves , and they were determined to prevent the Duke of Anjou acquiring Sicily and Naples , thereby limiting French maritime influence in the region . In desperation , therefore , Louis XIV sent the president of the Parlement of Paris , Pierre Rouillé , to meet with Dutch ministers in March 1709 at Moerdijk , confident that they at least were willing to accept some token partition . However , British and Austrian intransigence , and a whole raft of conditions from their allies , scuppered any chance of a compromise . The Dutch , unwilling to treat without British support , were compelled once again to put their faith in the strength of the Grand Alliance . Jean - Baptiste Colbert , marquis de Torcy ( 1665 -- 1746 ) . Attributed to Robert Tournières , 1701 . After the collapse of the talks with Rouillé on 21 April , the Allies prepared to resume hostilities , but for Louis XIV this represented an unacceptable risk . Not only was the Anglo - Dutch army fighting on French soil , the whole of France had recently suffered a severe winter , resulting in widespread crop failure and famine ; a hardship exacerbated by a British naval blockade of grain imports . In early May Louis XIV sent his Foreign Minister , Torcy , to deal with the Allied negotiators at The Hague , principally Eugene , later assisted by Count Sinzendorf , for the Emperor ; Marlborough and a Whig leader , Charles Townshend , representing Queen Anne ; and Heinsius , Willem Buys , and Bruno van der Dussen , for the Dutch . Prussian , Savoyard , Portuguese , and German representatives were also present . The French had hoped to reduce the demands presented to Rouillé in April , but recognising Louis XIV 's weakness the Allies adhered to particularly harsh conditions , and on 27 May they presented Torcy the forty articles of the Preliminaries of The Hague , the most important of which was the Anglo - Habsburg demand that required Philip V to hand over the entire Spanish Monarchy to Charles III without compensation . In return , the Allies offered a two - month truce . Within that time Louis XIV was to withdraw his troops from Spain and procure Philip V 's renunciation of the Spanish throne . At largely Dutch insistence -- though supported by the British -- Louis XIV was to hand over three French and three Spanish ' cautionary ' towns to guarantee his grandson 's compliance . If Philip V refused to surrender his claims peacefully the French were to join with the Allies and forcibly drive the Bourbon claimant from the peninsula or face a renewal of the war in Flanders , though now without the towns they had surrendered . To Dutch ministers these stipulations ensured France could not reap the benefits of peace and recover its strength while the Grand Alliance continued fighting in Spain . Louis XIV had been willing to accept the bulk of the demands , including relinquishing several fortresses to provide for the Dutch Barrier , ceding Strasbourg and many of his rights in Alsace to accommodate a Reichsbarriere on the Empire 's western frontier , and recognising the Protestant succession in England , but he could not agree to the terms regarding Spain , and in early June the King publicly rejected the Preliminaries , calling on his subjects for new efforts of resistance . Nevertheless , with French forces under pressure on other fronts Louis XIV was willing to manoeuvre for peace at Philip V 's expense , and after the Preliminaries had been rejected he withdrew much of his army from Spain to encourage his grandson 's voluntary abdication . However , by now Louis XIV had far less influence over Philip V than the Allies realised , and surrendering Spain was not something the Spanish king , now firmly established on his throne and enjoying the support of the majority of his subjects , would countenance . Grand Alliance falters ( edit ) The Battle of Malplaquet 1709 : The Duke of Marlborough and Prince Eugene Entering the French Entrenchments , possibly by Louis Laguerre . The battle , often described as a Pyrrhic victory , was the bloodiest of all Louis XIV 's wars . Believing that Louis XIV was only stalling for time in order to recuperate his army , the ministry in London prepared to act vigorously on all fronts in 1709 , hoping to draw the French back to the negotiating table . Central to both sides was the situation in Flanders . Here , Villars replaced Vendôme as commander of the French army and set about building a new defensive line from Aire to Douai ( the Lines of Cambrin , or la Bassée , later extended ) to block the line of advance from Lille to Paris . Due to the harshness of the previous winter and the scarcity of stores and provisions , Marlborough had initially recoiled from a full - scale invasion of France in preference to a conservative policy of siege warfare . The Allies invested Tournai in July ( the citadel did not fall till 3 September ) , before moving to attack Mons . Given a free hand from Louis XIV to save the city Villars , commanding perhaps 75,000 men , entrenched his army centred around the tiny village of Malplaquet . Confident that one last set - piece battle would result in the final destruction of the main French army and force Louis XIV to accept peace on Allied terms , Marlborough and Eugene , leading some 86,000 men , accepted the challenge and attacked the French position on 11 September . The Battle of Malplaquet was nominally a victory for the Allies , but a stern French defence and faults in the execution of the battle - plan prevented the Allies from winning decisively , and they suffered major losses . Although Mons subsequently fell in October , Villars and his co-commander Boufflers , had kept the French army intact . Infantry of the Dutch States Army . A musketeer ( left ) , two ensigns ( centre ) , grenadier ( right ) . The Allies were now lodged in the northern French provinces depriving Louis XIV of vital resources , but Villars ' resistance had provided a boost to French morale . There was also French success in Spain in 1709 : Alicante 's citadel fell in April , and on 7 May the Marquis of Bay defeated Fronteira and Galway at the Battle of La Gudina on the Portuguese border . However , Louis XIV 's greatest advantage lay in his enemy 's political disunity , exacerbated as it was by the appalling Allied losses at Malplaquet ( particularly the Dutch ) and the strategic indecisiveness of the battle . The Tories -- whose Land Tax was funding the war -- sought to make political gain by demonstrating that the Whigs and their friends at the Bank of England were benefiting from the ongoing conflict to the detriment of their compatriots . But there was also anger from the Dutch who , since April , had been pressing British ministers to accept their latest Barrier project . Talks had reached deadlock , but in August the Dutch had learnt of the secret territorial and commercial concessions the Habsburgs had yielded Britain , concessions at odds with the Treaty of Grand Alliance , which had promised an equal division of the Spanish spoils . To appease their allies the Godolphin ministry now proposed its own concessions . By the Barrier Treaty of 29 October , Townshend , without consulting Vienna , promised the Dutch an extensive Barrier fortress system , as well as commercial advantages in the Spanish Netherlands and an equal share of any advantages secured from Spain 's empire ; the Treaty also granted the Dutch Upper Guelders , to which the Prussians laid claim . In return , the States General offered concessions of their own , primarily to provide armed help in repelling any future foreign attempt to overthrow the Protestant succession in Great Britain . From the outset , however , Joseph I , Charles III , and the Tories who saw the Dutch primarily as commercial rivals , considered the agreement prejudicial to their own economic and strategic interests . The Grand Alliance had failed to make the decisive breakthrough in 1709 , but Louis XIV was far from confident : his finances were in a mess and the famine lingered . At Geertruidenberg from March through July 1710 the French envoys , Marshal d'Uxelles and the Abbé Polignac , sought to modify the harsh Hague Preliminaries . Against Joseph I 's wishes -- whose objective remained the entire Spanish inheritance -- the Dutch had suggested Philip V could retain Sicily , and perhaps receive Sardinia as compensation for vacating Spain . Yet the Allies now went even beyond the demands specified at The Hague . Prompted by their distrust of Louis XIV and convinced of France 's exhaustion , the Dutch insisted Louis XIV take sole responsibility , in men and money , for driving Philip V from Spain if he refused to leave voluntarily . This was flatly rejected . Louis XIV had already recalled much of his army from Spain to promote the peace process , and he was even willing to pay a large subsidy to assist the Allied campaign in the peninsula . But he would not send French troops to depose his grandson while his enemies watched from afar . Portrait of Robert Harley , 1st Earl of Oxford ( 1661 -- 1724 ) by Jonathan Richardson , c. 1711 In Britain , the Whigs remained strongly in favour of the war , and Allied negotiators had been spurred on by Marlborough and Eugene passing the Lines of Cambrin , before taking the pré carré fortress of Douai on 25 June 1710 . However , calls for peace were growing : the war was profitable for some , but the general populace had become overburdened , and dissatisfaction set in against Godolphin and his government . Due to their support for the continental strategy ( and other measures such as supporting the political union of England and Scotland , which the High Tories opposed ) , Godolphin was beholden to the Whigs , particularly the Whig Junto who had long been demanding greater power in the Cabinet Council . The first major crisis had come in 1706 when Godolphin and the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough compelled the highly reluctant Queen to accept a member of the Junto , the Earl of Sunderland , as Secretary of State . The appointment further damaged the Queen 's already barbed relationship with the Duchess , and it estranged Anne from Godolphin . Consequently , the Queen turned to the moderate Tory Robert Harley , Sunderland 's fellow Secretary of State , who had long reviled the Junto and who now set himself up in opposition to the ministry . As early as 1707 Harley was voicing doubts about the hard - line Whig policy in Spain , and in opposing the Junto he had the Queen 's sympathy , but with Godolphin and the victorious Marlborough presenting a united front it was Harley who lost the initial power struggle , and he was forced from office in February 1708 . The subsequent General Election in May proved very favourable to the Whigs , who became champions of a belligerent war policy which they were determined to see through at any cost . However , by 1710 domestic party strife , war - weariness , and the disappointment of Malplaquet , all led to political upheaval in England , and Harley encouraged Anne , herself tired of the endless war and the hated Whig Junto , to change her ministry . In June Anne dismissed Sunderland . In August , shortly after the collapse of the Geertruidenberg talks , she dismissed Godolphin , who was followed in September by the rest of the Whig Junto . Following the General Election in October Harley led a new largely Tory ministry , alongside the Whig moderate , the Duke of Shrewsbury , and the highly partisan Henry St. John , who became the principal Secretary of State . Harley came to power advocating peace -- a just peace for Britain and all its allies . However , the other members of the Grand Alliance , as well as the Whig directors of the Bank of England , had viewed with apprehension Anne 's new government , and interpreted the fall of the Whigs as signifying a shift in war policy . To avoid a credit crisis at home and to dispel Allied fears abroad -- thereby forestalling Vienna and The Hague rushing to make their own separate arrangements -- the Harley government at first returned to the war strategy undertaken by the previous administration to secure from a position of strength an advantageous settlement . Marlborough remained at the head of the Anglo - Dutch army in Northern France , and by the end of the 1710 campaign the Duke and Eugene had added to their earlier success by capturing Béthune , Saint - Venant , and in early November , Aire - sur - la - Lys , thereby penetrating the second line of the pré carré . Yet these sieges had been costly and time consuming , and there had been no decisive breakthrough ; moreover , between Marlborough and Paris still lay several fortresses and a new defensive line . Battle of Villaviciosa by Jean Alaux , 1836 . '' The battle placed the crown on the head of the Catholic king ( Philip V ) . '' Other fronts in 1710 produced little , but in Spain the dispute over who would rule in Madrid was finally settled . Due to Louis XIV withdrawing much of his army from Spain , Philip V took to the field bereft of French generals and troops . In contrast , Joseph I at last fully committed himself to the Iberian front , hoping to dispel Tory resentment of his reputed half - hearted prosecution of the war . Thus reinforced , Starhemberg and Stanhope defeated Villadarias and Philip V at the Battle of Almenar on 27 July 1710 , followed by victory against de Bay ( Villadarias ' replacement ) at the Battle of Saragossa on 20 August . The Allies had regained control of Aragon , and at the end of September Charles III entered Madrid , albeit to a hostile reception . With Barcelona , Madrid , and Saragossa in Allied hands Philip V 's position looked precarious , but again they failed to secure the backing of the Spanish people ; moreover , with the collapse of the Geertruidenberg talks Louis XIV could return to support his grandson . Vendôme passed through the Pyrenees and took control of the main Franco - Spanish army , while the Duke of Noailles attacked Catalonia from Roussillon . Facing this new threat and unwilling to winter in the hostile territories of Castile , Starhemberg retired eastward . Vendôme pursued , and on 8 / 9 December he captured Stanhope and the British rearguard at Brihuega . When Starhemberg turned the main army to offer assistance , Vendôme attacked him at Villaviciosa on the 10th . Although Starhemberg kept the field , the Allies were subsequently forced into a precipitous retreat back to Catalonia , reduced to the region between Tarragona , Igualada , and Barcelona , where they would largely remain till the end of the war . Preliminary peace talks ( edit ) The new Harley ministry in London sought the same goals for Great Britain as had the Godolphin ministry , that is , to ensure the country 's safety , prevent outside interference in its internal affairs , and secure its trade abroad . But there was one big difference -- their readiness to commit to peace . As early as August 1710 the Tories had initiated secret talks with the French , seeking mutual ground whereon Great Britain and France could dictate peace to the rest of Europe . Initially , Harley and Shrewsbury conducted these talks through the Jacobite Earl of Jersey , and through Torcy 's London agent , François Gaultier , who between them sketched out the broad outline of a peace agreement . At first the Tories had offered no concrete concessions to the French , but when news of the Allied retreat from Madrid and the defeat at Brihuega reached London in December , Anne 's ministers finally resolved to abandon Spain and the Indies to Philip V ( provided the thrones of France and Spain remained separate ) in return for exclusive territorial and trade advantages . To this end they were aided by the sudden death in April 1711 of Holy Roman Emperor Joseph I. Joseph I 's brother , Archduke Charles ( Charles III of Spain ) , was his sole male heir , yet if Charles III was to succeed to the Austrian inheritance as well as that of Spain , the balance of power in Europe would once again be overthrown , this time in favour of the Austrian Habsburgs . For the Tories , the threat of a dominant Habsburg empire was no more desirable than a Bourbon one , but for now the need for the Grand Alliance remained : peace was necessary , yet in order to strengthen their negotiating position Queen Anne 's ministers stood by the basic strategy of attacking Louis XIV across multiple fronts . In 1711 this was to include a revival of an earlier plan to seize the French stronghold of Quebec in North America . North America in the years following the War of the Spanish Succession . The war in North America was named Queen Anne 's War by British colonists . Up till now the war in North America had been a relatively minor affair fought between English , Spanish , and French colonists who rallied their Indian allies to attack frontier settlements for trade and territorial advantage . The French were aware of the danger of their position between Rupert 's Land in the north and the British colonies to the south , but the expansion of French settlements from Louisiana , along the Mississippi River to the Great Lakes and the Saint Lawrence River in Canada , threatened to encircle the British settlers . For the most part the English in North America had been left to their own devices , but the growing power of France had persuaded the new Tory ministry to take direct action to secure the colonies and its commerce for Britain . Regular troops were taken from Flanders for the Quebec campaign , but the naval expedition against the French stronghold in August 1711 ended in disaster . The campaign in North America did nothing to shake the common Whig belief that America was to be won by defeating France in Europe . However , the failure at Quebec was somewhat compensated by Marlborough 's final victory in the field . Anne 's Captain - General no longer had the influence he enjoyed under the Godolphin ministry : his wife 's relationship with the Queen had ended acrimoniously and he was now under the influence of Harley , now the Earl of Oxford and Lord High Treasurer . Nevertheless , Marlborough still commanded the Anglo - Dutch forces in northern France , and in August he outmanoeuvred Villars and crossed the formidable Ne Plus Ultra lines , before capturing Bouchain on 12 September . The campaign was not decisive , however . Arras , Cambrai , Le Quesnoy , and Landrecies still stood between the Duke and Paris , and it would take at least one more campaign to secure their capitulation . On 27 September Charles III reluctantly left Barcelona to take possession of the Austrian hereditary lands and the Imperial crown , leaving behind his wife Elizabeth as a pledge to the Spanish . In order to facilitate the Imperial election at Frankfurt -- and keep the electors loyal to the Habsburgs -- Eugene and the troops still in Austrian pay ( no more than 16,000 men ) had already moved from Flanders to the Rhine where the French were massing for a new offensive ( or to at least disrupt the Imperial election ) . In the event Eugene 's campaign proved uneventful and in October , shortly after his embarkation at Genoa , Archduke Charles was elected Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI . Yet even before he had left Barcelona Charles knew the Allies were on the point of making peace and that Spain was no longer within the dynasty 's grasp . Vendôme sought to hasten the Allied departure from Catalonia by moving on Tarragona and Barcelona ; several small towns fell as a prelude , but Starhemberg fought back , and the Bourbons were unable to secure a military solution that year . Meanwhile , on the Spanish - Portuguese border Vila Verde had replaced Fronteira as commander of the Portuguese army , and the Earl of Portmore succeeded Galway as British commander . However , the campaign against de Bay proved uneventful as it became clear that the momentum was now with the peace negotiations . Portrait of Henry St John , 1st Viscount Bolingbroke ( 1678 -- 1751 ) . Attributed to Alexis Simon Belle , c. 1712 . Oxford ( Harley ) had refused to make a separate treaty between Britain and France , but ultimately he had excluded the Dutch from negotiating the preliminary articles of peace , which together with French ministers he would present to the States General as a done deal . After much cross-Channel diplomacy the final proposals were agreed . First , there were the vague public preliminaries made by Britain on behalf of itself and the Allies , namely : French recognition of Queen Anne and the Act of Settlement ; a guarantee that the French and Spanish crowns would remain separate ; a restoration of international commerce ; protective ' barriers ' for the Dutch Republic , Austria , and the Holy Roman Empire against future French aggression ; and a secret agreement that France would cooperate in securing for the Duke of Savoy -- Britain 's close ally -- those parts of Italy which the British deemed necessary to counter Habsburg domination . On top of these general concessions were the secret articles pertaining only to Britain , including negotiations for an Anglo - French commercial treaty , and the demolition of the privateer base of Dunkirk . There were also the advantages which Britain had previously hoped to gain by supporting the Habsburg cause in Spain and which were now to be granted by Philip V , including the cession of Gibraltar , Menorca , and the Asiento ( slaving contract ) for 30 years . The agreement was laid down as the Preliminary Articles of London , signed on 8 October 1711 ( N.S. ) by St. John and the Earl of Dartmouth for Great Britain , and Nicolas Mesnager for France . For the British , there now remained the problem of convincing their allies to accept those Preliminary articles that had been made public as a basis for a future peace congress . However , the court in Vienna were dissatisfied with Britain 's evident change in policy , and were suspicious that Anne 's government had already consigned Spain and the Indies to the Bourbons . Consequently , Charles VI at first rejected the idea of a peace conference , but once the Dutch were pulled into line by Britain 's threat to abandon them and force them to fight on alone , the Emperor reluctantly consented . George Louis , Elector of Hanover , also thought the Tories were betraying the Grand Alliance and their cause , and as heir to the British throne he was concerned that if the Bourbons were established in Spain they would actively support James Edward Stuart 's claim to succeed Queen Anne . His ambition to raise his electorate to the status of a kingdom also necessitated his continuing support for the Emperor , and although he accepted the principle of a peace congress , the Elector refused to abandon Charles VI 's claim to the Spanish succession . In Britain , there was also opposition in the House of Lords , notably from the influential Tory , the Earl of Nottingham , whose motion that `` no peace was safe or honourable to Great Britain or Europe if Spain and the West Indies were allotted to any branch of the House of Bourbon '' , was carried on 7 December ( Julian calendar ( O.S. ) ) . Blenheim Palace . After his dismissal Marlborough went into exile . On Anne 's death he returned to England and to favour under the Hanoverian dynasty . In 1719 the Duke and Duchess moved into the east wing of their unfinished palace . To rouse public feeling against the Whigs and their European allies the Tories had turned to propaganda , notably Jonathan Swift 's The Conduct of the Allies . In his pamphlet ( composed with ministerial assistance ) Swift protested against Allied intransigence at The Hague and Geertruidenberg peace talks , and he reminded the public of the original Treaty of Grand Alliance where no mention was made of driving Philip V from Spain . Swift lamented that the early Allied victories had led to hubris and intransigence , and he rejected the preoccupation with the security of the Low Countries at the expense of a naval and colonial war . He also denigrated Marlborough , a leading member of the former administration and opponent of the new ministry 's direction who , now that the Preliminaries had been unilaterally agreed with France , was no longer needed . To further discredit the Duke charges of financial corruption during the war were lodged against him in Parliament , leading to his dismissal at the end of 1711 . Tory propaganda was built in part on a foundation of anti-Dutch and anti-Habsburg xenophobia , but Britain was being drained of its resources , and many thought the country had borne too much of the burden pursuing their allies ' interests while being denied any advantage for itself . Domestically , Oxford had the backing of the Queen , the war - weary public , the House of Commons ; support from the House of Lords was secured by the expedient of the Queen creating 12 new Tory peers . Nevertheless , the Whigs and some Tory Lords refused to accept the possibility of Philip V remaining in Spain , and persisted in supporting the Habsburg bloc as a counterbalance to powerful France . To others , Charles VI 's succession as Holy Roman Emperor and inheritor of the Habsburg lands meant supporting his claim to the Spanish succession had long ceased to be politically desirable . The danger of too much power accumulating to Austria had convinced many , including Daniel Defoe , the chief Whig propagandist , to re-think Grand Strategy . Peace of Utrecht and the final campaigns ( edit ) Treaty of Utrecht , colour print by Abraham Allard , 18th century Battle of Denain , by Jean Alaux . In Napoleon 's words , '' Denain saved France '' . The congress at Utrecht convened on 29 January 1712 . However , within weeks of the talks opening the Bourbons in France had suffered a series of royal deaths , and soon all that was standing between Philip V and the French crown was a sickly two - year - old boy , Louis . To safeguard against the unification of the French and Spanish thrones under one monarch -- and therefore prevent a collapse of the negotiations -- Philip V was pressed to choose between the two crowns . Louis XIV was receptive to Oxford 's plan whereby Philip V , on choosing France , would immediately hand over Spain and Spanish America to the Duke of Savoy . In return , Philip would receive Savoy 's lands , plus Montferrat and Sicily as a kingdom for himself ; if and when the young Louis died , Philip would ascend the French throne , and the Italian territories ( except Sicily which would go to the Habsburgs ) would be absorbed into the kingdom of France . However , Philip V , comfortable in his adopted country and with no guarantee young Louis would die , rejected the plan , and renounced his claim to the French throne in favour of staying in Spain . His response did not promote the Duke of Savoy to the position which the Tories had hoped , and it would make a resolution with the Emperor more difficult . Nevertheless , the renunciation was seen in London as an acceptable basis on which to press for peace . The congress at Utrecht had not been accompanied by an armistice , yet Oxford and St John were determined not to fight another costly and potentially damaging campaign in Flanders . Even before Philip V gave his answer to the ' Savoy plan ' , Queen Anne had issued Marlborough 's successor , the Duke of Ormonde , his ' Restraining Orders ' ( 21 May ) , forbidding him to use British troops against the French . In effect , Anne 's ministers had abandoned their allies in the field and made a separate deal with France , but they were convinced they had reached the best agreement possible , not just for themselves , but also for the other members of the Grand Alliance who were asked to join the Anglo - French suspension of arms . However , the Dutch -- who had received no guarantees for their strategic and commercial interests -- were inclined to fight on ; as was Prince Eugene who was determined to breach the remaining fortresses guarding northern France and compel Louis XIV into making substantial concessions . On 4 July 1712 , Eugene took Le Quesnoy ; on the 17th he invested Landrecies , the last pré carré fortress between himself and Paris . British troops had by now pulled back to Ghent and Bruges , and in conformity with the agreement with France they also occupied Dunkirk . Nevertheless , the majority of Ormonde 's German and Danish auxiliaries went over to Eugene who , following the Treaty of Szatmár and end of Rákóczi 's revolt , also received reinforcements from Hungary , giving the Austrian commander a numerical advantage . Yet Villars , encouraged by Britain 's withdrawal , decided to take the initiative . Feinting against the besiegers at Landrecies the French commander struck out for Denain and defeated the Earl of Albemarle 's Dutch garrison on 24 July . The victory was pivotal . The French subsequently seized the Allies ' main supply magazine at Marchiennes on 30 July , before reversing their earlier losses at Douai , Le Quesnoy and , in early October , Bouchain . The pré carré had been restored . Claude Louis Hector , duc de Villars , ( 1653 -- 1734 ) after Hyacinthe Rigaud On 19 August 1712 , Britain , Savoy , France and Spain agreed to a general suspension of arms . The British now began to draw back their troops from Catalonia and reduce the regiments in Portugal . When Portugal agreed an armistice with France and Spain on 8 November , Starhemberg was deprived of all but his Catalan allies . By the end of the year Charles VI 's German ministers were in agreement that Austria would have to make peace : the Emperor could not fight Louis XIV and Philip V without the Maritime Powers , but the Dutch , following the collapse of their public finances , could not carry on the war without Britain . To draw the States General into a general peace the Tories offered new terms regarding the Barrier in the Spanish Netherlands , supplanting the former Whig agreement which had since been repudiated by the British Parliament . The new treaty , signed on 29 January 1713 , maintained the principle of the Barrier , but it now comprised fewer fortresses than the one promised by the Whigs , though better than the one the Dutch held at the beginning of the war . Trade interests in the region were to satisfy both Maritime Powers , but the agreement was still subject to Austrian approval . Austria 's inability to impose a military solution in Spain or Flanders had strengthened the French and British negotiating positions at Utrecht . Consequently , in March 1713 , Count Sinzendorf , the Emperor 's representative at the congress , signed a convention for the evacuation of Imperial troops from Catalonia : the Empress departed Barcelona on 19 March , followed in July by Starhemberg . Charles VI had been willing to make unpalatable concessions to end the war , but last minute demands by Louis XIV 's diplomats at Utrecht -- including the cession of Luxembourg to the Elector of Bavaria , the immediate formal recognition of Philip V as King of Spain , and a guarantee the Austrians would not extend their rule in northern Italy to Mantua and Mirandola -- proved a step too far . As a result , Charles VI resolved to fight on , but for other key members of the Grand Alliance the war was over . Cover of the English translation of the Asiento , a contract for the African slave trade monopoly to Spanish America , signed by Britain and Spain in 1713 as part of the Utrecht treaty that ended the War of Spanish Succession . On 11 April 1713 , Great Britain , Prussia , Savoy , Portugal , and after midnight , the Dutch Republic , signed the treaties at Utrecht to secure peace with France -- a peace built around a framework pre-established by French and British diplomats , and on the principle of a European balance of power . The treaty secured Britain 's main war aims : Louis XIV 's acknowledgement of the Protestant succession as regulated by Parliament , and safeguards to ensure that the French and Spanish thrones remained separate . In North America , Louis XIV ceded to Britain the territories of Saint Kitts and Acadia , and recognised Britain 's sovereignty over Rupert 's Land and Newfoundland ( less some rights for French coastal fishermen ) . In return , Louis XIV kept the major city of Lille on his northern border , but he ceded Furnes , Ypres , Menin , and Tournai to the Spanish Netherlands ; he also agreed to the permanent demilitarisation of the naval base at Dunkirk . The Dutch received their restricted Barrier -- with French amendments -- in the Spanish Netherlands , and a share of the trade in the region with Britain ; Prussia gained Upper Guelders , and international recognition of the disputed Orange succession lands of Moers , Lingen , and Neuchâtel ; and Portugal won minor concessions in Brazil against encroachments on the Amazon from French Guiana . Nice and the Duchy of Savoy was restored to Victor Amadeus who , at British insistence , also acquired Sicily to act as a counter-weight to the Habsburg 's political and commercial dominance in Italy . Louis XIV also ceded the district of Pragelato and the fortresses of Exilles and Fenestrelle to act as part of an alpine barrier ; to compensate , Amadeus ceded the Barcelonnette valley to France . Above all , though , Louis XIV had secured for the House of Bourbon the throne of Spain , with his grandson , Philip V , recognised as the rightful king by all signatories . Spain made peace with the Dutch in June , and with Savoy and Britain on 13 July 1713 . To Britain , Spain ceded Gibraltar and Menorca , recognised the Protestant succession , and confirmed the March agreement to grant Britain the Asiento slaving contract for 30 years ( besides other trade advantages for the newly formed South Sea Company ) ; in return , Spain and the Spanish Indies were guaranteed to Philip V , who reaffirmed his renunciation of the French throne . The Spanish - Dutch treaty changed little , however : Dutch trade was put on ' most favoured nation ' basis , but they had to abandon trade with the Spanish Indies . Spain and Portugal came to terms in February 1715 . Spain ceded Colonia del Sacramento in South America , and confirmed the mutual restitutions already settled between France and Portugal , but there were to be no Portuguese gains in Extremadura or Galicia as promised by the Allies in 1703 . Europe at the end of the war Emperor Charles VI and the Elector of Hanover were to fight a final campaign on the Rhine before they and the Holy Roman Empire would submit . The numerically superior French under Marshal Villars captured Landau in August 1713 , and Freiburg in November . With Austrian finances exhausted and the German states reluctant to continue , Charles VI was compelled to enter into negotiations . Louis XIV too required peace , and on 26 November Eugene and Villars initiated talks , culminating in the Franco - Austrian Treaty of Rastatt on 7 March 1714 . The treaty was largely built on what had already been agreed at Utrecht before the Emperor pulled out of the talks , but by fighting on for another year Charles VI had gained some advantages : he was not asked to renounce his claim to Spain formally , and he had forestalled the French attempt to limit his influence in Italy . Ultimately , therefore , the Emperor now controlled Milan , Naples , Mantua , the Tuscan ports ( State of Presidi ) , Sardinia ( which was promised to Bavaria at Utrecht ) , and most of the Spanish Netherlands ( known henceforth as the Austrian Netherlands ) . Louis XIV yielded all French conquests on the east bank of the Rhine ( Breisach , Kehl , Freiburg ) , and ended his support of Rákóczi 's cause in Hungary . Strasbourg and Alsace remained French , however , and the Emperor ceded Landau to Louis XIV , and agreed to a full reinstatement of the Electors of Bavaria and Cologne . The Holy Roman Empire became part of this treaty at Baden on 7 September . Assault and conquest of Barcelona . Engraving by Martin Engelbrecht . There remained the struggle in Catalonia . At no stage in the war had there been a unanimous or even majority support for Archduke Charles ( Charles III ) in the principality , but the existence of a rebel group inside the province , together with a superior Allied military and naval presence in Barcelona , forced many towns to decide -- often reluctantly -- for the Archduke 's cause . Nevertheless , those who wished to continue fighting could point to the fact that the Kingdoms of Aragon and Valencia , as well as those in Castile , were subject to a regime that had forced them to change their laws and historic constitutions , and at no stage since his victory at Almansa and the subsequent abolition of the fueros in Aragon and Valencia in 1707 , had Philip V shown any intention of respecting Catalonia 's privileges . In consequence , Barcelona decided to resist , but there would be no Allied help . After the peace agreements between the major powers neither Austria nor Great Britain could return to a war footing . To compound the issue , Tory diplomatic efforts with Philip V to secure Catalan liberties were half - hearted , and Bolingbroke made no protest when , in early July 1714 -- after a year of guerrilla warfare in the region -- Berwick returned to Catalonia to formally besiege Barcelona . Antoni de Villarroel put up a stout defence of the city , but with little hope of relief the Catalan capital surrendered on 11 September ( which is since remembered as the National Day of Catalonia ) . Cardona soon followed . Majorca held out for nine months until its surrender in July 1715 . Aftermath ( edit ) Charles VI , by Johann Kupezky , 1716 With Germany and Italy providing a buffer with France , the Austrian Habsburgs had maintained what was crucial to their security and interests . Together with the recent Balkan conquests , Charles VI now ruled an extensive Habsburg empire . Austria had confirmed its position as a major power , yet the Habsburg dynasty had fallen short of its full war aims : Spain had been lost to Philip V and Sicily lost to the Duke of Savoy . Although Sardinia was exchanged for Sicily in 1720 the island , together with the acquisitions of the Spanish Netherlands and Naples , extended the Monarchy 's responsibilities beyond their traditional interests and commitments -- an overextension which made the Habsburg territories more vulnerable at their periphery , particularly without the assistance of the Maritime Powers . In Germany , the Imperial army had been unable to recover the lost lands in Alsace and Lorraine , and the Holy Roman Empire itself made no gains , and even lost territory ( Landau ) . This was largely due to the fact that Vienna 's principal concern had been to establish a secure Danubian state , and the Emperor and his ministers had been unwilling to put German interests before those of Italy and Hungary . The Habsburgs would make further gains when Prince Eugene once again defeated the Ottomans in the Austro - Turkish War of 1716 -- 18 , but Vienna 's influence within the Empire declined , not least because the rulers of Hanover , Saxony , and Prussia had territorial claims beyond Germany , and now had royal titles they considered equal to the Emperor . King George I ( 1660 -- 1727 ) . Artist unknown , 1714 . The accession of George I brought forth the Hanoverian dynasty in Great Britain . On 1 August 1714 ( O.S. ) Queen Anne of Great Britain died . Despite Jacobite machinations , the Act of Settlement ensured a smooth Protestant succession and the Elector of Hanover ascended the throne as George I of Great Britain and Ireland . The first warrant signed by George reinstated Marlborough as Captain - General of the army , and from London the Duke helped organise the defeat of the Jacobite rising of 1715 . However , the new King and the Whigs in general never forgave those Tories accused of abandoning the Grand Alliance and the part they played in concluding the Peace of Utrecht . Rather than face impeachment Bolingbroke fled to France in April 1715 ( N.S ) to join the Pretender , as did Ormonde who followed in August . Oxford remained in England and was imprisoned in the Tower of London for two years , never again to hold office . The Tory party , leaderless and riven by faction , did not survive intact , and their decline paved the way for the eventual rise of Robert Walpole and decades of Whig domination in early Georgian Britain -- a country which emerged from the war as a world power , and one which had learnt to utilise its financial muscle to harness European allies for its own strategic interests . The War of the Spanish Succession was the last in which the Dutch Republic fought as a major power ; despite its talented merchants , bankers , and diplomats , the country of just three million people , burdened with debt , could not maintain its 17th - century pre-eminence . Exhausted after its supreme efforts , the Republic could no longer compete with Great Britain ; the Dutch navy could not match the British fleet , which had now secured a foothold in the Mediterranean with the annexation of Gibraltar and Menorca . Nevertheless , the Dutch had achieved their principal war aim : the Austro - Dutch Antwerp treaty of 15 November 1715 assured the Dutch their coveted barrier fortress defence system in the Austrian Netherlands . The agreement also included the closure of the river Scheldt to maritime commerce , thereby restoring Dutch commercial and trade domination . The Dutch oligarchs would henceforth pursue a more defensive , and even neutralist , policy and by the mid-century the Netherlands was a much reduced force in European politics . Portrait of King Louis XV of France as child ( 1710 -- 74 ) by Pierre Gobert , c. 1715 On 1 September 1715 Louis XIV died , bringing an end to his long reign that had made France the supreme power in Europe . Louis 's five - year - old great - grandson and heir survived his precarious childhood and , including the eight - year regency of the Duke of Orléans , reigned in France as Louis XV until his death in 1774 . Louis XIV had ended the war with some minor adjustments along France 's eastern borders , but the final settlement had been far more favourable than what the Allies had offered in 1709 / 10 : France had resisted the Allied demand of ' no peace without Spain ' , and Louis XIV could claim dynastic victory in Spain , thereby avoiding Habsburg encirclement . In North America France lost territory , and the French settlers were vastly outnumbered by the British in their colonies . Nevertheless , the French held on to Canada , Louisiana , Cape Breton Island , and Prince Edward Island , and thus control of the St Lawrence ; thousands more remained in Acadia , and they still held the vast territory to the west between French Canada and Louisiana in the south . However , the war had stretched Louis XIV 's finances beyond its limits , and France was left with a massive burden of debt . The kingdom remained inherently strong , but it could not maintain its former dominance and suffered a relative decline in military and economic terms . Portrait of Philip V of Spain by Nicolò Maria Vaccaro , c. 1715 On 14 February 1714 the Spanish queen , Marie Luisa , died ; on 16 September Philip V married , by proxy , Elisabeth Farnese , niece of the Duke of Parma . Farnese ' ejection of Madame des Ursins and Jean Orry from Spain , and her reliance on a new favourite , Giulio Alberoni , the envoy to the Duke of Parma , signalled the end of French dominance in Madrid , and brought forth a new direction of Spanish policy . Italian politics and culture became highly influential , but Philip V had lost his Italian territories , which together with the losses of Gibraltar and Menorca had deprived the king his power in the western Mediterranean . However , the territorial losses had enabled the King and his ministers to concentrate on internal reform and centralisation . For the provinces of the Crown of Aragon this meant the end to much of their political autonomy as they were united into a Castilian Spanish state ruled from Madrid . These steps were problematic and painful , particularly in Catalonia where , despite the survival of Catalan private law and the Catalan language , resentment would linger . The Basques -- Kingdom of Navarre and the Basque Provinces ( `` Biscay '' ) -- had supported the king against the Habsburg pretender , and initially retained their home rule ( fueros ) . However , the centralising drive of the Spanish Crown did not spare them . In 1718 , following Philip V 's attempt to suppress home rule by bringing customs to the coast and the Pyrenees , Basques in Gipuzkoa and the seigneury of Biscay rose up in arms across coastal areas . Philip V sent over troops and the uprising ( matxinada ) was quelled in blood . Despite his military success , eventually Philip V backed down on his decision , brought customs back to the Ebro river ( 1719 ) . The Basques managed to keep their traditional institutions and laws . Nevertheless , Spain eventually grew in strength under Philip V 's and Farnese 's leadership , and the country would return to the forefront of European politics . With neither Charles VI nor Philip V willing to accept the Spanish partition , and with no treaty existing between Spain and Austria , the two powers would soon clash in order to gain control of Italy , starting with a brief war in 1718 . However , the War of the Spanish Succession brought to an end a long period of major conflict in western Europe : the partition of the Spanish Monarchy had secured the balance of power , and the conditions imposed at Utrecht helped to regulate the relations between the major European powers over the coming century . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to War of the Spanish Succession . John Arbuthnot 's John Bull Sacheverell riots Golden Age of Piracy Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Acts of Union of 1707 united the crowns of England and Scotland , forming the Kingdom of Great Britain . For much of the war , Scottish units were under Dutch pay and operated as part of the army of the Dutch Republic . Jump up ^ `` Statistics of Wars , Oppressions and Atrocities of the Eighteenth Century ( the 1700s ) '' . Jump up ^ The Acts of Union of 1707 united England and Scotland into the political union of Great Britain . Jump up ^ Storrs : Spanish Monarchy , 7 , 231 ; Kamen : Philip V , 15 Jump up ^ Storrs : Spanish Monarchy , 15 -- 6 Jump up ^ McKay and Scott : The Rise of the Great Powers , 54 ; Ingrao : The Habsburg Monarchy , 105 Jump up ^ Wolf : Louis XIV , 493 Jump up ^ Ingrao : The Habsburg Monarchy , 105 ; Kamen : Spanish Succession , 1 Jump up ^ Wolf : Louis XIV , 493 ; Chandler : Marlborough , 50 Jump up ^ Ingrao : The Habsburg Monarchy , 105 ; McKay and Scott : The Rise of the Great Powers , 55 Jump up ^ Wolf : The Emergence , 60 ; Ingrao : The Habsburg Monarchy , 105 ; Spielman : Leopold I , 170 -- 2 Jump up ^ Clark : From the Nine Years ' War to the War of the Spanish succession , 382 -- 3 ; McKay and Scott : The Rise of the Great Powers , 54 -- 5 ; Wolf : The Emergence , 59 -- 60 Jump up ^ Clark : From the Nine Years ' War to the War of the Spanish Succession , 393 Jump up ^ McKay and Scott : The Rise of the Great Powers , 55 ; Ingrao : The Habsburg Monarchy , 106 ; Spielman : Leopold I , 172 -- 4 Jump up ^ Symcox : Victor Amadeus , 136 ; McKay and Scott : The Rise of the Great Powers , 55 . If the Duke of Lorraine refused the exchange , Louis XIV contemplated a similar scheme with the Duke of Savoy . Jump up ^ Spielman : Leopold I , 175 -- 6 ; Ingrao : The Habsburg Monarchy , 106 Jump up ^ Kamen : Philip V , 3 ; Spielman : Leopold I , 176 Jump up ^ Clark : From the Nine Years ' War to the War of the Spanish Succession , 396 -- 7 ; Wolf : Louis XIV , 503 -- 4 Jump up ^ Trevelyan : England , I , 134 ; Wolf : Louis XIV , 507 Jump up ^ Hill : Robert Harley , 64 ; Gibbs , G. C : The Revolution in Foreign Policy , in G. Holmes ( ed . ) Britain after the Glorious Revolution 1689 -- 1714 , 70 -- 1 ; Wolf : Louis XIV , 511 Jump up ^ Gregg : Queen Anne , 126 ; Wolf : Louis XIV , 510 -- 1 ^ Jump up to : By the terms of the Peace of Münster ( 1648 ) Spain had guaranteed the permanent closure of the Scheldt in order to benefit Dutch trade . In return the Dutch had promised to provide military help against French incursions into the Spanish Netherlands . Jump up ^ Hattendorf : Alliance , Encirclement , and Attrition , 17 Jump up ^ Israel : Dutch Republic , 969 , 975 -- 6 ; Clark : From the Nine Years ' War to the War of the Spanish Succession , 384 Jump up ^ Wolf : The Emergence , 62 ; Ingrao : Habsburg Monarchy , 108 Jump up ^ Historians are divided as to whether Louis XIV 's conduct was arrogant or reasonable , or whether or not it made war inevitable . Jump up ^ Hattendorf : Alliance , Encirclement , and Attrition , 16 . William III 's instructions to Marlborough at The Hague , 26 February 1701 . Jump up ^ McKay : Eugene , 56 ; Spielman : Leopold I , 186 Jump up ^ Ingrao : In Quest , 99 ; McKay : Eugene , 57 ; Symcox : Victor Amadeus , 138 , 140 ; Veenendaal : The War of the Spanish Succession in Europe , 414 ; Jump up ^ Symcox : Victor Amadeus , 134 -- 5 , 138 -- 9 ; McKay : Eugene , 57 ; Ingrao : In Quest , 103 Jump up ^ Spielman : Leopold I , 174 ; McKay : Eugene , 57 Jump up ^ Spielman : Leopold I , 184 ; McKay : Eugene , 59 -- 63 ; Symcox : Victor Amadeus , 139 -- 40 Jump up ^ Ostwald : Creating the British Way of War , 106 , 113 ; Burton : The Captain - General , 18 -- 9 Jump up ^ Hattendorf : Alliance , Encirclement , and Attrition , 17 -- 8 ; Wolf : Louis XIV , 515 Jump up ^ Gregg : Queen Anne , 152 ; Trevelyan : England , I , 163 Jump up ^ John B. Hattendorf , `` English Governmental Machinery and the Conduct of War , 1702 -- 1713 . '' War & Society 3.2 ( 1985 ) : 1 - 22 . Jump up ^ Gregg : Queen Anne , 153 ; Wolf : The Emergence , 67 Jump up ^ Veenendaal : The War of the Spanish Succession in Europe , 415 ; Trevelyan : England , I , 165 Jump up ^ Israel : The Dutch Republic , 969 ; Veenendaal : The War of the Spanish Succession in Europe , 415 Jump up ^ Wolf : Louis XIV , 514 Jump up ^ Whaley : Germany and the Holy Roman Empire , 115 . Jump up ^ Hattendorf : Alliance , Encirclement , and Attrition , 27 Jump up ^ Hattendorf : Alliance , Encirclement , and Attrition , 19 ; Ostwald : Creating the British Way of War , 105 -- 6 Jump up ^ Hattendorf : Alliance , Encirclement , and Attrition , 20 , 27 ; Ostwald : Creating the British Way of War , 123 Jump up ^ Ingrao : In Quest , 39 -- 40 ; Veenendaal : The War of the Spanish Succession in Europe , 410 -- 1 Jump up ^ Francis : Peninsular War , 30 . Denmark signed a Treaty of Alliance with England and the States General on 15 June 1701 promising Danish neutrality . Jump up ^ Israel : Dutch Republic , 972 ; Jones : Marlborough , 62 -- 3 Jump up ^ Ostwald : The ' Decisive ' Battle of Ramillies , 664 Jump up ^ Scouller : Armies of Queen Anne , 81 -- 2 ; Ostwald : Creating the British Way of War , 123 -- 5 ; Israel : Dutch Republic , 971 . These figures represent what Parliament approved , and were the maximum commanders could hope for ; they were never the actual number of men in the field . The Anglo - Dutch army would receive a augmentation of 20,000 men in 1703 , and another 20,000 in 1709 . ^ Jump up to : Rodger : The Command , 608 , Appendix II ; Lynn : The Wars of Louis XIV , 98 . In the English rating scheme at this time a ship of the line meant First to Fourth Rate ships . The Royal Navy strength in the war remained constant at approximately 225 vessels in total . The number of ships ready for actual sea service would in all cases have been substantially lower . Rodger and Lynn take their naval statistics from Jan Glete 's Navies and Nations , volume II . Jump up ^ Simms : Three Victories , 50 ; Israel : Dutch Republic , 971 Jump up ^ McKay : Eugene , 66 ; Burton : The Captain - General , 20 Jump up ^ Clark : From the Nine Years ' War to the War of the Spanish Succession , 385 ; Kamen : Philip V , 30 Jump up ^ Lynn : Wars of Louis XIV , 19 ; Wolf : Louis XIV , 580 Jump up ^ Kamen : War of Succession , 86 -- 7 Jump up ^ Kamen : War of Succession , 94 -- 5 Jump up ^ Lynn : Wars of Louis XIV , 271 . This latter figure is less than that attained during the Nine Years ' War . The fleet number includes those not in commission ( J.H. Owen : War at Sea under Queen Anne , 279 ) . Jump up ^ Kamen : War of Succession , 58 -- 60 ; Ostwald : Creating the British Way of War , 114 Jump up ^ There were limited and very short - lived exceptions in the Duke of Brunswick - Wolfenbüttel and his ally the Duke of Saxe - Gotha . Jump up ^ Wolf : The Emergence , 64 ; Veenendaal : The War of the Spanish Succession in Europe , 413 ; Hattendorf : England in the War , 136 Jump up ^ Literally ' square meadow ' , i.e. : to square off the frontiers ; or could be interpreted as ' duelling field ' . Vauban meant ' defended state ' . Jump up ^ Burton : The Captain - General , 30 -- 7 ; Lynn : Wars of Louis XIV , 275 ; Jones : Marlborough , 63 -- 6 Jump up ^ Veenendaal : The War of the Spanish Succession in Europe , 416 ; Lynn : Wars of Louis XIV , 280 -- 1 ; Burton : The Captain - General , 40 -- 8 Jump up ^ Lynn : Wars of Louis XIV , 276 ; Chandler : Marlborough , 105 Jump up ^ Lynn : Wars of Louis XIV , 283 -- 4 ; Chandler : Marlborough , 124 . Jump up ^ Lynn : Wars of Louis XIV , 284 ; Burton : Captain - General , 52 Jump up ^ Ingrao : In Quest , 123 ; McKay : Eugene , 73 Jump up ^ Alternatively , the Second Battle of Höchstädt . The village of Blindheim , Anglicised as Blenheim , sits near the Danube . Jump up ^ Chandler : Marlborough , 123 -- 52 ; Jones : Marlborough , 79 -- 100 ; Lynn : Wars of Louis XIV , 286 -- 94 Jump up ^ Lynn : Wars of Louis XIV , 297 -- 8 Jump up ^ Hattendorf : England in the War , 158 -- 60 ; Veenendaal : The War of the Spanish Succession in Europe , 422 Jump up ^ Lynn : Wars of Louis XIV , 298 -- 9 ; Burton : The Captain - General , 83 -- 9 Jump up ^ Ingrao : Habsburg , 114 . The rebels were crushed , first outside the walls of Munich near Sendling on 25 December 1705 , and then at Aidenbach on 8 January 1706 . Jump up ^ Ostwald : The ' Decisive ' Battle of Ramillies , 666 -- 77 ; Veenendaal : The War of the Spanish Succession in Europe , 427 -- 8 ; Israel : The Dutch Republic , 977 Jump up ^ Lynn : Wars of Louis XIV , 312 -- 14 Jump up ^ Veenendaal : The Opening Phase , 34 -- 48 Jump up ^ Lynn : The Wars of Louis XIV , 317 ; Jones : Marlborough , 152 . Jump up ^ Rodger : Command , 173 -- 4 ; Veenendaal : The War of the Spanish Succession in Europe , 435 Jump up ^ Chandler : Marlborough , 211 -- 2 Jump up ^ Burton : The Captain - General , 134 -- 42 ; Lynn : Wars of Louis XIV , 320 -- 3 ; Chandler : Marlborough , 223 -- 39 Jump up ^ McKay : Eugene , 64 -- 6 ; Lynn : Wars of Louis XIV , 276 -- 7 Jump up ^ Victor Amadeus began the war with a paper strength of nearly 14,000 men and horse ; the figure peaked in 1704 to just over 26,500 men and horse before dropping off . In 1710 it numbered nearly 20,000 , including hired and garrison troops . ( Storrs : Rise of Savoy , 26 ) Jump up ^ Including Montferrat -- the property of the Duke of Mantua -- and the Milanese districts of Lomellina , Valsesia , Alessandria , Valenza , and Vigevano . Jump up ^ Symcox : Victor Amadeus , 140 -- 5 ; Ingrao : In Quest , 89 . The final version of the treaty was signed in June 1704 . Jump up ^ Symcox : Victor Amadeus , 144 , 146 -- 8 ; Lynn : Wars of Louis XIV , 295 Jump up ^ Ingrao : In Quest , 38 -- 41 , 76 ; Ingrao : The Habsburg Monarchy , 113 -- 4 Jump up ^ Ingrao : In Quest , 84 ; Lynn : Wars of Louis XIV , 309 . Ingrao puts Vendôme 's strength as 44,000 , and La Feuillade 's as 48,000 . Lynn puts both French armies at 41,000 men . Jump up ^ Ingrao : In Quest , 84 -- 5 ; McKay : Eugene , 99 -- 101 ; Lynn : Wars of Louis XIV , 309 -- 10 Jump up ^ Ingrao : In Quest , 90 ; Symcox : Victor Amadeus , 153 . Joseph I handed over to Victor Amadeus Alessandria , Lomellina , Valsesia , and Valenza , and de facto possession , though not formal investiture , of Monferrato in early 1707 ; but disputes would linger over Vigevano and upkeep payments for Imperial troops . Jump up ^ Ingrao : In Quest , 127 , 140 -- 1 ; Trevelyan : England , II , 287 -- 8 Jump up ^ McKay : Eugene , 101 -- 2 ; Lynn : Wars of Louis XIV , 310 Jump up ^ McKay : Eugene , 102 -- 8 ; Veenendaal : War of the Spanish Succession in Europe , 433 Jump up ^ Ingrao : In Quest , 54 -- 65 ; McKay : Eugene , 104 Jump up ^ Ingrao : In Quest , 99 -- 116 ; Stoye : The Austrian Habsburgs , 594 -- 5 . The treaty was signed on 15 January 1709 , though Clement XI 's formal public recognition was not forthcoming until 10 October . Comacchio was not restored to papal sovereignty till 1724 . Jump up ^ Symcox : Victor Amadeus , 155 Jump up ^ Rodger : The Command , 165 -- 6 ; Hattendorf : Alliance , Encirclement , and Attrition , 20 Jump up ^ Most of the silver had already been unloaded from the ships before the attack . Jump up ^ Francis : Peninsular War , 59 -- 81 ; Ostwald : Creating the British Way of War , 114 . Beyond financial and military aid , the English representative , John Methuen , promised Peter II territorial concessions in Galicia and Extremadura , including Badajoz . Spain was also to renounce its claim to the north shore of the river Plate ( Godinho : Portugal and Her Empire , 525 -- 6 ) . Jump up ^ A third treaty on 27 December 1703 opened up Portuguese markets to English cloth , and English markets to Portuguese wine . Jump up ^ Peter II was to provide a regular army of 15,000 foot and horse , and an auxiliary force of 13,000 men , paid for by the Maritime Powers . The Allies were to provide an army of 12,000 men , but all fell short of their treaty obligations ( Francis : Peninsular War , 75 ) . Jump up ^ Stoye : The Austrian Habsburgs , 591 ; Veenendaal : The War of the Spanish Succession in Europe , 419 ; Spielman : Leopold I , 190 Jump up ^ Francis : Peninsular War , 91 ; Lynn : Wars of Louis XIV , 295 Jump up ^ Hugill : No Peace , 87 -- 146 ; Veenendaal : The War of the Spanish Succession in Europe , 419 ; Trevelyan : England , I , 302 -- 3 Jump up ^ The so - called ' Pact of Genoa ' was signed on 20 June 1705 by the English representative Mitford Crowe , and the two Catalan delegates , Antoni de Peguera i Aimeric and Dominic Perera . They by no means spoke for all Catalonia . Jump up ^ Kamen : War of Succession , 242 -- 308 ; Kamen : Philip V , 42 -- 7 ; Francis : Peninsular War , 198 -- 9 Jump up ^ Francis : Peninsular War , 171 -- 94 ; Hugill : No Peace , 156 -- 93 Jump up ^ Francis : Peninsular War , 222 -- 41 ; Hugill : No Peace , 202 -- 43 ; Kamen : Philip V , 53 -- 8 ; Lynn : Wars of Louis XIV , 311 Jump up ^ Francis : Peninsular War , 238 -- 46 ; Hugill : No Peace , 247 -- 62 ; Lynn : Wars of Louis XIV , 316 Jump up ^ Francis : Peninsular War , 247 -- 9 ; Hugill : No Peace , 263 -- 70 ; Lynn : Wars of Louis XIV , 316 Jump up ^ Francis : Peninsular War , 249 ; Lynn : Wars of Louis XIV , 316 Jump up ^ Hugill : No Peace , 271 -- 84 Rodger : Command , 172 -- 3 ; Lynn : Wars of Louis XIV , 324 -- 5 Jump up ^ Israel : The Dutch Republic , 970 , 974 Jump up ^ Ingrao : In Quest , 165 -- 78 , 197 ; Pitt : The Pacification of Utrecht , 446 -- 51 ; Burton : Marlborough , 142 ; Wolf : Louis XIV , 559 Jump up ^ Ingrao : In quest , 178 -- 81 ; Lynn : Wars of Louis XIV , 325 -- 6 ; Trevelyan : England , II , 399 Jump up ^ Ingrao : In Quest , 182 ; Pitt : The Pacification of Utrecht , 452 -- 3 ; Lynn : Wars of Louis XIV , 325 -- 6 Jump up ^ Hussey and Bromley : The Spanish Empire under Foreign Pressures , 374 ; Lynn : Wars of Louis XIV , 326 ; Kamen : Philip V , 70 -- 2 ; Jump up ^ Burton : Marlborough , 146 -- 59 ; Lynn : Wars of Louis XIV , 329 -- 35 ; Jones : Marlborough , 172 -- 84 ; McKay : Eugene , 123 -- 6 . Army strengths taken from Lynn . The size of Villars ' army is unclear . Jump up ^ Hill : Robert Harley , 124 ; Chandler : Marlborough , 275 Jump up ^ Veenendaal : The War of the Spanish Succession in Europe , 434 , 438 -- 9 ; Ingrao : In Quest , 197 -- 9 ; McKay : Eugene , 129 Jump up ^ Ingrao : In Quest , 204 -- 8 ; Veenendaal : The War of the Spanish Succession in Europe , 439 , 456 ; Lynn : Wars of Louis XIV , 336 -- 7 ; Wolf : Louis XIV , 569 , 573 Jump up ^ Trevelyan : England , III , 33 -- 5 , 45 ; Pitt : The Pacification of Utrecht , 457 Jump up ^ Gregg : Queen Anne , 218 -- 32 ; Hill : Robert Harley , 104 -- 6 . Sunderland was the Duke of Marlborough 's son - in - law . Jump up ^ MacLachlan : The Road to Peace , 200 Jump up ^ Gregg : Queen Anne , 254 -- 9 ; Hill : Robert Harley , 114 -- 17 ; Burton : The Captain - General , 119 -- 20 Jump up ^ Gregg : Queen Anne , 298 -- 319 ; Hill : Robert Harley , 126 -- 31 ; Simms : Three Victories , 57 -- 8 Jump up ^ Hattendorf : Alliance , Encirclement , and Attrition , 25 ; MacLachlan : The Road to Peace , 203 Jump up ^ Chandler : Marlborough , 278 -- 82 ; Lynn : Wars of Louis XIV , 337 -- 8 Jump up ^ Quote from Torcy in Kamen Philip V , 77 Jump up ^ Hugill : No Peace , 301 -- 18 ; Ingrao : In Quest , 211 - 2 ; Lynn : Wars of Louis XIV , 339 -- 40 Jump up ^ Lynn : Wars of Louis XIV , 340 -- 1 ; Kamen : Philip V , 77 Jump up ^ Gregg : Queen Anne , 334 -- 8 ; Pitt : The Pacification of Utrecht , 459 ; Trevelyan : England , III , 176 -- 82 Jump up ^ MacLachlan : Road to Peace , 202 -- 3 ; Hattendorf : Alliance , Encirclement , and Attrition , 26 ; Hill : Robert Harley , 151 Jump up ^ Simms : Three Victories , 62 -- 4 ; Hattendorf : England in the War , 344 ; Trevelyan : England , III , 143 -- 6 Jump up ^ Chandler : Marlborough , 286 -- 99 ; Lynn : Wars of Louis XIV , 341 -- 5 ; Burton : The Captain - General , 181 -- 2 Jump up ^ Stoye : The Austrian Habsburgs , 596 ; Francis : Peninsular War , 355 Jump up ^ McKay : Eugene , 133 Jump up ^ McKay : Eugene , 133 -- 4 ; Francis : Peninsular War , 356 Jump up ^ Hugill : No Peace , 334 -- 5 , 341 -- 5 ; Francis : Peninsular War , 342 -- 4 Jump up ^ Hill : Robert Harley , 162 -- 5 ; Wolf : Louis XIV , 581 ; Pitt : The Pacification of Utrecht , 460 ; Trevelyan : England , III , 182 -- 5 Jump up ^ Hill : Robert Harley , 167 ; Pitt : The Pacification of Utrecht , 460 Jump up ^ Hill : Robert Harley , 168 ; Hattendorf : England in the War , 365 ; Trevelyan : England , III , 187 , 189 -- 90 Jump up ^ Gregg : Queen Anne , 347 Jump up ^ Jones : Marlborough , 219 ; Simms : Three Victories , 58 -- 62 ; Trevelyan : England , III , 192 Jump up ^ MacLachlan : The Road to Peace , 199 -- 200 ; Hill : Robert Harley , 168 -- 73 ; McKay & Scott . The Rise of the Great Powers , 64 Jump up ^ McKay , Prince Eugene , 141 Jump up ^ Louis XIV 's only living son , the Grand Dauphin , had already died in April 1711 ; on 18 February 1712 the Dauphin 's eldest son and successor , the Duke of Burgundy , also died . Burgundy 's eldest son followed his father to the grave in March , leaving Louis as the one surviving heir to the crown . Jump up ^ Wolf : Louis XIV , 582 -- 7 ; Hill : Robert Harley , 180 -- 4 ; Gregg : Queen Anne , 355 Jump up ^ Hattendorf : England in the War 375 -- 9 ; Hill : Robert Harley , 182 -- 5 Jump up ^ McKay : Eugene , 139 -- 41 ; Lynn : Wars of Louis XIV , 351 -- 4 Jump up ^ Francis : Peninsular War , 349 -- 50 ; Lynn : Wars of Louis XIV , 354 -- 5 , 361 -- 2 Jump up ^ McKay : Eugene , 141 -- 2 ; Pitt : The Pacification of Utrecht , 477 ; Veenendaal : The War of the Spanish Succession in Europe , 444 Jump up ^ McKay : Eugene , 143 -- 4 ; McKay & Scott : The Rise , 65 Jump up ^ James Stuart was expelled from France to Lorraine in February . Jump up ^ Pitt : The Pacification of Utrecht , 470 ; Wolf : The Emergence , 89 -- 91 ; McKay and Scott : The Rise of the Great Powers , 65 Jump up ^ Symcox : Victor Amadeus , 160 , 164 . Lacking a fleet the Austrians had been unable to conquer Sicily ; British trade routes to the Levant passed near Sicily . Jump up ^ Symcox : Victor Amadeus , 166 Jump up ^ Storrs : War , Diplomacy , 4 ; Lynn : Wars of Louis XIV , 356 ; Trevelyan : England , III , 224 -- 6 Jump up ^ Godinho : Portugal and Her Empire , 528 ; Kamen : Philip V , 80 ; Pitt : The Pacification of Utrecht , 475 -- 6 Jump up ^ Pitt : The Pacification of Utrecht , 473 ; Lynn : Wars of Louis XIV , 357 -- 8 ; Ingrao : In Quest , 219 ; McKay : Eugene , 146 Jump up ^ Kamen : Philip V , 85 . Kamen writes : ' ... there was no general movement of rebellion ; the image , cultivated later by romantic historiography , of a national uprising against Castile , has no foundation in reality ' . Jump up ^ Hugill : No Peace , 354 -- 7 ; Kamen : Philip V , 85 , 87 -- 8 ; Trevelyan : England , III , 226 -- 8 Jump up ^ Hugill : No Peace , 370 -- 87 ; Lynn : Wars of Louis XIV , 358 ; Francis : Peninsular War , 379 -- 80 Jump up ^ Ingrao : In Quest , 220 ; Ingrao : The Habsburg , 121 ; Hatton : George I , 114 Jump up ^ Ingrao : The Habsburg , 120 ; McKay : Eugene , 147 ; McKay & Scott . The Rise of the Great Powers , 99 Jump up ^ Hatton : George I , 105 Jump up ^ Ostwald : Creating the British Way of War , 129 ; Gregg : Queen Anne , 399 ; Holmes : Britain , 231 -- 5 Jump up ^ Israel : Dutch Republic , 960 , 985 -- 6 ; Trevelyan : England , III , 229 ; Hatton : George I , 114 Jump up ^ Israel : The Dutch Republic , 978 ; Veenendaal : The War of the Spanish Succession , 445 ; McKay & Scott . The Rise of the Great Powers , 100 Jump up ^ Lynn : Wars of Louis XIV , 359 Jump up ^ Named Île St Jean and Île Royale respectively , at the time . Jump up ^ Lenman : Britain 's Colonial Wars , 41 Jump up ^ Lynn : Wars of Louis XIV , 361 -- 2 ; McKay and Scott : The Rise of the Great Powers , 98 Jump up ^ Hussey and Bromley : The Spanish Empire under Foreign Pressures , 380 ; Kamen : Philip V , 80 -- 1 , 97 Jump up ^ The Nueva Planta decrees ( New Plan ) for Catalonia was formally issued on 16 January 1716 and followed the lines of the New Plan given to Aragon in April 1711 by preserving existing civil law . There followed subsequent decrees in July 1717 and October 1718 . ^ Jump up to : Kamen : Philip V , 125 Jump up ^ Kamen : War of Succession , 390 -- 4 ; Kamen : Philip V , 112 -- 6 ; Hussey and Bromley : The Spanish Empire under Foreign Pressures , 379 -- 80 Jump up ^ Ingrao : The Habsburg , 119 ; Kamen : Philip V , 80 -- 1 Further reading ( edit ) Bromley , J. S ( ed . ) . The New Cambridge Modern History VI : The Rise of Great Britain and Russia 1688 -- 1725 . Cambridge University Press , 1971 . ISBN 0521075246 Burton , Ivor F. The Captain - General : The Career of John Churchill , Duke of Marlborough , from 1702 to 1711 . Constable & Co Ltd. , 1968 . ISBN 0094561001 Chandler , David G. Marlborough as Military Commander . Spellmount Ltd , 2003 . ISBN 186227195X Clark , George . From the Nine Years ' War to the War of the Spanish Succession in J.S. Bromley ( ed . ) The New Cambridge Modern History , VI , 381 -- 409 . Falkner , James . The War of the Spanish Succession 1701 -- 1714 ( 2015 ) . Francis , David . The First Peninsular War 1702 -- 1713 . Ernest Benn Limited , 1975 . ISBN 0510002056 Frey , Linda and Marsha Frey , The Treaties of the War of the Spanish Succession : An Historical and Critical Dictionary ( 1995 ) online ; covers diplomatic , economic , & military roles and battles Godinho , Vitorino Magalhães . Portugal and Her Empire , 1680 -- 1720 in J.S. Bromley ( ed . ) The New Cambridge Modern History , VI , 509 -- 40 . Gregg , Edward . Queen Anne . Yale University Press , 2001 . ISBN 0300090242 Hattendorf , John , B. Alliance , Encirclement , and Attrition : British Grand Strategy in the War of the Spanish Succession , 1702 -- 1713 , in Paul Kennedy ( ed . ) Grand Strategies in War and Peace , 11 -- 29 . Yale University Press , 1991 . ISBN 0300049447 Hattendorf , John , B. England in the War of the Spanish Succession : A Study of the English View & Conduct of Grand Strategy , 1702 -- 1712 ( 1987 ) -- -- -- England in the War of the Spanish Succession : A Study in the English View and Conduct of Grand Strategy , 1701 -- 1713 . ( Ph. D . ) , 1979 . University of Oxford Hatton , Ragnhild . George I. Yale University Press , 2001 . ISBN 0300088833 Hill , Brian W. Robert Harley : Speaker , Secretary of State and Premier Minister . Yale University Press , 1988 . ISBN 0300042841 Holmes , Geoffrey ( ed . ) . Britain after the Glorious Revolution 1689 -- 1714 . The Macmillan Press Ltd , 1969 . ISBN 0333106024 Hugill , J.A.C. No Peace Without Spain . The Kensal Press , 1991 . ISBN 094604158X Hussey , R. D and Bromley , J.S. The Spanish Empire under Foreign Pressures , 1688 -- 1715 in J.S. Bromley ( ed . ) The New Cambridge Modern History , VI , 343 -- 80 Ingrao , Charles . In Quest and Crisis : Emperor Joseph I and the Habsburg Monarchy . Purdue University Press , 1979 . ISBN 0911198539 -- -- -- The Habsburg Monarchy : 1618 -- 1815 . Cambridge University Press , 1994 . ISBN 0521389003 Israel , Jonathan I ... The Dutch Republic : Its Rise , Greatness , and Fall . Clarendon Press , 1998 . ISBN 0198207344 ____ `` Commerce , Religion , and World Politics : Sephardi Jewry and the Struggle for the Spanish Succession ( 1700 -- 1714 ) '' in Diasporas within a Diaspora : Jews , Crypto - Jews , and the World of Maritime Empires ( 1540 -- 1740 ) . Leiden : Brill 2002 , pp. 533 -- 566 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 12765 - 8 . Jones , J.R. Marlborough . Cambridge University Press , 1993 . ISBN 0521375932 Kamen , Henry . Philip V of Spain : The King who Reigned Twice . Yale University Press , 2001 . ISBN 0300087187 -- -- -- The War of Succession in Spain 1700 -- 15 . Weidenfeld and Nicolson , 1969 . ISBN 029717777X Lenman , Bruce . Britain 's Colonial Wars 1688 -- 1783 . Longman , 2001 . ISBN 0582424011 Lynn , John A . The Wars of Louis XIV 1667 -- 1714 . Longman , 1999 . ISBN 0582056292 MacLachlan , A.D. The Road to Peace 1710 -- 13 , in G. Holmes ( ed . ) Britain after the Glorious Revolution 1689 -- 1714 , 197 -- 215 McKay , Derek . Prince Eugene of Savoy . Thames and Hudson Ltd , 1977 . ISBN 0500870071 McKay , Derek and Scott , H.M. The Rise of the Great Powers : 1648 -- 1815 . Longman , 1984 . ISBN 0582485541 Ostwald , Jamel M. Creating the British Way of War : English Strategy in the War of the Spanish Succession , in Williamson Murray ( ed . ) , Richard Hart Sinnreich ( ed . ) Successful Strategies : Triumphing in War and Peace from Antiquity to the Present , 100 -- 29 . Cambridge University Press , 2014 . ISBN 9781107633599 -- -- -- The ' Decisive ' Battle of Ramillies , 1706 : Prerequisites for Decisiveness in Early Modern Warfare . The Journal of Military History 62 ( July 2000 ) : 649 -- 78 Pitt , H.G. The Pacification of Utrecht in J.S. Bromley ( ed . ) The New Cambridge Modern History , VI , 446 -- 79 Rodger , N.A.M. The Command of the Ocean : A Naval History of Britain 1649 -- 1815 . Penguin Group , 2006 . ISBN 0141026901 Scouller , R.E. The Armies of Queen Anne . Oxford University Press , 1966 . ISBN 0198213433 Simms , Brendan . Three Victories and a Defeat : The Rise and Fall of the First British Empire . Penguin , 2008 . ISBN 9780140289848 Spielman , John . Leopold I of Austria . Thames and Hudson Ltd , 1977 . ISBN 0500870055 Storrs , Christopher . The Resilience of the Spanish Monarchy 1665 -- 1700 . Oxford University Press , 2006 . ISBN 0199246378 -- -- -- War , Diplomacy and the Rise of Savoy , 1690 -- 1720 . Cambridge University Press , 1999 . ISBN 0521551463 Stoye , J.W. The Austrian Habsburgs , in J.S. Bromley ( ed . ) The New Cambridge Modern History , VI , 572 -- 607 Symcox , Geoffrey . Victor Amadeus II : Absolutism in the Savoyard State 1675 -- 1730 . Thames & Hudson Ltd , 1983 . ISBN 0500870101 Trevelyan , G. M. England under Queen Anne . 3 volumes . London , 1930 -- 34 Veenendaal , A.J. The Opening Phase of Marlborough 's Campaign of 1708 in the Netherlands . History , 35 ( Feb -- June 1950 ) : 34 -- 48 -- -- -- The War of the Spanish Succession in Europe , in J.S. Bromley ( ed . ) The New Cambridge Modern History , VI , 410 -- 45 Whaley , Joachim . Germany and the Holy Roman Empire , Volume II : The Peace of Westphalia to the Dissolution of the Reich , 1648 -- 1806 . Oxford University Press , 2012 . Wolf , John B . The Emergence of the Great Powers : 1685 -- 1715 . Harper & Row , 1962 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 139750 - 9 -- -- -- Louis XIV . W.W. Norton & Company , 1968 . ISBN 0575000880 GND : 4134877 - 1 NDL : 01083121 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Spanish_Succession&oldid=826510490 '' Categories : War of the Spanish Succession 18th - century conflicts 18th century in Europe Global conflicts Wars of succession Anglo - French wars Dukes of Bolton Early Modern Italy History of the Royal Marines Pretenders to the Spanish throne 18th century in Austria 18th century in France 18th century in Italy 18th century in Spain 18th century in the Caribbean Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2013 Use British English from August 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Aragonés Asturianu Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Magyar Македонски مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt West - Vlams 吴语 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 February 2018 , at 15 : 13 . 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when did the war of spanish succession end

The War of the Spanish Succession ( 1701 -- 1714 ) was a major European conflict of the early 18th century , triggered by the death in 1700 of the last Habsburg King of Spain , the infirm and childless Charles II . Charles II had ruled over a vast global empire , and the question of who would succeed him had long troubled the governments of Europe . Attempts to solve the problem by peacefully partitioning the empire among the eligible candidates from the royal houses of France ( Bourbon ) , Austria ( Habsburg ) , and Bavaria ( Wittelsbach ) ultimately failed , and on his deathbed Charles II fixed the entire Spanish inheritance on his grandnephew Philip , Duke of Anjou , the second eldest grandson of King Louis XIV of France . With Philip ruling in Spain , Louis XIV would secure great advantages for his dynasty , but some statesmen regarded a dominant House of Bourbon as a threat to European stability , jeopardising the balance of power .

Golf in Scotland - wikipedia Golf in Scotland The Old Course at St Andrews Golf in Scotland was first recorded in the 15th century , and the modern game of golf was first developed and established in the country . The game plays a key role in the national sporting consciousness . The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews , known as the R&A , is the world governing body for the game ( except in the United States and Mexico ) . The Scottish Ladies ' Golfing Association was founded in 1904 and the Scottish Golf Union ( SGU ) in 1920 . They merged in 2015 into a new organization , Scottish Golf . To many golfers , the Old Course at St Andrews , an ancient links course dating to before 1574 , is considered to be a site of pilgrimage . There are many other famous golf courses in Scotland , including Carnoustie , Gleneagles , Muirfield , Balcomie and Royal Troon . The world 's first Open Championship was held at Prestwick in 1860 , and Scots golfers have the most victories at the Open at 42 wins , one ahead of the United States . Although golf is often seen as an elitist sport elsewhere in the world , in the land of its birth it enjoys widespread appeal across the social spectrum , in line with the country 's egalitarian tradition . For example , the Old Course at St Andrews is a charitable trust and Musselburgh Links is public courses . Council - owned courses , with low fees and easy access , are common throughout the country wherever demography and geography allow . Therefore , golf courses , whether public or private , are far more common in the Lowlands than in the Highlands and Islands , where shinty ( a game which may share a common ancestry with golf ) is often the traditional sport . Scotland is widely promoted as the `` Home of Golf , '' and along with whisky and the long list of Scottish inventions and discoveries , golf is widely seen as being a key national cultural icon throughout the world . It is frequently used to market the country to potential visitors , for example for the Homecoming year in 2009 , and golf tourism accounted for approximately 2 % of overall Scottish tourism spending in 2004 . One page that explains the history of golf in Scotland starts off by stating that , `` There has been much debate as to the origins of the game and , in some cases , how it was originally played . One thing is certain -- the game of golf as we know it was born in Scotland '' . Scotland has 587 courses ( 1 ) . The highest concentrations are around Glasgow ( 94 courses ) and Edinburgh ( 67 courses ) , since these two cities and their environs account for the bulk of the population . But the other districts still average about 40 courses each . Even the distant northern islands have 14 options . Such largesse is possible because Scotland boasts more courses per head of population than any other country . Contents 1 Etymology 1.1 Other golfing words of Scots origin 2 Origins 3 Golf course evolution 4 Spreading the game outwith Scotland 5 Players 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Etymology ( edit ) Old Tom Morris with Young Tom Morris ca . 1870 - 75 The word golf was first recorded in the 15th century , appearing twice in an Act of the Scots Parliament of 6 March 1457 , in the reign of James II . The Act , which ordered the holding of wappenschaws ( English : musterings ) four times a year for the purpose of archery practice , stated that `` the fut bal ande the golf '' ( football and golf ) were to be `` vtterly criyt done '' ( condemned ; lit . `` cried down '' ) and `` nocht vsyt '' ( not engaged in ; lit . `` not used '' ) . Offenders were to be punished by the barony courts , otherwise they were `` to be tane be the kingis officiaris '' ( arrested by the king 's officers ) . Football ( see Football in Scotland ) and golf are again both explicitly named and forbidden in two further 15th century Scottish statutes encouraging archery practice , in 1470 and 1491 . The 1470 Act , in the reign of James III , again uses the spelling golf , but the 1491 Act , in the reign of James IV , spells it gouff ; and variants such as gowf , gowff , gouf became the usual spellings during the Early Modern Period . The Scottish National Dictionary states that `` golf represents a revival of the Middle Scots form ; Loudoun Gowf Club , Newmilns , retains the old form in its title '' ; i.e. the spelling changed from Medieval golf to Early Modern gowf , and then back again . The Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue gives the etymology of the word golf or gouf ( with many alternative spellings ) as probably from the Dutch kolf ( see Kolven , a Dutch indoor ballgame ) ; although the dictionary also records the noun golf ( with alternative spellings golfe or golph ) as deriving from Middle English golf or goulf or Old French golfe , meaning `` a deep pool or hollow ; an abyss '' ; a cognate of modern English gulf . Other Golfing words of Scots origin ( edit ) Further information : List of English words of Scots origin Links : first recorded in 1453 - `` Et de xxx s. de le lynkis de Leith '' Golf club : first recorded in 1503 - 1504 - `` For golf clubbes and balles to the King that he playit with '' Golfball : first recorded as a term in 1545 ( although also referred to in the 1503 - 1504 Treasury account ) - `` Three dossoun and thre goif bawis '' Drive : first recorded in 1583 - `` Ane golf staff to driffe the ball vithe all '' Tee ( Teeing ground ) : first recorded in 1721 - `` Driving their Baws frae Whins or Tee , There 's no ae Gowfer to be seen . '' Putt : first recorded in 1743 - `` Let each social soul Drink to the putter , the balls , and the hole . '' Caddie : first recorded in 1773 - `` In order to preserve the holes , no Golfer or Cadie shall be allowed to make any Tee within ten yards of the hole. rules are to score a goal '' Origins ( edit ) The MacDonald boys playing golf by the 18thC portrait painter Jeremiah Davison The exact origins of the sport of golf are unclear . The most widely accepted theory is that the modern game of golf originated in Scotland in the High Middle Ages . The first golf courses and clubs were established in the country . The first written rules originated in Scotland , as did the establishment of the 18 hole course . The first tournament structures developed and competitions were held between various burghs . The modern game was spread by Scots to the rest of the world . The earliest reference to golf is the purchase of a set of golf clubs by James IV from a bowmaker of St Johnston ( Perth ) in 1502 . Where he played is not known , but it is likely to have been on the open ground called the North Inch at Perth . It is recorded that Robert Maule of Panmure played golf at Carnoustie in the mid 16th century , as a wager for drink . Around the same time , in 1552 , John Hamilton the Archbishop of St Andrews granted the right of the people of St Andrews to play golf and gather turf on the links , retaining his rights to the rabbit warrens there . The Old Links at Musselburgh Racecourse is claimed to be the oldest playing golf course in the world . Evidence has shown that golf was played on Musselburgh Links in 1672 , although Mary , Queen of Scots reputedly played there even earlier in 1567 . An entry in the Edinburgh burgh records for 19 April 1592 includes golf in a list of pastimes to be avoided on the Sabbath . The parish register for neighbouring South Leith records the appearance of four parishioners before the kirk session on 7 December 1610 who `` confessed they had prophaned the Sabbath be playing at the gowffe in tyme off preaching and thairfore was ordained to mak thair publict repentance the nixt Sabboth . '' Golf course evolution ( edit ) Golf courses have not always consisted of eighteen holes . The St Andrews Links occupy a narrow strip of land along the sea - shore ) . As early as the 15th century , golfers at St Andrews established a trench through the undulating terrain , playing to holes whose locations were dictated by topography . The course that emerged featured eleven holes , laid out end to end from the clubhouse to the far end of the property . One played the holes out , turned around , and played the holes in , for a total of 22 holes . In 1764 , several of the holes were deemed too short , and therefore combined . The number was thereby reduced from 11 to nine , so that a complete round of the links comprised 18 holes . Due to the status of St Andrews as the ' home of golf ' , other courses followed suit and the 18 hole course became the standard which has remained to the present day . There are now more than 550 golf courses throughout the country , with at least 21 courses in Edinburgh alone . The 18th hole at Carnoustie , Angus , Scotland . Spreading the game outwith Scotland ( edit ) When James VI succeeded to the thrones of England and Ireland in 1603 ( see Union of the Crowns ) a large number of his Scottish courtiers followed him to London . The King resided at Greenwich Palace , and there is documentary evidence that some of these Scottish noblemen played golf on Blackheath , on the hill behind the palace . Henry Frederick , Prince of Wales , the king 's eldest son , was playing golf in 1606 . The Royal Blackheath Golf Club traces its origins from these Scottish noblemen , thus claiming a pre-1745 foundation date . Although it is certainly the oldest English golf club , and the oldest outwith Scotland , there is no evidence that it is the oldest golf club in the world , as is sometimes claimed . This accolade is claimed by The Royal Burgess Golfing Society of Edinburgh who date back to 1735 . The first record of North American golf was a consignment of 96 golfclubs and 432 golf balls which was shipped from Leith to Charleston , South Carolina , in 1743 ; and on 29 September 1786 Scottish merchants established the South Carolina Golf Club in Charleston , the first golf club in the United States . Players ( edit ) Tommy Armour , ' The Silver Scot ' Several Scots golfers are members of the World Golf Hall of Fame . Players marked * are also members of the Scottish Sports Hall of Fame : Willie Anderson * ( 1879 -- 1910 ) Tommy Armour * ( 1894 -- 1968 ) James Braid * ( 1870 -- 1950 ) Dorothy Campbell ( 1883 -- 1945 ) Jock Hutchison ( 1884 - 1977 ) Sandy Lyle ( 1958 - ) Alister MacKenzie ( 1870 -- 1934 ) - golf course architect Colin Montgomerie ( 1963 - ) Old Tom Morris * ( 1821 -- 1908 ) Young Tom Morris * ( 1851 -- 1875 ) Willie Park , Sr. ( 1834 -- 1903 ) Allan Robertson ( 1815 -- 1859 ) Donald Ross ( 1872 -- 1948 ) - golf course architect Belle Robertson ( born 1936 ) and Jessie Valentine ( 1915 -- 2006 ) are all inducted into the Scottish Sports Hall of Fame , but not the World Golf Hall of Fame . See also ( edit ) Scotland portal Golf portal Sport in Scotland Scottish Golf Union British Golf Museum Timeline of golf history ( 1353 - 1850 ) Timeline of golf history ( 1851 - 1945 ) Timeline of golf history ( 1945 - 1999 ) Timeline of golf ( 2000 - present ) History of golf Football Act 1424 Sports tourism References ( edit ) Jump up ^ I.G.C. , Hutchison ( 2002 ) . `` Scottish Newspapers and Scottish National Identity in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries '' . Newspapers in international librarianship , 68th IFLA Council and General Conference . Glasgow : University of Stirling . p. 8 . 3 - 598 - 21837 - 0 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` About the SGU - What is the Scottish Golf Union ? '' . Scottish Golf Union official website . Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 17 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 06 . The game of golf is one of Scotland 's greatest assets . A national icon , thousands of golfers from across the world descend upon the Home of Golf each year to take up the challenge of some of the planet 's most famous courses and some of the game 's finest hidden gems . Golf is a vital part of Scotland 's economy and vitally important to our nation 's psyche . Jump up ^ Cochrane , Alistair ( ed ) Science and Golf IV : proceedings of the World Scientific Congress of Golf . Page 849 . Routledge . Jump up ^ `` Historic Prestwick - Birthplace of the British Open '' . PGA Tour official website . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 04 . The very first Open Championship was held here in 1860 , to determine golf 's champion player . Jump up ^ MacLennan , Hugh Dan . `` Shinty 's Place and Space in World Sport 1 '' . University of Aberdeen . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ McComb , David G ( 2004 ) . Sports in World History . Routledge . p. 42 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 31811 - 4 . ISBN 9780415318112 . Jump up ^ `` The Home of Golf '' . Scottish Government . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 04 . The Royal & Ancient and three public sector agencies are to continue using the Open Championship to promote Scotland as the worldwide home of golf . Jump up ^ `` Scotland is the home of golf '' . PGA Tour official website . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 04 . Scotland is the home of golf ... Jump up ^ `` Golf Breaks in Scotland - The Home of Golf '' . Visit Scotland . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 11 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 04 . Welcome to Scotland , the home of golf ... Jump up ^ `` ... celebrating some of Scotland 's great contributions to the world : golf , whisky , great minds and innovations and Scotland 's rich culture and heritage . '' , Homecoming Scotland 2009 Jump up ^ `` Tee is for tourism worth £ 300 million '' . The Scotsman . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 04 . Golf tourism now accounts for about 2 per cent of overall tourism spending in Scotland ... Jump up ^ `` The history of Golf in Scotland '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 17 . History of Golf in Scotland Jump up ^ `` Scottish Golf '' . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 09 . Scottish Golf ^ Jump up to : hthf , William A ; et al . A Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue : from the Twelfth Century to the End of the Seventeenth . Aberdeen University Press , Oxford University Press . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ James IV : Manuscript , 1491 , 28 April , Edinburgh , Parliament , Parliamentary Register , 18 May 1491 Jump up ^ Gowf Archived 2011 - 05 - 26 at the Wayback Machine. , Dictionary of the Scots Language , accessed 2008 - 12 - 05 Jump up ^ Golf History @ ABC - of - Golf Archived 2012 - 04 - 12 at WebCite Jump up ^ Campbell , Malcolm ; Glyn Satterley ( 1999 ) . The Scottish Golf Book . Sports Publishing LLC . p. 54 . ISBN 1 - 58382 - 053 - 1 . ISBN 9781583820537 . Jump up ^ An erroneous date of 1527 is sometimes given , but this occurs earlier Maule 's narrative and relates to possession of the Mill of Strathdighty . lykwayes he exerciset the gowf , and oftymes past to Barry lynkes , quhan the wadfie vos for drink . If he tint , he newir vald entir in ane browster hows , bot cawsit ane of his serwandis to gange and pay for al . The old road leading from Panmure estate to the coast terminates at the eastern part of Barry Links , occupied now by Carnoustie Golf Links . Maule , Harry ( 1874 ) , Stuart , John , ed. , Registrum de Panmure . Records of the families of Maule , De Valoniis , Brechin , and Brechin - Barclay , united in the line of the Barons and Earls of Panmure , Edinburgh : Fox Maule - Ramsay Jump up ^ Richardson , Forrest L. ( 2002 ) , Routing the golf course : the art & science that forms the golf journey , Hoboken , New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons , retrieved November 10 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` The Oldest Playing Golf Course in the World '' . Musselburgh Links . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 22 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ Wood ( ed . ) , Marguerite ( 1927 ) . Extracts From The Records Of The Burgh Of Edinburgh . Oliver And Boyd . p. 63 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Robertson , D ( 1911 ) . South Leith Records . Edinburgh : Andrew Elliot . p. 9 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Blackheath Golf Club '' . scottishgolfhistory.org . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Golf at Blackheath through the centuries '' . Royal Blackheath Golf Club . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 03 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Golf -- the 64 million dollar question '' . Scotland.org - the official online gateway to Scotland . Archived from the original on 2008 - 11 - 21 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 09 . in 1743 a shipment of 96 clubs and 432 golf balls were sent from Leith in Scotland to Charleston , South Carolina . Some time later the South Carolina Golf Club was established , the first of the many in the USA . Jump up ^ `` South Carolina -- Firsts '' . SCIway.net -- South Carolina 's Front Door . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 09 . Scottish merchants formed the South Carolina Golf Club in Charleston . Club members played on Harleston 's Green in Charleston until 1800 . Further reading ( edit ) 2010 , 18 Greatest Scottish Golf Holes , 18 Greatest Browning , Robert , 1955 , A History of Golf , A & C Black , London Campbell , Malcolm , 2001 , The Scottish Golf Book , Lomond Books Clark , Robert , 1875 and 1893 , Golf : A Royal and Ancient Game , EP Publishing Cameron , Robbie J , 1936 , Chronicle of Royal Burgess Golfing Society of Edinburgh , Morrison & Gibb Cruden , Stewart , 1992 , Bruntsfield Links Golfing Society , BLGS and John Donald Publishers Geddes , Olive , 1992 , A Swing Through Time Golf in Scotland 1457 -- 1743 , HMSO for the National Library of Scotland Hamilton , David , 1998 , Golf Scotland 's Game , Patrick Press Jarrett , Tom , 1995 , St Andrews Golf Links The First 600 Years , Mainstream Publishing Kidd , Roger , 2002 , Golf in Scotland , Roger Kidd 's Golf Guides Mair , Norman , 1994 , Muirfield , Mainstream Publishing Price , Robert , 1989 , Scotland 's Golf Courses , Mercat Press Royal & Ancient , The 2004 Golfer 's Handbook , Renton Laidlaw Macmillan Publishers Stirk , David I , 1987 , Golf : the history of an obsession , Phaidon Press External links ( edit ) Scotland - The Home of Golf , the official golf site of Scotland 's national tourism organisation VisitScotland Golf History , at Scotland.org - the official online gateway to Scotland Sport - Golf , at the Gazetteer for Scotland Scottish Golf History , at www.scottishgolfhistory.org Golf at The Scotsman newspaper Golf Overview History Glossary Outline Rules penalties playoffs etiquette Stroke play scoring handicap Match play four - ball alternate shot Golf course links teeing ground hazards Equipment golf clubs golf ball tee Technical Golf stroke mechanics Instruction Drive Golfers Professional golfer tours Male golfers Female golfers Men 's major winners Women 's major winners Senior major winners Olympic medalists Most wins Asian Tour Australasia Tour Challenge Tour European Tour European Senior Tour Japan Golf Tour Ladies European Tour LPGA Tour PGA Tour PGA Tour Champions Sunshine Tour Web.com Tour Majors Men Masters Tournament U.S. Open The Open Championship PGA Championship Women ANA Inspiration U.S. Women 's Open Women 's PGA Championship Women 's British Open The Evian Championship Senior The Tradition Senior PGA Championship U.S. Senior Open Senior Players Championship Senior Open Championship Senior Women 's Senior LPGA Championship U.S. Senior Women 's Open International events Multi-sport event Asian Games Inter-Allied Games Island Games Pacific Games Pan American Games Summer Olympics Summer Universiade Youth Olympic Games Team Curtis Cup EurAsia Cup International Crown Presidents Cup Ryder Cup Solheim Cup Walker Cup Rankings Men Women Amateur Countries Australia China India Ireland Philippines Russia Scotland Thailand United States Venues Driving range Lists of golf courses Canada Hawaii India North Dakota Philippines Portugal United Kingdom links courses designed by Jack Nicklaus Years 1353 -- 1850 1851 -- 1945 1945 -- 99 2000 -- 05 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Governing bodies International Golf Federation The R&A United States Golf Association Professional Golfers ' Association ( Great Britain and Ireland ) Professional Golfers ' Association of America LPGA PGA Tour PGA European Tour American Society of Golf Course Architects World Golf Teachers Federation Variations Beach golf GolfCross Hickory golf Indoor golf Long drive Miniature golf Park golf Pitch and putt Shotgun start Skins game Snow golf Speed golf Urban golf Miscellaneous Awards Architects Caddie Greenskeeper World Golf Hall of Fame British Golf Museum USGA Museum Jack Nicklaus Museum Caddie Hall of Fame Evans Scholars Foundation Media Golf Channel personalities Golf Digest Golf Magazine Golf World Golfweek Links Travel + Leisure Golf Video games Commons WikiProject Portal Golf in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Sport in Scotland By Sport American Football Association Football Australian rules football Baseball Basketball Cricket Curling Historical fencing Futsal Gaelic Games Golf Highland Games Horse racing Ice hockey Lacrosse Netball Rugby union ( Rugby sevens ) Rugby league Shinty Tennis Governing bodies National teams International sporting competitions Commonwealth Games FIFA World Cup Olympics Campaign for a Scottish Olympic Team Scottish Olympic medallists Rugby World Cup Cricket World Cup Island Games Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Golf_in_Scotland&oldid=851921031 '' Categories : Golf in Scotland Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template webcite links CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Articles containing explicitly cited English - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 25 July 2018 , at 12 : 42 ( UTC ) . 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what's the famous golf course in scotland

To many golfers , the Old Course at St Andrews , an ancient links course dating to before 1574 , is considered to be a site of pilgrimage . There are many other famous golf courses in Scotland , including Carnoustie , Gleneagles , Muirfield , Balcomie and Royal Troon . The world 's first Open Championship was held at Prestwick in 1860 , and Scots golfers have the most victories at the Open at 42 wins , one ahead of the United States .

Santa Claus Is Comin ' to Town - wikipedia Santa Claus Is Comin ' to Town Jump to : navigation , search For the television special , see Santa Claus Is Comin ' to Town ( film ) . `` Santa Claus Is Comin ' to Town '' is a Christmas song , written by John Frederick Coots and Haven Gillespie and was first sung on Eddie Cantor 's radio show in November 1934 . It became an instant hit with orders for 500,000 copies of sheet music and more than 30,000 records sold within 24 hours . The version for Bluebird Records by George Hall and His Orchestra ( vocal by Sonny Schuyler ) was very popular in 1934 and reached the various charts of the day . The song has been recorded by over 200 artists , including Bing Crosby and The Andrews Sisters , The Crystals , Mariah Carey , Bruce Springsteen , Frank Sinatra and The Jackson 5 . Recordings ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The earliest known recorded version of the song was by banjoist Harry Reser and his band on October 24 , 1934 ( Decca 264A ) featuring Tom Stacks on vocal , the version shown in the Variety charts of December 1934 . The song was a sheet music hit , reaching number 1 . The song was also recorded for Victor Records ( catalog No. 25145A ) on September 26 , 1935 by Tommy Dorsey & His Orchestra with vocals by Cliff Weston and Edythe Wright . The song is a traditional Christmas standard and has been covered by numerous recording artists . Bing Crosby and The Andrews Sisters reached the Billboard charts briefly in 1947 with it . The 1951 version by Perry Como was popular ; Gene Autry , the country - western artist , recorded a Christmas album with this title and featuring the song in 1953 ; and in 1963 the Four Seasons version charted at number 23 on Billboard . Also in 1963 producer Phil Spector included a version of the song on his rock album `` A Christmas Gift for You from Phil Spector '' performed by The Crystals . In 1970 , Rankin - Bass produced Santa Claus Is Comin ' to Town , an hour - long animated TV film based on the song , with Fred Astaire narrating the origin of Santa Claus . In 1970 The Jackson 5 included the song on their best - selling album Jackson 5 Christmas Album . A rock version by Bruce Springsteen & The E Street Band inspired by the Crystals 1963 version , was recorded live at C.W. Post College in Brookville , New York on December 12 , 1975 . This live version borrows the chorus refrain from the 1963 version by The Crystals . This version was eventually released first in 1982 as part of the Sesame Street compilation album In Harmony 2 , and again in 1985 as a B - side to `` My Hometown '' , a single from the Born in the U.S.A. album . Springsteen 's rendition of the song has received radio airplay perennially at Christmastime for years ; it appeared on Billboard magazine 's Hot Singles Recurrents chart each year from 2002 to 2009 due to seasonal air play . Live performances of the song often saw the band encouraging the audience to sing some of the lyrics with -- or in place of -- the band 's vocalists ( usually the line `` you 'd better be good for goodness sake '' , and occasionally the key line `` Santa Claus is Comin ' to Town '' as well ) . Sometimes , concert crowds would sing along with the entire song , and the band would do nothing to dissuade those audiences from doing so . This version remains a Springsteen concert favorite during the months of November and December , and the band is among the few that keep it in their roster of songs during the holidays . Luis Miguel recorded the song in Spanish as `` Santa Claus Llegó a La Ciudad '' for his Christmas album Navidades ( 2006 ) . His version of the song peaked at number 26 on the Billboard Latin Pop Songs chart . Other well - known versions of this song include Mariah Carey from the album Merry Christmas ( 1994 ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Santa Claus Is Comin ' to Town Composed by Haven Gillespie / J. Fred Coots '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 20 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Collins , Ace ( 2010 - 10 - 05 ) . Stories Behind the Greatest Hits of Christmas . ISBN 9780310597476 . Retrieved 20 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Collins , Ace ( 5 October 2010 ) . `` 4 Santa Claus Is Coming to Town '' . Stories Behind the Greatest Hits of Christmas . Zondervan . p. 224 . ISBN 0310327954 . Retrieved 20 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1986 ) . Joel Whitburn 's Pop Memories 1890 - 1954 . Wisconsin , USA : Record Research Inc. p. 189 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 083 - 0 . Jump up ^ The Richest Songs in The World ( Television production ) . BBC . 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Online Discographical Project '' . 78discography.com . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Online Discographical Project '' . 78discography.com . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1986 ) . Joel Whitburn 's Pop Memories 1890 - 1954 . Wisconsin , USA : Record Research Inc. p. 113 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 083 - 0 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits : Eighth Edition . Record Research . p. 237 . Jump up ^ Times , Music ( 20 December 2013 ) . `` 12 Days of Christmas : 4 Best Versions of ' Santa Claus Is Coming To Town ' '' . Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Rock Roll Christmas Songs Pictures - Bruce Springsteen , ' Santa Claus Is Coming To Town ' '' . Rolling Stone . 2007 - 12 - 19 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Navidades - Luis Miguel : Overview '' . AllMusic / Rovi . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Navidades - Luis Miguel : Awards '' . AllMusic / Rovi . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( 2013 - 04 - 02 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Belinda 's Back , JT Too , Mariah Carey 's Album Sales & More '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 11 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( as sung by Burl Ives ) `` Santa Claus Is Comin ' to Town '' at AllMusic ( original lyrics ) Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band Bruce Springsteen Garry Tallent Roy Bittan Max Weinberg Steven Van Zandt Nils Lofgren Patti Scialfa Jake Clemons Charles Giordano Soozie Tyrell Former members Ernest Carter Clarence Clemons Danny Federici Vini Lopez David Sancious Former touring musicians Everett Bradley Barry Danielian Clark Gayton Curtis King Suki Lahav Ed Manion The Miami Horns Cindy Mizelle Michelle Moore Tom Morello Curt Ramm Jay Weinberg Studio albums Greetings from Asbury Park , N.J. ( 1973 ) The Wild , the Innocent & the E Street Shuffle ( 1973 ) Born to Run ( 1975 ) Darkness on the Edge of Town ( 1978 ) The River ( 1980 ) Nebraska ( 1982 ) Born in the U.S.A. ( 1984 ) Tunnel of Love ( 1987 ) Human Touch ( 1992 ) Lucky Town ( 1992 ) The Ghost of Tom Joad ( 1995 ) The Rising ( 2002 ) Devils & Dust ( 2005 ) We Shall Overcome : The Seeger Sessions ( 2006 ) Magic ( 2007 ) Working on a Dream ( 2009 ) Wrecking Ball ( 2012 ) High Hopes ( 2014 ) Live albums & Bruce Springsteen Archives Live 1975 -- 85 ( 1986 ) In Concert / MTV Plugged ( 1993 ) Live in New York City ( 2001 ) Hammersmith Odeon London ' 75 ( 2006 ) Live in Dublin ( 2007 ) Live from the Carousel ( 2011 ) Apollo Theater 3 / 09 / 12 ( 2014 ) The Agora , Cleveland 1978 ( 2015 ) Tower Theater , Philadelphia 1975 ( 2015 ) Nassau Coliseum , New York 1980 ( 2015 ) Brendan Byrne Arena , New Jersey 1984 ( 2015 ) LA Sports Arena , California 1988 ( 2015 ) Schottenstein Center , Ohio 2005 ( 2015 ) Ippodromo delle Capannelle , Rome 2013 ( 2015 ) Arizona State University , Tempe 1980 ( 2015 ) The Christic Shows 1990 ( 2016 ) HSBC Arena , Buffalo , NY , 11 / 22 / 09 ( 2016 ) Scottrade Center , St. Louis , MO , 8 / 23 / 08 ( 2017 ) Olympiastadion , Helsinki , July 31 , 2012 ( 2017 ) Wachovia Spectrum , Philadelphia , PA 10 / 20 / 09 ( 2017 ) Palace Theatre , Albany 1977 ( 2017 ) Auditorium Theatre , Rochester , NY 1977 ( 2017 ) King 's Hall , Belfast March 19 , 1996 ( 2017 ) The Summit , Houston , TX December 8 , 1978 ( 2017 ) Compilations Greatest Hits ( 1995 ) 18 Tracks ( 1999 ) The Essential Bruce Springsteen ( 2003 ) Greatest Hits ( 2009 ) The Promise ( 2010 ) Collection : 1973 -- 2012 ( 2013 ) Chapter and Verse ( 2016 ) Box sets The Born in the U.S.A. 12 '' Single Collection ( 1985 ) Tracks ( 1998 ) The Collection ( 2004 ) Born to Run : 30th Anniversary Edition ( 2005 ) The Collection 1973 -- 1984 ( 2010 ) The Promise : The Darkness on the Edge of Town Story ( 2010 ) The Album Collection Vol. 1 1973 -- 1984 ( 2014 ) The Ties That Bind : The River Collection ( 2015 ) EPs Live Collection ( 1987 ) Chimes of Freedom ( 1988 ) Blood Brothers ( 1996 ) PBS Exclusive ( 2007 ) Magic Tour Highlights ( 2008 ) American Beauty ( 2014 ) Singles `` Blinded by the Light '' ( 1973 ) `` Spirit in the Night '' ( 1973 ) `` 4th of July , Asbury Park ( Sandy ) '' ( 1974 ) `` Born to Run '' ( 1975 ) `` Tenth Avenue Freeze - Out '' ( 1976 ) `` Prove It All Night '' ( 1978 ) `` Badlands '' ( 1978 ) `` The Promised Land '' ( 1978 ) `` Rosalita ( Come Out Tonight ) '' ( 1979 ) `` Hungry Heart '' ( 1980 ) `` Fade Away '' ( 1981 ) `` Sherry Darling '' ( 1981 ) `` The River '' ( 1981 ) `` Cadillac Ranch '' ( 1981 ) `` Point Blank '' ( 1981 ) `` Atlantic City '' ( 1982 ) `` Open All Night '' ( 1982 ) `` Dancing in the Dark '' ( 1984 ) `` Cover Me '' ( 1984 ) `` Born in the U.S.A. '' ( 1984 ) `` I 'm on Fire '' ( 1985 ) `` Glory Days '' ( 1985 ) `` I 'm Goin ' Down '' ( 1985 ) `` My Hometown '' ( 1985 ) `` Santa Claus Is Comin ' to Town '' ( 1985 ) `` War '' ( 1986 ) `` Fire '' ( 1987 ) `` Brilliant Disguise '' ( 1987 ) `` Tunnel of Love '' ( 1987 ) `` One Step Up '' ( 1988 ) `` Tougher Than the Rest '' ( 1988 ) `` Spare Parts '' ( 1988 ) `` Human Touch '' ( 1992 ) `` 57 Channels ( And Nothin ' On ) '' ( 1992 ) `` Better Days '' ( 1992 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' ( 1994 ) `` Secret Garden '' ( 1995 ) `` The Ghost of Tom Joad '' ( 1996 ) `` Sad Eyes '' ( 1999 ) `` The Rising '' ( 2002 ) `` Lonesome Day '' ( 2002 ) `` Waitin ' on a Sunny Day '' ( 2003 ) `` Devils & Dust '' ( 2005 ) `` All The Way Home '' ( 2005 ) `` Radio Nowhere '' ( 2007 ) `` Girls in Their Summer Clothes '' ( 2008 ) `` Working on a Dream '' ( 2008 ) `` My Lucky Day '' ( 2008 ) `` The Wrestler '' ( 2009 ) `` We Take Care of Our Own '' ( 2012 ) `` Death to My Hometown '' ( 2012 ) `` High Hopes '' ( 2013 ) `` Just Like Fire Would '' ( 2014 ) Charting songs `` Be True '' ( 1981 ) `` Ramrod '' ( 1981 ) `` Nebraska '' ( 1982 ) `` Johnny 99 '' ( 1982 ) `` No Surrender '' ( 1984 ) `` Stand on It '' ( 1985 ) `` Trapped '' ( live ) ( 1985 ) `` Because the Night '' ( live ) ( 1986 ) `` Chimes of Freedom '' ( live ) ( 1988 ) `` Youngstown '' ( 1995 ) `` American Skin ( 41 Shots ) '' ( 2001 ) `` Pay Me My Money Down '' ( 2006 ) `` Long Walk Home '' ( 2006 ) `` My City of Ruins '' ( 2011 ) `` Rocky Ground '' ( 2012 ) Other notable songs `` Growin ' Up '' ( 1973 ) `` For You '' ( 1973 ) `` Incident on 57th Street '' ( 1973 ) `` The Fever '' ( 1973 ) `` Thunder Road '' ( 1975 ) `` Night '' ( 1975 ) `` Backstreets '' ( 1975 ) `` She 's the One '' ( 1975 ) `` Meeting Across the River '' ( 1975 ) `` Jungleland '' ( 1975 ) `` Adam Raised a Cain '' ( 1978 ) `` Racing in the Street '' ( 1978 ) `` Darkness on the Edge of Town '' ( 1978 ) `` Stay '' ( 1979 ) `` The Ties That Bind '' ( 1980 ) `` Independence Day '' ( 1980 ) `` Out in the Street '' ( 1980 ) `` Stolen Car '' ( 1980 ) `` Wreck on the Highway '' ( 1980 ) `` Highway Patrolman '' ( 1982 ) `` Darlington County '' ( 1984 ) `` Working on the Highway '' ( 1984 ) `` Downbound Train '' ( 1984 ) `` Bobby Jean '' ( 1984 ) `` Pink Cadillac '' ( 1984 ) `` Jersey Girl '' ( 1986 ) `` Light of Day '' ( 1993 ) `` The New Timer '' ( 1995 ) `` Land of Hope and Dreams '' ( 2012 ) `` Hunter of Invisible Game '' ( 2014 ) Video releases Video Anthology / 1978 -- 88 ( 1989 ) In Concert / MTV Plugged ( 1992 ) Blood Brothers ( 1996 ) The Complete Video Anthology / 1978 -- 2000 ( 2001 ) Live in New York City ( 2001 ) Live in Barcelona ( 2003 ) VH1 Storytellers ( 2005 ) Wings For Wheels ( 2005 ) Hammersmith Odeon London ' 75 ( 2005 ) Live in Dublin ( 2007 ) Magic Tour Highlights ( 2008 ) London Calling : Live in Hyde Park ( 2010 ) The Promise : The Making of Darkness on the Edge of Town ( 2010 ) Springsteen & I ( 2013 ) Born in the U.S.A. Live : London 2013 ( 2014 ) A MusiCares Tribute to Bruce Springsteen ( 2014 ) Bruce Springsteen 's High Hopes ( 2014 ) High Hopes in South Africa ( 2014 ) Hunter of Invisible Game ( 2014 ) Tours Born to Run tours ( 1974 -- 77 ) Darkness Tour ( 1978 ) The River Tour ( 1980 -- 81 ) Born in the U.S.A. Tour ( 1984 -- 85 ) Tunnel of Love Express ( 1988 ) Human Rights Now ! ( 1988 ) Bruce Springsteen 1992 -- 1993 World Tour ( 1992 -- 93 ) Ghost of Tom Joad Tour ( 1995 -- 97 ) Reunion Tour ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Rising Tour ( 2002 -- 03 ) Vote for Change ( 2004 ) Devils & Dust Tour ( 2005 ) Seeger Sessions Band Tour ( 2006 ) Magic Tour ( 2007 -- 08 ) Working on a Dream Tour ( 2009 ) Wrecking Ball Tour ( 2012 - 13 ) High Hopes Tour ( 2014 ) The River Tour 2016 ( 2016 ) Summer ' 17 ( 2017 ) Springsteen on Broadway ( 2017 ) Related Discography E Street Band Steel Mill The Sessions Band The Miami Horns Born to Run autobiography E Street Radio Little Steven 's Underground Garage Outlaw Pete Mike Appel Jon Landau Brendan O'Brien Bob Clearmountain The Max Weinberg 7 Southside Johnny Joe Grushecky Badlands : A Tribute to Bruce Springsteen 's Nebraska Greetings from E Street Book Barry Manilow singles 1970s `` Mandy '' ( 1974 ) `` Sandra '' ( 1974 ) `` It 's a Miracle '' ( 1975 ) `` Could It Be Magic '' ( 1975 ) `` I Write the Songs '' ( 1975 ) `` Tryin ' to Get the Feeling Again '' ( 1976 ) `` This One 's for You '' ( 1976 ) `` Weekend in New England '' ( 1976 ) `` Looks Like We Made It '' ( 1977 ) `` Daybreak '' ( 1977 ) `` It 's Just Another New Year 's Eve '' ( 1977 ) `` Ca n't Smile Without You '' ( 1978 ) `` Even Now '' ( 1978 ) `` Copacabana '' ( 1978 ) `` Ready to Take a Chance Again '' ( 1978 ) `` Somewhere in the Night '' ( 1978 ) `` Ships '' ( 1979 ) `` When I Wanted You '' ( 1979 ) 1980s `` I Do n't Want to Walk Without You '' ( 1980 ) `` Bermuda Triangle '' ( 1980 ) `` I Made It Through the Rain '' ( 1980 ) `` Lonely Together '' ( 1981 ) `` The Old Songs '' ( 1981 ) `` Somewhere Down the Road '' ( 1981 ) `` Let 's Hang On ! '' ( 1982 ) `` Oh Julie '' ( 1982 ) `` Memory '' ( 1982 ) `` I 'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter '' ( 1982 ) `` Read ' Em and Weep '' ( 1983 ) `` When October Goes '' ( 1984 ) `` Run to Me '' ( 1985 ) `` I 'm Your Man '' ( 1986 ) `` Keep Each Other Warm '' ( 1989 ) 1990s `` If I Can Dream '' ( 1990 ) `` I 'd Really Love to See You Tonight '' ( 1997 ) 2000s `` River '' ( 2003 ) `` Unchained Melody '' ( 2006 ) `` Love Is a Many - Splendored Thing '' ( 2006 ) 2010s `` Santa Claus Is Coming to Town '' ( 2012 ) Luis Miguel singles Soy Como Quiero Ser `` Ahora Te Puedes Marchar '' `` Cuando Calienta El Sol '' `` Yo Que No Vivo Sin Ti '' Busca Una Mujer `` La Incondicional '' `` Fría Como el Viento '' 20 Años `` Tengo Todo Excepto a Ti '' `` Entrégate '' `` Será Que No Me Amas '' Romance `` Inolvidable '' `` No Sé Tú '' `` Contigo en la Distancia '' América & En Vivo `` América , América '' Aries `` Hasta Que Me Olvides '' `` Suave '' Segundo Romance `` El Día Que Me Quieras '' `` La Media Vuelta '' Nada Es Igual ... `` Dame '' `` Cómo Es Posible Que a Mi Lado '' Romances `` Por Debajo de la Mesa '' `` Sabor a Mí '' `` Bésame Mucho '' Amarte Es un Placer `` Sol , Arena y Mar '' `` O Tú o Ninguna '' `` Dormir Contigo '' `` Amarte Es un Placer '' Mis Romances `` Amor , Amor , Amor '' Navidades `` Santa Claus Llegó a La Ciudad '' `` Mi Humilde Oración '' Cómplices `` Si Tú Te Atreves '' `` Te Desean '' Luis Miguel `` Labios de Miel '' As featured artist `` Me Gustas Tal Como Eres '' Other songs `` Sueña '' Dèja Vu Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santa_Claus_Is_Comin%27_to_Town&oldid=817783622 '' Categories : 1934 songs Songs with lyrics by Haven Gillespie Songs with music by John Frederick Coots American Christmas songs Santa Claus in fiction Mariah Carey songs Bruce Springsteen songs Perry Como songs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Talk About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 December 2017 , at 15 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

when was santa clause coming to town made

The earliest known recorded version of the song was by banjoist Harry Reser and his band on October 24 , 1934 ( Decca 264A ) featuring Tom Stacks on vocal , the version shown in the Variety charts of December 1934 . The song was a sheet music hit , reaching number 1 . The song was also recorded for Victor Records ( catalog No. 25145A ) on September 26 , 1935 by Tommy Dorsey & His Orchestra with vocals by Cliff Weston and Edythe Wright .

Devon Bostick - wikipedia Devon Bostick Jump to : navigation , search Devon Bostick Bostick in 2016 . ( 1991 - 11 - 13 ) November 13 , 1991 ( age 25 ) Toronto , Ontario , Canada Occupation Actor Years active 1998 -- present Devon Bostick ( born November 13 , 1991 ) is a Canadian actor , best known for playing the lead role in the Atom Egoyan - directed film Adoration , Brent in Saw VI and Rodrick Heffley in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid movies . He portrayed Jasper Jordan on The CW show , The 100 from 2014 to 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life and career 2 Filmography 2.1 Film 2.2 Television 3 References 4 External links Life and career ( edit ) Bostick in 2008 Bostick was born in Toronto , Ontario , Canada . His mother , Stephanie Gorin , is a casting agent in Toronto , who works in stage and screen , and his father , Joe Bostick , is an actor as well as a film fight coordinator . His maternal grandparents are English immigrants , and his father is of part Norwegian descent . Devon began acting when in grade five . He is a graduate of the Etobicoke School of the Arts in Toronto . He has had roles in the television series Degrassi : The Next Generation , Flashpoint and in the film Citizen Duane , and appeared in the series premiere of Rookie Blue . His film work has included roles in Godsend , Fugitive Pieces and The Stone Angel . In Adoration , he plays Simon , a boy who is being raised by his uncle ( played by Scott Speedman ) after his parents ' death . He also appears in an online spoof trailer for a hoax movie called `` Ice Fortress '' . He had roles in The Poet , a World War II drama starring Roy Scheider and Colm Feore , Saw VI as Brent and Assassin 's Creed : Lineage as Ezio Auditore . Bostick also played Erica 's deceased brother Leo in CBC Television 's series Being Erica , and Rodrick Heffley in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid movies . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2003 The Truth About the Head Boy Godsend Zachary Clark Wells 2005 Land of the Dead Brian 2006 King of Sorrow Low Man 2006 Aruba Mark 2006 Citizen Duane Maurie Balfour 2006 American Pie Presents The Naked Mile High School Student # 4 Direct - to - video 2007 The Poet Guard # 1 2007 Fugitive Pieces Ben -- Teen 2007 The Stone Angel Young Marvin 2007 Saw IV Derek Scenes Cut 2008 Adoration Simon 2008 The Dreaming Boy 2009 Survival of the Dead Boy 2009 Saw VI Brent 2009 Assassin 's Creed : Lineage Ezio Auditore da Firenze Short film Diary of a Wimpy Kid Rodrick Heffley Verona Christopher Short film 2011 Entitled , The The Entitled Dean Taylor 2011 Hidden 3D Lucas 2011 The Sacrifice Mike Direct - to - video 2011 Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Rodrick Rules Rodrick Heffley 2012 Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Dog Days 2012 Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Class Clown 2012 Dead Before Dawn 3D Casper Galloway 2012 A Dark Truth Renaldo 2013 The Art of the Steal Ponch 2014 Small Time Freddy Klein 2015 Regression Roy Gray 2015 Being Charlie Adam 2017 Okja Silver Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1998 Exhibit A : Secrets of Forensic Science Son 1 episode 2002 -- 2003 Odyssey 5 Gothic Teen 2 episodes 2003 DC 9 / 11 : Time of Crisis Fireman 's son Television film 2003 Jake 2.0 Young Kid 1 episode 1 - 800 - Missing Zack 1 episode Hustle The Kid Television film 2005 Knights of the South Bronx Darren Television film 2006 -- 2007 Degrassi : The Next Generation Nic 3 episodes 2007 Stump Ryan TV series 2007 A Life Interrupted Young Bobby Television film 2007 The Altar Boy Gang Terry Television film 2008 Princess Older boy Television film 2008 Roxy Hunter and the Horrific Halloween Drew Television film 2009 The Good Germany Dale Mackay 1 episode 2009 Guns Boy # 3 2 episodes 2009 The Border Ali Jabir 1 episode 2009 Being Erica Leo Strange 13 episodes Rookie Blue Martin Blentz 1 episode Flashpoint Paul 1 episode Haven Jimmy 1 episode 2011 She 's the Mayor Doctor Jimmy 1 episode 2011 The Listener Bennie 1 episode 2013 Aim High Marcus Anderson Web series , 10 episodes 2014 -- 2017 The 100 Jasper Jordan Main cast ( Season 1 -- 4 ) Music Video Year Song Artist Director 2015 Til It Happens to You Lady Gaga Catherine Hardwicke References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lederman , Marsha ( March 27 , 2011 ) . `` Devon Bostick 's not really evil -- he just acts that way '' . The Globe and Mail . Toronto . Jump up ^ Ouzounian , Richard ( March 25 , 2011 ) . `` Devon Bostick : Not just another wimpy kid '' . The Star . Toronto . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . Mobile.twitter.com . March 1 , 2013 . Retrieved April 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Devon Bostick . IMDb Jump up ^ Martha 's Nautical News . November 2007 Jump up ^ Lacey , Liam ( May 24 , 2008 ) . `` Egoyan brings post-9 / 11 vision to Cannes '' . Toronto : The Globe and Mail . Retrieved May 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dinoff , Dustin ( September 4 , 2006 ) . `` Contemporary World Cinema : Film Diary : Citizen Duane '' . Playback . p. 13 . Jump up ^ Leydon , Joe ( May 3 , 2004 ) . `` Godsend '' . Variety . p. 62 . Jump up ^ Writer , Staff ( February 18 , 2009 ) . `` Being Erica '' . Winnipeg Free Press . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Caims , Bryan ( May 19 , 2009 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE ! We Chat With ' Saw VI ' Star Devon Bostick '' . FEARnet . Horror Entertainment . Retrieved September 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Official Cast Reveal number 2 Dead Before Dawn '' . Deadbeforedawnthemovie.com . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Etan Vlessing ( June 28 , 2011 ) . `` Bostick , Sutherland to star in Dead Before Dawn '' Playback `` . Playbackonline.ca . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Devon Bostick . Devon Bostick on IMDb Devon Bostick on Twitter VIAF : 121664154 LCCN : no2010090951 ISNI : 0000 0000 8028 6141 GND : 1026438101 BNF : cb165839132 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Devon_Bostick&oldid=797354285 '' Categories : 1991 births Living people People from Etobicoke Male actors from Toronto Canadian people of English descent Canadian people of Norwegian descent Canadian male child actors Canadian male film actors Canadian male television actors Canadian drummers Male drummers 20th - century Canadian male actors 21st - century Canadian male actors Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2016 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本 語 Português Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2017 , at 14 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who plays rodrick on diary of a wimpy kid

Devon Bostick ( born November 13 , 1991 ) is a Canadian actor , best known for playing the lead role in the Atom Egoyan - directed film Adoration , Brent in Saw VI and Rodrick Heffley in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid movies . He portrayed Jasper Jordan on The CW show , The 100 from 2014 to 2017 .

Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster - Wikipedia Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster `` Fukushima nuclear disaster '' redirects here . For the incidents at Fukushima Daini ( Fukushima II ) , see Fukushima Daini Nuclear Power Plant . `` 2011 Japanese nuclear accidents '' redirects here . For other 2011 Japanese nuclear accidents / incidents , see Fukushima Daini Nuclear Power Plant , Onagawa Nuclear Power Plant , Tōkai Nuclear Power Plant , and Rokkasho Reprocessing Plant . Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster Image on 16 March 2011 ( 7 years ago ) of the four damaged reactor buildings . From left to right : Unit 4 , 3 , 2 , and 1 . Hydrogen - air explosions occurred in Unit 1 , 3 , and 4 , causing structural damage . A vent in Unit 2 's wall , with water vapor / `` steam '' clearly visible , prevented a similar large explosion . Drone overflights on 20 March captured clearer images . Date 11 March 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 11 ) Location Ōkuma , Fukushima Prefecture , Japan 37 ° 25 ′ 17 '' N 141 ° 1 ′ 57 '' E  /  37.42139 ° N 141.03250 ° E  / 37.42139 ; 141.03250 Outcome INES Level 7 ( major accident ) Non-fatal injuries 37 with physical injuries , 2 workers taken to hospital with possible radiation burns IAEA experts at Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Unit 4 , 2013 The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster ( 福島 第 一 原子力 発電 所 事故 , Fukushima Dai - ichi ( pronunciation ) genshiryoku hatsudensho jiko ) was an energy accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant in Ōkuma , Fukushima Prefecture , initiated primarily by the tsunami following the Tōhoku earthquake on 11 March 2011 . Immediately after the earthquake , the active reactors automatically shut down their sustained fission reactions . However , the tsunami disabled the emergency generators that would have provided power to control and operate the pumps necessary to cool the reactors . The insufficient cooling led to three nuclear meltdowns , hydrogen - air explosions , and the release of radioactive material in Units 1 , 2 and 3 from 12 March to 15 March . Loss of cooling also raised concerns over the recently loaded spent fuel pool of Reactor 4 , which increased in temperature on 15 March due to the decay heat from the freshly added spent fuel rods but did not boil down to exposure . On 5 July 2012 , the Fukushima Nuclear Accident Independent Investigation Commission ( NAIIC ) found that the causes of the accident had been foreseeable , and that the plant operator , Tokyo Electric Power Company ( TEPCO ) , had failed to meet basic safety requirements such as risk assessment , preparing for containing collateral damage , and developing evacuation plans . On 12 October 2012 , TEPCO admitted for the first time that it had failed to take necessary measures for fear of inviting lawsuits or protests against its nuclear plants . The Fukushima disaster was the most significant nuclear incident since the April 26 , 1986 Chernobyl disaster and the second disaster to be given the Level 7 event classification of the International Nuclear Event Scale . However , there have been no fatalities linked to radiation due to the accident . The United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation and World Health Organization report that there will be no increase in miscarriages , stillbirths or physical and mental disorders in babies born after the accident . Controversially , however , an estimated 1,600 deaths are believed to have occurred , primarily in the elderly , who had earlier lived in nursing homes , due to the resultant poor ad hoc evacuation conditions . In 2017 risk analysis has determined , that unlike Chernobyl , `` relocation was unjustified for the 160,000 people relocated after Fukushima , '' asserting that 1,600 deaths occurred due to these stressful evacuation conditions , while the potential for future deaths from exposure to greater amounts of radiation would have been comparatively lower , had everyone instead stayed home and been supported by a shelter in place . There are no clear plans for decommissioning the plant , but the plant management estimate is 30 or 40 years . A frozen soil barrier has been constructed in an attempt to prevent further contamination of seeping groundwater , but in July 2016 TEPCO revealed that the ice wall had failed to totally stop groundwater from flowing in and mixing with highly radioactive water inside the wrecked reactor buildings , adding that they are `` technically incapable of blocking off groundwater with the frozen wall '' . In February 2017 , TEPCO released images taken inside Reactor 2 by a remote - controlled camera that show there is a 2 - meter ( 6.5 ft ) wide hole in the metal grating under the pressure vessel in the reactor 's primary containment vessel , which could have been caused by fuel escaping the pressure vessel , indicating a meltdown / melt - through had occurred , through this layer of containment . Radiation levels of about 210 Sv per hour were subsequently detected inside the Unit 2 containment vessel . These values are in the context of undamaged spent fuel which has typical values of 270 Sv / h , after 10 years of cold shutdown , with no shielding . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Plant description 2.1 Cooling 2.2 Backup generators 2.3 Central fuel storage areas 2.4 Zircaloy 3 Prior safety concerns 3.1 1967 : Layout of the emergency - cooling system 3.2 1991 : Backup generator of Reactor 1 flooded 3.3 2008 : Tsunami study ignored 3.4 Vulnerability to earthquakes 4 Events 4.1 Tōhoku earthquake 4.2 Tsunami and flooding 4.3 Evacuation 4.4 Units 1 , 2 , and 3 4.4. 1 Core meltdowns 4.5 Units 4 , 5 , and 6 4.5. 1 Unit 4 4.5. 2 Units 5 and 6 4.6 Central fuel storage areas 4.7 Contamination 4.7. 1 Contamination in the eastern Pacific 5 Response 5.1 Poor communication and delays 6 Event rating 7 Aftermath 7.1 Risks from radiation 7.2 Thyroid screening program 7.2. 1 Chernobyl comparison 7.3 Effects on evacuees 7.4 Radioactivity releases 7.5 Insurance 7.6 Compensation 7.7 Energy policy implications 7.8 Equipment , facility , and operational changes 8 Reactions 8.1 Japan 8.2 International 8.3 Investigations 8.3. 1 NAIIC 8.3. 2 Investigation Committee 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Notes 10.2 Sources 11 External links 11.1 Investigation 11.2 Video , drawings , and images 11.3 Artwork 11.4 Other Overview ( edit ) The Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant comprised six separate boiling water reactors originally designed by General Electric ( GE ) and maintained by the Tokyo Electric Power Company ( TEPCO ) . At the time of the Tōhoku earthquake on 11 March 2011 , Reactors 4 , 5 , and 6 were shut down in preparation for re-fueling . However , their spent fuel pools still required cooling . Immediately after the earthquake , the electricity - producing Reactors 1 , 2 , and 3 automatically shut down their sustained fission reactions by inserting control rods in a legally - mandated safety procedure referred to as SCRAM , which ceases the reactors ' normal running conditions . As the reactors were unable to generate power to run their own coolant pumps , emergency diesel generators came online , as designed , to power electronics and coolant systems . These operated nominally until the tsunami destroyed the generators for Reactors 1 -- 5 . The two generators cooling Reactor 6 were undamaged and were sufficient to be pressed into service to cool the neighboring Reactor 5 along with their own reactor , averting the overheating issues that Reactor 4 suffered . The largest tsunami wave was 13 meters ( 43 ft ) high and hit 50 minutes after the initial earthquake , overwhelming the plant 's seawall , which was 10 m ( 33 ft ) high . The moment of impact was recorded by a camera . Water quickly flooded the low - lying rooms in which the emergency generators were housed . The flooded diesel generators failed soon afterwards , resulting in a loss of power to the critical coolant water pumps . These pumps needed to continuously circulate coolant water through a Generation II reactor for several days to keep the fuel rods from melting , as the fuel rods continued to generate decay heat after the SCRAM event . The fuel rods would become hot enough to melt during the fuel decay time period if an adequate heat sink was not available . After the secondary emergency pumps ( run by back - up electrical batteries ) ran out , one day after the tsunami , 12 March , the water pumps stopped and the reactors began to overheat . Meanwhile , as workers struggled to supply power to the reactors ' coolant systems and restore power to their control rooms , a number of hydrogen - air chemical explosions occurred , the first in Unit 1 , on 12 March and the last in Unit 4 , on 15 March . It is estimated that the hot zirconium fuel cladding - water reaction in Reactors 1 -- 3 produced 800 to 1000 kilograms of hydrogen gas each . The pressurized gas was vented out of the reactor pressure vessel where it mixed with the ambient air , and eventually reached explosive concentration limits in Units 1 and 3 . Due to piping connections between Units 3 and 4 , or alternatively from the same reaction occurring in the spent fuel pool in Unit 4 itself , Unit 4 also filled with hydrogen , resulting in an explosion . In each case , the hydrogen - air explosions occurred at the top of each unit , that was in their upper secondary containment buildings . Drone overflights on 20 March and afterwards captured clear images of the effects of each explosion on the outside structures , while the view inside was largely obscured by shadows and debris . Coinciding with the well understood implications of a loss of coolant accident , the insufficient cooling eventually led to meltdowns in Reactors 1 , 2 , and 3 . The full extent of the movement of the resulting corium is unknown but it is now considered to be at least through the bottom of each reactor pressure vessel ( RPV ) , residing somewhere between there and the water - table below each reactor . In a similar manner to what was observed at reactor 4 in Chernobyl . There have been no fatalities linked to short term overexposure to radiation reported due to the Fukushima accident , while approximately 18,500 people died due to the earthquake and tsunami . The maximum cancer mortality and morbidity estimate according to the linear no - threshold theory is 1,500 and 1,800 but with most estimates considerably lower , in the range of a few hundred . In addition , the rates of psychological distress among evacuated people rose fivefold compared to the Japanese average due to the experience of the disaster and evacuation . In 2013 , the World Health Organization ( WHO ) indicated that the residents of the area who were evacuated were exposed to low amounts of radiation and that radiation - induced health impacts are likely to be low . In particular , the 2013 WHO report predicts that for evacuated infant girls , their 0.75 % pre-accident lifetime risk of developing thyroid cancer is calculated to be increased to 1.25 % by being exposed to radioiodine , with the increase being slightly less for males . The risks from a number of additional radiation - induced cancers are also expected to be elevated due to exposure caused by the other low boiling point fission products that were released by the safety failures . The single greatest increase is for thyroid cancer , but in total , an overall 1 % higher lifetime risk of developing cancers of all types , is predicted for infant females , with the risk slightly lower for males , making both some of the most radiation - sensitive groups . Along with those within the womb , which the WHO predicted , depending on their gender , to have the same elevations in risk as the infant groups . A screening program a year later in 2012 found that more than a third ( 36 % ) of children in Fukushima Prefecture have abnormal growths in their thyroid glands . As of August 2013 , there have been more than 40 children newly diagnosed with thyroid cancer and other cancers in Fukushima prefecture as a whole . In 2015 , the number of thyroid cancers or detections of developing thyroid cancers numbered 137 . However , whether these incidences of cancer are elevated above the rate in un-contaminated areas and therefore were due to exposure to nuclear radiation is unknown at this stage . Data from the Chernobyl accident showed that an unmistakable rise in thyroid cancer rates following the disaster in 1986 only began after a cancer incubation period of 3 -- 5 years ; however , whether this data can be directly compared to the Fukushima nuclear disaster is yet to be determined . A survey by the newspaper Mainichi Shimbun computed that of some 300,000 people who evacuated the area , approximately 1,600 deaths related to the evacuation conditions , such as living in temporary housing and hospital closures , had occurred as of August 2013 , a number comparable to the 1,599 deaths directly caused by the earthquake and tsunami in the Fukushima Prefecture in 2011 . The exact causes of the majority of these evacuation related deaths were not specified , as according to the municipalities , that would hinder application for condolence money compensation by the relatives of the deceased . On 5 July 2012 , the Japanese National Diet - appointed Fukushima Nuclear Accident Independent Investigation Commission ( NAIIC ) submitted its inquiry report to the Japanese Diet . The Commission found the nuclear disaster was `` manmade '' , that the direct causes of the accident were all foreseeable prior to 11 March 2011 . The report also found that the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant was incapable of withstanding the earthquake and tsunami . TEPCO , the regulatory bodies ( NISA and NSC ) and the government body promoting the nuclear power industry ( METI ) , all failed to correctly develop the most basic safety requirements -- such as assessing the probability of damage , preparing for containing collateral damage from such a disaster , and developing evacuation plans for the public in the case of a serious radiation release . Meanwhile , the government - appointed Investigation Committee on the Accident at the Fukushima Nuclear Power Stations of Tokyo Electric Power Company submitted its final report to the Japanese government on 23 July 2012 . A separate study by Stanford researchers found that Japanese plants operated by the largest utility companies were particularly unprotected against potential tsunami . TEPCO admitted for the first time on 12 October 2012 that it had failed to take stronger measures to prevent disasters for fear of inviting lawsuits or protests against its nuclear plants . There are no clear plans for decommissioning the plant , but the plant management estimate is thirty or forty years . A frozen soil barrier was constructed in an attempt to prevent further contamination of seeping groundwater by melted - down nuclear fuel , but in July 2016 TEPCO revealed that the ice wall had failed to stop groundwater from flowing in and mixing with highly radioactive water inside the wrecked reactor buildings , adding that they are `` technically incapable of blocking off groundwater with the frozen wall '' . In 2018 , some tours to visit Fukushima disastered area have been started . Plant Description ( edit ) Main article : Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant site close - up Map of Japan 's electricity distribution network , showing incompatible systems between regions . Fukushima is in the 50 hertz Tohoku region . Simplified cross-section sketch of a typical BWR Mark I containment as used in units 1 to 5 Key : RPV : reactor pressure vessel DW : dry well enclosing reactor pressure vessel . WW : wet well - torus - shaped all around the base enclosing steam suppression pool . Excess steam from the dry well enters the wet well water pool via downcomer pipes . SFP : spent fuel pool area SCSW : secondary concrete shield wall The Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant consisted of six GE light water boiling water reactors ( BWRs ) with a combined power of 4.7 gigawatts , making it one of the world 's 25 largest nuclear power stations . It was the first GE - designed nuclear plant to be constructed and run entirely by the Tokyo Electric Power Company ( TEPCO ) . Reactor 1 was a 439 MWe type ( BWR - 3 ) reactor constructed in July 1967 , and commenced operation on 26 March 1971 . It was designed to withstand an earthquake with a peak ground acceleration of 0.18 g ( 1.4 m / s , 4.6 ft / s ) and a response spectrum based on the 1952 Kern County earthquake . Reactors 2 and 3 were both 784 MWe type BWR - 4s . Reactor 2 commenced operation in July 1974 , and Reactor 3 in March 1976 . The earthquake design basis for all units ranged from 0.42 g ( 4.12 m / s , 13.5 ft / s ) to 0.46 g ( 4.52 m / s , 14.8 ft / s ) . After the 1978 Miyagi earthquake , when the ground acceleration reached 0.125 g ( 1.22 m / s , 4.0 ft / s ) for 30 seconds , no damage to the critical parts of the reactor was found . Units 1 -- 5 have a Mark - 1 type ( light bulb torus ) containment structure ; unit 6 has Mark 2 - type ( over / under ) containment structure . In September 2010 , Reactor 3 was partially fueled by mixed - oxides ( MOX ) . At the time of the accident , the units and central storage facility contained the following numbers of fuel assemblies : Location Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3 Unit 4 Unit 5 Unit 6 Central storage Reactor fuel assemblies 400 548 548 0 548 764 N / A Spent fuel assemblies 292 587 514 1331 946 876 6375 Fuel type UO UO UO / MOX UO UO UO UO New fuel assemblies 100 28 52 204 48 64 N / A There was no MOX fuel in any of the cooling ponds at the time of the incident . The only MOX fuel was currently loaded in the Unit 3 reactor . Cooling ( edit ) Diagram of the cooling systems of a BWR See also : Decay heat § Power reactors in shutdown , and Nuclear reactor safety system Nuclear reactors generate electricity by using the heat of the fission reaction to produce steam , which is used to drive turbines in order to generate electricity . When the reactor stops operating , the radioactive decay of unstable isotopes in the fuel continues to generate heat ( decay heat ) for a time , and so require continued cooling . Initially this decay heat amounts to approximately 6.5 % of the amount produced by fission , decreasing over several days before reaching shutdown levels . Afterwards , spent fuel rods typically require several years in a spent fuel pool before they can be safely transferred to dry cask storage vessels . The decay heat in the Unit 4 spent fuel pool had the capacity to boil about 70 metric tons ( 69 long tons ; 77 short tons ) of water per day . In the reactor core , high - pressure systems cycle water between the reactor pressure vessel and heat exchangers . These systems transfer heat to a secondary heat exchanger via the essential service water system , using water pumped out to sea or an onsite cooling tower . Units 2 and 3 were equipped with steam turbine - driven emergency core cooling systems that could be directly operated by steam produced by decay heat , and which could inject water directly into the reactor . Some electrical power was needed to operate valves and monitoring systems . Unit 1 was equipped with a different , entirely passive cooling system , the Isolation Condenser ( IC ) . It consisted of a series of pipes run from the reactor core to the inside of a large tank of water . When the valves are opened , steam flows upward to the IC where the cool water in the tank condenses the steam back to water , and it runs under gravity back to the reactor core . For unknown reasons , Unit 1 's IC was operated only intermittently during the emergency . However , during a 25 March 2014 presentation to the TVA , Dr Takeyuki Inagaki explained that the IC was being operated intermittently to maintain reactor vessel level and to prevent the core from cooling too quickly which can increase reactor power . Unfortunately , as the tsunami engulfed the station , the IC valves were closed and could not be reopened automatically due to the loss of electrical power , but could have been opened manually . On 16 April 2011 , TEPCO declared that cooling systems for Units 1 -- 4 were beyond repair . Backup generators ( edit ) When a reactor is not producing electricity , its cooling pumps can be powered by other reactor units , the grid , diesel generators , or batteries . Two emergency diesel generators were available for each of Units 1 -- 5 and three for Unit 6 . In the late 1990s , three additional backup generators for Units 2 and 4 were placed in new buildings located higher on the hillside , to comply with new regulatory requirements . All six units were given access to these generators , but the switching stations that sent power from these backup generators to the reactors ' cooling systems for Units 1 through 5 were still in the poorly protected turbine buildings . The switching station for Unit 6 was protected inside the only GE Mark II reactor building and continued to function . All three of the generators added in the late 1990s were operational after the tsunami . If the switching stations had been moved to inside the reactor buildings or to other flood - proof locations , power would have been provided by these generators to the reactors ' cooling systems . The reactor 's emergency diesel generators and DC batteries , crucial components in powering cooling systems after a power loss , were located in the basements of the reactor turbine buildings , in accordance with GE 's specifications . Mid-level GE engineers expressed concerns , relayed to Tepco , that this left them vulnerable to flooding . Fukushima I was not designed for such a large tsunami , nor had the reactors been modified when concerns were raised in Japan and by the IAEA . Fukushima II was also struck by the tsunami . However , it had incorporated design changes that improved its resistance to flooding , reducing flood damage . Generators and related electrical distribution equipment were located in the watertight reactor building , so that power from the electricity grid was being used by midnight . Seawater pumps for cooling were protected from flooding , and although 3 of 4 initially failed , they were restored to operation . Central fuel storage areas ( edit ) Used fuel assemblies taken from reactors are initially stored for at least 18 months in the pools adjacent to their reactors . They can then be transferred to the central fuel storage pond . Fukushima I 's storage area contains 6375 fuel assemblies . After further cooling , fuel can be transferred to dry cask storage , which has shown no signs of abnormalities . Zircaloy ( edit ) Many of the internal components and fuel assembly cladding are made from zircaloy because it is relatively transparent to neutrons . At normal operating temperatures of approximately 300 ° C ( 572 ° F ) , zircaloy is inert . However , above 1,200 degrees Celsius ( 2,190 ° F ) , zirconium metal can react exothermically with water to form free hydrogen gas . The reaction between zirconium and the coolant produces more heat , accelerating the reaction . In addition , zircaloy can react with uranium dioxide to form zirconium dioxide and uranium metal . This exothermic reaction together with the reaction of boron carbide with stainless steel can release additional heat energy , thus contributing to the overheating of a reactor . Prior safety concerns ( edit ) 1967 : layout of the emergency - cooling system ( edit ) The Fukushima reactor control room in 1999 On 27 February 2012 , the Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency ordered TEPCO to report its reasoning for changing the piping layout for the emergency cooling system . The original plans separated the piping systems for two reactors in the isolation condenser from each other . However , the application for approval of the construction plan showed the two piping systems connected outside the reactor . The changes were not noted , in violation of regulations . After the tsunami , the isolation condenser should have taken over the function of the cooling pumps , by condensing the steam from the pressure vessel into water to be used for cooling the reactor . However , the condenser did not function properly and TEPCO could not confirm whether a valve was opened . 1991 : backup generator of reactor 1 flooded ( edit ) On 30 October 1991 , one of two backup generators of Reactor 1 failed , after flooding in the reactor 's basement . Seawater used for cooling leaked into the turbine building from a corroded pipe at 20 cubic meters per hour , as reported by former employees in December 2011 . An engineer was quoted as saying that he informed his superiors of the possibility that a tsunami could damage the generators . TEPCO installed doors to prevent water from leaking into the generator rooms . The Japanese Nuclear Safety Commission stated that it would revise its safety guidelines and would require the installation of additional power sources . On 29 December 2011 , TEPCO admitted all these facts : its report mentioned that the room was flooded through a door and some holes for cables , but the power supply was not cut off by the flooding , and the reactor was stopped for one day . One of the two power sources was completely submerged , but its drive mechanism had remained unaffected . 2008 : tsunami study ignored ( edit ) In 2007 , TEPCO set up a department to supervise its nuclear facilities . Until June 2011 , its chairman was Masao Yoshida , the Fukushima Daiichi chief . A 2008 in - house study identified an immediate need to better protect the facility from flooding by seawater . This study mentioned the possibility of tsunami - waves up to 10.2 meters ( 33 ft ) . Headquarters officials insisted that such a risk was unrealistic and did not take the prediction seriously . A Mr. Okamura of the Active Fault and Earthquake Research Center ( replaced in 2014 by Research Institute of Earthquake and Volcano Geology ( IEVG ) , Geological Survey of Japan ( GSJ ) , AIST ) urged TEPCO and NISA to review their assumption of possible tsunami heights based on a ninth century earthquake , but it was not seriously considered at that time . The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission warned of a risk of losing emergency power in 1991 ( NUREG - 1150 ) and NISA referred to the report in 2004 . No action to mitigate the risk was taken . Vulnerability to earthquakes ( edit ) Japan , like the rest of the Pacific Rim , is in an active seismic zone , prone to earthquakes . The International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA ) had expressed concern about the ability of Japan 's nuclear plants to withstand earthquakes . At a 2008 meeting of the G8 's Nuclear Safety and Security Group in Tokyo , an IAEA expert warned that a strong earthquake with a magnitude above 7.0 could pose a `` serious problem '' for Japan 's nuclear power stations . The region had experienced three earthquakes of magnitude greater than 8 , including the 869 Sanriku earthquake , the 1896 Sanriku earthquake , and the 1933 Sanriku earthquake . Events ( edit ) Further information : Timeline of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster and 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami Tohoku earthquake ( edit ) The 9.0 M Tōhoku earthquake occurred at 14 : 46 on Friday , 11 March 2011 , with the epicenter near Honshu , the largest island of Japan . It produced maximum ground g - forces of 0.56 , 0.52 , 0.56 ( 5.50 , 5.07 and 5.48 m / s , 18.0 , 16.6 and 18.0 ft / s ) at units 2 , 3 , and 5 respectively . This exceeded the earthquake tolerances of 0.45 , 0.45 , and 0.46 g ( 4.38 , 4.41 and 4.52 m / s , 14.4 , 14.5 and 14.8 ft / s ) . The shock values were within the design tolerances at units 1 , 4 , and 6 . When the earthquake struck , units 1 , 2 , and 3 were operating , but units 4 , 5 , and 6 had been shut down for a scheduled inspection . Reactors 1 , 2 , and 3 immediately shut down automatically ; this meant the plant stopped generating electricity and could no longer use its own power . One of the two connections to off - site power for units 1 -- 3 also failed , so 13 on - site emergency diesel generators began providing power . Tsunami and flooding ( edit ) The height of the tsunami that struck the station approximately 50 minutes after the earthquake . A : Power station buildings B : Peak height of tsunami C : Ground level of site D: Average sea level E : Seawall to block waves The earthquake triggered a 13 - to - 15 - meter ( 43 to 49 ft ) - high tsunami that arrived approximately 50 minutes later . The waves overtopped the plant 's 5.7 - meter ( 19 ft ) seawall , flooding the basements of the power plant 's turbine buildings and disabling the emergency diesel generators at approximately 15 : 41 . TEPCO then notified authorities of a `` first - level emergency '' . The switching stations that provided power from the three backup generators located higher on the hillside failed when the building that housed them flooded . Power for the plant 's control systems switched to batteries designed to provide power for about eight hours . Further batteries and mobile generators were dispatched to the site , but were delayed by poor road conditions ; the first arrived at 21 : 00 11 March , almost six hours after the tsunami struck . Unsuccessful attempts were made to connect portable generating equipment to power water pumps . The failure was attributed to flooding at the connection point in the Turbine Hall basement and the absence of suitable cables . TEPCO switched its efforts to installing new lines from the grid . One generator at unit 6 resumed operation on 17 March , while external power returned to units 5 and 6 only on 20 March . Evacuation ( edit ) The government initially set in place a four - stage evacuation process : a prohibited access area out to 3 km ( 1.9 mi ) , an on - alert area 3 -- 20 km ( 1.9 -- 12.4 mi ) and an evacuation prepared area 20 -- 30 km ( 12 -- 19 mi ) . On day one , an estimated 170,000 people were evacuated from the prohibited access and on - alert areas . Prime Minister Kan instructed people within the on - alert area to leave and urged those in the prepared area to stay indoors . The latter groups were urged to evacuate on 25 March . The 20 km ( 12 mi ) exclusion zone was guarded by roadblocks to ensure that fewer people would be affected by the radiation . The earthquake and tsunami damaged or destroyed more than one million buildings leading to a total of 470,000 people needing evacuation . Of the 470,000 , the nuclear accident was responsible for 154,000 being evacuated . Units 1 , 2 , and 3 ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( August 2013 ) See also : Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster ( Unit 1 Reactor ) , Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster ( Unit 2 Reactor ) , and Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster ( Unit 3 Reactor ) In Reactors 1 , 2 , and 3 , overheating caused a reaction between the water and the zircaloy , creating hydrogen gas . On 12 March , an explosion in Unit 1 was caused by the ignition of the hydrogen , destroying the upper part of the building . On 14 March , a similar explosion occurred in the Reactor 3 building , blowing off the roof and injuring eleven people . On the 15th , there was an explosion in the Reactor 4 building due to a shared vent pipe with Reactor 3 . Core meltdowns ( edit ) The amount of damage sustained by the reactor cores during the accident , and the location of molten nuclear fuel ( `` corium '' ) within the containment buildings , is unknown ; TEPCO has revised its estimates several times . On 16 March 2011 , TEPCO estimated that 70 % of the fuel in Unit 1 had melted and 33 % in Unit 2 , and that Unit 3 's core might also be damaged . As of 2015 it can be assumed that most fuel melted through the reactor pressure vessel ( RPV ) , commonly known as the `` reactor core '' ) and is resting on the bottom of the primary containment vessel ( PCV ) , having been stopped by the PCV concrete . In July 2017 a remotely controlled robot filmed for the first time apparently melted fuel , just below the pressure vessel of Unit 3 . TEPCO released further estimates of the state and location of the fuel in a November 2011 report . The report concluded that the Unit 1 RPV was damaged during the disaster and that `` significant amounts '' of molten fuel had fallen into the bottom of the PCV . The erosion of the concrete of the PCV by the molten fuel after the core meltdown was estimated to stop at approx . 0.7 meters ( 2 ft 4 in ) in depth , while the thickness of the containment is 7.6 meters ( 25 ft ) thick . Gas sampling carried out before the report detected no signs of an ongoing reaction of the fuel with the concrete of the PCV and all the fuel in Unit 1 was estimated to be `` well cooled down , including the fuel dropped on the bottom of the reactor '' . Fuel in Units 2 and 3 had melted , however less than in Unit 1 , and fuel was presumed to be still in the RPV , with no significant amounts of fuel fallen to the bottom of the PCV . The report further suggested that `` there is a range in the evaluation results '' from `` all fuel in the RPV ( none fuel fallen to the PCV ) '' in Unit 2 and Unit 3 , to `` most fuel in the RPV ( some fuel in PCV ) '' . For Unit 2 and Unit 3 it was estimated that the `` fuel is cooled sufficiently '' . According to the report , the greater damage in Unit 1 ( when compared to the other two units ) was due to the longer time that no cooling water was injected in Unit 1 . This resulted in much more decay heat accumulating , as for about 1 day there was no water injection for Unit 1 , while Unit 2 and Unit 3 had only a quarter of a day without water injection . In November 2013 , Mari Yamaguchi reported for Associated Press that there are computer simulations which suggest that `` the melted fuel in Unit 1 , whose core damage was the most extensive , has breached the bottom of the primary containment vessel and even partially eaten into its concrete foundation , coming within about 30 centimeters ( 1 ft ) of leaking into the ground '' -- a Kyoto University nuclear engineer said with regards to these estimates : `` We just ca n't be sure until we actually see the inside of the reactors . '' According to a December 2013 report , TEPCO estimated for Unit 1 that `` the decay heat must have decreased enough , the molten fuel can be assumed to remain in PCV ( primary container vessel ) '' . In August 2014 , TEPCO released a new revised estimate that Reactor 3 had a complete melt through in the initial phase of the accident . According to this new estimate within the first three days of the accident the entire core content of Reactor 3 had melted through the RPV and fallen to the bottom of the PCV . These estimates were based on a simulation , which indicated that Reactor 3 's melted core penetrated through 1.2 meters ( 3 ft 11 in ) of the PCV 's concrete base , and came close to 26 -- 68 centimeters ( 10 -- 27 in ) of the PCV 's steel wall . In February 2015 , TEPCO started the muon scanning process for Units 1 , 2 , and 3 . With this scanning setup it will be possible to determine the approximate amount and location of the remaining nuclear fuel within the RPV , but not the amount and resting place of the corium in the PCV . In March 2015 TEPCO released the result of the muon scan for Unit 1 which showed that no fuel was visible in the RPV , which would suggest that most if not all of the molten fuel had dropped onto the bottom of the PCV -- this will change the plan for the removal of the fuel from Unit 1 . In February 2017 , six years after the disaster , radiation levels inside the Unit 2 containment building were crudely estimated to be about 650 Sv / h . The estimation was revised later to 80 Sv / h . These readings were the highest recorded since the disaster occurred in 2011 and the first recorded in that area of the reactor since the meltdowns . Images showed a hole in metal grating beneath the reactor pressure vessel , suggesting that melted nuclear fuel had escaped the vessel in that area . In January 2018 a remote - controlled camera confirmed that nuclear fuel debris was at the bottom of the Unit 2 PCV , showing fuel had escaped the RPV . The handle from the top of a nuclear fuel assembly was also observed , confirming that a considerable amount of the nuclear fuel had melted . Units 4 , 5 , and 6 ( edit ) Main article : Fukushima Daiichi units 4 , 5 and 6 Aerial view of the station in 1975 , showing separation between units 5 and 6 , and 1 -- 4 . Unit 6 , not completed until 1979 , is seen under construction . Unit 4 after the hydrogen explosion . The bright yellow object is the lid of the Reactor Containment Vessel . Unit 4 ( edit ) Reactor 4 was not operating when the earthquake struck . All fuel rods from Unit 4 had been transferred to the spent fuel pool on an upper floor of the reactor building prior to the tsunami . On 15 March , an explosion damaged the fourth floor rooftop area of Unit 4 , creating two large holes in a wall of the outer building . It was reported that water in the spent fuel pool might be boiling . Radiation inside the Unit 4 control room prevented workers from staying there for long periods . Visual inspection of the spent fuel pool on 30 April revealed no significant damage to the rods . A radiochemical examination of the pond water confirmed that little of the fuel had been damaged . In October 2012 , the former Japanese Ambassador to Switzerland and Senegal , Mitsuhei Murata , said that the ground under Fukushima Unit 4 was sinking , and the structure may collapse . In November 2013 , TEPCO began moving the 1533 fuel rods in the Unit 4 cooling pool to the central pool . This process was completed on 22 December 2014 . Units 5 and 6 ( edit ) Reactors 5 and 6 were also not operating when the earthquake struck . Unlike Reactor 4 , their fuel rods remained in the reactor . The reactors had been closely monitored , as cooling processes were not functioning well . Both Unit 5 and Unit 6 shared a working generator and switchgear during the emergency and achieved a successful cold shutdown nine days later on 20 March . Central fuel storage areas ( edit ) On 21 March , temperatures in the fuel pond had risen slightly , to 61 ° C ( 142 ° F ) and water was sprayed over the pool . Power was restored to cooling systems on 24 March and by 28 March , temperatures were reported down to 35 ° C ( 95 ° F ) . Contamination ( edit ) Main article : Radiation effects from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster Sub article : Comparison of Fukushima and Chernobyl nuclear accidents with detailed tables inside This section is in a list format that may be better presented using prose . You can help by converting this section to prose , if appropriate . Editing help is available . ( November 2017 ) Map of contaminated areas around the plant ( 22 March -- 3 April 2011 ) Fukushima dose rate comparison to other incidents and standards , with graph of recorded radiation levels and specific accident events from 11 to 30 March Radiation measurements from Fukushima Prefecture , March 2011 Seawater - contamination along coast with Caesium - 137 , from 21 March until 5 May 2011 ( Source : GRS ) Radiation hotspot in Kashiwa , February 2012 Radioactive material was released from the containment vessels for several reasons : deliberate venting to reduce gas pressure , deliberate discharge of coolant water into the sea , and uncontrolled events . Concerns about the possibility of a large scale release led to a 20 - kilometer ( 12 mi ) exclusion zone around the power plant and recommendations that people within the surrounding 20 -- 30 km ( 12 -- 19 mi ) zone stay indoors . Later , the UK , France , and some other countries told their nationals to consider leaving Tokyo , in response to fears of spreading contamination . In 2015 , the tap water contamination was still higher in Tokyo compared to other cities in Japan . Trace amounts of radioactivity , including iodine - 131 , caesium - 134 , and caesium - 137 , were widely observed . Between 21 March and mid-July , around 27 PBq of caesium - 137 ( about 8.4 kg or 19 lb ) entered the ocean , with about 82 percent having flowed into the sea before 8 April . However , the Fukushima coast has some of the world 's strongest currents and these transported the contaminated waters far into the Pacific Ocean , thus causing great dispersion of the radioactive elements . The results of measurements of both the seawater and the coastal sediments led to the supposition that the consequences of the accident , in terms of radioactivity , would be minor for marine life as of autumn 2011 ( weak concentration of radioactivity in the water and limited accumulation in sediments ) . On the other hand , significant pollution of sea water along the coast near the nuclear plant might persist , due to the continuing arrival of radioactive material transported towards the sea by surface water running over contaminated soil . Organisms that filter water and fish at the top of the food chain are , over time , the most sensitive to caesium pollution . It is thus justified to maintain surveillance of marine life that is fished in the coastal waters off Fukushima . Despite caesium isotopic concentrations in the waters off of Japan being 10 to 1000 times above the normal concentrations prior to the accident , radiation risks are below what is generally considered harmful to marine animals and human consumers . A monitoring system operated by the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear - Test - Ban Treaty Organization ( CTBTO ) tracked the spread of radioactivity on a global scale . Radioactive isotopes were picked up by over 40 monitoring stations . On 12 March , radioactive releases first reached a CTBTO monitoring station in Takasaki , Japan , around 200 km ( 120 mi ) away . The radioactive isotopes appeared in eastern Russia on 14 March and the west coast of the United States two days later . By day 15 , traces of radioactivity were detectable all across the northern hemisphere . Within one month , radioactive particles were noted by CTBTO stations in the southern hemisphere . Estimates of radioactivity released ranged from 10 -- 40 % of that of Chernobyl . The significantly contaminated area was 10 - 12 % of that of Chernobyl . In March 2011 , Japanese officials announced that `` radioactive iodine - 131 exceeding safety limits for infants had been detected at 18 water - purification plants in Tokyo and five other prefectures '' . On 21 March , the first restrictions were placed on the distribution and consumption of contaminated items . As of July 2011 , the Japanese government was unable to control the spread of radioactive material into the nation 's food supply . Radioactive material was detected in food produced in 2011 , including spinach , tea leaves , milk , fish , and beef , up to 320 kilometres from the plant . 2012 crops did not show signs of radioactivity contamination . Cabbage , rice and beef showed insignificant levels of radioactivity . A Fukushima - produced rice market in Tokyo was accepted by consumers as safe . On 24 August 2011 , the Nuclear Safety Commission ( NSC ) of Japan published the results of the recalculation of the total amount of radioactive materials released into the air during the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station . The total amounts released between 11 March and 5 April were revised downwards to 130 PBq ( petabecquerels , 3.5 mega curies ) for iodine - 131 and 11 PBq for caesium - 137 , which is about 11 % of Chernobyl emissions . Earlier estimations were 150 PBq and 12 PBq . In 2011 , scientists working for the Japan Atomic Energy Agency , Kyoto University and other institutes , recalculated the amount of radioactive material released into the ocean : between late March through April they found a total of 15 PBq for the combined amount of iodine - 131 and caesium - 137 , more than triple the 4.72 PBq estimated by TEPCO . The company had calculated only the direct releases into the sea . The new calculations incorporated the portion of airborne radioactive substances that entered the ocean as rain . In the first half of September 2011 , TEPCO estimated the radioactivity release at some 200 MBq ( megabecquerels , 5.4 milli curies ) per hour . This was approximately one four - millionth that of March . Traces of iodine - 131 were detected in several Japanese prefectures in November and December 2011 . According to the French Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety , between 21 March and mid-July around 27 PBq of caesium - 137 entered the ocean , about 82 percent before 8 April . This emission represents the most important individual oceanic emissions of artificial radioactivity ever observed . The Fukushima coast has one of the world 's strongest currents ( Kuroshio Current ) . It transported the contaminated waters far into the Pacific Ocean , dispersing the radioactivity . As of late 2011 measurements of both the seawater and the coastal sediments suggested that the consequences for marine life would be minor . Significant pollution along the coast near the plant might persist , because of the continuing arrival of radioactive material transported to the sea by surface water crossing contaminated soil . The possible presence of other radioactive substances , such as strontium - 90 or plutonium , has not been sufficiently studied . Recent measurements show persistent contamination of some marine species ( mostly fish ) caught along the Fukushima coast . Migratory pelagic species are highly effective and rapid transporters of radioactivity throughout the ocean . Elevated levels of caesium - 134 appeared in migratory species off the coast of California that were not seen pre-Fukushima . As of March 2012 , no cases of radiation - related ailments had been reported . Experts cautioned that data was insufficient to allow conclusions on health impacts . Michiaki Kai , professor of radiation protection at Oita University of Nursing and Health Sciences , stated , `` If the current radiation dose estimates are correct , ( cancer - related deaths ) likely wo n't increase . '' In May 2012 , TEPCO released their estimate of cumulative radioactivity releases . An estimated 538.1 PBq of iodine - 131 , caesium - 134 and caesium - 137 was released . 520 PBq was released into the atmosphere between 12 -- 31 March 2011 and 18.1 PBq into the ocean from 26 March -- 30 September 2011 . A total of 511 PBq of iodine - 131 was released into both the atmosphere and the ocean , 13.5 PBq of caesium - 134 and 13.6 PBq of caesium - 137 . TEPCO reported that at least 900 PBq had been released `` into the atmosphere in March last year ( 2011 ) alone '' . In 2012 researchers from the Institute of Problems in the Safe Development of Nuclear Energy , Russian Academy of Sciences , and the Hydrometeorological Center of Russia concluded that `` on March 15 , 2011 , ~ 400 PBq iodine , ~ 100 PBq caesium , and ~ 400 PBq inert gases entered the atmosphere '' on that day alone . In August 2012 , researchers found that 10,000 nearby residents had been exposed to less than 1 millisievert of radiation , significantly less than Chernobyl residents . As of October 2012 , radioactivity was still leaking into the ocean . Fishing in the waters around the site was still prohibited , and the levels of radioactive Cs and Cs in the fish caught were not lower than immediately after the disaster . On 26 October 2012 , TEPCO admitted that it could not stop radioactive material entering the ocean , although emission rates had stabilized . Undetected leaks could not be ruled out , because the reactor basements remained flooded . The company was building a 2,400 - foot - long steel and concrete wall between the site and the ocean , reaching 100 feet ( 30 m ) below ground , but it would not be finished before mid-2014 . Around August 2012 two greenling were caught close to shore . They contained more than 25,000 becquerels ( 0.67 milli curies ) of caesium - 137 per kilogram ( 11,000 Bq / lb ; 0.31 μCi / lb ) , the highest measured since the disaster and 250 times the government 's safety limit . On 22 July 2013 , it was revealed by TEPCO that the plant continued to leak radioactive water into the Pacific Ocean , something long suspected by local fishermen and independent investigators . TEPCO had previously denied that this was happening . Japanese Prime Minister Shinzō Abe ordered the government to step in . On 20 August , in a further incident , it was announced that 300 metric tons ( 300 long tons ; 330 short tons ) of heavily contaminated water had leaked from a storage tank , approximately the same amount of water as one eighth ( 1 / 8 ) of that found in an Olympic - size swimming pool . The 300 metric tons ( 300 long tons ; 330 short tons ) of water was radioactive enough to be hazardous to nearby staff , and the leak was assessed as Level 3 on the International Nuclear Event Scale . On 26 August , the government took charge of emergency measures to prevent further radioactive water leaks , reflecting their lack of confidence in TEPCO . As of 2013 , about 400 metric tons ( 390 long tons ; 440 short tons ) of water per day of cooling water was being pumped into the reactors . Another 400 metric tons ( 390 long tons ; 440 short tons ) of groundwater was seeping into the structure . Some 800 metric tons ( 790 long tons ; 880 short tons ) of water per day was removed for treatment , half of which was reused for cooling and half diverted to storage tanks . Ultimately the contaminated water , after treatment to remove radionuclides other than tritium , may have to be dumped into the Pacific . TEPCO intend to create an underground ice wall to reduce the rate contaminated groundwater reaches the sea . In February 2014 , NHK reported that TEPCO was reviewing its radioactivity data , after finding much higher levels of radioactivity than was reported earlier . TEPCO now says that levels of 5 MBq ( 0.12 milli curies ) of strontium per liter ( 23 MBq / imp gal ; 19 MBq / U.S. gal ; 610 μCi / imp gal ; 510 μCi / U.S. gal ) were detected in groundwater collected in July 2013 and not the 900 kBq ( 0.02 milli curies ) ( 4.1 MBq / imp gal ; 3.4 MBq / U.S. gal ; 110 μCi / imp gal ; 92 μCi / U.S. gal ) that were initially reported . On 10 September 2015 , floodwaters driven by Typhoon Etau prompted mass evacuations in Japan and overwhelmed the drainage pumps at the stricken Fukushima nuclear plant . A TEPCO spokesperson said that hundreds of metric tons of radioactive water had entered the ocean as a result . Plastic bags filled with contaminated soil and grass were also swept away by the flood waters . Contamination in the eastern Pacific ( edit ) In March 2014 , numerous news sources , including NBC , began predicting that the radioactive underwater plume traveling through the Pacific Ocean would reach the western seaboard of the continental United States . The common story was that the amount of radioactivity would be harmless and temporary once it arrived . The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration measured caesium - 134 at points in the Pacific Ocean and models were cited in predictions by several government agencies to announce that the radiation would not be a health hazard for North American residents . Groups , including Beyond Nuclear and the Tillamook Estuaries Partnership , challenged these predictions on the basis of continued isotope releases after 2011 , leading to a demand for more recent and comprehensive measurements as the radioactivity made its way east . These measurements were taken by a cooperative group of organizations under the guidance of a marine chemist with the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , and it was revealed that total radiation levels , of which only a fraction bore the fingerprint of Fukushima , were not high enough to pose any direct risk to human life and in fact were far less than Environmental Protection Agency guidelines or several other sources of radiation exposure deemed safe . Integrated Fukushima Ocean Radionuclide Monitoring project ( InFORM ) also failed to show any significant amount of radiation and as a result authors received death threats from supporters of a Fukushima - induced `` wave of cancer deaths across North America '' theory . Response ( edit ) See also : Investigations into the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster Government agencies and TEPCO were unprepared for the `` cascading nuclear disaster '' . The tsunami that `` began the nuclear disaster could and should have been anticipated and that ambiguity about the roles of public and private institutions in such a crisis was a factor in the poor response at Fukushima '' . In March 2012 , Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda said that the government shared the blame for the Fukushima disaster , saying that officials had been blinded by a false belief in the country 's `` technological infallibility '' , and were taken in by a `` safety myth '' . Noda said `` Everybody must share the pain of responsibility . '' According to Naoto Kan , Japan 's prime minister during the tsunami , the country was unprepared for the disaster , and nuclear power plants should not have been built so close to the ocean . Kan acknowledged flaws in authorities ' handling of the crisis , including poor communication and coordination between nuclear regulators , utility officials , and the government . He said the disaster `` laid bare a host of an even bigger man - made vulnerabilities in Japan 's nuclear industry and regulation , from inadequate safety guidelines to crisis management , all of which he said need to be overhauled . '' Physicist and environmentalist Amory Lovins said that Japan 's `` rigid bureaucratic structures , reluctance to send bad news upwards , need to save face , weak development of policy alternatives , eagerness to preserve nuclear power 's public acceptance , and politically fragile government , along with TEPCO 's very hierarchical management culture , also contributed to the way the accident unfolded . Moreover , the information Japanese people receive about nuclear energy and its alternatives has long been tightly controlled by both TEPCO and the government . '' Poor communication and delays ( edit ) The Japanese government did not keep records of key meetings during the crisis . Data from the SPEEDI network were emailed to the prefectural government , but not shared with others . Emails from NISA to Fukushima , covering 12 March 11 : 54 PM to 16 March 9 AM and holding vital information for evacuation and health advisories , went unread and were deleted . The data was not used because the disaster countermeasure office regarded the data as `` useless because the predicted amount of released radiation is unrealistic . '' On 14 March 2011 TEPCO officials were instructed not to use the phrase `` core meltdown '' at press conferences . On the evening of March 15 , Prime Minister Kan called Seiki Soramoto , who used to design nuclear plants for Toshiba , to ask for his help in managing the escalating crisis . Soramoto formed an impromptu advisory group , which included his former professor at the University of Tokyo , Toshiso Kosako , a top Japanese expert on radiation measurement . Mr. Kosako , who studied the Soviet response to the Chernobyl crisis , said he was stunned at how little the leaders in the prime minister 's office knew about the resources available to them . He quickly advised the chief cabinet secretary , Yukio Edano , to use SPEEDI , which used measurements of radioactive releases , as well as weather and topographical data , to predict where radioactive materials could travel after being released into the atmosphere . The Investigation Committee on the Accident at the Fukushima Nuclear Power Stations of Tokyo Electric Power Company 's interim report stated that Japan 's response was flawed by `` poor communication and delays in releasing data on dangerous radiation leaks at the facility '' . The report blamed Japan 's central government as well as TEPCO , `` depicting a scene of harried officials incapable of making decisions to stem radiation leaks as the situation at the coastal plant worsened in the days and weeks following the disaster '' . The report said poor planning worsened the disaster response , noting that authorities had `` grossly underestimated tsunami risks '' that followed the magnitude 9.0 earthquake . The 12.1 - meter ( 40 ft ) high tsunami that struck the plant was double the height of the highest wave predicted by officials . The erroneous assumption that the plant 's cooling system would function after the tsunami worsened the disaster . `` Plant workers had no clear instructions on how to respond to such a disaster , causing miscommunication , especially when the disaster destroyed backup generators . '' In February 2012 , the Rebuild Japan Initiative Foundation described how Japan 's response was hindered by a loss of trust between the major actors : Prime Minister Kan , TEPCO 's Tokyo headquarters and the plant manager . The report said that these conflicts `` produced confused flows of sometimes contradictory information '' . According to the report , Kan delayed the cooling of the reactors by questioning the choice of seawater instead of fresh water , accusing him of micromanaging response efforts and appointing a small , closed , decision - making staff . The report stated that the Japanese government was slow to accept assistance from U.S. nuclear experts . A 2012 report in The Economist said : `` The operating company was poorly regulated and did not know what was going on . The operators made mistakes . The representatives of the safety inspectorate fled . Some of the equipment failed . The establishment repeatedly played down the risks and suppressed information about the movement of the radioactive plume , so some people were evacuated from more lightly to more heavily contaminated places . '' From 17 to 19 March 2011 , US military aircraft measured radiation within a 45 km ( 28 mi ) radius of the site . The data recorded 125 micro sieverts per hour of radiation as far as 25 km ( 15.5 mi ) northwest of the plant . The US provided detailed maps to the Japanese Ministry of Economy , Trade and Industry ( METI ) on 18 March and to the Ministry of Education , Culture , Sports , Science and Technology ( MEXT ) two days later , but officials did not act on the information . The data were not forwarded to the prime minister 's office or the Nuclear Safety Commission ( NSC ) , nor were they used to direct the evacuation . Because a substantial portion of radioactive materials reached ground to the northwest , residents evacuated in this direction were unnecessarily exposed to radiation . According to NSC chief Tetsuya Yamamoto , `` It was very regrettable that we did n't share and utilize the information . '' Itaru Watanabe , from the Science and Technology Policy Bureau , blamed the US for not releasing the data . Data on the dispersal of radioactive materials were provided to the U.S. forces by the Japanese Ministry for Science a few days after March 11 ; however , the data was not shared publicly until the Americans published their map on March 23 , at which point Japan published fallout maps compiled from ground measurements and SPEEDI the same day . According to Watanabe 's testimony before the Diet , the US military was given access to the data `` to seek support from them '' on how to deal with the nuclear disaster . Although SPEEDI 's effectiveness was limited by not knowing the amounts released in the disaster , and thus was considered `` unreliable '' , it was still able to forecast dispersal routes and could have been used to help local governments designate more appropriate evacuation routes . On 19 June 2012 , science minister Hirofumi Hirano stated that his `` job was only to measure radiation levels on land '' and that the government would study whether disclosure could have helped in the evacuation efforts . On 28 June 2012 Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency officials apologized to mayor Yuko Endo of Kawauchi Village for NISA having failed to release the American - produced radiation maps in the first days after the meltdowns . All residents of this village were evacuated after the government designated it a no - entry zone . According to a Japanese government panel , authorities had shown no respect for the lives and dignity of village people . One NISA official apologized for the failure and added that the panel had stressed the importance of disclosure ; however , the mayor said that the information would have prevented the evacuation into highly polluted areas , and that apologies a year too late had no meaning . In June 2016 , it was revealed that TEPCO officials had been instructed on 14 March 2011 not to describe the reactor damage using the word `` meltdown '' . Officials at that time were aware that 25 -- 55 % of the fuel had been damaged , and the threshold for which the term `` meltdown '' became appropriate ( 5 % ) had been greatly exceeded . TEPCO President Naomi Hirose told the media : `` I would say it was a cover - up ... It 's extremely regrettable . '' Event Rating ( edit ) Main article : Accident rating of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster Comparison of radiation levels for different nuclear events The incident was rated 7 on the International Nuclear Event Scale ( INES ) . This scale runs from 0 , indicating an abnormal situation with no safety consequences , to 7 , indicating an accident causing widespread contamination with serious health and environmental effects . Prior to Fukushima , the Chernobyl disaster was the only level 7 event on record , while the Three Mile Island accident was rated as level 5 . A 2012 analysis of the intermediate and long - lived radioactivity released found about 10 -- 20 % of that released from the Chernobyl disaster . Approximately 15 PBq of caesium - 137 was released , compared with approximately 85 PBq of caesium - 137 at Chernobyl , indicating the release of 26.5 kilograms ( 58 lb ) of caesium - 137 . Unlike Chernobyl , all Japanese reactors were in concrete containment vessels , which limited the release of strontium - 90 , americium - 241 , and plutonium , which were among the radioisotopes released by the earlier incident . Some 500 PBq of iodine - 131 were released , compared to approximately 1,760 PBq at Chernobyl . Iodine - 131 has a half life of 8.02 days , decaying into a stable nuclide . After ten half lives ( 80.2 days ) , 99.9 % has decayed to xenon - 131 , a stable isotope . Aftermath ( edit ) Main article : Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster casualties No deaths followed short - term radiation exposure , though there were a number of deaths in the evacuation of the nearby population , while 15,884 died ( as of 10 February 2014 ) due to the earthquake and tsunami . Risks from radiation ( edit ) Very few cancers would be expected as a result of accumulated radiation exposures , even though people in the area worst affected by Japan 's Fukushima nuclear accident have a slightly higher risk of developing certain cancers such as leukemia , solid cancers , thyroid cancer , and breast cancer . Estimated effective doses from the accident outside Japan are considered to be below ( or far below ) the dose levels regarded as very small by the international radiological protection community . In 2013 , WHO reported that area residents who were evacuated were exposed to so little radiation that radiation - induced health effects were likely to be below detectable levels . The health risks were calculated by applying conservative assumptions , including the conservative linear no - threshold model of radiation exposure , a model that assumes even the smallest amount of radiation exposure will cause a negative health effect . The report indicated that for those infants in the most affected areas , lifetime cancer risk would increase by about 1 % . It predicted that populations in the most contaminated areas faced a 70 % higher relative risk of developing thyroid cancer for females exposed as infants , and a 7 % higher relative risk of leukemia in males exposed as infants and a 6 % higher relative risk of breast cancer in females exposed as infants . One - third of involved emergency workers would have increased cancer risks . Cancer risks for fetuses were similar to those in 1 year old infants . The estimated cancer risk to children and adults was lower than infants . These percentages represent estimated relative increases over the baseline rates and are not absolute risks for developing such cancers . Due to the low baseline rates of thyroid cancer , even a large relative increase represents a small absolute increase in risks . For example , the baseline lifetime risk of thyroid cancer for females is just three - quarters of one percent and the additional lifetime risk estimated in this assessment for a female infant exposed in the most affected location is one - half of one percent . -- World Health Organization . `` Health Risk Assessment from the nuclear accident after the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami based on a preliminary dose estimation '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 10 - 22 . According to a linear no - threshold model ( LNT model ) , the accident would most likely cause 130 cancer deaths . However , radiation epidemiologist Roy Shore countered that estimating health effects from the LNT model `` is not wise because of the uncertainties . '' Darshak Sanghavi noted that to obtain reliable evidence of the effect of low - level radiation would require an impractically large number of patients , Luckey reported that the body 's own repair mechanisms can cope with small doses of radiation and Aurengo stated that `` The LNT model can not be used to estimate the effect of very low doses ... '' In April 2014 , studies confirmed the presence of radioactive tuna off the coasts of the Pacific U.S. Researchers carried out tests on 26 albacore tuna caught prior to the 2011 power plant disaster and those caught after . However , the amount of radioactivity is less than that found naturally in a single banana . Caesium - 137 and caesium - 134 have been noted in Japanese whiting in Tokyo Bay as of 2016 . `` Concentration of radiocesium in the Japanese whiting was one or two orders of magnitude higher than that in the sea water , and an order of magnitude lower than that in the sediment . '' They were still within food safety limits . In June 2016 Tilman Ruff , co-president of the political advocacy group , the `` International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War '' argues that 174,000 people have been unable to return to their homes and ecological diversity has decreased and malformations have been found in trees , birds , and mammals . Five years after the event , the Department of Agriculture from the University of Tokyo ( which holds many experimental agricultural research fields around the affected area ) has noted that `` the fallout was found at the surface of anything exposed to air at the time of the accident . The main radioactive nuclides are now caesium - 137 and caesium - 134 '' , but these radioactive compounds have not dispersed much from the point where they landed at the time of the explosion , `` which was very difficult to estimate from our understanding of the chemical behavior of cesium '' . In February 2018 Japan renewed the export of fish caught off Fukushima 's nearshore zone . According to prefecture officials , no seafood had been found with radiation levels exceeding Japan safety standards since April 2015 . Thailand is the first country to receive a shipment of fresh fish from Japan 's Fukushima prefecture . A group campaigning to help prevent global warming has demanded the Food and Drug Administration disclose the name of the importer of fish from Fukushima and of the Japanese restaurants in Bangkok serving . Srisuwan Janya , chairman of the Stop Global Warming Association , said the FDA must protect the rights of consumers by ordering restaurants serving Fukushima fish to make that information available to their customers , so they could decide whether to eat it or not . Thyroid screening program ( edit ) The World Health Organization stated that a 2013 thyroid ultrasound screening program was , due to the screening effect , likely to lead to an increase in recorded thyroid cases due to early detection of non-symptomatic disease cases . The overwhelming majority of thyroid growths are benign growths that will never cause symptoms , illness , or death , even if nothing is ever done about the growth . Autopsy studies on people who died from other causes show that more than one third of adults technically have a thyroid growth / cancer . As a precedent , in 1999 in South Korea , the introduction of advanced ultrasound thyroid examinations resulted in an explosion in the rate of benign thyroid cancers being detected and needless surgeries occurring . Despite this , the death rate from thyroid cancer has remained the same . According to the Tenth Report of the Fukushima Prefecture Health Management Survey released in February 2013 , more than 40 % of children screened around Fukushima prefecture were diagnosed with thyroid nodules or cysts . Ultrasonographic detectable thyroid nodules and cysts are extremely common and can be found at a frequency of up to 67 % in various studies . 186 ( 0.5 % ) of these had nodules larger than 5.1 mm ( 0.20 in ) and / or cysts larger than 20.1 mm ( 0.79 in ) and underwent further investigation , while none had thyroid cancer . A Russia Today report into the matter was highly misleading . Fukushima Medical University give the number of children diagnosed with thyroid cancer , as of December 2013 , as 33 and concluded `` it is unlikely that these cancers were caused by the exposure from I - 131 from the nuclear power plant accident in March 2011 '' . In October 2015 , 137 children from the Fukushima Prefecture were described as either being diagnosed with or showing signs of developing thyroid cancer . The study 's lead author Toshihide Tsuda from Okayama University stated that the increased detection could not be accounted for by attributing it to the screening effect . He described the screening results to be `` 20 times to 50 times what would be normally expected . '' By the end of 2015 , the number had increased to 166 children . However , despite his paper being widely reported by the media , an undermining error , according to teams of other epidemiologists who point out Tsuda 's remarks are fatally wrong , is that Tsuda did an apples and oranges comparison by comparing the Fukushima surveys , which uses advanced ultrasound devices that detect otherwise unnoticeable thyroid growths , with data from traditional non-advanced clinical examinations , to arrive at his `` 20 to 50 times what would be expected '' conclusion . In the critical words of epidemiologist Richard Wakeford , `` It is inappropriate to compare the data from the Fukushima screening program with cancer registry data from the rest of Japan where there is , in general , no such large - scale screening , '' . Wakeford 's criticism was one of seven other author 's letters that were published criticizing Tsuda 's paper . According to Takamura , another epidemiologist , who examined the results of small scale advanced ultrasound tests on Japanese children not near Fukushima , `` The prevalence of thyroid cancer ( using the same detection technology ) does not differ meaningfully from that in Fukushima Prefecture , '' . In 2016 Ohira et al. conducted a study cross-comparing thyroid cancer patients from Fukushima prefecture evacuees with rates of Thyroid cancer in from those outside of the evacuation zone . Ohira et al. found that `` The duration between accident and thyroid examination was not associated with thyroid cancer prevalence . There were no significant associations between individual external doses and prevalence of thyroid cancer . External radiation dose was not associated with thyroid cancer prevalence among Fukushima children within the first 4 years after the nuclear accident ... '' A 2018 publication by Yamashita et al. has also concluded that attribution of Thyroid cancers can also be attributed to the screening effect . They noted that the mean age of the patients at the time of the accident was 10 -- 15 years , while no cases were found in children from the ages of 0 - 5 who would have been most susceptible . Yamashita et al. thus conclude that `` In any case , the individual prognosis can not be accurately determined at the time of FNAC at present . It is therefore urgent to search not only for intraoperative and postoperative prognostic factors but also for predictive prognostic factors at the FNAC / preoperative stage . '' Thyroid cancer is one of the most survivable cancers , with an approximate 94 % survival rate after first diagnosis . That rate increases to a nearly 100 % survival rate if caught early . Chernobyl comparison ( edit ) Main article : Comparison of Fukushima and Chernobyl nuclear accidents Radiation deaths at Chernobyl were also statistically undetectable . Only 0.1 % of the 110,645 Ukraninian cleanup workers , included in a 20 - year study out of over 500,000 former Soviet clean up workers , had as of 2012 developed leukemia , although not all cases resulted from the accident . Data from Chernobyl showed that there was a steady then sharp increase in thyroid cancer rates following the disaster in 1986 , but whether this data can be directly compared to Fukushima is yet to be determined . Chernobyl thyroid cancer incidence rates did not begin to increase above the prior baseline value of about 0.7 cases per 100,000 people per year until 1989 to 1991 , 3 -- 5 years after the incident in both adolescent and child age groups . The rate reached its highest point so far , of about 11 cases per 100,000 in the decade of the 2000s , approximately 14 years after the accident . From 1989 to 2005 , an excess of 4,000 children and adolescent cases of thyroid cancer were observed . Nine of these had died as of 2005 , a 99 % survival rate . Effects on evacuees ( edit ) In the former Soviet Union , many patients with negligible radioactive exposure after the Chernobyl disaster displayed extreme anxiety about radiation exposure . They developed many psychosomatic problems , including radiophobia along with an increase in fatalistic alcoholism . As Japanese health and radiation specialist Shunichi Yamashita noted : We know from Chernobyl that the psychological consequences are enormous . Life expectancy of the evacuees dropped from 65 to 58 years -- not because of cancer , but because of depression , alcoholism , and suicide . Relocation is not easy , the stress is very big . We must not only track those problems , but also treat them . Otherwise people will feel they are just guinea pigs in our research . A survey by the Iitate local government obtained responses from approximately 1,743 evacuees within the evacuation zone . The survey showed that many residents are experiencing growing frustration , instability , and an inability to return to their earlier lives . Sixty percent of respondents stated that their health and the health of their families had deteriorated after evacuating , while 39.9 % reported feeling more irritated compared to before the disaster . Summarizing all responses to questions related to evacuees ' current family status , one - third of all surveyed families live apart from their children , while 50.1 % live away from other family members ( including elderly parents ) with whom they lived before the disaster . The survey also showed that 34.7 % of the evacuees have suffered salary cuts of 50 % or more since the outbreak of the nuclear disaster . A total of 36.8 % reported a lack of sleep , while 17.9 % reported smoking or drinking more than before they evacuated . Stress often manifests in physical ailments , including behavioral changes such as poor dietary choices , lack of exercise , and sleep deprivation . Survivors , including some who lost homes , villages , and family members , were found likely to face mental health and physical challenges . Much of the stress came from lack of information and from relocation . A survey computed that of some 300,000 evacuees , approximately 1,600 deaths related to the evacuation conditions , such as living in temporary housing and hospital closures that had occurred as of August 2013 , a number comparable to the 1,599 deaths directly caused by the earthquake and tsunami in the Prefecture . The exact causes of these evacuation related deaths were not specified , because according to the municipalities , that would hinder relatives applying for compensation . Radioactivity releases ( edit ) In June 2011 , TEPCO stated the amount of contaminated water in the complex had increased due to substantial rainfall . On 13 February 2014 , TEPCO reported 37 kBq ( 1.0 micro curie ) of caesium - 134 and 93 kBq ( 2.5 micro curies ) of caesium - 137 were detected per liter of groundwater sampled from a monitoring well . Dust particles gathered 4 km from the reactors in 2017 included microscopic nodules of melted core samples encased in caesium . After decades of exponential decline in ocean caesium from weapons testing fallout , radioactive isotopes of caesium in the Sea of Japan increased after Fukushima from 1.5 mBq / L to about 2.5 mBq / L and are still rising as of 2018 , while those just off the western coast of Japan have declined . Insurance ( edit ) According to reinsurer Munich Re , the private insurance industry will not be significantly affected by the disaster . Swiss Re similarly stated , `` Coverage for nuclear facilities in Japan excludes earthquake shock , fire following earthquake and tsunami , for both physical damage and liability . Swiss Re believes that the incident at the Fukushima nuclear power plant is unlikely to result in a significant direct loss for the property & casualty insurance industry . '' Compensation ( edit ) The amount of compensation to be paid by TEPCO is expected to reach 7 trillion yen . Costs to Japanese taxpayers are likely to exceed 12 trillion yen ( $100 billion ) . In December 2016 the government estimated decontamination , compensation , decommissioning , and radioactive waste storage costs at 21.5 trillion yen ( $187 billion ) , nearly double the 2013 estimate . In March 2017 , a Japanese court ruled that negligence by the Japanese government had led to the Fukushima disaster by failing to use its regulatory powers to force TEPCO to take preventive measures . The Maebashi district court near Tokyo awarded ¥ 39 million ( US $345,000 ) to 137 people who were forced to flee their homes following the accident . Energy policy implications ( edit ) The number of nuclear power plant constructions started each year worldwide , from 1954 to 2013 . Following an increase in new constructions from 2007 to 2010 , there was a decline after the Fukushima nuclear disaster . Electricity generation by source in Japan ( month - level data ) . Nuclear energy 's contribution declined steadily throughout 2011 due to shutdowns and has been mainly replaced with thermal power stations such as fossil gas and coal power plants . Komekurayama Solar Power Plant owned and operated by TEPCO in Kofu , Yamanashi Prefecture Part of the Seto Hill Windfarm in Japan , one of several windfarms that continued generating without interruption after the 2011 earthquake and tsunami and the Fukushima nuclear disaster Price of PV modules ( yen / Wp ) in Japan Anti-nuclear power plant rally on 19 September 2011 at the Meiji Shrine complex in Tokyo By March 2012 , one year after the disaster , all but two of Japan 's nuclear reactors had been shut down ; some had been damaged by the quake and tsunami . Authority to restart the others after scheduled maintenance throughout the year was given to local governments , who in all cases decided against . According to The Japan Times , the disaster changed the national debate over energy policy almost overnight . `` By shattering the government 's long - pitched safety myth about nuclear power , the crisis dramatically raised public awareness about energy use and sparked strong anti-nuclear sentiment '' . An energy white paper , approved by the Japanese Cabinet in October 2011 , says `` public confidence in safety of nuclear power was greatly damaged '' by the disaster and called for a reduction in the nation 's reliance on nuclear power . It also omitted a section on nuclear power expansion that was in the previous year 's policy review . Michael Banach , the current Vatican representative to the IAEA , told a conference in Vienna in September 2011 that the disaster created new concerns about the safety of nuclear plants globally . Auxiliary Bishop of Osaka Michael Goro Matsuura said this incident should cause Japan and other countries to abandon nuclear projects . He called on the worldwide Christian community to support this anti-nuclear campaign . Statements from Bishops ' conferences in Korea and the Philippines called on their governments to abandon atomic power . Author Kenzaburō Ōe , who received a Nobel prize in literature , urged Japan to abandon its reactors . The nuclear plant closest to the epicenter of the earthquake , the Onagawa Nuclear Power Plant , successfully withstood the cataclysm . According to Reuters it may serve as a `` trump card '' for the nuclear lobby , providing evidence that it is possible for a correctly designed and operated nuclear facility to withstand such a cataclysm . The loss of 30 % of the country 's generating capacity led to much greater reliance on liquified natural gas and coal . Unusual conservation measures were undertaken . In the immediate aftermath , nine prefectures served by TEPCO experienced power rationing . The government asked major companies to reduce power consumption by 15 % , and some shifted their weekends to weekdays to smooth power demand . Converting to a nuclear - free gas and oil energy economy would cost tens of billions of dollars in annual fees . One estimate is that even including the disaster , more lives would have been lost if Japan had used coal or gas plants instead of nuclear . Many political activists have begun calling for a phase - out of nuclear power in Japan , including Amory Lovins , who claimed , `` Japan is poor in fuels , but is the richest of all major industrial countries in renewable energy that can meet the entire long - term energy needs of an energy - efficient Japan , at lower cost and risk than current plans . Japanese industry can do it faster than anyone -- if Japanese policymakers acknowledge and allow it '' . Benjamin K. Sovacool asserted that Japan could have exploited instead its renewable energy base . Japan has a total of `` 324 GW of achievable potential in the form of onshore and offshore wind turbines ( 222 GW ) , geothermal power plants ( 70 GW ) , additional hydroelectric capacity ( 26.5 GW ) , solar energy ( 4.8 GW ) and agricultural residue ( 1.1 GW ) . '' In contrast , others have said that the zero mortality rate from the Fukushima incident confirms their opinion that nuclear fission is the only viable option available to replace fossil fuels . Journalist George Monbiot wrote `` Why Fukushima made me stop worrying and love nuclear power . '' In it he said , `` As a result of the disaster at Fukushima , I am no longer nuclear - neutral . I now support the technology . '' He continued , `` A crappy old plant with inadequate safety features was hit by a monster earthquake and a vast tsunami . The electricity supply failed , knocking out the cooling system . The reactors began to explode and melt down . The disaster exposed a familiar legacy of poor design and corner - cutting . Yet , as far as we know , no one has yet received a lethal dose of radiation . '' Responses to Monbiot noted his `` false calculation that ( nuclear powered electricity ) is needed , that it can work economically , and that it can solve its horrific waste , decommissioning and proliferation - security pitfalls ... ( along with human ) safety , health and indeed human psychology issues . '' In September 2011 , Mycle Schneider said that the disaster can be understood as a unique chance `` to get it right '' on energy policy . `` Germany -- with its nuclear phase - out decision based on a renewable energy program -- and Japan -- having suffered a painful shock but possessing unique technical capacities and societal discipline -- can be at the forefront of an authentic paradigm shift toward a truly sustainable , low - carbon and nuclear - free energy policy . '' On the other hand , climate and energy scientists James Hansen , Ken Caldeira , Kerry Emanuel , and Tom Wigley released an open letter calling on world leaders to support development of safer nuclear power systems , stating `` There is no credible path to climate stabilization that does not include a substantial role for nuclear power . '' In December 2014 , an open letter from 75 climate and energy scientists on the website of pro-nuclear advocate Barry Brook asserted `` nuclear power has lowest impact on wildlife and ecosystems -- which is what we need given the dire state of the world 's biodiversity . '' Brook 's advocacy for nuclear power has been challenged by opponents of nuclear industries , including environmentalist Jim Green of Friends of the Earth . Brook has described the Australian Greens political party ( SA Branch ) and Australian Youth Climate Coalition as `` sad '' and `` increasingly irrelevant '' after they expressed their opposition to nuclear industrial development . As of September 2011 , Japan planned to build a pilot offshore floating wind farm , with six 2 MW turbines , off the Fukushima coast . The first became operational in November 2013 . After the evaluation phase is complete in 2016 , `` Japan plans to build as many as 80 floating wind turbines off Fukushima by 2020 . '' In 2012 , Prime Minister Kan said the disaster made it clear to him that `` Japan needs to dramatically reduce its dependence on nuclear power , which supplied 30 % of its electricity before the crisis , and has turned him into a believer of renewable energy '' . Sales of solar panels in Japan rose 30.7 % to 1,296 MW in 2011 , helped by a government scheme to promote renewable energy . Canadian Solar received financing for its plans to build a factory in Japan with capacity of 150 MW , scheduled to begin production in 2014 . As of September 2012 , the Los Angeles Times reported that `` Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda acknowledged that the vast majority of Japanese support the zero option on nuclear power '' , and Prime Minister Noda and the Japanese government announced plans to make the country nuclear - free by the 2030s . They announced the end to construction of nuclear power plants and a 40 - year limit on existing nuclear plants . Nuclear plant restarts must meet safety standards of the new independent regulatory authority . The plan requires investing $500 billion over 20 years . On 16 December 2012 , Japan held its general election . The Liberal Democratic Party ( LDP ) had a clear victory , with Shinzō Abe as the new Prime Minister . Abe supported nuclear power , saying that leaving the plants closed was costing the country 4 trillion yen per year in higher costs . The comment came after Junichiro Koizumi , who chose Abe to succeed him as premier , made a recent statement to urge the government to take a stance against using nuclear power . A survey on local mayors by the Yomiuri Shimbun newspaper in January 2013 found that most of them from cities hosting nuclear plants would agree to restarting the reactors , provided the government could guarantee their safety . More than 30,000 people marched on 2 June 2013 , in Tokyo against restarting nuclear power plants . Marchers had gathered more than 8 million petition signatures opposing nuclear power . In October 2013 , it was reported that TEPCO and eight other Japanese power companies were paying approximately 3.6 trillion yen ( 37 billion dollars ) more in combined imported fossil fuel costs compared to 2010 , before the accident , to make up for the missing power . From 2016 to 2018 the nation fired up at least eight new coal power plants , plans for an additional 36 coal stations over the next decade are the biggest planned coal power expansion in any developed nation . The new national energy plan that would have coal provide 26 % of Japan 's electricity in 2030 , presents the abandoning of a previous goal of reducing coal 's share to 10 % . The coal revival is seen as having alarming implications for air pollution and Japan 's ability to meet its pledges to cut greenhouse gases by 80 % by 2050 . Equipment , facility , and operational changes ( edit ) A number of nuclear reactor safety system lessons emerged from the incident . The most obvious was that in tsunami - prone areas , a power station 's sea wall must be adequately tall and robust . At the Onagawa Nuclear Power Plant , closer to the epicenter of 11 March earthquake and tsunami , the sea wall was 14 meters ( 46 ft ) tall and successfully withstood the tsunami , preventing serious damage and radioactivity releases . Nuclear power station operators around the world began to install Passive Autocatalytic hydrogen Recombiners ( `` PARs '' ) , which do not require electricity to operate . PARs work much like the catalytic converter on the exhaust of a car to turn potentially explosive gases such as hydrogen into water . Had such devices been positioned at the top of Fukushima I 's reactor buildings , where hydrogen gas collected , the explosions would not have occurred and the releases of radioactive isotopes would arguably have been much less . Unpowered filtering systems on containment building vent lines , known as Filtered Containment Venting Systems ( FCVS ) , can safely catch radioactive materials and thereby allow reactor core de-pressurization , with steam and hydrogen venting with minimal radioactivity emissions . Filtration using an external water tank system is the most common established system in European countries , with the water tank positioned outside the containment building . In October 2013 , the owners of Kashiwazaki - Kariwa nuclear power station began installing wet filters and other safety systems , with completion anticipated in 2014 . For generation II reactors located in flood or tsunami prone areas , a 3 + day supply of back - up batteries has become an informal industry standard . Another change is to harden the location of back - up diesel generator rooms with water - tight , blast - resistant doors and heat sinks , similar to those used by nuclear submarines . The oldest operating nuclear power station in the world , Beznau , which has been operating since 1969 , has a ' Notstand ' hardened building designed to support all of its systems independently for 72 hours in the event of an earthquake or severe flooding . This system was built prior to Fukushima Daiichi . Upon a station blackout , similar to the one that occurred after Fukushima 's back - up battery supply was exhausted , many constructed Generation III reactors adopt the principle of passive nuclear safety . They take advantage of convection ( hot water tends to rise ) and gravity ( water tends to fall ) to ensure an adequate supply of cooling water to handle the decay heat , without the use of pumps . As the crisis unfolded , the Japanese government sent a request for robots developed by the U.S. military . The robots went into the plants and took pictures to help assess the situation , but they could n't perform the full range of tasks usually carried out by human workers . The Fukushima disaster illustrated that robots lacked sufficient dexterity and robustness to perform critical tasks . In response to this shortcoming , a series of competitions were hosted by DARPA to accelerate the development of humanoid robots that could supplement relief efforts . Eventually a wide variety of specially designed robots were employed ( leading to a robotics boom in the region ) , but as of early 2016 three of them had promptly become non-functional due to the intensity of the radioactivity ; one was destroyed within a day . Reactions ( edit ) Japan ( edit ) Main article : Japanese reaction to Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster Japan towns , villages , and cities in and around the Daiichi nuclear plant exclusion zone . The 20 and 30 km ( 12 and 19 mi ) areas had evacuation and shelter in place orders , and additional administrative districts that had an evacuation order are highlighted . However , the above map 's factual accuracy is called into question as only the southern portion of Kawamata district had evacuation orders . More accurate maps are available . Japanese authorities later admitted to lax standards and poor oversight . They took fire for their handling of the emergency and engaged in a pattern of withholding and denying damaging information . Authorities allegedly wanted to `` limit the size of costly and disruptive evacuations in land - scarce Japan and to avoid public questioning of the politically powerful nuclear industry '' . Public anger emerged over an `` official campaign to play down the scope of the accident and the potential health risks '' . In many cases , the Japanese government 's reaction was judged to be less than adequate by many in Japan , especially those who were living in the region . Decontamination equipment was slow to be made available and then slow to be utilized . As late as June 2011 , even rainfall continued to cause fear and uncertainty in eastern Japan because of its possibility of washing radioactivity from the sky back to earth . To assuage fears , the government enacted an order to decontaminate over a hundred areas with a level contamination greater than or equivalent to one millisievert of radiation . This is a much lower threshold than is necessary for protecting health . The government also sought to address the lack of education on the effects of radiation and the extent to which the average person was exposed . Previously a proponent of building more reactors , Kan took an increasingly anti-nuclear stance following the disaster . In May 2011 , he ordered the aging Hamaoka Nuclear Power Plant closed over earthquake and tsunami concerns , and said he would freeze building plans . In July 2011 , Kan said , `` Japan should reduce and eventually eliminate its dependence on nuclear energy '' . In October 2013 , he said that if the worst - case scenario had been realized , 50 million people within a 250 - kilometer ( 160 mi ) radius would have had to evacuate . On 22 August 2011 , a government spokesman mentioned the possibility that some areas around the plant `` could stay for some decades a forbidden zone '' . According to Yomiuri Shimbun the Japanese government was planning to buy some properties from civilians to store waste and materials that had become radioactive after the accidents . Chiaki Takahashi , Japan 's foreign minister , criticized foreign media reports as excessive . He added that he could `` understand the concerns of foreign countries over recent developments at the nuclear plant , including the radioactive contamination of seawater '' . Due to frustration with TEPCO and the Japanese government `` providing differing , confusing , and at times contradictory , information on critical health issues '' a citizen 's group called `` Safecast '' recorded detailed radiation level data in Japan . The Japanese government `` does not consider nongovernment readings to be authentic '' . The group uses off - the - shelf Geiger counter equipment . A simple Geiger counter is a contamination meter and not a dose rate meter . The response differs too much between different radioisotopes to permit a simple GM tube for dose rate measurements when more than one radioisotope is present . A thin metal shield is needed around a GM tube to provide energy compensation to enable it to be used for dose rate measurements . For gamma emitters either an ionization chamber , a gamma spectrometer or an energy compensated GM tube are required . Members of the Air Monitoring station facility at the Department of Nuclear Engineering at the University of Berkeley , California have tested many environmental samples in Northern California . In 2014 Japan enacted the State Secrecy Law . The Fukushima incident falls under this law and , as a `` state secret '' , independent investigations and reports are forbidden by law . International ( edit ) Main article : International reactions to the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster Evacuation flight departs Misawa U.S. Navy humanitarian flight undergoes radioactive decontamination The international reaction to the disaster was diverse and widespread . Many inter-governmental agencies immediately offered help , often on an ad hoc basis . Responders included IAEA , World Meteorological Organization and the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Organization . In May 2011 , UK chief inspector of nuclear installations Mike Weightman traveled to Japan as the lead of an International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA ) expert mission . The main finding of this mission , as reported to the IAEA ministerial conference that month , was that risks associated with tsunamis in several sites in Japan had been underestimated . In September 2011 , IAEA Director General Yukiya Amano said the Japanese nuclear disaster `` caused deep public anxiety throughout the world and damaged confidence in nuclear power '' . Following the disaster , it was reported in The Economist that the IAEA halved its estimate of additional nuclear generating capacity to be built by 2035 . In the aftermath , Germany accelerated plans to close its nuclear power reactors and decided to phase the rest out by 2022 . Italy held a national referendum , in which 94 percent voted against the government 's plan to build new nuclear power plants . In France , President Hollande announced the intention of the government to reduce nuclear usage by one third . So far , however , the government has only earmarked one power station for closure -- the aging plant at Fessenheim on the German border -- which prompted some to question the government 's commitment to Hollande 's promise . Industry Minister Arnaud Montebourg is on record as saying that Fessenheim will be the only nuclear power station to close . On a visit to China in December 2014 he reassured his audience that nuclear energy was a `` sector of the future '' and would continue to contribute `` at least 50 % '' of France 's electricity output . Another member of Hollande 's Socialist Party , the MP Christian Bataille , says the plan to curb nuclear was hatched as a way of securing the backing of his Green coalition partners in parliament . Nuclear power plans were not abandoned in Malaysia , the Philippines , Kuwait , and Bahrain , or radically changed , as in Taiwan . China suspended its nuclear development program briefly , but restarted it shortly afterwards . The initial plan had been to increase the nuclear contribution from 2 to 4 percent of electricity by 2020 , with an escalating program after that . Renewable energy supplies 17 percent of China 's electricity , 16 % of which is hydroelectricity . China plans to triple its nuclear energy output to 2020 , and triple it again between 2020 and 2030 . New nuclear projects were proceeding in some countries . KPMG reports 653 new nuclear facilities planned or proposed for completion by 2030 . By 2050 , China hopes to have 400 -- 500 gigawatts of nuclear capacity -- 100 times more than it has now . The Conservative Government of the United Kingdom is planning a major nuclear expansion despite widespread public objection . So is Russia . India are also pressing ahead with a large nuclear program , as is South Korea . Indian Vice President M Hamid Ansari said in 2012 that `` nuclear energy is the only option '' for expanding India 's energy supplies , and Prime Minister Modi announced in 2014 that India intended to build 10 more nuclear reactors in a collaboration with Russia . Investigations ( edit ) Three investigations into the Fukushima disaster showed the man - made nature of the catastrophe and its roots in regulatory capture associated with a `` network of corruption , collusion , and nepotism . '' Regulatory capture refers to the `` situation where regulators charged with promoting the public interest defer to the wishes and advance the agenda of the industry or sector they ostensibly regulate . '' Those with a vested interest in specific policy or regulatory outcomes lobby regulators and influence their choices and actions . Regulatory capture explains why some of the risks of operating nuclear power reactors in Japan were systematically downplayed and mismanaged so as to compromise operational safety . Many reports say that the government shares blame with the regulatory agency for not heeding warnings and for not ensuring the independence of the oversight function . The New York Times said that the Japanese nuclear regulatory system sided with and promoted the nuclear industry because of amakudari ( ' descent from heaven ' ) in which senior regulators accepted high paying jobs at companies they once oversaw . To protect their potential future position in the industry , regulators sought to avoid taking positions that upset or embarrass the companies . TEPCO 's position as the largest electrical utility in Japan made it the most desirable position for retiring regulators . Typically the `` most senior officials went to work at TEPCO , while those of lower ranks ended up at smaller utilities . '' In August 2011 , several top energy officials were fired by the Japanese government ; affected positions included the Vice-minister for Economy , Trade and Industry ; the head of the Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency , and the head of the Agency for Natural Resources and Energy . In 2016 three former TEPCO executives , chairman Tsunehisa Katsumata and two vice presidents , were indicted for negligence resulting in death and injury . In June 2017 the first hearing took place , in which the three pleaded not guilty to professional negligence resulting in death and injury . NAIIC ( edit ) Main article : National Diet of Japan Fukushima Nuclear Accident Independent Investigation Commission The Fukushima Nuclear Accident Independent Investigation Commission ( NAIIC ) was the first independent investigation commission by the National Diet in the 66 - year history of Japan 's constitutional government . Fukushima `` can not be regarded as a natural disaster , '' the NAIIC panel 's chairman , Tokyo University professor emeritus Kiyoshi Kurokawa , wrote in the inquiry report . `` It was a profoundly man - made disaster -- that could and should have been foreseen and prevented . And its effects could have been mitigated by a more effective human response . '' `` Governments , regulatory authorities and Tokyo Electric Power ( TEPCO ) lacked a sense of responsibility to protect people 's lives and society , '' the Commission said . `` They effectively betrayed the nation 's right to be safe from nuclear accidents . The Commission recognized that the affected residents were still struggling and facing grave concerns , including the `` health effects of radiation exposure , displacement , the dissolution of families , disruption of their lives and lifestyles and the contamination of vast areas of the environment '' . Investigation Committee ( edit ) Main article : Investigation Committee on the Accident at the Fukushima Nuclear Power Stations of Tokyo Electric Power Company The purpose of the Investigation Committee on the Accident at the Fukushima Nuclear Power Stations ( ICANPS ) was to identify the disaster 's causes and propose policies designed to minimize the damage and prevent the recurrence of similar incidents . The 10 member , government - appointed panel included scholars , journalists , lawyers , and engineers . It was supported by public prosecutors and government experts . and released its final , 448 - page investigation report on 23 July 2012 . The panel 's report faulted an inadequate legal system for nuclear crisis management , a crisis - command disarray caused by the government and TEPCO , and possible excess meddling on the part of the Prime Minister 's office in the crisis ' early stage . The panel concluded that a culture of complacency about nuclear safety and poor crisis management led to the nuclear disaster . See also ( edit ) Comparison of Fukushima and Chernobyl nuclear accidents Environmental issues in Japan Fukushima disaster cleanup Japanese nuclear incidents Japanese Nuclear Safety Commission List of civilian nuclear accidents Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents Nuclear power in Japan Nuclear power phase - out Radiation effects from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster Timeline of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` High - resolution photos of Fukushima Daiichi '' ( Press release ) . Air Photo Service Co. Ltd. , Japan . 24 March 2011 . Retrieved 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Negishi , Mayumi ( 12 April 2011 ) . `` Japan raises nuclear crisis severity to highest level '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ `` Fukushima accident upgraded to severity level 7 '' . 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The Mainichi Daily News ( 30 December 2011 ) TEPCO neglected anti-flood measures at Fukushima plant despite knowing risk . Jump up ^ `` TEPCO did not act on tsunami risk projected for nuclear plant `` . Jagadees.wordpress.com. 2012 - 02 - 13 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 12 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` AFERC urged to review assumption on Tsunami in 2009 '' . Yomiuri News Paper . 11 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 16 . Retrieved 14 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fukushima Nuclear Accident -- U.S. NRC warned a risk on emergency power 20 years ago '' . Bloomberg L.P. 16 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 16 . Retrieved 14 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` IAEA warned Japan over nuclear quake risk : WikiLeaks '' . physorg.com . Daily Telegraph . 17 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Magnitude 9.0 -- near the East coast of Honshu , Japan '' . Earthquake.usgs.gov . Archived from the original on 12 March 2011 . Retrieved 17 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Plant Status of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station ( as of 0AM March 12th ) '' . TEPCO ( Press release ) . 12 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 10 May 2011 . Retrieved 13 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Occurrence of a specific incident stipulated in Article 10 , Clause 1 of the Act on `` Special measures concerning nuclear emergency preparedness ( Fukushima Daiichi ) '' `` . TEPCO ( Press release ) . 11 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 3 April 2011 . Retrieved 13 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Associated Press , `` How the first 24 hours shaped Fukushima nuclear crisis '' , Japan Times , 7 July 2011 , p. 3 . Archived 7 July 2011 at WebCite ^ Jump up to : `` TEPCO press release 3 '' . Tepco ( Press release ) . 11 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 25 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : TEPCO tardy on N - plant emergency : National : Daily Yomiuri Online ( The Daily Yomiuri ) . Yomiuri.co.jp ( 12 April 2011 ) . Retrieved 30 April 2011 . Archived 13 April 2011 at WebCite Jump up ^ Eric Talmadge ( 1 July 2011 ) . `` AP : First 24 hours shaped Japan nuke crisis '' . Google.com . Retrieved 13 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Japan Meteorological Agency Tsunami Warnings / Advisories , Tsunami Information . Jma.go.jp . Retrieved 30 April 2011 . Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite Jump up ^ Bloomberg , `` Tepco revises tsunami 's height to 15 meters '' , 10 April 2011 , Archived 29 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : David Sanger and Matthew Wald , Radioactive releases in Japan could last months , experts say . The New York Times 13 March 2011 Archived 25 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Massive earthquake hits Japan '' . World Nuclear News . 11 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 11 April 2011 . Retrieved 13 March 2011 . ; Jump up ^ Bloomberg L.P. , `` Time not on workers ' side as crisis raced on '' , Japan Times , 5 May 2011 , p. 3 . Archived 6 May 2011 at WebCite Jump up ^ Inajima , Tsuyoshi ; Okada , Yuji ( 11 March 2011 ) . `` Japan Orders Evacuation From Near Nuclear Plant After Quake '' . Bloomberg BusinessWeek . Archived from the original on 2 February 2012 . Retrieved 11 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Earthquake Update ( 2210 CET ) '' . International Atomic Energy Agency ( Press release ) . 11 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 14 March 2011 . Retrieved 12 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Magnier , Mark ; et al. ( 16 March 2011 ) . `` New power line could restore cooling systems at Fukushima Daiichi plant '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 17 March 2011 . Retrieved 19 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Stabilisation at Fukushima Daiichi '' . World-nuclear-news.org. 20 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 11 April 2011 . Retrieved 24 April 2011 . Jump up ^ AP , `` IAEA : 170,000 Evacuated near Japan nuclear plant , '' March 12 , 2011 . https://news.yahoo.com/iaea-170-000-evacuated-near-japan-nuclear-plant-20110312-133929-901.html accessed Feb. 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Richard Black ( 15 March 2011 ) . `` Japan quake : Radiation rises at Fukushima nuclear plant '' . BBC Online . Archived from the original on 15 March 2011 . Retrieved 15 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's PM urges people to clear 20 - km zone around Fukushima NPP ( Update - 1 ) '' . RIA Novosti . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 11 . Retrieved 15 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Makinen , Julie ( 25 March 2011 ) . `` Japan steps up nuclear plant precautions ; Kan apologizes '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Herman , Steve ( 12 April 2011 ) . `` VOA Correspondent Reaches Crippled Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Plant '' . VOA . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 01 . Retrieved 5 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Reconstruction Agency '' . www.reconstruction.go.jp . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ Takahashi , Hideki , and Shinya Kokubun , `` Workers grappled with darkness at start of Fukushima nuclear crisis '' , Japan Times , 3 September 2014 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Takahashi , Hideki , Shinya Kokubun , and Yukiko Maeda , `` Response stymied by loss of electricity '' , Japan Times , 3 September 2014 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Takahashi , Hideki , and Hisashi Ota , `` Fukushima workers tried to save reactor 1 through venting '' , Japan Times , 3 September 2014 , p. 3 ^ Jump up to : Uncertainties abound in Fukushima decommissioning . Phys.org. 19 Nov 2013 . Archived 14 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Fukushima Timeline scientificamerican.com Archived 6 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Most of fuel NOT remaining in reactor1 core / Tepco `` but molten fuel is stopped in the concrete base '' Fukushima-Diary.com Archived 25 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Reactor 3 fuel is assumed to have melted concrete base up to 26cm to the wall of primary vessel '' . Fukushima Diary . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` TEPCO Admits Unit 3 Had Total Melt Through '' . SimplyInfo . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fukushima Unit 3 Reactor Vessel Failure Preceded Explosion '' . SimplyInfo . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fukushima robot finds potential fuel debris hanging like icicles in reactor 3 '' . The Japan Times . Bloomberg. 21 July 2017 . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : The Evaluation Status of Reactor Core Damage at Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station Units 1 to 3 30 November 2011 Tokyo Electric Power Company Jump up ^ Report on the Investigation and Study of Unconfirmed / Unclear Matters in the Fukushima Nuclear Accident -- Progress Report No. 2 -- 6 August 2014 Tokyo Electric Power Company , Inc . Jump up ^ TEPCO to start `` scanning '' inside of Reactor 1 in early February by using muon -- Fukushima Diary Jump up ^ Muon Scans Begin At Fukushima Daiichi -- SimplyInfo Jump up ^ Muon Scan Finds No Fuel In Fukushima Unit 1 Reactor Vessel -- SimplyInfo Jump up ^ IRID saw no fuel or water remaining in reactor core of Reactor 1 -- Fukushima Diary Jump up ^ `` High radiation readings at Fukushima 's No. 2 reactor complicate robot - based probe '' . The Japan Times . 10 February 2017 . Archived from the original on 15 February 2017 . Retrieved 11 February 2017 . Jump up ^ 東電 2 号機 格納 容器 の 放射線 量 を 大幅 訂正 ( in Japanese ) . NHK. 28 July 2017 . Archived from the original on 27 July 2017 . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Justin McCurry ( 3 February 2017 ) . `` Fukushima nuclear reactor radiation at highest level since 2011 meltdown '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 11 March 2017 . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tepco surveys interior of unit 2 containment vessel '' . World Nuclear News . 19 January 2018 . Retrieved 20 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Kawahara , Chikako ( 20 January 2018 ) . `` Melted nuclear fuel seen inside No. 2 reactor at Fukushima plant '' . The Asahi Shimbun . Retrieved 20 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Most fuel in Fukushima 4 pool undamaged '' . world nuclear news . 14 April 2011 . Archived from the original on 15 April 2011 . Retrieved 27 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Diplomat : Ground underneath Fukushima Unit 4 is sinking -- More than 30 inches in some areas -- Now in danger of collapse '' . ENENews . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 26 . Retrieved 24 October 2012 . Due to its ground has been sinking , reactor 4 is now endangered in collapse. ... According to secretary of former Prime Minister Kan , the ground level of the building has been sinking 80 cm ... unevenly . Because the ground itself has the problem , whether the building can resist a quake bigger than M6 still remains a question . Jump up ^ `` Gundersen : Japan ambassador confirms Fukushima Unit 4 is sinking unevenly -- Building `` may begin to be tilting '' `` . ENENews . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 11 . Retrieved 24 October 2012 . So I have been able to confirm that there is unequal sinking at Unit 4 , not just the fact the site sunk by 36 inches immediately after the accident , but also that Unit 4 continues to sink something on the order of 0.8 meters , or around 30 inches . Jump up ^ `` Fuel Removal From Unit 4 Reactor Building Completed at Fukushima Daiichi '' . TEPCO. 22 December 2014 . Retrieved 24 December 2014 . Jump up ^ http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/03/15/japan.nuclear.reactors/?hpt=T1 Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20110523050825/http://www.nisa.meti.go.jp/english/files/en20110322-1-1.pdf NISA news release Jump up ^ `` Seismic Damage Information ( the 61st Release ) '' ( PDF ) . Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency . 29 March 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 11 April 2011 . Retrieved 12 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Cresswell , Adam ( 16 March 2011 ) . `` Stealthy , silent destroyer of DNA '' . The Australian Jump up ^ `` Fukushima Radiation Found In Tap Water Around Japan '' . Jump up ^ Fukushima radioactive fallout nears Chernobyl levels -- 24 March 2011 . New Scientist . Retrieved 30 April 2011 . Archived 25 March 2011 at WebCite Jump up ^ Report : Emissions from Japan plant approach Chernobyl levels , USA Today , 24 March 2011 Archived 18 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Doughton , Sandi. ( 5 April 2011 ) Local News Universities come through in monitoring for radiation Seattle Times Newspaper . Seattletimes.nwsource.com . Retrieved 30 April 2011 . Archived 21 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ IRSN ( 26 October 2011 ) . `` Synthèse actualisée des connaissances relatives à l'impact sur le milieu marin des rejets radioactifs du site nucléaire accidenté de Fukushima Dai - ichi '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Buesseler , Ken O. ; Jayne , Steven R. ; Fisher , Nicholas S. ; Rypina , Irina I. ; Baumann , Hannes ; Baumann , Zofia ; Breier , Crystaline F. ; Douglass , Elizabeth M. ; George , Jennifer ; MacDonald , Alison M. ; Miyamoto , Hiroomi ; Nishikawa , Jun ; Pike , Steven M. ; Yoshida , Sashiko ( 2012 ) . `` Fukushima - derived radionuclides in the ocean and biota off Japan '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 109 ( 16 ) : 5984 -- 8 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1120794109 . PMC 3341070 . PMID 22474387 . Jump up ^ `` CTBTO to Share Data with IAEA and WHO '' . CTBTO Press Release 18 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 24 . Retrieved 17 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fukushima - Related Measurements by the CTBTO '' . CTBTO Press Release 13 April 2011 . Archived from the original on 6 May 2011 . Retrieved 17 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` CTBTO Trakcs Fukushima 's Radioactive Release '' . Animation CTBTO YouTube Channel . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 23 . Retrieved 17 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Frank N. von Hippel ( September / October 2011 vol. 67 no . 5 ) . `` The radiological and psychological consequences of the Fukushima Daiichi accident '' . Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists . pp. 27 -- 36 . Archived from the original on 20 December 2011 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : No - Man 's Land Attests to Japan 's Nuclear Nightmare . ABC News , 27 . December 2011 . Archived 28 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Reactor accident Fukushima -- New international study '' . Norwegian Institute for Air Research . 21 October 2011 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 06 . Retrieved 20 January 2012 . Jump up ^ David Guttenfelder ( 27 December 2011 ) . `` No - man 's land attests to Japan 's nuclear nightmare '' . theStar.com . Toronto . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 10 . Retrieved 20 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Kyodo News , `` Radioactivity Dispersal Distance From Fukushima 1 / 10th Of Chernobyl 's '' , 13 March 2012 , ( wire service report ) , `` The data showed , for example , more than 1.48 million becquerels ( 40 micro curies ) of radioactive caesium per square meter was detected in soil at a location some 250 kilometers away from the Chernobyl plant . In the case of the Fukushima Daiichi plant , the distance was much smaller at about 33 km , the officials said . '' Jump up ^ Hongo , Jun , `` Fukushima soil fallout far short of Chernobyl '' , Japan Times , 15 March 2012 , p. 1 . Archived 16 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Michael Winter ( 24 March 2011 ) . `` Report : Emissions from Japan plant approach Chernobyl levels '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on 2013 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Hamada , Nobuyuki . `` Safety regulations of food and water implemented in the first year following the Fukushima nuclear accident '' . Oxford Journals . Retrieved 30 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 福島 産 の 新米 、 東京 で 販売 開始 全 袋 検査 に 合格 '' . 共同 Nikkei Kyodo news . 2012 - 09 - 01 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 03 . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ JAIF ( 5 September 2011 ) NSC Recalculates Total Amount of Radioactive Materials Released Archived 20 December 2011 at WebCite Jump up ^ INES ( the International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale ) Rating on the Events in Fukushima Dai - ichi Nuclear Power Station by the Tohoku District -- off the Pacific Ocean Earthquake . NISA / METI , 12 April 2011 , archived from Original . Jump up ^ JAIF ( 9 September 2011 ) Radioactive release into sea estimated triple Archived 11 December 2011 at WebCite Jump up ^ JAIF 20 September 2011 Earthquake - report 211 : A new plan set to reduce radiation emissions Jump up ^ Possibility of recriticality again , Fukushima Diary Archived 24 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Increasing leakage of Iodine - 131 , Fukushima Diary Archived 24 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ IRSN ( 26 October 2011 ) . `` Synthèse actualisée des connaissances relatives à l'impact sur le milieu marin des rejets radioactifs du site nucléaire accidenté de Fukushima Dai - ichi '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 3 January 2012 Jump up ^ Daniel J. Madigan ; Zofia Baumann ; Nicholas S. Fisher ( 29 May 2012 ) . `` Pacific bluefin tuna transport Fukushima - derived radionuclides from Japan to California '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 109 ( 24 ) : 9483 -- 9486 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1204859109 . PMC 3386103 . PMID 22645346 Jump up ^ Aoki , Mizuho , `` Tohoku fears nuke crisis evacuees gone for good '' , Japan Times , 8 March 2012 , p. 1 . Archived 7 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ TEPCO Press Release . `` The Estimated Amount of Radioactive Materials Released into the Air and the Ocean Caused by Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station Accident Due to the Tohoku - Chihou - Taiheiyou - Oki Earthquake ( As of May 2012 ) '' . TEPCO . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 15 . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Kevin Krolicki ( 24 May 2012 ) . `` Fukushima radiation higher than first estimated '' . Reuters . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 15 . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` TEPCO puts radiation release early in Fukushima crisis at 900 PBq '' . Kyodo News . 24 May 2012 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 24 . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Estimation of radionuclide emission during the 15 March 2011 accident at the fukushima - 1 npp ( japan ) `` , R.V. Arutyunyan , L.A. Bolshov , D.A. Pripachkin , V.N. Semyonov , O.S. Sorokovikova , A.L. Fokin , K.G. Rubinstein , R. Yu . Ignatov , M.M. Smirnova , Atomnaya Énergiya , Vol. 112 , No. 3 , pp. 159 -- 163 , March , 2012 , as reported in Atomic Energy , July 2012 , Volume 112 , Issue 3 , pp 188 - 193s Jump up ^ Boytchev , Hristio , `` First study reports very low internal radioactivity after Fukushima disaster '' , Washington Post , 15 August 2012 Jump up ^ Ken O. Buesseler ( 26 October 2012 ) . `` Fishing for Answers off Fukushima '' . Science . 338 ( 6106 ) : 480 -- 482 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1228250 . PMID 23112321 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Tabuchi , Hiroko ( 25 October 2012 ) . `` Fish Off Japan 's Coast Said to Contain Elevated Levels of Cesium '' . New York Times Asia Pacific . Retrieved 28 October 2012 . Jump up ^ ( in Dutch ) Nu.nl ( 26 oktober 2012 ) Tepco sluit niet uit dat centrale Fukushima nog lekt Archived 8 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Fukushima Plant Admits Radioactive Water Leaked To Sea . Huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved on 2013 - 09 - 06 . Archived 17 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Adelman , Jacob . ( 2013 - 08 - 07 ) Abe Pledges Government Help to Stem Fukushima Water Leaks . Bloomberg . Retrieved on 2013 - 09 - 06 . Archived 2 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Wrecked Fukushima storage tank leaking highly radioactive water '' . Reuters. 20 August 2013 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 21 August 2013 . Jump up ^ SI Units : Volume Jump up ^ `` Japan nuclear agency upgrades Fukushima alert level '' . BBC . 21 August 2013 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 21 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Takashi Hirokawa ; Jacob Adelman ; Peter Langan ; Yuji Okada ( 26 August 2013 ) . `` Fukushima Leaks Prompt Government to ' Emergency Measures ' ( 1 ) '' . Businessweek . Bloomberg . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 30 . Retrieved 27 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Japan seeks outside help for contaminated water '' . World Nuclear News . 26 September 2013 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How TEPCO plans to build an ice wall at Fukushima '' . Nuclear Engineering International . 18 February 2014 . Archived from the original on 24 February 2014 . Retrieved 19 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Varma , Subodh ( 10 February 2014 ) . `` Fukushima radiation data is wildly wrong , management apologizes '' . TNN . Archived from the original on 11 February 2014 . Retrieved 11 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TEPCO to review erroneous radiation data '' . NHK World . NHK. 9 February 2014 . Archived from the original on 9 February 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 09 . Tokyo Electric Power Company , or TEPCO , says it has detected a record high 5 million becquerels ( 0.13 milli curies ) per liter of radioactive strontium in groundwater collected last July from one of the wells close to the ocean ... Based on the result , levels of radioactive substances that emit beta particles are estimated to be 10 million becquerels ( 0.26 milli curies ) per liter , which is more than 10 times the initial reading . Jump up ^ `` TEPCO to Review Erroneous Radiation Data '' . Yomiuri Online . Yomiuri Shimbun. 9 February 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 09 . On February 6 , TEPCO announced that 5 million Bq / Liter of radioactive strontium was detected from the groundwater sample taken on June 5 last year from one of the observation wells on the embankment of Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant . The density is 160,000 times that of the legal limit for release into the ocean , and it is about 1,000 times that of the highest density in the groundwater that had been measured so far ( 5,100 Bq / L ) . TEPCO did n't disclose the result of measurement of strontium alone , as the company believed there was a possibility that the result of measurement was wrong . As to this particular sample , TEPCO had announced on July last year that the sample had contained 900,000 Bq / L of all - beta including strontium . On February 6 , TEPCO explained that they had `` underestimated all of the results of high - density all - beta , which exceeded the upper limit of measurement . '' This particular sample may contain about 10 million Bq / L of all - beta , according to TEPCO . The company recently switched to a different method of analysis that uses diluted samples when the density of radioactive materials is high . Jump up ^ Fernquest , John . `` Japan floods : After typhoon , rivers overflow , nuclear water '' . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Flooding swept away radiation cleanup bags in Fukushima '' . The Japan Times Online . 2015 - 09 - 12 . ISSN 0447 - 5763 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ Fukushima 's radioactive ocean plume due to reach US waters in 2014 -- NBC News Archived 26 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine . 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Jump up ^ `` Japan did not keep records of nuclear disaster meetings '' . BBC Online . 27 January 2012 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Fukushima Pref . deleted 5 days of radiation dispersion data just after meltdowns '' . The Mainichi Shimbun. 22 March 2012 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Tepco concealed core meltdowns during Fukushima accident '' . Nuclear Engineering International . 24 June 2016 . Retrieved 25 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Held Nuclear Data , Leaving Evacuees in Peril '' . Herald - Tribune . 8 August 2011 . Retrieved 8 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Report : Japan , utility at fault for response to nuclear disaster '' . LA Times . 26 December 2011 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ Martin Fackler ( 27 February 2012 ) . `` Japan Weighed Evacuating Tokyo in Nuclear Crisis '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Yoshida , Reiji ( 17 March 2012 ) . `` Kan hero , or irate meddler ? '' . Japan Times . p. 2 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ Hongo , Jun ( 29 February 2012 ) . `` Panel lays bare Fukushima recipe for disaster '' . Japan Times . p. 1 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Blow - ups happen : Nuclear plants can be kept safe only by constantly worrying about their dangers '' . The Economist. 10 March 2012 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ Kyodo News ( 20 June 2012 ) . `` Japan sat on U.S. radiation maps showing immediate fallout from nuke crisis '' . Japan Times . p. 1 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Japan failed to use U.S. radiation data gathered after nuke crisis '' . The Mainichi Shimbun. 18 June 2012 . Archived from the original on 16 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Japan Atomic Industrial Forum , Inc . ( JAIF ) ( 19 June 2012 ) . `` Earthquake report 447 '' ( PDF ) Jump up ^ The Japan Times ( 17 January 2012 ) U.S. forces given SPEEDI data early Jump up ^ JIAF ( 29 June 2012 ) Earthequake - report 455 : NISA `` sorry '' for withholding US radiation maps Jump up ^ `` Japanese utility admits to ' coverup ' during Fukushima nuclear meltdown Toronto Star '' . thestar.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NISA News Release April 12 , 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 July 2012 . Retrieved 24 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Directly comparing Fukushima to Chernobyl : Nature News Blog . Blogs.nature.com ( 2013 - 01 - 31 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 02 - 13 . Archived 28 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Austria ( 12 April 2011 ) . `` IAEA Fukushima Nuclear Accident Update Log -- Updates of 12 April 2011 '' . Iaea.org . Archived from the original on 15 April 2011 . Retrieved 24 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Press Release The Estimated Amount of Radioactive Materials Released into the Air and the Ocean Caused by Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station Accident Due to the Tohoku - Chihou - Taiheiyou - Oki Earthquake ( As of May 2012 ) . TEPCO . Retrieved on 2013 - 02 - 13 . Archived 15 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Chapter II The release , dispersion and deposition of radionuclides -- Chernobyl : Assessment of Radiological and Health Impact . Oecd-nea.org . Retrieved on 2013 - 02 - 13 . Archived 20 April 2011 at WebCite Jump up ^ Isotopic ratio of radioactive iodine ( 129I / 131I ) released from Fukushima Daiichi NPP accident Jump up ^ Johnson , George ( 21 September 2015 ) . `` When Radiation Is n't the Real Risk '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fukushima disaster : Ex-Tepco executives charged with negligence '' . BBC News . 29 February 2016 . Retrieved 13 March 2016 . 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Journal of Advanced Marine Science and Technology Society ( in Japanese with English abstract ) . 23 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 9 . doi : 10.14928 / amstec. 23.1 _1 . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ Tilman Ruff . Fukushima : The Misery Piles up , Pursuit magazine , University of Melbourne , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nakanishi , Tomoko M. ( 2017 ) . `` What Has Become Obvious from an Agricultural Perspective in These 5 Years after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident '' . Bunseki Kagaku ( in Japanese with English abstract ) . 66 ( 4 ) : 217 -- 222 . doi : 10.2116 / bunsekikagaku. 66.217 . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Thailand receives Fukushima 's first fish export since 2011 nuclear disaster '' . The Straits Times . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Activists oppose imports of fish from Fukushima '' . Bangkok Post . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ WHO 2013 , p. 87 - 88 . Jump up ^ Welch , H. Gilbert ; Woloshin , Steve ; Schwartz , Lisa A. ( 2011 ) . Overdiagnosed : Making People Sick in the Pursuit of Health . Beacon Press . pp. 61 -- 34 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8070 - 2200 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Screening effect ? Examining thyroid cancers found in Fukushima children . Jonathan Kellogg PhD , 2016 Jump up ^ Guth , S ; Theune , U ; Aberle , J ; Galach , A ; Bamberger , CM ( 2009 ) . `` Very high prevalence of thyroid nodules detected by high frequency ( 13 MHz ) ultrasound examination '' . Eur. J. Clin. Invest . 39 : 699 -- 706 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2362.2009. 02162. x . PMID 19601965 . Jump up ^ `` Fukushima kids have skyrocketing number of thyroid abnormalities -- report '' . Russia Times . 18 February 2013 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 February 2015 . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Experts divided on causes of high thyroid cancer rates among Fukushima children -- The Mainichi '' . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Ohira , Tetsuya et . al. ( August 2016 ) . `` Comparison of childhood thyroid cancer prevalence among 3 areas based on external radiation dose after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident '' . Medicine . 95 ( 35 ) : e4472 PubMed . PMC 5008539 . Jump up ^ Yamashita , Shunichi ; et al. ( 1 Jan 2018 ) . `` Lessons from Fukushima : Latest Findings of Thyroid Cancer After the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant Accident '' . Thyroid. 28 ( 1 ) : 11 -- 22 PubMed . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ cancer.org Thyroid Cancer By the American Cancer Society . In turn citing : AJCC Cancer Staging Manual ( 7th ed ) . Archived 18 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Brumfiel , Geoff ( 10 September 2012 ) . `` Fukushima 's doses tallied '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 14 . Retrieved 23 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Zablotska , Lydia ( 8 November 2012 ) . `` Chernobyl Cleanup Workers Had Significantly Increased Risk of Leukemia '' . UCSF . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Chernobyl : the true scale of the accident . 20 Years Later a UN Report Provides Definitive Answers and Ways to Repair Lives '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Studying the Fukushima Aftermath : ' People Are Suffering from Radiophobia ' -- Spiegel Online . Spiegel.de ( 2011 - 08 - 19 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 09 - 06 . Archived 16 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Evacuees of Fukushima village report split families , growing frustration '' ( PDF ) . Mainichi Daily News . 30 January 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Katherine Harmon ( 2 March 2012 ) . `` Japan 's Post-Fukushima Earthquake Health Woes Go Beyond Radiation Effects '' . Nature . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Stress - induced deaths in Fukushima top those from 2011 natural disasters '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Rain raises fear of more contamination at Fukushima '' . CNN . 4 Jun 2011 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` about the situation at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant '' . 3 Feb 2014 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ Gebl , Katy ( 14 Feb 2018 ) . `` How did Fukushima disaster affect air pollution ? '' ( Interview ) . Stanford Center for International Security and Cooperation . Retrieved 27 Feb 2018 . Jump up ^ Takata , H. ; Kusakabe , M. ; Inatomi , N. ; Ikenoue , T. ( 2018 ) . `` Appearances of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant - derived Cs - 137 in coastal waters around Japan : Results from marine monitoring off nuclear power plants and facilities '' . Environmental Science and Technology . American Chemical Society . Retrieved 27 Feb 2018 . Jump up ^ `` estimates claims burden from earthquake in Japan at around € 1.5 bn '' . Munich Re . 22 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 15 May 2011 . Retrieved 24 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Swiss Re provides estimate of its claims costs from Japan earthquake and tsunami , Swiss Re , news release , 21 March 2011 Jump up ^ `` UPDATE 1 - Fukushima operator 's mounting legal woes to fuel nuclear opposition '' . Reuters. 2015 - 08 - 17 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ Robin Harding ( 6 March 2016 ) . `` Japan taxpayers foot $100 bn bill for Fukushima disaster '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 20 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Justin McCurry ( 30 January 2017 ) . `` Possible nuclear fuel find raises hopes of Fukushima plant breakthrough '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . Jump up ^ McCurry , Justin ( 17 March 2017 ) . `` Japanese government liable for negligence in Fukushima disaster '' . The Guardian . London , United Kingdom . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Tsuyoshi Inajima ; Yuji Okada ( 28 Oct 2011 ) . `` Nuclear Promotion Dropped in Japan Energy Policy After Fukushima '' . Bloomberg . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Mari Yamaguchi ( September 2011 ) . `` Kenzaburo Oe , Nobel Winner Urges Japan To Abandon Nuclear Power '' . Huffington Post . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Japanese nuclear plant survived tsunami , offers clues . Reuters . Retrieved on 2013 - 09 - 06 . Archived 25 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Fukushima Starts Long Road To Recovery '' . NPR. 2012 - 03 - 10 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Neon city goes dim as power shortage threatens traffic lights and telephones in Tokyo '' . news.com.au. 15 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 15 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Yuri Kageyama , dealing with power shortage . Associated Press , 22 May 2011 Jump up ^ Benjamin K. Sovacool ( 2011 ) . 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Jump up ^ Dr. Ken Caldeira , Senior Scientist , Department of Global Ecology , Carnegie Institution , Dr. Kerry Emanuel , Atmospheric Scientist , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Dr. James Hansen , Climate Scientist , Columbia University Earth Institute , Dr. Tom Wigley , Climate Scientist , University of Adelaide and the National Center for Atmospheric Research . `` There is no credible path to climate stabilization that does not include a substantial role for nuclear power '' . cnn.com . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Barry W. Brook -- Professor of Environmental Sustainability at University of Tasmania , Corey Bradshaw Professor and Director of Ecological Modelling at University of Adelaide . `` It 's time for environmentalists to give nuclear a fair go '' . theconversation.com . Jump up ^ Green , Jim ( 2012 - 03 - 12 ) . `` Nuclear power is n't a green bullet '' . NewMatilda.com . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ Brook , Barry ( 2015 - 02 - 08 ) . `` South Australia announces Royal Commission into Nuclear Energy '' . Brave New Climate . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Japan Plans Floating Wind Power Plant '' . Breakbulk. 16 September 2011 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved 12 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Elaine Kurtenbach . `` Japan starts up offshore wind farm near Fukushima '' The Sydney Morning Herald , 12 November 2013 . Accessed : 11 November 2013 . Archived 30 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Joshua S Hill ( 2013 - 12 - 11 ) . `` Canadian Solar Signs Loan Agreement For Japan Development '' . CleanTechnica . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ Carol J. Williams ( 14 September 2012 ) . `` In wake of Fukushima disaster , Japan to end nuclear power by 2030s '' . LA Times . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 23 . 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Quantitative Risk Assessment . woody.com . Archived from the original on 14 October 2013 . Retrieved 26 February 2016 . The Notstand building , a bunkered facility which could support all of the plant systems for at least 72 hours given a severe flood or earthquake which could take out the normal power and cooling facilities . I asked Martin Richner , the head of risk assessment , why Beznau spent so much money on the Notstand building when there was no regulation or government directive to do so . Martin answered me , `` Woody , we live here . '' Jump up ^ `` A PRA Practioner Looks at the Fukushima Daiichi Accident '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 20th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering and the ASME 2012 Power Conference '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Gen III reactor design 04 / 06 / 2011 By Brian Wheeler Associate Editor '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Nuclear Science and Techniques 24 ( 2013 ) 040601 Study on the long - term passive cooling extension of AP1000 reactor '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Disaster response robots '' , Open Minds blog , featuring BBC Documentary Archived 22 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Seiji Iwata ; Ryuichi Kanari ( 26 May 2011 ) . `` Japanese robots long gone before Fukushima accident '' . Asahi Shimbun . Archived from the original on 3 September 2014 . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` DARPA Robotics Challenge '' . DRC . DARPA . Archived from the original on 28 April 2016 . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Gross , Rachel ( 2016 - 03 - 10 ) . `` The Slatest Your News Companion March 10 2016 1 : 35 PM Decontamination Bots Are Dying on Our Behalf in Fukushima '' . Slate . 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Jump up ^ Safecast Organization Official Blog Archived 15 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Franken , Pieter ( 17 January 2014 ) . `` Volunteers Crowdsource Radiation Monitoring to Map Potential Risk on Every Street in Japan '' . Democracy Now ! ( Interview ) . Interviewed by Amy Goodman . Tokyo , Japan . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 25 . Retrieved 17 January 2014 . Jump up ^ UC Berkeley Nuclear Engineering Air Monitoring Station The Nuclear Engineering Department at UC Berkely web site Archived 1 April 2011 at WebCite Jump up ^ Joanna Chiu ( April 14 , 2014 ) . `` Journalists in Japan face threats 3 years after Fukushima '' . Committee to Protect Journalists . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan . Do n't mess with `` state secrets '' `` . Reporters Without Borders. 2016 . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` USS Ronald Reagan Exposed to Radiation '' . Navy Handbook . 14 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 10 . Retrieved 18 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Grimes , Robin ( 2014 - 06 - 16 ) . `` The UK Response to Fukushima and Anglo - Japanese Relations '' . Science & Diplomacy. 3 ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ `` IAEA sees slow nuclear growth post Japan '' . UPI. 23 September 2011 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ Nucléaire : une trentaine de réacteurs dans le monde risquent d'être fermés Les Échos , published 12 April 2011 , accessed 15 April 2011 Jump up ^ `` Gauging the pressure '' . The Economist. 28 April 2011 . Archived from the original on 31 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Poch , Rafael ( 2011 - 05 - 31 ) . `` Merkel se despide de lo nuclear y anuncia una revolución en renovables '' ( in Spanish ) . lavanguardia.com . Retrieved 26 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Italy nuclear : Berlusconi accepts referendum blow '' . BBC News . 14 June 2011 . Archived from the original on 12 June 2011 . Retrieved 26 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` France struggles to cut down on nuclear power '' . BBC News . 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After Fukushima : A Survey of Corruption in the Global Nuclear Power Industry . Asian Perspective . Vol. 37 , No. 4 . ^ Jump up to : Jeff Kingston ( 10 September 2012 ) . `` Japan 's Nuclear Village '' . Japan Focus . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ Kaufmann , Daniel ; Veronika Penciakova ( 17 March 2011 ) . `` Japan 's triple disaster : Governance and the earthquake , tsunami and nuclear crises '' . Brookings Institution . Archived from the original on 3 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Culture of complicity tied to stricken nuclear plant , NYTimes , 27 April 2011 Jump up ^ `` Japan to fire 3 top nuclear officials -- CNN '' . Articles.cnn.com. 4 August 2011 . Archived from the original on 19 August 2011 . Retrieved 11 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 3 former TEPCO executives face criminal trial over Fukushima crisis '' . The Asahi Shimbun. 31 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 14 March 2016 . Retrieved 13 March 2016 . Jump up ^ McCurry , Justin ( 30 June 2017 ) . `` Fukushima nuclear disaster : former Tepco executives go on trial '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 5 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fukushima nuclear accident ' man - made ' , not natural disaster '' . Bloomberg L.P . The Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 03 . Retrieved 9 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Japan says Fukushima disaster was ' man - made ' '' . Al Jazeera and agencies . AL Jazeera English . 5 July 2012 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 30 . Retrieved 9 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Official website of the Investigation Committee on the Accident at the Fukushima Nuclear Power Stations of Tokyo Electric Power Company '' . Archived from the original on 31 July 2011 . Retrieved 29 July 2012 . This committee was established with the aim of conducting an investigation to determine the causes of the accident that occurred at Fukushima Daiichi and Daini Nuclear Power Stations of Tokyo Electric Power Company , and those of the damages generated by the accident , and thereby making policy proposals designed to prevent the expansion of the damages and the recurrence of similar accidents in the future . ^ Jump up to : `` Japan nuclear plants ' still not safe ' '' . Al Jazeera Online . 23 July 2012 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 16 . Retrieved 29 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Japan , TEPCO ignored atomic accident risks due to ' myth of nuclear safety ' : Report '' . Asian News International ( ANI ) . News Track India . 23 July 2012 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 25 . Retrieved 29 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Mitsuru Obe ; Eleanor Warnock ( 23 July 2012 ) . `` Japan Panel Says Plant Operator Falls Short on Nuclear Safety '' . The Wall Street Journal . 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Other Caldicott , Helen ( ed . ) : Crisis Without End : The Medical and Ecological Consequences of the Fukushima Nuclear Catastrophe . ( From the `` Symposium at the New York Academy of Medicine , March 11 -- 12 , 2013 '' ) . The New Press , 2014 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59558 - 970 - 5 ( eBook ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fukushima Daichi nuclear disaster . Investigation ( edit ) The Fukushima Nuclear Accident Independent Investigation Commission Report website in English Investigation Committee on the accidents at the Fukushima Nuclear Power Station of Tokyo Electric Power Company The Radioactive Waters of Fukushima Lessons Learned From Fukushima Dai - ichi -- Report & Movie Video , drawings , and images ( edit ) Webcam Fukushima nuclear power plant I , Unit 1 through Unit 4 Inside the slow and dangerous clean up of the Fukushima nuclear crisis TerraFly Timeline Aerial Imagery of Fukushima Nuclear Reactor after 2011 Tsunami and Earthquake In graphics : Fukushima nuclear alert , as provided by the BBC , 9 July 2012 Analysis by IRSN of the Fukushima Daiichi accident Kumamoto , Murata & Nakate : `` Fukushima Evacuees Face New Hardship Six Years On '' , provided by the Foreign Correspondents ' Club of Japan , 9 March 2017 Artwork ( edit ) Ah humanity ! - a film essay by Lucien Castaign - Taylor , Ernst Karel and Véréna Paravel Other ( edit ) Fukushima Revitalization Station ( Fukushima Prefectural Government ) in English TEPCO News Releases , Tokyo Electric Power Company `` Reassessment of Fukushima Nuclear Accident and Outline of Nuclear Safety Reform Plan ( Interim Report ) '' by TEPCO Nuclear Reform Special Task Force. 14 December 2012 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami Aftermath Geology Japan Trench Pacific Plate North American Plate Okhotsk Plate Honshu Island Oshika Peninsula Pacific Ocean Affected areas Areas severely damaged Hokkaido Hokkaido Oshima Subprefecture Hakodate Tōhoku Region Iwate Prefecture Kamaishi Miyako Ōfunato Ōtsuchi Rikuzentakata Yamada Miyagi Prefecture East - Matsushima ( Naruse ) Ishinomaki Kesennuma Kurihara Natori Onagawa Sendai South - Sanriku ( Shizugawa ) Yamamoto Fukushima Prefecture Iwaki Ōkuma Sōma South - Sōma ( Haranomachi ) Tomioka Kantō Region Ibaraki Prefecture Hitachinaka Itako Kashima North - Ibaraki ( Isohara ) Ōarai Chiba Prefecture Asahi Chōshi Ichihara Urayasu Affected infrastructure Ichihara refinery Fujinuma Dam Sendai Airport Taro sea wall Rail lines Ōarai - Kashima Line Tōhoku Shinkansen Joban Line Shinchi Station Tomioka Station Senseki Line Nobiru Station Kesennuma Line Nuclear Accidents and Incidents Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster Accident reactors Fukushima Daiichi plant Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3 Units 4 - 6 Sequence of events Timeline reactions International Japanese Radiation effects Topics Casualties Cleanup Fukushima 50 Investigation National Diet Government Comparison Accident Rating Movements Project Sunshine for Japan Safecast ( organization ) Sayonara Nuclear Power Plants Others Reactors / Facilities Fukushima Daini plant Tōkai plant Onagawa plant Higashidori plant Rokkasho Reprocessing Plant Foreshocks , Aftershocks Miyagi , Japan ( 7.1 , 7 April 2011 ) Fukushima , Japan ( 6.6 , 11 April 2011 ) Miyagi , Japan ( 7.3 , 7 December 2012 ) People Naoto Kan Yukio Edano Katsuhiko Ishibashi Kiyoo Mogi Masao Yoshida Miki Endo Takashi Shimokawara Hideaki Akaiwa Katsunobu Sakurai ( fr ; ja ) Relief and Recovery Efforts Humanitarian response Operation Pacific Assist Operation Tomodachi Reconstruction Agency Fundraisers All Together Artistes 311 Love Beyond Borders Download to Donate : Tsunami Relief Fight and Smile Songs for Japan Pray for Japan Side by Side Reunion Media Documentaries Pray for Japan Surviving Japan Surviving the Tsunami - My Atomic Aunt The Tsunami and the Cherry Blossom Movies Himizu Homeland Land of Hope Reunion Drama Amachan Songs Side by Side Songs for Japan Anata ga Irukara Books Strong in the Rain Other Impact on video game industry No. 18 Kyotoku - maru Tsunami fish Japan Trench Fast Drilling Project Ryou - Un Maru 869 Sanriku earthquake 2011 local elections Miracle pine ( ja ; fr ) Shinkansen Relay See also : Japanese earthquakes Seismicity of the Sanriku coast List of historical tsunamis Nuclear power in Japan , section Seismicity Nuclear and radioactive incidents Nuclear power in Japan Energy in Japan Nuclear power Reactors ( Active ) LWR Hokkaido Tomari Tohoku Onagawa Higashidōri TEPCO Fukushima Daiichi Fukushima Daini Kashiwazaki - Kariwa Chubu Hamaoka Hokuriku Shika Kansai Ōi Mihama Takahama Chugoku Shimane Shikoku Ikata Kyushu Sendai Genkai JAPC Tōkai Tsuruga Closed Fugen ATR Monju prototype fast ( breeder ) reactor Canceled Maki Namie - Odaka Under construction Ōma Other Jōyō research fast reactor Organisations Regulatory bodies Japanese Atomic Energy Commission ( JAEC ) Nuclear Regulation Authority ( NRA ) formerly Japan 's NSC and NISA Companies Hitachi Toshiba Mitsubishi FBR Systems Japan Nuclear Fuel Limited JCO Research institutions Japan Atomic Energy Agency ( JAEA ) Dōnen ( abolished ) Other Japan Electric Association ( JEA ) membership organization Rokkasho reprocessing Accidents Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster Tokaimura nuclear accident Mihama nuclear accidents Japanese nuclear incidents Anti-nuclear movement Ashes to Honey Japanese Communist Party Genpatsu - shinsai Mizuho Fukushima Katsumi Furitsu Nobuto Hosaka Tetsunari Iida Kiyoshiro Imawano Project Sunshine for Japan Sanshiro Kume Kenzaburō Ōe Rokkasho Rhapsody Ryuichi Sakamoto Sayonara Nuclear Power Plants Jinzaburo Takagi Commons Asia pollution topics Air pollution North , East and Northeast Asia Asian Dust 2010 China drought and dust storms Green Wall of China Pollution in China South and Southeast Asia ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution Southeast Asian haze 1997 SEA haze 1997 Indonesian forest fires 2005 Malaysian haze 2006 SEA haze 2009 SEA haze 2013 SEA haze 2015 SEA haze 2016 Malaysian haze 2016 SEA haze Asian brown cloud Operation Haze Air pollution in India Shamal Pollutant Standards Index Water pollution China water crisis Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster Water pollution in China Water pollution in India Water pollution in Japan Water pollution in the Philippines Related pages Air pollution in China Hong Kong Macau Air pollution in India Air pollution in Malaysia Pollution of the Pasig River ( Philippines ) BNF : cb16500489j ( data ) LCCN : sh2011003738 NDL : 01228618 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fukushima_Daiichi_nuclear_disaster&oldid=845922628 '' Categories : Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster Civilian nuclear power accidents Environmental controversies Fukushima Prefecture Health disasters in Japan Nuclear accidents and incidents 2011 in Japan 2011 in the environment 2011 industrial disasters 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Articles with dead external links from May 2014 Webarchive template webcite links Webarchive template archiveis links Articles with dead external links from February 2018 Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Articles with inconsistent citation formats CS1 errors : dates Articles with Dutch - language external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with dead external links from September 2012 CS1 maint : Unrecognized language CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . 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what happened to the fukushima nuclear power plant

The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster ( 福島 第 一 原子力 発電 所 事故 , Fukushima Dai - ichi ( pronunciation ) genshiryoku hatsudensho jiko ) was an energy accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant in Ōkuma , Fukushima Prefecture , initiated primarily by the tsunami following the Tōhoku earthquake on 11 March 2011 . Immediately after the earthquake , the active reactors automatically shut down their sustained fission reactions . However , the tsunami disabled the emergency generators that would have provided power to control and operate the pumps necessary to cool the reactors . The insufficient cooling led to three nuclear meltdowns , hydrogen - air explosions , and the release of radioactive material in Units 1 , 2 and 3 from 12 March to 15 March . Loss of cooling also raised concerns over the recently loaded spent fuel pool of Reactor 4 , which increased in temperature on 15 March due to the decay heat from the freshly added spent fuel rods but did not boil down to exposure .

McCulloch v. Maryland - wikipedia McCulloch v. Maryland This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 17 January 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search McCulloch v. Maryland Supreme Court of the United States Argued February 21 -- March 3 , 1819 Decided March 6 , 1819 Full case name James McCulloch v . The State of Maryland , John James Citations 17 U.S. 316 ( more ) 4 Wheat . 316 ; 4 L. Ed . 579 ; 1819 U.S. LEXIS 320 ; 4 A.F.T.R. ( P-H ) 4491 ; 42 Cont . Cas . Fed . ( CCH ) ¶ 77,296 Prior history Judgment for John James , Baltimore County Court ; affirmed , Maryland Court of Appeals Subsequent history None Holding Although the Constitution does not specifically give Congress the power to establish a bank , it does delegate the ability to tax and spend , and a bank is a proper and suitable instrument to assist the operations of the government in the collection and disbursement of the revenue . Because federal laws have supremacy over state laws , Maryland had no power to interfere with the bank 's operation by taxing it . Maryland Court of Appeals reversed . Court membership Chief Justice John Marshall Associate Justices Bushrod Washington William Johnson Henry B. Livingston Thomas Todd Gabriel Duvall Joseph Story Case opinions Majority Marshall , joined by unanimous Laws applied U.S. Const . art . I , § 8 , cl. 1 , 18 The text of the McCulloch v. Maryland decision , handed down March 6 , 1819 , as recorded in the minutes of the Supreme Court of the United States , in which the Court determined the separate states could not tax the federal government . McCulloch v. Maryland , 17 U.S. ( 4 Wheat . ) 316 ( 1819 ) , was a landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States . The state of Maryland had attempted to impede operation of a branch of the Second Bank of the United States by imposing a tax on all notes of banks not chartered in Maryland . Though the law , by its language , was generally applicable to all banks not chartered in Maryland , the Second Bank of the United States was the only out - of - state bank then existing in Maryland , and the law was recognized in the court 's opinion as having specifically targeted the Bank of the United States . The Court invoked the Necessary and Proper Clause of the Constitution , which allowed the Federal government to pass laws not expressly provided for in the Constitution 's list of express powers , provided those laws are in useful furtherance of the express powers of Congress under the Constitution . This case established two important principles in constitutional law . First , the Constitution grants to Congress implied powers for implementing the Constitution 's express powers , in order to create a functional national government . Second , state action may not impede valid constitutional exercises of power by the Federal government . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Supreme Court decision 3 Criticism 4 Later history 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Background ( edit ) On April 10 , 1816 , the Congress of the United States passed an act titled `` An Act to Incorporate the Subscribers to the Bank of the United States '' , which provided for the incorporation of the Second Bank of the United States . The Bank first went into full operation in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . In 1817 , the Bank opened a branch in Baltimore , Maryland , and transacted and carried on business as a branch of the Bank of the United States by issuing bank notes , discounting promissory notes , and performing other operations usual and customary for banks to do and perform . Both sides of the litigation admitted that the President , directors , and company of the Bank had no authority to establish the Baltimore branch , or office of discount and deposit , other than the fact that Maryland had adopted the Constitution of the United States . On February 11 , 1818 , the General Assembly of Maryland passed an act titled , `` an act to impose a tax on all banks , or branches thereof , in the State of Maryland , not chartered by the legislature '' : Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Maryland that if any bank has established or shall , without authority from the State first had and obtained establish any branch , office of discount and deposit , or office of pay and receipt in any part of this State , it shall not be lawful for the said branch , office of discount and deposit , or office of pay and receipt to issue notes , in any manner , of any other denomination than five , ten , twenty , fifty , one hundred , five hundred and one thousand dollars , and no note shall be issued except upon stamped paper of the following denominations ; that is to say , every five dollar note shall be upon a stamp of ten cents ; every ten dollar note , upon a stamp of twenty cents ; every twenty dollar note , upon a stamp of thirty cents ; every fifty dollar note , upon a stamp of fifty cents ; every one hundred dollar note , upon a stamp of one dollar ; every five hundred dollar note , upon a stamp of ten dollars ; and every thousand dollar note , upon a stamp of twenty dollars ; which paper shall be furnished by the Treasurer of the Western Shore , under the direction of the Governor and Council , to be paid for upon delivery ; provided always that any institution of the above description may relieve itself from the operation of the provisions aforesaid by paying annually , in advance , to the Treasurer of the Western Shore , for the use of State , the sum of $15,000 . And be it enacted that the President , cashier , each of the directors and officers of every institution established or to be established as aforesaid , offending against the provisions aforesaid shall forfeit a sum of $500 for each and every offence , and every person having any agency in circulating any note aforesaid , not stamped as aforesaid directed , shall forfeit a sum not exceeding $100 , every penalty aforesaid to be recovered by indictment or action of debt in the county court of the county where the offence shall be committed , one - half to the informer and the other half to the use of the State ... James William McCulloch , head of the Baltimore Branch of the Second Bank of the United States , refused to pay the tax and the bank was represented by Daniel Webster . The lawsuit was filed by John James , an informer who sought to collect one half of the fine as provided for by the statute . The case was appealed to the Maryland Court of Appeals where the state of Maryland argued that `` the Constitution is silent on the subject of banks . '' It was Maryland 's contention that because the Constitution did not specifically state that the federal government was authorized to charter a bank , the Bank of the United States was unconstitutional . The court upheld Maryland . The case was then appealed to the Supreme Court . Supreme Court decision ( edit ) The Court determined that Congress did have the power to create the Bank . Chief Justice Marshall supported this conclusion with four main arguments . First , he argued that historical practice established Congress ' power to create the Bank . Marshall invoked the first Bank of the United States history as authority for the constitutionality of the second bank . The first Congress enacted the bank after great debate and that it was approved by an executive `` with as much persevering talent as any measure has ever experienced , and being supported by arguments which convinced minds as pure and as intelligent as this country can boast . '' Second , Chief Justice Marshall refuted the argument that states retain ultimate sovereignty because they ratified the constitution . `` The powers of the general government , it has been said , are delegated by the states , who alone are truly sovereign ; and must be exercised in subordination to the states , who alone possess supreme dominion . '' Marshall contended that it was the people who ratified the Constitution and thus the people are sovereign , not the states . Third , Marshall addressed the scope of congressional powers under Article I . The Court broadly described Congress ' authority before addressing the necessary and proper clause . Marshall admitted that the Constitution does not enumerate a power to create a central Bank but said that this is not dispositive as to Congress 's power to establish such an institution . Chief Justice Marshall wrote , `` In considering this question , then , we must never forget , that it is a constitution we are expounding . '' Fourth , Marshall supported the Court 's opinion textually by invoking the Necessary and Proper Clause , which permits Congress to seek an objective while exercising its enumerated powers so long as the objective is not forbidden by the Constitution . In liberally interpreting the Necessary and Proper Clause , the Court rejected Maryland 's narrow interpretation of the clause , which purported that the word `` necessary '' in the Necessary and Proper Clause meant that Congress could only pass those laws that were absolutely essential in the execution of its enumerated powers . The Court rejected this argument , on the grounds that many of the enumerated powers of Congress under the Constitution would be useless if only those laws deemed essential to a power 's execution could be passed . Marshall also noted that the Necessary and Proper Clause is listed within the powers of Congress , not the limitations . The Court held that for these reasons , the word `` necessary '' in the Necessary and Proper Clause ( elastic clause ) does not refer to the only way of doing something , but rather applies to various procedures for implementing all constitutionally established powers . `` Let the end be legitimate , let it be within the scope of the constitution , and all means which are appropriate , which are plainly adapted to that end , which are not prohibited , but consist with the letter and spirit of the constitution , are constitutional . '' This principle had been established many years earlier by Alexander Hamilton : ( A ) criterion of what is constitutional , and of what is not so ... is the end , to which the measure relates as a mean . If the end be clearly comprehended within any of the specified powers , and if the measure have an obvious relation to that end , and is not forbidden by any particular provision of the Constitution , it may safely be deemed to come within the compass of the national authority . There is also this further criterion which may materially assist the decision : Does the proposed measure abridge a pre-existing right of any State , or of any individual ? If it does not , there is a strong presumption in favour of its constitutionality ... Chief Justice Marshall also determined that Maryland may not tax the bank without violating the Constitution . The Court voided the tax on the grounds that it was unconstitutional . The opinion stated that Congress has implied powers that need to be related to the text of the Constitution , but need not be enumerated within the text . This case was a seminal moment in the formation of a balance between federalism , federal power , and states ' powers . Chief Justice Marshall also explained in this case that the Necessary and Proper Clause does not require that all federal laws be necessary and proper and that federal laws that are enacted directly pursuant to one of the express , enumerated powers granted by the Constitution need not comply with the Necessary and Proper Clause , holding that the clause `` purport ( s ) to enlarge , not to diminish the powers vested in the government . It purports to be an additional power , not a restriction on those already granted . '' Criticism ( edit ) Though Marshall rejected the 10th amendment 's provision of states rights arguing that it did not include the word `` expressly '' unlike the Articles of Confederation , which was replaced by the Constitution , controversy over the authority of the amendment being violated by the decision has existed . Compact theory also argues that the federal government is a creation of the states where the states maintain superiority . Unlike Marshall , his successor , Roger B. Taney , established Dual federalism , where separate but equal branches of government were believed to be a better option . Later history ( edit ) McCulloch v. Maryland was cited in the first substantial constitutional case presented before the High Court of Australia in D'Emden v Pedder ( 1904 ) , which dealt with similar issues in the Australian Federation . While recognizing American law as not binding on them , the Australian Court nevertheless determined that the McCulloch decision provided the best guideline for the relationship between the Commonwealth federal government , and the Australian States , owing in large part to strong similarities between the American and Australian constitutions . See also ( edit ) List of United States Supreme Court cases , volume 17 List of landmark court decisions in the United States Case of Sutton 's Hospital ( 1612 ) 77 Eng Rep 960 Gibbons vs. Ogden Alien and Sedition Act References ( edit ) Jump up ^ McCulloch v. Maryland , 17 U.S. ( 4 Wheat . ) 316 ( 1819 ) . This article incorporates public domain material from this U.S government document . ^ Jump up to : Chemerinsky , Erwin ( 2006 ) . Constitutional Law Principles and Policies ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Aspen Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7355 - 5787 - 1 . Jump up ^ 17 U.S. at 401 . Jump up ^ 17 U.S. at 402 . Jump up ^ 17 U.S. at 408 . Jump up ^ Kurland , Philip B. ; Lerner , Ralph , eds. ( 1987 ) . `` Article 1 , Section 8 , Clause 18 '' . The Founders ' Constitution . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 46387 - 2 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bill of Rights Institute : Landmark Supreme Court Cases -- McCulloch v. Maryland ( 1819 ) '' . Bill of Rights Institute . Jump up ^ Justin D. Lowry ( February 24 , 2009 ) . `` 10th Amendment : History and Purpose '' . Tenth Amendment Center . Further reading ( edit ) Ellis , Richard ( 2007 ) . Aggressive Nationalism : McCulloch v. Maryland and the Foundation of Federal Authority in the Young Republic . New York : Oxford University Press . DOI : 10.1093 / acprof : oso / 9780195323566.001. 0001 online Killenbeck , Mark ( 2006 ) . McCulloch V. Maryland : Securing a Nation . University Press of Kansas . McAward , Jennifer Mason ( November 2012 ) . `` McCulloch and the Thirteenth Amendment '' . Columbia Law Review . Columbia Law School . 112 ( 7 ) : 1769 -- 1809 . JSTOR 41708164 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 11 - 17 . Pdf . Ellis , Jean Edward ( 1996 ) . John Marshall : Definer Of A Nation . New York : Henry Holt & Company . Ellis , Jean Edward ( 1989 ) . The Constitution American Foreign Policy . St. Paul , MN : West Publishing Company . O'Connor , Karen ; Sabato , Larry J. ( 2006 ) . American Government : Continuity and Change . New York : Pearson . Tushnet , Mark ( 2008 ) . I dissent : Great Opposing Opinions in Landmark Supreme Court Cases . Boston : Beacon Press . pp. 17 -- 30 . ISBN 9780807000366 . External links ( edit ) Works related to McCulloch v. Maryland at Wikisource Text of McCulloch v. Maryland , 17 U.S. ( 4 Wheat . ) 316 ( 1819 ) is available from : Cornell CourtListener Findlaw Justia OpenJurist Google Scholar Minutes from the Court 's Discussion of the Case `` McCulloch v. Maryland - Case Brief '' . Lawnix.com . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2009 . The short film McCulloch v. Maryland ( 1977 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCulloch_v._Maryland&oldid=821011540 '' Categories : United States Supreme Court cases United States Constitution Article One case law 1819 in Maryland 1819 in United States case law State taxation in the United States United States Supreme Court cases of the Marshall Court Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating text from public domain works of the United States Government Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Deutsch 한국어 Italiano Simple English 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 January 2018 , at 22 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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how did mcculloch v maryland expand the power of the federal government in relation to the states

McCulloch v. Maryland , 17 U.S. ( 4 Wheat . ) 316 ( 1819 ) , was a landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States . The state of Maryland had attempted to impede operation of a branch of the Second Bank of the United States by imposing a tax on all notes of banks not chartered in Maryland . Though the law , by its language , was generally applicable to all banks not chartered in Maryland , the Second Bank of the United States was the only out - of - state bank then existing in Maryland , and the law was recognized in the court 's opinion as having specifically targeted the Bank of the United States . The Court invoked the Necessary and Proper Clause of the Constitution , which allowed the Federal government to pass laws not expressly provided for in the Constitution 's list of express powers , provided those laws are in useful furtherance of the express powers of Congress under the Constitution .

Interdental papilla - Wikipedia Interdental papilla Not to be confused with dental papilla . Interdental papilla Details Identifiers Latin papilla gingivalis TA A05. 1.01. 110 FMA 77186 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The interdental papilla , also known as the interdental gingiva , is the part of the gums ( gingiva ) that exists coronal to the free gingival margin on the buccal and lingual surfaces of the teeth . The interdental papillae fill in the area between the teeth apical to their contact areas to prevent food impaction ; they assume a conical shape for the anterior teeth and a blunted shape buccolingually for the posterior teeth . A missing papilla is often visible as a small triangular gap between adjacent teeth . The relationship of interdental bone to the interproximal contact point between adjacent teeth is a determining factor in whether the interdental papilla will be present . If greater than 8mm exist between the interdental bone and the interproximal contact , usually no papilla will be present . If the distance is 5mm or less , than a papilla will almost always be present . With active periodontal disease , both the marginal gingiva and attached gingiva can become enlarged , especially the interdental papillae . This enlargement results from edema occurring in the lamina propria of the tissue caused by the inflammatory response . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Illustrated Dental Embryology , Histology , and Anatomy , Bath - Balogh , Elsevier , 2011 , page 123 Jump up ^ Illustrated Embryology , Histology , and Anatomy , Bath - Balogh , Elsevier , 2011 , page 125 Anatomy of the mouth Lip Vermilion border Frenulum of lower lip Labial commissure of mouth Philtrum Cheek Buccal fat pad Roof Hard palate Soft palate Palatine raphe Incisive papilla Gums Interdental papilla Gingival sulcus Gingival margin Gingival fibers Junctional epithelium Mucogingival junction Sulcular epithelium Stippling Periodontium Cementum Gingiva Periodontal ligament Glands Parotid gland duct Submandibular gland duct Sublingual gland duct Teeth see tooth anatomy Tongue Top Taste bud Median sulcus Terminal sulcus Foramen cecum Lingual tonsils Underside Frenulum Fimbriated fold Sublingual caruncle Glossoepiglottic folds Lingual septum Back of mouth Oropharynx fauces Plica semilunaris of the fauces Uvula Palatoglossal arch Palatopharyngeal arch Tonsillar fossa Palatine tonsil This anatomy article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interdental_papilla&oldid=835136481 '' Categories : Gingiva Anatomy stubs Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 19 : 49 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

what relationship does tooth size have on the mass of the interdental papilla

A missing papilla is often visible as a small triangular gap between adjacent teeth . The relationship of interdental bone to the interproximal contact point between adjacent teeth is a determining factor in whether the interdental papilla will be present . If greater than 8mm exist between the interdental bone and the interproximal contact , usually no papilla will be present . If the distance is 5mm or less , than a papilla will almost always be present .

Fat Bastard ( character ) - wikipedia Fat Bastard ( character ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about Austin Powers . For the wine , see FAT bastard . Fat Bastard Austin Powers character Mike Myers as Fat Bastard First appearance Austin Powers : The Spy Who Shagged Me Last appearance Austin Powers in Goldmember Created by Mike Myers Portrayed by Mike Myers Information Gender Male Occupation Henchman / Sumo Wrestler Affiliation British Army Scots Guards Nationality Template : Country data mackem Scottish Fat Bastard is a fictional character in the second and third films of the Austin Powers series . A morbidly obese henchman hailing from Scotland , Fat Bastard serves Dr. Evil in his quest to destroy Austin Powers . The character is portrayed by Mike Myers . His extreme size and weight ( 1 metric tonne , according to Dr. Evil ) endows Fat Bastard with massive strength . He exhibited this prowess in the sumo ring in the third movie . Fat Bastard is noted for his foul temper , his emotional monologues that ends with him farting , his vulgar manners , and his unusual diet . These go as far as to include a cannibalistic taste for human infants and midgets , whom he gluttonously calls , `` The other , other white meat '' . In Austin Powers : The Spy Who Shagged Me , he boasts that he once ate a baby , and tries to refuse Dr. Evil 's money for his services in exchange for getting to eat Mini-Me . He also has the same Scottish accent as Shrek , whose movie was released two years later in 2001 . Mike Myers has jokingly said that it took about 64 hours to transform into Fat Bastard 's body . Contents ( hide ) 1 Appearances 1.1 Austin Powers : The Spy Who Shagged Me 1.2 Austin Powers in Goldmember 1.3 Popular culture and DirecTV commercial 2 Censorship 3 References 4 External links Appearances ( edit ) Austin Powers : the Spy Who Shagged Me ( edit ) Fat Bastard had stolen Austin 's mojo in 1969 , as he is a guard in the facility , and has knocked out the other guards using bagpipes that spray gas , leaving Austin impotent in 1999 . After seducing and sleeping with Fat Bastard , secret agent -- and Austin 's ally -- Felicity Shagwell ( Heather Graham ) places a homing device in his rectum . During this time with Felicity , Fat Bastard is also eating a whole chicken while in bed with her ( he does offer to share ) . However , the device is ineffective , lost and left in a toilet before he returns to Dr. Evil 's island . However , rare berries are found in a stool sample , enabling the island to be tracked down . Fat Bastard often declares himself `` dead sexy '' , but he is really hiding his true feelings of rejection from society . During an assassination attempt against Austin and Felicity in 1999 , Fat Bastard dresses as a package delivery man and literally breaks in through the front door . When Felicity asks if he is happy , Fat Bastard has an emotional breakdown , tearfully confessing `` I eat because I 'm unhappy , and I 'm unhappy because I eat . It 's a vicious cycle . Now if you 'll excuse me , there 's someone I need to get in touch with and forgive . Myself . '' after which he then farts . Austin and Felicity are both disgusted . Fat Bastard is visibly embarrassed and says , `` Sorry , I farted . It 's a long road ahead . '' . He changes his mind and attempts to kill Austin and Felicity . Felicity ( despite being barefoot ) incapacitates him with a kick to his groin . He places his hands on his thighs and moans `` Right in the mommy daddy button '' ( scrotum ) . Fat Bastard then screams and falls , shaking the room . Austin Powers in Goldmember ( edit ) In the next film , Fat Bastard retires from being a henchman and relocates to Japan . There , he becomes a sumo wrestler and , despite trying to go straight , he still carries out the odd job for Dr. Evil . During his bathroom time Foxxy Cleopatra and Austin sneak in using a disguise and catch him . Austin starts shouting to him `` You really are a Fat Bastard '' ; `` You know that hurts my feelings ; I 've tried going on a diet , you know '' , he replies . Fat Bastard then says he did the Zone diet , stating that `` carbs are the enemy , '' though the Zone Diet promotes equal amounts of carbs and protein and Fat Bastard probably meant the Atkins diet , which emphasizes low carbs . After tearfully telling Austin and Foxxy that he 's happy as a sumo wrestler he farts . Austin then asks if he soiled himself . Fat Bastard replies , `` Maybe . '' and laughs . By the end of Austin Powers in Goldmember , he has lost his excessive weight , crediting it to the Subway diet . However , he points out that he still has a lot of excess skin , further noting the resemblance of his neck to a vagina . On the film audio commentary , Mike Myers says that Fat Bastard probably will not stay thin ( as `` Thin Bastard '' , as he called him ) and would most likely return to his overweight state . Popular culture and DirecTV commercial ( edit ) Beginning in June 2006 , this character was in a DirecTV commercial with Mini-Me . The plot was that he was talking about how Mini-Me was looking good to eat , like in the movies ( see above ) . Mini-Me thinks that he is crazy . He also uses two of his lines from the movie . His famous line in this commercial is `` Come on , get in my belly ! '' On an episode of Power Rangers Lightspeed Rescue titled `` In the Freeze Zone '' , the monster Freezard references Fat Bastard by saying `` Get in my Belly ! '' . One of the show 's stars , Michael Chaturantabut , would make a cameo appearance in Austin Powers in Goldmember , as a gunman at the pool area . On an episode of WWF SmackDown ! ( aired Thursday , April 13 , 2000 ) , Professional wrestler , The Big Show dresses as Fat Bastard and reveals what 's under the kilt , much to Kurt Angle 's disgusted chagrin . Commentator Michael Cole suggested it was a thong . I like to be funny , I like to entertain . But I 'm in the body of a monstrous killer . So , does n't quite compute . -- The Big Show , The Best of SmackDown : 10th Anniversary , commenting on the matter Censorship ( edit ) In reviews for the movie in the newspapers , film critic Roger Ebert referred to him as `` We ca n't even say his name ! '' , while others called him `` Obese Illegitimate Child '' . The mass retail action figures sold of the character had the name `` Fat Man '' on the box , even though the patch on his blazer clearly displayed `` FB '' . Specialty stores such as comic book shops had figures in packaging which referred to him as `` Fat Bastard '' , however . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Levy , Glen ( 2011 - 08 - 19 ) . `` Mike Myers ( as Fat Bastard ) , ' Austin Powers : The Spy Who Shagged Me ' ( 1999 ) Top 10 Worst Fake British Accents TIME.com '' . Entertainment.time.com . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` ' Austin Powers ' needs to kill off Fat Bastard - today > entertainment - today > entertainment > movies '' . TODAY.com. 2011 - 08 - 15 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Kick to the Nuts - Austin Powers : The Spy Who Shagged Me '' . ugo.com . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2014 . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Fat Bastard Fat Bastard on IMDb ( hide ) Austin Powers Films International Man of Mystery ( 1997 ) The Spy Who Shagged Me ( 1999 ) Goldmember ( 2002 ) Characters Agents Austin Powers Vanessa Kensington Nigel Powers Mrs. Kensington Villains Dr. Evil Scott Evil Mini-Me Frau Farbissina Fat Bastard Number 2 Goldmember Other Ming Tea ( musical group ) Oh , Behave ! ( game ) Welcome to My Underground Lair ! ( game ) Pinball ( game ) Collectible Card Game Accolades for the film series Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fat_Bastard_(character)&oldid=797203503 '' Categories : Austin Powers characters Fictional sumo wrestlers Fictional British Army personnel Fictional cannibals Fictional henchmen Fictional Scottish people Fictional characters introduced in 1999 Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Nederlands Scots Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2017 , at 15 : 32 . About Wikipedia

where did get in my belly come from

Beginning in June 2006 , this character was in a DirecTV commercial with Mini-Me . The plot was that he was talking about how Mini-Me was looking good to eat , like in the movies ( see above ) . Mini-Me thinks that he is crazy . He also uses two of his lines from the movie . His famous line in this commercial is `` Come on , get in my belly ! '' On an episode of Power Rangers Lightspeed Rescue titled `` In the Freeze Zone '' , the monster Freezard references Fat Bastard by saying `` Get in my Belly ! '' . One of the show 's stars , Michael Chaturantabut , would make a cameo appearance in Austin Powers in Goldmember , as a gunman at the pool area . On an episode of WWF SmackDown ! ( aired Thursday , April 13 , 2000 ) , Professional wrestler , The Big Show dresses as Fat Bastard and reveals what 's under the kilt , much to Kurt Angle 's disgusted chagrin . Commentator Michael Cole suggested it was a thong .

FA Cup semi-finals - wikipedia FA Cup semi-finals Jump to : navigation , search The FA Cup semi-finals are played to determine which teams will contest the FA Cup Final . They are the penultimate phase of the FA Cup , the oldest football tournament in the world . Contents ( hide ) 1 Location 2 Format 3 Records 4 List of FA Cup semi-finals 4.1 Semi-final Key 4.2 1870s 4.3 1880s 4.4 1890s 4.5 1900s 4.6 1910s 4.7 1920s 4.8 1930s 4.9 1940s 4.10 1950s 4.11 1960s 4.12 1970s 4.13 1980s 4.14 1990s 4.15 2000s 4.16 2010s 5 Semi-finals table 6 Venues 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References Location ( edit ) Since 2008 , the new Wembley Stadium has been the home of the FA Cup semi-final . The semi-finals have always been contested at neutral venues . Since 2008 , all semi-finals have been held at Wembley . In the past any suitably large ground which was not the home ground of a teams in that semi-final was used . Villa Park in Birmingham , Old Trafford in Manchester , and Hillsborough in Sheffield were common hosts . All semi-finals between 1871 and 1881 were played at Kensington Oval . The first neutral semi-final match outside of London took place in 1882 in Huddersfield . The 1989 semi-final between Liverpool and Nottingham Forest at Hillsborough , Sheffield , turned into tragedy when 96 supporters were killed in the stands due to overcrowding . The Hillsborough disaster had wide - ranging effects on future stadium design . Liverpool were granted special dispensation to avoid playing their 2012 semifinal match against Everton on day 23rd anniversary of the disaster . The 1991 semi-final between Arsenal and Tottenham Hotspur was the first to be played at Wembley , the traditional venue for the FA Cup Final . Two years later both semi-finals were held at Wembley after the Steel City derby between Sheffield clubs Wednesday and United was switched from the original venue of Elland Road , Leeds . This was repeated in 1994 , although a replay between Manchester United and Oldham Athletic was held at Maine Road , Manchester . From 1995 to 1999 and from 2001 to 2004 other neutral grounds were used , though in 2000 both matches were played at the old Wembley , in its final year of operation . In 2005 both semi-finals were played at the Millennium Stadium , Cardiff . However , in 2006 the FA decided to revert to the neutral ground system , with Villa Park and Old Trafford hosting the games . In 2003 , it was announced that all future semi-finals would be played at the new Wembley Stadium , once it had opened ; this took effect in 2008 . The decision was mainly for financial reasons , to allow the FA to recoup some of the costs of rebuilding the stadium . However , the move was to the disappointment of traditionalists and drew criticism from some supporters ' groups . Over a decade after the move , Aston Villa ( amongst others ) have called to regionalise the semifinals once again . Tottenham Hotspur played a `` home '' semifinal match in 2018 , when they played at Wembley during the construction of their new stadium . However , in keeping with neutrality , they were not given any special dispensation as the home team . Format ( edit ) Highfield Road in Coventry ( 1982 image ) hosted the only semi-final third replay in 1979 -- 80 . In the past a replay match was played if the first semi-final ended in a draw . If the replay match also ended in a draw a second replay match would take place . In theory , an unlimited number of games could be played to determine the outcome of a tie . For example , in 1980 it took four games to decide the winner between Arsenal and Liverpool . This is the most games needed to settle an FA Cup Semi-final , although there were several occasions where three games were played . Prior to the 1992 semi-finals , the only semi-final played under different rules to this was the rearranged 1989 semi-final between Liverpool and Nottingham Forest , for which it had been declared in advance that the game would be decided by extra-time and penalties if necessary due to the Hillsborough Stadium disaster . Queen 's Park chose not to contest the 1871 -- 72 replay match with Wanderers . There were no semi-finals played in the 1872 -- 73 competition . Under the rules at the time , holders Wanderers received a bye to the final . Queen 's Park again decided not to contest a semifinal , so Oxford University advanced automatically . Between 1877 -- 1881 only one semi-final was played due to the format of the competition leaving three teams remaining . In 1991 the FA decided that only one replay should be played ( starting with the 1991 -- 92 competition ) . If this game ended in a draw , extra time would be played , followed by penalty kicks if the match was still even . In 1999 it was decided that the semi-finals should be decided in one game , with extra time and penalties used to determine the outcome if the game ended in a draw . Replays are still used in earlier rounds , however , though were eliminated in the quarter - finals in 2016 . The last FA Cup Semi-final replay , in 1999 , saw Manchester United take on Arsenal at Villa Park . This turned out to become one of the most memorable semi-finals of all time , with Peter Schmeichel saving a last - minute penalty from Dennis Bergkamp and a Ryan Giggs extra time goal deciding the outcome in Manchester United 's favour . In 2003 this goal was voted the greatest ever in FA Cup history . In 2016 - 17 and onwards , a fourth substitute was allowed in semifinal matches if the game went into extra time . Records ( edit ) Villa Park in Birmingham hosted 55 semi-final matches between 1901 and 2007 , more than any other stadium . Villa Park is the most used stadium in FA Cup semi -- final history , having hosted 55 semi -- finals . The highest attendance for an FA Cup semi-final is 88,141 for Everton 's penalty win over Manchester United on 19 April 2009 . It was the fourth semi-final to be played at the new Wembley Stadium . The highest winning margin was Newcastle United 's 6 -- 0 victory over Fulham in the 1908 Anfield semi-final . The highest post-war winning margin was Stoke City 's 5 -- 0 victory over Bolton Wanderers in the second 2011 semi-final on 17 April 2011 . The highest - scoring match was Hull City 's 5 -- 3 victory over Sheffield United in the second 2014 semi-final . List of FA Cup semi-finals ( edit ) Semi-final Key ( edit ) * Match went to extra time † Match decided by a penalty shootout after extra time Bold Winning team won The Double Italics Team from outside the top level of English football ( since the formation of The Football League in 1888 ) 1870s ( edit ) Year SF Winner Score Loser Venue 1872 Royal Engineers 0 -- 0 Crystal Palace Kennington Oval 3 -- 0 Kennington Oval Wanderers 0 -- 0 Queen 's Park Kennington Oval w / o 1873 Oxford University w / o Queen 's Park Bye Wanderers 1874 Oxford University 1 -- 0 Clapham Rovers Kennington Oval Royal Engineers 2 -- 0 Swifts Kennington Oval 1875 Old Etonians 1 -- 0 Shropshire Wanderers Kennington Oval Royal Engineers 1 -- 1 Oxford University Kennington Oval 1 -- 0 Kennington Oval 1876 Old Etonians 1 -- 0 Oxford University Kennington Oval Wanderers 2 -- 1 Swifts Kennington Oval 1877 Wanderers 1 -- 0 Cambridge University Kennington Oval Bye Oxford University 1878 Royal Engineers 2 -- 1 Old Harrovians Kennington Oval Bye Wanderers 1879 Old Etonians 2 -- 1 Nottingham Forest Kennington Oval Bye Clapham Rovers Queen 's Park could not afford a second trip to London for their semi-final replay and were forced to withdraw Queen 's Park once again withdrew from the FA Cup at the semi-final stage . 1880s ( edit ) Year SF Winner Score Loser Venue 1880 Oxford University 1 -- 0 Nottingham Forest Kennington Oval Bye Clapham Rovers 1881 Old Carthusians 4 -- 1 Darwen Kennington Oval Bye Old Etonians 1882 Blackburn Rovers 0 -- 0 The Wednesday St John 's Ground 5 -- 1 Whalley Range Old Etonians 5 -- 0 Marlow Kennington Oval 1883 Blackburn Olympic 4 -- 0 Old Carthusians Whalley Range Old Etonians 2 -- 1 Notts County Kennington Oval 1884 Blackburn Rovers 1 -- 0 Notts County Aston Lower Grounds Queen 's Park 4 -- 1 Blackburn Olympic Trent Bridge 1885 Blackburn Rovers 5 -- 1 Old Carthusians Trent Bridge Queen 's Park 1 -- 1 Nottingham Forest Racecourse Ground 3 -- 0 Merchiston Castle School 1886 Blackburn Rovers 2 -- 1 Swifts Racecourse Ground West Bromwich Albion 4 -- 0 Small Heath Alliance Aston Lower Grounds 1887 Aston Villa 3 -- 1 Rangers Alexandra Recreation Ground West Bromwich Albion 3 -- 1 Preston North End Trent Bridge 1888 Preston North End 4 -- 0 Crewe Alexandra Anfield West Bromwich Albion 3 -- 0 Derby Junction Victoria Ground 1889 Preston North End 1 -- 0 West Bromwich Albion Bramall Lane Wolverhampton Wanderers 1 -- 1 Blackburn Rovers Alexandra Recreation Ground 3 -- 1 Alexandra Recreation Ground 1890s ( edit ) Year SF Winner Score Loser Venue 1890 Blackburn Rovers 1 -- 0 Wolverhampton Wanderers Racecourse Ground The Wednesday 2 -- 1 Bolton Wanderers Wellington Road 1891 Blackburn Rovers 3 -- 2 West Bromwich Albion Victoria Ground Notts County 3 -- 3 Sunderland Bramall Lane 2 -- 0 Bramall Lane 1892 Aston Villa 4 -- 1 Sunderland Bramall Lane West Bromwich Albion 1 -- 1 Nottingham Forest Molineux 1 -- 1 Molineux 6 -- 2 Racecourse Ground 1893 Everton 2 -- 2 Preston North End Bramall Lane 0 -- 0 Bramall Lane 2 -- 1 Ewood Park Wolverhampton Wanderers 2 -- 1 Blackburn Rovers Town Ground 1894 Bolton Wanderers 2 -- 1 The Wednesday Fallowfield Stadium Notts County 1 -- 0 Blackburn Rovers Bramall Lane 1895 Aston Villa 2 -- 1 Sunderland Ewood Park West Bromwich Albion 2 -- 0 The Wednesday Racecourse Ground 1896 The Wednesday 1 -- 1 Bolton Wanderers Goodison Park 3 -- 1 Town Ground Wolverhampton Wanderers 2 -- 1 Derby County Wellington Road 1897 Aston Villa 3 -- 0 Liverpool Bramall Lane Everton 3 -- 2 Derby County Victoria Ground 1898 Derby County 3 -- 1 Everton Molineux Nottingham Forest 1 -- 1 Southampton Bramall Lane 2 -- 0 Crystal Palace 1899 Derby County 3 -- 1 Stoke City Molineux Sheffield United 2 -- 2 Liverpool Burnden Park 4 -- 4 Burnden Park Abandoned Fallowfield Stadium 1 -- 0 Baseball Ground 1900s ( edit ) Year SF Winner Score Loser Venue 1900 Bury 1 -- 1 Nottingham Forest Victoria Ground 3 -- 2 Bramall Lane Southampton 0 -- 0 Millwall Athletic Crystal Palace 3 -- 0 Elm Park 1901 Sheffield United 2 -- 2 Aston Villa City Ground 3 -- 0 Baseball Ground Tottenham Hotspur 4 -- 0 West Bromwich Albion Villa Park 1902 Sheffield United 2 -- 2 Derby County The Hawthorns 1 -- 1 Molineux 1 -- 0 City Ground Southampton 3 -- 1 Nottingham Forest White Hart Lane 1903 Bury 3 -- 0 Aston Villa Goodison Park Derby County 3 -- 0 Millwall Athletic Villa Park 1904 Bolton Wanderers 1 -- 0 Derby County Molineux Manchester City 3 -- 0 The Wednesday Goodison Park 1905 Aston Villa 1 -- 1 Everton Victoria Ground 2 -- 1 City Ground Newcastle United 1 -- 0 The Wednesday Hyde Road 1906 Everton 2 -- 0 Liverpool Villa Park Newcastle United 2 -- 0 Woolwich Arsenal Victoria Ground 1907 Everton 2 -- 1 West Bromwich Albion Burnden Park The Wednesday 3 -- 1 Woolwich Arsenal St Andrew 's 1908 Newcastle United 6 -- 0 Fulham Anfield Wolverhampton Wanderers 2 -- 0 Southampton Stamford Bridge 1909 Bristol City 1 -- 1 Derby County Stamford Bridge 2 -- 1 St Andrew 's Manchester United 1 -- 0 Newcastle United Bramall Lane 1910s ( edit ) Year SF Winner Loser Score Venue 1910 Barnsley Everton 0 -- 0 Elland Road 3 -- 0 Old Trafford Newcastle United Swindon Town 2 -- 0 White Hart Lane 1911 Bradford City Blackburn Rovers 3 -- 0 Bramall Lane Newcastle United Chelsea 3 -- 0 St Andrew 's 1912 Barnsley Swindon Town 0 -- 0 Stamford Bridge 1 -- 0 Meadow Lane West Bromwich Albion Blackburn Rovers 0 -- 0 Anfield 1 -- 0 * Hillsborough 1913 Aston Villa Oldham Athletic 1 -- 0 Ewood Park Sunderland Burnley 0 -- 0 Bramall Lane 3 -- 2 St Andrew 's 1914 Burnley Sheffield United 0 -- 0 Old Trafford 1 -- 0 Goodison Park Liverpool Aston Villa 2 -- 0 White Hart Lane 1915 Chelsea Everton 2 -- 0 Villa Park Sheffield United Bolton Wanderers 2 -- 1 Ewood Park 1920s ( edit ) Year SF Winner Loser Score Venue 1920 Aston Villa Chelsea 3 -- 1 Bramall Lane Huddersfield Town Bristol City 2 -- 1 Stamford Bridge 1921 Tottenham Hotspur Preston North End 2 -- 1 Hillsborough Wolverhampton Wanderers Cardiff City 0 -- 0 Anfield 3 -- 1 Old Trafford 1922 Huddersfield Town Notts County 3 -- 1 Turf Moor Preston North End Tottenham Hotspur 2 -- 1 Hillsborough 1923 Bolton Wanderers Sheffield United 1 -- 0 Old Trafford West Ham United Derby County 5 -- 2 Stamford Bridge 1924 Aston Villa Burnley 3 -- 0 Bramall Lane Newcastle United Manchester City 2 -- 0 St Andrew 's 1925 Cardiff City Blackburn Rovers 3 -- 1 Meadow Lane Sheffield United Southampton 2 -- 0 Stamford Bridge 1926 Bolton Wanderers Swansea Town 3 -- 0 White Hart Lane Manchester City Manchester United 3 -- 0 Bramall Lane 1927 Arsenal Southampton 2 -- 1 Stamford Bridge Cardiff City Reading 3 -- 0 Molineux 1928 Blackburn Rovers Arsenal 1 -- 0 Filbert Street Huddersfield Town Sheffield United 2 -- 2 Old Trafford 0 -- 0 Goodison Park 1 -- 0 Maine Road 1929 Bolton Wanderers Huddersfield Town 3 -- 1 Anfield Portsmouth Aston Villa 1 -- 0 Highbury 1930s ( edit ) Year SF Winner Loser Score Venue 1930 Arsenal Hull City 2 -- 2 Elland Road 1 -- 0 Villa Park Huddersfield Town Sheffield Wednesday 2 -- 1 Old Trafford 1931 Birmingham Sunderland 2 -- 0 Elland Road West Bromwich Albion Everton 1 -- 0 Old Trafford 1932 Arsenal Manchester City 1 -- 0 Villa Park Newcastle United Chelsea 2 -- 1 Leeds Road 1933 Everton West Ham United 2 -- 1 Molineux Manchester City Derby County 3 -- 2 Leeds Road 1934 Manchester City Aston Villa 6 -- 1 Leeds Road Portsmouth Leicester City 4 -- 1 St Andrew 's 1935 Sheffield Wednesday Burnley 3 -- 0 Villa Park West Bromwich Albion Bolton Wanderers 1 -- 1 Elland Road 2 -- 0 Victoria Ground 1936 Arsenal Grimsby Town 1 -- 0 Leeds Road Sheffield United Fulham 2 -- 1 Molineux 1937 Preston North End West Bromwich Albion 4 -- 1 Highbury Sunderland Millwall 2 -- 1 Leeds Road 1938 Huddersfield Town Sunderland 3 -- 1 Ewood Park Preston North End Aston Villa 2 -- 1 Bramall Lane 1939 Portsmouth Huddersfield Town 2 -- 1 Highbury Wolverhampton Wanderers Grimsby Town 5 -- 0 Old Trafford 1940s ( edit ) Year SF Winner Score Loser Venue 1946 Charlton Athletic 2 -- 0 Bolton Wanderers Villa Park Derby County 1 -- 1 Birmingham City Hillsborough 4 -- 1 * Maine Road 1947 Charlton Athletic 4 -- 0 Newcastle United Elland Road Burnley 0 -- 0 * Liverpool Ewood Park 1 -- 0 Maine Road 1948 Manchester United 3 -- 1 Derby County Hillsborough Blackpool 3 -- 1 * Tottenham Hotspur Villa Park 1949 Wolverhampton Wanderers 1 -- 1 Manchester United Hillsborough 1 -- 0 Goodison Park Leicester City 3 -- 1 Portsmouth Highbury 1950s ( edit ) Year SF Winner Loser Score Venue 1950 Liverpool Everton 2 -- 0 Maine Road Arsenal Chelsea 2 -- 2 White Hart Lane 1 -- 0 * White Hart Lane 1951 Newcastle United Wolverhampton Wanderers 0 -- 0 Hillsborough 2 -- 1 Leeds Road Blackpool Birmingham City 0 -- 0 Maine Road 2 -- 1 Goodison Park 1952 Arsenal Chelsea 1 -- 1 White Hart Lane 3 -- 0 White Hart Lane Newcastle United Blackburn Rovers 0 -- 0 Hillsborough 2 -- 1 Elland Road 1953 Blackpool Tottenham Hotspur 2 -- 1 Villa Park Bolton Wanderers Everton 4 -- 3 Maine Road 1954 Preston North End Sheffield Wednesday 2 -- 0 Maine Road West Bromwich Albion Port Vale 2 -- 1 Villa Park 1955 Manchester City Sunderland 1 -- 0 Villa Park Newcastle United York City 1 -- 1 Hillsborough 1 -- 0 Roker Park 1956 Birmingham City Sunderland 3 -- 0 Hillsborough Manchester City Tottenham Hotspur 1 -- 0 Villa Park 1957 Aston Villa West Bromwich Albion 2 -- 2 Molineux 1 -- 0 St Andrew 's Manchester United Birmingham City 2 -- 0 Hillsborough 1958 Bolton Wanderers Blackburn Rovers 2 -- 1 Maine Road Manchester United Fulham 2 -- 2 Villa Park 5 -- 3 Highbury 1959 Luton Town Norwich City 1 -- 1 White Hart Lane 1 -- 0 St Andrew 's Nottingham Forest Aston Villa 1 -- 0 Hillsborough 1960s ( edit ) Year SF Winner Loser Score Venue 1960 Blackburn Rovers Sheffield Wednesday 2 -- 1 Maine Road Wolverhampton Wanderers Aston Villa 1 -- 0 The Hawthorns 1961 Leicester City Sheffield United 0 -- 0 Elland Road 0 -- 0 * City Ground 2 -- 0 * St Andrew 's Tottenham Hotspur Burnley 3 -- 0 Villa Park 1962 Burnley Fulham 1 -- 1 Villa Park 2 -- 1 Filbert Street Tottenham Hotspur Manchester United 3 -- 1 Hillsborough 1963 Leicester City Liverpool 1 -- 0 Hillsborough Manchester United Southampton 1 -- 0 Villa Park 1964 Preston North End Swansea Town 2 -- 1 Villa Park West Ham United Manchester United 3 -- 1 Hillsborough 1965 Liverpool Chelsea 2 -- 0 Villa Park Leeds United Manchester United 0 -- 0 Hillsborough 1 -- 0 City Ground 1966 Everton Manchester United 1 -- 0 Burnden Park Sheffield Wednesday Chelsea 2 -- 0 Villa Park 1967 Chelsea Leeds United 1 -- 0 Villa Park Tottenham Hotspur Nottingham Forest 2 -- 1 Hillsborough 1968 Everton Leeds United 1 -- 0 Old Trafford West Bromwich Albion Birmingham City 2 -- 0 Villa Park 1969 Leicester City West Bromwich Albion 1 -- 0 Hillsborough Manchester City Everton 1 -- 0 Villa Park 1970s ( edit ) Year SF Winner Score Loser Venue 1970 Chelsea 5 -- 1 Watford White Hart Lane Leeds United 0 -- 0 Manchester United Hillsborough 0 -- 0 * Villa Park 1 -- 0 Burnden Park 1971 Arsenal 2 -- 2 Stoke City Hillsborough 2 -- 0 Villa Park Liverpool 2 -- 1 Everton Old Trafford 1972 Arsenal 1 -- 1 Stoke City Villa Park 2 -- 1 Goodison Park Leeds United 3 -- 0 Birmingham City Hillsborough 1973 Leeds United 1 -- 0 Wolverhampton Wanderers Maine Road Sunderland 2 -- 1 Arsenal Hillsborough Liverpool 0 -- 0 Leicester City Old Trafford 3 -- 1 Villa Park Newcastle United 2 -- 0 Burnley Hillsborough Fulham 1 -- 1 Birmingham City Hillsborough 1 -- 0 * Maine Road West Ham United 0 -- 0 Ipswich Town Villa Park 2 -- 1 Stamford Bridge 1976 Manchester United 2 -- 0 Derby County Hillsborough Southampton 2 -- 0 Crystal Palace Stamford Bridge 1977 Manchester United 2 -- 1 Leeds United Hillsborough Liverpool 2 -- 2 Everton Maine Road 3 -- 0 Maine Road 1978 Arsenal 3 -- 0 Orient Stamford Bridge Ipswich Town 3 -- 1 West Bromwich Albion Highbury 1979 Arsenal 2 -- 0 Wolverhampton Wanderers Villa Park Manchester United 2 -- 2 Liverpool Maine Road 1 -- 0 Goodison Park 1980s ( edit ) Year SF Winner Score Loser Venue 1980 Arsenal 0 -- 0 Liverpool Hillsborough 1 -- 1 * Villa Park 1 -- 1 * Villa Park 1 -- 0 Highfield Road West Ham United 1 -- 1 Everton Villa Park 2 -- 1 Elland Road 1981 Manchester City 1 -- 0 * Ipswich Town Villa Park Tottenham Hotspur 2 -- 2 * Wolverhampton Wanderers Hillsborough 3 -- 0 Highbury 1982 Queens Park Rangers 1 -- 0 West Bromwich Albion Highbury Tottenham Hotspur 2 -- 0 Leicester City Villa Park Manchester United 2 -- 1 Arsenal Villa Park Brighton & Hove Albion 2 -- 1 Sheffield Wednesday Highbury 1984 Everton 1 -- 0 * Southampton Highbury Watford 1 -- 0 Plymouth Argyle Villa Park 1985 Manchester United 2 -- 2 * Liverpool Goodison Park 2 -- 1 Maine Road Everton 2 -- 1 * Luton Town Villa Park 1986 Liverpool 2 -- 0 * Southampton White Hart Lane Everton 2 -- 1 * Sheffield Wednesday Villa Park Coventry City 3 -- 2 * Leeds United Hillsborough Tottenham Hotspur 4 -- 1 Watford Villa Park 1988 Liverpool 2 -- 1 Nottingham Forest Hillsborough Wimbledon 2 -- 1 Luton Town White Hart Lane 1989 Liverpool Abandoned after 6min Nottingham Forest Hillsborough 3 -- 1 Old Trafford Everton 1 -- 0 Norwich City Villa Park 1990s ( edit ) Year SF Winner Score Loser Venue 1990 Manchester United 3 -- 3 * Oldham Athletic Maine Road 2 -- 1 * Maine Road Crystal Palace 4 -- 3 * Liverpool Villa Park 1991 Nottingham Forest 4 -- 0 West Ham United Villa Park Tottenham Hotspur 3 -- 1 Arsenal Wembley Stadium ( Original ) 1992 Liverpool 1 -- 1 * Portsmouth Highbury 0 -- 0 † Villa Park Sunderland 1 -- 0 Norwich City Hillsborough 1993 Arsenal 1 -- 0 Tottenham Hotspur Wembley Stadium ( Original ) Sheffield Wednesday 2 -- 1 * Sheffield United Wembley Stadium ( Original ) 1994 Chelsea 2 -- 0 Luton Town Wembley Stadium ( Original ) Manchester United 1 -- 1 * Oldham Athletic Wembley Stadium ( Original ) 4 -- 1 Maine Road 1995 Everton 4 -- 1 Tottenham Hotspur Elland Road Manchester United 2 -- 2 * Crystal Palace Villa Park 2 -- 0 Villa Park Manchester United 2 -- 1 Chelsea Villa Park Liverpool 3 -- 0 Aston Villa Old Trafford 1997 Chelsea 3 -- 0 Wimbledon Highbury Middlesbrough 3 -- 3 * Chesterfield Old Trafford 3 -- 0 Hillsborough 1998 Arsenal 1 -- 0 Wolverhampton Wanderers Villa Park Newcastle United 1 -- 0 Sheffield United Old Trafford 1999 Manchester United 0 -- 0 * Arsenal Villa Park 2 -- 1 * Villa Park Newcastle United 2 -- 0 * Tottenham Hotspur Old Trafford 2000s ( edit ) Year SF Winner Score Loser Venue 2000 Aston Villa 0 -- 0 † Bolton Wanderers Wembley Stadium ( Original ) Chelsea 2 -- 1 Newcastle United Wembley Stadium ( Original ) 2001 Arsenal 2 -- 1 Tottenham Hotspur Old Trafford Liverpool 2 -- 1 Wycombe Wanderers Villa Park 2002 Arsenal 1 -- 0 Middlesbrough Old Trafford Chelsea 1 -- 0 Fulham Villa Park 2003 Arsenal 1 -- 0 Sheffield United Old Trafford Southampton 2 -- 1 Watford Villa Park Manchester United 1 -- 0 Arsenal Villa Park Millwall 1 -- 0 Sunderland Old Trafford 2005 Arsenal 3 -- 0 Blackburn Rovers Millennium Stadium Manchester United 4 -- 1 Newcastle United Millennium Stadium 2006 Liverpool 2 -- 1 Chelsea Old Trafford West Ham United 1 -- 0 Middlesbrough Villa Park 2007 Manchester United 4 -- 1 Watford Villa Park Chelsea 2 -- 1 * Blackburn Rovers Old Trafford 2008 Portsmouth 1 -- 0 West Bromwich Albion Wembley Stadium ( New ) Cardiff City 1 -- 0 Barnsley Wembley Stadium ( New ) 2009 Chelsea 2 -- 1 Arsenal Wembley Stadium ( New ) Everton 0 -- 0 † Manchester United Wembley Stadium ( New ) 2010s ( edit ) Year SF Winner Score Loser Venue Chelsea 3 -- 0 Aston Villa Wembley Stadium ( New ) Portsmouth 2 -- 0 * Tottenham Hotspur Wembley Stadium ( New ) 2011 Manchester City 1 -- 0 Manchester United Wembley Stadium ( New ) Stoke City 5 -- 0 Bolton Wanderers Wembley Stadium ( New ) 2012 Liverpool 2 -- 1 Everton Wembley Stadium ( New ) Chelsea 5 -- 1 Tottenham Hotspur Wembley Stadium ( New ) 2013 Wigan Athletic 2 -- 0 Millwall Wembley Stadium ( New ) Manchester City 2 -- 1 Chelsea Wembley Stadium ( New ) 2014 Arsenal 1 -- 1 † Wigan Athletic Wembley Stadium ( New ) Hull City 5 -- 3 Sheffield United Wembley Stadium ( New ) 2015 Arsenal 2 -- 1 * Reading Wembley Stadium ( New ) Aston Villa 2 -- 1 Liverpool Wembley Stadium ( New ) 2016 Manchester United 2 -- 1 Everton Wembley Stadium ( New ) Crystal Palace 2 -- 1 Watford Wembley Stadium ( New ) 2017 Chelsea 4 -- 2 Tottenham Hotspur Wembley Stadium ( New ) Arsenal 2 -- 1 * Manchester City Wembley Stadium ( New ) 2018 Manchester United 2 -- 1 Tottenham Hotspur Wembley Stadium ( New ) Chelsea 2 -- 0 Southampton Wembley Stadium ( New ) Semi-finals table ( edit ) Playing the first of their 28 semi-finals , Woolwich Arsenal ( in dark shirts ) faced Newcastle United ( in striped shirts ) at the Victoria Ground , Stoke in 1906 . Arsenal against Blackburn Rovers was one of the 2005 semi-finals held at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff , taking the fixture out of England for the first time since 1885 . The pre-match line - ups at Villa Park for Middlesbrough versus West Ham United , 2006 Blackburn Rovers v Chelsea at Old Trafford in 2007 : the last FA Cup semi-final before the event was moved to the new Wembley Stadium . Arsenal versus Chelsea in 2009 was one of several London derbies held at the national stadium Manchester clubs City and United have reached the FA Cup semi-final a combined 40 times . The Manchester derby has twice been a semi-final . In amongst Hull City fans at the 2014 all - Yorkshire semi-final against Sheffield United Teams shown with an asterisk beside their name are no longer in existence . This table is updated after 2016 -- 17 FA Cup . Team Appearances Won Lost Arsenal 29 20 9 Aston Villa 21 11 10 Barnsley Birmingham City 9 7 Blackburn Olympic Blackburn Rovers 18 8 10 Blackpool 0 Bolton Wanderers 14 7 7 Bradford City 0 Brighton and Hove Albion 0 Bristol City Burnley 8 5 Bury 0 Cambridge University 0 Cardiff City Charlton Athletic 0 Chelsea 22 12 10 Chesterfield 0 Clapham Rovers * 0 Coventry City 0 Crewe Alexandra 0 Crystal Palace ( 1861 ) * 0 Crystal Palace ( 1905 ) Darwen 0 Derby County 13 9 Derby Junction * 0 Everton 26 13 13 Fulham 6 5 Grimsby Town 0 Huddersfield Town 7 5 Hull City Ipswich Town Leeds United 8 Leicester City 7 Orient 0 Liverpool 24 14 10 Luton Town Manchester City 13 10 Manchester United 28 19 9 Marlow 0 Middlesbrough Millwall 5 Newcastle United 17 13 Norwich City 0 Nottingham Forest 12 9 Notts County 5 Old Carthusians Old Etonians 5 5 0 Old Harrovians 0 Oldham Athletic 0 Oxford University 5 Plymouth Argyle 0 Port Vale 0 Portsmouth 7 5 Preston North End 10 7 Queen 's Park Queens Park Rangers 0 Rangers 0 Reading 0 Royal Engineers 0 Sheffield United 14 6 8 Sheffield Wednesday 16 6 10 Shropshire Wanderers * 0 Southampton 11 7 Stoke City Sunderland 12 8 Swansea City 0 Swifts * 0 Swindon Town 0 Tottenham Hotspur 20 9 11 Wanderers * 0 Watford 6 5 West Bromwich Albion 20 10 10 West Ham United 7 5 Wigan Athletic Wimbledon * Wolverhampton Wanderers 14 8 6 Wycombe Wanderers 0 York City 0 Venues ( edit ) Semi-finals were held at Sheffield Wednesday 's home ground Hillsborough for 85 years . Maine Road ( 1985 image ) , dubbed the Wembley of the North , was used for semi-finals between 1928 and 1994 . In the 19th century , seventeen FA Cup semi-final matches were held at the Kennington Oval ( 1891 image ) . Bramall Lane ( 1965 photo ) hosted 17 semi-finals from 1889 to 1938 ; Sheffield has been host city on 51 occasions . The original Wembley Stadium began hosting semi-finals in 1991 with the North London derby . Meadow Lane , The City Ground and Trent Bridge in 2003 : the extant three of Nottingham 's four FA Cup semi-final hosts . Venues that no longer exist or regularly host football matches are denoted with an asterisk . Stadium City SF matches Year of first SF Most recent SF Kennington Oval * London 17 1872 1883 St John 's Ground * Huddersfield 1882 1882 Whalley Range * Manchester 1882 1883 Aston Lower Grounds * Birmingham 1884 1886 Trent Bridge * West Bridgford 1884 1887 Racecourse Ground * Derby 5 1885 1890 Merchiston Castle School * Edinburgh , Scotland 1885 1885 Alexandra Recreation Ground * Crewe 1887 1889 Anfield Liverpool 5 1888 1929 Victoria Ground * Stoke - on - Trent 7 1897 1935 Wellington Road * Perry Barr 1890 1896 Bramall Lane Sheffield 17 1889 1938 Molineux Wolverhampton 10 1892 1957 Ewood Park Blackburn 6 1893 1947 Town Ground * Nottingham 1893 1896 Fallowfield Stadium * Manchester 1894 1899 Goodison Park Liverpool 10 1896 1985 Crystal Palace * London 1898 1900 Burnden Park * Bolton 5 1899 1970 Baseball Ground * Derby 1899 1901 Elm Park * Reading 1900 1900 Villa Park Birmingham 55 1901 2007 City Ground West Bridgford 5 1901 1965 The Hawthorns West Bromwich 1902 1960 White Hart Lane * London 12 1902 1988 Hyde Road * Manchester 1905 1905 St Andrew 's Birmingham 9 1907 1961 Stamford Bridge London 10 1910 1978 Elland Road Leeds 10 1910 1995 Old Trafford Trafford 23 1910 2007 Meadow Lane Nottingham 1912 1925 Hillsborough Sheffield 34 1912 1997 Turf Moor Burnley 1922 1922 Filbert Street * Leicester 1928 1962 Maine Road * Manchester 18 1928 1994 Highbury * London 12 1929 1997 Leeds Road * Huddersfield 6 1932 1951 Roker Park * Sunderland 1955 1955 Highfield Road * Coventry 1980 1980 Old Wembley * London 7 1991 2000 Millennium Stadium Cardiff , Wales 2005 2005 New Wembley London 20 2008 2017 See also ( edit ) FA Cup FA Cup Final FA Cup Third - fourth place matches Hillsborough Disaster Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Second Division ^ Jump up to : Third Division Jump up ^ 4 -- 2 on penalties Jump up ^ Welsh team Jump up ^ Scottish team that was invited to compete Jump up ^ Scottish team that was invited to compete Jump up ^ Welsh team Jump up ^ Venue in another nation outside of England and Wales Jump up ^ Venue outside of England References ( edit ) FA Cup statistics Jump up ^ http://www.rsssf.com/tablese/engcup1882.html Jump up ^ https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/0/happened-hillsborough-1989/ Jump up ^ https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/17672088 Jump up ^ `` New Wembley to host semis '' . BBC News . 3 January 2003 . Retrieved 25 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Football Supporters Hail FA Cup Semi-final Decision '' ( Press release ) . Football Supporters Federation . 18 November 2005 . Archived from the original on 8 February 2007 . Retrieved 25 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Moyes unhappy with Wembley semi '' . BBC News . 9 March 2009 . Retrieved 25 February 2011 . Jump up ^ https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/aston-villa-chief-want-fa-14583932 Jump up ^ http://www.nydailynews.com/newswires/sports/spurs-beat-swansea-home-fa-cup-semifinal-wembley-article-1.3880350 Jump up ^ http://www.espn.com/soccer/tottenham-hotspur/story/3390091/no-wembley-privileges-for-tottenham-if-they-reach-fa-cup-semifinals-report?src=com Jump up ^ http://www.rsssf.com/tablese/engcup1873.html Jump up ^ https://news.arseblog.com/2015/04/f-a-cup-semi-final-facts-stats-and-trivia Jump up ^ https://sports.yahoo.com/news/fa-cup-quarter-finals-why-162042008.html Jump up ^ http://www.thefa.com/news/2014/Apr/12/the-fa-cup-stats-and-figures-2013-14 Jump up ^ Hughes , Rob ( 6 April 2008 ) . `` Nwanko Kanu repays Harry Redknapp 's faith in one moment '' . London : TimesOnline . Retrieved 10 May 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Non-League Club ^ Jump up to : Second Division / First Division / Championship Club ^ Jump up to : Third Division ( North ) / Third Division ( South ) / Third Division / Second Division / League One Jump up ^ 3 -- 1 on penalties Jump up ^ 4 -- 1 on penalties Jump up ^ 4 -- 2 on penalties Jump up ^ https://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/fa-cup-semi-finals ( hide ) FA Cup Seasons 1871 -- 72 1872 -- 73 1873 -- 74 1874 -- 75 1875 -- 76 1876 -- 77 1877 -- 78 1878 -- 79 1879 -- 80 1880 -- 81 1881 -- 82 1882 -- 83 1883 -- 84 1884 -- 85 1885 -- 86 1886 -- 87 1887 -- 88 1888 -- 89 1889 -- 90 1890 -- 91 1891 -- 92 1892 -- 93 1893 -- 94 1894 -- 95 1895 -- 96 1896 -- 97 1897 -- 98 1898 -- 99 1899 -- 1900 1900 -- 01 1901 -- 02 1902 -- 03 1903 -- 04 1904 -- 05 1905 -- 06 1906 -- 07 1907 -- 08 1908 -- 09 1909 -- 10 1910 -- 11 1911 -- 12 1912 -- 13 1913 -- 14 1914 -- 15 1919 -- 20 1920 -- 21 1921 -- 22 1922 -- 23 1923 -- 24 1924 -- 25 1925 -- 26 1926 -- 27 1927 -- 28 1928 -- 29 1929 -- 30 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 -- 33 1933 -- 34 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1936 -- 37 1937 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Qualifying rounds 1888 -- 89 1889 -- 90 1890 -- 91 1891 -- 92 1892 -- 93 1893 -- 94 1894 -- 95 1895 -- 96 1896 -- 97 1897 -- 98 1898 -- 99 1899 -- 1900 1900 -- 01 1901 -- 02 1902 -- 03 1903 -- 04 1904 -- 05 1905 -- 06 1906 -- 07 1907 -- 08 1908 -- 09 1909 -- 10 1910 -- 11 1911 -- 12 1912 -- 13 1913 -- 14 1914 -- 15 1919 -- 20 1920 -- 21 1921 -- 22 1922 -- 23 1923 -- 24 1924 -- 25 1925 -- 26 1926 -- 27 1927 -- 28 1928 -- 29 1929 -- 30 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 -- 33 1933 -- 34 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1936 -- 37 1937 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Finals 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 History Trophy List of finals Third - fourth place matches Semi-finals Final referees Winning managers Non-English clubs Non-League clubs in the 5th Round Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FA_Cup_semi-finals&oldid=840559894 '' Categories : FA Cup Hidden categories : EngvarB from July 2016 Use dmy dates from July 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 May 2018 , at 17 : 30 . 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when did fa cup semi finals move to wembley

The semi-finals have always been contested at neutral venues . Since 2008 , all semi-finals have been held at Wembley . In the past any suitably large ground which was not the home ground of a teams in that semi-final was used . Villa Park in Birmingham , Old Trafford in Manchester , and Hillsborough in Sheffield were common hosts .

Ring finger - wikipedia Ring finger Ring finger . The ring finger on this hand is extended ( left hand ) . Details Artery Proper palmar digital arteries , dorsal digital arteries Vein Palmar digital veins , dorsal digital veins Nerve Dorsal digital nerves of radial nerve , Dorsal digital nerves of ulnar nerve , Proper palmar digital nerves of median nerve Identifiers Latin Digitus IV manus , digitus quartus manus , digitus annularis manus , digitus medicinalis TA A01. 1.00. 056 FMA 24948 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The ring finger is the finger on which it is the custom in a particular culture for a wedding ring to be placed during a wedding ceremony and on which the wedding ring is subsequently worn to indicate the status of the wearer as a married person . It is commonly the finger between the middle finger and the little finger , and is so named because in some cultures it is the finger on which one usually wears a wedding ring after marriage . In some cultures the wedding ring is worn on the `` ring finger '' of the left hand and in others it is on the right hand . Traditionally , a wedding ring was worn only by the bride / wife , but in recent times more men also wear a wedding ring . It is also the custom in some cultures to wear an engagement ring on the ring finger . Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Contemporary customs 3.1 Western customs 3.2 Non-Western customs 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Etymology ( edit ) The origin of the selection of the fourth finger as the ring finger is not definitively known . According to László A. Magyar , the names of the ring finger in many languages reflect an ancient belief that it is a magical finger . It is named after magic or rings , or called nameless ( for example , in Chinese : 無名指 , unnamed finger ) . In Sanskrit and other languages like Finnish or Russian , the ring finger is called respectively - `` Anamika '' , `` Nimetön '' and `` Безымянный '' ( `` nameless '' ) . In Arabic and Hebrew , the ring finger is called respectively - bansur ( meaning `` victory '' ) - and kmitsa ( meaning `` taking a handful '' ) . In anatomy , the ring finger is called digitus medicinalis , the fourth finger , digitus annularis , digitus quartus , or digitus IV . It may also be referred to as the third finger , excluding the thumb . In Latin , the word anulus means `` ring '' , digitus means `` finger '' , and quartus means `` fourth '' . History ( edit ) Main article : Wedding ring Before medical science discovered how the circulatory system functioned , people believed that a vein ran directly from the fourth finger on the left hand to the heart . Because of the hand -- heart connection , they chose the descriptive name vena amoris , Latin for the vein of love , for this particular vein . Based upon this name , their contemporaries , purported experts in the field of matrimonial etiquette , wrote that it would only be fitting that the wedding ring be worn on this finger . By wearing the ring on the fourth finger of the left hand , a married couple symbolically declares their eternal love for each other . In Britain , only women tended to wear a wedding ring until the 1st and 2nd World Wars , when married male soldiers started to wear rings to remind them of their partner . Contemporary customs ( edit ) Western customs ( edit ) In Western cultures , a wedding ring is traditionally worn on the fourth finger , commonly called the ring finger in western culture . This developed from the Roman `` anulus pronubis '' when a man would give a ring to the woman at their betrothal ceremony . Blessing the wedding ring and putting it on the bride 's finger dates from the 11th century . In medieval Europe , during the Christian wedding ceremony the ring was placed in sequence on the thumb , index , middle , and ring fingers of the left hand . The ring was then left on the ring finger . In a few European countries , the ring is worn on the left hand prior to marriage , then transferred to the right during the ceremony . For example , a Greek Orthodox bride wears the ring on the left hand prior to the ceremony , then moves it to the right hand after the wedding . In England , the 1549 Prayer Book declared `` the ring shall be placed on the left hand '' . By the 17th and 18th centuries the ring could be found on any finger after the ceremony -- even on the thumb . The wedding ring is generally worn on the ring finger of the left hand in the former British Empire , certain parts of Western Europe , certain parts of Catholic Central and Eastern Europe ( and some not so ) , Mexico and Bolivia . These include : Australia , Botswana , Canada , Egypt , Ireland , New Zealand , South Africa , the UK , and the US ; France , Italy , Portugal , Sweden , Finland , Catalonia and Valencia ( not the rest of Spain ) ; Czech Republic , Slovakia , Switzerland , Croatia , Slovenia , and Romania . The wedding ring is worn on the ring finger of the right hand in some Orthodox and a small number of Catholic European countries , some Protestant Western European , as well as some Central and South American Catholic countries . In Eastern Europe , these include : Bulgaria , Greece , Georgia , Latvia , Lithuania , Macedonia , Russia , Serbia and Ukraine . In Central or Western Europe , these include : Austria , Belgium , Denmark , Germany , Hungary , Poland , Netherlands ( if not Catholic ) , Norway , and ( Catholic ) Spain ( except in Catalonia and Valencia ) . In Central or South America , these include : Colombia , Cuba , Peru , Venezuela . The ring is worn on the right hand until the actual wedding day , when it is moved to the left hand in Turkey , Lebanon , and Syria as well as in Romania and Brazil . Non-western customs ( edit ) In Sinhala and Tamil culture , the groom wears the wedding ring on his right hand and bride wears it on her left hand ring finger . This can be seen in countries like Sri Lanka where there is a rich Sinhala and Tamil cultural influence in the society . A wedding ring is not a traditional part of the religious Muslim wedding and wedding rings are not included in most Islamic countries , However , if a wedding ring is worn in an Islamic country , it may be worn on either the left ( such is the custom in Iran ) or the right ring finger ( as in Jordan ) . As opposed to the wedding ring , use of a ring to denote betrothal or engagement is quite prevalent in Muslim countries , especially those in West and South Asia . Muslim engagement rings are typically worn on the right finger by men , and the left finger by women . In a traditional Jewish wedding ceremony , the wedding ring is placed on the bride 's righthand index finger , but other traditions place it on the middle finger or the thumb , most commonly in recent times . Today , the ring usually is moved to the left hand ring finger after the ceremony . Some Jewish grooms have adopted wearing a wedding ring . Rings are not traditional in an Indian wedding . However , in modern society it is becoming a practice to wear rings for engagements and not for actual marriage . Though the left hand is considered inauspicious for religious activities , a ring ( not to be called wedding ring ) is still worn on the left hand . Men generally wear the rings on the right hand and the women on the left hands . See also ( edit ) Digit ratio , comparative lengths of the index finger and ring finger and androgen levels in utero References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Magyar , László A. `` Digitus Medicinalis -- the Etymology of the Name '' Actes du Congr . Intern . d'Hist . de Med . XXXII. , Antwerpen. 175 - 179. , 1990 , retrieved September 2 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Third finger '' . Dictionary.com Unabridged . Random House . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ George Frederick Kunz ( 1917 ) . Rings for the finger : from the earliest known times , to the present , with full descriptions of the origin , early making , materials , the archaeology , history , for affection , for love , for engagement , for wedding , commemorative , mourning , etc . J.B. Lippincott company . pp. 193 -- 194 . Jump up ^ Mukherji , Subha ( 2006 ) , Law and Representation in Early Modern Drama , Cambridge University Press , pp. 35 − 36 , ISBN 0521850355 Jump up ^ Why in the Orthodox tradition do we wear the wedding ring on the left hand ? , antiochian.org Jump up ^ `` A Sri Lankan Tamil Hindu Wedding '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Guide to the Jewish Wedding '' . aish.com . Jump up ^ David Sperber , in : Daniel Sperber , Minhagei Yisrael Vol. 4 , Jerusalem 1995 , pp. 92 - 93 ( Hebrew ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ring fingers . Look up ring finger in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Archive of a 1998 article in a Flemish newspaper about the place of the wedding ring in the Low Countries Human regional anatomy Head Ear Face Cheek Chin Eye Mouth Nose Forehead Jaw Occiput Scalp Temple Neck Adam 's apple Throat Trunk Abdomen Waist Midriff Navel Back Thorax Breast Pelvis Sex organs Limbs Arm Shoulder Axilla Brachium Elbow Forearm Wrist Hand Finger Thumb Index Middle Ring Little Leg Buttocks Hip Thigh Knee Calf Foot Ankle Heel Sole Toe Other Écorché General anatomy : systems and organs , regional anatomy , planes and lines , superficial axial anatomy , superficial anatomy of limbs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ring_finger&oldid=856439592 '' Categories : Fingers Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Bân - lâm - gú Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gàidhlig Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa Kiswahili Latina Lumbaart मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Русский संस्कृतम् Slovenčina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 45 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2018 , at 06 : 16 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

why do greek orthodox wear their wedding ring on the right hand

In Western cultures , a wedding ring is traditionally worn on the fourth finger , commonly called the ring finger in western culture . This developed from the Roman `` anulus pronubis '' when a man would give a ring to the woman at their betrothal ceremony . Blessing the wedding ring and putting it on the bride 's finger dates from the 11th century . In medieval Europe , during the Christian wedding ceremony the ring was placed in sequence on the thumb , index , middle , and ring fingers of the left hand . The ring was then left on the ring finger . In a few European countries , the ring is worn on the left hand prior to marriage , then transferred to the right during the ceremony . For example , a Greek Orthodox bride wears the ring on the left hand prior to the ceremony , then moves it to the right hand after the wedding . In England , the 1549 Prayer Book declared `` the ring shall be placed on the left hand '' . By the 17th and 18th centuries the ring could be found on any finger after the ceremony -- even on the thumb .

Flight plan - wikipedia Flight plan For the movie , see Flightplan . For how a flight plan is produced , see Flight planning . For the Japanese video game developer , see Flight - Plan . For other uses , see Flight plan ( disambiguation ) . International flight plan Flight plans are documents filed by a pilot or flight dispatcher with the local Civil Aviation Authority ( e.g. the FAA in the United States ) prior to departure which indicate the plane 's planned route or flight path . Flight plan format is specified in ICAO Doc 4444 . They generally include basic information such as departure and arrival points , estimated time en route , alternate airports in case of bad weather , type of flight ( whether instrument flight rules ( IFR ) or visual flight rules ( VFR ) ) , the pilot 's information , number of people on board and information about the aircraft itself . In most countries , flight plans are required for flights under IFR , but may be optional for flying VFR unless crossing international borders . Flight plans are highly recommended , especially when flying over inhospitable areas , such as water , as they provide a way of alerting rescuers if the flight is overdue . In the United States and Canada , when an aircraft is crossing the Air Defense Identification Zone ( ADIZ ) , either an IFR or a special type of VFR flight plan called a DVFR ( Defense VFR ) flight plan must be filed . For IFR flights , flight plans are used by air traffic control to initiate tracking and routing services . For VFR flights , their only purpose is to provide needed information should search and rescue operations be required , or for use by air traffic control when flying in a `` Special Flight Rules Area '' . Contents 1 Route or flight paths 1.1 Airway or flight path 1.2 Navaid 1.3 Direct 2 SIDs and STARs 3 Special use airspace 4 Flight levels 5 Alternate airports 6 Fuel 7 Flight plan timeline 8 Other flight planning considerations 9 Description of flight plan blocks ( FAA ) Domestic Flight Plan Form 7233 - 1 , 10 Some terms and acronyms used in flight planning 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Route or flight paths ( edit ) Routing types used in flight planning are : airway , navaid and direct . A route may be composed of segments of different routing types . For example , a route from Chicago to Rome may include airway routing over the U.S. and Europe , but direct routing over the Atlantic Ocean . Airway or flight path ( edit ) Main article : Flight path Airway routing occurs along pre-defined pathways called flight paths . Airways can be thought of as three - dimensional highways for aircraft . In most land areas of the world , aircraft are required to fly airways between the departure and destination airports . The rules governing airway routing cover altitude , airspeed , and requirements for entering and leaving the airway ( see SIDs and STARs ) . Most airways are eight nautical miles ( 14 kilometers ) wide , and the airway flight levels keep aircraft separated by at least 1000 vertical feet from aircraft on the flight level above and below . Airways usually intersect at Navaids , which designate the allowed points for changing from one airway to another . Airways have names consisting of one or more letters followed by one or more digits ( e.g. , V484 or UA419 ) . The airway structure is divided into high and low altitudes . The low altitude airways in the U.S. which can be navigated using VOR Navaids have names that start with the letter V , and are therefore called Victor Airways . They cover altitudes from approximately 1200 feet above ground level ( AGL ) to 17,999 feet ( 5,486 m ) above mean sea level ( MSL ) . T routes are low altitude RNAV only routes which may or may not utilize VOR NAVAIDS . The high altitude airways in the U.S. have names that start with the letter J and are called Jet Routes , or Q for Q routes . Q routes in the U.S. are RNAV only high altitude airways , whereas J routes use VOR NAVAID 's the same way V routes do . J & Q routes run from 18,000 feet ( 5,486 m ) to 45,000 feet ( 13,716 m ) . The altitude separating the low and high airway structures varies from country to country . For example , it is 19,500 feet ( 5,944 m ) in Switzerland , and 25,500 feet ( 7,772 m ) in Egypt . Navaid ( edit ) Navaid routing occurs between Navaids ( short for Navigational Aids , see VOR ) which are not always connected by airways . Navaid routing is typically only allowed in the continental U.S. If a flight plan specifies Navaid routing between two Navaids which are connected via an airway , the rules for that particular airway must be followed as if the aircraft was flying Airway routing between those two Navaids . Allowable altitudes are covered in Flight Levels . Direct ( edit ) Direct routing occurs when one or both of the route segment endpoints are at a latitude / longitude which is not located at a Navaid . Some flight planning organizations specify that checkpoints generated for a Direct route be a limited distance apart , or limited by time to fly between the checkpoints ( i.e. direct checkpoints could be farther apart for a fast aircraft than for a slow one ) . SIDs and STARs ( edit ) SIDs and STARs are procedures and checkpoints used to enter and leave the airway system by aircraft operating on IFR flight plans . There is a defined transition point at which an airway and a SID or STAR intersect . A SID , or Standard Instrument Departure , defines a pathway out of an airport and onto the airway structure . A SID is sometimes called a Departure Procedure ( DP ) . SIDs are unique to the associated airport . A STAR , or Standard Terminal Arrival Route , ( ' Standard Instrument Arrival ' in the UK ) defines a pathway into an airport from the airway structure . STARs can be associated with more than one arrival airport , which can occur when two or more airports are in proximity ( e.g. , San Francisco and San Jose ) . Special use Airspace ( edit ) In general , flight planners are expected to avoid areas called Special Use Airspace ( SUA ) when planning a flight . In the United States , there are several types of SUA , including Restricted , Warning , Prohibited , Alert , and Military Operations Area ( MOA ) . Examples of Special Use Airspace include a region around the White House in Washington , D.C. , and the country of Cuba . Government and military aircraft may have different requirements for particular SUA areas , or may be able to acquire special clearances to traverse through these areas . Flight levels ( edit ) Flight levels ( FL ) are used by air traffic controllers to simplify the vertical separation of aircraft and one exists every 1000 feet relative to an agreed pressure level . Above a transitional altitude , which varies from country to country , the worldwide arbitrary pressure datum of 1013.25 millibar or the equivalent setting of 29.92 inches of mercury is entered into the altimeter and altitude is then referred to as a flight level . The altimeter reading is converted to a flight level by removing the trailing two zeros : for example , 29000 feet becomes FL290 . When the pressure at sea level is by chance the international standard then the flight level is also the altitude . To avoid confusion , below the transition altitude , height is referred to as a numeric altitude , for example ' descend 5000 feet ' and above the transition altitude , ' climb flight level 250 ' . Airways have a set of associated standardized flight levels ( sometimes called the `` flight model '' ) which must be used when on the airway . On a bi-directional airway , each direction has its own set of flight levels . A valid flight plan must include a legal flight level at which the aircraft will travel the airway . A change in airway may require a change in flight level . In the USA and Canada , for eastbound ( heading 0 -- 179 degrees ) IFR flights , the flight plan must list an `` odd '' flight level in 2000 foot increments starting at FL190 ( i.e. , FL190 , FL210 , FL230 , etc . ) ; Westbound ( heading 180 -- 359 degrees ) IFR flights must list an `` even '' flight level in 2000 foot increments starting at FL180 ( i.e. , FL180 , FL200 , FL220 , etc . ) . However , Air Traffic Control ( ATC ) may assign any flight level at any time if traffic situations merit a change in altitude . Aircraft efficiency increases with height . Burning fuel decreases the weight of an aircraft which may then choose to increase its flight level to further improve fuel consumption . For example , an aircraft may be able to reach FL290 early in a flight , but step climb to FL370 later in the route after weight has decreased due to fuel burn off . RVSM Alternate airports ( edit ) Part of flight planning often involves the identification of one or more airports which can be flown to in case of unexpected conditions ( such as weather ) at the destination airport . The planning process must be careful to include only alternate airports which can be reached with the anticipated fuel load and total aircraft weight and that have capabilities necessary to handle the type of aircraft being flown . In Canada , unlike the United States , unless specifically exempted by a company Operating Certificate , IFR flight plans require an alternate airport , regardless of the forecast destination weather . In order to be considered as a legally valid alternate , the airport must be forecast to be at or above certain weather minima at the estimated time of arrival ( at the alternate ) . The minimum weather conditions vary based on the type of approach ( es ) available at the alternate airport , and may be found in the General section of the Canada Air Pilot ( CAP ) . Fuel ( edit ) Aircraft manufacturers are responsible for generating flight performance data which flight planners use to estimate fuel needs for a particular flight . The fuel burn rate is based on specific throttle settings for climbing and cruising . The planner uses the projected weather and aircraft weight as inputs to the flight performance data to estimate the necessary fuel to reach the destination . The fuel burn is usually given as the weight of the fuel ( usually pounds or kilograms ) instead of the volume ( such as gallons or litres ) because aircraft weight is critical . In addition to standard fuel needs , some organizations require that a flight plan include reserve fuel if certain conditions are met . For example , an over-water flight of longer than a specific duration may require the flight plan to include reserve fuel . The reserve fuel may be planned as extra which is left over on the aircraft at the destination , or it may be assumed to be burned during flight ( perhaps due to unaccounted for differences between the actual aircraft and the flight performance data ) . In case of an in - flight emergency it may be necessary to determine whether it is quicker to divert to the alternate airfield or continue to the destination . This can be calculated according to the formula ( known as the Vir Narain formula ) as follows : C = D ∗ O ∗ sec ⁡ θ / 2 A , ( \ displaystyle C = D * O * \ sec \ theta / 2A , ) where C is the distance from the Critical Point ( equitime point ) to the destination , D the distance between the destination and the alternate airfield , O is the groundspeed , A is the airspeed , θ = Φ + / - d ( where Φ is the angle between the track to the destination and the track from the destination to the alternate airfield ) , and d is the drift ( plus when the drift and the alternate airfield are on the opposite sides of the track , and minus when they are on the same side ) . Flight plan timeline ( edit ) Flight plans may be submitted before departure or even after the aircraft is in the air . However flight plans may be submitted up to 24 hours in advance either by voice or by data link ; though they are usually filled out or submitted just several hours before departure . The minimum recommended time is 1 hour before departure for domestic flights , and up to three hours before international flights . This time depends on the country the aircraft is flying out of . Other flight planning considerations ( edit ) Holding over the destination or alternate airports is a required part of some flight plans . Holding ( circling in a pattern designated by the airport control tower ) may be necessary if unexpected weather or congestion occurs at the airport . If the flight plan calls for hold planning , the additional fuel and hold time should appear on the flight plan . Organized Tracks are a series of paths similar to airways which cross ocean areas . Some organized track systems are fixed and appear on navigational charts ( e.g. , the NOPAC tracks over the Northern Pacific Ocean ) . Others change on a daily basis depending on weather , west or eastbound and other factors and therefore can not appear on printed charts ( e.g. , the North Atlantic Tracks ( NAT ) over the Atlantic Ocean ) . Description of flight plan blocks ( FAA ) domestic flight plan form 7233 - 1 , ( edit ) Standard FAA flight plan form Type : Type of flight plan . Flights may be VFR , IFR , DVFR , or a combination of types , termed composite . Aircraft Identification : The registration of the aircraft , usually the flight or tail number . Aircraft Type / Special Equipment : The type of aircraft and how it 's equipped . For example , a Mitsubishi Mu - 2 equipped with an altitude reporting transponder and GPS would use MU2 / G. Equipment codes may be found in the FAA Airman 's Information Manual . True airspeed in knots : The planned cruise true airspeed of the aircraft in knots . Departure Point : Usually the identifier of the airport from which the aircraft is departing . Departure Time : Proposed and actual times of departure . Times are Universal Time Coordinated . Cruising Altitude : The planned cruising altitude or flight level . Route : Proposed route of flight . The route can be made up of airways , intersections , navaids , or possibly direct . Destination : Point of intended landing . Typically the identifier of the destination airport . Estimated Time Enroute : Planned elapsed time between departure and arrival at the destination . Remarks : Any information the PIC believes is necessary to be provided to ATC . One common remark is `` SSNO '' , which means the PIC is unable or unwilling to accept a SID or STAR on an IFR flight . Fuel on Board : The amount of fuel on board the aircraft , in hours and minutes of flight time . Alternate Airports : Airports of intended landing as an alternate of the destination airport . May be required for an IFR flight plan if poor weather is forecast at the planned destination . Pilot 's Information : Contact information of the pilot for search and rescue purposes . Number Onboard : Total number of people on board the aircraft . Color of Aircraft : The color helps identify the aircraft to search and rescue personnel . Contact Information at Destination : Having a means of contacting the pilot is useful for tracking down an aircraft that has failed to close its flight plan and is possibly overdue or in distress . Some terms and acronyms used in flight planning ( edit ) Above Ground Level ( AGL ) A measurement of elevation , or `` height '' , above a specific land mass ( also see MSL ) . International Civil Aviation Organization ( ICAO ) The ICAO is the specialized agency of the United Nations with a mandate `` to ensure the safe , efficient and orderly evolution of international civil aviation . '' The standards which become accepted by the ICAO member nations `` cover all technical and operational aspects of international civil aviation , such as safety , personnel licensing , operation of aircraft , aerodromes , air traffic services , accident investigation and the environment . '' A simple example of ICAO responsibilities is the unique worldwide names used to identify Navaids , Airways , airports and countries . Knot ( Kt ) A unit of speed used in navigation equal to one nautical mile per hour . Mean Sea Level ( MSL ) The average height of the surface of the sea for all stages of tide ; used as a reference for altitude ( also see AGL ) . Nautical mile ( NM ) A unit of distance used in aviation and maritime navigation , equal to approximately one minute of arc of latitude on a great circle . It is defined to be 1852 metres exactly , or approximately 1.15 statute mile . Route Forecast ( ROFOR ) A format for reporting weather information . Zero - Fuel Weight ( ZFW ) The weight of the aircraft with crew , cargo , and passengers , but without fuel . See also ( edit ) Aeronautical Telecommunication Network ( ATN ) Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System ( ACARS ) Federal Aviation Administration Flight planning Flight service station ( FSS ) Future Air Navigation System ( FANS ) International Civil Aviation Organization References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Published reference : Air Clues , UK , July 1952 . External links ( edit ) International Flight Planning Resource by Region Aviation glossary Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flight_plan&oldid=852701981 '' Categories : Aircraft operations Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 July 2018 , at 20 : 00 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who is required to file a flight plan

Flight plans are documents filed by a pilot or flight dispatcher with the local Civil Aviation Authority ( e.g. the FAA in the United States ) prior to departure which indicate the plane 's planned route or flight path . Flight plan format is specified in ICAO Doc 4444 . They generally include basic information such as departure and arrival points , estimated time en route , alternate airports in case of bad weather , type of flight ( whether instrument flight rules ( IFR ) or visual flight rules ( VFR ) ) , the pilot 's information , number of people on board and information about the aircraft itself . In most countries , flight plans are required for flights under IFR , but may be optional for flying VFR unless crossing international borders . Flight plans are highly recommended , especially when flying over inhospitable areas , such as water , as they provide a way of alerting rescuers if the flight is overdue . In the United States and Canada , when an aircraft is crossing the Air Defense Identification Zone ( ADIZ ) , either an IFR or a special type of VFR flight plan called a DVFR ( Defense VFR ) flight plan must be filed . For IFR flights , flight plans are used by air traffic control to initiate tracking and routing services . For VFR flights , their only purpose is to provide needed information should search and rescue operations be required , or for use by air traffic control when flying in a `` Special Flight Rules Area '' .

Context effect - wikipedia Context effect hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article uses first - person ( `` I '' ; `` we '' ) or second - person ( `` you '' ) inappropriately . Please rewrite it to use a more formal , encyclopedic tone . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article contains instructions , advice , or how - to content . The purpose of Wikipedia is to present facts , not to train . Please help improve this article either by rewriting the how - to content or by moving it to Wikiversity , Wikibooks or Wikivoyage . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` THE CAT '' is a classic example of context effect . We have little trouble reading `` H '' and `` A '' in their appropriate contexts , even though they take on the same form in each word . A context effect is an aspect of cognitive psychology that describes the influence of environmental factors on one 's perception of a stimulus . The impact of context effects is considered to be part of top - down design . The concept is supported by the theoretical approach to perception known as constructive perception . Context effects can impact our daily lives in many ways such as word recognition , learning abilities , memory , and object recognition . It can have an extensive effect on marketing and consumer decisions . For example , research has shown that the comfort level of the floor that shoppers are standing on while reviewing products can affect their assessments of product 's quality , leading to higher assessments if the floor is comfortable and lower ratings if it is uncomfortable . Because of effects such as this , context effects are currently studied predominantly in marketing . Contents 1 Cognitive principles of context effects 2 Impact 2.1 Marketing 3 References Cognitive principles of context effects ( edit ) Context effects employ top - down design when analyzing information . Top down design fuels understanding of an image by using prior experiences and knowledge to interpret a stimulus . This process helps us analyze familiar scenes and objects when encountering them . During perception of any kind , people generally use either sensory data ( bottom - up design ) or prior knowledge of the stimulus ( top - down design ) when analyzing the stimulus . Individuals generally use both types of processing to examine stimuli . The use of both sensory data and prior knowledge to reach a conclusion is a feature of optimal probabilistic reasoning , known as Bayesian inference ; cognitive scientists have shown mathematically how context effects can emerge from the Bayesian inference process . When context effects occur , individuals are using environmental cues perceived while examining the stimuli in order to help analyze it . In other words , individuals often make relative decisions that are influenced by the environment or previous exposure to objects . These decisions may be greatly influenced by these external forces and alter the way individuals view an object . For example , research has shown that people rank television commercials as either good or bad in relation to their enjoyment levels of the show during which the commercials are presented . The more they like or dislike the show the more likely they are to rate the commercials shown during the show more positively or negatively ( respectively ) . Another example shows during sound recognition a context effect can use other sounds in the environment to change the way we categorize a sound . Context effects can come in several forms , including configural superiority effect which demonstrates varying degrees of spatial recognition depending on if stimuli are present in an organized configuration or present in isolation . For example , one may recognize a fully composed object faster than its individual parts ( object - superiority effect ) . Impact ( edit ) Context effects can have a wide range of impacts in daily life . In reading difficult handwriting context effects are used to determine what letters make up a word . This helps us analyze potentially ambiguous messages and decipher them correctly . It can also affect our perception of unknown sounds based on the noise in the environment . For example , we may fill in a word we can not make out in a sentence based on the other words we could understand . Context can prime our attitudes and beliefs about certain topics based on current environmental factors and our previous experiences with them . Context effects can be nullified if we are made consciously aware of the outside stimulus or past history that may influence our decision . For example , a study conducted by Norbert Schwarz and Gerald Clore showed that when asked to rate their overall life satisfaction on either sunny or rainy days , people expressed greater satisfaction on sunny days and less satisfaction on rainy days . However , when people were reminded of the weather their satisfaction rating returned to an almost even distribution . This study demonstrates the effect the environment can have on perception , and that when pointed out , context effects can be nullified . Context effects also affect memory . We are often better able to recall information in the location in which we learned it or studied it . For example , while studying for a test it is better to study in the environment that the test will be taken in ( i.e. classroom ) than in a location where the information was not learned and will not need to be recalled . This phenomenon is called transfer - appropriate processing . Marketing ( edit ) `` READ '' is a good example of the `` context effects '' role in the word superiority effect by having us assume that the E and the A behind the ink blot are completed . Perhaps the greatest amount of research concerning context effects comes from marketing research . Context effects can influence consumers ' choice behavior . There are three main context effects that are researched in marketing . The first , the compromise effect , states that objects that are priced in the middle of choice sets are looked on more favorably . The middle choice seems like a good compromise between choices that may be viewed as too extreme . For example , if there are bikes on sale at the local store ranging from $50 to $75 ; the average shopper , not looking for a luxury bicycle , would normally opt to choose the $60 bike because it is average and matches their level of expertise . However , when adding a $100 bike to the sale , most average shoppers would opt to select the higher $75 bike . This demonstrates the compromise effect of choosing a bike to match their expectations regarding middle prices . The attractiveness effect , the second contextual effect on consumer behavior , maintains that one item will increase the attractiveness of another item that is similar , but superior to it . By showing that an item is superior to a similar one the likability and possible purchasing power of the superior item increases . The similarity effect , the third contextual effect on consumers ' behavior , states that an item will hurt a similar item more in sales than it will a dissimilar item . With two or more similar items competing for attention they will only detract from each other in the marketplace . Firms looking to increase product resale can use these context effects to construct more profitable marketing strategies . The idea of these context effects in the marketing industry is to allow for more profitable items a boost in optional sharing ; a productivity boost based on contextual effects for and against certain items . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Meyers ‐ Levy , Joan ; Zhu , Rui ( Juliet ) ; Jiang , Lan ( 1 June 2010 ) . `` Context Effects from Bodily Sensations : Examining Bodily Sensations Induced by Flooring and the Moderating Role of Product Viewing Distance '' . Journal of Consumer Research . 37 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 14 . doi : 10.1086 / 649028 . Jump up ^ Cavanagh , P. `` Whats up with Top Down Processing ? '' ( PDF ) . Cambridge University Press . Retrieved 4 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Borenstein , E. ; Ullman , S. ( 1 December 2008 ) . `` Combined Top - Down / Bottom - Up Segmentation '' . IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence . 30 ( 12 ) : 2109 -- 2125 . doi : 10.1109 / TPAMI. 2007.70840 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , K. ; Leslie , D.S. ( 20 February 2013 ) . `` Context - dependent decision - making : a simple Bayesian model '' . Journal of The Royal Society Interface. 10 ( 82 ) : 20130069 -- 20130069 . doi : 10.1098 / rsif. 2013.0069 . PMC 3627089 . Jump up ^ Goldreich , Daniel ; Peterson , Mary A. ( 2012 ) . `` A Bayesian Observer Replicates Convexity Context Effects in Figure -- Ground Perception '' . Seeing and Perceiving. 25 ( 3 ) : 365 -- 395 . doi : 10.1163 / 187847612X634445 . PMID 22564398 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Marvin E. ; Gorn , Gerald J. ( 1 December 1987 ) . `` Happy and Sad TV Programs : How They Affect Reactions to Commercials '' . Journal of Consumer Research . 14 ( 3 ) : 387 . doi : 10.1086 / 209122 . Jump up ^ Cavanaugh , edited by William J. ; Tocci , Gregory C. ; Wilkes , Joseph A. ( 2010 ) . Architectural acoustics : principles and practice ( 2nd ed . ) . Hoboken , N.J. : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 0470190523 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Pomerantz , J.R. ( 2003 ) . Perception : Overview . Encyclopedia of cognitive science . 3 : 527 - 537 . Jump up ^ McClelland , James L. ; Rumelhart , David E. ( 1 January 1981 ) . `` An interactive activation model of context effects in letter perception : I. An account of basic findings '' . Psychological Review . 88 ( 5 ) : 375 -- 407 . doi : 10.1037 / 0033 - 295X. 88.5. 375 . Jump up ^ Moore , Brian C.J ( 1 July 2003 ) . `` Temporal integration and context effects in hearing '' . Journal of Phonetics. 31 ( 3 - 4 ) : 563 -- 574 . doi : 10.1016 / S0095 - 4470 ( 03 ) 00011 - 1 . Jump up ^ Tourangeau , Roger ; Rasinski , Kenneth A. ( 1 January 1988 ) . `` Cognitive processes underlying context effects in attitude measurement '' . Psychological Bulletin . 103 ( 3 ) : 299 -- 314 . doi : 10.1037 / 0033 - 2909.103. 3.299 . Jump up ^ Higgins , ed. by Arie W. Kruglanski ; E. Tory ( 2007 ) . Social psychology : handbook of basic principles ( 2 . ed . ) . New York ( u.a. ) : Guilford Press . ISBN 1 - 57230 - 918 - 0 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Tulving , Endel ; Thomson , Donald M. ( 1 January 1973 ) . `` Encoding specificity and retrieval processes in episodic memory '' . Psychological Review . 80 ( 5 ) : 352 -- 373 . doi : 10.1037 / h0020071 . Jump up ^ Rooderkerk , Robert P ; Van Heerde , Harald J ; Bijmolt , Tammo H.A ( 1 August 2011 ) . `` Incorporating Context Effects Into a Choice Model '' . Journal of Marketing Research . 48 ( 4 ) : 767 -- 780 . doi : 10.1509 / jmkr. 48.4. 767 . Jump up ^ Simonson , Itamar ( 1 September 1989 ) . `` Choice Based on Reasons : The Case of Attraction and Compromise Effects '' . Journal of Consumer Research . 16 ( 2 ) : 158 . doi : 10.1086 / 209205 . Jump up ^ Wernerfelt , Birger ( March 1995 ) . `` A Rational Reconstruction of the Compromise Effect : Using Market Data to Infer Utilities '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Consumer Research . 21 ( 4 ) : 627 -- 33 . doi : 10.1086 / 209423 . Retrieved 25 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Hedgcock , William ; Rao , Akshay R ( 1 February 2009 ) . `` Trade - Off Aversion as an Explanation for the Attraction Effect : A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study '' . Journal of Marketing Research . 46 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 13 . doi : 10.1509 / jmkr. 46.1. 1 . Jump up ^ Rooderkerk , Robert P ; Van Heerde , Harald J ; Bijmolt , Tammo H.A ( 1 August 2011 ) . `` Incorporating Context Effects Into a Choice Model '' . Journal of Marketing Research . 48 ( 4 ) : 767 -- 780 . doi : 10.1509 / jmkr. 48.4. 767 . Jump up ^ Rooderkerk , Robert P ; Van Heerde , Harald J ; Bijmolt , Tammo H.A ( 1 August 2011 ) . `` Incorporating Context Effects Into a Choice Model '' . Journal of Marketing Research . 48 ( 4 ) : 767 -- 780 . doi : 10.1509 / jmkr. 48.4. 767 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Context_effect&oldid=840750606 '' Categories : Cognitive psychology Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Wikipedia articles needing style editing from December 2012 All articles needing style editing Articles needing cleanup from December 2012 All pages needing cleanup Articles containing how - to sections Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 11 May 2018 , at 22 : 47 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

why does context influence the way we understand text

Context effects can have a wide range of impacts in daily life . In reading difficult handwriting context effects are used to determine what letters make up a word . This helps us analyze potentially ambiguous messages and decipher them correctly . It can also affect our perception of unknown sounds based on the noise in the environment . For example , we may fill in a word we can not make out in a sentence based on the other words we could understand . Context can prime our attitudes and beliefs about certain topics based on current environmental factors and our previous experiences with them .

Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn - wikipedia Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn Genre Comedy Created by Matt Fleckenstein Developed by Michael Feldman Starring Brian Stepanek Allison Munn Aidan Gallagher Casey Simpson Mace Coronel Lizzy Greene Gabrielle Elyse Kyla - Drew Simmons Theme music composer Doug Rockwell Composer ( s ) Chris Lee and Scott Clausen Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 82 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Michael Feldman Douglas Danger Lieblein David DiPietro Paul Ciancarelli Producer ( s ) Sarah Jane Cunningham and Suzie V. Freeman Barbara Brace Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 22 -- 23 minutes Production company ( s ) Nickelodeon Productions Release Original network Nickelodeon Original release September 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 13 ) -- August 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 04 ) External links Website Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn is an American comedy television series developed by Michael Feldman and created by Matt Fleckenstein that aired on Nickelodeon from September 13 , 2014 to August 4 , 2018 . The series stars Brian Stepanek , Allison Munn , Aidan Gallagher , Casey Simpson , Mace Coronel , Lizzy Greene , Gabrielle Elyse , and Kyla - Drew Simmons . Contents 1 Premise 2 Episodes 3 Cast and characters 4 Production 5 Reception 5.1 Ratings 5.2 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Premise ( edit ) The series focuses on quadruplets Nicky , Ricky , Dicky , and Dawn Harper , 10 - years - old at the start of the series , who have nothing in common and often fight , but must work together to solve everyday situations . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 20 September 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 13 ) March 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 24 ) 25 May 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 23 ) August 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 06 ) 23 January 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 07 ) August 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 05 ) 14 January 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 06 ) August 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 04 ) Cast and characters ( edit ) Brian Stepanek as Tom , the father of the quadruplets . It is a running gag in the series that he cares more about his possessions than his children , but he loves his family and is a kid at heart . Allison Munn as Anne , the mother of the quadruplets who usually gets caught up in Tom 's new obsessions . Aidan Gallagher as Nicky , the youngest of the quadruplets . He is shown to be quite comedic , quirky , and easily confused . Casey Simpson as Ricky , is the second oldest of the quadruplets . He is the smart one of the group , always seen carrying a book or doing his homework . He is also a neat freak and a bit of a goody two - shoes , though he occasionally tries to prove to Dawn and his brothers that he can bend rules as well . Mace Coronel as Dicky , the third oldest and easy - going quadruplet who cares a great deal about his appearance . He always takes the easy way out . He ships himself to Australia in `` Quadcodile Dundee '' . Lizzy Greene as Dawn , the oldest of the quadruplets . Although she 's always seen bothering her brothers , she does care about them deeply . There is a consistent rivalry for the leader spot of the quads between her and Ricky . Gabrielle Elyse as Josie , a worker at Tom 's sporting shop and babysitter for Nicky , Ricky , Dicky and Dawn . She only appears in the first season . Kyla - Drew Simmons as Mae , the quads ' friend and Dawn 's best friend . She once called herself `` the fifth quad '' . In the first two seasons , she is a recurring character , but she is promoted to a main character in the third season . Production ( edit ) The series was originally picked up for 13 episodes on March 13 , 2014 , but was later increased to 20 episodes . The series premiered on September 13 , 2014 . On November 18 , 2014 , the series was renewed for a second season . The second season premiered on May 23 , 2015 . On February 9 , 2016 , Nickelodeon renewed Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn for a third season of 14 episodes . It was also confirmed that Matt Fleckenstein would step down as show runner . Actress Lizzy Greene announced on her Twitter account that production for season three started on April 26 , 2016 . The third season premiered on January 7 , 2017 . The series was renewed for a fourth season and had its episode order for the third season increased from 14 to 24 by Nickelodeon on March 20 , 2017 . On October 4 , 2017 , it was announced that Mace Coronel would be leaving both Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn , about five episodes before the end of the fourth season , and Nickelodeon . On November 15 , 2017 , Nickelodeon announced that the fourth season would be the last . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) Season Episodes First aired Last aired Avg . viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) 20 September 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 13 ) 1.60 March 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 24 ) 1.75 1.75 25 May 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 23 ) 1.11 August 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 06 ) 1.31 1.46 23 January 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 07 ) 1.58 August 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 05 ) 2.00 1.47 14 January 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 06 ) 1.08 August 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 04 ) 0.84 0.95 Awards and nominations ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Year Award Result Refs 2015 Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite TV Show Nominated 2017 Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite TV Show -- Kids ' Show Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ricky Harper . `` Mall in the Family '' . Nicky , Ricky , Dicky , and Dawn. 2 : 00 minutes in . She 's eleven . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Greenlights New Comedy from Dan Schneider , Two Other Live - Action Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . March 13 , 2014 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Henry Danger and Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn Renewed for Second Seasons by Nickelodeon '' . TV by the Numbers . November 18 , 2014 . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn Renewed for Season Three by Nickelodeon ; Creator Exits '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lizzy Greene ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Season 3 starts today ca n't wait for you guys to see '' . Twitter . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn Renewed for Season 4 by Nickelodeon '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn Future in Limbo After Star Mace Coronel Abruptly Exits Hit Nickelodeon Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn and School of Rock Canceled by Nickelodeon '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 16 , 2014 ) . `` Top 25 Saturday Cable Originals : 9.13. 2014 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 3.24. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( May 27 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals : 5.23. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.6. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.7. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.5. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.6. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( August 7 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.4. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Announces Nominations for the ' 28th Annual Kids ' Choice Awards ' '' . Zap2it . February 20 , 2015 . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Meryl Streep gets her first Kids ' Choice Awards nomination : See the full list '' . Entertainment Weekly . February 20 , 2015 . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NICKELODEON ANNOUNCES 2017 KIDS ' CHOICE AWARDS NOMINATIONS Nick Press '' . NickPress . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 08 . 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who plays dicky in ricky nicky dicky and dawn

Mace Coronel as Dicky , the third oldest and easy - going quadruplet who cares a great deal about his appearance . He always takes the easy way out . He ships himself to Australia in `` Quadcodile Dundee '' .

Acrostic - wikipedia Acrostic This article is about a type of poem or writing . For the word puzzle , see Acrostic ( puzzle ) . An 1850 acrostic by Nathaniel Dearborn , the first letter of each line spelling the name `` JENNY LIND '' An acrostic is a poem ( or other form of writing ) in which the first letter ( or syllable , or word ) of each line ( or paragraph , or other recurring feature in the text ) spells out a word , message or the alphabet . The word comes from the French acrostiche from post-classical Latin acrostichis , from Koine Greek ἀκροστιχίς , from Ancient Greek ἄκρος `` highest , topmost '' and στίχος `` verse '' ) . As a form of constrained writing , an acrostic can be used as a mnemonic device to aid memory retrieval . Relatively simple acrostics may merely spell out the letters of the alphabet in order ; such an acrostic may be called an ' alphabetical acrostic ' or Abecedarius . These acrostics occur in the first four of the five chapters that make up the Book of Lamentations , in the praise of the good wife in Proverbs 31 , 10 - 31 , and in Psalms 25 , 34 , 37 , 111 , 112 , 119 and 145 of the Hebrew Bible . Notable among the acrostic Psalms is the long Psalm 119 , which typically is printed in subsections named after the 22 letters of the Hebrew alphabet , each section consisting of 8 verses , each of which begins with the same letter of the alphabet and the entire psalm consisting of 22 x 8 = 176 verses ; and Psalm 145 , which is recited three times a day in the Jewish services . Some acrostic psalms are technically imperfect . E.g. Psalm 9 and Psalm 10 appear to constitute a single acrostic psalm together , but the length assigned to each letter is unequal and five of the 22 letters of the Hebrew alphabet are not represented and the sequence of two letters is reversed . In Psalm 25 one Hebrew letter is not represented , the following letter ( Resh ) repeated . In Psalm 34 the current final verse , 23 , does fit verse 22 in content , but adds an additional line to the poem . In Psalms 37 and 111 the numbering of verses and the division into lines are interfering with each other ; as a result in Psalm 37 , for the letters Daleth and Kaph there is only one verse , and the letter Ayin is not represented . Psalm 111 and 112 have 22 lines , but 10 verses . Psalm 145 does not represent the letter Nun , having 21 one verses , but one Qumran manuscript of this Psalm does have that missing line , which agrees with the Septuagint . Acrostics are common in medieval literature , where they usually serve to highlight the name of the poet or his patron , or to make a prayer to a saint . They are most frequent in verse works but can also appear in prose . The Middle High German poet Rudolf von Ems for example opens all his great works with an acrostic of his name , and his world chronicle marks the beginning of each age with an acrostic of the key figure ( Moses , David , etc . ) . In chronicles , acrostics are common in German and English but rare in other languages . Often the ease of detectability of an acrostic can depend on the intention of its creator . In some cases an author may desire an acrostic to have a better chance of being perceived by an observant reader , such as the acrostic contained in the Hypnerotomachia Poliphili ( where the key capital letters are decorated with ornate embellishments ) . However , acrostics may also be used as a form of steganography , where the author seeks to conceal the message rather than proclaim it . This might be achieved by making the key letters uniform in appearance with the surrounding text , or by aligning the words in such a way that the relationship between the key letters is less obvious . This is referred to as null ciphers in steganography , using the first letter of each word to form a hidden message in an otherwise innocuous text . Using letters to hide a message , as in acrostic ciphers , was popular during the Renaissance , and could employ various methods of enciphering , such as selecting other letters than initials based on a repeating pattern ( equidistant letter sequences ) , or even concealing the message by starting at the end of the text and working backwards . Contents 1 Examples 2 Multiple acrostics 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Examples ( edit ) A famous acrostic was made in Greek for the acclamation JESUS CHRIST , SON OF GOD , SAVIOUR . The initials spell ΙΧΘΥΣ ( ICHTHYS ) , which means fish : Ιησούς I esous Jesus Χριστός CH ristos Christ Θεού TH eou of God Υἱός Y ios son Σωτήρ S oter saviour There is an acrostic secreted in the Dutch national anthem Het Wilhelmus ( The William ) : the first letters of its fifteen stanzas spell WILLEM VAN NASSOV . This was one of the hereditary titles of William of Orange ( William the Silent ) , who introduces himself in the poem to the Dutch people . This title also returned in the 2010 speech from the throne , during the Dutch State Opening of Parliament , whose first 15 lines also formed WILLEM VAN NASSOV . Vladimir Nabokov 's short story `` The Vane Sisters '' is famous for its acrostic final paragraph , which contains a message from beyond the grave . An acrostic poem written in English by Edgar Allan Poe is entitled simply `` An Acrostic '' : Elizabeth it is in vain you say `` Love not '' -- thou sayest it in so sweet a way : In vain those words from thee or L.E.L. Zantippe 's talents had enforced so well : Ah ! if that language from thy heart arise , Breath it less gently forth -- and veil thine eyes . Endymion , recollect , when Luna tried To cure his love -- was cured of all beside -- His follie -- pride -- and passion -- for he died . In Lewis Carroll 's Through the Looking - Glass , the final chapter `` A Boat , Beneath A Sunny Sky '' is an acrostic of the real Alice 's name : Alice Pleasance Liddell . A boat , beneath a sunny sky Lingering onward dreamily In an evening of July - Children three that nestle near , Eager eye and willing ear , Pleased a simple tale to hear - Long has paled that sunny sky : Echoes fade and memories die : Autumn frosts have slain July . Still she haunts me , phantomwise , Alice moving under skies Never seen by waking eyes . Children yet , the tale to hear , Eager eye and willing ear , Lovingly shall nestle near . In a Wonderland they lie , Dreaming as the days go by , Dreaming as the summers die : Ever drifting down the stream - Lingering in the golden gleam - Life , what is it but a dream ? In January 2010 , Jonathan I. Schwartz , the CEO of Sun Microsystems , sent an email to Sun employees on the completion of the acquisition of Sun by Oracle Corporation . The initial letters of the first seven paragraphs spelled `` Beat IBM '' . James May , presenter on the BBC program Top Gear , was fired from the publication Autocar for spelling out a message using the large red initial at the beginning of each review in the publication 's Road Test Yearbook Issue for 1992 . Properly punctuated , the message reads : `` So you think it 's really good ? Yeah , you should try making the bloody thing up . It 's a real pain in the arse . '' In the 2012 third novel of his Caged Flower series , author Cullman Wallace used acrostics as a plot device . The parents of a protagonist send e-mails where the first letters of the lines reveal their situation in a concealed message . In 2013 a school headmaster resigned after announcing the retirement of a teacher in a statement which began `` We all now know every really great teacher has to finish one day ... '' The initial letters of the first six words caused offence . On August 19 , 2017 , the members of President Donald Trump 's Committee on Arts and Humanities resigned in protest over the President 's response to the Unite the Right rally incident in Charlottesville , Virginia . The members ' letter of resignation contained the acrostic `` RESIST '' formed from the first letter of each paragraph . On August 23 , 2017 , University of California - Berkeley energy professor Daniel Kammen resigned from his position as a State Department science envoy with a resignation letter in which the word `` IMPEACH '' was spelled out by the first letters of each paragraph . A 2017 example of a full word acrostic poem using the first word of every line , entitled `` For 2 / 14 '' : In the video game Zork the first letters of sentences in a prayer spelled `` Odysseus '' which was a possible solution to a cyclops encounter in another room . Multiple acrostics ( edit ) Acrostics can be more complex than just by making words from initials . A double acrostic , for example , may have words at the beginning and end of its lines , as this example , on the name of Stroud , by Paul Hansford - S et among hills in the midst of five valley S , T his peaceful little market town we inhabi T R efuses ( vociferously ! ) to be a conforme R. O nce home of the cloth it gave its name t O , U phill and down again its streets lead yo U. D espite its faults it leaves us all charme D . The first letters make up the acrostich and the last letters the telestich ; in this case they are identical . The poem Behold , O God ! , by William Browne , can be considered a complex kind of acrostic . In the manuscript , some letters are capitalized and written extra-large , non-italic , and in red , and the lines are shifted left or right and internally spaced out as necessary to position the red letters within three crosses that extend through all the lines of the poem . The letters within each cross spell out a verse from the New Testament : left : Luke 23 : 42 : `` Lord , remember me when thou comest into thy kingdom . '' middle : Matthew 27 : 46 : `` O God , my God , why hast thou forsaken me ? '' right : Luke 23 : 39 : `` If thou art the Christ , save thyself and us . '' The `` INRI '' at the top of the middle cross stands for Iēsus Nazarēnus , Rēx Iūdaeōrum , Latin for `` Jesus of Nazareth , King of the Jews '' ( John 19 : 3 ) . The three quotes represent the three figures crucified on Golgotha , as recorded in the gospels of Matthew and Luke . ( The text of the manuscript shown differs significantly from the text usually published , including in the reference . Many of the lines have somewhat different wording ; and while the acrostics are the same as far as they go , the published text is missing the last four lines , truncating the acrostics to `` Lord , remember me when thou comest into thy kin '' , `` O God , my God , why hast thou forsak '' , and `` If thou art the Christ , save thyself '' . The manuscript text is printed below , first as normal poetry , then spaced and bolded to bring out the acrostics . The word `` Thou '' in line 8 is not visible in this photograph , but is in the published version and is included in a cross-stitch sampler of the poem from 1793 . ) Behold , O God ! In rivers of my tears I come to thee ! bow down thy blessed ears To hear my Plaint ; and let thine eyes which keep Continual watch behold a Sinner weep : Let not , O God my God my Sins , tho ' great , And numberless , between thy Mercy 's - Seat And my poor Soul have place ; since we are taught , ( Thou ) Lord , remember'st thyne , if Thou art sought . I come not , Lord , with any other merit Than what I by my Saviour Christ inherit : Be then his wounds my balm -- his stripes my Bliss ; His thorns my crown ; my death be blest in his . And thou , my blest Redeemer , Saviour , God , Quit my accounts , withhold thy vengeful rod ! O beg for me , my hopes on Thee are set ; And Christ forgive me , since thou'st paid my debt The living font , the Life , the Way , I know , And but to thee , O whither shall I go ? All other helps are vain : grant thine to me , For in thy cross my saving health I see . O hearken then , that I with faith implore , Lest Sin and Death sink me to rise no more . Lastly , O God , my course direct and guide , In Death defend me , that I never slide ; And at Doomsday let me be rais 'd again , To live with thee sweet Jesus say , Amen . Behold , O God ! IN RI vers of my tears I come to thee ! bow down thy blessed ears To hear my Plaint ; and let thine eyes which keep Continual watch behold a Sinner weep : Let not , O GOD my GOD my Sins , tho ' great , And numberless , bet W een thy Mercy 's - Seat And my poor Soul H ave place ; since we are taught , ( Thou ) Lord , remember st th Y ne , If Thou art sought . I co ME not , Lord , wit H any o THE r merit Than WH at I by my S A viour CH rist inherit : Be th EN his Wound S my Balm -- his St RI pes my Bliss ; His TH orns my crown ; my dea T h be ble ST in his . And th OU , my bles T Redeemer , SA viour , God , Quit my ac CO unts , with H old thy VE ngeful rod ! O beg for ME , my h O pes on T hee are set ; And Chri ST forgi V e me , since t H ou'st paid my debt The liv IN g font , the Li F e , the Wa Y , I know , And but TO thee , O whither S hall I go ? All o TH er helps a R e vain : grant thin E to me , For in th Y cross my S aving hea L th I see . O hear K en then , th A t I with F aith implore , Lest S IN and Death sin K me to rise + no more . Lastly , O G od , my cours E direct A nd guide , In D eath defe N d me , that I N ever slide ; And at Do OM sday let M e be rais ' D again , To live + with the E sweet Jes US say , Amen . See also ( edit ) Acronym and initialism Backronym Gordon Macdonald , 1st Baron Macdonald of Gwaenysgor ( referencing another example of an acrostic ) Mesostic Mnemonic O Antiphons Steganography Word square Rikei References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Acrostic Poetry '' . OutstandingWriting.com . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary , 3rd ed. , s.v. acrostic ; `` The expected spelling of the English word , on the n. , monostich n . '' Jump up ^ `` Acrostic Psalms '' . Biblicalhebrew.com . Archived from the original on 17 September 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ Graeme Dunphy ( 2010 ) . `` Acrostics '' . In Graeme Dunphy . Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle . Leiden : Brill . pp. 8 -- 10 . ISBN 90 04 18464 3 . Jump up ^ `` Steganography '' . Garykessler.net . Archived from the original on 8 September 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Cryptology '' . Archived from the original on 17 September 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` HetWilhelmus : Dutch National Anthem '' . Dordt.org . Archived from the original on 21 April 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Edgar Allan Poe : An Acrostic '' . Eapoe.org . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Lewis Carroll : Through the Looking Glass '' . Literature.org . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ Paczkowski , John ( 2010 - 01 - 21 ) . `` Sun CEO : Go Oracle ! '' . Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on 25 January 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Captain Slow takes the fast lane - TV & Radio - Entertainment '' . Melbourne : theage.com.au. 2008 - 06 - 19 . Archived from the original on 30 January 2010 . Retrieved 25 Jan 2010 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Cullman ( 2012 - 04 - 28 ) . `` Caged Flower Series : Book Three '' . Amazon Digital Services LLC . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Lawson , Helen ( 1 March 2013 ) . `` W * * * * * ! Headmaster 's message announcing teacher 's retirement hid coded insult which was spotted by his departing colleague '' . Daily Mail . London . Archived from the original on 11 July 2013 . Retrieved 22 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trump 's arts council puts hidden `` RESIST '' message in resignation letter `` . Vice News . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` US science envoy steps down , spells out `` impeach '' in resignation letter `` . Cable News Network . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` '' For 2 / 14 : '' Poetry Nation `` . www.poetrynation.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Exploring Zork , Part 3 The Digital Antiquarian '' . Jimmy Maher . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` WilliamBrowne : Behold O God ! '' . Presscom.co.uk . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ Legg , Sarah ( April 2014 ) . `` a piece of antiquity : on the crucifixion of our saviour and the two thieves '' . Retrieved 24 May 2014 . Described in `` CubicalBeaver '' . `` Cross stitch tapestry from 1793 handed down in my family , titled ' a piece of antiquity : on the crucifixion of our saviour and the two thieves ' by 13 year old Sarah Legg , England '' . reddit.com/r/history . Retrieved 24 May 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Acrostics . Look up acrostic in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . An unflattering gravestone acrostic poem in a Montreal cemetery Acrostic epitaph of Gustavus Conyngham Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acrostic&oldid=851676999 '' Categories : Graphic poetry Word games Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Corsu Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Interlingua Ирон Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça Türkçe Українська اردو Walon 粵語 中文 49 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 July 2018 , at 21 : 34 ( UTC ) . 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using the letters of a word to make a poem

An acrostic is a poem ( or other form of writing ) in which the first letter ( or syllable , or word ) of each line ( or paragraph , or other recurring feature in the text ) spells out a word , message or the alphabet . The word comes from the French acrostiche from post-classical Latin acrostichis , from Koine Greek ἀκροστιχίς , from Ancient Greek ἄκρος `` highest , topmost '' and στίχος `` verse '' ) . As a form of constrained writing , an acrostic can be used as a mnemonic device to aid memory retrieval .

Stanley Cup - Wikipedia Stanley Cup This article is about the National Hockey League championship trophy . For other uses , see Stanley Cup ( disambiguation ) . See also : List of Stanley Cup champions , Stanley Cup winning players , and Stanley Cup playoffs Stanley Cup Sport Ice hockey Given for Playoff champion of the National Hockey League History First award 1893 Most recent Washington Capitals The Stanley Cup ( French : La Coupe Stanley ) is the championship trophy awarded annually to the National Hockey League ( NHL ) playoff winner . It is the oldest existing trophy to be awarded to a professional sports franchise , and the International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) considers it to be one of the `` most important championships available to the sport '' . Originally commissioned in 1892 as the Dominion Hockey Challenge Cup , the trophy is named after Lord Stanley of Preston , then -- Governor General of Canada , who donated it as an award to Canada 's top - ranking amateur ice hockey club , which the entire Stanley family supported , with the sons and daughters playing and promoting the game . The first Cup was awarded in 1893 to Montreal HC , and subsequent winners from 1893 to 1914 were determined by challenge games and league play . Professional teams first became eligible to challenge for the Stanley Cup in 1906 . In 1915 , the two professional ice hockey organizations , the National Hockey Association ( NHA ) and the Pacific Coast Hockey Association ( PCHA ) , reached a gentlemen 's agreement in which their respective champions would face each other annually for the Stanley Cup . After a series of league mergers and folds , it was established as the de facto championship trophy of the NHL in 1926 and then the de jure NHL championship prize in 1947 . There are actually three Stanley Cups : the original bowl of the `` Dominion Hockey Challenge Cup '' , the authenticated `` Presentation Cup '' , and the spelling corrected `` Permanent Cup '' on display at the Hockey Hall of Fame . The NHL has maintained effective control over both the trophy itself and its associated trademarks . Nevertheless , the NHL does not actually own the trophy , but instead uses it by agreement with the two Canadian Trustees of the Cup . The NHL has registered trademarks associated with the name and likeness of the Stanley Cup , although the league 's right to outright own trademarks associated with a trophy it does not own has been disputed by some legal experts . The original bowl was made of silver and is 18.5 centimetres ( 7.28 inches ) in height and 29 centimetres ( 11.42 inches ) in diameter . The current Stanley Cup , topped with a copy of the original bowl , is made of a silver and nickel alloy ; it has a height of 89.54 centimetres ( 35.25 inches ) and weighs 15.5 kilograms ( 34.5 lb ) . Unlike the trophies awarded by the other major professional sports leagues of North America , a new Stanley Cup is not made each year . Originally , the winners kept it until a new champion was crowned . Currently , winning teams get the Stanley Cup during the summer and a limited number of days during the season . It is unusual among trophies to include winning members ' names . Every year since 1924 , a select portion of the winning players , coaches , management , and club staff names are engraved on its bands . However , there is not enough room to include all the players and non-players , so some names must be omitted . Between 1924 and 1940 , a new band was added almost every year the trophy was awarded , earning the nickname `` Stovepipe Cup '' due to the unnatural height of all the bands . In 1947 the cup size was reduced , but not all the large rings were the same size . In 1958 the modern one - piece Cup was designed with a five - band barrel which could contain 13 winning teams per band . To prevent the Stanley Cup from growing , when the bottom band is full , the oldest band is removed and preserved in the Hockey Hall of Fame , and a new blank band added to the bottom . It has been referred to as The Cup , Lord Stanley 's Cup , The Holy Grail , or facetiously ( chiefly by sportswriters ) as Lord Stanley 's Mug . The Stanley Cup is surrounded by numerous legends and traditions , the oldest of which is the celebratory drinking of champagne out of the cup by the winning team . Since the 1914 -- 15 season , the Cup has been won a combined 101 times by 18 active NHL teams and five defunct teams . It was not awarded in 1919 because of a Spanish flu epidemic , and in 2005 , as a consequence of the 2004 -- 05 NHL lockout . During the challenge cup era from 1893 to 1914 , the Cup was held by nine different teams . The Montreal Canadiens have won the Cup a record 24 times and are the most recent Canadian - based team to win the cup , having won it in 1993 , while the Detroit Red Wings have won the Cup 11 times , the most of any United States - based NHL team , most recently in 2008 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origins 1.2 Challenge Cup era 1.3 Organized interleague competition 1.4 NHL takes over 1.5 Trustees 2 Engraving 2.1 Name inscriptions 2.2 Engraving errors 3 Traditions and anecdotes 3.1 Original , authenticated , and replica versions 3.2 As a morale booster 4 125th anniversary commemorative coins 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Notes 6.2 Bibliography 7 External links History ( edit ) Origins ( edit ) The Lord Stanley of Preston After the Lord Stanley of Preston was appointed by Queen Victoria as Governor General of Canada on June 11 , 1888 , he and his family became highly enthusiastic about ice hockey . Stanley was first exposed to the game at Montreal 's 1889 Winter Carnival , where he saw the Montreal Victorias play the Montreal Hockey Club . The Montreal Gazette reported that he `` expressed his great delight with the game of hockey and the expertise of the players '' . During that time , organized ice hockey in Canada was still in its infancy and only Montreal and Ottawa had anything resembling leagues . Stanley 's entire family became active in ice hockey . Two of his sons , Arthur and Algernon , formed a new team called the Ottawa Rideau Hall Rebels . Arthur also played a key role in the formation of what later became known as the Ontario Hockey Association ( OHA ) , and became the founder of ice hockey in Great Britain . Arthur and Algernon persuaded their father to donate a trophy to be `` an outward and visible sign of the hockey championship '' . Stanley sent the following message to the victory celebration held on March 18 , 1892 , at Ottawa 's Russell House Hotel for the three - time champion Ottawa Hockey Club : I have for some time been thinking that it would be a good thing if there were a challenge cup which should be held from year to year by the champion hockey team in the Dominion ( of Canada ) . There does not appear to be any such outward sign of a championship at present , and considering the general interest which matches now elicit , and the importance of having the game played fairly and under rules generally recognized , I am willing to give a cup which shall be held from year to year by the winning team . I am not quite certain that the present regulations governing the arrangement of matches give entire satisfaction , and it would be worth considering whether they could not be arranged so that each team would play once at home and once at the place where their opponents hail from . Soon afterwards , Stanley purchased what is frequently described as a decorative punch bowl , but which silver expert John Culme identified as a rose bowl , made in Sheffield , England , and sold by London silversmith G.R. Collis and Company ( now Boodle and Dunthorne Jewellers ) , for ten guineas , equal to ten and a half pounds sterling , US $48.67 , which is equal to $1,326 in 2017 dollars . He had the words `` Dominion Hockey Challenge Cup '' engraved on one side of the outside rim , and `` From Stanley of Preston '' on the other side . Originally , Stanley intended that the Cup should be awarded to the top amateur hockey team in Canada , to be decided by the acceptance of a challenge from another team . He made five preliminary regulations : The winners shall return the Cup in good order when required by the trustees so that it may be handed over to any other team which may win it . Each winning team , at its own expense , may have the club name and year engraved on a silver ring fitted on the Cup . The Cup shall remain a challenge cup , and should not become the property of one team , even if won more than once . The trustees shall maintain absolute authority in all situations or disputes over the winner of the Cup . If one of the existing trustees resigns or drops out , the remaining trustee shall nominate a substitute . The first Stanley Cup Champions were the Montreal Hockey Club ( affiliated with the Montreal Amateur Athletic Association ) . Stanley appointed Sheriff John Sweetland and Philip D. Ross ( who went on to serve an unsurpassed 56 years ) as trustees of the Cup . Sweetland and Ross first presented the trophy in 1893 to the Montreal Amateur Athletic Association on behalf of the affiliated Montreal Hockey Club , the champions of the Amateur Hockey Association of Canada ( AHAC ) , since they `` defeated all comers during the late season , including the champions of the Ontario Association '' ( Ottawa ) . Sweetland and Ross also believed that the AHAC was the top league , and as first - place finishers in the AHAC , Montreal was the best team in Canada . Naturally , the Ottawas were upset by the decision because there had been no challenge games scheduled and because the trustees failed to convey the rules on how the Cup was to be awarded prior to the start of the season . As a result , the Cup trustees issued more specific rules on how the trophy should be defended and awarded : The Cup is automatically awarded to the team that wins the title of the previous Cup champion 's league , without the need for any other special extra contest . Challengers for the Cup must be from senior hockey associations , and must have won their league championship . Challengers will be recognized in the order in which their request is received . The challenge games ( where the Cup could change leagues ) are to be decided either in a one - game affair , a two - game total goals affair , or a best of three series , to the benefit of both teams involved . All matches are to take place on the home ice of the champions , although specific dates and times have to be approved by the trustees . Ticket receipts from the challenge games are to be split equally between both teams . If the two competing clubs can not agree to a referee , the trustees will appoint one , and the two teams shall cover the expenses equally . If the two competing clubs can not agree on other officials , the referee will appoint them , and the two clubs shall also pay the expenses equally A league could not challenge for the Cup twice in one season . Stanley never saw a Stanley Cup championship game , nor did he ever present the Cup . Although his term as Governor General ended in September 1893 , he was forced to return to England on July 15 . In April of that year , his elder brother Edward Stanley , 15th Earl of Derby died , and Stanley succeeded him as the 16th Earl of Derby . In October 2017 , the Lord Stanley 's Gift Monument , commemorating the donation of the Stanley Cup was erected in Ottawa at Sparks Street and Elgin Street , near the location of the dinner party announcing the Cup at the Russell House , which has since been demolished . Challenge Cup era ( edit ) Main article : List of Stanley Cup Challenge Games During the challenge cup period , none of the leagues that played for the trophy had a formal playoff system to decide their respective champions ; whichever team finished in first place after the regular season won the league title . However , in 1894 , four teams out of the five - team AHAC tied for the championship with records of 5 -- 3 -- 0 . The AHAC had no tie - breaking system . After extensive negotiations and Quebec 's withdrawal from the championship competition , it was decided that a three - team tournament would take place in Montreal , with the Ottawa team receiving a bye to the final because they were the only road team . On March 17 , in the first ever Stanley Cup playoff game , the Montreal Hockey Club ( Montreal HC ) defeated the Montreal Victorias , 3 -- 2 . Five days later , in the first Stanley Cup Final game , Montreal HC beat the Ottawa Hockey Club 3 -- 1 . The first Stanley Cup In 1895 , Queen 's University was the first official challenger for the Cup , although it was controversial . The Montreal Victorias had won the league title and thus the Stanley Cup , but the challenge match was between the previous year 's champion , Montreal HC , and the university squad . The trustees decided that if the Montreal HC won the challenge match , the Victorias would become the Stanley Cup champions . The Montreal HC won the match 5 -- 1 and their cross-town rivals were crowned the champions . The first successful challenge to the Cup came the next year by the Winnipeg Victorias , the champions of the Manitoba Hockey League . On February 14 , 1896 , the Winnipeg squad defeated the champions 2 -- 0 and became the first team outside the AHAC to win the Cup . As the prestige of winning the Cup grew , so did the need to attract top players . Only nine months after winning the Cup , in March 1906 , the Montreal Wanderers pushed through a resolution at the annual meeting of the Eastern Canada Amateur Hockey Association ( ECAHA ) to allow professional players to play alongside amateurs . Because the ECAHA was the top hockey league in Canada at the time , the Cup trustees agreed to open the challenges to professional teams . The first professional competition came one month later during the Wanderers ' two - game , total goals challenge series , which they won 17 goals to 5 . The smallest municipality to produce a Stanley Cup champion team is Kenora , Ontario ; the town had a population of about 4,000 when the Kenora Thistles captured the Cup in January 1907 . Aided by future Hall of Famers Art Ross and `` Bad '' Joe Hall , the Thistles defeated the Montreal Wanderers in a two - game , total goals challenge series . The Thistles successfully defended the Cup once , against a team from Brandon , Manitoba . In March 1907 , the Wanderers challenged the Thistles to a rematch . Despite an improved lineup , the Thistles lost the Cup to Montreal . In 1908 , the Allan Cup was introduced as the trophy for Canada 's amateurs , and the Stanley Cup started to become a symbol of professional hockey supremacy . In that same year , the first all - professional team , the Toronto Trolley Leaguers from the newly created Ontario Professional Hockey League ( OPHL ) , competed for the Cup . One year later , the Montreal HC and the Montreal Victorias , the two remaining amateur teams , left the ECAHA , and the ECAHA dropped `` Amateur '' from their name to become a professional league . In 1910 , the National Hockey Association ( NHA ) was formed . The NHA soon proved it was the best in Canada , as it kept the Cup for the next four years . Prior to 1912 , challenges could take place at any time , given the appropriate rink conditions , and it was common for teams to defend the Cup numerous times during the year . In 1912 , Cup trustees declared that it was to be defended only at the end of the champion team 's regular season . Organized interleague competition ( edit ) In 1914 , the Victoria Aristocrats from the Pacific Coast Hockey Association ( PCHA ) challenged the NHA and Cup champion Toronto Blueshirts . A controversy erupted when a letter arrived from the Stanley Cup trustees on March 17 , that the trustees would not let the Stanley Cup travel west , as they did not consider Victoria a proper challenger because they had not formally notified the trustees . However , on March 18 , Trustee William Foran stated that it was a misunderstanding . PCHA president Frank Patrick had not filed a challenge , because he had expected Emmett Quinn of the NHA to make all of the arrangements in his role as hockey commissioner , whereas the trustees thought they were being deliberately ignored . In any case , all arrangements had been ironed out and the Victoria challenge was accepted . Several days later , trustee Foran wrote to NHA president Quinn that the trustees are `` perfectly satisfied to allow the representatives of the three pro leagues ( NHA , PCHA , and Maritime ) to make all arrangements each season as to the series of matches to be played for the Cup '' . One year later , when the Maritime league folded , the NHA and the PCHA concluded a gentlemen 's agreement in which their respective champions would face each other for the Cup , similar to baseball 's World Series , which is played between the American League and National League champions . Under the new proposal , the Stanley Cup Final series alternated between the East and the West each year , with alternating games played according to NHA and PCHA rules . The PCHA 's Vancouver Millionaires won the 1915 series three games to none in a best - of - five series . Prior to organized ice hockey expanding to any serious extent outside Canada , the concept that the Stanley Cup champion ought to be recognized as the world champion was already firmly established - Stanley Cup winners were claiming the title of world champions by no later than the turn of the century . After the Portland Rosebuds , an American - based team , joined the PCHA in 1914 , the trustees promptly issued a formal statement that the Cup was no longer for the best team in Canada , but now for the best team in the world . Ice hockey in Europe was still in its infancy at this time , so it was without much controversy that winners of the Stanley Cup continued styling themselves as the world champions just like in baseball . Two years later , the Rosebuds became the first American team to play in the Stanley Cup Final . In 1917 , the Seattle Metropolitans became the first American team to win the Cup . After that season , the NHA dissolved , and the National Hockey League ( NHL ) took its place . In 1919 , the Spanish influenza epidemic forced the Montreal Canadiens and the Seattle Metropolitans to cancel their series , marking the first time the Stanley Cup was not awarded . The series was tied at 2 -- 2 -- 1 , but the final game was never played because Montreal Manager George Kennedy and players Joe Hall , Billy Coutu , Jack McDonald , and Newsy Lalonde were hospitalized with influenza . Hall died four days after the cancelled game , and the series was abandoned . The format for the Stanley Cup Final changed in 1922 , with the creation of the Western Canada Hockey League ( WCHL ) . Three leagues competed for the Cup : two league champions faced each other for the right to challenge the third champion in the final series . This lasted three seasons as the PCHA and the WCHL later merged to form the Western Hockey League ( WHL ) in 1925 . After winning in the 1924 -- 25 season , the Victoria Cougars became the last team outside the NHL to win the Stanley Cup . NHL takes over ( edit ) See also : Stanley Cup playoffs and Stanley Cup Finals After winning the Cup , players traditionally skate around holding the trophy above their heads , as Pavel Datsyuk of the Detroit Red Wings does here when the Red Wings captured their 11th cup in 2008 The WHL folded in 1926 and was quickly replaced by the Prairie Hockey League . However , in the meantime , the NHL ( which had entered the U.S. only two years before ) bought up the contracts of most of the WHL 's players and largely used them to stock the rosters of three new U.S. teams . In what would turn out to be its most significant expansion of its pre-Original Six era , the Chicago Blackhawks , Detroit Red Wings and New York Rangers joined the NHL . With the NHL now firmly established in the largest markets of the Northeastern United States , and with the Western teams having been stripped of their best players , the PHL was deemed to be a `` minor league '' unworthy of challenging the NHL for hockey supremacy . The PHL lasted only two seasons . Over the next two decades , other leagues and clubs occasionally issued challenges , but none were accepted by the Cup 's trustees . Since 1926 , no non-NHL team has played for the Cup , leading it to become the de facto championship trophy of the NHL . In addition , with no major professional hockey league left to challenge it , the NHL began calling its league champions the world champions , notwithstanding the lack of any interleague championship . In doing so , the NHL copied a policy that had been adopted by the then still - fledgling National Football League from its start in 1920 ( and which the National Basketball Association also asserted upon its founding in 1946 ) . Finally in 1947 , the NHL reached an agreement with trustee . J. Cooper Smeaton to grant control of the Cup to the NHL , allowing the league to reject challenges from other leagues that may have wished to play for the Cup : The Trustees hereby delegate to the League full authority to determine and amend from time to time the conditions for competition of the Stanley Cup , including the qualifications of challengers , the appointment of officials , the apportionment and distribution of all gate receipts , provided always that the winners of this trophy shall be the acknowledged World 's Professional Hockey Champions . The Trustees agree that during the currency of this agreement they will not acknowledge or accept any challenge for the Stanley Cup unless such a challenge is in conformity with the condition specified in paragraph one ( 1 ) thereof . The League undertakes the responsibility for the care and safe custody of the Stanley Cup including all necessary repairs and alterations to the cup and sub-structure as may be required from time to time , and further undertakes to insure the Stanley Cup for its full insurable value . The League hereby acknowledges itself to be bound to the Trustees in the sum of One Thousand Dollars , which bond is conditioned upon the safe return of the Stanley Cup to the Trustees in accordance with the terms of this Agreement , and it is agreed that the League shall have the right to return the trophy to the Trustees at any time . This agreement shall remain in force so long as the League continues to be the world 's leading professional hockey league as determined by its playing caliber , and in the event of dissolution or other termination of the National Hockey League , the Stanley Cup shall revert to the custody of the trustees . In the event of default in the appointment of a new trustee by the surviving trustee , the `` Trustees '' hereby delegate and appoint the Governors of the International Hockey Hall of Fame in Kingston , Ontario , to name two Canadian trustees to carry on under the terms of the original trust , and in conformity with this Agreement . And it is further mutually agreed that any disputes arising as to the interpretation of this Agreement or the facts upon which such interpretation is made , shall be settled by an Arbitration Board of three , one member to be appointed by each of the parties , and the third to be selected by the two appointees . The decision of the Arbitration Board shall be final . This agreement was amended on November 22 , 1961 , substituting the Governors of the International Hockey Hall of Fame in Kingston , Ontario with the Committee of the Hockey Hall of Fame in Toronto , Ontario as the group to name the two Canadian trustees , if need be . In the 1970s , the World Hockey Association sought to challenge for the Cup . By this time , all Cup Trustees were longtime NHL loyalists , and under the direction of NHL President Clarence Campbell the WHA 's challenge for the Cup was blocked . However , notwithstanding the aforementioned legal obligation , the NHL ( considering not only the WHA 's presence but also the rising caliber of European ice hockey leagues ) quietly stopped calling its champions the world champions . Nevertheless , the NHL came under pressure to allow its champion to play the WHA champion . Eventually , following the establishment of the Canada Cup as the first best - on - best international hockey tournament , NHL President Clarence Campbell ( who was a vocal opponent of the tournament ) made public overtures to establish a true world professional championship in ice hockey , `` just like the World Series '' . Under Campbell 's proposal , the NHL champion would have played the WHA champion for the right to face the European champion . Campbell 's two main conditions were that Stanley Cup was to remain the NHL 's championship trophy and that the world championship would be strictly limited to professional teams . The latter condition was the more contentious one , as it would have caused problems especially for Eastern Bloc teams wanting to challenge for such a championship -- these teams employed various legal fictions to maintain the nominal amateur status of their top players , as at the time the Olympic Games were strictly for amateurs and their national teams wished to select the best possible squads for that event . The NHL 's critics questioned the seriousness of Campbell 's idea and argued that NHL owners had no intention of ever playing for a world championship . The International Ice Hockey Federation soon made clear that it would never sanction any sort of `` world championship '' in which teams from the Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia were barred from participating , and the top openly professional European leagues were unwilling to consider taking part in any tournament not sanctioned by the IIHF . In the end , Campbell 's proposal went nowhere -- eventually , the NHL resolved the WHA challenge by agreeing to merge with its rival , by which time the older league had quietly withdrawn its support for the idea . Neither the NHL nor any other professional hockey league makes a claim to its champions being the world champions . The Cup was awarded every year until 2005 , when a labour dispute between the NHL 's owners and the NHL Players Association ( the union that represents the players ) led to the cancellation of the 2004 -- 05 season . As a result , no Cup champion was crowned for the first time since the flu pandemic in 1919 . The lockout was controversial among many fans , who questioned whether the NHL had exclusive control over the Cup . A website known as freestanley.com ( since closed ) was launched , asking fans to write to the Cup trustees and urge them to return to the original Challenge Cup format . Adrienne Clarkson , then Governor General of Canada , alternately proposed that the Cup be presented to the top women 's hockey team in lieu of the NHL season . This idea was so unpopular that the Clarkson Cup was created instead . Meanwhile , a group in Ontario , also known as the `` Wednesday Nighters '' , filed an application with the Ontario Superior Court , claiming that the Cup trustees had overstepped their bounds in signing the 1947 agreement with the NHL , and therefore must award the trophy regardless of the lockout . On February 7 , 2006 , a settlement was reached in which the trophy could be awarded to non-NHL teams should the league not operate for a season . The dispute lasted so long that , by the time it was settled , the NHL had resumed operating for the 2005 -- 06 season , and the Stanley Cup went unclaimed for the 2004 -- 05 season . Furthermore , when another NHL lockout commenced in 2012 the Trustees stated that the 2006 agreement did not oblige them to award the Cup in the event of a lost season , and that they were likely to reject any non-NHL challenges for the Cup in the event the 2012 -- 13 season were cancelled , which it was not . In 2007 , the International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) formalized the `` Triple Gold Club '' , the group of players and coaches who have won an Olympic Games gold medal , a World Championship gold medal , and the Stanley Cup . The term had first entered popular use following the 2002 Winter Olympics , which saw the addition of the first Canadian members . Trustees ( edit ) The regulations set down by Lord Stanley call for two Trustees , who had the sole , joint right to govern the Cup and the conditions of its awarding until 1947 , when they ceded control to the NHL . While the original regulations allow for a Trustee to resign , to date , all Cup Trustees have served until their deaths . In the event of a vacancy , the remaining trustee names the replacement for the deceased or resigned Trustee . To date , nine men have served as Trustees of the Stanley Cup : Trustee Year of Appointment Served until Sheriff John Sweetland 1893 1907 P.D. Ross 1893 1949 William Foran 1907 1945 Cooper Smeaton 1946 1978 Mervyn `` Red '' Dutton 1950 Clarence Campbell 1979 1984 Justice Willard Estey 1984 2002 Brian O'Neill current Ian `` Scotty '' Morrison 2002 current Engraving ( edit ) See also : Chronology of Stanley Cup engravings A close - up view of the engraving for the 2001 champion Colorado Avalanche Like the Grey Cup , awarded to the winner of the Canadian Football League , the Stanley Cup is engraved with the names of the winning players , coaches , management , and club staff . However , this was not always the case : one of Lord Stanley 's original conditions was that each team could , at their own expense , add a ring to the Cup to commemorate their victory . Initially , there was only one base ring , which was attached to the bottom of the original bowl by the Montreal Hockey Club . Clubs engraved their team names , usually in the form `` TEAM NAME '' `` YEAR WON '' , on that one ring until it was full in 1902 . With no more room to engrave their names ( and unwilling to pay for a second band ) , teams left their mark on the bowl itself . The 1907 Montreal Wanderers became the first club to record their name on the bowl 's interior surface , and the first champion to record the names of 20 members of their team . In 1908 , for reasons unknown , the Wanderers , despite having turned aside four challengers , did not record their names on the Cup . The next year , the Ottawa Senators added a second band onto the Cup . Despite the new room , the 1910 Wanderers and the 1911 Senators did not put their names on the Cup . The 1915 Vancouver Millionaires became the second team to engrave players ' names , this time inside the bowl along its sides . The 1918 Millionaires eventually filled the band added by the 1909 Senators . The 1915 Ottawa Senators , the 1916 Portland Rosebuds and the 1918 Vancouver Millionaires all engraved their names on the trophy even though they did not officially win it under the new PCHA - NHA system . They had won the title of only the previous champion 's league and would have been crowned as Cup champions under the old challenge rules . The winners in 1918 , 1920 to 1923 did not put their winning team name on it . Syl Apps , with the `` Stovepipe Cup '' before it was redesigned , in the 1940s The Stanley Cup acknowledges the cancelled 2004 -- 05 season with the words , `` 2004 -- 05 Season Not Played '' due to the lockout . No further engraving occurred until 1924 , when the Canadiens added a new band to the Cup . Since then , engraving the team and its players has been an unbroken annual tradition . Originally , a new band was added each year , causing the trophy to grow in size . The `` Stovepipe Cup '' , as it was nicknamed because of its resemblance to the exhaust pipe of a stove , became unwieldy , so it was redesigned in 1948 as a two - piece cigar - shaped trophy with a removable bowl and collar . This Cup also properly honoured those teams that did not engrave their names on the Cup . Also included was the 1918 -- 19 no decision between the Montreal Canadiens and Seattle Metropolitans . Since 1958 , the Cup has undergone several minor alterations . The original collar and bowl were too brittle , and were replaced in 1963 and 1969 , respectively . The modern one - piece Cup design was introduced in 1958 , when the old barrel was replaced with a five - band barrel , each of which could contain 13 winning teams . Although the bands were originally designed to fill up during the Cup 's centennial year , the names of the 1965 Montreal Canadiens were engraved over a larger area than allotted and thus there are 12 teams on that band instead of 13 . When the bands were all filled in 1991 , the top band of the large barrel was preserved in the Hockey Hall of Fame , and a new blank band was added to the bottom so the Stanley Cup would not grow further . Another new band was scheduled to be added to the bottom of the cup following the 2004 -- 05 season , but was not added because of the 2004 -- 05 NHL lockout . After the 2005 -- 06 champion Carolina Hurricanes were crowned , and the new bottom ring was finally added ( along with the retiring of the band listing the 1940 -- 41 to 1952 -- 53 champions ) , the cancelled season was acknowledged with the words `` 2004 -- 05 Season Not Played '' . Following the crowning of the 2017 -- 18 champions , the band listing the 1953 -- 54 to 1964 -- 65 winners is scheduled to be retired , and a new band that will list the 2017 -- 18 to 2029 -- 30 champions will then be added to the bottom of the cup . Currently , the Cup stands at 89.5 centimetres ( 351⁄4 inches ) tall and weighs 151⁄2 kilograms ( 341⁄2 lb ) . Name inscriptions ( edit ) Currently , to qualify for automatic engraving , a player : Must have played , or have dressed as the backup goaltender , for at least half of the championship team 's regular season games . OR : Must have played , or have dressed as the backup goaltender , for at least one game of the Stanley Cup Finals for the championship team , AND : Must be on the roster when the team wins the Stanley Cup . However , since 1994 teams have been permitted to petition the NHL Commissioner , to be considered on a case - by - case basis , to engrave a player 's name on the cup if the player was unavailable to play due to `` extenuating circumstances '' . For example , the Detroit Red Wings received special permission from the NHL to inscribe the name of Vladimir Konstantinov , whose career ended after a car accident on June 13 , 1997 , on the Stanley Cup after Detroit defended their title in 1998 . With the Montreal Canadiens having won by far the most Cup championships of any team , the list of the players who have been engraved on the Cup the most often is dominated by Montreal players . Henri Richard of the Canadiens , with his name engraved eleven times , played on more Stanley Cup champions than any other player . He is followed by Jean Beliveau and Yvan Cournoyer of the Canadiens with ten championships , Claude Provost of the Canadiens with nine , and three players tied with eight : Red Kelly ( four with the Red Wings , four with the Leafs , the most for any player who was not a member of the Canadiens ) and Canadiens players Jacques Lemaire , Maurice Richard . Beliveau 's name appears on the Cup more than any other individual , ten times as a player and seven times as management for a total of seventeen times . Twelve women have had their names engraved on the Stanley Cup . The first woman to have her name engraved on the Stanley Cup is Marguerite Norris , who won the Cup as the President of the Detroit Red Wings in 1954 and 1955 . The only Canadian woman to have her name engraved on the Stanley Cup is Sonia Scurfield ( born in Hafford , Saskatchewan ) who won the Cup as a co-owner of the Calgary Flames in 1989 . In 2001 , Charlotte Grahame , the Colorado Avalanche 's Senior Director of Hockey Administration , had her name engraved on the trophy . Her son John later had his name engraved as a member of the Tampa Bay Lightning in 2004 . Engraving errors ( edit ) Basil Pocklington , father of Peter , the owner of the Edmonton Oilers , is scratched out in the 1984 engraving . ( top right corner ) There are several misspellings and illegitimate names on the Cup . Many of them have never been corrected . Examples include : Pat McReavy 's name is misspelled `` McCeavy '' as a member of the 1941 Boston Bruins on the second cup created during the 1957 -- 58 season . McReavy 's name was often misspelled as `` McCreavy '' on team pictures of the Boston Bruins . When the Replica Cup was created in 1992 -- 93 , the misspelling was not corrected . Dickie Moore , who won the Cup six times , had his name spelled differently five times ( D. Moore , Richard Moore , R. Moore , Dickie Moore , Rich Moore ) . Glenn Hall 's name was misspelled as `` Glin '' in 1951 -- 52 . Alex Delvecchio 's name was misspelled as `` Belvecchio '' in 1954 . Bob Gainey was spelled `` Gainy '' when he was a player for Montreal in the 1970s . Ted Kennedy was spelled `` Kennedyy '' in the 1940s . Toronto Maple Leafs was spelled `` Leaes '' in 1963 . Boston Bruins was spelled `` BQSTQN '' in 1972 . New York Islanders was spelled `` Ilanders '' in 1981 . Justin Williams the Conn Smythe Trophy winner of the 2014 Los Angeles Kings was spelled `` JUSTIN WILLIVIS '' . One name was later scratched out : Peter Pocklington , a former Edmonton Oilers owner , put his father 's name , Basil , on the Stanley Cup in 1984 ; today , there is a series of `` X '' s over Basil 's name . In 1996 , Colorado Avalanche 's Adam Deadmarsh 's last name was spelled `` Deadmarch '' . It was later corrected , marking the first correction on the Cup . Similar corrections were made in 2002 , 2006 and 2010 for the names of Detroit Red Wings goalie Manny Legace ( `` Lagace '' ) , Carolina Hurricanes forward Eric Staal ( `` Staaal '' ) and Chicago Blackhawks forward Kris Versteeg ( `` Vertseeg '' ) . Traditions and anecdotes ( edit ) July 13 , 2006 : Wounded United States Marines pose with Carolina Hurricanes star Glen Wesley ( in orange shirt ) and the Stanley Cup Main article : Traditions and anecdotes associated with the Stanley Cup There are many traditions associated with the Stanley Cup . One of the oldest , started by the 1896 Winnipeg Victorias , dictates that the winning team drink champagne from the top bowl after their victory . The Cup is also traditionally presented on the ice to the captain of the winning team after the series - winning game ; each member of the victorious club carries the trophy around the rink . However , this has not always been the case ; prior to the 1930s , the Cup was not awarded immediately after the victory . The first time that the Cup was awarded on the ice may have been to the 1932 Toronto Maple Leafs , but the practice did not become a tradition until the 1950s . Ted Lindsay of the 1950 Cup champion Detroit Red Wings became the first captain , upon receiving the Cup , to hoist it overhead and skate around the rink . According to Lindsay , he did so to allow the fans to have a better view of the Cup . Since then , it has been a tradition for each member of the winning team , beginning with the captain , to take a lap around the ice with the trophy hoisted above his head . The tradition of the captain first hoisting the Cup has been `` breached '' a few times . In 1993 after the Montreal Canadiens defeated the Los Angeles Kings , Guy Carbonneau handed the Cup to Denis Savard , as Savard had been the player that many fans had urged the Canadiens to draft back in 1980 . The second was involving Joe Sakic and Ray Bourque when the Colorado Avalanche won the Cup in 2001 , as the seventh and deciding game of the finals was the last of Bourque 's 22 - year NHL career , having never been on a cup - winning team until that time ( until being traded to the Avalanche on March 6 , 2000 , Bourque had played only for the Boston Bruins ) . When Sakic received the trophy , he did not hoist it , but instead immediately handed it to Bourque ; Sakic then became the second player on the team to hoist the trophy . The Stanley Cup championship team is allotted 100 days during off - season to pass around the Cup including the team 's parade , days with sponsors and a day or so with each player and member of the team 's staff . It is always accompanied by at least one representative from the Hockey Hall of Fame . Although many players have unofficially spent a day in personal possession of the Cup , in 1994 the New York Rangers started a tradition wherein each member of the Cup - winning team is allowed to retain the Cup for a day . Victors of the Cup have used it to baptize their children . Three players ( the New York Islanders ' Clark Gillies , the Anaheim Ducks ' Sean O'Donnell , and the Pittsburgh Penguins ' Nick Bonino ) even allowed their dogs to eat out of the Cup . Original , authenticated , and replica versions ( edit ) The original Stanley Cup in the bank vault at the Hockey Hall of Fame in Toronto , Ontario There are technically three versions of the `` Stanley Cup '' : the original 1892 bowl or Dominion Hockey Challenge Cup , the 1963 authenticated `` Presentation Cup '' , and the 1993 `` Permanent Cup '' at the Hall of Fame . The original 1892 Dominion Hockey Challenge Cup , purchased and donated by Lord Stanley , was physically awarded to the Champions until 1970 , and is now displayed in the Vault Room at the Hockey Hall of Fame in Toronto , Ontario . The authenticated version or `` Presentation Cup '' was created in 1963 by Montreal silversmith Carl Petersen . NHL president Clarence Campbell felt that the original bowl was becoming too thin and fragile , and thus requested a duplicate trophy as a replacement . The Presentation Cup is authenticated by the seal of the Hockey Hall of Fame on the bottom , which can be seen when winning players lift the Cup over their heads , and it is the one currently awarded to the champions of the playoffs and used for promotions . This version was made in secret , and its production was revealed only three years later . The replicated `` Permanent Cup '' , was created in 1993 by Montreal silversmith Louise St. Jacques to be used as a stand - in at the Hockey Hall of Fame whenever the Presentation Cup is not available for display . There are very few differences between the authenticated version and the Hockey Hall of Fame version . The surest way to identify one version from the other is to check the engraving for the 1984 Stanley Cup winning Edmonton Oilers . The authenticated version has x 's engraved over Basil Pocklington 's name whereas his name is completely missing from the Hall of Fame version . As a morale booster ( edit ) The Stanley Cup has served as a valuable morale booster for both American and Canadian troops , as well as their NATO allies . In 2004 , the Cup was displayed at MacDill Air Force Base , located near Tampa , Florida . The visit gave both American troops and a visiting Canadian unit the thrill of seeing the trophy at close hand . The event was later touted by officials at MacDill as `` a huge morale booster for our troops '' . In 2006 , the Cup toured Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune , North Carolina , where wounded Marines were given the opportunity to view and be photographed with the Cup . In 2007 , the Stanley Cup made its first trip into a combat zone . During the trip to Kandahar , Afghanistan from May 2 to 6 , organized by the NHL , the Hockey Hall of Fame , the NHL Alumni and the Canadian Department of National Defence , the Cup was put on display for Canadian and other NATO troops . It briefly endured a rocket attack on May 3 , but emerged unscathed . The Stanley Cup did a second tour in Afghanistan as part of a `` Team Canada visit '' in March 2008 . In the spring of 2010 the Stanley Cup made its fourth trip to Afghanistan , accompanied by ex-players . On June 27 , 2010 , Chicago Blackhawks defenceman Brent Sopel paid tribute to his friend , former Toronto Maple Leafs general manager Brian Burke and Burke 's late son , Brendan , by accompanying the Cup to the 2010 Chicago Gay Pride Parade . In 2018 , the Cup was used to improve the spirits of those who were affected by either of two significantly tragic events which claimed the lives of multiple individuals , the Humboldt Broncos ' bus crash on April 6 , and the Capital Gazette shooting on June 28 . For the former , the Stanley Cup was brought to the hospital where the crash survivors were recuperating on April 15 , and for the latter , the it was presented to Capital Gazette employees at their temporary office on July 3 . Chandler Stephenson of the 2018 champion , the Washington Capitals , has also planned to show the Stanley Cup to the Broncos again for his day with the trophy . 125th anniversary commemorative coins ( edit ) On March 17 , 2017 , to commemorate the Stanley Cup 's 125th anniversary the Royal Canadian Mint produced and released two commemorative coins . The first is a roll of Canadian quarters with an image of the Stanley Cup , the word Stanley Cup in English and Coupe Stanley in French with two ice hockey players and 125 years ( English ) / Ans ( French ) on the obverse and an effigy of her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II on the back made using plated steel . The second coin was designed to be a replica of the Stanley Cup on the obverse and an effigy of her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II , Stanley Cup in English and Coupe Stanley in French and 50 dollars above the effigy . It was made using 99.9 % silver . See also ( edit ) Ice hockey portal Sport in Canada portal Book : Stanley Cup Book : Stanley Cup finals Avco World Trophy , awarded to the champion of the defunct World Hockey Association Lord Derby Cup , the emblem of France 's premier rugby league knockout competition , named after Frederick Stanley 's son Edward List of awards presented by the Governor General of Canada List of awards named after Governors General of Canada List of NHL franchise post-season appearance streaks List of NHL franchise post-season droughts List of Stanley Cup challenge games List of Stanley Cup champions References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Podnieks , Andrew ( March 25 , 2008 ) . `` Triple Gold Goalies ... not '' . International Ice Hockey Federation . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lord Stanley ( of Preston ) '' . Hockey Hall of Fame and Museum . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup will stay put , even if NHL season is cancelled '' . National Post . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2013 . Retrieved September 20 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` If the NHL wo n't use it , can Canada have the Stanley Cup back ? '' . Ctvnews.ca . September 14 , 2012 . Retrieved September 20 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stanley Cup Engraving Facts , Firsts , and Faux Pas '' . Hockey Hall of Fame . Retrieved May 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Stanley Cup coming soon to a living room near you ? '' . CNW Group . 2007 . Retrieved April 8 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Podnieks 2004 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` Hockey Hall of Fame : Stanley Cup Journals 01 '' . Retrieved May 13 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Diamond 1992 , p. 10 . ^ Jump up to : Diamond , Zweig & Duplacey 2003 , p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ottawa Journal article of dinner at Backcheck web site '' . Library and Archives Canada . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2016 . Retrieved November 3 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Stanley Cup '' . National Hockey League . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2009 . Retrieved July 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Potter , Mitch ( May 24 , 2008 ) . `` Cup runneth over with cousins '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Unraveling the mystery of Stanley '' . National Hockey League . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2009 . Retrieved July 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Zweig 2012 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Diamond 1992 , p. 14 . ^ Jump up to : Podnieks 2004 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Diamond , Zweig & Duplacey 2003 , pp. 17 -- 18 . ^ Jump up to : Podnieks 2004 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ `` Invitation : Monument Unveiling '' . lordstanleysgift.com . October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Podnieks 2004 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup Winners : Montreal AAA 1893 -- 94 '' . Hockey Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved July 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup Winners : Montreal Victorias 1894 -- 95 '' . Hockey Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2008 . Retrieved July 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup Winners : Winnipeg Victorias 1895 -- 96Feb '' . Hockey Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved July 11 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Diamond , Zweig & Duplacey 2003 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Podnieks 2004 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup Winners : Kenora Thistles 1906 -- 07Jan '' . Hockey Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2005 . Retrieved July 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Diamond 1992 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Diamond , Zweig & Duplacey 2003 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup Winners : Quebec Bulldogs 1911 -- 12 '' . Hockey Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2008 . Retrieved July 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup Contest May Not Be for the Mug , After All is Said '' . Saskatoon Phoenix . March 18 , 1914 . p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` A Tempest in a Teapot '' . Montreal Daily Mail . March 19 , 1914 . p. 9 . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup Muddle Cleared Up '' . The Globe and Mail . March 19 , 1914 . Jump up ^ `` Three Pro Leagues as to Stanley Cup '' . Toronto World . March 25 , 1914 . p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : Diamond , Zweig & Duplacey 2003 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup Winners : Vancouver Millionaires 1914 -- 15 '' . Hockey Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2006 . Retrieved July 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Diamond 1992 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup Winners : Seattle Metropolitans 1916 -- 17 '' . Hockey Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved July 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Podnieks 2004 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Diamond 1992 , pp. 51 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Diamond , Zweig & Duplacey 2003 , pp. 20 -- 21 . ^ Jump up to : Diamond , Zweig & Duplacey 2003 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup Winners : Victoria Cougars 1924 -- 25 '' . Hockey Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved July 11 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Kreiser , John ( March 18 , 2013 ) . `` Stanley Cup timeline , from 1892 to today '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Diamond , Zweig & Duplacey 2003 , p. 40 . ^ Jump up to : `` Court : Non-NHL teams could vie for Cup '' . TSN . February 7 , 2006 . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2007 . Retrieved July 15 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Morrissey , Bob ( October 27 , 1976 ) . `` Canada Cup ' wasteful ' says Clarence Campbell '' . The Gazette . Montreal . p. 35 . Retrieved July 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lockout Reminds Lowe of Gretzky Deal '' . TSN . February 16 , 2005 . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved July 15 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Amateurs taking NHL to court to play for Cup '' . ESPN . April 13 , 2005 . Retrieved October 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Winner of three - team tourney to get Victoria Cup '' . ESPN . Associated Press . May 8 , 2007 . Retrieved February 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Triple Gold Club expands to 22 '' . International Ice Hockey Federation . June 5 , 2008 . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2009 . Retrieved February 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` PR & Media Activities '' . International Ice Hockey Federation . Retrieved February 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Don ( February 25 , 2002 ) . `` Welcome to the Triple Gold Club : Blake , Sakic , Shanahan : New members to elite club : Olympics , worlds , Stanley Cup '' . National Post . Jump up ^ Scanlan , Wayne ( February 24 , 2002 ) . `` Triple Gold Club awaits Canadian trio '' . Edmonton Journal . Jump up ^ Buffery , Steve ( December 26 , 2001 ) . `` Skating a fine line '' . Toronto Sun . Retrieved February 9 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Podnieks 2004 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Diamond , Zweig & Duplacey 2003 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Podnieks 2004 , p. 13 . ^ Jump up to : Podnieks 2004 , p. 9 . ^ Jump up to : Podnieks 2004 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ `` Strike Up The Bands : The Stanley Cup is Stripped of a Ring ; Cancelled 2004 -- 05 Season Recognized '' . Hockey Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2007 . Retrieved February 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Golen , Jimmy ( April 4 , 2018 ) . `` Stanley Cup saying goodbye to names of some of NHL 's legends to make room for more players '' . Toronto Star . Associated Press . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` NHL.com -- Stanley Cup Fun Facts '' . National Hockey League . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2010 . Retrieved June 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Conner 2002 , pp. 113 -- 114 . Jump up ^ Jonathon Jackson ( May 16 , 2008 ) . `` Europe no place for a small - town hockey player in 1938 '' . Owen Sound Sun - Times . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2011 . Retrieved May 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jahns , Adam L. ( September 28 , 2010 ) . `` Versteeg or Vertseeg ? Blackhawks have names engraved on Stanley Cup '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2010 . Retrieved September 29 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Podnieks 2004 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` Ray , meet Stanley : Finally ! Bourque gets hands on the Cup '' . Sports Illustrated . June 10 , 2001 . Retrieved July 25 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Kendra Stanley - Mills ( August 11 , 2009 ) . `` Pritchard , Stanley Cup have spanned the globe '' . MLive.com . Retrieved June 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wolf , Buck ( 2002 ) . `` Strange Misadventures of the Stanley Cup '' . ABC . Retrieved April 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Shea , Kevin ( 2007 ) . `` Stanley Cup Journal '' . Hockey Hall of Fame . Retrieved June 23 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Podnieks 2003 , p. 33 . ^ Jump up to : Adami , Hugh ( July 1 , 2006 ) . `` Stanley 's secret leaks out 43 years later '' . Ottawa Citizen . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2007 . Retrieved November 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Yorio , Kara ( June 7 , 2004 ) . `` Seeing is believing '' . The Sporting News . Jump up ^ Shea , Kevin ( 2007 ) . `` Stanley Cup Journal , 2007 '' . The Hockey Hall of Fame . Retrieved March 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Hillier takes Stanley Cup , former NHLers to Afghanistan '' . CBC News . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . May 2 , 2007 . Retrieved March 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup arrives in Kandahar as MacKay wraps low - profile visit '' . CBC News . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . March 19 , 2008 . Retrieved March 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Matthew ( March 19 , 2008 ) . `` Stanley Cup , former NHLers visit troops in Afghanistan '' . CanWest News Service . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2008 . Retrieved March 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup Headed To Afghanistan '' . WPXI . March 12 , 2010 . Retrieved June 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Littke , Jim ( June 25 , 2010 ) . `` Sports ' most macho trophy shows new kind of pride '' . National Hockey League . Associated Press . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zwirz , Elizabeth ( April 15 , 2018 ) . `` Injured Humboldt Broncos get visit from Stanley Cup '' . Fox News Channel . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2018 . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wagner , Bill ( July 3 , 2018 ) . `` Stanley Cup visits the temporary Capital Gazette office '' . Capital Gazette . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Allen , Scott ( July 3 , 2018 ) . `` The Stanley Cup visited the Capital Gazette 's temporary office in Annapolis '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Regan , J.J. ( June 14 , 2018 ) . `` Chander Stephenson will spend his day with the Stanley Cup in Humboldt '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved June 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Royal Canadian Mint Helps Canadians Celebrate the 125th Anniversary of the Stanley Cup ® with a New 25 - Cent Circulation Coin Bibliography ( edit ) Batten , Jack ( 2004 ) . The Leafs . Key Porter Books . ISBN 1 - 55263 - 205 - 9 . Coleman , Charles ( 1966 ) . Trail of the Stanley Cup . National Hockey League . ISBN 0 - 8403 - 2941 - 5 . Conner , Floyd ( 2002 ) . Hockey 's Most Wanted : The Top 10 Book of Wicked Slapshots , Bruising Goons , and on Ice Oddities . United States : Potomac Books Inc . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57488 - 364 - 0 . Diamond , Dan , ed. ( 1992 ) . The Official National Hockey League Stanley Cup Centennial Book . Firefly Books . ISBN 1 - 895565 - 15 - 4 . Diamond , Dan ; Zweig , Eric ; Duplacey , James ( 2003 ) . The Ultimate Prize : The Stanley Cup . Andrews McMeel Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7407 - 3830 - 5 . Mole , Rich ( 2004 ) . Great Stanley Cup Victories : Glorious Moments in Hockey . Altitude Pub . Canada . ISBN 1 - 55153 - 797 - 4 . Podnieks , Andrew ( 2003 ) . The goal : Bobby Orr and the most famous goal in Stanley Cup history . Triumph Books . ISBN 1 - 57243 - 570 - 4 . Podnieks , Andrew ; Hockey Hall of Fame ( 2004 ) . Lord Stanley 's Cup . Triumph Books . ISBN 1 - 55168 - 261 - 3 . Shea , Kevin ; Wilson , John Jason ( 2006 ) . Lord Stanley : The Man Behind the Cup . Fenn Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55168 - 281 - 5 . Zweig , Eric ( 2012 ) . Stanley Cup : 120 years of hockey supremacy . Firefly Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 77085 - 104 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stanley Cup . Official website The Canadian Encyclopedia , The Stanley Cup NHL awards and trophies Team Stanley Cup Prince of Wales Clarence S. Campbell Presidents ' Trophy Individual Adams Art Ross Calder Conn Smythe Hart Jennings King Clancy Lady Byng Lindsay Masterton Messier NHL Foundation Norris Rocket Richard Selke Vezina Defunct Crozier O'Brien Cup Plus / Minus Man of the Year Award Conacher Award National Hockey League Western Conference Eastern Conference Pacific Division Anaheim Ducks Arizona Coyotes Calgary Flames Edmonton Oilers Los Angeles Kings San Jose Sharks Vancouver Canucks Vegas Golden Knights Central Division Chicago Blackhawks Colorado Avalanche Dallas Stars Minnesota Wild Nashville Predators St. Louis Blues Winnipeg Jets Atlantic Division Boston Bruins Buffalo Sabres Detroit Red Wings Florida Panthers Montreal Canadiens Ottawa Senators Tampa Bay Lightning Toronto Maple Leafs Metropolitan Division Carolina Hurricanes Columbus Blue Jackets New Jersey Devils New York Islanders New York Rangers Philadelphia Flyers Pittsburgh Penguins Washington Capitals Events Seasons structure Stanley Cup Playoffs Conference Finals Finals Champions Winning players Traditions and anecdotes Presidents ' Trophy All - Star Game Draft Players Association Retired jersey numbers All - Star Teams Awards Captains Outdoor games Winter Classic Heritage Classic Stadium Series Hockey Day America Canada International games Kraft Hockeyville History Lore Organizational changes Potential expansion All - time standings All - time playoff series Defunct teams NHA Original Six 1967 expansion WHA merger Others Streaks Droughts Hall of Fame Members Rivalries Arenas Rules Fighting Violence Ice hockey in Canada Ice hockey in the United States Collective bargaining agreement Lockouts Television and radio coverage Attendance figures Portal 2018 -- 19 season Stanley Cup Finals Stanley Cup awarded on challenge basis 1893 -- 1914 , by prearranged inter-league competitions 1915 -- 1926 , to NHL champion since 1927 1890s -- 1900s 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s -- 1920s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s -- 1940s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s -- 1960s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s -- 1980s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1990s -- 2000s 1993 2001 2010s -- 2020s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 See also Stanley Cup Stanley Cup ring Champions Players Challenge games Conference Finals Championship seasons Engravings Traditions and anecdotes Conn Smythe Trophy Broadcasters Television ratings Overtime winners Game seven Officials Book : Stanley Cup Finals Category : Stanley Cup Finals Portal : Ice hockey Triple Gold Club Components Stanley Cup champions Ice Hockey World Championships medalists Ice hockey at the Olympic Games medalists Players Patrice Bergeron Rob Blake Sidney Crosby Pavel Datsyuk Viacheslav Fetisov Peter Forsberg Alexei Gusarov Jaromír Jágr Tomas Jonsson Valeri Kamensky Niklas Kronwall Igor Larionov Nicklas Lidström Håkan Loob Vladimir Malakhov Fredrik Modin Alexander Mogilny Mats Näslund Scott Niedermayer Corey Perry Chris Pronger Joe Sakic Mikael Samuelsson Brendan Shanahan Jiří Šlégr Eric Staal Jonathan Toews Henrik Zetterberg Coaches Mike Babcock Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Cup&oldid=850576227 '' Categories : Stanley Cup Awards established in 1893 Canadian ice hockey trophies and awards American ice hockey trophies and awards National Hockey League trophies and awards Stanley family 1893 establishments in Canada Sports trophies and awards Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Featured articles Use mdy dates from July 2018 Use Canadian English from June 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English Articles containing French - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Interlingue Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 18 : 32 ( UTC ) . 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what players get their name on the stanley cup

Unlike the trophies awarded by the other major professional sports leagues of North America , a new Stanley Cup is not made each year . Originally , the winners kept it until a new champion was crowned . Currently , winning teams get the Stanley Cup during the summer and a limited number of days during the season . It is unusual among trophies to include winning members ' names . Every year since 1924 , a select portion of the winning players , coaches , management , and club staff names are engraved on its bands . However , there is not enough room to include all the players and non-players , so some names must be omitted . Between 1924 and 1940 , a new band was added almost every year the trophy was awarded , earning the nickname `` Stovepipe Cup '' due to the unnatural height of all the bands . In 1947 the cup size was reduced , but not all the large rings were the same size . In 1958 the modern one - piece Cup was designed with a five - band barrel which could contain 13 winning teams per band . To prevent the Stanley Cup from growing , when the bottom band is full , the oldest band is removed and preserved in the Hockey Hall of Fame , and a new blank band added to the bottom . It has been referred to as The Cup , Lord Stanley 's Cup , The Holy Grail , or facetiously ( chiefly by sportswriters ) as Lord Stanley 's Mug . The Stanley Cup is surrounded by numerous legends and traditions , the oldest of which is the celebratory drinking of champagne out of the cup by the winning team .

BMW 3 Series ( E90 ) - wikipedia BMW 3 Series ( E90 ) BMW 3 Series ( E90 / E91 / E92 / E93 ) Overview Manufacturer BMW Production December 2004 -- June 2013 Assembly Germany : Leipzig Germany : Munich Germany : Regensburg China : Shenyang Egypt : 6th of October City India : Chennai Indonesia : Jakarta Malaysia : Kulim Malaysia : Shah Alam Russia : Kaliningrad South Africa : Rosslyn Body and chassis Class Compact executive car Body style 4 - door sedan ( E90 ) 5 - door wagon ( E91 ) 2 - door coupé ( E92 ) 2 - door cabriolet ( E93 ) Layout FR layout F4 layout ( Xi and Xd models ) Powertrain Engine Petrol 1.6 L N43 / N45 I4 2.0 L N43 / N45 / N46 I4 2.5 L N52 I6 3.0 L N52 / N53 I6 3.0 L N54 / N55 turbo I6 4.0 L S65 V8 Diesel 2.0 L M47 / N47 turbo I4 3.0 L M57 / N57 turbo I6 Wheelbase 2,760 mm ( 109 in ) Length 4,520 -- 4,610 mm ( 180 -- 180 in ) Width 1,780 -- 1,820 mm ( 70 -- 72 in ) Height 1,380 -- 1,420 mm ( 54 -- 56 in ) Chronology Predecessor BMW 3 Series ( E46 ) Successor BMW 3 Series ( F30 / F31 ) , BMW 4 Series ( F32 / F33 ) The BMW 3 Series ( E90 / E91 / E92 / E93 ) is the fifth generation compact executive car of the BMW 3 Series , which was produced from 2004 to 2013 . The body styles of the range are : 4 - door Sedan / Saloon ( E90 Model Code ) Estate / Wagon ( E91 Model Code , marketed as `` Touring '' ) Coupé ( E92 Model Code ) Cabriolet ( E93 Model Code ) Due to the separate model codes for each body style , the term `` E9X '' is sometimes used to describe this generation of the 3 Series . The E90 / E91 sedans and wagons began to be phased out following the introduction of their F30 / F31 successors in 2012 . However , the E92 / E93 coupes and cabriolets remained in production until 2013 , when they were replaced by the F32 / F33 models . The E92 335i coupe , introduced in 2006 , was the first 3 Series model to be sold with a turbocharged petrol engine . The E9X family also saw the introduction of run - flat tyres to the 3 Series range . Consequently , cars with run - flats are not equipped with a spare tyre . The E90 / E92 / E93 M3 is the only generation of M3 to be powered by a V8 engine . Released in 2007 , it uses BMW 's S65 engine and was produced in sedan , coupe and cabriolet body styles . Contents 1 Development process 2 Body styles 2.1 Sedan ( E90 ) 2.2 Touring ( E91 ) 2.3 Coupé ( E92 ) 2.4 Cabriolet ( E93 ) 3 Suspension 4 Equipment 5 Models 5.1 Petrol engines 5.2 Diesel engines 6 M3 model 7 Special Editions 7.1 320si ( 2005 -- 2006 ) 7.2 335is ( 2011 -- 2013 ) 8 Model year changes 8.1 2008 Facelift ( LCI ) 8.2 2010 9 N54 fuel pump failures 10 Safety 10.1 IIHS 11 Production 11.1 Production period 11.2 Units sold 12 Motorsports 13 Awards 14 References Development process ( edit ) The design for the fifth generation 3 Series was frozen in mid-2002 , approximately 30 months before the start of production . The sedan and Touring were designed by Joji Nagashima , and the coupe and cabriolet were designed by Marc Michael Markefka . Body styles ( edit ) The range was introduced in 2004 with the sedan and estate body styles . The coupe was introduced in 2006 and the cabriolet was introduced in 2007 . E90 sedan E91 Touring E92 coupe E93 Convertible Sedan ( E90 ) ( edit ) The sedan model was the first model sold of the 5th generation BMW 3 series , being launched on March 5 , 2005 ( as a 2006 model year ) with the 318i , 320i , 320si , 323i , 325i , 325xi , 330i , and 330xi models . In later years , the following sedan models were added : 316i , 320d , 325d , 328i , 330d , 335i , 335xi , 335d and M3 . Optional features ( some of which are standard on higher models ) include Xenon headlamps , fog lamps , automatic climate control , power - adjustable seats , satellite navigation , premium audio , Dakota leather upholstery , glass sunroof , heated front seats , Bluetooth and USB audio input . In 2011 , the BMW 323i Luxury Edition was released , which included an automatic transmission , 17 - inch alloy wheels , electric front seats , Bluetooth and USB compatibility , and an electric glass sunroof . This would be the last 3 Series to offer a naturally aspirated engine with the N52B30 ( used in the 328i and 330i ) and the S65B40 ( used in the M3 ) . Touring ( E91 ) ( edit ) The E91 wagon body style is known as the 3 Series Touring or Sports Wagon . Optional equipment included a panoramic sunroof , which extends to the rear passenger area . Trim levels typically were similar to the E90 sedan , however there was no M3 variant of the E91 . As per the E90 , powertrains used a range of petrol and diesel I - 6 and I - 4 engines , paired with RWD and / or xDrive AWD . Markets such as the United States and Canada , however , offered but a small subset of their already limited E90 trims . In these two markets , only the 325xi with AWD was available prior to 2007 , and only the 328i in RWD and xDrive AWD forms was offered from 2007 onwards . Coupe ( E92 ) ( edit ) The coupe body style of the fifth generation 3 Series became available in August 2006 ( as a 2007 model year ) , one year after the saloon . The E92 is available in the 316i , 318i , 320i , 323i , 325i , 325xi , 328i , 328xi , 330i , 330xi , 335i , 335is , 335xi , 320d , 320xd , 325d , 330d , 330xd , 335d , M3 , and M3 GTS . This would be the last model to include the coupe and convertible as a part of the 3 Series ; for the sixth generation ( F32 / F33 / F36 ) onwards , these body styles changed to being marketed as the 4 Series . The coupe has significant differences to the sedan , compared with previous generations . Differences include the tail - light design ( L - shaped on the coupe ) , more steeply angled headlights and smaller side windows . The coupe door panels are also longer , it seats two passengers in the rear instead of the three - person bench , and also includes a rear centre console tray . The coupé also features frameless doors like its E46 predecessor . There are also retractable arms that extend from the B - pillar to hand the seat belt to the driver and / or passenger when the key fob is in the ignition and the door is closed . Cabriolet ( E93 ) ( edit ) Convertible with folding hard - top unretracted The 3 Series cabriolet is the first model in BMW 's lineup with a 3 - piece folding aluminium hard - top roof , instead of the cloth roof used by previous models . The E93 was one of first retractable hardtops in its price range . Other manufacturers have since produced similar retractable hardtop convertibles , such as the Lexus IS C and Infiniti G 37 convertible . The `` Comfort Access '' option allows the roof to be raised and lowered using the key fob . Overall visibility is up 38 percent , thanks to the side windows which are 30 percent larger , compared to the E46 3 Series Cabriolet . The BMW 3 Series convertible was often priced higher than direct rivals , however reviewers have praised its passenger / boot space ( even with the roof down ) , driving dynamics , weight and chassis rigidity . Suspension ( edit ) At the front , aluminium MacPherson struts are used . The rear suspension is a steel 5 - link Multi-link suspension . Equipment ( edit ) Interior Options could be ordered individually ( such as Xenon headlights and audio upgrades ) or combined into packages . Optional interior colours , known as BMW Individual , were also available at extra cost . The contents of the Premium Package varies according to model year and market . It included items such as leather seats with power adjustments , memory seat function , lumbar support , auto - dimming mirrors , a digital compass , auto - folding exterior mirrors , bluetooth and universal garage opener . The Cold Weather package includes headlight washers , heated front seats and split / folding rear seats . The Sports package includes a leather 3 - prong sports steering wheel , sports front seats , 18 - inch wheels , sports suspension and an increase in the speed limiter to 148 mph ( 238 km / h ) . The Technology package includes iDrive , navigation , keyless entry ( `` Comfort Access '' ) , selectable driving modes ( `` M Drive '' ) , HD radio and Electronic Damping Control . Models ( edit ) Petrol engines ( edit ) Model Years Engine Power Torque 316i 2007 - 2013 N45B16 4 - cylinder 85 kW ( 114 hp ) 150 N ⋅ m ( 111 lb ⋅ ft ) 2007 - 2013 N43B16 4 - cylinder 90 kW ( 121 hp ) 160 N ⋅ m ( 118 lb ⋅ ft ) 318i 2005 -- 2007 N46B20 4 - cylinder 95 kW ( 127 hp ) 180 N ⋅ m ( 133 lb ⋅ ft ) 2007 - 2013 100 kW ( 134 hp ) 180 N ⋅ m ( 133 lb ⋅ ft ) 2007 - 2013 N43B20 4 - cylinder 105 kW ( 141 hp ) 190 N ⋅ m ( 140 lb ⋅ ft ) 320i 2005 -- 2007 N46B20 4 - cylinder 110 kW ( 148 hp ) 200 N ⋅ m ( 148 lb ⋅ ft ) 2007 -- 2011 N46B20 4 - cylinder 115 kW ( 154 hp ) 200 N ⋅ m ( 148 lb ⋅ ft ) 2007 - 2013 N43B20 4 - cylinder 125 kW ( 168 hp ) 210 N ⋅ m ( 155 lb ⋅ ft ) 320si 2005 - 2007 N45B20 4 - cylinder 127 kW ( 170 hp ) 210 N ⋅ m ( 155 lb ⋅ ft ) 323i 2005 -- 2007 N52B25 6 - cylinder 130 kW ( 174 hp ) 230 N ⋅ m ( 170 lb ⋅ ft ) 2007 - 2013 149 kW ( 200 hp ) 244 N ⋅ m ( 180 lb ⋅ ft ) 325i 2005 -- 2007 N52B25 6 - cylinder 160 kW ( 215 hp ) 250 N ⋅ m ( 184 lb ⋅ ft ) 2007 - 2013 N53B30 6 - cylinder 160 kW ( 215 hp ) 270 N ⋅ m ( 199 lb ⋅ ft ) 328i 2007 - 2013 N52B30 6 - cylinder 172 kW ( 231 hp ) 271 N ⋅ m ( 200 lb ⋅ ft ) 330i 2005 - 2007 N52B30 6 - cylinder 190 kW ( 255 hp ) 300 N ⋅ m ( 221 lb ⋅ ft ) 2007 - 2013 200 kW ( 268 hp ) 320 N ⋅ m ( 236 lb ⋅ ft ) 335i 2006 -- 2009 N54B30 6 - cylinder 225 kW ( 302 hp ) 400 N ⋅ m ( 295 lb ⋅ ft ) 2009 - 2013 N55B30 6 - cylinder 225 kW ( 302 hp ) 400 N ⋅ m ( 295 lb ⋅ ft ) 335is 2011 - 2013 N54B30 6 - cylinder 240 kW ( 322 hp ) 500 N ⋅ m ( 369 lb ⋅ ft ) M3 2007 - 2013 S65B40 V8 309 kW ( 414 hp ) 400 N ⋅ m ( 295 lb ⋅ ft ) M3 GTS 2010 - 2011 S65B44 V8 331 kW ( 444 hp ) 440 N ⋅ m ( 325 lb ⋅ ft ) Diesel engines ( edit ) Model Years Engine Power Torque 316d 2009 -- 2011 N47D20 4 - cylinder 85 kW ( 114 hp ) 260 N ⋅ m ( 192 lb ⋅ ft ) 318d 2005 -- 2007 M47D20 4 - cylinder 90 kW ( 121 hp ) 280 N ⋅ m ( 207 lb ⋅ ft ) 2007 -- 2011 N47D20 4 - cylinder 105 kW ( 141 hp ) 320 N ⋅ m ( 236 lb ⋅ ft ) 320d 2005 -- 2007 M47D20 4 - cylinder 120 kW ( 161 hp ) 340 N ⋅ m ( 251 lb ⋅ ft ) 2007 -- 2013 N47D20 4 - cylinder 130 kW ( 174 hp ) 350 N ⋅ m ( 258 lb ⋅ ft ) 2010 -- 2012 135 kW ( 181 hp ) 380 N ⋅ m ( 280 lb ⋅ ft ) 320d ED 2010 -- 2013 120 kW ( 161 hp ) 380 N ⋅ m ( 280 lb ⋅ ft ) 325d 2006 -- 2009 M57D30 6 - cylinder 145 kW ( 194 hp ) 400 N ⋅ m ( 295 lb ⋅ ft ) 2010 -- 2012 N57D30 6 - cylinder 150 kW ( 201 hp ) 430 N ⋅ m ( 317 lb ⋅ ft ) 330d 2005 -- 2008 M57D30 6 - cylinder 170 kW ( 228 hp ) 500 N ⋅ m ( 369 lb ⋅ ft ) 2008 -- 2012 N57D30 6 - cylinder 180 kW ( 241 hp ) 520 N ⋅ m ( 384 lb ⋅ ft ) 335d 2006 -- 2013 M57D30 6 - cylinder 210 kW ( 282 hp ) 580 N ⋅ m ( 428 lb ⋅ ft ) M3 model ( edit ) E92 M3 coupe E90 M3 sedan Main article : BMW M3 § E90 / 92 / 93 M3 The M3 model was powered by the BMW S65 V8 engine and produced in sedan , coupe and cabriolet body styles . Special editions ( edit ) Andy Priaulx 's BMW 320si WTCC . 320si ( 2005 -- 2006 ) ( edit ) To satisfy homologation requirements for the FIA World Touring Car Championship ( WTCC ) , BMW built 2600 units of the 320si . BMW WTCC works driver Andy Priaulx won two of his three consecutive World Championships in the 320si E90 as well as four other drivers achieving over 35 wins in the championship since the cars release . The BMW 320si is used by a few teams in the British Touring Car Championship ( BTCC ) . Colin Turkington won the 2009 BTCC Drivers championship using the BMW 320si . 335is ( 2011 -- 2013 ) ( edit ) BMW 335is ( E93 ) with roof retracted The 335is was produced in coupé and convertible models for the North American market . It sat between the regular 335i and the M3 in the model line - up , and approximately 6,300 units were produced . The 335is uses a higher performance version ( N54T ) of the N54 engine from the 2006 - 2013 335i , which increases boost from 8.7 to 11.6 PSI . This results in 320 horsepower and 332 lb - ft of torque , plus an overboost function raises torque to 370 lb - ft for up to 7 seconds . The 335is has stiffer engine mounts and an upgraded cooling system , with a heavy - duty radiator fan and two heat exchangers , one an engine oil cooler , the other a secondary coolant radiator . To accommodate these heat exchangers , which are located ahead of each front wheel , the 335is has larger air openings , similar to the M3 . Fog lights were removed from the coupé version to allow for the openings , although they remain on the convertible version . In addition , the 335is is equipped with a revised , high - flow exhaust system , with the twin exhaust pipes finished in matte black , and a rear bumper that incorporates a diffuser - style piece . Transmission options were a 7 - speed double clutch transmission ( DCT ) with launch control ( Same DCT transmission as the M3 but with different software programming ) or a 6 - speed manual transmission controlled by a short - throw `` M '' stick . The manual transmission has a heavy - duty clutch with more holding power than the regular 335i . Interior upgrades include a thicker , `` M '' steering wheel , `` M '' steel pedals , standard sport seats , `` M '' door sills , and textured aluminium trim with `` 335is '' badging on dash and in instrument cluster . Exterior differences are black kidney grills , and `` Style 313 '' split - five spoke `` M '' wheels in 18 - inch or 19 - inch size , standard Shadowline window trim ( instead of chrome ) , gloss - black side mirrors ( instead of body colored mirrors ) . Model Year changes ( edit ) 2008 facelift ( LCI ) ( edit ) In September 2008 , the facelift ( LCI ) versions of the Saloon and Estate were released for the 2009 model year . Compared to typically subtle BMW LCI changes , these changes were relatively extensive . Mechanical changes included an increase in rear track of 24 mm ( 0.94 in ) for some models , a power increase for the 320d from 177 to 184 PS ( 135 kW ; 181 bhp ) and the N57 engine replacing the M57 for the 330d model . Styling changes included front and rear bumpers , wing mirrors , headlights , taillights , boot lid , wider kidney grilles and revised crease lines for the bonnet . For the interior , crash - activated head restraints were added to the front seats , the optional `` Professional '' navigation system was updated , iDrive was updated and the resolution of the display was increased . E90 sedan ( facelift ) E90 sedan ( facelift ) E91 Touring ( facelift ) E92 coupe ( facelift ) E93 convertible ( facelift ) For the 2010 model year , the Sport , Lifestyle and Exclusive Edition were introduced for Saloon and Estate models . The 316d estate model was added , as was the 320d EfficientDynamics Edition saloon . Mechanical changes included compliance with the EU5 emission standard , EU6 emission compliance ( optional ) for the 320d and 330d models , power increases for the 318d , 320d , 325d and 330d models , the N54 engine in the 335i being replaced by N55 engine , and additional features for BMW ConnectedDrive . N54 fuel pump failures ( edit ) Main article : BMW N54 § HPFP problems Some E90 / E91 / E92 / E93 models using the N54 engine experienced high pressure fuel pump ( HPFP ) problems . Safety ( edit ) Euro NCAP scores Adult Occupant : Child Occupant : Pedestrian : The Euro NCAP noted the poor pedestrian protection awarding 4 points out of 36 , reporting the 3 Series was `` very disappointing '' in this measure . IIHS ( edit ) The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety ( IIHS ) gives the 3 Series a `` Good '' overall rating in both the frontal and side impact crash tests . The 3 Series received `` Good '' marks in all six of the frontal crash test categories , and `` Good '' marks in six of the nine categories in the side impact test . The IIHS also gave the 3 Series the Top Safety Pick award . The convertible is rated `` Marginal '' in side impacts , making the 3 Series convertible the lowest rated vehicle currently sold in its class in IIHS tests . 2008 sedan NHTSA scores Frontal Driver : Frontal Passenger : Side Rear Driver : Side Rear Passenger : Rollover : Production ( edit ) BMW plant in Leipzig , Germany : Spot welding of BMW 3 series car bodies with KUKA industrial robots . In 2002 , Norbert Reithofer and Development Chief Burkhard Goeschel started an initiative to halve the time it took to reach full production of the next generation 3 Series from six months to three . First marketed in March 2005 , the car quickly became BMW Group 's best - selling car worldwide , and by the end of the year 229.900 vehicles had been delivered . The BMW E90 series was the best - selling luxury car in Canada and the United States . The 2006 E90 marked the 15th consecutive year that the 3 Series was named Car and Driver 's 10Best . Production period ( edit ) The production dates for each model are as follows : Saloon ( E90 ) : December 2004 -- April 2009 M3 Saloon ( E90 ) : January 2008 -- September 2008 Saloon ( E90 ) LCI : September 2008 -- October 2011 Touring ( E91 ) : September 2005 -- September 2008 Touring ( E91 ) LCI : from September 2008 - January 2012 Coupé ( E92 ) : June 2006 -- March 2010 M3 Coupé ( E92 ) : September 2007 -- March 2010 Coupé ( E92 ) LCI : from March 2010 M3 Coupé ( E92 ) LCI : from March 2010 -- November 2012 M3 GTS ( E92 ) : April 2010 -- December 2011 M3 CRT ( E90 ) : June 2011 -- October 2011 Convertible ( E93 ) : December 2006 -- March 2010 M3 Convertible ( E93 ) : March 2008 -- March 2010 Convertible ( E93 ) LCI : from March 2010 M3 Convertible ( E93 ) LCI : from March 2010 -- July 2013 Units sold ( edit ) Units sold according to BMW 's annual reports : Year Total Sedan Touring Coupé Cabriolet Note 2005 256,981 229,932 27,049 - - Saloon launched in March , Touring introduced in September . 2006 463,820 336,232 105,483 22,105 - Coupé introduced in September . 2007 555,135 310,194 102,399 89,572 52,970 Convertible launched in March . 2008 474,208 246,231 93,191 79,248 55,538 2009 397,103 219,850 84,601 54,852 37,800 399,009 242,831 74,008 46,358 35,812 2011 384,464 240,279 72,054 39,332 32,799 2012 112,707 - 59,144 29,525 24,038 F30 Sedan launched . 2013 32,658 - - 15,240 17,418 F30 Touring launched in autumn 2012 . Total 3,076,085 1,825,549 617,929 376,232 256,375 Motorsports ( edit ) The E92 Art Car entered the 2010 24 Hours of Le Mans race , with Andy Priaulx ( GB ) , Dirk Müller ( DE ) and Dirk Werner ( DE ) driving the number 78 car which failed to complete the race . Awards ( edit ) In April 2006 , the E90 was awarded the World Car of the Year title . The car was praised for its balance between performance and practicality , as well as between style and seriousness . The jury also praised the new diesel engines and the all - wheel - drive variants . Car and Driver magazine listed the E90 3 Series on their Ten Best list for the 16th time in 24 years of the list 's publication . The E90 was named `` Best New Sports Sedan '' in the 2006 Canadian Car of the Year awards . It was Japan 's Import Car of the Year for 2005 -- 06 . The British motoring magazine What Car ? awarded it Car of the Year 2006 . From 2006 to 2011 , they also awarded it Compact Executive of the Year . In April 2011 , the E90 335d saloon won the 2011 Diesel Car of the Year award , an honour bestowed by The Diesel Driver magazine 's readers , receiving 29 , 6 % of the vote . The British motoring magazine What Car ? awarded the BMW 320d EfficientDynamics Auto the Overall Winner Green Car of the Year 2012 . The clean diesel BMW 320d has a UK combined fuel economy of 56 mpg and low emissions of just 110g / km of CO . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Bavarian Auto Group '' . www.bag-eg.com. 9 April 2010 . Archived from the original on 22 July 2010 . Retrieved 13 June 2010 . Jump up ^ David Gow ( 29 March 2007 ) . `` BMW unveils assembly plant in India '' . www.theguardian.com . Archived from the original on 5 January 2017 . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kon Wai Luen ( 9 March 2012 ) . `` Last roll out of E90 BMW 3 Series from Kulim '' . www.autoworld.com.my . Archived from the original on 5 January 2017 . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . 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Jump up ^ `` The new BMW 3 Series Coupé : design sketch ( 06 / 2006 ) '' . Retrieved 11 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Peters , Wolfgang . `` Der neue Dreier BMW : Größer , gewichtiger , erwachsener '' -- via www.faz.net . Jump up ^ `` 2005 BMW 325xi E90 specifications , information '' . www.carfolio.com . Jump up ^ `` Specifications for BMW 318i E90 Sedan ( 2005 - 2008 ) '' . www.bmwheaven.com . Jump up ^ `` RealOEM.com - Select Your BMW Model '' . www.realoem.com . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BMW '' Test Drive : 2006 BMW 323i `` . CanadianDriver. 2005 - 12 - 21 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ Good , The ( 2010 - 03 - 19 ) . `` BMW 128i vs BMW 323i -- THE GOOD CAR GUY EXAMINES THE WHYS AND WHY NOTS '' . Good Car Bad Car . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 BMW 323i '' . Wheels.ca . Archived from the original on 26 August 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ Canada . `` Deals of the Week : BMW 3 - Series , Mustang , Hyundai Veracruz '' . The Globe and Mail . Archived from the original on 13 September 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` BMW Luxury Edition '' . Bmwluxuryedition.ca . Archived from the original on 7 September 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The BMW 3 Series Touring '' ( PDF ) . BMW AG . Retrieved 9 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 3 Series model selection '' . www.bmwusa.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The 2007 BMW 3 Series Sports Wagon '' ( PDF ) . BMW of North America , LLC . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 10 , 2006 . Retrieved 9 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 335i '' . www.cars.com . Jump up ^ `` Review : 2011 BMW 328i Convertible '' . www.leftlanenews.com . Jump up ^ `` 2008 BMW 335i Convertible - First Drive Review '' . www.caranddriver.com . Jump up ^ `` 2009 BMW 328i Convertible -- Test drive and new car review -- 2009 BMW 328i Convertible '' . Cars.about.com. 2010 - 09 - 21 . Archived from the original on 26 September 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Luxury Convertible Comparison : 2010 Audi A5 vs 2010 BMW 335i vs 2009 Infiniti G37 vs 2010 Lexus IS 350 '' . Motor Trend . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Audi A5 2.0 T Quattro vs. 2010 BMW 328i , 2009 Infiniti G37 , 2010 Lexus IS350C -- Comparison Tests '' . Caranddriver.com . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 BMW 328i , 2009 Volvo C70 -- Automatic Transmission -- Luxury Hardtop Convertibles -- Automobile Magazine '' . Automobilemag.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 27 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` E90 Suspension & Chassis Components '' . www.e90post.com . Jump up ^ `` Can someone tell me about e90 option packages ? '' . www.bimmerforums.com . Retrieved 20 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 335i leather seats or leatherette ? '' . www.bimmerfest.com . Retrieved 20 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Premium Package worth it ? '' . www.e90post.com . 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Jump up ^ `` IIHS - HLDI : BMW 3 series convertible '' . Iihs.org. 2009 - 11 - 18 . Archived from the original on 10 April 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` IIHS - HLDI : Midsize convertibles -- Current Models '' . Iihs.org . Archived from the original on 7 April 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Safercar.gov '' . Safercar.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ A Role Model For The Team Player BusinessWeek -- October 16 , 2006 Jump up ^ eMarketing@bmwgroup.com . `` BMW Group , annual report 2005 ( accessed 11 Oct 06 ) '' . Bmwgroup.com . Archived from the original on 24 September 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Csere , Csaba. `` 2006 10Best Cars : Best Luxury Sports Sedan '' ( January 2006 ) . Hearst Communications , Inc . Hearst Communications , Inc . Retrieved 23 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Good , The ( 2010 - 01 - 25 ) . `` 2009 'S YEAR END COMPARISON OF ENTRY - LUXURY CAR SALES IN CANADA '' . Good Car Bad Car . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ eMarketing@bmwgroup.com . `` BMW Group '' . BMW Group . Archived from the original on 9 June 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ Login . `` BMW Art Car to compete in 24 Hours of LeMans '' . Autoblog.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` BMW Art Car to compete in 24 Hours of LeMans '' . Bmwblog.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Login ( 2010 - 06 - 12 ) . `` BMW Art Car and all - female Ford GT out of Le Mans '' . Autoblog.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` BMW 3 - Series declared World Car of the Year '' . World Car of the Year Awards . 2006 - 04 - 13 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 11 - 13 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Chas Hallett ( 2012 - 09 - 19 ) . `` BMW 320d ED wins Green Car of the Year '' . What Car ? . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 27 . `` previous -- BMW cars : 2000s to 2010s Series 2000s 2010s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 1 Series E87 F20 E82 F52 2 Series F22 F45 3 Series < < E46 E90 F30 4 Series F32 5 Series < < E39 E60 F10 G30 6 Series E63 F12 G32 7 Series < < E38 E65 F01 G11 8 Series G15 Z Series < < Z3 E85 E89 G29 < < Z8 i3 I01 i8 I12 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BMW_3_Series_(E90)&oldid=864124731 '' Categories : BMW vehicles BMW model codes Euro NCAP large family cars Coupés Sedans Station wagons Hardtop convertibles Partial zero - emissions vehicles Cars introduced in 2005 Touring cars Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 October 2018 , at 07 : 40 ( UTC ) . 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what model is a 2008 bmw 3 series

The BMW 3 Series ( E90 / E91 / E92 / E93 ) is the fifth generation compact executive car of the BMW 3 Series , which was produced from 2004 to 2013 . The body styles of the range are :

I Put a Spell on You - wikipedia I Put a Spell on You For the album , see I Put a Spell on You ( album ) . `` I Put a Spell on You '' A-side label of the 1956 U.S. 7 - inch vinyl single Single by Screamin ' Jay Hawkins from the album At Home with Screamin ' Jay Hawkins B - side `` Little Demon '' Released November 1956 ( 1956 - 11 ) Format Seven - inch 45 rpm record Genre Rhythm and blues shock rock Length 2 : 25 Label Okeh Songwriter ( s ) Jay Hawkins Herb Slotkin Producer ( s ) Arnold Maxin Screamin ' Jay Hawkins singles chronology `` Even Though '' ( 1956 ) `` I Put a Spell on You '' ( 1956 ) `` You Made Me Love You '' ( 1957 ) `` I Put a Spell on You '' is a 1956 song written and composed by Jalacy `` Screamin ' Jay '' Hawkins , whose own recording of it was selected as one of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll . It was also ranked No. 313 on Rolling Stone magazine 's list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . The selection became a classic cult song covered by a variety of artists and was his greatest commercial success , reportedly surpassing a million copies in sales , even though it failed to make the Billboard pop or R&B charts . Contents 1 The original composition 2 Personnel 3 Covers and samples 4 See also 5 References The original composition ( edit ) Hawkins had originally intended to record `` I Put a Spell on You '' as `` a refined love song , a blues ballad '' . However , the producer ( Arnold Maxin ) `` brought in ribs and chicken and got everybody drunk , and we came out with this weird version ... I do n't even remember making the record . Before , I was just a normal blues singer . I was just Jay Hawkins . It all sort of just fell in place . I found out I could do more destroying a song and screaming it to death . '' Hawkins first recorded `` I Put a Spell on You '' as a ballad during his stint with Grand Records in late 1955 . However , that version was not released at the time ( it has since been reissued on Hawkins ' UK Rev - Ola CD The Whamee 1953 -- 55 ) . The following year , Hawkins re-recorded the song for Columbia 's Okeh Records -- the notorious screaming version , which was released in October 1956 . However , this version was banned from most radio programming for its outrageous ' cannibalistic ' style . A truncated version was later released omitting the grunts and moans from the ending of the song , but the ban generally remained . Despite the ban , the record still sold over a million copies . The hit brought Hawkins together with Cleveland disc jockey Alan Freed who promptly added him to his `` Rock and Roll Revue . '' Up to this time , Hawkins had been a blues performer : emotional , but not wild . Freed suggested a gimmick to capitalize on the `` demented '' sound of `` I Put a Spell on You : '' Hawkins wore a long cape , and appeared onstage by rising out of a coffin in the midst of smoke and fog . The act was a sensation , later bolstered by tusks worn in Hawkins ' nose , on - stage snakes and fireworks , and a cigarette - smoking skull named `` Henry . '' This theatrical act was one of the first shock rock performances . Personnel ( edit ) Vocals - Jalacy Hawkins Guitar -- Mickey Baker Piano -- Ernie Hayes Tenor Saxophone -- Sam `` The Man '' Taylor Baritone Saxophone -- Bud Johnson Bass -- Al Lucas Drums -- David `` Panama '' Francis Arranged By -- Leroy Kirkland Recorded 12 September 1956 Covers and samples ( edit ) `` I Put a Spell on You '' has been covered by other artists extensively ; there are several hundred versions available on online stores like iTunes . Most of the covers treat the song seriously ; few attempt to duplicate Hawkins ' bravura performance . Although Hawkins ' own version never charted , several later cover versions have . Nina Simone 's version reached No. 23 on the U.S. Billboard R&B chart in 1965 ; it also reached No. 49 on the UK singles chart that year , and No. 28 when it was reissued in 1969 . The version by The Alan Price Set reached No. 9 in the UK in 1966 and No. 80 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Creedence Clearwater Revival 's version reached No. 58 on the U.S. Hot 100 in 1968 . The band later performed it at the Woodstock Festival in 1969 . A disco version by Dutch singer Dee Dee ( Anna Dekkers ) reached No. 16 on the Dutch charts in 1978 and was also released in Belgium ( where it peaked on No. 12 ) , France , Germany , Spain , and Australia . In the UK , Bryan Ferry 's version reached No. 18 in 1993 . The version by Sonique reached No. 36 in 1998 and No. 8 on reissue in 2000 . Other versions of note : Marilyn Manson covered the song on the 1995 EP Smells Like Children . The Crazy World of Arthur Brown covered the track on their 1968 self - titled album . Manfred Mann released a version on the U.K. EP No Living Without Loving in November 1965 . ( It also appeared on the band 's 1966 U.S. album Pretty Flamingo . ) In February 2010 a collaborative version by Chrissie Hynde , Shane MacGowan , Johnny Depp , Nick Cave , Bobby Gillespie , Mick Jones , Glen Matlock , Paloma Faith and Eliza Doolittle was released to raise funds for the Haiti natural disaster . The 2010 version by Jeff Beck featuring Joss Stone was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal at the 53rd Grammy Awards . Bette Midler covered the song in the film Hocus Pocus in an elaborate song and dance sequence . Midler performed the song again during her 2015 Divine Intervention Tour , wearing a costume similar to the one she wore in Hocus Pocus . Annie Lennox included a version of the song on her 2014 album Nostalgia . Them , featuring Van Morrison , covered the song on the 1966 album Them Again , where it peaked at # 138 on the US Billboard charts . Smokey Bellows included a version of the song on their 2018 album Devil . A cover of the Annie Lennox version , performed by Brigitte Wickens , was used in an episode of the television series Big Mouth ( S2E3 `` The Shame Wizard '' ) . See also ( edit ) List of Romanian Top 100 number ones of the 2000s References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bush , John . Screamin ' Jay Hawkins - I Put a Spell on You at AllMusic . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Mike McPadden ( 1 May 2012 ) . If You Like Metallica ... : Here Are Over 200 Bands , CDs , Movies , and Other Oddities That You Will Love . Backbeat Books . p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4768 - 1357 - 8 . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Edward M. Komara ( 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of the Blues : A-J . Routledge . p. 415 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Ed Sikov ( 1996 ) . Laughing Hysterically : American Screen Comedy of the 1950s . Columbia University Press . p. 17 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 2003 ) . Top Pop Singles 1955 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Menomonee Falls , Wisconsin : Record Research Inc . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 155 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 1996 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 -- 2004 . Menomonee Falls , Wisconsin : Record Research . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 115 - 2 . Jump up ^ Julia Rubiner , Contemporary Musicians : Profiles of the People in Music , Volume 8 , Gale , 1992 , p. 117 Jump up ^ Dimery , Robert , ed. ( 2013 ) . 1001 songs you must hear before you die ( Rev. and updated ed . ) . London . p. 81 . ISBN 9781844037360 . OCLC 855705641 . Jump up ^ Colin Larkin ( 2011 ) , The Encyclopedia of Popular Music , Omnibus Press , p. 2680 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 85712 - 595 - 8 Jump up ^ Chris Morris ( Feb 26 , 2000 ) , `` Legendary Screamin ' Jay Hawkins Dies At 70 '' , Billboard Jump up ^ Gillespie , Paula , and Neal Lerner . The Allyn and Bacon Guide to Peer Tutoring . Boston : Allyn , 2000 . Print . Jump up ^ `` Screamin ' Jay Hawkins - I Put A Spell On You The Singles 1954 - 1957 '' . Discogs . Jump up ^ Brown , Tony , Jon Kutner & Neil Warwick , The Complete Book of the British Charts : Singles and Albums , Omnibus Press , London , 2002 p. 911 Jump up ^ Brown , Tony , Jon Kutner & Neil Warwick , The Complete Book of the British Charts : Singles and Albums , Omnibus Press , London , 2002 p. 795 Jump up ^ `` Creedence Clearwater Revival Setlist at Woodstock '' . setlist.fm . Jump up ^ Brown , Tony , Jon Kutner & Neil Warwick , The Complete Book of the British Charts : Singles and Albums , Omnibus Press , London , 2002 p. 371 Jump up ^ Betts , Graham ( 2004 ) . Complete UK Hit Singles 1952 -- 2004 ( 1st ed . ) . London : Collins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 717931 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees And Winners -- GRAMMY.com '' . National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Put_a_Spell_on_You&oldid=865780905 '' Categories : 1956 singles 1956 songs 1966 singles 1968 singles 2001 singles Alan Price songs Annie Lennox songs Arthur Brown ( musician ) songs Bette Midler songs Creedence Clearwater Revival songs Decca Records singles Disney songs Eels ( band ) songs Eric Burdon songs Fantasy Records singles Halloween songs Marilyn Manson ( band ) songs Number - one singles in Romania Natacha Atlas songs Nina Simone songs Parrot Records singles Rhythm and blues songs Screamin ' Jay Hawkins songs She & Him songs Sonique ( musician ) songs The Animals songs Van Morrison songs Okeh Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Čeština Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Русский Svenska Tiếng Việt 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2018 , at 02 : 59 ( UTC ) . 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who sings the song you put a spell on me

`` I Put a Spell on You '' A-side label of the 1956 U.S. 7 - inch vinyl single Single by Screamin ' Jay Hawkins from the album At Home with Screamin ' Jay Hawkins B - side `` Little Demon '' Released November 1956 ( 1956 - 11 ) Format Seven - inch 45 rpm record Genre Rhythm and blues shock rock Length 2 : 25 Label Okeh Songwriter ( s ) Jay Hawkins Herb Slotkin Producer ( s ) Arnold Maxin Screamin ' Jay Hawkins singles chronology `` Even Though '' ( 1956 ) `` I Put a Spell on You '' ( 1956 ) `` You Made Me Love You '' ( 1957 )

Illinois Fighting Illini - wikipedia Illinois Fighting Illini Jump to : navigation , search Illinois Fighting Illini University University of Illinois at Urbana -- Champaign Conference Big Ten NCAA Division I / FBS Athletic director Josh Whitman Location Champaign - Urbana , Illinois Varsity teams 21 ( 10 men 's , 11 women 's ) Football stadium Memorial Stadium Basketball arena State Farm Center Baseball stadium Illinois Field Other arenas ARC Pool Atkins Tennis Center Eichelberger Field Huff Hall Illinois Soccer Stadium Illinois Track Stadium Stone Creek Golf Course UI Arboretum UI Armory Nickname Fighting Illini Fight song Illinois Loyalty , Oskee Wow - Wow Colors Orange and Blue Website www.fightingillini.com Big Ten logo in Illinois ' colors The Illinois Fighting Illini ( IPA / ɪ. laɪ. naɪ / ) are the intercollegiate athletic teams of the University of Illinois at Urbana -- Champaign . The university offers 10 men 's and 11 women 's varsity sports . The University operates a number of athletic facilities , including Memorial Stadium for football , the State Farm Center for both men 's and women 's basketball , Illinois Field for baseball , the ARC Pool for women 's swimming and diving , the Atkins Tennis Center for men 's and women 's tennis , Eichelberger Field for softball , Huff Hall for men 's and women 's gymnastics , women 's volleyball and men 's wrestling , Illinois Soccer Stadium for women 's soccer , Illinois Track Stadium for men 's and women 's outdoor track and field , the Stone Creek Golf Course for men 's and women 's golf , the University of Illinois Arboretum for cross country and the University of Illinois Armory for men 's and women 's indoor track and field . The Fighting Illini lay claim to over twenty - five National Championships dating back to 1900 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Sports sponsored 1.1 Baseball 1.2 Basketball 1.2. 1 Women 's program 1.2. 2 Men 's program 1.3 Cross country 1.3. 1 Men 's program 1.3. 2 Women 's program 1.4 Football 1.5 Golf 1.5. 1 Men 's program 1.5. 2 Women 's program 1.6 Gymnastics 1.6. 1 Men 's program 1.6. 2 Women 's program 1.7 Soccer 1.8 Softball 1.9 Swimming and diving 1.10 Tennis 1.10. 1 Men 's program 1.10. 2 Women 's program 1.11 Track and field 1.11. 1 Men 's program 1.11. 2 Women 's program 1.12 Volleyball 1.13 Wrestling 2 Championships 2.1 NCAA team championships 2.2 Other team championships 3 Club sports 3.1 Ice hockey 3.2 Men 's rugby 3.3 Wheelchair basketball 4 Athletic facilities 4.1 Current facilities 4.2 Practice facilities 4.3 Former facilities 4.4 Club and intramural facilities 5 Illinois traditions 5.1 Fighting Illini nickname 5.2 Marching Illini 5.3 Illinois Loyalty 5.4 Oskee Wow - Wow 5.5 Oskee Wow - Wow yell 6 Athletic directors 7 Notable alumni 8 Controversy 9 References 10 External links Sports sponsored ( edit ) Men 's sports Women 's sports Baseball Basketball Basketball Cross country Cross country Golf Football Gymnastics Golf Soccer Gymnastics Softball Tennis Swimming & diving Track & field Tennis Wrestling Track & field Volleyball † -- Track and field includes both indoor and outdoor . Baseball ( edit ) Main article : Illinois Fighting Illini baseball Illini baseball has 10 NCAA Tournament Appearances , 33 Big Ten Champions titles and 4 Big Ten Tournament Championships from 1989 , 1990 , 2000 and 2011 . Basketball ( edit ) Women 's program ( edit ) Main article : Illinois Fighting Illini women 's basketball The Fighting Illini women 's basketball team began play in 1974 . The team won the 1997 Big Ten Championship . They have made eight NCAA Tournament appearances and had two sweet sixteen appearances in 1997 and 1998 . Men 's program ( edit ) Main article : Illinois Fighting Illini men 's basketball Illini Basketball titles include Helms National Champions in 1915 , 5 NCAA Final Four appearances in 1949 , 1951 , 1952 , 1989 , 2005 , 17 Big Ten Champions and Big Ten Tournament Championships in 2003 , 2005 . Through the end of the 2013 -- 14 season , Illinois ranks 11th all - time in winning percentage and 14th all - time in wins among all NCAA Division I men 's college basketball programs . A Bristow Adams poster of an Illini football player 1904 NCAA football guide featuring Illini Football . The guide was the official rules book and record book of college football Cross country ( edit ) Men 's program ( edit ) The men 's cross country team carries the title of Big Ten Champions in 1921 , 1947 and 1984 . Women 's program ( edit ) The Fighting Illini women 's cross country team began play in 1977 . Illinois won an individual NCAA championship in 2009 . Football ( edit ) Main article : Illinois Fighting Illini football The University of Illinois has five national championships in football . The Fighting Illini now officially recognize the 1951 National Championship by the Boand selecting body , but as recently as 2006 this was not mentioned officially by the school . The team also has 15 Big Ten Championship Football victories with 8 Bowl Game Victories at the 1947 Rose Bowl , 1952 Rose Bowl , 1964 Rose Bowl , 1990 Florida Citrus Bowl , 1994 Liberty Bowl , 1999 MicronPC.com Bowl , 2010 Texas Bowl , and 2011 Kraft Fight Hunger Bowl . Golf ( edit ) Men 's program ( edit ) Main article : Illinois Fighting Illini men 's golf The men 's golf team play their home matches on the Stone Creek Golf Course five miles from the university 's campus , and are currently led by head coach Mike Small . The Fighting Illini men 's golf program has won 15 Big Ten championships and in 2013 finished as national runner - up at the NCAA Division I Men 's Golf Championships , which was the highest finish in the program 's history . 2014 was the third time in the past four years the program had qualified for the match play portion of the NCAA Men 's Golf Championships in which the final eight teams compete in a bracket format . Women 's program ( edit ) The Fighting Illini women 's golf team began play in 1975 . The team has made four NCAA Tournament appearances in 2002 , 2003 , 2011 and 2012 . Gymnastics ( edit ) Men 's program ( edit ) Main article : Illinois Fighting Illini men 's gymnastics The men 's gymnastics team have been invited to 44 NCAA tournaments and have won 10 team NCAA championships , which is second most all - time only to Penn State Nittany Lions 12 team titles . Additionally , the Fighting Illini have won an all - time record 53 individual NCAA titles . The Illini hold their competitions at George Huff Hall on the Champaign side of campus , and the team trains and holds practices at the Kenney Gym on the Urbana side of campus . Women 's program ( edit ) The Fighting Illini women 's gymnastics team began play in 1974 . The team won three Big Ten Championships in 1990 , 1991 and 1992 . Soccer ( edit ) The Fighting Illini women 's soccer team began play in 1997 . The team won two Big Ten Championships in 2003 and 2011 . They have made twelve NCAA Tournaments appearances in 2000 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 and 2013 . The team has four sweet sixteen appearances in 2004 , 2006 , 2008 , 2013 and one elite eight appearance in 2004 . Softball ( edit ) The Fighting Illini softball team began play in 2000 . The team has made six NCAA Tournament appearances in 2003 , 2004 , 2009 , 2010 , 2016 and 2017 . Swimming and diving ( edit ) The Fighting Illini women 's swimming and diving team began play in 1974 . The team had individual NCAA champions in 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1995 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 and 2007 . Tennis ( edit ) Men 's program ( edit ) Main article : Illinois Fighting Illini men 's tennis The Illinois men 's tennis program was founded in 1908 , but has enjoyed most of its success in recent years . The Illini have been one of the most successful men 's tennis programs in the nation over the past twenty seasons , winning nine consecutive Big Ten Championships from 1997 -- 2005 ; six of seven Big Ten Tournament Championships between 1999 and 2005 ; appearing in the NCAA Sweet Sixteen fourteen times , including eight years in a row ( 2002 -- 09 ) ; advancing to three NCAA Final Fours between 2003 and 2007 ; and winning the 2003 NCAA National Championship . They have also won two ITA National Team Indoor Championships ( 2003 , 2004 ) and lost in the championship match three other times ( 1998 , 1999 , 2002 ) . Illinois men 's tennis owns the record for longest consecutive win streak in NCAA history at 64 matches , spanning from their first match of the 2002 -- 2003 season and ending with a 4 -- 2 defeat by UCLA in the semifinals of the 2004 NCAA Men 's Tennis Tournament . Women 's program ( edit ) The Fighting Illini women 's tennis team began play in 1975 . The women 's tennis team has made nine NCAA Tournament appearances in 1996 , 1997 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2008 and 2010 . Track and field ( edit ) Men 's program ( edit ) The men 's Indoor Track and Field team has a total of 20 Big Ten Champion titles . For outdoor track and field the team has NCAA National Champions in 1921 1927 1944 , 1946 , and 1947 . In addition , the team carries a total of 29 Big Ten Championships . Indoor Track and Field Big Ten Champions : 1912 , 1913 , 1914 , 1916 , 1920 , 1921 , 1924 , 1928 , 1946 , 1947 , 1951 , 1952 , 1953 , 1954 , 1958 , 1977 , 1981 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 Outdoor Track and Field Big Ten Champions : 1907 , 1909 , 1913 , 1914 , 1920 , 1921 , 1922 , 1924 , 1927 , 1928 , 1929 , 1934 , 1945 , 1946 , 1947 , 1951 , 1952 , 1953 , 1954 , 1958 , 1959 , 1960 , 1975 , 1977 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1994 , 2015 Women 's program ( edit ) The Fighting Illini women 's track and field team began play in 1976. The indoor track and field team won five Big Ten Championships in 1989 , 1992 , 1993 , 1995 and 1996 . The outdoor track and field team won the 1970 Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women national championship and six Big Ten Championships in 1988 , 1989 , 1992 , 1995 , 2005 and 2007 . Volleyball ( edit ) Main article : Illinois Fighting Illini women 's volleyball Women 's volleyball started in 1974. , Since moving into Huff Hall from the Kenney Gym in 1990 , the Illinois Volleyball team has remained in the top 10 in the nation for average home attendance . In 2013 , the program broke its previous home attendance record , averaging 3,117 per match . Kenney Gym served as the initial home court from 1974 through the 1989 season . Since the founding of the volleyball program in 1974 , the Fighting Illini have had 30 + winning seasons . Wrestling ( edit ) The current head coach of the University of Illinois Fighting Illini Wrestling team is Jim Heffernan under his 5th season , and 22nd with the University of Illinois . Huff Hall is the current home arena seating approximately 4,500 . Big Ten Champions : 1913 , 1917 , 1920 , 1921 , 1922 , 1924 , 1925 , 1926 , 1927 , 1928 , 1930 , 1932 , 1935 , 1937 , 1946 , 1947 , 1952 , 2005 The University of Illinois has had 24 NCAA National Champions with the most recent being Jesse Delgado in 2013 and 2014 and Isaiah Martinez in 2015 and 2016 . References : Men 's basketball , Men 's fencing , Men 's hockey , Men 's polo , Men 's soccer , Men 's water polo Illinois fencing won National Championships in 1956 and 1958 . Fencing was dropped as a varsity sport in 1993 . Men 's swimming and diving was dropped as a varsity sport in 1993 , but were Big Ten Champions in 1911 , 1912 and 1913 . Championships ( edit ) NCAA team Championships ( edit ) The University of Illinois has won 18 NCAA national championships : Men 's ( 18 ) Fencing ( 2 ) : 1956 , 1958 Gymnastics ( 10 ) : 1939 , 1940 , 1941 , 1942 , 1950 , 1955 , 1956 , 1958 , 1989 , 2012 Outdoor track and field ( 5 ) : 1921 , 1927 ( unofficial ) , 1944 , 1946 , 1947 Tennis ( 1 ) : 2003 See also : Big Ten NCAA team championships Big Ten Conference NCAA national team championships List of NCAA schools with the most NCAA Division I championships Other team Championships ( edit ) Below are 7 national team titles that were not bestowed by the NCAA : Men 's Basketball ( 1 ) : 1915 ( Helms and Premo - Porretta retroactive selection ) Football ( 5 ) : 1914 , 1919 , 1923 , 1927 , 1951 Women 's Outdoor track and field ( 1 ) : 1970 See also : List of NCAA schools with the most Division I national championships ^ The NCAA does not award a national championship in Division I FBS football . Instead , polls were used to determine the national champion until 2013 . In this case , the AP Poll and the Coaches Poll , were the two biggest selectors . Since 2014 , the College Football Playoff has determined the national champion . These championships are not recognized by the NCAA because the championship was won without participating in an NCAA recognized event or tournament . Club sports ( edit ) Club sports include men 's ice hockey , men 's lacrosse , women 's ice hockey , rowing , men 's rugby , women 's rugby , tennis , men 's volleyball , men 's soccer , women 's soccer , men 's ultimate frisbee , women 's ultimate frisbee , men 's and women 's cross country , and men 's and women 's track and field . Ice hockey ( edit ) The men 's ice hockey team has played in the Division I Central States Collegiate Hockey League conference since 1979 , which is part of the American Collegiate Hockey Association ( ACHA ) . Men 's rugby ( edit ) Founded in 1963 , the University of Illinois Men 's Rugby Football Club plays in Division 1 - A in the Big Ten Universities conference . The Illini have experienced success in college rugby , including winning several Big 10 championships in the 1980s and reaching the national semifinals in 1980 , 1983 and 1985 . The Illini play their home matches in Urbana at the Complex Fields . Wheelchair basketball ( edit ) Main article : University of Illinois Wheelchair Basketball The men 's wheelchair basketball team was founded in 1948 by Dr. Timothy Nugent in response to a large number of disabled veterans using the G.I. Bill to attend the University of Illinois . Dr. Nugent later started a women 's team in 1970 . A total of 29 national championships are claimed between the men and women 's teams . Athletic facilities ( edit ) Memorial Stadium with State Farm Center in background State Farm Center Current facilities ( edit ) Activities and Recreation Center ( ARC Pool ) -- Women 's swimming and diving Atkins Tennis Center -- Men 's and women 's tennis Eichelberger Field -- Softball Huff Hall -- Men 's and women 's gymnastics , women 's volleyball and wrestling Illinois Field -- Baseball Illinois Soccer Stadium -- Women 's soccer Illinois Track Stadium -- Men 's and women 's outdoor track and field Memorial Stadium -- Football State Farm Center ( formerly Assembly Hall ) -- Men 's and women 's basketball Stone Creek Golf Course -- Men 's and women 's golf University of Illinois Arboretum -- Men 's and women 's cross country University of Illinois Armory -- Men 's and women 's indoor track and field Practice facilities ( edit ) Demirjian Golf Practice Facility -- Men 's and women 's golf indoor practice facility Irwin Indoor Practice Facility -- Football , women 's soccer , baseball , softball Kenney Gym and Kenney Gym Annex -- Men 's and women 's gymnastics Lauritsen / Wohlers Outdoor Golf Practice Facility -- Men 's and women 's golf outdoor practice facility U of I Orange and Blue Golf Courses -- Men 's and women 's golf short - game practice center Former facilities ( edit ) Huff Hall -- Men 's basketball ( 1925 -- 1963 ) Original Illinois Field -- Baseball ( 1884 -- 1987 ) and football ( 1893 -- 1922 ) Kenney Gym and Kenney Gym Annex -- Men 's basketball ( 1905 -- 1925 ) Club and intramural facilities ( edit ) Activities and Recreation Center -- Intramural sports CRCE -- Intramural sports University of Illinois Ice Arena -- Men 's and women 's club hockey , Synchronized skating Illinois traditions ( edit ) Fighting Illini nickname ( edit ) The University of Illinois official team nickname is the Fighting Illini . The earliest reference of Illini appears to be mentioned in January 1874 , when the campus weekly newspaper changed its name from The Student to The Illini . An editorial in the first edition of the renamed newspaper indicated that Illini was a new term . During the late 19th century and beginning of the 20th century , it was used to refer to the students , faculty , staff , and alumni of the University , as well as to the campus as a whole . The term Illini referring to the universities athletic teams seems to come from secondhand accounts of the athletic teams . The earliest reference in the Illio yearbook appears to be one mention in the summary of the 1907 football season . The term was more widely used in the 1910s especially during the 1914 , 1915 , and 1916 football seasons . The Daily Illini and football programs prior to these dates do not extensively cite the term and also used the terms `` Indians , '' `` our men , '' `` Orange and Blue , '' and the `` homecomers '' . The term Fighting Illini first appeared in a January 29 , 1911 newspaper article describing the basketball team 's effort during a game versus Purdue . By March 3 , 1911 , the athletic teams appeared to have earned the Fighting Illini nickname as a formal appellation evidenced in a newspaper report . In 2005 , evidence suggested Fighting Illini was first used in 1921 as part of a fundraising campaign for construction of Memorial Stadium , but articles discovered in 2013 show it was first used in 1911 . The Fighting Illini nickname was adopted by general consensus as an unofficial school nickname sometime between 1921 -- 1930 . It was then used in newspaper articles , football programs and other publications eventually becoming the official nickname . Marching Illini ( edit ) The Marching Illini in USA Formation during Patriotic Medley from the traditional pregame show Main article : Marching Illini The Marching Illini is the marching band of the university . The Marching Illini is an organization which annually includes approximately 350 students . Part of the College of Fine and Applied Arts and the School of Music , the Marching Illini represent virtually every college , discipline , and major on the University 's diverse Urbana - Champaign campus . The band primarily performs before , during , and after University of Illinois home football games . The band also performs an indoor concert at the Krannert Center for the Performing Arts featuring special lighting effects , performances by individual sections , and slightly pithy comic routines . The Sousa Archives and Center for American Music houses a collection of University Band recordings and performances and recording sessions from 1940 -- 1987 . The band has several traditions such as the Pregame Show , Three - In - One , Illinois Loyalty and Oskee Wow - Wow . Illinois Loyalty ( edit ) Main article : Illinois Loyalty Illinois Loyalty is the main school song of the university . It was first performed on March 3 , 1906 and is one of the oldest songs of its kind in the United States . The song was written by Thacher Howland Guild ( 1879 - 1914 ) , instructor in rhetoric and a member of the band ′ s solo cornet section . Due to the song 's length , it is normally played only at the beginning , halftime , and end of football games . Oskee Wow - Wow ( edit ) Main article : Oskee Wow - Wow Oskee Wow - Wow is the official fight song of the University of Illinois . Most commonly , it is played `` from the hold '' at the start of the chorus , when the `` O '' in `` Oskee Wow - Wow '' is held out . This version is played after first downs and touchdowns in football , and leading into time outs in basketball . Coincidentally , the buzzers at nearly every arena are in the same chord as the hold . For many years , the band started playing the song `` from the top '' toward the end of the warmup period in basketball . When conducted correctly , the `` hold '' is played just as the buzzer sounds . Oskee Wow - Wow yell ( edit ) The Oskee Wow - Wow yell is a University of Illinois spirit yell originated in 1899 . The yell was modified in 1912 and 1916 . Athletic directors ( edit ) Edward K. Hall ( 1892 -- 1894 ) Fred D. Dodge ( 1894 -- 1895 ) Henry H. Everett ( 1895 -- 1898 ) Jacob K. Shell ( 1898 -- 1901 ) George Huff ( 1901 -- 1936 ) Wendell S. Wilson ( 1936 -- 1941 ) Douglas R. Mills ( 1941 -- 1966 ) Leslie Bryan ( interim ) ( 1966 -- 1967 ) Gene Vance ( 1967 -- 1972 ) Charles E. Flynn ( interim ) ( 1972 ) Cecil Coleman ( 1972 -- 1979 ) Ray Eliot ( interim ) ( 1979 ) Neale Stoner ( 1980 -- 1988 ) Ron Guenther ( interim ) ( 1988 ) Karol A. Kahrs ( interim ) ( 1988 ) John Mackovic ( 1988 -- 1991 ) Robert Todd ( interim ) ( 1991 -- 1992 ) Ron Guenther ( 1992 -- 2011 ) Mike Thomas ( 2011 -- 2015 ) Paul Kowalczyk ( interim ) ( 2015 ) Josh Whitman ( 2016 -- present ) Notable alumni ( edit ) Main article : List of University of Illinois at Urbana -- Champaign people § sports The University has a number of notable alumni and administrators in the world of athletics . In football , notable Alumni include Dick Butkus , Red Grange , Jeff George , Simeon Rice , Ray Nitschke and George Halas . Famous basketball alumni include Luther Head , Derek Harper , Nick Anderson , Chuck Carney , Brian Cook , Kendall Gill , Steve Bardo , Jerry Colangelo , and Johnny Orr . Notable athletes in baseball include Lou Boudreau , Hoot Evers and Ken Holtzman . The University has also a number of Olympic athletes that include George Kerr , Don Laz , Daniel Kinsey , Harold Osborn , Bob Richards , and Justin Spring , Controversy ( edit ) Main article : Chief Illiniwek From 1926 until 2007 , the symbol of the university 's athletic teams was a Native American figure , Chief Illiniwek , which sparked significant controversy beginning in the 1980s . Critics of the Chief , who was represented at games by someone dressed in costume , claimed that it was a racist stereotype and a symbol of the oppression to Native Americans which took place in American history . Supporters claimed that it was inoffensive and a source of pride and reverence to the Native American heritage of Illinois . In 1982 , Oglala Sioux elder Frank Fools Crow sold an authentic ceremonial costume and headdress to the university . Since 1992 , the Oglala Sioux tribe demanded the costume and headdress be returned to Fools Crow 's family . The university was unable to locate the feathers and a grandson of Fools Crow has stated he disagreed with the way the University used his grandfather 's gift . The university remains deeply divided on this issue ; while some of the faculty condemned the symbol , the administration remained supportive of it . The university 's Board of Trustees announced on February 16 , 2007 that the Chief 's last public performance would be the final home game of the 2006 -- 2007 Men 's Basketball season . The name `` Fighting Illini '' was retained because the NCAA rescinded its criticism of the term . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Logos and Colors Illinois Brand Guidelines '' . August 14 , 2017 . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Record Book '' ( PDF ) . Grfx.cstv.com . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Records '' ( PDF ) . Graphics.fansonly.com . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Illini Advance to NCAA Match Play for Third Time in 4 Years '' . University of Illinois DIA . May 26 , 2014 . Retrieved June 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/ill/sports/m-gym/auto_pdf/2012-13/misc_non_event/2013-record-book.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.fightingillini.com/facilities/kenneygym.html Jump up ^ http://www.itatennis.com/Assets/ita_assets/pdf/Men$!27s+National+Team+Indoors/PastChampions.pdf Jump up ^ The Illini were unofficial NCAA National Champions in 1927 , as the NCAA did not officially score a team national championship at the competition that year . Jump up ^ 2012 Illinois Volleyball Record Book ( PDF ) . Champaign , IL : University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign. 2012 . p. 68 . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Illinois ' Most Well - Attended Season Ends at the Hand of Big Ten Foe '' . Champaign , IL : University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign. 2013 . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 -- 2014 Wrestling Quick Facts '' . University of Illinois Athletics . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` WATER POLO AND BASKET BALL TEAMS ORGANIZED '' . Daily Illini . November 11 , 1905 . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A Fencing Meet '' . Daily Illini . March 4 , 1911 . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Figueroa , Joey ( November 5 , 2015 ) . `` Athletic scholarships at Illinois by the numbers '' . Daily Illini . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` HOCKEY - COACH '' . Daily Illini . December 18 , 1937 . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Glenn ( July 20 , 1945 ) . `` AFTER THE DEADLINE '' . Daily Illini . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Adams , Jack ( October 8 , 1941 ) . `` Illini Polo Rises After 9 Year Struggle '' . Daily Illini . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Talbot , Phil ( April 10 , 1934 ) . `` Sport Formerly Closed to Men not in ROTC '' . Daily Illini . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Stoffel , Ron ( July 1 , 1970 ) . `` UI sports started small , now big business here Just check the ticket price '' . Daily Illini . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/champs_records_book/Overall.pdf Jump up ^ ESPN , ed. ( 2009 ) . ESPN College Basketball Encyclopedia : The Complete History of the Men 's Game . New York , NY : ESPN Books . p. 533 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 51392 - 2 . Jump up ^ U of I Rugby , Illinois Men 's Rugby Football Club , http://uofirugby.com/en/ Jump up ^ Rugby Mag , DII Bottom Dweller to DI - A , Illinois Opens BTU Conference Play Saturday , September 27 , 2012 , http://www.rugbymag.com/college-premier-league-/5909-dii-bottom-dweller-to-di-a-illinois-opens-btu-conference-play-saturday.html Jump up ^ Savitz , Harriet ( 2006 ) . Wheelchair Champions : A History of Wheelchair Sports . Lincoln : iUniverse . ISBN 978 - 0595385225 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fighting Illini Name '' . archives.library.illinois.edu . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fighting Illini FAQ '' . archives.library.illinois.edu . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` University Bands Tape Recordings , 1942 -- 1987 -- The Sousa Archives and Center for American Music '' . illinois.edu . Jump up ^ Thatcher Howland Guild . `` Illinois Loyalty March , recorded 1916 - 12 - 05 by the Victor Military Band '' . Library of Congress National Jukebox . Victor Records . Retrieved June 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` University Yells '' . uihistories.library.illinois.edu . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Oskee Wow Wow ' predates the Chief '' . news-gazette.com . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lou Boudreau Stats '' . Baseball Almanac . Retrieved October 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hoot Evers Stats '' . Baseball Almanac . Retrieved October 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` U of I says Chief Illiniwek feathers returned ; tribe disagrees '' . Sioux City Journal . Associated Press . January 22 , 2007 . Retrieved March 3 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign athletics . 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Bharat Ratna - wikipedia Bharat Ratna Bharat Ratna Awarded by Government of India Country India Type National civilian Ribbon Obverse An image of the Sun along with the words `` Bharat Ratna '' , inscribed in Devanagari script , on a peepal ( Ficus religiosa ) leaf Reverse A platinum State Emblem of India placed in the centre with the national motto , `` Satyameva Jayate '' ( Truth alone triumphs ) in Devanagari script Statistics Established 1954 First awarded 1954 C. Rajagopalachari Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan C.V. Raman Last awarded 2015 Madan Mohan Malaviya ( Posthumous ) Atal Bihari Vajpayee Total awarded 45 Precedence Next ( lower ) Padma Vibhushan The Bharat Ratna ( Hindi pronunciation : ( bhaːrət̪ rət̪nə ) ; Jewel of India ) is the highest civilian award of the Republic of India . Instituted in 1954 , the award is conferred `` in recognition of exceptional service / performance of the highest order '' , without distinction of race , occupation , position , or sex . The award was originally limited to achievements in the arts , literature , science , and public services , but the government expanded the criteria to include `` any field of human endeavour '' in December 2011 . The recommendations for the Bharat Ratna are made by the Prime Minister to the President , with a maximum of three nominees being awarded per year . Recipients receive a Sanad ( certificate ) signed by the President and a peepal - leaf -- shaped medallion ; there is no monetary grant associated with the award . Bharat Ratna recipients rank seventh in the Indian order of precedence . The first recipients of the Bharat Ratna were politician C. Rajagopalachari , philosopher Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan , and scientist C.V. Raman , who were honoured in 1954 . Since then , the award has been bestowed upon 45 individuals , including 12 who were awarded posthumously . The original statutes did not provide for posthumous awards but were amended in January 1955 to permit them . Former Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri became the first individual to be honoured posthumously . In 2014 , cricketer Sachin Tendulkar , then aged 40 , became the youngest recipient ; while social reformer Dhondo Keshav Karve was awarded on his 100th birthday . Though usually conferred on India - born citizens , the Bharat Ratna has been awarded to one naturalised citizen , Mother Teresa , and to two non-Indians , Pakistan national Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan and former South African President Nelson Mandela . On 24 December 2014 , the Indian government announced the award to independence activist Madan Mohan Malaviya ( posthumously ) and former Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee . The Bharat Ratna , along with other personal civil honours , was briefly suspended from July 1977 to January 1980 , during the change in the national government ; and for a second time from August 1992 to December 1995 , when several public - interest litigations challenged the constitutional validity of the awards . In 1992 , the government 's decision to confer the award posthumously on Subhas Chandra Bose was opposed by those who had refused to accept the fact of his death , including some members of his extended family . Following a 1997 Supreme Court decision , the press communiqué announcing Bose 's award was cancelled ; it is the only time when the award was announced but not conferred . Several bestowals of the award have met with criticism . The posthumous award for M.G. Ramachandran ( 1988 ) was considered to have been aimed at placating the voters for the upcoming assembly election and posthumous awards of Madan Mohan Malaviya ( 2015 ) and Vallabhbhai Patel ( 1991 ) drew criticism for they died before the award was instituted . Contents 1 History 2 Regulations 3 Specifications 4 Controversies 5 Criticism 6 Popular demands 7 List of recipients 8 Explanatory notes 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 Further reading History ( edit ) On 2 January 1954 , a press communiqué was released from the office of the secretary to the President announcing the creation of two civilian awards -- Bharat Ratna , the highest civilian award , and the three - tier Padma Vibhushan , classified into `` Pahela Warg '' ( Class I ) , `` Dusra Warg '' ( Class II ) , and `` Tisra Warg '' ( Class III ) , which rank below the Bharat Ratna . On 15 January 1955 , the Padma Vibhushan was reclassified into three different awards ; the Padma Vibhushan , the highest of the three , followed by the Padma Bhushan and the Padma Shri . There is no formal provision that recipients of the Bharat Ratna should be Indian citizens . It has been awarded to a naturalised Indian citizen , Mother Teresa in 1980 , and to two non-Indians , Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan of Pakistan in 1987 and the former South African president Nelson Mandela in 1990 . Sachin Tendulkar , at the age of 40 , became the youngest person and first athlete to receive the honour . In a special ceremony on 18 April 1958 , Dhondo Keshav Karve was awarded on his 100th birthday . As of 2015 , the award has been conferred upon 45 people with 12 posthumous declarations . The award was briefly suspended twice in its history . The first suspension occurred after Morarji Desai was sworn in as the fourth Prime Minister in 1977 . His government withdrew all personal civil honours on 13 July 1977 . The suspension was rescinded on 25 January 1980 , after Indira Gandhi became the Prime Minister . The civilian awards were suspended again in mid-1992 , when two Public - Interest Litigations were filed , one in the Kerala High Court and another in the Madhya Pradesh High Court , challenging the `` constitutional validity '' of the awards . The awards were reintroduced by the Supreme Court in December 1995 , following the conclusion of the litigation . Regulations ( edit ) The Bharat Ratna is conferred `` in recognition of exceptional service / performance of the highest order '' , without distinction of race , occupation , position , or sex . The award was originally confined to the arts , literature , science , and public services , as per the 1954 regulations . In December 2011 , the rules were changed to include `` any field of human endeavour '' . The 1954 statutes did not allow posthumous awards , but this was subsequently modified in the January 1955 statute , and Lal Bahadur Shastri became the first recipient to be honoured posthumously in 1966 . Although there is no formal nomination process , recommendations for the award can only be made by the Prime Minister to the President with a maximum number of three nominees being awarded per year . However , in 1999 , four individuals were awarded the honour . The recipient receives a Sanad ( certificate ) signed by the President and a medallion without any monetary grant . Under the terms of Article 18 ( 1 ) of the Constitution , the recipients can not use the award as a prefix or suffix to their name , although recipients may use either the expressions `` Awarded Bharat Ratna by the President '' or `` Recipient of Bharat Ratna Award '' to indicate that they have been honoured with the award . The holders of the Bharat Ratna rank seventh in the Indian order of precedence . As with many official announcements , recipients are announced and registered in The Gazette of India , a publication released by the Department of Publication , Ministry of Urban Development used for official government notices ; without publication in the Gazette , conferral of the award is not considered official . Recipients whose awards have been revoked or restored , both of which require the authority of the President , are registered in the Gazette . Recipients whose awards have been revoked are required to surrender their medals , and their names are struck from the register . Specifications ( edit ) The original 1954 specifications of the award was a circle made of gold 1 ⁄ inches ( 35 mm ) in diameter with a centred sun burst design on the obverse side . The text `` Bharat Ratna '' , in Devanagari Script , is inscribed on the upper edge in silver gilt with a wreath set along on the lower edge . A platinum State Emblem of India was placed in the centre of the reverse side with the national motto , `` Satyameva Jayate '' ( Truth alone triumphs ) in Devanagari Script , inscribed in silver - gilt on the lower edge . A year later , the design was modified . The current medal is in the shape of a peepal leaf , approximately 2 ⁄ inches ( 59 mm ) long , 1 ⁄ inches ( 48 mm ) wide and ⁄ inch ( 3.2 mm ) thick and rimmed in platinum . The embossed sun burst design , made of platinum , on the obverse side of the medal has a diameter of ⁄ inch ( 16 mm ) with rays spreading out from ⁄ inch ( 21 mm ) to ⁄ inch ( 13 mm ) from the center of the Sun . The words `` Bharat Ratna '' on the obverse side remained the same as the 1954 design as did the emblem of India and `` Satyameva Jayate '' on the reverse side . A 2 - inch - wide ( 51 mm ) white ribbon is attached to the medal so it can be worn around the neck . In 1957 , the silver - gilt decoration was changed to burnished bronze . The Bharat Ratna medals are produced at Alipore Mint , Kolkata along with the other civilian and military awards like Padma Vibushan , Padma Bhushan , Padma Shri , and Param Veer Chakra . Controversies ( edit ) The Bharat Ratna has been surrounded by several controversies and multiple Public - Interest Litigations ( PIL ) had been filed against the conferral of the award . Subhas Chandra Bose ( 1992 ) In 1992 , a press release was published to confer the award posthumously on Bose which was later cancelled by the Supreme Court in 1997 . On 23 January 1992 , a press release was published by the President 's Secretariat to confer the award posthumously on Subhash Chandra Bose . The decision triggered much criticism and a PIL was filed in the Calcutta High Court to revoke the award . The petitioner took objection to the conferral of the award and its posthumous mention of Bose , saying that honouring a personality higher than the award is `` ridiculous '' , and it was an act of `` carelessness '' to classify such a person with past and future recipients . It said that the award can not be conferred to Bose posthumously as the Government had not officially accepted his death on 18 August 1945 . The petitioner requested the whereabouts of Bose from 18 August 1945 till date , based on the information collected by the 1956 Shah Nawaz Committee and the 1970 Khosla Commission . Bose 's family members expressed their unwillingness to accept the award . To deliver the judgement , the Supreme Court formed a Special Division Bench with Judge Sujata V. Manohar and G.B. Pattanaik . The Solicitor General noted that to confer the award per the appropriate regulations pertaining to the Bharat Ratna , Padma Vibhushan , Padma Bhushan , and Padma Shri , the name of the recipient must be published in The Gazette of India and entered in the recipients register maintained under the direction of the President . It was noted that only an announcement had been made by press communiqué , but the government had not proceeded to confer the award by publishing the name in the Gazette and entering the name in the register . Furthermore , the then presidents , R. Venkataraman ( 1987 -- 92 ) and Shankar Dayal Sharma ( 1992 -- 97 ) , had not conferred a Sanad ( certificate ) with their signature and seal . On 4 August 1997 , the Supreme Court delivered an order that since the award had not been officially conferred , it can not be revoked and declared that the press communiqué be treated as cancelled . The court declined to pass any judgement on the posthumous mention of Bose and his death . Civilian awards as `` Titles '' ( 1992 ) In 1992 , two PILs were filed in the High Courts ; one in the Kerala High Court on 13 February 1992 by Balaji Raghavan and another in the Madhya Pradesh High Court ( Indore Bench ) on 24 August 1992 by Satya Pal Anand . Both petitioners questioned the civilian awards being `` Titles '' per an interpretation of Article 18 ( 1 ) of the Constitution . On 25 August 1992 , the Madhya Pradesh High Court issued a notice temporarily suspending all civilian awards . A Special Division Bench of the Supreme Court was formed comprising five judges ; A.M. Ahmadi C.J. , Kuldip Singh , B.P. Jeevan Reddy , N.P. Singh , and S. Saghir Ahmad . On 15 December 1995 , the Special Division Bench restored the awards and delivered a judgement that the `` Bharat Ratna and Padma awards are not titles under Article 18 of the Constitution '' . C.N.R. Rao and Sachin Tendulkar ( 2013 ) Following the announcement , in November 2013 , that C.N.R. Rao and Sachin Tendulkar were to be awarded the Bharat Ratna , multiple PILs were filed challenging the conferring of the award . The PIL filed against Rao declared that other Indian scientists , such as Homi Bhabha and Vikram Sarabhai , had contributed more than Rao and his claim of publishing 1400 research papers was `` physically impossible '' . The suit stated that as Rao had proven cases of plagiarism , he should not be presented with the award but rather should be annulled . The PIL filed against Tendulkar to the Election Commission under the Right to Information Act indicated that the awarding him the Bharat Ratna was a violation of the model code of conduct . The petitioner noted that as Tendulkar was an Indian National Congress nominated Member of Rajya Sabha , the decision to award him the Bharat Ratna would influence the voters of Delhi , Rajasthan , Madhya Pradesh , Chhattisgarh , and Mizoram where the election process was underway at the time . Another PIL was filed against Tendulkar and a few ministers , `` alleging a conspiracy to ignore '' an Indian field hockey player Dhyan Chand . '' On 4 December 2013 , the Election Commission rejected the petition stating that conferring the award on people from non-polling states did not amount to a violation of the code . Other High Courts as well rejected the petitions raised against Rao and Tendulkar . Criticism ( edit ) In 1988 , then Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi ( 1984 -- 89 ) conferred the Bharat Ratna posthumously on film actor and former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu , M.G. Ramachandran , in a bid to influence voters prior to the Tamil Nadu assembly elections in 1989 . The decision was criticised for awarding Ramachandran before independence activist B.R. Ambedkar and Vallabhbhai Patel , who were bestowed the honour in 1990 and 1991 respectively . While Ravi Shankar was accused of lobbying for the award , the decision by Indira Gandhi to posthumously honour K. Kamaraj was considered to have been aimed at placating Tamil voters for the Tamil Nadu assembly elections in 1977 . The seventh Prime Minister V.P. Singh was criticised for posthumously honouring B.R. Ambedkar to please the Dalits . The posthumous conferments of the award on the recipients who died before the Indian independence in 1947 or the award was instituted in 1954 have been criticised by historians . It was noted that such conferments could lead to more demands to honour people like Maurya Emperor Ashoka , Mughal Emperor Akbar , Maratha Emperor Shivaji , Nobel Laureate Rabindranath Tagore , Hindu spiritualist Swami Vivekananda , and independence activist Bal Gangadhar Tilak . The then Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao ( 1991 -- 96 ) was criticised for bestowing the award upon Vallabhbhai Patel in 1991 , 41 years after his death in 1950 ; and upon Subhas Chandra Bose in 1992 , who went missing since 18 August 1945 . Similarly in 2015 , the Prime Minister Narendra Modi 's decision to award Madan Mohan Malaviya , who died in 1946 , met with criticism . Janardan Dwivedi , politician of the Indian National Congress , said that Malaviya , who worked predominantly in Varanasi , was `` deliberately chosen '' by the Prime Minister Modi , who is the incumbent Member of Parliament from Varanasi . A few of the conferments have been criticised for honouring personalities only after they received global recognition . The award for Mother Teresa was announced in 1980 , a year after she was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize . Satyajit Ray received an Academy Honorary Award in 1992 followed by the Bharat Ratna the same year . In 1999 , Amartya Sen was awarded the Bharat Ratna , a year after his 1998 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences . The award was proposed by Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee to President K.R. Narayanan who agreed to the proposal . Popular demands ( edit ) Though , as per the statutes for the Bharat Ratna , the recommendations for the award can only be made by the Prime Minister to the President , there have been several demands from various political parties to honour their leaders . In January 2008 , Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ) leader L.K. Advani wrote to the then Prime Minister Manmohan Singh recommending Singh 's predecessor Atal Bihari Vajpayee for the award . This was immediately followed by the Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) lobbying for their leader , Jyoti Basu , former Chief Minister of West Bengal . Basu , India 's longest - serving chief minister , said that he would decline the honour , even if awarded . Similar demands were made by Telugu Desam Party , Bahujan Samaj Party , and Shiromani Akali Dal for their respective leaders N.T. Rama Rao , Kanshi Ram , and Parkash Singh Badal . In September 2015 , regional political party Shiv Sena demanded the award for the independence activist Vinayak Damodar Savarkar stating that he had been `` deliberately neglected by previous governments '' but his family clarified that they are not making such demand and that the freedom fighter is known for his contribution towards independence movement and did not need an award for recognition . Per the original statutes , sportspersons were not eligible for the Bharat Ratna ; however , a revision of the rules in December 2011 made eligible `` any field of human endeavour '' . Subsequently , several sportspersons ' names were discussed ; among the most talked - about of these was field - hockey player Dhyan Chand , who was recommended multiple times for the posthumous honour . In 2011 , 82 members of parliament recommended Chand 's name for the award to the Prime Minister 's Office . In January 2012 , the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports forwarded his name again , this time along with 2008 Summer Olympics gold medallist shooter Abhinav Bindra and mountaineer Tenzing Norgay . Bindra had earlier been recommended for the award in May 2013 by the National Rifle Association of India . In July 2013 , the ministry again recommended Dhyan Chand . However , in November 2013 , cricketer Sachin Tendulkar became the first sports - person to receive the honour and this garnered much criticism for the government . A PIL was filed in the Karnataka High Court where in the petitioner requested the court to issue a direction to the Ministry of Home Affairs to consider their representation dated 26 October 2012 and confer the Bharat Ratna upon Mahatma Gandhi . On 27 January 2014 , a counsel appearing for the petitioner noted that after multiple representations from the petitioner , they were provided with the information under RTI that the recommendations to confer the award on Gandhi have been received multiple times in the past and were forwarded to the Prime Minister 's Office . A Division bench comprising Chief Justice D.H. Waghela and Justice B.V. Nagarathna dismissed the petition stating that the subject is not amenable to any adjudication process and the nominations and conferment process is stated to be informal and in the discretion of the highest authority in the Government . List of recipients ( edit ) Key + Naturalized citizen recipient * Non-citizen recipient # Posthumous recipient List of laureates awarded the Bharat Ratna Year Laureates Notes 1954 C. Rajagopalachari An Indian independence activist , statesman , and lawyer , Rajagopalachari was the only Indian and last Governor - General of independent India . He was Chief Minister of Madras Presidency ( 1937 -- 39 ) and Madras State ( 1952 -- 54 ) ; and founder of Indian political party Swatantra Party . Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Philosopher Radhakrishnan served as India 's first Vice-President ( 1952 -- 62 ) and second President ( 1962 -- 67 ) . Since 1962 , his birthday on 5 September is observed as `` Teachers ' Day '' in India . C.V. Raman Widely known for his work on the scattering of light and the discovery of the effect , better known as `` Raman scattering '' , Raman mainly worked in the field of atomic physics and electromagnetism and was presented Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930 . 1955 Bhagwan Das Independence activist , philosopher , and educationist , Das is a co-founder of Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith and worked with Madan Mohan Malaviya for the foundation of Banaras Hindu University . M. Visvesvaraya Civil engineer , statesman , and Diwan of Mysore ( 1912 -- 18 ) , Visvesvaraya was a Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire . His birthday , 15 September , is observed as `` Engineer 's Day '' in India . Jawaharlal Nehru Independence activist and author , Nehru is the first and the longest - serving Prime Minister of India ( 1947 -- 64 ) . 1957 Govind Ballabh Pant Independence activist Pant was premier of United Provinces ( 1937 -- 39 , 1946 -- 50 ) and first Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh ( 1950 -- 54 ) . He served as Union Home Minister from 1955 -- 61 . 1958 Dhondo Keshav Karve Social reformer and educator , Karve is widely known for his works related to woman education and remarriage of Hindu widows . He established the Widow Marriage Association ( 1883 ) , Hindu Widows Home ( 1896 ) , and started Shreemati Nathibai Damodar Thackersey Women 's University in 1916 . 1961 Bidhan Chandra Roy A physician , political leader , philanthropist , educationist , and social worker , Roy is often considered as `` Maker of Modern West Bengal '' . He was second Chief Minister of West Bengal ( 1948 -- 62 ) and his birthday on 1 July is observed as National Doctors ' Day in India . -- Purushottam Das Tandon Often titled as `` Rajarshi '' , Tandon was an independence activist and served as speaker of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly ( 1937 -- 50 ) . He was actively involved in a campaign to get official language status to Hindi . 1962 Rajendra Prasad Independence activist , lawyer , statesman , and scholar , Prasad was closely associated with Mahatma Gandhi in the non-cooperation movement for Indian independence . He was later elected as the first President of India ( 1950 -- 62 ) . 1963 -- Zakir Husain Independence activist and education philosopher , Husain served as a Vice Chancellor of Aligarh Muslim University ( 1948 -- 56 ) and the Governor of Bihar ( 1957 -- 62 ) . Later , he was elected as second Vice-President of India ( 1962 -- 67 ) and went on to become the third President of India ( 1967 -- 69 ) . Pandurang Vaman Kane Indologist and Sanskrit scholar , Kane is best known for his five volume literary work , History of Dharmaśāstra : Ancient and Medieval Religious and Civil Law in India ; the `` monumental '' work that extends over nearly 6,500 pages and being published from 1930 to 1962 . 1966 Lal Bahadur Shastri Known for his slogan `` Jai Jawan Jai Kisan '' ( `` Hail the Soldier , Hail the Farmer '' ) , Independence activist Shastri served as second Prime Minister of India ( 1964 -- 66 ) and led the country during the Indo - Pakistani War of 1965 . 1971 Indira Gandhi Known as the `` Iron Lady of India '' , Gandhi was the Prime Minister of India during 1966 -- 77 and 1980 -- 84 . During the Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 , her government supported Bangladesh Liberation War which led to the formation of a new country , Bangladesh . V.V. Giri While studying at the University College Dublin , Giri was involved in the Irish Sinn Féin movement . Returning to India , he organized labour unions and brought them to take active participation in Indian freedom struggle . He was elected as the first President of All India Trade Union Congress in 1926 . Post-independence , Giri held positions of Governor of Uttar Pradesh , Kerala and Mysore and various other cabinet ministries . He became the first acting President and was eventually elected as the fourth President of India ( 1969 -- 74 ) . 1976 K. Kamaraj Independence activist and statesman Kamaraj was a Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu for three terms ; 1954 -- 57 , 1957 -- 62 , and 1962 -- 63 . 1980 Mother Teresa `` Saint Mother Teresa of Calcutta '' was a catholic nun and the founder of the Missionaries of Charity . She was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for her humanitarian work in 1979 and was beatified on 19 October 2003 by Pope John Paul II and canonised on 4 September 2016 by Pope Francis . Vinoba Bhave Independence activist , social reformer , and a close associate of Mahatma Gandhi , Bhave is best known for his Bhoodan movement , `` Land - Gift Movement '' . He was given the honorific title `` Acharya '' ( `` teacher '' ) and was awarded the Ramon Magsaysay Award ( 1958 ) for his humanitarian work . Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Widely known as `` Frontier Gandhi '' , independence activist and Pashtun leader Khan was a follower of Mahatma Gandhi . He joined Khilafat Movement in 1920 and founded Khudai Khidmatgar ( `` Red Shirt movement '' ) in 1929 . M.G. Ramachandran Actor turned politician Ramachandran served as Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu for three terms ; 1977 -- 80 , 1980 -- 84 , 1985 -- 87 . B.R. Ambedkar Social reformer and leader of the Dalits , Ambedkar was the Chief architect of the Indian Constitution and also served as the first Law Minister of India . Ambedkar predominantly campaigned against the social discrimination with Dalits , the Hindu varna system . He was associated with the Dalit Buddhist movement and accepted Buddhism as a religion along with his close to half a million followers on 14 October 1956 . Nelson Mandela Leader of the Anti-Apartheid Movement in South Africa , Mandela was the President of South Africa ( 1994 -- 99 ) . Often called as the `` Gandhi of South Africa '' , Mandela 's African National Congress movement was influenced by Gandhian philosophy . In 1993 , he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize . 1991 Rajiv Gandhi Gandhi was the ninth Prime Minister of India serving from 1984 to 1989 . Vallabhbhai Patel Widely known as the `` Iron Man of India '' , Patel was an independence activist and first Deputy Prime Minister of India ( 1947 -- 50 ) . Post independence , `` Sardar '' ( `` Leader '' ) Patel worked with V.P. Menon towards dissolving 555 princely states into the Indian union . Morarji Desai Independence activist Desai was the sixth Prime Minister of India ( 1977 -- 79 ) . He is the only Indian national to be awarded the Nishan - e-Pakistan , highest civilian award given by the Government of Pakistan . Abul Kalam Azad Independence activist Azad was India 's first Minister of Education and worked towards free primary education . He was widely known as `` Maulana Azad '' and his birthday on 11 November is observed as National Education Day in India . J.R.D. Tata Industrialist , philanthropist , and aviation pioneer , Tata founded India 's first airline Air India . He is the founder of various institutes including Tata Institute of Fundamental Research , Tata Memorial Hospital , Tata Institute of Social Sciences , Tata Motors , TCS , National Institute of Advanced Studies , and National Centre for the Performing Arts . Satyajit Ray Having debuted as a director with Pather Panchali ( 1955 ) , film - maker Ray is credited with bringing world recognition to Indian cinema . In 1984 , Ray was awarded the Dadasaheb Phalke Award , India 's highest award in cinema . Gulzarilal Nanda Independence activist Nanda was two times interim Prime Minister of India ( 1964 , 1966 ) and two times deputy chairman of the Planning Commission . Aruna Asaf Ali Independence activist Ali is better known for hoisting the Indian flag in Bombay during the Quit India Movement in 1942 . Post Independence , Ali was elected as Delhi 's first mayor in 1958 . A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Aerospace and defence scientist , Kalam was involved in the development of India 's first satellite launch vehicle SLV III and was the architect of Integrated Guided Missile Development Program . He worked for Indian National Committee for Space Research , Indian Space Research Organisation , Defence Research and Development Laboratory and was appointed as the Scientific Advisor to the Defence Minister , Secretary to Department of Defence Research and Development and Director General of Defence Research and Development Organisation . Later , he served as the eleventh President of India from 2002 till 2007 . 1998 M.S. Subbulakshmi Carnatic classical vocalist Subbulakshmi , often hailed as `` Queen of songs '' , is the first Indian musician to receive the Ramon Magsaysay award . Chidambaram Subramaniam Independence activist and former Minister of Agriculture of India ( 1964 -- 66 ) , Subramaniam is known for his contribution towards Green Revolution in India . During the late 1970s , he worked for International Rice Research Institute , Manila , and the International Maize and Wheat Research Institute , Mexico . 1999 Jayaprakash Narayan Independence activist , social reformer , and commonly referred as `` Lok Nayak '' ( `` People 's Hero '' ) , Narayan is better known for `` Total Revolution Movement '' or `` JP Movement '' initiated during the mid-1970s to `` overthrow the corrupt and exploitative Congress government '' . Amartya Sen Winner of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences ( 1998 ) , Sen has done research over several topics including social choice theory , ethics and political philosophy , welfare economics , decision theory , development economics , public health , and gender studies . Gopinath Bordoloi Independence activist Bordoloi is the first Chief Minister of Assam ( 1946 -- 50 ) . His efforts and association with the then Minister of Home Affairs Vallabhbhai Patel were widely acknowledged while keeping Assam united with India when parts of it were to merge with East Pakistan . Ravi Shankar Winner of four Grammy Awards and often considered `` the world 's best - known exponent of Hindustani classical music '' , sitar player Shankar is known for his collaborative work with Western musicians including Yehudi Menuhin and George Harrison . Lata Mangeshkar Widely credited as the `` nightingale of India '' , playback singer Mangeshkar started her career in the 1940s and has sung songs in over 36 languages . In 1989 , Mangeshkar was awarded the Dadasaheb Phalke Award , India 's highest award in cinema . Bismillah Khan Hindustani classical shehnai player , Khan played the instrument for more than eight decades and is credited to have brought the instrument to the centre stage of Indian music . 2008 Bhimsen Joshi Hindustani classical vocalist , Joshi was a disciple of Kirana gharana , an Indian musical school . He is widely known for the Khyal genre of singing with a `` mastery over rhythm and accurate notes '' . 2014 C.N.R. Rao The recipient of Honorary Doctorates from 63 Universities including Purdue , IIT Bombay , Oxford , chemist and professor Rao has worked prominently in the fields of Solid State and Materials Chemistry , Spectroscopy and Molecular Structure . He has authored around 1600 research papers and 48 books . Sachin Tendulkar Having debuted in 1989 , Tendulkar played 664 international cricket matches in a career spanning over two decades . He holds various cricket records including the only player to have scored one hundred international centuries , the first batsman to score a double century in a One Day International and the only player to complete more than 30,000 runs in both ODI and Test cricket . 2015 Madan Mohan Malaviya Scholar and educational reformer Malaviya is a founder of Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha ( 1906 ) and Banaras Hindu University and served as the university 's vice-chancellor from 1919 till 1938 . He was the President of Indian National Congress for four terms and was the Chairman of Hindustan Times from 1924 to 1946 . Atal Bihari Vajpayee Parliamentarian for over four decades , Vajpayee was elected nine times to the Lok Sabha , twice to the Rajya Sabha and served as the Prime Minister of India for three terms ; 1996 , 1998 , 1999 -- 2004 . He was Minister of External Affairs during 1977 -- 79 and was awarded the `` Best Parliamentarian '' in 1994 . Explanatory notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Bharat Ratna ceremony is usually held at Rashtrapati Bhavan , New Delhi but a special ceremony was held at Brabourne Stadium , Mumbai to honour Karve on his 100th birthday , 18 April 1958 . ^ Jump up to : Per Article 18 ( 1 ) of the Constitution of India : Abolition of titles , `` no title , not being a military or academic distinction , shall be conferred by the State '' . Jump up ^ The PIL accused the then Prime Minister Manmohan Singh , Home Minister Sushilkumar Shinde , Sports Minister Bhanwar Jitendra Singh and the secretary to the union home department . Jump up ^ In 1960 , Ramachandran was awarded the Padma Shri , the fourth highest civilian award , but declined as the invitation was written in the Devanagari script and not Tamil . Jump up ^ Desai had earlier abolished the awards while he was in the office of Prime Minister for it being `` worthless and politicized '' . Jump up ^ Earlier , Abul Kalam Azad had refused the Bharat Ratna while he was the Education Minister of India ( 1947 -- 58 ) citing that the selection committee members should not themselves be the recipients . Posthumous recipients Jump up ^ Lal Bahadur Shastri died on 11 January 1966 , at the age of 61 . Jump up ^ K. Kamaraj died on 2 October 1975 , at the age of 72 . Jump up ^ Vinoba Bhave died on 15 November 1982 , at the age of 87 . Jump up ^ M.G. Ramachandran died on 24 December 1987 , at the age of 70 . Jump up ^ B.R. Ambedkar died on 6 December 1956 , at the age of 65 . Jump up ^ Rajiv Gandhi died on 21 May 1991 , at the age of 46 . Jump up ^ Vallabhbhai Patel died on 15 December 1950 , at the age of 75 . Jump up ^ Abul Kalam Azad died on 22 February 1958 , at the age of 69 . Jump up ^ Aruna Asaf Ali died on 29 July 1996 , at the age of 87 . Jump up ^ Jayaprakash Narayan died on 8 October 1979 , at the age of 76 . Jump up ^ Gopinath Bordoloi died on 5 August 1950 , at the age of 60 . Jump up ^ Madan Mohan Malaviya died on 12 November 1946 , at the age of 84 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Atal Behari Vajpayee : India honours former PM with Bharat Ratna '' . BBC . 24 December 2014 . Archived from the original on 14 October 2015 . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lal , Shavax A. ( 1954 ) . `` The Gazette of India -- Extraordinary -- Part I '' ( PDF ) . The Gazette of India . The President 's Secretariat ( published 2 January 1954 ) : 2 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 May 2014 . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . The President is pleased to institute an award to be designated Bharat Ratna and to make the following Regulations ^ Jump up to : Ayyar , N.M. ( 1955 ) . `` The Gazette of India -- Extraordinary -- Part I '' ( PDF ) . The Gazette of India . The President 's Secretariat ( published 15 January 1955 ) : 8 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 18 May 2014 . Retrieved 18 May 2014 . The President is pleased to make the following revised regulations for the award of the decoration Bharat Ratna in supersession of those published in Notification No. 1 - Pres. / 54 , dated the 2nd January , 1954 ^ Jump up to : `` Bharat Ratna Scheme '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Home Affairs ( India ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 February 2018 . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Govt changes criteria for Bharat Ratna ; now open for all '' . The Hindu . New Delhi . Press Trust of India . 16 December 2011 . Archived from the original on 28 December 2013 . Retrieved 16 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Guha 2001 , p. 176 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tendulkar receives Bharat Ratna '' . ESPNcricinfo. 4 February 2014 . Archived from the original on 26 June 2014 . Retrieved 20 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Profile : Dhondo Keshav Karve '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on 1 December 2011 . Retrieved 20 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Daniel 1958 , p. 223 . ^ Jump up to : `` List of recipients of Bharat Ratna ( 1954 -- 2015 ) '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Home Affairs ( India ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 February 2018 . Retrieved 11 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hoiberg & Ramchandani 2000 , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Bhattacherje 2009 , p . A248 . ^ Jump up to : Edgar 2011 , p. C - 105 . Jump up ^ Madappa , K.C. ( 1980 ) . `` The Gazette of India -- Extraordinary -- Part I '' ( PDF ) . The Gazette of India . The President 's Secretariat ( published 25 January 1980 ) : 2 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 19 June 2016 . Retrieved 19 June 2016 . The President is pleased to cancel the President 's Secretariat Notification No. 65 - Pres / 77 dated the 8th August , 1977 by which the Civilian Awards `` Bharat Ratna ' , ' Padma Vibhushan ' , ' Padma Bhushan ' and ' Padma Shri ' were cancelled and to direct that the said Awards shall be re-instituted with immediate effect . 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Archived from the original on 9 September 2015 . Retrieved 17 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Assam Legislative Assembly -- Chief Ministers since 1937 '' . Assam Legislative Assembly . Archived from the original on 16 January 2014 . Retrieved 10 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Phukan , Sandeep ( 8 February 2014 ) . `` In Assam , Narendra Modi describes how Congress ' betrayed ' it '' . Guwahati : NDTV . Archived from the original on 27 September 2015 . Retrieved 17 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Profile : Ravi Shankar '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on 23 September 2015 . Retrieved 17 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` India 's Nightingale Lata Mangeshkar turns 82 today '' . Firstpost. 28 September 2011 . Archived from the original on 30 January 2012 . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Gulzar , Nihalani & Chatterjee 2003 , pp. 486 , 487 . Jump up ^ `` Indian music 's soulful maestro '' . BBC News . 21 August 2006 . Archived from the original on 17 November 2015 . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Jamkhandi , Gururaj ( 26 January 2011 ) . `` Torch - bearers of kirana gharana , and their followers '' . The Times of India . Hubli . Archived from the original on 3 February 2011 . Retrieved 9 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Thakur 2010 , pp. 77 -- 86 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Fellow : Professor Chintamani Nagesa Ramachandra Rao '' . Indian National Science Academy . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . `` Profile : Rao C.N.R '' . Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research . Archived from the original on 1 September 2015 . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . `` Research : Rao C.N.R '' . Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research . Archived from the original on 1 September 2015 . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Profile : Sachin Tendulkar '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on 6 September 2015 . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Records / Combined Test , ODI and T20I records / Batting records ; Most runs in career '' . ESPNcricinfo. 13 September 2015 . Archived from the original on 21 November 2013 . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Profile : Madan Mohan Malaviya '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on 6 September 2015 . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . `` History of BHU : The Capital of all Knowledge '' . Banaras Hindu University . 23 August 2011 . Archived from the original on 23 September 2015 . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . `` Speech of Prime Minister at the Commemoration of 150th Birth Anniversary of Mahamana Madan Mohan Malaviya inaugural function '' . Press Information Bureau . 27 December 2011 . Archived from the original on 6 August 2016 . Retrieved 6 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Profile of Shri Atal Behari Bajpayee '' . Press Information Bureau ( PIB ) . Archived from the original on 10 August 2015 . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . `` Profile : Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee : March 19 , 1998 -- May 22 , 2004 ( Bhartiya Janta Party ) '' . Prime Minister 's Office . Archived from the original on 17 November 2015 . Retrieved 6 November 2015 . Bibliography ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bharat Ratna . India portal Basu , Kanailal ( 2010 ) . Netaji : Rediscovered . AuthorHouse . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4490 - 5569 - 1 . Bhattacherje , S.B. ( 2009 ) . Encyclopaedia of Indian Events & Dates . Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd . ISBN 978 - 81 - 207 - 4074 - 7 . Daniel , P. ( 1958 ) . The Indian Review . 58 . G.A. Natesan & Company . Edgar , Thorpe ( 2011 ) . The Pearson General Knowledge Manual 2011 . Pearson Education India . ISBN 978 - 81 - 317 - 5640 - 9 . Guha , Ramachandra ( 2001 ) . An Anthropologist Among the Marxists and Other Essays . Orient Blackswan . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7824 - 001 - 5 . Gulzar ; Nihalani , Govind ; Chatterjee , Saibal , eds. ( 2003 ) . Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema . Popular Prakashan . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7991 - 066 - 5 . Hoiberg , Dale ; Ramchandani , Indu ( 2000 ) . Students ' Britannica India . 1 -- 5 . Popular Prakashan . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7156 - 112 - 4 . Osnes , Beth ( 2013 ) . Theatre for Women 's Participation in Sustainable Development . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 72846 - 4 . Sainty , Guy Stair ( 2011 ) . World Orders of Knighthood and Merit . University of Michigan Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9711966 - 7 - 4 . Taneja , V.R. ; Taneja , S. ( 2000 ) . Educational Thinkers . Atlantic Publishers & Dist . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7156 - 112 - 4 . Weber , Thomas ( 2004 ) . Gandhi as Disciple and Mentor . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 45657 - 9 . Further reading ( edit ) Murthi , R.K. ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of Bharat Ratnas . Pitambar Publishing . ISBN 978 - 81 - 209 - 1307 - 3 . Chandra , Shailesh ( 2009 ) . Bharat Ratna : The Jewel of India . Alfa Publications . p. 320 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 907385 - 0 - 7 . Bharat Ratna laureates 1954 -- 1960 C. Rajagopalachari , Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan , and C.V. Raman ( 1954 ) Bhagwan Das , Mokshagundam Visvesvarayya , and Jawaharlal Nehru ( 1955 ) Govind Ballabh Pant ( 1957 ) Dhondo Keshav Karve ( 1958 ) 1961 -- 1980 Bidhan Chandra Roy and Purushottam Das Tandon ( 1961 ) Rajendra Prasad ( 1962 ) Zakir Husain and Pandurang Vaman Kane ( 1963 ) Lal Bahadur Shastri ( 1966 ) Indira Gandhi ( 1971 ) V.V. Giri ( 1975 ) K. Kamaraj ( 1976 ) Mother Teresa ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 2000 Vinoba Bhave ( 1983 ) Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan ( 1987 ) M.G. Ramachandran ( 1988 ) B.R. Ambedkar and Nelson Mandela ( 1990 ) Rajiv Gandhi , Vallabhbhai Patel , and Morarji Desai ( 1991 ) Abul Kalam Azad , J.R.D. Tata , and Satyajit Ray ( 1992 ) Gulzarilal Nanda , Aruna Asaf Ali , and A.P.J. Abdul Kalam ( 1997 ) M.S. Subbulakshmi and Chidambaram Subramaniam ( 1998 ) Jayaprakash Narayan , Amartya Sen , Gopinath Bordoloi , and Ravi Shankar ( 1999 ) 2001 -- present Lata Mangeshkar and Bismillah Khan ( 2001 ) Bhimsen Joshi ( 2008 ) C.N.R. Rao and Sachin Tendulkar ( 2014 ) Madan Mohan Malaviya and Atal Bihari Vajpayee ( 2015 ) Indian honours and decorations Civilian National Bharat Ratna Padma Vibhushan Padma Bhushan Padma Shri Children National Bravery Award National Child Award for Exceptional Achievement National Bal Shree Honour Women Stree Shakti Puraskar Police President 's Police Medal for Gallantry Police Medal for Gallantry Central Ganga Sharan Award George Grierson Award Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan Award Moturi Satyanarayan Award National Award for Child Welfare Subramanya Bharathi Award By field Literature Sahitya Akademi Fellowship Sahitya Akademi Award Cinema Dadasaheb Phalke Award National Film Awards Other arts Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship Sangeet Natak Akademi Award Lalit Kala Akademi Fellowship Sports Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Arjuna Award Dronacharya Award Dhyan Chand Award Science & Technology Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Kalinga Prize Aryabhata Award Gallantry Sarvottam Jeevan Raksha Padak Uttam Jeevan Raksha Padak Jeevan Raksha Padak Medical Dr. B.C. Roy Award International Gandhi Peace Prize Indira Gandhi Peace Prize Tagore Award for Cultural Harmony Military Wartime Param Vir Chakra Maha Vir Chakra Vir Chakra Peacetime Ashoka Chakra Kirti Chakra Shaurya Chakra Distinguished Service & Gallantry Sena Medal Army Nao Sena Medal Navy Vayu Sena Medal Air Force Wartime Sarvottam Yudh Seva Medal Uttam Yudh Seva Medal Yudh Seva Medal Peacetime Param Vishisht Seva Medal Ati Vishisht Seva Medal Vishisht Seva Medal Service and campaign medals Wound Medal General Service Medal 1947 Samanya Seva Medal Special Service Medal Samar Seva Star Poorvi Star Paschimi Star Operation Vijay Star Siachen Glacier Medal Raksha Medal Sangram Medal Operation Vijay Medal Operation Parakram Medal Sainya Seva Medal High Altitude Service Medal Videsh Seva Medal Long service awards Meritorious Service Medal Long Service and Good Conduct Medal 30 Years Long Service Medal 20 Years Long Service Medal 9 Years Long Service Medal Territorial Army Decoration Territorial Army Medal Independence Awards Indian Independence Medal 50th Independence Anniversary Medal 25th Independence Anniversary Medal Other Awards Mention in Dispatches Commendation Card Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bharat_Ratna&oldid=863198123 '' Categories : Awards established in 1954 Civil awards and decorations of India Recipients of the Bharat Ratna Lists of Indian award winners Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Good articles EngvarB from July 2014 Use dmy dates from July 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা भोजपुरी Deutsch Español فارسی Français ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ Kurdî Lëtzebuergesch मैथिली മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Русский ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ संस्कृतम् Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Українська اردو 中文 32 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2018 , at 09 : 22 ( UTC ) . 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who was awarded bharat ratna firstly after death

The first recipients of the Bharat Ratna were politician C. Rajagopalachari , philosopher Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan , and scientist C.V. Raman , who were honoured in 1954 . Since then , the award has been bestowed upon 45 individuals , including 12 who were awarded posthumously . The original statutes did not provide for posthumous awards but were amended in January 1955 to permit them . Former Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri became the first individual to be honoured posthumously . In 2014 , cricketer Sachin Tendulkar , then aged 40 , became the youngest recipient ; while social reformer Dhondo Keshav Karve was awarded on his 100th birthday . Though usually conferred on India - born citizens , the Bharat Ratna has been awarded to one naturalised citizen , Mother Teresa , and to two non-Indians , Pakistan national Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan and former South African President Nelson Mandela . On 24 December 2014 , the Indian government announced the award to independence activist Madan Mohan Malaviya ( posthumously ) and former Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee .

Irish anniversary festivals - Wikipedia Irish anniversary festivals Jump to : navigation , search Memorial beside Cork City Hall , unveiled by President Patrick Hillery on the opening day of Cork 800 In the 1980s and 1990s , a number of areas in the Republic of Ireland held year - long festivals commemorating historic anniversaries . The country was in an economic depression at the time and these were excuses for some civic pride ; the anniversaries chosen were often rather arbitrary and were chosen by the relevant local authority to promote tourism . The `` Dublin millennium '' was proposed by city manager Frank Feely to be held in 1988 , commemorating Gaelic King Mael Seachlainn II 's conquest of the Viking city of Dublin . The corporation agreed in December 1985 , prompting a historian to point out that the conquest had actually occurred in 989 and to suggest the year `` was chosen quite arbitrarily for the ' millennium ' because it is coming up soon , not long after the Galway 500 and the Cork 800 '' . Festivals ( edit ) The first such was Galway , with Galway 500 in 1984 , the 500th anniversary of the granting of a town charter in 1484 Cork 800 in 1985 , the 800th anniversary of its charter of 1185 The Dublin Millennium in 1988 , commemorating the submission of the King of Dublin to Mael Seachlainn II in 988 ( though in fact this occurred in 989 ) A commemorative 50 pence piece was minted for general circulation Dundalk 1200 in 1989 , for the separation of Dundalk from Uladh in 789 Limerick 300 in 1991 , for the Treaty of Limerick of 1691 Mayo 5000 in 1993 , based on archeological evidence that the Céide Fields were approximately that age References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Greeley , Andrew ( December 13 , 1992 ) . `` Ireland Wears Changes Like An Old Shoe '' . Chicago Sun - Times . p. 48 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : McDonald , Frank ; Joe Jacobs ( 8 January 2010 ( January 8 , 1986 ) ) . `` From the Archives : 8 January 1986 : ' Bogus ' selection of date to mark Dublin 's millennium '' . The Irish Times . Retrieved 25 March 2010 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://ronanquinlanmedia.blogspot.com/2011/12/millenamania.html Jump up ^ Reagan , Ronald ( 23 May 1984 ) . `` Proclamation 5198 -- Galway 's Quincentennial Year , 1984 '' . Speeches . Reagan Presidential Library . Retrieved 25 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Silverman , J. Herbert ( 16 March 1985 ) . `` Cork : Ireland 's second city celebrates 800 years '' . The Miami News . pp. C1 -- 2 . Retrieved 25 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Albert ( 8 November 1989 ) . `` Written Answers . - Border Projects Funding . '' . Dáil Éireann debates . 392 . Oireachtas . c. 2047 . Retrieved 25 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Clarity , James F. ( 18 December 1991 ) . `` Limerick Journal ; An Irish City Bounces Back , in the Spirit of 1691 '' . New York Times . Retrieved 25 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Malviya , Sanchey ( 2005 ) . `` Promotional methods in Tourism : Mayo Naturally '' . In B.K. Pandey . Tourism : policies , planning and governance . Rural Development : Towards Sustainability. 3 . Delhi : Isha Books . p. 134 . ISBN 81 - 8205 - 315 - 3 . This Irish history article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This festival - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irish_anniversary_festivals&oldid=765786290 '' Categories : Festivals in Ireland Historiography of Ireland Irish history stubs Festival stubs Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 errors : dates All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 February 2017 , at 12 : 37 . About Wikipedia

when did dublin celebrate the millennium of its birth

The Dublin Millennium in 1988 , commemorating the submission of the King of Dublin to Mael Seachlainn II in 988 ( though in fact this occurred in 989 ) A commemorative 50 pence piece was minted for general circulation

Elena Gilbert - wikipedia Elena Gilbert For the book series character , see Elena Gilbert ( novel character ) . Elena Salvatore ( née Gilbert ) The Vampire Diaries character First appearance Pilot ( 1.01 ) September 10 , 2009 Last appearance I 'm Thinking Of You All The While ( 6.22 ) May 14 , 2015 ( as series regular ) I Was Feeling Epic ( 8.16 ) March 10 , 2017 ( as guest star ) Created by L.J. Smith ( book series ) Julie Plec Kevin Williamson ( television series ) Portrayed by Nina Dobrev Kayla Madison ( Young Elena ) Information Aliases Elena Salvatore ( marriage name , TVD season 8 , The Originals S5 ) Species Human ( seasons 1 -- 3 , 6 - 8 ) Doppelgänger ( seasons 1 -- 8 ) Vampire ( seasons 4 -- 6 ) Gender Female Occupation High school student ( formerly ) College student ( formerly ) Family Grayson Gilbert ( adoptive father / paternal uncle ) Miranda Gilbert ( adoptive mother / paternal aunt ) John Gilbert ( biological father / adoptive paternal uncle ) Isobel Flemming ( biological mother ) Jeremy Gilbert ( adoptive brother / paternal cousin ) Jenna Sommers ( adoptive aunt ) Damon Salvatore ( husband ) Alaric Saltzman ( stepfather ) Stefan Salvatore ( brother - in - law ) Significant other ( s ) Matt Donovan ( ex-boyfriend ) Stefan Salvatore ( ex-boyfriend ) Damon Salvatore ( husband ) Relatives Amara ( maternal ancestor ; doppelgänger of ) Tatia ( maternal ancestor ; doppelgänger of ) Katherine Pierce / Katerina Petrova ( maternal ancestor ; doppelgänger of ) Nadia Petrova ( maternal ancestor ) Jonathon Gilbert ( paternal ancestor ) Samantha Gilbert ( paternal ancestor ) Nationality American Status Alive Seasons 1 -- 6 , 8 Elena Salvatore ( née Gilbert ) is a fictional character and protagonist in the novel series The Vampire Diaries . In The Vampire Diaries , set in the fictional town of Mystic Falls , she is portrayed by Nina Dobrev . In the books , Elena was blonde , popular , selfish and a `` mean girl '' . However the show 's producers , Julie Plec and Kevin Williamson , felt that it was n't the direction they wanted to go with their heroine in The Vampire Diaries television series . Instead , she became a nicer , relatable and more of `` the girl next door '' type , until her life gets flipped upside down when she meets the Salvatores . In April 2015 , Nina Dobrev announced that she would be departing the series after the sixth season finale . Much of Elena 's story revolves around her relationships with vampires Stefan Salvatore and his older brother , Damon . It is revealed that Elena is a Petrova Doppelgänger , which is thus responsible for her being identical to her ancestor , Katherine Pierce ( née Katerina Petrova ) . This also has the implication of making her a supernatural creature . Dobrev portrayed the `` conniving '' Katherine as well , who is opposite of Elena . The actress stated that it has been a challenge distinguishing the two , and enjoys playing them both . In the television series 's fourth season , Elena becomes a vampire and deals with the struggles that come with her change . She took the cure and became human again towards the end of the sixth season . In the finale of the sixth season , Kai linked Elena to Bonnie 's life by magic . Elena will only wake up when Bonnie dies in around 60 years . She was locked inside the Salvatore tomb , then relocated to a warehouse in Brooklyn , New York in the seventh season , then back to Mystic Falls . In late 2016 , when it was announced that the eighth season would be the final season , Dobrev was in talks about returning to the television series to reprise her role in the final episode . After much speculation . Dobrev 's return was confirmed on January 26 , 2017 , via an Instagram post . Dobrev appeared in the final episode of the show as both Elena and her evil doppelgänger Katherine Pierce . Contents 1 Casting and portrayal 2 Development 2.1 Characterization 2.2 Romances 2.3 Transition 3 Television series 3.1 Backstory 3.2 Storyline 3.2. 1 Season 1 3.2. 2 Season 2 3.2. 3 Season 3 3.2. 4 Season 4 3.2. 5 Season 5 3.2. 6 Season 6 3.2. 7 Season 7 3.2. 8 Season 8 3.2. 9 Post-Season 8 4 Reception 5 Merchandising 6 References 7 External links Casting and portrayal ( edit ) When I look in the mirror , I just feel different when I 'm Katherine or when I 'm Elena . My voice changes a little bit , I think , and even just mentally , I feel like I can get away with a lot more . -- Dobrev On March 9 , 2009 , it was announced that Bulgarian - born Canadian actress Nina Dobrev , known for her portrayal of Mia Jones on Degrassi : The Next Generation , had joined the cast of The Vampire Diaries as Elena . She was the second cast member to be announced following Steven R. McQueen , who plays Elena 's brother Jeremy Gilbert . Steve West Cinema Blend said the vampire brothers ' battle over Elena will wreak havoc on the entire town. `` . Executive producer Kevin Williamson recalled Dobrev auditioning while having the flu , which he described as the `` worst audition ever '' , and they `` did n't even look at her a second time '' . Dobrev went back home to Canada , yet , still wanting the part , she submitted a videotape audition , which saw her cast as Elena Gilbert . Dobrev said that after reading the script , she was drawn to Elena because she was `` this average girl who was damaged in many ways '' . Initially , she believed that she would be playing the `` bad girl '' Elena from the books , but the show wanted to go in a different direction for the character . After researching , Dobrev discovered she would also play Elena 's 534 - year - old vampire doppelgänger Katherine Pierce whose characteristics are the `` complete opposite '' . Dobrev described this as `` one of the rarest , coolest opportunities in television , to play two people on the same medium '' . She had confessed that she enjoys playing Katherine more than Elena . Dobrev stated that she changes her appearance to distinguish Elena from her doppelgänger , Katherine ; `` Changing my hair helps me transform , '' she told Glamour . Additionally , she said `` I think I have one of the coolest characters on the show -- I get to play two completely different people on opposite sides of the spectrum and I just have so much fun doing it '' . Dobrev felt that her biggest challenge on The Vampire Diaries was distinguishing Katherine and Elena , and found it `` interesting '' to create a whole new character . In the novels , Katherine originated from Germany . However , in the television series , she is Bulgarian , as is Dobrev , who can speak the language fluently . Dobrev said , `` The writers heard me speaking Bulgarian to my mom on the phone while I was on set one day . One thing led to the other and voila '' . Development ( edit ) Characterization ( edit ) Nina Dobrev , who plays Elena Gilbert , at PaleyFest 2014 In the books , Elena is considered `` one of the popular girls '' at her high school and always gets `` anything she wants '' . Executive producer of the television show , Julie Plec , said the Elena from the books was `` really kind of selfish '' . In The Vampire Diaries , Elena 's `` selfishness '' in the books as a human was never explored , because it `` did n't ever feel like a characteristic '' the show wanted for their heroine . Plec said `` We kind of abandoned that queen - bee popular complex that in a lot of ways defined early Elena in the books '' , while feeling that Elena 's actual flaw is her `` deep , deep connection to other people '' . In the books , Elena had blonde hair , but has brown hair in the television show . Describing Elena from the books , Dobrev said she is `` one of those mean girls that gets what she wants , popular ... and she 's blonde and blue eyed '' . Williamson told her that `` the angle we wanted to go for was the relatable , nice , girl next door , who the audience roots for '' . Katherine , on the other hand , is penned as a `` conniving , narcissistic , bitch '' . Describing Elena years later , Dobrev said she evolved from a `` younger , naive , sad , young girl '' to a `` strong woman '' . Romances ( edit ) Before The Vampire Diaries , Elena dated Matt Donovan ( Zach Roerig ) , who was unable to move past his feelings for her initially after their break - up . Elena began dating Stefan Salvatore ( Paul Wesley ) , and later discovered he was a vampire . As the episodes progressed , she developed a connection with Stefan 's adventurous brother Damon Salvatore ( Ian Somerhalder ) , who consumes human blood , unlike Stefan , who has an animal blood diet . Speaking about the different qualities Stefan and Damon bring to Elena , Dobrev said they have `` different qualities that are very appealing '' , which combined make `` the perfect man '' . She said `` Stefan is committed and sweet and protective and loving , and Damon is spontaneous and crazy and fun and exciting '' . Dobrev with her Vampire Diaries co-stars Paul Wesley ( Stefan ) and Ian Somerhalder ( Damon ) at the 2012 San Diego Comic - Con International . After Elena became a vampire , she became sired to Damon and they slept together . According to Plec during an interview with TVLine , Elena `` really believes what she feels is 100 percent genuine and real '' , and the couple `` wants to be together and realizes that they should n't , yet really wants to . So what do they do ? '' Stefan became heartbroken , feeling angry and betrayed , and lashed out at Damon and Elena . In the season 4 finale , an unsired Elena confirms that she is in love with Damon , and the two kiss passionately . At the end of season 6 , the two plan to become human , get married , and have children together , but their dream is abruptly compromised by Kai , who puts Elena into a magical coma . Damon remains entirely devoted to Elena throughout the remaining two seasons as Elena sleeps peacefully . In the season 8 finale , she is revealed to be happily married to Damon . Transition ( edit ) Executive producers Julie Plec and Kevin Williamson agreed that in the book series , Elena was turned into a vampire too early , which was around page 200 of The Awakening . Elena 's transition into a vampire was planned for two years . Plec said : `` That felt obviously too soon , and rushed , and we did n't want to make a show about a teenage girl who instantly becomes a vampire . But we always knew that her journey would take her there eventually '' . At the second season 's conclusion , Elena was nearly turned into a vampire . Dobrev was happy that she was n't , because she felt `` it would have been too soon '' , and also did n't think it was something Elena or she wanted . In the show 's third season , Elena has a brain hemorrhage which was initially thought to be a concussion , and begins to die . In what was described by the International Business Times as `` the moment Vampire Diaries fans have been waiting for '' , Elena had to choose whether to be driven to Damon or Stefan to say goodbye to . At the time , Klaus was killed , meaning all vampires sprouting from his bloodline also die , which includes Damon and Stefan . She picks to say goodbye to Stefan . However , all these vampires end up surviving when Klaus never really dies . To save her , Doctor Merideth Fell ( Torrey DeVitto ) fed Elena Damon 's blood . Rebekah Mikaelson kills Elena on Wickery Bridge , unaware of the vampire blood in her system . She woke up as a vampire at the end of the season . The Hollywood Reporter interviewed Plec , and described her transition as `` monumental changes '' which would have Elena in for a `` wild ride '' . Plec said Elena becoming a vampire is `` an awakening of a person who is about to go through a lot of changes '' , and `` she is going to evolve as a person and her relationships are going to evolve accordingly '' . While Stefan was afraid she would hurt someone , Damon thought it was inevitable and wanted to `` rip the band - aid off '' . Plec felt that `` She 's , unfortunately , not getting the same advice from the two people she values most in the world . It 's going to make it more difficult for her '' , while describing the situation as `` a whole new Elena and it 's a whole new day . It 's a different dynamic between the three of them especially '' . Television series ( edit ) Backstory ( edit ) Elena Gilbert is born on June 22 , 1992 in Mystic Falls , Virginia to John Gilbert ( David Anders ) and Isobel Flemming ( Mia Kirshner ) while they were still in highschool . With the help of John 's brother Grayson , Isobel and John flee town days later , leaving Grayson and his wife Miranda to adopt Elena as their own . A doctor , Grayson fakes a birth certificate so that it appeared Elena was his daughter with Miranda . The next year , Miranda and Grayson had a child of their own , Jeremy Gilbert . Elena dates her childhood friend Matt Donovan , who was her first love . On 23 May 2009 , Elena is picked up by her mother and father after getting in a fight with Matt while attending the party . The three of them later end up in a car accident , with their car driving off a bridge . Stefan Salvatore finds them , and saves Elena , but it was too late to save Grayson and Miranda , who died . It remained unknown for months who saved Elena , and it was considered a miracle that she lived . Her relationship with Matt ended when they broke up . Storyline ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) Elena , still empty after losing her parents , begins to fit back into school . She meets a mysterious new student named Stefan Salvatore . They connect instantly , and begin dating . She meets his older and malevolent brother , Damon . After researching , Elena realizes Stefan was alive in 1953 . It is later revealed that he is a 162 - year - old vampire . Damon also begins falling for Elena . Elena finds a picture of a woman named Katherine Pierce who looks exactly like her . Stefan reveals that it is the woman who made him and Damon feud 145 years ago , and the person who turned them into vampires . He also told her that he is the person that saved her the night of her parents death . At the end of season one , Elena discovers that Grayson and Miranda were n't her biological parents , and that a woman named Isobel and her uncle John , who she grew up hating , were . Season 2 ( edit ) In season two , she learns that she is a Petrova doppelgänger , having an appearance just like Katherine Pierce , which means that she has to be sacrificed to release Klaus ' werewolf side . The sacrifice later happens , but Elena is saved , because John sacrificed himself for her after being put under a spell by Bonnie . However , her aunt Jenna is turned into a vampire and , as part of the sacrifice , is killed by Klaus , leaving Elena without a guardian . In the season two finale , while Damon is dying due to a werewolf bite , she forgives him for forcing her to drink his blood and kisses him with the thought that it might be Damon 's last day , however Damon gets cured by drinking Klaus ' blood . Season 3 ( edit ) In season three , Elena does everything in her power to make Stefan get his humanity back , which was turned off by Klaus as payment for saving Damon from a werewolf bite in the latter part of season two . Meanwhile , she grows closer to Damon while working together on saving Stefan and trying to defeat Klaus , eventually even sharing a kiss . She later admits to Stefan that she has feelings for Damon as well but that she never stopped loving Stefan . While in Denver together , Elena kisses Damon , later telling him that she does n't know how she feels about him . It is eventually revealed that Elena met Damon the night of her parent 's death , though he compelled her to forget . She eventually chooses Stefan in the season finale but before she can tell him , Elena drowns while having vampire blood in her system . During the last moments of season three , she awakens as a vampire in transition . Season 4 ( edit ) In season four , Elena is faced with the tough decision of whether to die or to feed on human blood so she can fully transition into a vampire . Elena , after realizing Stefan 's desperation to keep her alive , decides to complete her transition . Her relationship with Stefan ends , allowing her to begin a proper romance with Damon . Although , it is later revealed there is a sire bond between them . Sometime later whilst searching for the cure for vampirism , Jeremy is fed to the immortal Silas by Katherine . As a result , Damon used the sire bond to convince her to turn off her humanity , due to her incredible grief over losing her brother and the last remaining member of her family . Elena became ruthless without her emotions , going on killing sprees and being very hateful towards her friends . Towards the end of season four , Damon kills Matt in front of Elena to trigger her grief . After revealing that Matt had the Gilbert Ring on , Elena 's humanity was switched on and her emotions were focused on hate towards Katherine for killing Jeremy . Season four ended with Bonnie as a ghost after bringing Jeremy back to life and Elena fed Katherine the cure for vampirism in a moment of desperation as she was about to be killed . Elena had chosen Damon as the Salvatore that she loved . Season 5 ( edit ) In season five , Elena starts at Whitmore College and is happy after spending the summer with Damon . There she realises that Silas has taken Stefan 's place and that Stefan is in that safe in a river constantly drowning . She and Damon then find the safe , only to find a dead body there meaning that someone opened the safe and Stefan is a Ripper again . However , Qetsiyah had fried Stefan 's brain causing him to suffer amnesia . While trying to bring him back , they almost kiss meaning that she still feels something for him . Qetsiyah soon brings back Stefan 's memories and says that Elena and Stefan were always meant to be as the Universe had to unite the doppelgängers of Silas and Amara . This leaves Damon and Elena questioning their relationship . Later on she is kidnapped and experimented on by Wes Maxfield , and she learns that her father also used to experiment on vampires . Later , when Katherine is about to die as a result of all of her years catching up with her as a result of having the cure in her system , Katherine uses a spell and possesses Elena , a fact that her friends were initially unable to deduce . But once they did , they trapped Katherine and left her with no escape . Stefan stabbed her with the traveller dagger , but ghost Katherine reveals to Bonnie , shortly before trying to cross into the Other Side , that she had injected Dr. Maxfield 's enhanced ripper / werewolf virus into Elena 's body , infecting Elena . The gang is eventually able to find an antidote . She unfortunately loses trust in Damon , partly because he killed her friend Aaron , so they break up , but realise they can not survive being apart and get back together . Once Markos and his traveller army begin to take over Mystic Falls , setting an anti-magic barrier around the town , the gang comes up with a plan to take out the travellers by killing them all at the same time , overpowering the anchor to the Other Side AKA Bonnie and creating a possible way out of the now - collapsing Other Side . Elena and Damon drive into the gas - filled Mystic Grill with most of the travellers in it , blowing it up and killing most of the people in it , including Elena and Damon . She wakes up as a ghost and finds her body , sending her to Bonnie , where she passes to the Other Side , and she and many others are able to pass back to the land of the living afterwards . But the spell that allows this is broken before Damon passes back through , and as Bonnie is the anchor , she is a part of the Other Side and shall therefore disappear along with it . This leaves the gang mourning the loss of Damon and Bonnie in the season finale . Season 6 ( edit ) In season six , Elena starts back at Whitmore , and is unable to set foot in her hometown . She is also unable to recover from Damon 's death and starts lurking the borders of Mystic Falls in order to grab civilians , drink their blood , then compel them to forget , but as spirit magic no longer works in Mystic Falls , any of her victims who cross into the town remember the ordeal , putting her identity as a vampire at risk when one of her victims , Sarah , comes to town . Elena begs Alaric to compel her to forget that she ever loved Damon , which Alaric is able to do , due to him being an Enhanced Original , with the ability to compel other vampires . She eventually wears him down and asks her friends to never remind her once the compulsion had been done . After a number of failed attempts , Alaric successfully compels her to forget her love for Damon . She however leaves Alaric with some of her reminders of Damon , should she ever need them again . She is told of her former feelings for Damon soon afterwards , but decides to stay the way she is , as she does n't want to go back to being unhappy again . She starts to date her classmate , Liam . Once Damon comes back to life , Alaric tries to convince Elena to allow him to undo the compulsion , a decision she is reluctant to make . She eventually decides to have him undo it , but Alaric goes back to being human again after crossing into Mystic Falls , causing him to lose his vampire status ( he only stayed alive because his once fatal human injuries were healed ) , meaning he will not be able to do so . She is then left to finally come face - to - face with Damon and see if she 'll still feel the same way about him . They eventually rekindle their relationship , Elena takes the cure that Bonnie gave Damon . At Alaric 's wedding Kai ruins their wedding and casts a sleeping spell on Elena , linking her life to Bonnie 's . She makes a sacrifice to let Bonnie live out her life until it is her turn . She bids goodbye to her friends and loved ones before parting ways but knows that she will see Damon , Stefan and Caroline again one day . Season 7 ( edit ) Elena does n't make an appearance but is heard calling Damon 's name when he visits the Armory vault . It was a way of Sybil , the Siren , luring him into a trap . Season 8 ( edit ) In the final episode , Elena makes an appearance . When a weakened Bonnie dies from the sounding bell , she meets Elena in a dream - like forest . Elena hugs her and wonders if she really has died . Enzo appears and says it is n't her time and takes Bonnie back to the world of the living . When Bonnie wakes up , it was Stefan who resuscitated her . Elena , asleep , is then taken to the Mystic Falls High School by Katherine and places her in the boiler room . Stefan tries to rescue Elena , but Katherine had Kai spell the boiler room , so that Elena ca n't be taken out of the room . After Bonnie had deflected the hellfire back into the bell , Bonnie passes out . Elena wakes up and wanders the school . Stefan meets up with her . It looks like Bonnie has died , but in fact Elena is still sleeping and Stefan 's ghost came to visit her in her dream . He had taken the place of killing Katherine instead of Damon , since Damon is human after Stefan gave him the cure . He came to say goodbye . After a tearful hug and saying goodbye , Stefan goes into afterlife . Elena finally wakes up because Bonnie has broken the spell over her . Elena reunites with Damon and the rest of the gang . Elena gives Caroline the message Stefan whispered into her ear , saying he did hear her voice message and will love her forever . In the epilogue , Elena continued to study at medical school . After finishing her education , she went back to Mystic Falls and lived together with Damon , happily married for a long time . After living out her life , she crosses over to the afterlife where she finally reunites with her parents , Aunt Jenna and Uncle John . Post-season 8 ( edit ) The second - last episode of The Originals , ' The Tale of Two Wolves ' , features Elijah and Hope Mikaelson visiting Mystic Falls , and the window of a doctor 's office reads ' Elena Salvatore , M.D. ' , implying that Elena got her own medical practice . Reception ( edit ) Elena has received mainly positive reviews . Steve West of the Cinema Blend compared the story of The Vampire Diaries and the character of Elena to the popular vampire franchise , Twilight , and its protagonist Bella Swan . West said `` Clearly Elena is way hotter than Bella , she has two immortal vampires fighting over her '' . After she transitioned into a vampire , Carina Adly MacKenzie of Zap2it hoped that the `` fierce '' and `` ripper '' side of Elena would emerge when `` someone messes with the people she loves '' . McKenzie noted that when a person becomes a vampire , `` their strongest personality traits are heightened '' , and hoped that would n't see Elena 's `` compassion and selflessness '' double into `` helping old ladies with their groceries and nursing injured animals back to health '' . Robyn Ross of TV Guide also hoped that after Elena `` has had a taste for blood '' , she would lose control . Prior to her becoming a vampire , Ross thought she was less fun and `` slightly boring '' , and wanted Elena to follow her instinct and `` stop protecting everyone 's feelings '' . Elena 's romances with Stefan and Damon have become a popular craze with viewers , who have nicknamed them `` Stelena '' and `` Delena '' . Andy Swift of the website HollywoodLife praised Elena 's relationship with Damon , which was a combination of real love and a sired bond , hoping they would live `` happily ever after '' . Vlada Gelman of TVLine , however , felt that their romance was `` over in a rather mature way for a young love triangle '' and questioned whether Elena was `` ready to jump into a relationship with Damon right away '' while Stefan was still in the picture . Merchandising ( edit ) Tonner Doll Company , Inc. created dolls for Elena and Katherine along with Stefan and Damon , from 1864 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Vestal , Shannon ( 25 July 2011 ) . `` Nina Dobrev Interview About The Vampire Diaries at Comic - Con '' . Buzzsugar , PopSugar . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : West , Steve ( 9 March 2009 ) . `` Vampire Diaries Finds Its Heroine In Nina Dobrev '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Michael ( 27 February 2009 ) . `` CW casts ' Melrose Place , ' ' Vampire ' '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tasty bites : The Vampire Diaries cast dishes '' . Buzzsugar , PopSugar. 21 January 2010 . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gordon , Jillian . `` The Vampire Diaries star Nina Dobrev '' . Saturday Night Magazine . Michael H. Ritter . Archived from the original on 15 January 2013 . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nina Dobrev ' Glamour ' Interview : Star Talks ' Vampire Diaries , ' Beauty And Ian Somerhalder '' . The Huffington Post . 8 October 2012 . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( 3 March 2011 ) . `` ' Vampire Diaries ' : Nina Dobrev Sinks Her Teeth Into Dual Role '' . Xfinity , Comcast . Retrieved 11 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Covel , Bonnie . `` The Vampire Diaries Book Series by L.J. Smith '' . About . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bricker , Tierney ( 6 June 2012 ) . `` Vampire Diaries Boss Sounds Off on Elena 's Transition and Dark Side ! '' . E ! Online , NBCUniversal . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Vernon , Cheril ( 14 August 2009 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries : New photos '' . Crushable . crushable.com . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Kevin Williamson , Julie Plec ( writers ) , Marcos Siega ( director ) ( 10 September 2009 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries episode 01 '' . The Vampire Diaries . Series 1 . Episode 1 . The CW . Jump up ^ Sean Reycraft , Gabrielle Stanton ( writers ) , Kevin Bray ( director ) ( 8 October 2009 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries episode 05 '' . The Vampire Diaries . Series 1 . Episode 5 . The CW . Jump up ^ Barbie Kligman , Andrew Chambliss ( writers ) , David Von Ancken ( director ) ( 15 April 2010 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries episode 18 '' . The Vampire Diaries . Series 1 . Episode 18 . The CW . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( 13 December 2012 ) . `` Post Mortem : Vampire Diaries Boss on the Big Death , Elena and Damon 's Struggles and More ! '' . TVLine , PMC . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( 28 December 2012 ) . `` Vampire Diaries Boss on Stefan 's Anger , Jeremy 's Killer Urges and Caroline and Tyler 's Future '' . TVLine , PMC . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bierly , Mandi ( 11 May 2012 ) . `` ' Vampire Diaries ' EP Julie Plec talks season finale shocker and what comes next '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Warner . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Remling , Amanda ( 10 May 2012 ) . `` Vampire Diaries ? Season 3 Finale : Elena Turns Into A Vampire , Chooses Stefan Before She Dies '' . International Business Times , Etienne Uzac . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ng , Philiana ( 5 October 2012 ) . `` ' Vampire Diaries ' Boss Previews Elena 's Dilemmas , Dueling Salvatores and a ' Lonely ' Damon '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : MacKenzie , Carina Adly ( 24 May 2012 ) . `` ' The Vampire Diaries ' Season 4 : Elena vs Katherine and 10 other things we want to see '' . Zap2it . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Ross , Robyn ( 2 November 2011 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries : 5 Ways We Want Elena to Lose Control '' . TV Guide . tvguide.com . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Swift , Andy ( 6 December 2012 ) . `` ' Vampire Diaries ' Recap : Will Damon Choose To Let Elena Go ? '' . HollywoodLife , PMC . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( 15 November 2012 ) . `` Vampire Diaries Recap : Confessions of the Heart '' . TVLine , PMC . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Elena Gilbert Vampire Diaries Doll by Tonner '' . Man of Action Figures . Retrieved 11 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries TM Tonner Doll Company '' . Tonner Doll Company , Inc . Retrieved 11 January 2013 . External links ( edit ) The Vampire Diaries Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Night of the Comet '' `` Friday Night Bites '' `` Family Ties '' `` You 're Undead to Me '' `` Lost Girls '' `` Haunted '' `` 162 Candles '' `` History Repeating '' `` The Turning Point '' `` Bloodlines '' `` Unpleasantville '' `` Children of the Damned '' `` Fool Me Once '' `` A Few Good Men '' `` There Goes the Neighborhood '' `` Let the Right One In '' `` Under Control '' `` Miss Mystic Falls '' `` Blood Brothers '' `` Isobel '' `` Founder 's Day '' Season 2 `` The Return '' `` Brave New World '' `` Bad Moon Rising '' `` Memory Lane '' `` Kill or Be Killed '' `` Plan B '' `` Masquerade '' `` Rose '' `` Katerina '' `` The Sacrifice '' `` By the Light of the Moon '' `` The Descent '' `` Daddy Issues '' `` Crying Wolf '' `` The Dinner Party '' `` The House Guest '' `` Know Thy Enemy '' `` The Last Dance '' `` Klaus '' `` The Last Day '' `` The Sun Also Rises '' `` As I Lay Dying '' Season 3 `` The Birthday '' `` The Hybrid '' `` The End of the Affair '' `` Disturbing Behavior '' `` The Reckoning '' `` Smells Like Teen Spirit '' `` Ghost World '' `` Ordinary People '' `` Homecoming '' `` The New Deal '' `` Our Town '' `` The Ties That Bind '' `` Bringing Out the Dead '' `` Dangerous Liaisons '' `` All My Children '' `` The Departed '' Season 4 `` Growing Pains '' `` Memorial '' `` The Rager '' `` The Five '' `` The Killer '' `` We All Go a Little Mad Sometimes '' `` My Brother 's Keeper '' `` We 'll Always Have Bourbon Street '' `` O Come , All Ye Faithful '' `` After School Special '' `` Catch Me If You Can '' `` A View to a Kill '' Season 5 `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' `` True Lies '' `` Original Sin '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' `` Monster 's Ball '' `` Handle with Care '' `` Death and the Maiden '' `` Dead Man on Campus '' `` The Cell '' `` Fifty Shades of Grayson '' `` 500 Years of Solitude '' `` The Devil Inside '' `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' `` No Exit '' `` Gone Girl '' `` While You Were Sleeping '' `` Rescue Me '' `` Resident Evil '' `` Man on Fire '' `` What Lies Beneath '' `` Promised Land '' `` Home '' Season 6 `` I 'll Remember '' `` Yellow Ledbetter '' `` Welcome to Paradise '' `` Black Hole Sun '' `` The World Has Turned and Left Me Here '' `` The More You Ignore Me , the Closer I Get '' `` Do You Remember the First Time ? '' `` Fade Into You '' `` I Alone '' Season 7 `` Gods and Monsters '' Season 8 `` I Was Feeling Epic '' Characters Elena Gilbert Katherine Pierce Stefan Salvatore Damon Salvatore Related Awards and nominations Novel series L.J. Smith Original Vampires The Originals episodes season 1 5 characters Legacies Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elena_Gilbert&oldid=865383059 '' Categories : The Vampire Diaries characters Fictional vampires Fictional characters introduced in 2009 Hidden categories : Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano ქართული Magyar Nederlands Português Русский Suomi Українська 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2018 , at 16 : 16 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

season 8 vampire diaries who does elena end up with

Elena Salvatore ( née Gilbert ) The Vampire Diaries character First appearance Pilot ( 1.01 ) September 10 , 2009 Last appearance I 'm Thinking Of You All The While ( 6.22 ) May 14 , 2015 ( as series regular ) I Was Feeling Epic ( 8.16 ) March 10 , 2017 ( as guest star ) Created by L.J. Smith ( book series ) Julie Plec Kevin Williamson ( television series ) Portrayed by Nina Dobrev Kayla Madison ( Young Elena ) Information Aliases Elena Salvatore ( marriage name , TVD season 8 , The Originals S5 ) Species Human ( seasons 1 -- 3 , 6 - 8 ) Doppelgänger ( seasons 1 -- 8 ) Vampire ( seasons 4 -- 6 ) Gender Female Occupation High school student ( formerly ) College student ( formerly ) Family Grayson Gilbert ( adoptive father / paternal uncle ) Miranda Gilbert ( adoptive mother / paternal aunt ) John Gilbert ( biological father / adoptive paternal uncle ) Isobel Flemming ( biological mother ) Jeremy Gilbert ( adoptive brother / paternal cousin ) Jenna Sommers ( adoptive aunt ) Damon Salvatore ( husband ) Alaric Saltzman ( stepfather ) Stefan Salvatore ( brother - in - law ) Significant other ( s ) Matt Donovan ( ex-boyfriend ) Stefan Salvatore ( ex-boyfriend ) Damon Salvatore ( husband ) Relatives Amara ( maternal ancestor ; doppelgänger of ) Tatia ( maternal ancestor ; doppelgänger of ) Katherine Pierce / Katerina Petrova ( maternal ancestor ; doppelgänger of ) Nadia Petrova ( maternal ancestor ) Jonathon Gilbert ( paternal ancestor ) Samantha Gilbert ( paternal ancestor ) Nationality American Status Alive Seasons 1 -- 6 , 8

Cornbread , Earl and Me - wikipedia Cornbread , Earl and Me Jump to : navigation , search Cornbread , Earl and Me Theatrical release poster Directed by Joseph Manduke Produced by Joseph Manduke Leonard Lamensdorf Written by Ronald Fair Leonard Lamensdorf Starring Tierre Turner Laurence Fishburne Jamaal Wilkes Moses Gunn Bernie Casey Rosalind Cash Antonio Fargas Thalmus Rasulala Madge Sinclair Music by Donald Byrd Edited by Aaron Stell Production company American International Distributed by American International Pictures Release date May 21 , 1975 Running time 95 minutes Country United States Language English Cornbread , Earl and Me is a 1975 American drama film that stars Tierre Turner , Laurence Fishburne , and Jamaal Wilkes . Directed and produced by Joseph Manduke , the film is loosely based on the 1966 Ronald Fair novel Hog Butcher . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Release on DVD & HD 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) The film focuses on three African - American youths living in an urban neighborhood . Nathaniel Hamilton ( Jamaal Wilkes , credited as Keith Wilkes ) is a star basketball player from the neighborhood , who also goes by the nickname of `` Cornbread . '' In the movie , he epitomizes the dream of the neighborhood to be successful , as he is about to become the first from his district to enter college on an athletic scholarship . He is also a local hero to the much younger friends Earl Carter ( Tierre Turner ) and Wilford Robinson ( Laurence Fishburne ) . The plot thickens after a pick - up basketball game ends because of a heavy rain , and all the kids run to the local store and hang out , waiting for the rain to end . All the kids leave , except for Cornbread , Earl and Wilford . Earl and Wilford get into a playful argument about how fast Cornbread can run home . It is decided that Cornbread should make it home in 25 seconds , so he runs off , after buying another soda for himself . Unknown to all of them , an assault suspect is in the neighborhood , and is dressed like Cornbread . The two police officers are hot on the suspect 's trail , but lose him in the rain . As the police officers are coming out of an alleyway , they see Cornbread running by and mistake him for the suspect they 're looking for . Subsequently , Cornbread is shot in the back , and dies in the middle of the street . Wilford screams hysterically , and a riot ensues . The coroner 's inquest is hampered by severe police intimidation , and no one knows anything about the shooting , except for Wilford , who becomes a man on the witness stand by telling exactly what he saw , in graphic detail . Cast ( edit ) Moses Gunn as Benjamin Blackwell ( lawyer ) Rosalind Cash as Sarah Robinson ( mother of Wilford ) Bernie Casey as Larry Atkins ( cop ) Madge Sinclair as Leona Hamilton ( mother of Cornbread ) Laurence Fishburne III as Wilford Robinson Thalmus Rasulala as Charlie ( boyfriend of Sarah ) Antonio Fargas as One Eye Logan Ramsey as Deputy Coroner Vince Martorano as John Golich ( cop ) Charles Lampkin as Fred Jenkins ( store owner ) Stefan Gierasch as Sgt . Danaher Stack Pierce as Sam Hamilton ( father of Cornbread ) Tierre Turner as Earl Carter ( Wilford 's friend ) Jamaal Wilkes ( credited as Keith Wilkes ) as Cornbread ( Nathaniel Hamilton ) Release on DVD & HD ( edit ) In 2001 , it was released on DVD . In 2010 , it was digitized in High Definition ( 1080i ) and broadcast on MGM HD . See also ( edit ) List of American films of 1975 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fair , Ronald L. & Brown , Cecil ( Foreword ) ( 1966 ) . Hog Butchers . ISBN 9780810129887 . Jump up ^ `` Cornbread , Earl and Me '' . MTV Movies . Jump up ^ `` Cornbread , Earl and Me DVD '' . Movies.com . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Cornbread , Earl and Me on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cornbread,_Earl_and_Me&oldid=814631492 '' Categories : English - language films 1970s drama films 1975 films African - American films American films American drama films American International Pictures films American basketball films Blaxploitation films Films based on American novels Films shot in Virginia Hidden categories : Film articles using image size parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 December 2017 , at 00 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who played earl in cornbread earl and me

The film focuses on three African - American youths living in an urban neighborhood . Nathaniel Hamilton ( Jamaal Wilkes , credited as Keith Wilkes ) is a star basketball player from the neighborhood , who also goes by the nickname of `` Cornbread . '' In the movie , he epitomizes the dream of the neighborhood to be successful , as he is about to become the first from his district to enter college on an athletic scholarship . He is also a local hero to the much younger friends Earl Carter ( Tierre Turner ) and Wilford Robinson ( Laurence Fishburne ) . The plot thickens after a pick - up basketball game ends because of a heavy rain , and all the kids run to the local store and hang out , waiting for the rain to end . All the kids leave , except for Cornbread , Earl and Wilford . Earl and Wilford get into a playful argument about how fast Cornbread can run home . It is decided that Cornbread should make it home in 25 seconds , so he runs off , after buying another soda for himself . Unknown to all of them , an assault suspect is in the neighborhood , and is dressed like Cornbread . The two police officers are hot on the suspect 's trail , but lose him in the rain . As the police officers are coming out of an alleyway , they see Cornbread running by and mistake him for the suspect they 're looking for . Subsequently , Cornbread is shot in the back , and dies in the middle of the street . Wilford screams hysterically , and a riot ensues . The coroner 's inquest is hampered by severe police intimidation , and no one knows anything about the shooting , except for Wilford , who becomes a man on the witness stand by telling exactly what he saw , in graphic detail .

American Made ( film ) - wikipedia American Made ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search American Made Theatrical release poster Directed by Doug Liman Produced by Brian Grazer Brian Oliver Tyler Thompson Doug Davison Kim Roth Written by Gary Spinelli Starring Tom Cruise Music by Christophe Beck Cinematography César Charlone Edited by Saar Klein Andrew Mondshein Dylan Tichenor Production company Cross Creek Pictures Imagine Entertainment Quadrant Pictures Vendian Entertainment Kylin Pictures Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date September 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 01 ) ( Deauville ) September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) ( United States ) Running time 117 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $80 million Box office $58.6 million American Made is a 2017 American biographical crime film directed by Doug Liman , written by Gary Spinelli and starring Tom Cruise . The plot focuses on Barry Seal , a former TWA pilot who became a drug smuggler for the Medellín Cartel in the 1980s . In order to avoid jail time , Seal approached United States government officials and served as an informant for the DEA . The film will be released in the United States on September 29 , 2017 , and is the first film directed by Liman to be released by Universal Pictures since The Bourne Identity in 2002 . It will be released in 2D and IMAX in select theaters . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 3.2 Plane crash 4 Release 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) In the late 1970s , Barry Seal is a pilot for commercial airline TWA . A CIA agent , Monty Schafer , contacts him and asks him to fly clandestine reconnaissance missions for the CIA over South America using a small plane with cameras installed . Seal accepts . Later in the 1970s , Schafer asks Seal to start acting as a courier between the CIA and General Noriega in Panama . During a mission , the Medellin Cartel picks Seal up and asks him to fly cocaine on his return flights to the USA . Seal accepts and starts flying the cartel 's cocaine to Louisiana . The CIA turns a blind eye to the drug smuggling , but the DEA tracks Seal down . Schafer warns Seal , who moves to a remote town in Arkansas called Mena . Later , Schafer asks Seal to run guns to the Contras . Seal soon realizes that the Contras are not serious , so he starts delivering the guns to the cartel . The CIA set up a Contra training base in Mena and Seal flies the Contras in , but most of them disappear as soon as they arrive . Eventually , the CIA shut the program down and abandon Seal to the FBI , DEA and other law enforcement . Seal escapes prosecution by making a deal with the White House , which wants evidence the Sandinistas are drug traffickers . They ask Seal to get photos that tie the Medelin Cartel to the Sandinistas . Seal manages to get the pictures and the White House releases them as propaganda against the Sandinistas . The cartel now want Seal dead . Also , as Seal is in the pictures himself , he 's arrested . Seal is convicted , and given community service which means he has to report to the same Salvation Army hostel each night . Eventually , assassins shoot and kill him . The CIA then seize all the evidence to avoid being implicated in drug smuggling . Cast ( edit ) Tom Cruise as Barry Seal Sarah Wright as Lucy Seal Domhnall Gleeson as Monty Schafer Jayma Mays as Dana Sibota Jesse Plemons as Sheriff Downing Lola Kirke as Judy Downing Lara Grice as Female Reporter Frank Licari as ATF Special Agent Franks Jed Rees as Louis Finkle Caleb Landry Jones as JB Connor Trinneer as George W. Bush Production ( edit ) Filming ( edit ) Principal photography on the film began on May 27 , 2015 in Georgia . Filming locations include counties Cherokee , Clayton , DeKalb , Fulton , Gwinnett , Morgan and Pickens . On August 20 , 2015 , Tom Cruise arrived in Medellin , Colombia , and on August 31 arrived in Santa Marta to scout for filming locations for the film . Plane crash ( edit ) A plane crash on the set of the film in Colombia on September 11 , 2015 killed two people and caused serious injuries to another member of the crew . The plane ( a twin - engine Aerostar ) , which was carrying crew members ( three American pilots ) , was returning to Enrique Olaya Herrera Airport in Medellín when it ran into bad weather and the crash occurred . The dead were later identified as Carlos Berl and Alan Purwin , who was the founder and president of Helinet Aviation , a company which provides aerial surveillance technology to government agencies and law enforcement , and a film pilot who had worked in top films . American pilot Jimmy Lee Garland was seriously injured and rushed to a local hospital . Release ( edit ) In May 2015 , Universal set the film for a January 6 , 2017 release . On August 8 , 2016 , the film 's release was pushed to September 29 , 2017 , presumably to avoid competition with Amityville : The Awakening and Underworld : Blood Wars . It also received its final title , American Made , having been known prior as Mena . It opened the Deauville American Film Festival on September 1 , 2017 and will be released on September 29 , 2017 in the US . Box Office ( edit ) The film was released in 21 countries on August 25 , 2017 and grossed a total of $6.1 million over the weekend . It finished number one in 11 of the territories , including the UK where it replaced five - time champ Dunkirk . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 89 % based on 54 reviews , and an average rating of 6.9 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` American Made 's fast - and - loose attitude with its real - life story mirrors the cavalier -- and delightfully watchable -- energy Tom Cruise gives off in the leading role . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating to reviews , the film has a weighted average score 63 out of 100 , based 11 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` AMERICAN MADE '' . 20th Century Fox . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tom Teodorczuk ( September 2 , 2017 ) . `` Why is U.S. one of the last countries to release new Tom Cruise movie ' American Made ' ? '' . MarketWatch . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Made ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sedighzadeh , Kazem . `` Tom Cruise Adds ' Mena ' to Busy Filming Schedule ! '' . Masterherald.com . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Loughrey , Clarisse ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` Barry Seal : The real - life story behind Tom Cruise 's character in American Made ; Doug Liman 's new film follows the wild true story of a pilot , drug smuggler , and eventual informant '' . The Independent . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Made '' . www.imax.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Universal Starts Production on Doug Liman 's Mena , Starring Tom Cruise '' . comingsoon.net . May 29 , 2015 . Retrieved May 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Cruise llega a Santa Marta para grabar escenas de su película . '' . RCN Radio . Retrieved April 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Casa Editorial El Tiempo . `` Tom Cruise en Colombia : nueva película - Barranquilla - ELTIEMPO.COM '' . El Tiempo . Retrieved April 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ A. Lincoln , Ross ( September 11 , 2015 ) . `` Fatal Plane Crash Claims 2 Lives On Set Of Tom Cruise Film ' Mena ' '' . deadline.com . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brumfield , Ben ; Williams , Alima ( September 12 , 2015 ) . `` Tom Cruise movie crew members in plane crash that kills 2 in Colombia '' . CNN . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cowden , Catarina . `` Deadly Plane Crash Occurs On Set Of Tom Cruise Film Mena '' . cinemablend.com . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( May 27 , 2015 ) . `` Universal Sets Tom Cruise - Doug Liman ' Mena ' Flight Plan For January 2017 '' . deadline.com . Retrieved May 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Made ' : Universal Moves Tom Cruise - Doug Liman Film Up One Week -- Update '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` Deauville Film Festival Unveils Lineup , Doug Liman 's ' American Made ' Set to Open Festival '' . Variety . August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved September 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Valerian ' Tops China ; ' Wonder Woman ' Hits $400 M Overseas -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . August 27 , 2017 . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Made ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Made reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website American Made on IMDb Films directed by Doug Liman Getting In ( 1994 ) Swingers ( 1996 ) Go ( 1999 ) The Bourne Identity ( 2002 ) Mr. & Mrs. Smith ( 2005 ) Jumper ( 2008 ) Fair Game ( 2010 ) Edge of Tomorrow ( 2014 ) The Wall ( 2017 ) American Made ( 2017 ) Chaos Walking ( 2019 ) Brian Grazer Films produced Night Shift Splash Real Genius Spies Like Us Armed and Dangerous Like Father Like Son Parenthood Kindergarten Cop Closet Land My Girl Far and Away Housesitter Boomerang For Love or Money My Girl 2 Greedy The Paper The Cowboy Way Apollo 13 Sgt . Bilko Fear The Nutty Professor The Chamber Ransom Liar Liar Inventing the Abbotts Mercury Rising Psycho Edtv Life Bowfinger Beyond the Mat Nutty Professor II : The Klumps How the Grinch Stole Christmas A Beautiful Mind Undercover Brother Blue Crush 8 Mile Intolerable Cruelty The Cat in the Hat The Missing Friday Night Lights Inside Deep Throat Cinderella Man Flightplan Fun with Dick and Jane Inside Man The Da Vinci Code American Gangster Changeling Frost / Nixon Angels & Demons Robin Hood The Dilemma Restless Cowboys & Aliens J. Edgar Tower Heist Katy Perry : Part of Me Rush In the Heart of the Sea Inferno Lowriders American Made TV series created Shadow Chasers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Made_(film)&oldid=802288564 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2010s comedy films 2010s thriller films American aviation films American crime films American comedy films American films Cross Creek Pictures films Films about the illegal drug trade Films directed by Doug Liman Films produced by Brian Grazer Films produced by Ron Howard Films produced by Brian Oliver Films set in Colombia Films shot in Atlanta Imagine Entertainment films Universal Pictures films Upcoming comedy films Upcoming crime films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa 日本 語 Norsk Polski Русский Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 05 : 48 . 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who is the film american made based on

American Made is a 2017 American biographical crime film directed by Doug Liman , written by Gary Spinelli and starring Tom Cruise . The plot focuses on Barry Seal , a former TWA pilot who became a drug smuggler for the Medellín Cartel in the 1980s . In order to avoid jail time , Seal approached United States government officials and served as an informant for the DEA . The film will be released in the United States on September 29 , 2017 , and is the first film directed by Liman to be released by Universal Pictures since The Bourne Identity in 2002 . It will be released in 2D and IMAX in select theaters .

Economy of the United Kingdom - wikipedia Economy of the United Kingdom Jump to : navigation , search Economy of United Kingdom The City of London is the financial hub of the UK and one of the world . Currency Pound sterling ( GBP ) Fiscal year 6 April -- 5 April Trade organisations European Union , OECD , AIIB and World Trade Organization Statistics GDP $2.629 trillion ( nominal ; 2016 ) GDP rank 5th ( Nominal ) / 9th ( PPP ) GDP growth + 0.3 % Q2 2017 ONS + 2.1 % for year 2017 GDP per capita $41,995 ( nominal ; 13th ; 2016 ) $42,480 ( PPP ; 27th ; 2016 ) GDP by sector Agriculture : 0.6 % Industry : 19.2 % Services : 80.2 % ( 2016 est . ) Inflation ( CPI ) 2.6 % ( July 2017 ) RPI : 3.6 % ( July 2017 ) Base borrowing rate 0.25 % Population below poverty line 7 % ( 2016 est . ) Gini coefficient 0.32 ( 2014 ) Labour force 32.14 million ( July 2017 ) ( Employment rate 75.3 % ) Labour force by occupation Agriculture : 1.5 % Industry : 18.8 % Services : 79.7 % ( 2011 est . ) Unemployment 4.3 % , 1.46 million ( July 2017 ) Average gross salary £ 507 weekly ( August 2017 ) Main industries Machine tools electrical equipment automation equipment railroad equipment shipbuilding aircraft motor vehicles and parts electronics communications equipment metals chemicals coal petroleum pulp and paper food processing textiles clothing consumer goods Ease - of - doing - business rank 7th ( 2017 ) External Exports $412.1 billion ( 10th ; 2016 est . ) Export goods Manufactured goods fuels chemicals food beverages tobacco Main export partners 2016 : United States 14.6 % Germany 10.1 % Switzerland 7 % China 6 % France 5.9 % Netherlands 5.8 % Ireland 5.5 % Imports $581.6 billion ( 5th ; 2016 est . ) Import goods Manufactured goods machinery fuels foodstuffs Main import partners 2016 : Germany 14.8 % China 9.8 % United States 9.2 % Netherlands 7.5 % France 5.8 % Belgium 5 % FDI stock Inward : $1.196 trillion Outward : $1.443 trillion ( 2016 ) Current account − £ 96.2 billion ( 2015 ) Gross external debt $7.499 trillion ( March 2017 ) ( 2nd ) Net international investment position − £ 182 billion / 9.1 % GDP ( 2012 ) Public finances Public debt £ 1.7 trillion ( January 2017 ) ( 85.3 % GDP ) Revenues £ 744 billion ( 2017 -- 18 FY ) $965 billion ( 2017 est . CIA ) Expenses £ 802 billion ( 2017 -- 18 FY ) $1.04 trillion ( 2017 est . CIA ) Economic aid donor : ODA , $18.01 billion ( 2016 ) Credit rating Standard & Poor 's : AA ( Domestic ) AA ( Foreign ) AAA ( T&C Assessment ) Outlook : Negative Moody 's : Aa2 Outlook : Stable Fitch : AA Outlook : Negative Foreign reserves $159.34 billion ( 1 January 2016 ) Main data source : CIA World Fact Book All values , unless otherwise stated , are in US dollars . The economy of the United Kingdom is a highly developed market - oriented economy . It is the fifth - largest national economy in the world measured by nominal gross domestic product ( GDP ) , ninth - largest measured by purchasing power parity ( PPP ) , and nineteenth - largest measured by GDP per capita , comprising 3.9 % of world GDP . It is the second - largest economy in the European Union by both metrics . In 2016 , the UK was the tenth - largest goods exporter in the world and the fifth - largest goods importer . It also had the second - largest inward foreign direct investment , and the third - largest outward foreign direct investment . The UK is one of the most globalised economies , and it is composed of ( in descending order of size ) the economies of England , Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland . The service sector dominates the UK economy , contributing around 80 % of GDP ; the financial services industry is particularly important , and London is one of the world 's largest financial centres . Britain 's aerospace industry is the second - largest national aerospace industry . Its pharmaceutical industry , the tenth - largest in the world , plays an important role in the economy . Of the world 's 500 largest companies , 26 are headquartered in the UK . The economy is boosted by North Sea oil and gas production ; its reserves were estimated at 2.8 billion barrels in 2016 , although it has been a net importer of oil since 2005 . There are significant regional variations in prosperity , with South East England and North East Scotland being the richest areas per capita . The size of London 's economy makes it one of the largest cities by GDP in Europe . In the 18th century the UK was the first country to industrialise , and during the 19th century it had a dominant role in the global economy , accounting for 9.1 % of the world 's GDP in 1970 . From the late 19th century the Second Industrial Revolution was also taking place rapidly in the United States and the German Empire ; this presented an increasing economic challenge for the UK . The costs of fighting World War I and World War II further weakened the UK 's relative position . In the 21st century , however , it remains a global power and has an influential role in the world economy . Government involvement in the British economy is primarily exercised by Her Majesty 's Treasury , headed by the Chancellor of the Exchequer , and the Department for Business , Energy and Industrial Strategy . Since 1979 management of the economy has followed a broadly laissez - faire approach . The Bank of England is the UK 's central bank and its Monetary Policy Committee is responsible for setting interest rates , quantitative easing , and forward guidance . The currency of the UK is the pound sterling , which is the world 's third - largest reserve currency after the United States dollar and the euro , and is also one of the ten most - valued currencies in the world . The UK is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations , the European Union ( although negotiations to leave the EU are currently taking place , the UK is currently set to cease being a member on 30 March 2019 ) , the G7 , the G8 , the G20 , the International Monetary Fund , the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development , the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe , the World Bank , the World Trade Organisation , Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank and the United Nations . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1945 to 1973 1.1. 1 Deindustrialisation 1.2 1973 to 1979 1.3 1979 to 1997 1.4 1997 to 2008 1.5 2009 to 2015 1.6 2016 to present day 2 Government spending and economic management 2.1 Taxation 3 Sectors 3.1 Agriculture 3.2 Construction 3.3 Production industries 3.3. 1 Electricity , gas and water supply 3.3. 2 Manufacturing 3.3. 3 Mining , quarrying and hydrocarbons 3.4 Service industries 3.4. 1 Creative industries 3.4. 2 Education , health and social work 3.4. 3 Financial and business services 3.4. 4 Hotels and restaurants 3.4. 5 Informal 3.4. 6 Public administration and defence 3.4. 7 Real estate and renting activities 3.4. 8 Tourism 3.4. 9 Transport , storage and communication 3.4. 10 Wholesale and retail trade 4 Currency 4.1 Exchange rates 5 Economy by region 6 Trade 6.1 Foreign direct investment 7 European Union membership 8 Poverty 9 References 10 External links History Main article : Economic history of the United Kingdom 1945 to 1973 Following the end of the Second World War , the United Kingdom enjoyed a long period without a major recession ; there was a rapid growth in prosperity in the 1950s and 1960s , with unemployment staying low and not exceeding 3.5 % until the early 1970s . According to the OECD , the annual rate of growth ( percentage change ) between 1960 and 1973 averaged 2.9 % , although this figure was far behind the rates of other European countries such as France , West Germany and Italy . Deindustrialisation Deindustrialisation meant the closure of operations in mining , heavy industry , and manufacturing , resulting in the loss of highly paid working - class jobs . The UK 's share of manufacturing output had risen from 9.5 % in 1830 , during the Industrial Revolution , to 22.9 % in the 1870s . It fell to 13.6 % by 1913 , 10.7 % by 1938 , and 4.9 % by 1973 . Overseas competition , lack of innovation , trade unionism , the welfare state , loss of the British Empire , and cultural attitudes have all been put forward as explanations for the industrial decline . It reached crisis point in the 1970s , with a worldwide energy crisis , high inflation , and a dramatic influx of low - cost manufactured goods from Asia . Coal mining quickly collapsed and practically disappeared by the 21st century . Railways were decrepit , more textile mills closed than opened , steel employment fell sharply , and the car - making industry suffered . Popular responses varied a great deal ; Tim Strangleman et al. found a range of responses from the affected workers : Some nostalgically invoked a glorious industrial past or the bygone empire to cope with their new - found personal economic insecurity , many turned to exclusionary Englishness , and others looked to the European Union for help . By the 2010s , grievances had accumulated enough to have a political impact . The United Kingdom Independence Party ( UKIP ) , based in working - class towns , gained an increasing share of the vote while warning against the dangers of immigration . Political reverberations came to a head in the popular vote in favour of Brexit in 2016 . 1973 to 1979 Workforce distribution in Great Britain from 1841 -- 1911 , and in England and Wales from 1921 -- 2011 Following the 1973 oil crisis , the 1973 -- 74 stock market crash , and the secondary banking crisis of 1973 -- 75 , the British economy fell into the 1973 -- 75 recession and the government of Edward Heath was ousted by the Labour Party under Harold Wilson , which had previously governed from 1964 to 1970 . Wilson formed a minority government in March 1974 after the general election on 28 February ended in a hung parliament . Wilson secured a three - seat majority in a second election in October that year . The UK recorded weaker growth than many other European nations in the 1970s ; even after the recession , the economy was blighted by rising unemployment and double - digit inflation , which exceeded 20 % more than once and was rarely below 10 % after 1973 . In 1976 , the UK was forced to apply for a loan of £ 2.3 billion from the International Monetary Fund . Denis Healey , then Chancellor of the Exchequer , was required to implement public spending cuts and other economic reforms in order to secure the loan , and for a while the British economy improved , with growth of 4.3 per cent in early 1979 . However , following the Winter of Discontent , when the UK was hit by numerous public sector strikes , the government of James Callaghan lost a vote of no confidence in March 1979 . This triggered the 1979 general election which resulted in Margaret Thatcher 's Conservative Party forming a new government . 1979 to 1997 A new period of neo-liberal economics began in 1979 with the election of Margaret Thatcher who won the general election on 3 May that year to return the Conservative Party to government after five years of Labour government . During the 1980s , most state - owned industries and utilities were privatised , taxes cut , union reforms passed and markets deregulated . GDP fell by 5.9 % initially , but growth subsequently returned and rose to 5 % at its peak in 1988 , one of the highest rates of any country in Europe . Unemployment rates in the United Kingdom from 1881 until 2016 . In the 1980s , unemployment reached levels not seen in the UK since the Great Depression of the 1930s . Thatcher 's modernisation of the economy was far from trouble - free ; her battle with inflation , which in 1980 had risen to 21.9 % , resulted in a substantial increase in unemployment from 5.3 % in 1979 to over 10.4 % by the start of 1982 , peaking at nearly 11.9 % in 1984 -- a level not seen in Britain since the Great Depression . The rise in unemployment coincided with the early 1980s global recession , after which UK GDP did not reach its pre-recession rate until 1983 . In spite of this , Thatcher was re-elected in June 1983 with a landslide majority . Inflation had fallen to 3.7 % , while interest rates were relatively high at 9.56 % . The increase in unemployment was largely due to the government 's economic policy which resulted in the closure of outdated factories and coal pits . Manufacturing in England and Wales declined from around 38 % of jobs in 1961 to around 22 % in 1981 . This process continued for most of the 1980s , with newer industries and the service sector enjoying significant growth . Many jobs were also lost as manufacturing became more efficient and fewer people were required to work in the sector . Unemployment had fallen below 3 million by the time of Thatcher 's third successive election victory in June 1987 and by the end of 1989 it was down to 1.6 million . Britain 's economy slid into another global recession in late 1990 , and this caused the economy to shrink by a total of 6 % from peak to trough , and unemployment to increase from around 6.9 % in the spring of 1990 to nearly 10.7 % by the end of 1993 . However , inflation dropped from 10.9 % in 1990 to 1.3 % three years later . The subsequent economic recovery was extremely strong , and unlike after the early 1980s recession , the recovery saw a rapid and substantial fall in unemployment , which was down to 7.2 % by 1997 , although the popularity of the Conservative government had failed to improve with the economic upturn . The government won a fourth successive election in 1992 under John Major , who had succeeded Thatcher in November 1990 , but soon afterwards came Black Wednesday , which damaged the Conservative government 's reputation for economic competence , and from that stage onwards , the Labour Party was ascendant in the opinion polls , particularly in the immediate aftermath of Tony Blair 's election as party leader in July 1994 following the sudden death of his predecessor John Smith . Despite two recessions , wages grew consistently by around 2 % per year in real terms from 1980 until 1997 , and would continue to grow until 2008 . 1997 to 2008 In May 1997 , Labour , led by Tony Blair , won the general election by a landslide after 18 years of Conservative government , and inherited a strong economy with low inflation , falling unemployment , and a current account surplus . Four days after the election , Gordon Brown , the new Chancellor of the Exchequer , gave the Bank of England the freedom to control monetary policy , which until then had been directed by the government . During Blair 's 10 years in office there were 40 successive quarters of economic growth , lasting until the second quarter of 2008 , helped by Labour 's decision to keep taxes relatively low and abandon traditional Labour policies , including public ownership of industries and utilities . GDP growth , which had briefly reached 4 % per year in the early 1990s , gently declining thereafter , was relatively anaemic compared to prior decades , such as the 6.5 % per year peak in the early 1970s , although growth was smoother and more consistent . Annual growth rates averaged 2.68 % between 1992 and 2007 , with the finance sector accounting for a greater part than previously . The period saw one of the highest economic growth rates of major developed economies and the strongest of any European nation . GDP year - on - year growth rates ( seasonally adjusted ) in the UK from 1949 to 2016 , showing the four major recessions which have taken place . This extended period of growth ended in Q2 of 2008 when the United Kingdom suddenly entered a recession -- its first for nearly two decades -- brought about by the global financial crisis . The UK was particularly vulnerable to the crisis because its financial sector was the most highly leveraged of any major economy . Beginning with the collapse of Northern Rock , which was taken into public ownership in February 2008 , other banks had to be partly nationalised . The Royal Bank of Scotland Group , at its peak the fifth - largest bank in the world by market capitalisation , was effectively nationalised in October 2008 . By mid-2009 , HM Treasury had a 70.33 % controlling shareholding in RBS , and a 43 % shareholding , through UK Financial Investments Limited , in Lloyds Banking Group . The Great Recession , as it came to be known , saw unemployment rise from just over 1.6 million in January 2008 to nearly 2.5 million by October 2009 . The UK had been one of the strongest economies in terms of inflation , interest rates and unemployment , all of which remained lower until the 2008 -- 09 recession . In August 2008 the IMF warned that the country 's outlook had worsened due to a twin shock : financial turmoil and rising commodity prices . Both developments harmed the UK more than most developed countries , as it obtained revenue from exporting financial services while running deficits in goods and commodities , including food . In 2007 , the UK had the world 's third largest current account deficit , due mainly to a large deficit in manufactured goods . In May 2008 , the IMF advised the UK government to broaden the scope of fiscal policy to promote external balance . The UK 's output per hour worked was on a par with the average for the `` old '' EU - 15 countries . 2009 to 2015 In March 2009 , the Bank of England cut interest rates to a historic low of 0.5 % and began quantitative easing to boost lending and shore up the economy . The UK exited the Great Recession in Q4 of 2009 having experienced six consecutive quarters of negative growth , shrinking by 6.03 % from peak to trough , making it the longest recession since records began and the deepest recession since World War II . Support for Labour slumped during the recession , and the general election of 2010 resulted in a coalition government being formed by the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats , which made deep spending cuts in order to ease the budget deficit . In 2011 , total debt ( national , household , financial , and business debts ) stood at 497 % of GDP in the UK , compared to 492 % in Japan , 341 % in France , 289 % in the United States , 284 % in Germany , and 274 % in Canada . As the world 's most indebted country , spending and investment in the UK were held back after the recession , creating economic malaise . However , it was recognised that government borrowing , which rose from 52 % to 76 % of GDP , had helped to avoid a 1930s - style depression . Between 2005 and 2011 , the UK dropped from 5th place to 12th in terms of household income globally . It was partially attributed to the devaluation of sterling . However , inflation was steady , the labour market had been more resilient compared to other recessions , and wealth and household spending were strong relative to other OECD countries . Productivity ( measured as output per hour worked ) stagnated in the UK between 2007 and 2015 . Within three years of the general election , government cuts had led to public sector job losses well into six figures , but the private sector enjoyed strong jobs growth , and by October 2013 unemployment was below 2.5 million for the first time in four years . By the end of 2014 , UK growth had become the fastest in the Group of Seven ( G7 ) and in Europe , and employment was at its highest since records began . In stark contrast to the early 2000s , the UK had one of the least productive workforces of the major economies in 2014 , following seven years of stagnation in productivity . Output per hour worked was 18 % below the average for the rest of the G7 . Of the `` old '' EU - 15 countries , only Portugal , Italy and Greece ( three of the so - called PIGS ) had lower output per hour worked than the UK . Income inequality among the EU - 15 was highest in the UK , and wages had fallen by 10 % in real terms since 2008 , worse than any OECD country apart from Greece . Real wages grew in Germany by 14 % , in France by 11 % , and across the OECD by 6.7 % . The Office for Budget Responsibility forecast in 2014 that individuals would have to borrow £ 360bn ( excluding mortgages ) over the next five years if the economy was to grow at the rate expected by the Government . Unsecured household debt rose by 24 % between 2011 and 2015 , adding to widespread questions over the sustainability of the economic recovery . The Bank of England insisted there was no cause for alarm , despite having said two years earlier that the recovery was `` neither balanced nor sustainable '' . Between 2009 and 2015 , the UK 's current account deficit rose from 3 % to a record high of 5.2 % of GDP ( £ 96.2 bn ) , the highest by GDP in the developed world . In the fourth quarter of 2015 , the deficit exceeded 7 % of GDP , a level not witnessed during peacetime since records began in 1772 . The UK relied on foreign investors to plug the shortfall in its balance of payments . 2016 to present day Following the UK 's decision in June 2016 to leave the European Union , commonly known as Brexit , the pound sterling fell to a 31 - year low against the United States dollar , and consumer confidence fell sharply , as did the Purchasing Managers ' Index . The Bank of England responded by cutting interest rates to a new historic low of 0.25 % . The Bank also bought £ 60bn of UK government bonds and £ 10bn of corporate bonds , taking the amount of quantitative easing since the Great Recession to £ 435bn . The previous 10 years had been the worst decade for real wage growth since the 1860s . Mark Carney , Governor of the Bank of England , described it as a lost decade . Productivity was 16 % below the long - term trend , and the recovery was still very unbalanced , with consumption accounting for 100 % of growth in 2016 . Households ran an unprecedented deficit of 3 % of GDP . Unemployment continued to fall , resulting in a 42 - year low of 4.4 % in June 2017 , while real earnings also fell due to rising inflation . In October 2017 , the ONS revised the UK 's balance of payments , changing the net international investment position from a surplus of £ 469bn to a deficit of £ 22bn . Deeper analysis of outward investment revealed that much of what was thought to be foreign debt securities owned by British companies were actually loans to British citizens . Inward investment also dropped , from a surplus of £ 120bn in the first half of 2016 to a deficit of £ 25bn in the same period of 2017 . The UK had been relying on a surplus of inward investment to make up for its long - term current account deficit . A widely anticipated improvement in the UK 's trade balance on the back of a weaker pound failed to materialise as of Q3 2017 . Government spending and economic management See also : United Kingdom budget and United Kingdom national debt UK interest rate from 1800 to 2017 Government involvement in the economy is primarily exercised by HM Treasury , headed by the Chancellor of the Exchequer . In recent years , the UK economy has been managed in accordance with principles of market liberalisation and low taxation and regulation . Since 1997 , the Bank of England 's Monetary Policy Committee , headed by the Governor of the Bank of England , has been responsible for setting interest rates at the level necessary to achieve the overall inflation target for the economy that is set by the Chancellor each year . The Scottish Government , subject to the approval of the Scottish Parliament , has the power to vary the basic rate of income tax payable in Scotland by plus or minus 3 pence in the pound , though this power has not yet been exercised . In the 20 - year period from 1986 / 87 to 2006 / 07 government spending in the UK averaged around 40 % of GDP . In July 2007 , the UK had government debt at 35.5 % of GDP . As a result of the 2007 -- 2010 financial crisis and the late - 2000s global recession , government spending increased to a historically high level of 48 % of GDP in 2009 -- 10 , partly as a result of the cost of a series of bank bailouts . In terms of net government debt as a percentage of GDP , at the end of June 2014 public sector net debt excluding financial sector interventions was £ 1304.6 billion , equivalent to 77.3 % of GDP . For the financial year of 2013 -- 2014 public sector net borrowing was £ 93.7 billion . This was £ 13.0 billion higher than in the financial year of 2012 -- 2013 . Taxation Main article : Taxation in the United Kingdom The headquarters of HM Revenue & Customs in London Taxation in the United Kingdom may involve payments to at least two different levels of government : local government and central government ( HM Revenue & Customs ) . Local government is financed by grants from central government funds , business rates , council tax , and , increasingly , fees and charges such as those from on - street parking . Central government revenues are mainly from income tax , national insurance contributions , value added tax , corporation tax and fuel duty . Sectors Agriculture A combine harvester in use in Scotland Main articles : Agriculture in the United Kingdom and Forestry in the United Kingdom Agriculture in the UK is intensive , highly mechanised , and efficient by European standards , producing about 60 % of food needs , with less than 1.6 % of the labour force ( 535,000 workers ) . It contributes around 0.6 % of British national value added . Around two - thirds of the production is devoted to livestock , one - third to arable crops . Agriculture is subsidised by the European Union 's Common Agricultural Policy . The UK retains a significant , though reduced , fishing industry . Its fleets , based in towns such as Kingston upon Hull , Grimsby , Fleetwood , Newlyn , Great Yarmouth , Peterhead , Fraserburgh , and Lowestoft , bring home fish ranging from sole to herring . The Blue Book 2013 reports that `` Agriculture '' added gross value of £ 9,438 million to the UK economy in 2011 . Construction Main article : Construction industry of the United Kingdom The construction industry of the United Kingdom contributed gross value of £ 86 billion to the UK economy in 2011 . The industry employed around 2.2 million people in the fourth quarter of 2009 . There were around 194,000 construction firms in the United Kingdom in 2009 , of which around 75,400 employed just one person and 62 employed over 1,200 people . In 2009 the construction industry in the UK received total orders of around £ 18.7 billion from the private sector and £ 15.1 billion from the public sector . The largest construction project in the UK is Crossrail . Due to open in 2018 , it will be a new railway line running east to west through London and into the surrounding countryside with a branch to Heathrow Airport . The main feature of the project is construction of 42 km ( 26 mi ) of new tunnels connecting stations in central London . It is also Europe 's biggest construction project with a £ 15 billion projected cost . Prospective construction projects include the High Speed 2 line between London and the West Midlands and Crossrail 2 . Production industries Electricity , gas and water supply Main article : Energy in the United Kingdom The Blue Book 2013 reports that this sector added gross value of £ 33,289 million to the UK economy in 2011 . The United Kingdom is expected to launch the building of new nuclear reactors to replace existing generators and to boost UK 's energy reserves . Manufacturing Main article : Manufacturing in the United Kingdom A Rolls - Royce Trent 900 aircraft jet engine , seen here on an Airbus A380 In the 1970s , manufacturing accounted for 25 percent of the economy . Total employment in manufacturing fell from 7.1 million in 1979 to 4.5 million in 1992 and only 2.7 million in 2016 , when it accounted for 10 % of the economy . In 2011 the UK manufacturing sector generated approximately £ 140,539 million in gross value added and employed around 2.6 million people . Of the approximately £ 16 billion invested in R&D by UK businesses in 2008 , approximately £ 12 billion was by manufacturing businesses . In 2008 , the UK was the sixth - largest manufacturer in the world measured by value of output . In 2008 around 180,000 people in the UK were directly employed in the UK automotive manufacturing sector . In that year the sector had a turnover of £ 52.5 billion , generated £ 26.6 billion of exports and produced around 1.45 million passenger vehicles and 203,000 commercial vehicles . The UK is a major centre for engine manufacturing , and in 2008 around 3.16 million engines were produced in the country . The aerospace industry of the UK is the second - or third - largest aerospace industry in the world , depending upon the method of measurement . The industry employs around 113,000 people directly and around 276,000 indirectly and has an annual turnover of around £ 20 billion . British companies with a major presence in the industry include BAE Systems ( the world 's second - largest defence contractor ) and Rolls - Royce ( the world 's second - largest aircraft engine maker ) . Foreign aerospace companies active in the UK include EADS and its Airbus subsidiary , which employs over 13,000 people in the UK . The pharmaceutical industry employs around 67,000 people in the UK and in 2007 contributed £ 8.4 billion to the UK 's GDP and invested a total of £ 3.9 billion in research and development . In 2007 exports of pharmaceutical products from the UK totalled £ 14.6 billion , creating a trade surplus in pharmaceutical products of £ 4.3 billion . The UK is home to GlaxoSmithKline and AstraZeneca , respectively the world 's third - and seventh - largest pharmaceutical companies . Mining , quarrying and hydrocarbons Main articles : Mining in the United Kingdom and North Sea oil UK trade balance in crude oil and petroleum from 1890 until 2015 . After 25 years of net exports , the UK became a net importer of oil in 2005 . The Blue Book 2013 reports that this sector added gross value of £ 31,380 million to the UK economy in 2011 . In 2007 the UK had a total energy output of 9.5 quadrillion Btus ( 10 exajoules ) , of which the composition was oil ( 38 % ) , natural gas ( 36 % ) , coal ( 13 % ) , nuclear ( 11 % ) and other renewables ( 2 % ) . In 2009 , the UK produced 1.5 million barrels per day ( bbl / d ) of oil and consumed 1.7 million bbl / d . Production is now in decline and the UK has been a net importer of oil since 2005 . As of 2010 the UK has around 3.1 billion barrels of proven crude oil reserves , the largest of any EU member state . In 2009 the UK was the 13th largest producer of natural gas in the world and the largest producer in the EU . Production is now in decline and the UK has been a net importer of natural gas since 2004 . In 2009 the UK produced 19.7 million tons of coal and consumed 60.2 million tons . In 2005 it had proven recoverable coal reserves of 171 million tons . It has been estimated that identified onshore areas have the potential to produce between 7 billion tonnes and 16 billion tonnes of coal through underground coal gasification ( UCG ) . Based on current UK coal consumption , these volumes represent reserves that could last the UK between 200 and 400 years . The UK is home to a number of large energy companies , including two of the six oil and gas `` supermajors '' -- BP and Royal Dutch Shell . The UK is also rich in a number of natural resources including coal , tin , limestone , iron ore , salt , clay , chalk , gypsum , lead and silica . Service industries The service sector is the dominant sector of the UK economy , and contributes around 77.8 % of GDP as of Q1 2014 . Creative industries The creative industries accounted for 7 % of gross value added ( GVA ) in 2005 and grew at an average of 6 % per annum between 1997 and 2005 . Key areas include London and the North West of England , which are the two largest creative industry clusters in Europe . According to the British Fashion Council , the fashion industry 's contribution to the UK economy in 2014 is ₤ 26 billion , up from ₤ 21 billion pounds in 2009 . The UK is home to the world 's largest advertising company , WPP . Education , health and social work Main articles : Education in the United Kingdom and Healthcare in the United Kingdom The Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham , a major NHS hospital According to The Blue Book 2013 the education sector added gross value of £ 84,556 million in 2011 whilst human health and social work activities added £ 104,026 million in 2011 . In the UK the majority of the healthcare sector consists of the state funded and operated National Health Service ( NHS ) , which accounts for over 80 % of all healthcare spending in the UK and has a workforce of around 1.7 million , making it the largest employer in Europe , and putting it amongst the largest employers in the world . The NHS operates independently in each of the four constituent countries of the UK . The NHS in England is by far the largest of the four parts and had a turnover of £ 92.5 billion in 2008 . In 2007 / 08 higher education institutions in the UK had a total income of £ 23 billion and employed a total of 169,995 staff . In 2007 / 08 there were 2,306,000 higher education students in the UK ( 1,922,180 in England , 210,180 in Scotland , 125,540 in Wales and 48,200 in Northern Ireland ) . Financial and business services Main article : Financial services industry of the United Kingdom See also : Legal services in the United Kingdom The UK financial services industry added gross value of £ 116,363 million to the UK economy in 2011 . The UK 's exports of financial and business services make a significant positive contribution towards the country 's balance of payments . London is a major centre for international business and commerce and is one of the three `` command centres '' of the global economy ( alongside New York City and Tokyo ) . There are over 500 banks with offices in London , and it is the leading international centre for banking , insurance , Eurobonds , foreign exchange trading and energy futures . London 's financial services industry is primarily based in the City of London and Canary Wharf . The City houses the London Stock Exchange , the London International Financial Futures and Options Exchange , the London Metal Exchange , Lloyds of London , and the Bank of England . Canary Wharf began development in the 1980s and is now home to major financial institutions such as Barclays Bank , Citigroup and HSBC , as well as the UK Financial Services Authority . London is also a major centre for other business and professional services , and four of the six largest law firms in the world are headquartered there . Several other major UK cities have large financial sectors and related services . Edinburgh has one of the largest financial centres in Europe and is home to the headquarters of the Royal Bank of Scotland Group and Standard Life . Leeds is now the UK 's largest centre for business and financial services outside London , and the largest centre for legal services in the UK after London . According to a series of research papers and reports published in the mid-2010s , Britain 's financial firms provide sophisticated methods to launder billions of pounds annually , including money from the proceeds of corruption around the world as well as the world 's drug trade , thus making the City a global hub for illicit finance . According to a Deutsche Bank study published in March 2015 , Britain was attracting circa one billion pounds of capital inflows a month not recorded by official statistics , up to 40 percent probably originating from Russia , which implies misreporting by financial institutions , sophisticated tax avoidance , and the UK 's `` safe - haven '' reputation . Hotels and restaurants The Fox Inn , a small , family - owned restaurant in England The Blue Book 2013 reports that this industry added gross value of £ 36,554 million to the UK economy in 2011 . Intercontinental Hotels Group ( IHG ) , headquartered in Denham , Buckinghamshire , is currently the world 's largest hotelier , owning and operating hotel brands such as Intercontinental , Holiday Inn and Crowne Plaza . The international arm of Hilton Hotels , the world 's fifth largest hotelier , used to be owned by Ladbrokes Plc , and was headquartered in Watford , Hertfordshire from 1987 to 2005 . It was sold to Hilton Hotels Group of the USA in December 2005 . Informal A study in 2014 found that prostitution and associated services added over £ 5 billion to the economy each year . Public Administration and defence The Blue Book 2013 reports that this sector added gross value of £ 70,400 million to the UK economy in 2011 . Real estate and renting activities Main article : Real estate in the United Kingdom The Trafford Centre shopping complex in Manchester ; it was sold for £ 1.6 billion in 2011 in the largest property sale in British history The real estate and renting activities sector includes the letting of dwellings and other related business support activities . The Blue Book 2013 reports that real estate industry added gross value of £ 143,641 million in 2011 . Notable real estate companies in the United Kingdom include British Land , Land Securities , and The Peel Group . The UK property market boomed for the seven years up to 2008 , and in some areas property trebled in value over that period . The increase in property prices had a number of causes : low interest rates , credit growth , economic growth , rapid growth in buy - to - let property investment , foreign property investment in London and planning restrictions on the supply of new housing . In England and Wales between 1997 and 2016 , average house prices increased by 259 % , while earnings increased by 68 % . An average home cost 3.6 times annual earnings in 1997 compared to 7.6 in 2016 . Rent has nearly doubled as a share of GDP since 1985 , and is now larger than the manufacturing sector . In 2014 , rent and imputed rent -- an estimate of how much home - owners would pay if they rented their home -- accounted for 12.3 % of GDP . Tourism Main article : Tourism in the United Kingdom Tourism is very important to the British economy . With over 32.6 million tourists arriving in 2014 , the United Kingdom is ranked as the eighth major tourist destination in the world . London is the second most visited city in the world with 17.4 million visitors in 2014 , behind first - placed Hong Kong ( 27.8 million visitors ) . Transport , storage and communication Main articles : Telecommunications in the United Kingdom and Transport in the United Kingdom Transport modal share from 1952 to 2015 , showing the initial rise in car use , which peaked in 1994 and declined gently as rail use increased . The transport and storage industry added gross value of £ 59,179 million to the UK economy in 2011 and the telecommunication industry added a gross value of £ 25,098 million in the same year . The UK has a radial road network of 46,904 kilometres ( 29,145 mi ) of main roads , with a motorway network of 3,497 kilometres ( 2,173 mi ) . There are a further 213,750 kilometres ( 132,818 mi ) of paved roads . The railway infrastructure company Network Rail owns and operates the majority of the 16,116 km ( 10,014 mi ) railway lines in Great Britain and a further 303 route km ( 189 route mi ) in Northern Ireland is owned and operated by Northern Ireland Railways . Since privatisation , around 20 Train Operating Companies operate the passenger trains . Urban rail networks are well developed in major cities including Glasgow , Liverpool and London . The government is to spend £ 30 billion on a new high - speed railway line , HS2 , to be operational by 2026 . Crossrail , under construction in London , Is Europe 's largest construction project with a £ 15 billion projected cost . The Highways Agency is the executive agency responsible for trunk roads and motorways in England apart from the privately owned and operated M6 Toll . The Department for Transport states that traffic congestion is one of the most serious transport problems and that it could cost England an extra £ 22 billion in wasted time by 2025 if left unchecked . According to the government - sponsored Eddington report of 2006 , congestion is in danger of harming the economy , unless tackled by road pricing and expansion of the transport network . In the year from October 2009 to September 2010 UK airports handled a total of 211.4 million passengers . In that period the three largest airports were London Heathrow Airport ( 65.6 million passengers ) , Gatwick Airport ( 31.5 million passengers ) and London Stansted Airport ( 18.9 million passengers ) . London Heathrow Airport , located 24 kilometres ( 15 mi ) west of the capital , has the most international passenger traffic of any airport in the world . and is the hub for the UK flag carrier British Airways , as well as BMI and Virgin Atlantic . London 's six commercial airports form the world 's largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic . Wholesale and retail trade A Tesco supermarket at Kingston Park , Newcastle upon Tyne This sector includes the motor trade , auto repairs , personal and household goods industries . The Blue Book 2013 reports that this sector added gross value of £ 151,785 million to the UK economy in 2011 . As of 2016 , high - street retail spending accounted for about 33 % of consumer spending and 20 % of GDP . Because 75 % of goods bought in the United Kingdom are made overseas , the sector only accounts for 5.7 % of gross value added to the British economy . The UK grocery market is dominated by four companies : Asda ( owned by Wal - Mart Stores ) , Morrisons , Sainsbury 's and Tesco . London is a major retail centre and in 2010 had the highest non-food retail sales of any city in the world , with a total spend of around £ 64.2 billion . The UK - based Tesco is the third - largest retailer in the world measured by revenues ( after Wal - Mart Stores and Carrefour ) and as of 2011 was the leader in the UK market with around a 30 % share . Currency Main article : Pound sterling The Bank of England ; the central bank of the United Kingdom . London is the world capital for foreign exchange trading , with a global market share of nearly 41 % in 2013 of the daily $5.3 trillion global turnover . The highest daily volume , counted in trillions of dollars US , is reached when New York enters the trade . The currency of the UK is the pound sterling , represented by the symbol £ . The Bank of England is the central bank , responsible for issuing currency . Banks in Scotland and Northern Ireland retain the right to issue their own notes , subject to retaining enough Bank of England notes in reserve to cover the issue . The pound sterling is also used as a reserve currency by other governments and institutions , and is the third - largest after the US dollar and the euro . The UK chose not to join the euro at the currency 's launch . The government of former Prime Minister Tony Blair had pledged to hold a public referendum for deciding membership should `` five economic tests '' be met . Until relatively recently there was debate over whether or not the UK should abolish its currency Pound Sterling and adopt the euro . In 2007 the British Prime Minister , Gordon Brown , pledged at the time to hold a public referendum based on certain tests he set as Chancellor of the Exchequer . When assessing the tests , Gordon Brown concluded that while the decision was close , the United Kingdom should not yet join the euro . He ruled out membership for the foreseeable future , saying that the decision not to join had been right for the UK and for Europe . In particular , he cited fluctuations in house prices as a barrier to immediate entry . Public opinion polls have shown that a majority of Britons have been opposed to joining the single currency for some considerable time and this position has now hardened further . In 2005 , more than half ( 55 % ) of the UK were against adopting the currency , while 30 % were in favour . The issue of joining the euro has become a non-issue since the referendum decision to withdraw from the European Union . Exchange rates ( average for of each year ) , in USD ( US dollar ) and EUR ( euro ) per GBP ; and inversely : GBP per USD and EUR . ( Synthetic Euro XEU before 1999 ) . Caution : these averages conceal wide intra-year spreads . The coefficient of variation gives an indication of this . It also shows the extent to which the pound tracks the euro or the dollar . Note the effect of Black Wednesday in late 1992 by comparing the averages for 1992 with the averages for 1993 . Year £ / USD USD / £ C. Var £ / XEU XEU / £ C. Var £ 0.5633 $1.775 £ 0.7161 ₠ 1.397 1991 £ 0.5675 $1.762 £ 0.7022 ₠ 1.424 £ 0.5699 $1.755 £ 0.7365 ₠ 1.358 £ 0.6663 $1.501 £ 0.7795 ₠ 1.283 £ 0.6536 $1.53 £ 0.7742 ₠ 1.292 1995 £ 0.6338 $1.578 £ 0.82 ₠ 1.22 £ 0.6411 $1.56 £ 0.8029 ₠ 1.245 £ 0.6106 $1.638 £ 0.6909 ₠ 1.447 1998 £ 0.6037 $1.656 £ 0.6779 ₠ 1.475 Year £ / USD USD / £ C. Var £ / EUR EUR / £ C. Var 1999 £ 0.6185 $1.617 £ 0.6595 € 1.516 2000 £ 0.6609 $1.513 £ 0.6099 € 1.64 £ 0.6943 $1.44 £ 0.6223 € 1.607 2002 £ 0.6664 $1.501 £ 0.6289 € 1.59 2003 £ 0.6123 $1.633 £ 0.6924 € 1.444 £ 0.5461 $1.832 2.26 % £ 0.6787 € 1.474 1.92 % 2005 £ 0.55 $1.82 3.47 % £ 0.6842 € 1.462 1.27 % 2006 £ 0.5435 $1.842 3.79 % £ 0.6821 € 1.466 1.11 % 2007 £ 0.4999 $2.001 1.97 % £ 0.6848 € 1.461 2.4 % 2008 £ 0.5499 $1.835 £ 0.7964 € 1.226 2009 £ 0.641 $1.566 £ 0.8914 € 1.123 £ 0.6474 $1.546 1.27 % £ 0.8586 € 1.166 3.83 % 2011 £ 0.6231 $1.605 3.81 % £ 0.8684 € 1.151 1.286 % 2012 £ 0.6310 $1.585 2.74 % £ 0.8112 € 1.233 0.712 % 2013 £ 0.6650 $1.503 5.17 % £ 0.8496 € 1.177 4.54 % 2014 £ 0.6320 $1.582 5.25 % £ 0.8060 € 1.240 5.35 % 2015 £ 0.6810 $1.468 7.20 % £ 0.7262 € 1.377 11.04 % 1 GBP in USD since 1971 Source : OANDA.COM Historical Currency Converter For consistency and comparison purposes , coefficient of variation is measured on both the `` per pound '' ratios , although it is conventional to show the forex rates as dollars per pound and pounds per euro . Economy by region See also : List of ceremonial counties in England by gross value added A map of the UK divided by the average GDP per capita in 2007 ( in euros ) showing the distribution of economic activity The strength of the UK economy varies from country to country and from region to region . Excluding the effects of North Sea oil and gas ( which is classified in official statistics as extra-regio ) , England has the highest gross value added ( GVA ) and Wales the lowest of the UK 's constituent countries . Rank Place GDP per capita , 2015 England £ 26,160 / $40,000 Scotland £ 23,685 / $36,200 Northern Ireland £ 18,584 / $28,400 Wales £ 18,002 / $27,500 Within England , GVA per capita is highest in London . The following table shows the GVA per capita of the nine statistical regions of England . Rank Place GVA per capita , 2013 Greater London £ 40,215 South East England £ 25,843 East of England £ 21,897 South West England £ 21,163 5 North West England £ 19,937 6 West Midlands £ 19,428 7 East Midlands £ 19,317 8 Yorkshire and the Humber £ 19,053 9 North East England £ 17,381 Two of the richest 10 areas in the European Union are in the United Kingdom . Inner London is number 1 with a GDP per capita of € 65 138 , and Berkshire , Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire is number 7 with a GDP per capita of € 37 379 . Edinburgh is also one of the largest financial centres in Europe . At the other end of the scale , Cornwall has the lowest GVA per head of any county or unitary authority in England , and it has received EU Convergence funding ( formerly Objective One funding ) since 2000 . Trade U.K. balance of trade in goods ( since 1870 ) Trade in goods and services balance ( U.K. ) UK Trade bulletin July 2017 See also : List of exports of the United Kingdom Between the 3 months to April 2017 and the 3 months to July 2017 , the total UK trade ( goods and services ) deficit widened by £ 0.4 billion to £ 8.6 billion , due to a widening of the trade in goods deficit with non-EU countries , in turn primarily due to decreased exports and increased imports of finished manufactured goods . Between the 3 months to April 2017 and the 3 months to July 2017 , the trade in goods deficit with non-EU countries widened by £ 2.4 billion ; this impact was partially offset by a narrowing of the trade in goods deficit with EU countries by £ 1.3 billion and a widening of the trade in services surplus by £ 0.7 billion . Export and import prices of goods fell over the 3 months to July 2017 contributing to a more modest increase in trade in goods export and import values compared with a larger increase in goods export and import volumes . A downward revision to both imports of goods and services ( negative £ 0.6 billion and negative £ 0.8 billion respectively ) and an upward revision of £ 0.3 billion to total trade exports resulted in a narrowing of the trade deficit by £ 1.7 billion in June 2017 compared with the previous UK trade release . Foreign direct investment In 2013 the UK was the leading country in Europe for inward foreign direct investment ( FDI ) with $26.51 bn . This gave it a 19.31 % market share in Europe . In contrast , the UK was second in Europe for outward FDI , with $42.59 bn , giving a 17.24 % share of the European market . European Union membership The United Kingdom is a member of the EU single market . As a member of the European Union , the UK has negotiated and agreed to numerous EU - wide trade and market policies . According to the 2014 report within the `` Balance of EU competences '' review , the majority of the EU trade policies have been beneficial for the UK , despite the proportion of the country 's exports going to the EU falling from 54 percent to 47 percent over the past decade . The total value of exports however has increased in the same period from £ 130 billion ( € 160 billion ) to £ 240 billion ( € 275 billion ) . In June 2016 the UK voted to leave the EU in a national referendum on its membership of the EU . The long - term consequences of this vote are unclear at present . Poverty Main article : Poverty in the United Kingdom The United Kingdom is a developed country with social welfare infrastructure , thus discussions surrounding poverty tend to be of relative poverty rather than absolute poverty . According to the OECD , the UK is in the lower half of developed country rankings for poverty rates , doing better than Italy and the US but less well than France , Austria , Hungary , Slovakia and the Nordic countries . Eurostat figures show that the numbers of Britons at risk of poverty has fallen to 15.9 % in 2014 , down from 17.1 % in 2010 and 19 % in 2005 ( after social transfers were taken into account ) . The poverty line in the UK is commonly defined as being 60 % of the median household income . In 2007 -- 2008 , this was calculated to be £ 115 per week for single adults with no dependent children ; £ 199 per week for couples with no dependent children ; £ 195 per week for single adults with two dependent children under 14 ; and £ 279 per week for couples with two dependent children under 14 . In 2007 -- 2008 , 13.5 million people , or 22 % of the population , lived below this line . This is a higher level of relative poverty than all but four other EU members . 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who is responsible for setting interest rates in the uk

Government involvement in the British economy is primarily exercised by Her Majesty 's Treasury , headed by the Chancellor of the Exchequer , and the Department for Business , Energy and Industrial Strategy . Since 1979 management of the economy has followed a broadly laissez - faire approach . The Bank of England is the UK 's central bank and its Monetary Policy Committee is responsible for setting interest rates , quantitative easing , and forward guidance .

List of men 's footballers with 500 or more goals - wikipedia List of men 's footballers with 500 or more goals In top - level football , at least 28 players have scored 500 or more goals over the course of their career , according to research by the Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Only players who were active in top division football for all or most of their careers are considered . The ranking below takes into account goals scored in official matches played with national teams at all age levels and clubs in all divisions . Ranking ( edit ) Key Unverified data is excluded from players ' data ; goal and match totals may be higher . Players in bold are currently active ; data is accurate as of the 12 August 2018 . Rank Player Goals Matches Ratio Years AUT / CZE Josef Bican 805 530 1.52 1931 -- 1955 Romário ( BRA ) 772 994 0.78 1985 -- 2007 Pelé ( BRA ) 767 831 0.92 1957 -- 1977 Ferenc Puskás ( HUN ) 746 754 0.99 1943 -- 1966 Gerd Müller ( GER ) 735 793 0.92 1962 -- 1981 6 Cristiano Ronaldo ( POR ) 676 951 0.71 2001 -- present 7 Lionel Messi ( ARG ) 644 821 0.78 2003 -- present 8 Ferenc Deák ( HUN ) 576 1940 -- 1957 9 Uwe Seeler ( GER ) 575 649 0.89 1953 -- 1978 Túlio Maravilha ( BRA ) 575 -- 1988 -- 2012 11 Arthur Friedenreich ( BRA ) 557 1909 -- 1935 12 Ernst Willimowski ( POL ) 554 -- 1934 -- 1955 13 Eusébio ( POR ) 552 -- 1957 -- 1979 14 Jimmy McGrory ( SCO ) 550 -- 1922 -- 1937 15 Franz Binder ( AUT ) 546 -- 1930 -- 1949 16 Fernando Peyroteo ( POR ) 544 354 1.54 1937 -- 1949 17 Hugo Sánchez ( MEX ) 541 -- 1976 -- 1997 18 Fritz Walter ( GER ) 539 -- 1937 -- 1959 19 József Takács ( HUN ) 523 -- 1917 -- 1934 20 Gyula Zsengellér ( HUN ) 522 -- 1935 -- 1953 Zico ( BRA ) 522 -- 1971 -- 1994 22 Alfredo Di Stéfano ( ARG ) 514 -- 1945 -- 1966 Hans Krankl ( AUT ) 514 -- 1970 -- 1989 24 Gunnar Nordahl ( SWE ) 513 -- 1937 -- 1958 25 Roberto Dinamite ( BRA ) 512 -- 1971 -- 1993 26 Jimmy Greaves ( ENG ) 511 -- 1957 -- 1980 27 Ferenc Bene ( HUN ) 508 -- 1961 -- 1978 28 Zlatan Ibrahimović ( SWE ) 505 875 0.58 1999 -- present Source : Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation See also ( edit ) List of men 's footballers with 50 or more international goals List of footballers with 100 or more caps List of top international association football goal scorers by country List of footballers with most goals in World Cup qualifiers List of footballers with the most official appearances References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Kolos , Vladimir ( 21 January 2016 ) . `` Prolific Scorers Data : Best Goalscorers All - Time ( Official Matches ) '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 22 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Matches of Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Soccerway . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Matches of L. Messi '' . Soccerway . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ https://zivotopis.osobnosti.cz/josef-bican.php Jump up ^ https://www.lidovky.cz/fotbalovy-slechtic-prekazel-komunistum-fd7-/lide.aspx?c=A151101_171029_lide_ELE Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_men%27s_footballers_with_500_or_more_goals&oldid=854711343 '' Categories : Association football records and statistics Lists of association football players Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Ελληνικά Español Italiano Norsk Português Türkçe Türkmençe 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 07 : 47 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

who scored the most goals in the history of soccer

Rank Player Goals Matches Ratio Years AUT / CZE Josef Bican 805 530 1.52 1931 -- 1955 Romário ( BRA ) 772 994 0.78 1985 -- 2007 Pelé ( BRA ) 767 831 0.92 1957 -- 1977 Ferenc Puskás ( HUN ) 746 754 0.99 1943 -- 1966 Gerd Müller ( GER ) 735 793 0.92 1962 -- 1981 6 Cristiano Ronaldo ( POR ) 676 951 0.71 2001 -- present 7 Lionel Messi ( ARG ) 644 821 0.78 2003 -- present 8 Ferenc Deák ( HUN ) 576 1940 -- 1957 9 Uwe Seeler ( GER ) 575 649 0.89 1953 -- 1978 Túlio Maravilha ( BRA ) 575 -- 1988 -- 2012 11 Arthur Friedenreich ( BRA ) 557 1909 -- 1935 12 Ernst Willimowski ( POL ) 554 -- 1934 -- 1955 13 Eusébio ( POR ) 552 -- 1957 -- 1979 14 Jimmy McGrory ( SCO ) 550 -- 1922 -- 1937 15 Franz Binder ( AUT ) 546 -- 1930 -- 1949 16 Fernando Peyroteo ( POR ) 544 354 1.54 1937 -- 1949 17 Hugo Sánchez ( MEX ) 541 -- 1976 -- 1997 18 Fritz Walter ( GER ) 539 -- 1937 -- 1959 19 József Takács ( HUN ) 523 -- 1917 -- 1934 20 Gyula Zsengellér ( HUN ) 522 -- 1935 -- 1953 Zico ( BRA ) 522 -- 1971 -- 1994 22 Alfredo Di Stéfano ( ARG ) 514 -- 1945 -- 1966 Hans Krankl ( AUT ) 514 -- 1970 -- 1989 24 Gunnar Nordahl ( SWE ) 513 -- 1937 -- 1958 25 Roberto Dinamite ( BRA ) 512 -- 1971 -- 1993 26 Jimmy Greaves ( ENG ) 511 -- 1957 -- 1980 27 Ferenc Bene ( HUN ) 508 -- 1961 -- 1978 28 Zlatan Ibrahimović ( SWE ) 505 875 0.58 1999 -- present

Canada at the FIFA World Cup - wikipedia Canada at the FIFA World Cup This is a record of Canada 's results at the FIFA World Cup . Canada has appeared in the FIFA World Cup on one occasion , which was in 1986 . Contents 1 FIFA World Cup 2 1986 FIFA World Cup 2.1 Canada Squad 2.1. 1 Group C 3 References FIFA World Cup ( edit ) FIFA World Cup record Year Result Position Pld GF GA 1930 Did not enter 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 Did not qualify 1962 Did not enter 1966 1970 Did not qualify 1978 1982 1986 Group stage 24th of 24 0 0 0 5 Did not qualify 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 2022 To be determined 2026 Total Group stage 1 / 21 0 0 0 5 Jump up ^ FIFA has yet to decide whether the 2026 tournament co-hosts will qualify automatically or not . 1986 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Canada Squad ( edit ) Head coach : Tony Waiters No . Pos . Player Date of birth ( age ) Caps Club 1GK Tino Lettieri ( 1957 - 09 - 27 ) September 27 , 1957 ( aged 28 ) Minnesota Strikers 2DF Bob Lenarduzzi ( 1955 - 05 - 01 ) May 1 , 1955 ( aged 31 ) Tacoma Stars 2DF Bruce Wilson ( c ) ( 1951 - 06 - 20 ) June 20 , 1951 ( aged 34 ) no club 3MF Randy Ragan ( 1959 - 06 - 07 ) June 7 , 1959 ( aged 26 ) no club 5 2DF Terry Moore ( 1958 - 06 - 02 ) June 2 , 1958 ( aged 27 ) Glentoran 6 2DF Ian Bridge ( 1959 - 09 - 18 ) September 18 , 1959 ( aged 26 ) La Chaux - de-Fonds 7 4FW Carl Valentine ( 1958 - 07 - 04 ) July 4 , 1958 ( aged 27 ) Cleveland Force 8 3MF Gerry Gray ( 1961 - 01 - 20 ) January 20 , 1961 ( aged 25 ) Chicago Sting 9 4FW Branko Segota ( 1961 - 06 - 08 ) June 8 , 1961 ( aged 24 ) San Diego Sockers 10 4FW Igor Vrablic ( 1965 - 07 - 19 ) July 19 , 1965 ( aged 20 ) Seraing 11 3MF Mike Sweeney ( 1959 - 12 - 25 ) December 25 , 1959 ( aged 26 ) Cleveland Force 12 2DF Randy Samuel ( 1963 - 12 - 23 ) December 23 , 1963 ( aged 22 ) PSV Eindhoven 13 3MF George Pakos ( 1952 - 08 - 14 ) August 14 , 1952 ( aged 33 ) Victoria Athletic Association 14 4FW Dale Mitchell ( 1958 - 04 - 21 ) April 21 , 1958 ( aged 28 ) Tacoma Stars 15 3MF Paul James ( 1963 - 11 - 11 ) November 11 , 1963 ( aged 22 ) CF Monterrey 16 3MF Greg Ion ( 1963 - 03 - 12 ) March 12 , 1963 ( aged 23 ) Los Angeles Lazers 17 3MF David Norman ( 1962 - 05 - 06 ) May 6 , 1962 ( aged 24 ) Tacoma Stars 18 3MF Jamie Lowery ( 1961 - 01 - 15 ) January 15 , 1961 ( aged 25 ) no club 19 3MF Pasquale De Luca ( 1962 - 05 - 26 ) May 26 , 1962 ( aged 24 ) Cleveland Force 20 2DF Colin Miller ( 1964 - 10 - 04 ) October 4 , 1964 ( aged 21 ) Rangers 21 1GK Sven Habermann ( 1961 - 11 - 03 ) November 3 , 1961 ( aged 24 ) no club 22 1GK Paul Dolan ( 1966 - 04 - 16 ) April 16 , 1966 ( aged 20 ) Edmonton Brickmen Group C ( edit ) Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Soviet Union 0 9 + 8 5 France 0 5 + 4 5 Hungary 0 9 − 7 Canada 0 0 0 5 − 5 0 June 1 , 1986 4 : 00 PM CST Canada 0 -- 1 France Report Papin 79 ' Estadio Nou Camp , León Attendance : 36,000 Referee : Hernán Silva ( Chile ) June 6 , 1986 12 : 00 PM CST Hungary 2 -- 0 Canada Esterházy 2 ' Détári 75 ' Report Estadio Sergio León Chavez , Irapuato Attendance : 13,800 Referee : Jamal Al Sharif ( Syria ) June 9 , 1986 12 : 00 PM CST Soviet Union 2 -- 0 Canada Blokhin 58 ' Zavarov 74 ' Report Estadio Sergio León Chavez , Irapuato Attendance : 14,200 Referee : Idrissa Traoré ( Mali ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Canada World Cup Record '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved October 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Molinaro , John F. ( July 1 , 2010 ) . `` Remembering Canada 's ' 86 World Cup team '' . www.cbc.ca . Retrieved July 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Doyle , Jamie ; Molinaro , John ; Sasha , Kalra . `` One and Only : Remembering Canada 's lone World Cup appearance '' . Sportsnet.ca . Retrieved July 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Yannis , Alex ( April 5 , 1986 ) . `` Soccer ; Canadians and M.I.S.L. at Odds for Cup '' . nytimes.com . Retrieved July 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Canada wins vote to co-host 2026 FIFA World Cup with U.S. and Mexico - Sportsnet.ca '' . Sportsnet.ca . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 Canada World Cup Squad '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved October 25 , 2011 . Countries at the FIFA World Cup Team appearances Teams with no appearances All - time table AFC Australia China Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Kuwait North Korea Saudi Arabia South Korea United Arab Emirates CAF Algeria Angola Cameroon DR Congo Egypt Ghana Ivory Coast Morocco Nigeria Senegal South Africa Togo Tunisia CONCACAF Canada Costa Rica Cuba El Salvador Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Panama Trinidad and Tobago United States CONMEBOL Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay OFC New Zealand UEFA Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark East Germany England France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Considered a successor team by FIFA , or have competed under another name ( s ) . Have been member of multiple confederations . Team and national federation no longer exist . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canada_at_the_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=848729091 '' Categories : Countries at the FIFA World Cup Canada men 's national soccer team Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 3 July 2018 , at 22 : 17 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

when was the last time canada won the world cup

FIFA World Cup record Year Result Position Pld GF GA 1930 Did not enter 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 Did not qualify 1962 Did not enter 1966 1970 Did not qualify 1978 1982 1986 Group stage 24th of 24 0 0 0 5 Did not qualify 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 2022 To be determined 2026 Total Group stage 1 / 21 0 0 0 5

Designated survivor - wikipedia Designated survivor This article is about the U.S. contingency plan against catastrophic loss of its leadership . For the 2016 TV series , see Designated Survivor ( TV series ) . In the United States , a designated survivor ( or designated successor ) is an individual in the presidential line of succession , usually a member of the United States Cabinet , who is arranged to be at a physically distant , secure , and undisclosed location when the President , the Vice President , and the other officials in the line of succession are gathered at a single location , such as during State of the Union addresses and presidential inaugurations . This is intended to guarantee continuity of government in the event of a catastrophic occurrence that kills the President and many officials in the presidential line of succession , such as a mass shooting , bombing , attack or catastrophic natural disaster . If such an event occurred , killing both the President and Vice President , the surviving official highest in the line , possibly the designated survivor , would become the Acting President of the United States under the Presidential Succession Act . Only Cabinet members who are eligible to succeed to the presidency ( i.e. , natural - born citizens over the age of 35 , who have resided in the United States for at least 14 years ) can be chosen as designated survivors . The designated survivor is provided presidential - level security and transport for the duration of the event . An aide carries a nuclear football with them . However , they are not given a briefing on what to do in the event that the other successors to the presidency are killed . Contents 1 History 1.1 Presidential 1.2 Legislative 2 List of some designated survivors 3 In popular culture 4 See also 5 Notes and references 6 External links History ( edit ) Presidential ( edit ) The practice of naming a designated survivor originated during the Cold War with its risk of nuclear attack . In 1947 , the Presidential Succession Act established the line of succession and led to the continuity of government plan . In one special case the Housing and Urban Development Secretary Shaun Donovan was designated survivor for the 2010 State of the Union Address given by Barack Obama . At the same time Secretary of State Hillary Clinton was also absent from the address . However , Secret Service rules prevented Clinton from being named the designated survivor since it was public knowledge that she was at a conference in London during the event . Had a calamity occurred only in Washington and Clinton remained unharmed , she instead of Donovan would have become Acting President , as the Secretary of State is higher in the line of succession than the Housing and Urban Development Secretary . Legislative ( edit ) Since 2005 , members of Congress have also been chosen as legislative designated survivors . In addition to serving as a rump legislature in the event that all of their colleagues were killed , a surviving Representative and Senator could ascend to the ( vacated ) offices of Speaker of the House and President Pro Tempore of the Senate , offices that immediately follow the Vice President in the presidential line of succession . However , it is unclear whether a legislative designated survivor not already holding that house 's leadership position could assume such a position without previously having been elected to it by a quorum of their respective house . If such a legislative designated survivor were simultaneously the sitting Speaker or President Pro Tempore -- as was the case during the 2005 , 2006 , and 2007 State of the Union addresses , in which Presidents Pro Tempore Ted Stevens ( R - Alaska ) and Sen. Robert Byrd ( D - West Virginia ) were also legislative designated survivors -- he or she would become the acting president in the event of the additional deaths of both the president and the vice-president , rather than the presidential designated survivor Cabinet member . List of some designated survivors ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Date Occasion Designee Position Notes January 20 , 1981 Presidential Inauguration Unknown February 18 , 1981 Presidential Address to Joint Session of Congress Terrel Bell Secretary of Education January 26 , 1982 State of the Union Unknown January 25 , 1983 State of the Union J. Steward Donovan January 25 , 1984 State of the Union Samuel Pierce Secretary of Housing and Urban Development January 21 , 1985 Presidential Inauguration Margaret Heckler Secretary of Health and Human Services February 6 , 1985 State of the Union Malcolm Baldrige Secretary of Commerce February 4 , 1986 State of the Union John Block Secretary of Agriculture January 27 , 1987 State of the Union Richard Lyng Secretary of Agriculture January 25 , 1988 State of the Union Donald Hodel Secretary of the Interior January 20 , 1989 Presidential Inauguration Unknown February 9 , 1989 Presidential Address to Joint Session of Congress Lauro Cavazos Secretary of Education January 31 , 1990 State of the Union Edward J. Derwinski Secretary of Veterans Affairs September 11 , 1990 Presidential Address to Joint Session of Congress ( Gulf War Speech -- text ) Unknown January 29 , 1991 State of the Union Manuel Lujan Secretary of the Interior January 28 , 1992 State of the Union Ed Madigan Secretary of Agriculture January 20 , 1993 Presidential Inauguration Unknown February 17 , 1993 Presidential Address to Joint Session of Congress Bruce Babbitt Secretary of the Interior January 25 , 1994 State of the Union Mike Espy Secretary of Agriculture January 24 , 1995 State of the Union Federico Peña Secretary of Transportation January 23 , 1996 State of the Union Donna Shalala Secretary of Health and Human Services January 20 , 1997 Presidential Inauguration Unknown February 4 , 1997 State of the Union Dan Glickman Secretary of Agriculture January 27 , 1998 State of the Union William Daley Secretary of Commerce January 19 , 1999 State of the Union Andrew Cuomo Secretary of Housing and Urban Development January 27 , 2000 State of the Union Bill Richardson Secretary of Energy January 20 , 2001 Presidential Inauguration Unknown February 27 , 2001 Presidential Address to Joint Session of Congress Anthony Principi Secretary of Veterans Affairs September 20 , 2001 Presidential Address to Joint Session of Congress ( following the September 11 attacks ) Dick Cheney Vice President Tommy Thompson Secretary of Health and Human Services January 29 , 2002 State of the Union Gale Norton Secretary of the Interior January 28 , 2003 State of the Union John Ashcroft Attorney General Norman Mineta Secretary of Transportation January 20 , 2004 State of the Union Donald Evans Secretary of Commerce January 20 , 2005 Presidential Inauguration Gale Norton Secretary of the Interior February 2 , 2005 State of the Union Donald Evans Secretary of Commerce Ted Stevens ( R - AK ) President Pro Tempore of the Senate January 31 , 2006 State of the Union Jim Nicholson Secretary of Veterans Affairs Ted Stevens ( R - AK ) President Pro Tempore of the Senate January 23 , 2007 State of the Union Alberto Gonzales Attorney General January 28 , 2008 State of the Union Dirk Kempthorne Secretary of the Interior January 20 , 2009 Presidential Inauguration Robert Gates Secretary of Defense February 24 , 2009 Presidential Address to Joint Session of Congress Eric Holder Attorney General September 9 , 2009 Presidential Address to Joint Session of Congress ( Health Care Speech to Congress ) Steven Chu Secretary of Energy January 27 , 2010 State of the Union Shaun Donovan Secretary of Housing and Urban Development January 25 , 2011 State of the Union Ken Salazar Secretary of the Interior January 24 , 2012 State of the Union Tom Vilsack Secretary of Agriculture January 21 , 2013 Presidential Inauguration Eric Shinseki Secretary of Veterans Affairs February 12 , 2013 State of the Union Steven Chu Secretary of Energy January 28 , 2014 State of the Union Ernest Moniz Secretary of Energy January 20 , 2015 State of the Union Anthony Foxx Secretary of Transportation January 12 , 2016 State of the Union Orrin Hatch ( R - UT ) President Pro Tempore of the Senate Jeh Johnson Secretary of Homeland Security January 20 , 2017 Presidential Inauguration Orrin Hatch ( R - UT ) President Pro Tempore of the Senate Jeh Johnson Secretary of Homeland Security February 28 , 2017 Presidential Address to Joint Session of Congress David Shulkin Secretary of Veterans Affairs January 30 , 2018 State of the Union Sonny Perdue Secretary of Agriculture In popular culture ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the 1991 HBO original film By Dawn 's Early Light , the US Secretary of the Interior becomes President of the United States following a Soviet nuclear strike on Washington , D.C while on board a Boeing E-4 NEACP aircraft with the callsign `` Condor '' . In the TV show The West Wing , the episode `` He Shall , from Time to Time ... '' features President Josiah Bartlet talking to Secretary of Agriculture Roger Tribbey in the Oval Office prior to leaving for his State of the Union address . The choosing of the designated survivors is shown at the start of the episode , generating some discussion about how it works . The 2016 TV series Designated Survivor stars Kiefer Sutherland as Tom Kirkman , the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development who becomes President after a terrorist attack during the State of the Union address kills the President , the Vice President , the Speaker of the House , and every individual ahead of him in the line of succession . See also ( edit ) Central Locator System Decapitation strike National Command Authority Operation Looking Glass United States presidential line of succession in fiction Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Vacancy in offices of both President and Vice President ; officers eligible to act : 3 U.S.C. § 19 Jump up ^ Knoller , Mark ( January 30 , 2007 ) . `` One Night Spent A Heartbeat Away '' . CBS News . Jump up ^ Kamen , Al . `` Hillary Clinton will be in London for State of the Union '' . Washington Post . Accessed 3 February 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cabinet Members Who Did Not Attend the State of the Union Address '' . www.presidency.ucsb.edu . ^ Jump up to : 1981 , 1989 , 1993 , 2001 , 2009 and 2017 speeches were given by incoming Presidents and not formal `` State of the Union '' addresses . ^ Jump up to : Hershey , Jr. , Robert D. ( 27 January 1988 ) . `` State of Union : Bewitched by Pageant '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 13 February 2013 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Cabinet members who did not attend the State of the Union Address ( since 1984 ) '' ( PDF ) . United States Senate Historical Office . Jump up ^ 1984 : UPI , `` Washington Dateline . '' Jan 25 , 1984 ^ Jump up to : Rachel Weiner ( February 12 , 2013 ) . `` Steven Chu is the State of the Union ' designated survivor ' '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Gainesville Sun - Google News Archive Search '' . news.google.com . Jump up ^ 1985 : UPI , `` Washington News . '' Feb 6 , 1985 Jump up ^ 1986 : UPI , `` Washington News . '' Feb 4 , 1986 Jump up ^ 1987 : UPI , `` Washington News . '' Jan 28 , 1987 Jump up ^ 1990 : Washington Post , Page C3 . Jan 31 , 1991 Jump up ^ 1991 : Washington Post , Page C3 . Jan 31 , 1991 Jump up ^ 1996 : USA Today , Page A12 . Feb 5 , 1997 Jump up ^ 1997 : Washington Post , `` Agriculture 's Glickman Draws Doomsday Duty for Address . '' Page A13 . Feb 4 , 1997 Jump up ^ 1999 : New York Times , `` Not Being Invited Was the Honor . '' Page B2 . Jan 21 , 1999 Jump up ^ 2000 : Washington Post , `` The Reliable Source . '' Page C3 . Jan 28 , 2000 Jump up ^ 2001 : New York Times , `` Cabinet 's ' Designated Absentee ' Stays Away . '' Page A23 . Jan 30 , 2002 Jump up ^ 2002 : New York Times , `` Cabinet 's ' Designated Absentee ' Stays Away . '' Page A23 . Jan 30 , 2002 Jump up ^ 2003 : New York Times , `` Ashcroft in Secret Spot During Bush Address . '' Jan 29 , 2003 Jump up ^ 2004 : AP , `` Four to Miss Speech Due to Security . '' Jan 20 , 2004 ^ Jump up to : For the 2005 , 2006 , and 2007 State of the Union addresses , the President Pro Tempore of the Senate would have been the highest - ranking survivor . Jump up ^ 2005 : New York Times , `` Five Officials Skip State of the Union Address . '' Feb 2 , 2005 Jump up ^ 2006 : Philadelphia Inquirer , `` A Message of Energy , Strength . '' Feb 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ 2007 : Washington Post , `` The Reliable Source . '' Page C3 . Jan 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ 2008 : AP , `` Interior Secretary Skips Speech , '' Jan 28 , 2008 Jump up ^ 2009 : AFP American Edition , `` Gates to Sit out Obama Inauguration , '' January 19 , 2009 Jump up ^ Gates To Be Designated Successor On Inauguration Day , CBS News , January 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Holder Staying Away From Obama 's Speech , The Washington Post , February 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Energy secretary skips Obama health care address '' . Jump up ^ O'Keefe , Ed ( 25 January 2011 ) . `` State of the Union : Ken Salazar to serve as ' designated survivor ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 26 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 24 January 2012 ) . `` State of the Union : Tom Vilsack to serve as Cabinet 's ' designated survivor '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 24 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Shinseki absent from inaugural '' . Miami Herald . 22 January 2013 . Retrieved 22 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Energy Secretary to be Designated Survivor during State of the Union '' . FOX News . January 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Miller , Zeke J ( 28 January 2014 ) . `` This Man Will Be Your President If The Worst Happens Happens '' . Time . Retrieved 29 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Obama 's ' designated survivor : ' Anthony Foxx '' . USA Today . January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jackson , David ( 20 January 2015 ) . `` O '' . NationalJournal . Archived from the original on 21 January 2015 . Retrieved 20 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Shalby , Colleen ( 12 January 2016 ) . `` If # SOTU disaster strikes , Jeh Johnson ... or a Republican would become president '' . LA Times . Retrieved 12 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Saenz , Arlette ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` State of the Union : Jeh Johnson Named Designated Survivor '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ Tribune , The Salt Lake . `` Sen. Orrin Hatch acting as a designated survivor during inauguration '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved 20 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Weaver , Dustin ( 20 January 2017 ) . `` Jeh Johnson is designated survivor for inauguration '' . TheHill . Retrieved 20 January 2017 . Jump up ^ DeBonis , Mike ; Johnson , Jenna ( 2017 - 01 - 24 ) . `` Trump to address a joint session of Congress on Feb. 28 '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Philip Rucker on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` VA Secretary David Shulkin chosen as designated survivor '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ Westwood , Sarah . `` Agriculture Secretary Sonny Perdue State of the Union ' designated survivor ' '' . Washington Examiner . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Designated Survivor ( TV Series 2016 - ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . External links ( edit ) U.S. Senate 's list of cabinet members who did not attend the State of the Union Address ( since 1984 ) Cabinet Members Who Did Not Attend the State of the Union Address Reagan ( 1984 ) -- Trump The American Presidency Project ( online ) . Gerhard Peters ( database ) . Santa Barbara , California : University of California ( hosted ) . Lists related to the Presidents and Vice Presidents of the United States List of Presidents List of Vice Presidents Presidents Age Autobiographies Burial places Death Historical rankings Lifespan timeline Number living Time in office Portraits Professional careers Approval rating Assassination attempts and plots Campaign slogans Control of Congress Doctrines Inaugurations International trips Judicial appointments Libraries Military rank Military service Other offices held Pardons Previous experience Vetoes Personal life Coats of arms Deaths in office Education Facial hair Firsts Freemasons Multilingualism Net worth Nicknames Pets Home state Religious affiliation Residences Slave owners Vice Presidents Age Burial places Coats of arms Education Number living Other offices held Place of primary affiliation Religious affiliation Tie - breaking votes Time in office Succession Acting President Designated survivor Line of succession Elections Electoral College margin Popular vote margin Summary Winner lost popular vote Candidates Democrat Republican Third party Green Libertarian Progressive National Republican / Whig African American Female Received at least one electoral vote Number of votes received Height Unsuccessful major party candidates Unsuccessful major party vice presidential candidates Lost their home state Families First Families First Ladies Second Ladies Children Namesakes , honors Memorial sites U.S. postage stamp appearances Educational institution names Currency appearances U.S. county names U.S. Senate vice presidential bust collection In fiction Presidents actors Vice Presidents actors Candidates Line of succession U.S. Government Portal Biography Portal Presidents of the United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Designated_survivor&oldid=864787818 '' Categories : United States presidential succession Disaster preparedness in the United States Continuity of government in the United States Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Incomplete lists from April 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Lumbaart 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska اردو 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2018 , at 13 : 19 ( UTC ) . 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which cabinet member was missing from the state of the union 2018

Date Occasion Designee Position Notes January 20 , 1981 Presidential Inauguration Unknown February 18 , 1981 Presidential Address to Joint Session of Congress Terrel Bell Secretary of Education January 26 , 1982 State of the Union Unknown January 25 , 1983 State of the Union J. Steward Donovan January 25 , 1984 State of the Union Samuel Pierce Secretary of Housing and Urban Development January 21 , 1985 Presidential Inauguration Margaret Heckler Secretary of Health and Human Services February 6 , 1985 State of the Union Malcolm Baldrige Secretary of Commerce February 4 , 1986 State of the Union John Block Secretary of Agriculture January 27 , 1987 State of the Union Richard Lyng Secretary of Agriculture January 25 , 1988 State of the Union Donald Hodel Secretary of the Interior January 20 , 1989 Presidential Inauguration Unknown February 9 , 1989 Presidential Address to Joint Session of Congress Lauro Cavazos Secretary of Education January 31 , 1990 State of the Union Edward J. Derwinski Secretary of Veterans Affairs September 11 , 1990 Presidential Address to Joint Session of Congress ( Gulf War Speech -- text ) Unknown January 29 , 1991 State of the Union Manuel Lujan Secretary of the Interior January 28 , 1992 State of the Union Ed Madigan Secretary of Agriculture January 20 , 1993 Presidential Inauguration Unknown February 17 , 1993 Presidential Address to Joint Session of Congress Bruce Babbitt Secretary of the Interior January 25 , 1994 State of the Union Mike Espy Secretary of Agriculture January 24 , 1995 State of the Union Federico Peña Secretary of Transportation January 23 , 1996 State of the Union Donna Shalala Secretary of Health and Human Services January 20 , 1997 Presidential Inauguration Unknown February 4 , 1997 State of the Union Dan Glickman Secretary of Agriculture January 27 , 1998 State of the Union William Daley Secretary of Commerce January 19 , 1999 State of the Union Andrew Cuomo Secretary of Housing and Urban Development January 27 , 2000 State of the Union Bill Richardson Secretary of Energy January 20 , 2001 Presidential Inauguration Unknown February 27 , 2001 Presidential Address to Joint Session of Congress Anthony Principi Secretary of Veterans Affairs September 20 , 2001 Presidential Address to Joint Session of Congress ( following the September 11 attacks ) Dick Cheney Vice President Tommy Thompson Secretary of Health and Human Services January 29 , 2002 State of the Union Gale Norton Secretary of the Interior January 28 , 2003 State of the Union John Ashcroft Attorney General Norman Mineta Secretary of Transportation January 20 , 2004 State of the Union Donald Evans Secretary of Commerce January 20 , 2005 Presidential Inauguration Gale Norton Secretary of the Interior February 2 , 2005 State of the Union Donald Evans Secretary of Commerce Ted Stevens ( R - AK ) President Pro Tempore of the Senate January 31 , 2006 State of the Union Jim Nicholson Secretary of Veterans Affairs Ted Stevens ( R - AK ) President Pro Tempore of the Senate January 23 , 2007 State of the Union Alberto Gonzales Attorney General January 28 , 2008 State of the Union Dirk Kempthorne Secretary of the Interior January 20 , 2009 Presidential Inauguration Robert Gates Secretary of Defense February 24 , 2009 Presidential Address to Joint Session of Congress Eric Holder Attorney General September 9 , 2009 Presidential Address to Joint Session of Congress ( Health Care Speech to Congress ) Steven Chu Secretary of Energy January 27 , 2010 State of the Union Shaun Donovan Secretary of Housing and Urban Development January 25 , 2011 State of the Union Ken Salazar Secretary of the Interior January 24 , 2012 State of the Union Tom Vilsack Secretary of Agriculture January 21 , 2013 Presidential Inauguration Eric Shinseki Secretary of Veterans Affairs February 12 , 2013 State of the Union Steven Chu Secretary of Energy January 28 , 2014 State of the Union Ernest Moniz Secretary of Energy January 20 , 2015 State of the Union Anthony Foxx Secretary of Transportation January 12 , 2016 State of the Union Orrin Hatch ( R - UT ) President Pro Tempore of the Senate Jeh Johnson Secretary of Homeland Security January 20 , 2017 Presidential Inauguration Orrin Hatch ( R - UT ) President Pro Tempore of the Senate Jeh Johnson Secretary of Homeland Security February 28 , 2017 Presidential Address to Joint Session of Congress David Shulkin Secretary of Veterans Affairs January 30 , 2018 State of the Union Sonny Perdue Secretary of Agriculture

Bellerive Country Club - wikipedia Bellerive Country Club Bellerive Country Club Clubhouse in 1960 Club information Show map of the US Show map of Missouri Show all Coordinates 38 ° 39 ′ 36 '' N 90 ° 28 ′ 59 '' W  /  38.66 ° N 90.483 ° W  / 38.66 ; - 90.483 Coordinates : 38 ° 39 ′ 36 '' N 90 ° 28 ′ 59 '' W  /  38.66 ° N 90.483 ° W  / 38.66 ; - 90.483 Location Town and Country , Missouri Elevation 530 feet ( 160 m ) Established 1897 , 121 years ago 1960 ( current course ) Type Private Total holes 18 Tournaments hosted 1965 U.S. Open 1992 PGA Championship 2018 PGA Championship Greens Bentgrass Fairways Zoysia grass Website bellerivecc.org Designed by Robert Trent Jones Par 71 Length 7,547 yards ( 6,901 m ) Course rating 76.3 Slope rating 141 Bellerive Country Club is a golf country club in the central United States , located in Town and Country , Missouri , a suburb west of St. Louis . With the Old Warson , Westwood , and St. Louis country clubs , it is considered one of the `` big four '' old - line elite St. Louis clubs . The course has hosted three major championships : the U.S. Open in 1965 , and the PGA Championship in 1992 and 2018 . Contents 1 History 1.1 Current location 2 Tournaments hosted 3 Course 4 Scorecard 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) The club opened 121 years ago in 1897 as The Field Club , founded by several St. Louis sportsmen who wanted a place for golf and other leisure activities . Northwest of St. Louis , the course featured nine holes until another nine were added some years later . It was built on land leased from the estate of War of 1812 war hero Daniel Bissell . In 1910 , the club moved to nearby Normandy and renamed the Bellerive Country Club after Louis Groston de Saint - Ange de Bellerive , the last French governor of Illinois Country in 1765 . With a Georgian - style clubhouse , Bellerive 's first notable event was the 1949 Western Amateur Championship . Four years later , it hosted the PGA Tour 's Western Open , won by E.J. `` Dutch '' Harrison . In 1957 , Bellerive put its 125 - acre ( 0.5 km ) Normandy site on the market for $1.3 million . At the same time , the Normandy School District began discussing the need for establishing a junior college as an affordable alternative to the privately - owned Washington University and Saint Louis University . The club lowered the price to $600,000 and the Normandy Residence Center opened in a renovated clubhouse in 1960 with classes taught by the University of Missouri ; the campus became the University of Missouri -- St. Louis in 1963 and the nearby village is Bellerive . Current location ( edit ) In 1959 , the club moved southwest to its current site in the suburb of Town and Country . Robert Trent Jones designed the new course , which opened 58 years ago in 1960 on Memorial Day . Five years later , Bellerive hosted its first USGA championship and major championship , the U.S. Open in 1965 , in which Gary Player won in a Monday playoff over Kel Nagle . It was the first U.S. Open scheduled for a Sunday final round ; previously the third and fourth rounds were played on Saturday . Player was the first foreign - born player to win the U.S. Open in 38 years , and completed the career Grand Slam at age 29 , a year before Jack Nicklaus did . It was the fourth of Player 's nine major titles and his only victory in the U.S. Open ; he won with fiberglass - shafted golf clubs , and donated his winner 's check to charity . Bellerive hosted the inaugural U.S. Mid-Amateur in 1981 , won by Jim Holtgrieve , and its second major with the PGA Championship in 1992 . Nick Price won the first of his three majors with a score of 278 ( -- 6 ) , three strokes ahead of four runners - up . The U.S. Mid-Amateur was held at Old Warson Golf Club in in 1999 , and Bellerive was used in the 36 - hole stroke play qualifying portion . In 2001 , the course was hosting practice rounds for the WGC - American Express Championship scheduled for September 13 -- 16 , but the event was abandoned as a result of the terrorist attacks on the morning of the practice rounds . The U.S. Senior Open , a senior major , was held at the course in 2004 and won by Peter Jacobsen . The course hosted the BMW Championship ( formerly the Western Open ) in September 2008 , the third of the four - part FedEx Cup playoffs . The top seventy players on the points list competed for the final thirty spots in The Tour Championship , and it was won by Camilo Villegas . Bellerive hosted another senior major in 2013 , the Senior PGA Championship , won by Japanese pro Kohki Idoki , and was again the site of the PGA Championship in 2018 , won by Brooks Koepka with a record - equalling 72 - hole low score for a major championship of 264 ; he finished two strokes ahead of Tiger Woods . Tournaments hosted ( edit ) Year Championship Winner 1965 U.S. Open Gary Player 1981 U.S. Mid-Amateur Jim Holtgrieve 1992 PGA Championship Nick Price U.S. Senior Open Peter Jacobsen 2008 BMW Championship Camilo Villegas 2013 Senior PGA Championship Kōki Idoki 2018 PGA Championship Brooks Koepka Bold indicates major championship The course also hosted the practice rounds for the WGC - American Express Championship in September 2001 , but the event was abandoned after the terrorist attacks on the morning of Tuesday practice rounds . Course ( edit ) Bellerive is a long course , measuring 7,547 yards ( 6,901 m ) from the championship tees and 6,976 yards ( 6,379 m ) from the members ' tees , at par 72 . However , the 10th hole is often played as a par 4 , making the course a par 71 . Bellerive has a course and slope rating of 76.3 / 141 from the championship tees . It has six par fours that measure over 450 yards ( 410 m ) from the championship tees , the fifth-most among courses that have hosted the U.S. Open . The longest of these is the 519 - yard ( 475 m ) tenth hole , which doglegs left around a bunker and then heads downhill across a creek that crosses the fairway about 30 yards ( 27 m ) from the green . Bellerive was built around a large creek that comes into play on nine of the holes . Water hazards come into play on 11 holes , and the course is known for its large and undulating greens . Bent grass is used for the greens , and zoysia grass is used for the fairways . The entire course underwent a $9.5 million renovation in 2005 - 06 because the county needed to install new sewer lines under most of the course , not to prepare for the BMW Championship . The redesign was done by Rees Jones , who lengthened and toughened U.S. Open courses Winged Foot and Torrey Pines Golf Course . The most notable renovations that the `` Open Doctor '' imposed on Bellerive can be found on holes 2 , 7 , and 8 . Hole 2 used to be tight par 4 with a sharp dogleg left around a group of trees and small lake with a prominent bunker guarding the right side . Jones removed the trees along the left and expanded the lake to create a risk - reward tee shot . The lake now stretches all the way to the green , creating a difficult back left pin position . For Hole 7 , which used to be a straight but narrow par 4 with bunkers guarding both sides of the landing area , Jones recreated the bunker complex on the right side of the hole to punish any player who bails out of a swing . Jones also moved the green back and to the left in order to bring the creek into play , once again , creating a tough back left pin location . Hole 8 has always been one of the toughest on the course due to the double dogleg ( first left and then right ) and creek that lines the right side . Prior to Jones ' redesigns , the tee boxes for the hole were all on the left side of the creek which meant that the tee shot needed to be a right - to - left hook that curved around the trees on the left , but avoided the creek on the right . The creek on the right was lined with mature trees which sometimes knocked errant shots headed for doom back onto the fairway in prime position . Jones eliminated this randomness in his redesign by cutting down the majority of the trees that lined the creek . Also , Jones moved the back tees to the right side of the creek so a straighter drive would function . However , Jones added a deep , massive bunker on the inside ( left ) of the first dogleg to punish the greedy player . The bunker has since been removed and the fairway has been widened . This gives players a better chance to reach the green in two strokes . Hole 11 has also undergone a few minor changes . All of the tee boxes have been moved up roughly 50 yards , creating a risk reward driveable par 4 . Other renovations include , Hole 1 ( fairway and green bunker complexes ) Hole 3 ( tee boxes ) Hole 4 ( fairway and green bunker complexes ) Hole 5 ( green bunker complexes ) Hole 6 ( green redesign and bunker complexes ) Hole 9 ( fairway and green bunker complexes ) Hole 10 ( fairway and green bunker complexes ) Hole 11 ( fairway and green bunker complexes ) Hole 12 ( fairway and green bunker complexes , and tee boxes ) Hole 13 ( green bunker complexes ) Hole 14 ( fairway and green bunker complexes , tree removal ) Hole 15 ( fairway and green bunker complexes ) Hole 16 ( green bunker complexes ) Hole 17 ( fairway and green bunker complexes , lake removal ) Hole 18 ( fairway and green bunker complexes ) Scorecard ( edit ) Bellerive Country Club Tee Rating / Slope 5 6 7 8 9 Out 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 In Total Black 76.5 / 141 438 413 194 575 473 215 397 618 445 3768 519 376 482 184 415 494 237 608 464 3779 7547 Gold 75.7 / 137 435 407 188 562 468 209 391 610 437 3707 515 374 452 180 410 490 232 597 460 3710 7417 Blue 73.3 / 133 420 375 177 547 438 189 373 555 408 3482 515 342 417 164 381 449 196 591 422 3477 6959 Green 71.2 / 128 392 341 149 514 374 166 342 549 388 3215 506 326 374 156 372 423 175 531 403 3266 6481 White 69.0 / 127 383 323 115 488 346 136 335 507 349 2982 471 291 366 129 343 373 164 509 388 3034 6016 Par Men 's 5 5 36 5 35 71 Handicap Men 's 9 7 11 17 5 15 13 16 8 6 18 12 14 10 Silver 72.0 / 127 346 323 115 449 329 136 294 462 297 2751 410 291 366 129 255 260 126 509 305 2651 5402 Red 70.5 / 125 346 277 88 449 329 112 294 462 297 2654 410 259 306 123 255 260 126 419 305 2463 5117 Par Women 's 5 5 36 5 5 36 72 Handicap Women 's 5 11 17 7 13 15 9 10 6 18 12 16 14 8 Source : See also ( edit ) Algonquin Golf Club References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Course Rating and Slope Database - Bellerive Country Club '' . USGA . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cooperman , Jeannette ( July 31 , 2006 ) . `` Dinner at the Club , Darling ? '' . St. Louis Magazine . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Wright , Alfred ( June 28 , 1965 ) . `` Two foreign blokes shock the slammers '' . Sports Illustrated . p. 24 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , Jim ( June 22 , 1965 ) . `` Foreign aid plan reversed : Player repays ' American kindness ' by donating purse '' . Toledo Blade . Ohio . p. 20 . Jump up ^ Blum , Ronald ( September 12 , 2001 ) . `` Sports takes pause as country comes to grips with terrorism '' . Eugene Register - Guard . ( Oregon ) . Associated Press . p. 1E . ^ Jump up to : `` PGA cancels 4 weekend events '' . Wilmington Morning Star . ( North Carolina ) . Associated Press . September 13 , 2001 . p. 3C . ^ Jump up to : Sheridan , Chris ( September 14 , 2001 ) . `` World of sports will remain silent '' . Eugene Register - Guard . ( Oregon ) . Associated Press . p. 1B . Jump up ^ Salter , Jim ( August 2 , 2004 ) . `` Jacobsen walks off with first major title '' . Eugene Register - Guard . Oregon . Associated Press . p . E1 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 U.S. Senior Open - Course '' . USGA . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2006 . Retrieved July 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Bellerive Country Club '' . PGA Tour . Retrieved July 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` PGA Tour changes off course for local fans '' . Wisconsin State Journal . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2007 . Retrieved July 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Camilo Villegas - Scorecard '' . Yahoo Sports . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bellerive Country Club '' . golfcourse.com . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2000 . Retrieved July 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Course tour '' . Bellerive Country Club . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website U.S. Open Championship venues Atlanta Athletic Club 1976 Baltimore Country Club 1899 Baltusrol Golf Club 1903 1915 1936 1954 1967 1980 Bellerive Country Club 1965 Bethpage Black Course 2002 2009 Brae Burn Country Club 1919 Canterbury Golf Club 1940 1946 Chambers Bay 2015 Champions Golf Club 1969 Cherry Hills Country Club 1938 1960 1978 Chicago Golf Club 1897 1900 1911 Colonial Country Club 1941 Columbia Country Club 1921 Congressional Country Club 1964 2011 Country Club of Buffalo 1912 Englewood Golf Club 1909 Erin Hills 2017 Fresh Meadow Country Club 1932 Garden City Golf Club 1902 Glen View Club 1904 Hazeltine National Golf Club 1970 1991 Interlachen Country Club 1930 Inverness Club 1920 1931 1957 1979 Inwood Country Club 1923 Los Angeles Country Club 2023 Medinah Country Club 1949 Merion Golf Club 1934 1950 1971 1981 2013 Midlothian Country Club 1914 Myopia Hunt Club 1898 1901 1905 1908 Newport Country Club 1895 North Shore Country Club 1933 Northwood Club 1952 Oak Hill Country Club 1956 1968 Oakland Hills Country Club 1924 1937 1951 1961 1985 Oakmont Country Club 1927 1935 1953 1962 1973 2007 2016 2025 Olympia Fields Country Club 1928 2003 Olympic Club 1955 1966 1998 2012 Onwentsia Club 1906 Pebble Beach Golf Links 1972 1982 1992 2000 2019 Philadelphia Country Club 1939 Philadelphia Cricket Club 1907 1910 Pinehurst Resort 1999 2005 2014 2024 Riviera Country Club 1948 Scioto Country Club 1926 Shinnecock Hills Golf Club 1896 1986 1995 2018 2026 Skokie Country Club 1922 Southern Hills Country Club 1958 1977 2001 St. Louis Country Club 1947 The Country Club 1913 1963 2022 The Minikahda Club 1916 Torrey Pines Golf Course 2008 2021 Winged Foot Golf Club 1929 1959 1984 2006 2020 Worcester Country Club 1925 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bellerive_Country_Club&oldid=854963262 '' Categories : Golf clubs and courses in Missouri Golf clubs and courses designed by Robert Trent Jones Golf clubs and courses designed by Rees Jones Buildings and structures in St. Louis County , Missouri 1897 establishments in Missouri Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 15 August 2018 , at 00 : 02 ( UTC ) . 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where is the bellerive country club in st louis

Bellerive Country Club is a golf country club in the central United States , located in Town and Country , Missouri , a suburb west of St. Louis . With the Old Warson , Westwood , and St. Louis country clubs , it is considered one of the `` big four '' old - line elite St. Louis clubs . The course has hosted three major championships : the U.S. Open in 1965 , and the PGA Championship in 1992 and 2018 .

The Star - Spangled Banner - wikipedia The Star - Spangled Banner `` Star - Spangled Banner '' and `` National anthem of the USA '' redirect here . For the flag that flew over Fort McHenry , see Star - Spangled Banner ( flag ) . For the present flag , see Flag of the United States . For the national anthem of the Union of South Africa , see Die Stem van Suid - Afrika . `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' The earliest surviving sheet music of `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , from 1814 . National anthem of the United States Lyrics Francis Scott Key , 1814 Music John Stafford Smith , c. 1773 Adopted March 3 , 1931 ; 87 years ago ( 1931 - 03 - 03 ) Audio sample `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' ( instrumental ) file help `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' is the national anthem of the United States . The lyrics come from Defence of Fort M'Henry , a poem written on September 14 , 1814 , by the then 35 - year - old lawyer and amateur poet Francis Scott Key after witnessing the bombardment of Fort McHenry by British ships of the Royal Navy in Baltimore Harbor during the Battle of Baltimore in the War of 1812 . Key was inspired by the large U.S. flag , with 15 stars and 15 stripes , known as the Star - Spangled Banner , flying triumphantly above the fort during the U.S. victory . The poem was set to the tune of a popular British song written by John Stafford Smith for the Anacreontic Society , a men 's social club in London . `` To Anacreon in Heaven '' ( or `` The Anacreontic Song '' ) , with various lyrics , was already popular in the United States . Set to Key 's poem and renamed `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , it soon became a well - known U.S. patriotic song . With a range of 19 semitones , it is known for being very difficult to sing . Although the poem has four stanzas , only the first is commonly sung today . `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' was recognized for official use by the United States Navy in 1889 , and by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson in 1916 , and was made the national anthem by a congressional resolution on March 3 , 1931 ( 46 Stat. 1508 , codified at 36 U.S.C. § 301 ) , which was signed by President Herbert Hoover . Before 1931 , other songs served as the hymns of U.S. officialdom . `` Hail , Columbia '' served this purpose at official functions for most of the 19th century . `` My Country , ' Tis of Thee '' , whose melody is identical to `` God Save the Queen '' , the United Kingdom 's national anthem , also served as a de facto national anthem . Following the War of 1812 and subsequent U.S. wars , other songs emerged to compete for popularity at public events , among them `` America the Beautiful '' . Contents 1 Early history 1.1 Francis Scott Key 's lyrics 1.2 John Stafford Smith 's music 1.3 National anthem 2 Modern history 2.1 Performances 2.2 200th anniversary celebrations 2.3 Adaptations 3 Lyrics 3.1 Additional Civil War period lyrics 3.1. 1 Alternative lyrics 4 References in film , television , literature 5 Customs and federal law 6 Protests 6.1 1968 Olympics Black Power salute 6.2 2016 protests 6.3 NAACP call to remove the national anthem 7 Translations 8 Media 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links 12.1 Historical audio Early history Francis Scott Key 's lyrics Francis Scott Key 's original manuscript copy of his `` Defence of Fort M'Henry '' poem . It is now on display at the Maryland Historical Society . On September 3 , 1814 , following the Burning of Washington and the Raid on Alexandria , Francis Scott Key and John Stuart Skinner set sail from Baltimore aboard the ship HMS Minden , flying a flag of truce on a mission approved by President James Madison . Their objective was to secure an exchange of prisoners , one of whom was Dr. William Beanes , the elderly and popular town physician of Upper Marlboro and a friend of Key 's who had been captured in his home . Beanes was accused of aiding the arrest of British soldiers . Key and Skinner boarded the British flagship HMS Tonnant on September 7 and spoke with Major General Robert Ross and Vice Admiral Alexander Cochrane over dinner while the two officers discussed war plans . At first , Ross and Cochrane refused to release Beanes but relented after Key and Skinner showed them letters written by wounded British prisoners praising Beanes and other Americans for their kind treatment . Because Key and Skinner had heard details of the plans for the attack on Baltimore , they were held captive until after the battle , first aboard HMS Surprise and later back on HMS Minden . After the bombardment , certain British gunboats attempted to slip past the fort and effect a landing in a cove to the west of it , but they were turned away by fire from nearby Fort Covington , the city 's last line of defense . An artist 's rendering of the battle at Fort McHenry During the rainy night , Key had witnessed the bombardment and observed that the fort 's smaller `` storm flag '' continued to fly , but once the shell and Congreve rocket barrage had stopped , he would not know how the battle had turned out until dawn . On the morning of September 14 , the storm flag had been lowered and the larger flag had been raised . During the bombardment , HMS Terror and HMS Meteor provided some of the `` bombs bursting in air '' . The 15 - star , 15 - stripe `` Star - Spangled Banner '' that inspired the poem Key was inspired by the U.S. victory and the sight of the large U.S. flag flying triumphantly above the fort . This flag , with fifteen stars and fifteen stripes , had been made by Mary Young Pickersgill together with other workers in her home on Baltimore 's Pratt Street . The flag later came to be known as the Star - Spangled Banner and is today on display in the National Museum of American History , a treasure of the Smithsonian Institution . It was restored in 1914 by Amelia Fowler , and again in 1998 as part of an ongoing conservation program . Aboard the ship the next day , Key wrote a poem on the back of a letter he had kept in his pocket . At twilight on September 16 , he and Skinner were released in Baltimore . He completed the poem at the Indian Queen Hotel , where he was staying , and titled it `` Defence of Fort M'Henry '' . It was first published nationally in The Analectic Magazine . Much of the idea of the poem , including the flag imagery and some of the wording , is derived from an earlier song by Key , also set to the tune of `` The Anacreontic Song '' . The song , known as `` When the Warrior Returns '' , was written in honor of Stephen Decatur and Charles Stewart on their return from the First Barbary War . Absent elaboration by Francis Scott Key prior to his death in 1843 , some have speculated in modern times about the meaning of phrases or verses . According to British historian Robin Blackburn , the words `` the hireling and slave '' allude to the thousands of ex-slaves in the British ranks organised as the Corps of Colonial Marines , who had been liberated by the British and demanded to be placed in the battle line `` where they might expect to meet their former masters . '' Nevertheless , Professor Mark Clague , a professor of musicology at the University of Michigan , argues that the `` middle two verses of Key 's lyric vilify the British enemy in the War of 1812 '' and `` in no way glorifies or celebrates slavery . '' Clague writes that `` For Key ... the British mercenaries were scoundrels and the Colonial Marines were traitors who threatened to spark a national insurrection . '' This harshly anti-British nature of Verse 3 led to its omission in sheet music in World War I , when the British and the U.S. were allies . Responding to the assertion of writer Jon Schwarz of The Intercept that the song is a `` celebration of slavery , '' Clague said that : `` The reference to slaves is about the use and in some sense the manipulation , of black Americans to fight for the British , with the promise of freedom . The American forces included African - Americans as well as whites . The term ' freemen , ' whose heroism is celebrated in the fourth stanza , would have encompassed both . '' Others suggest that `` Key may have intended the phrase as a reference to the British Navy 's practice of impressment ( kidnapping sailors and forcing them to fight in defense of the crown ) , or as a semi-metaphorical slap at the British invading force as a whole ( which included a large number of mercenaries ) . '' John Stafford Smith 's music Sheet music version Play ( help info ) The memorial to John Stafford Smith in Gloucester Cathedral , Gloucester , England Key gave the poem to his brother - in - law Judge Joseph H. Nicholson who saw that the words fit the popular melody `` The Anacreontic Song '' , by English composer John Stafford Smith . This was the official song of the Anacreontic Society , an 18th - century gentlemen 's club of amateur musicians in London . Nicholson took the poem to a printer in Baltimore , who anonymously made the first known broadside printing on September 17 ; of these , two known copies survive . On September 20 , both the Baltimore Patriot and The American printed the song , with the note `` Tune : Anacreon in Heaven '' . The song quickly became popular , with seventeen newspapers from Georgia to New Hampshire printing it . Soon after , Thomas Carr of the Carr Music Store in Baltimore published the words and music together under the title `` The Star Spangled Banner '' , although it was originally called `` Defence of Fort M'Henry '' . Thomas Carr 's arrangement introduced the raised fourth which became the standard deviation from `` The Anacreontic Song '' . The song 's popularity increased and its first public performance took place in October when Baltimore actor Ferdinand Durang sang it at Captain McCauley 's tavern . Washington Irving , then editor of the Analectic Magazine in Philadelphia , reprinted the song in November 1814 . By the early 20th century , there were various versions of the song in popular use . Seeking a singular , standard version , President Woodrow Wilson tasked the U.S. Bureau of Education with providing that official version . In response , the Bureau enlisted the help of five musicians to agree upon an arrangement . Those musicians were Walter Damrosch , Will Earhart , Arnold J. Gantvoort , Oscar Sonneck and John Philip Sousa . The standardized version that was voted upon by these five musicians premiered at Carnegie Hall on December 5 , 1917 , in a program that included Edward Elgar 's Carillon and Gabriel Pierné 's The Children 's Crusade . The concert was put on by the Oratorio Society of New York and conducted by Walter Damrosch . An official handwritten version of the final votes of these five men has been found and shows all five men 's votes tallied , measure by measure . National anthem Commemorative plaque in Washington , D.C. marking the site at 601 Pennsylvania Avenue where `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' was first publicly sung One of two surviving copies of the 1814 broadside printing of the `` Defence of Fort M'Henry '' , a poem that later became the lyrics of `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , the national anthem of the United States . The song gained popularity throughout the 19th century and bands played it during public events , such as Independence Day celebrations . A plaque displayed at Fort Meade , South Dakota , claims that the idea of making `` The Star Spangled Banner '' the national anthem began on their parade ground in 1892 . Colonel Caleb Carlton , Post Commander , established the tradition that the song be played `` at retreat and at the close of parades and concerts . '' Carlton explained the custom to Governor Sheldon of South Dakota who `` promised me that he would try to have the custom established among the state militia . '' Carlton wrote that after a similar discussion , Secretary of War , Daniel E. Lamont issued an order that it `` be played at every Army post every evening at retreat . '' In 1899 , the U.S. Navy officially adopted `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' . In 1916 , President Woodrow Wilson ordered that `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' be played at military and other appropriate occasions . The playing of the song two years later during the seventh - inning stretch of Game One of the 1918 World Series , and thereafter during each game of the series is often cited as the first instance that the anthem was played at a baseball game , though evidence shows that the `` Star - Spangled Banner '' was performed as early as 1897 at opening day ceremonies in Philadelphia and then more regularly at the Polo Grounds in New York City beginning in 1898 . In any case , the tradition of performing the national anthem before every baseball game began in World War II . On April 10 , 1918 , John Charles Linthicum , U.S. Congressman from Maryland , introduced a bill to officially recognize `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' as the national anthem . The bill did not pass . On April 15 , 1929 , Linthicum introduced the bill again , his sixth time doing so . On November 3 , 1929 , Robert Ripley drew a panel in his syndicated cartoon , Ripley 's Believe it or Not ! , saying `` Believe It or Not , America has no national anthem '' . In 1930 , Veterans of Foreign Wars started a petition for the United States to officially recognize `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' as the national anthem . Five million people signed the petition . The petition was presented to the United States House Committee on the Judiciary on January 31 , 1930 . On the same day , Elsie Jorss - Reilley and Grace Evelyn Boudlin sang the song to the Committee to refute the perception that it was too high pitched for a typical person to sing . The Committee voted in favor of sending the bill to the House floor for a vote . The House of Representatives passed the bill later that year . The Senate passed the bill on March 3 , 1931 . President Herbert Hoover signed the bill on March 4 , 1931 , officially adopting `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' as the national anthem of the United States of America . As currently codified , the United States Code states that `` ( t ) he composition consisting of the words and music known as the Star - Spangled Banner is the national anthem . '' Modern history Main article : Performances and adaptations of The Star - Spangled Banner Performances This section may contain indiscriminate , excessive , or irrelevant examples . Please improve the article by adding more descriptive text and removing less pertinent examples . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for further suggestions . ( November 2012 ) Crowd performing the U.S. national anthem before a baseball game at Coors Field The song is notoriously difficult for nonprofessionals to sing because of its wide range -- a 12th . Humorist Richard Armour referred to the song 's difficulty in his book It All Started With Columbus . In an attempt to take Baltimore , the British attacked Fort McHenry , which protected the harbor . Bombs were soon bursting in air , rockets were glaring , and all in all it was a moment of great historical interest . During the bombardment , a young lawyer named Francis Off Key ( sic ) wrote `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , and when , by the dawn 's early light , the British heard it sung , they fled in terror . -- Richard Armour Professional and amateur singers have been known to forget the words , which is one reason the song is sometimes pre-recorded and lip - synced . Other times the issue is avoided by having the performer ( s ) play the anthem instrumentally instead of singing it . The pre-recording of the anthem has become standard practice at some ballparks , such as Boston 's Fenway Park , according to the SABR publication The Fenway Project . `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' has been performed regularly at the beginning of NFL games since the end of WWII by order of NFL commissioner Elmer Layden , according to History.com . According to same article , the song has been intermittently performed at baseball games since after WWI It has also been popular as performed by orchestra or soloists at other public gatherings . The National Hockey League and Major League Soccer both require venues in both the U.S. and Canada to perform both the Canadian and U.S. national anthems at games that involve teams from both countries ( with the `` away '' anthem being performed first ) . It is also usual for both U.S. and Canadian anthems ( done in the same way as the NHL and MLS ) to be played at Major League Baseball and National Basketball Association games involving the Toronto Blue Jays and the Toronto Raptors ( respectively ) , the only Canadian teams in those two major U.S. sports leagues , and in All Star Games on the MLB , NBA , and NHL . The Buffalo Sabres of the NHL , which play in a city on the Canada -- US border and have a substantial Canadian fan base , play both anthems before all home games regardless of where the visiting team is based . Two especially unusual performances of the song took place in the immediate aftermath of the United States September 11 attacks . On September 12 , 2001 , the Queen broke with tradition and allowed the Band of the Coldstream Guards to perform the anthem at Buckingham Palace , London , at the ceremonial Changing of the Guard , as a gesture of support for Britain 's ally . The following day at a St. Paul 's Cathedral memorial service , the Queen joined in the singing of the anthem , an unprecedented occurrence . 200th anniversary celebrations The 200th anniversary of the `` Star - Spangled Banner '' occurred in 2014 with various special events occurring throughout the United States . A particularly significant celebration occurred during the week of September 10 -- 16 in and around Baltimore , Maryland . Highlights included playing of a new arrangement of the anthem arranged by John Williams and participation of President Obama on Defender 's Day , September 12 , 2014 , at Fort McHenry . In addition , the anthem bicentennial included a youth music celebration including the presentation of the National Anthem Bicentennial Youth Challenge winning composition written by Noah Altshuler . Adaptations See also : The Star Spangled Banner ( Whitney Houston recording ) O'er the ramparts we watch in a 1945 United States Army Air Forces poster The first popular music performance of the anthem heard by the mainstream U.S. was by Puerto Rican singer and guitarist José Feliciano . He created a nationwide uproar when he strummed a slow , blues - style rendition of the song at Tiger Stadium in Detroit before game five of the 1968 World Series , between Detroit and St. Louis . This rendition started contemporary `` Star - Spangled Banner '' controversies . The response from many in the Vietnam War - era U.S. was generally negative . Despite the controversy , Feliciano 's performance opened the door for the countless interpretations of the `` Star - Spangled Banner '' heard in the years since . One week after Feliciano 's performance , the anthem was in the news again when U.S. athletes Tommie Smith and John Carlos lifted controversial raised fists at the 1968 Olympics while the `` Star - Spangled Banner '' played at a medal ceremony . Marvin Gaye gave a soul - influenced performance at the 1983 NBA All - Star Game and Whitney Houston gave a soulful rendition before Super Bowl XXV in 1991 , which was released as a single that charted at number 20 in 1991 and number 6 in 2001 ( along with José Feliciano , the only times the national anthem has been on the Billboard Hot 100 ) . In 1993 , Kiss did an instrumental rock version as the closing track on their album , Alive III . Another famous instrumental interpretation is Jimi Hendrix 's version , which was a set - list staple from autumn 1968 until his death in September 1970 , including a famous rendition at the Woodstock music festival in 1969 . Incorporating sonic effects to emphasize the `` rockets ' red glare '' , and `` bombs bursting in air '' , it became a late - 1960s emblem . Roseanne Barr gave a controversial performance of the anthem at a San Diego Padres baseball game at Jack Murphy Stadium on July 25 , 1990 . The comedian belted out a screechy rendition of the song , and afterward , she attempted a gesture of ballplayers by spitting and grabbing her crotch as if adjusting a protective cup . The performance offended some , including the sitting U.S. President , George H.W. Bush . Sufjan Stevens has frequently performed the `` Star - Spangled Banner '' in live sets , replacing the optimism in the end of the first verse with a new coda that alludes to the divisive state of the nation today . David Lee Roth both referenced parts of the anthem and played part of a hard rock rendition of the anthem on his song , `` Yankee Rose '' on his 1986 solo album , Eat ' Em and Smile . Steven Tyler also caused some controversy in 2001 ( at the Indianapolis 500 , to which he later issued a public apology ) and again in 2012 ( at the AFC Championship Game ) with a cappella renditions of the song with changed lyrics . In 2016 , Aretha Franklin performed a rendition before the nationally - televised Minnesota Vikings - Detroit Lions Thanksgiving Day game lasting more than four minutes and featuring a host of improvizations . It would be one of Franklin 's last public appearances before her 2018 death . Black Eyed Peas - singer Fergie gave a controversial performance of the anthem in 2018 . Critics likened her rendition to a jazzy `` sexed - up '' version of the anthem , which was considered highly inappropriate , with her performance compared to that of Marilyn Monroe 's iconic performance of Happy Birthday , Mr. President . Fergie later apologized for her performance of the song , citing that ' ' I 'm a risk taker artistically , but clearly this rendition did n't strike the intended tone `` . A version of Aerosmith 's Joe Perry and Brad Whitford playing part of the song can be heard at the end of their version of `` Train Kept A-Rollin ' '' on the Rockin ' the Joint album . The band Boston gave an instrumental rock rendition of the anthem on their Greatest Hits album . The band Crush 40 made a version of the song as opening track from the album Thrill of the Feel ( 2000 ) . In March 2005 , a government - sponsored program , the National Anthem Project , was launched after a Harris Interactive poll showed many adults knew neither the lyrics nor the history of the anthem . Lyrics O say can you see , by the dawn 's early light , What so proudly we hailed at the twilight 's last gleaming , Whose broad stripes and bright stars through the perilous fight , O'er the ramparts we watched , were so gallantly streaming ? And the rockets ' red glare , the bombs bursting in air , Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there ; O say does that star - spangled banner yet wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave ? On the shore dimly seen through the mists of the deep , Where the foe 's haughty host in dread silence reposes , What is that which the breeze , o'er the towering steep , As it fitfully blows , half conceals , half discloses ? Now it catches the gleam of the morning 's first beam , In full glory reflected now shines in the stream : ' Tis the star - spangled banner , O long may it wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave . And where is that band who so vauntingly swore That the havoc of war and the battle 's confusion , A home and a country , should leave us no more ? Their blood has washed out their foul footsteps ' pollution . No refuge could save the hireling and slave From the terror of flight , or the gloom of the grave : And the star - spangled banner in triumph doth wave , O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave . O thus be it ever , when freemen shall stand Between their loved homes and the war 's desolation . Blest with vict'ry and peace , may the Heav'n rescued land Praise the Power that hath made and preserved us a nation ! Then conquer we must , when our cause it is just , And this be our motto : ' In God is our trust . ' And the star - spangled banner in triumph shall wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave ! Cover of sheet music for `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , transcribed for piano by Ch . Voss , Philadelphia : G. Andre & Co. , 1862 Additional Civil War period lyrics Eighteen years after Key 's death , and in indignation over the start of the American Civil War , Oliver Wendell Holmes , Sr. added a fifth stanza to the song in 1861 , which appeared in songbooks of the era . When our land is illumined with Liberty 's smile , If a foe from within strike a blow at her glory , Down , down with the traitor that dares to defile The flag of her stars and the page of her story ! By the millions unchained , who our birthright have gained , We will keep her bright blazon forever unstained ! And the Star - Spangled Banner in triumph shall wave While the land of the free is the home of the brave . Alternative lyrics In a version hand - written by Francis Scott Key in 1840 , the third line reads `` Whose bright stars and broad stripes , through the clouds of the fight '' . In honour of the 1986 rededication of the Statue of Liberty , Sandi Patty wrote her version of an additional verse to the anthem . References in film , television , Literature Several films have their titles taken from the song 's lyrics . These include two films titled Dawn 's Early Light ( 2000 and 2005 ) ; two made - for - TV features titled By Dawn 's Early Light ( 1990 and 2000 ) ; two films titled So Proudly We Hail ( 1943 and 1990 ) ; a feature film ( 1977 ) and a short ( 2005 ) titled Twilight 's Last Gleaming ; and four films titled Home of the Brave ( 1949 , 1986 , 2004 , and 2006 ) . A 1936 short titled The Song of a Nation from Warner Brothers shows a version of the origin of the song . Customs and federal law Plaque detailing how the custom of standing during the U.S. national anthem came about in Tacoma , Washington , on October 18 , 1893 , in the Bostwick building When the U.S. national anthem was first recognized by law in 1931 , there was no prescription as to behavior during its playing . On June 22 , 1942 , the law was revised indicating that those in uniform should salute during its playing , while others should simply stand at attention , men removing their hats . The same code also required that women should place their hands over their hearts when the flag is displayed during the playing of the national anthem , but not if the flag was not present . On December 23 , 1942 , the law was again revised instructing men and women to stand at attention and face in the direction of the music when it was played . That revision also directed men and women to place their hands over their hearts only if the flag was displayed . Those in uniform were required to salute . On July 7 , 1976 , the law was simplified . Men and women were instructed to stand with their hands over their hearts , men removing their hats , irrespective of whether or not the flag was displayed and those in uniform saluting . On August 12 , 1998 , the law was rewritten keeping the same instructions , but differentiating between `` those in uniform '' and `` members of the Armed Forces and veterans '' who were both instructed to salute during the playing whether or not the flag was displayed . Because of the changes in law over the years and confusion between instructions for the Pledge of Allegiance versus the National Anthem , throughout most of the 20th century many people simply stood at attention or with their hands folded in front of them during the playing of the Anthem , and when reciting the Pledge they would hold their hand ( or hat ) over their heart . After 9 / 11 , the custom of placing the hand over the heart during the playing of the national anthem became nearly universal . Since 1998 , federal law ( viz. , the United States Code 36 U.S.C. § 301 ) states that during a rendition of the national anthem , when the flag is displayed , all present including those in uniform should stand at attention ; Non-military service individuals should face the flag with the right hand over the heart ; Members of the Armed Forces and veterans who are present and not in uniform may render the military salute ; military service persons not in uniform should remove their headdress with their right hand and hold the headdress at the left shoulder , the hand being over the heart ; and Members of the Armed Forces and veterans who are in uniform should give the military salute at the first note of the anthem and maintain that position until the last note . The law further provides that when the flag is not displayed , all present should face toward the music and act in the same manner they would if the flag were displayed . Military law requires all vehicles on the installation to stop when the song is played and all individuals outside to stand at attention and face the direction of the music and either salute , in uniform , or place the right hand over the heart , if out of uniform . The law was amended in 2008 , and since allows military veterans to salute out of uniform , as well . The text of 36 U.S.C. § 301 is suggestive and not regulatory in nature . Failure to follow the suggestions is not a violation of the law . This behavioral requirement for the national anthem is subject to the same First Amendment controversies that surround the Pledge of Allegiance . For example , Jehovah 's Witnesses do not sing the national anthem , though they are taught that standing is an `` ethical decision '' that individual believers must make based on their `` conscience . '' Protests Main article : U.S. national anthem protests 1968 Olympics Black Power salute Main article : 1968 Olympics Black Power salute The 1968 Olympics Black Power salute was a political demonstration conducted by African - American athletes Tommie Smith and John Carlos during their medal ceremony at the 1968 Summer Olympics in the Olympic Stadium in Mexico City . After having won gold and bronze medals respectively in the 200 - meter running event , they turned on the podium to face their flags , and to hear the American national anthem , `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' . Each athlete raised a black - gloved fist , and kept them raised until the anthem had finished . In addition , Smith , Carlos , and Australian silver medalist Peter Norman all wore human rights badges on their jackets . In his autobiography , Silent Gesture , Smith stated that the gesture was not a `` Black Power '' salute , but a `` human rights salute '' . The event is regarded as one of the most overtly political statements in the history of the modern Olympic Games . 2016 protests Main article : U.S. national anthem protests ( 2016 -- present ) Politically motivated protests of the national anthem began in the National Football League ( NFL ) after San Francisco 49ers quarterback ( QB ) Colin Kaepernick sat during the anthem , as opposed to the tradition of standing , in response to police brutality in America , before his team 's third preseason game of 2016 . Kaepernick also sat during the first two preseason games , but he went unnoticed . NAACP call to remove the national anthem In November 2017 , the California Chapter of the NAACP called on Congress to remove `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' as the national anthem . Alice Huffman , California NAACP president said : `` it 's racist ; it does n't represent our community , it 's anti-black . '' The third stanza of the anthem , which is rarely sung and few know , contains the words , `` No refuge could save the hireling and slave , From the terror of flight , or the gloom of the grave : '' , which some interpret as racist . The organization was still seeking a representative to sponsor the legislation in Congress at the time of their announcement . Translations As a result of immigration to the United States and the incorporation of non-English speaking people into the country , the lyrics of the song have been translated into other languages . In 1861 , it was translated into German . The Library of Congress also has record of a Spanish - language version from 1919 . It has since been translated into Hebrew and Yiddish by Jewish immigrants , Latin American Spanish ( with one version popularized during immigration reform protests in 2006 ) , French by Acadians of Louisiana , Samoan , and Irish . The third verse of the anthem has also been translated into Latin . With regard to the indigenous languages of North America , there are versions in Navajo and Cherokee . Media The Star - Spangled Banner ( 1915 ) A 1915 recording of the Star - Spangled Banner as sung by Margaret Woodrow Wilson , daughter of Woodrow Wilson The Star - Spangled Banner ( 1942 ) Fred Waring and His Pennsylvanians sing The Star - Spangled Banner in 1942 The Star - Spangled Banner ( 1953 ) A 1953 instrumental recording by the United States Marine Corps band The Star Spangled Banner ( circa 2000 ) An instrumental recording by the United States Navy Band . Problems playing these files ? See media help . Play media ( 1940 ) Play media ( 1944 ) See also Music portal United States portal In God We Trust Sign - on and sign - off References ^ Jump up to : `` '' Star - Spangled Banner '' Is Now Official Anthem `` . The Washington Post . March 5 , 1931 . p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` Defence of Fort M'Henry Library of Congress '' . Loc.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . 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Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Standardization Manuscript for `` The Star Spangled Banner '' Antiques Roadshow `` . PBS . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Plaque , Fort Meade , erected 1976 by the Fort Meade V.A. Hospital and the South Dakota State Historical Society ^ Jump up to : Cavanaugh , Ray ( July 4 , 2016 ) . `` The Star - Spangled Banner : an American anthem with a very British beginning '' . The Guardian . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cubs vs Red Sox 1918 World Series : A Tradition is Born '' . Baseballisms.com. 2011 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 03 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` National Anthem Hearing Is Set For January 31 '' . The Baltimore Sun . January 23 , 1930 . p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` Company News -- Ripley Entertainment Inc '' . Ripleysnewsroom.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` 5,000,000 Sign for Anthem : Fifty - Mile Petition Supports `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' Bill `` . The New York Times . January 19 , 1930 . p. 31 . Jump up ^ `` 5,000,000 Plea For U.S. Anthem : Giant Petition to Be Given Judiciary Committee of Senate Today '' . The Washington Post . January 31 , 1930 . p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` Committee Hears Star - Spangled Banner Sung : Studies Bill to Make It the National Anthem '' . The New York Times . February 1 , 1930 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star - Spangled Banner ' Favored As Anthem in Report to House '' . The New York Times . February 5 , 1930 . p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Star Spangled Banner ' Is Voted National Anthem by Congress '' . The New York Times . March 4 , 1931 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ 36 U.S.C. § 301 . Jump up ^ `` The Fenway Project -- Part One '' . Red Sox Connection . May 2004 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` History.com article para 6 '' . History.com . September 25 , 2017 . Archived from the original on 2018 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Allen , Kevin ( 2003 - 03 - 23 ) . `` NHL Seeks to Stop Booing For a Song '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Fanzone , A -- Z Guide : National Anthems '' . Buffalo Sabres . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . If you are interested in singing the National Anthems at a sporting event at First Niagara Center , you must submit a DVD or CD of your performance of both the Canadian & American National Anthems ... Jump up ^ Graves , David ( September 14 , 2001 ) `` Palace breaks with tradition in musical tribute '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved August 24 , 2011 Jump up ^ Steyn , Mark ( September 17 , 2001 ) . `` The Queen 's Tears / And global resolve against terrorism '' . National Review . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 15 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ Michael E. Ruane ( September 11 , 2014 ) . `` Francis Scott Key 's anthem keeps asking : Have we survived as a nation ? '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 2014 - 11 - 29 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Gilliland , John ( 1969 ) . `` Show 52 -- The Soul Reformation : Phase three , soul music at the summit . ( Part 8 ) '' ( audio ) . Pop Chronicles . University of North Texas Libraries . Track 5 . Jump up ^ Paul White , USA Today Sports ( October 14 , 2012 ) . `` Jose Feliciano 's once - controversial anthem kicks off NLCS '' . Usatoday.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jose Feliciano Personal account about the anthem performance Archived 2015 - 10 - 08 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Letofsky , Irv ( July 28 , 1990 ) . `` Roseanne Is Sorry -- but Not That Sorry '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AOL Radio -- Listen to Free Online Radio -- Free Internet Radio Stations and Music Playlists '' . Spinner.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` That time Aretha Franklin dazzled America on Thanksgiving with national anthem '' . WJBK . August 13 , 2018 . Retrieved August 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fergie apologises for national anthem '' . BBC News . 2018 - 02 - 20 . Retrieved 2018 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Harris Interactive poll on `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' `` . Tnap.org . Archived from the original on 2011 - 01 - 12 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Francis Scott Key , The Star Spangled Banner ( lyrics ) , 1814 , MENC : The National Association for Music Education National Anthem Project ( archived from the original Archived January 26 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . on 2013 - 01 - 26 ) . Jump up ^ Butterworth , Hezekiah ; Brown , Theron ( 1906 ) . `` The Story of the Hymns and Tunes '' . George H. Doran Co. : 335 . Jump up ^ The soldier 's companion : dedicated ... Books.google.com. 1865 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Library of Congress image '' . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . 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Phillips , 270 F. Supp . 2d 616 , 622 ( E.D. Pa. 2003 ) . Jump up ^ `` Highlights of the Beliefs of Jehovah 's Witnesses '' . Towerwatch.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Botting , Gary Norman Arthur ( 1993 ) . Fundamental freedoms and Jehovah 's Witnesses . University of Calgary Press . p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 895176 - 06 - 3 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ Chryssides , George D. ( 2008 ) . Historical Dictionary of Jehovah 's Witnesses . Scarecrow Press . p. 34 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 6074 - 2 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Richard ( 8 October 2006 ) . `` Caught in Time : Black Power salute , Mexico , 1968 '' . The Sunday Times . London . Retrieved 9 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Sandritter , Mark . `` A timeline of Colin Kaepernick 's national anthem protest and the NFL players who joined him '' . SB Nation . Retrieved 20 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` National anthem lyrics prompt California NAACP to call for replacing song '' . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ Das Star - Spangled Banner , US Library of Congress . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ La Bandera de las Estrellas , US Library of Congress . Retrieved May 31 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Hebrew Version Jump up ^ Abraham Asen , The Star Spangled Banner in pool , 1745 , Joe Fishstein Collection of Yiddish Poetry , McGill University Digital Collections Programme . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Day to Day . `` A Spanish Version of ' The Star - Spangled Banner ' '' . NPR . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ David Émile Marcantel , La Bannière Étoilée Archived 2013 - 05 - 17 at the Wayback Machine . on Musique Acadienne . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Zimmer , Benjamin ( 2006 - 04 - 29 ) . `` The ' ' Samoa News ' ' reporting of a Samoan version '' . Itre.cis.upenn.edu . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' An Bhratach Gheal - Réaltach ' ' -- Irish version '' . Daltai.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Christopher M. Brunelle , Third Verse in Latin , 1999 Jump up ^ `` Gallup Independent , 25 March 2005 '' . Gallupindependent.com. 2005 - 03 - 25 . Archived from the original on 3 February 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` Schedule for the Presidential Inauguration 2007 , Navajo Nation Government '' . Navajo.org. 2007 - 01 - 09 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 02 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Cherokee Phoenix , Accessed 2009 - 08 - 15 '' . Cherokeephoenix.org . Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 08 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Further reading Ferris , Marc . Star - Spangled Banner : The Unlikely Story of America 's National Anthem . Johns Hopkins University Press , 2014 . ISBN 9781421415185 OCLC 879370575 Leepson , Marc . What So Proudly We Hailed : Francis Scott Key , a Life . Palgrave Macmillan , 2014 . ISBN 9781137278289 OCLC 860395373 External links `` New book reveals the dark history behind the Star Spangled Banner , '' CBS This Morning , September 13 , 2014 . `` Star - Spangled History : 5 Facts About the Making of the National Anthem , '' Biography.com . `` ' Star - Spangled Banner ' writer had a complex record on race , '' Mary Carole McCauley , ' Baltimore Sun , July 26 , 2014 . `` The Man Behind The National Anthem Paid Little Attention To It . '' NPR 's Hear and Now , July 4 , 2017 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Star - Spangled Banner . Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Star - Spangled Banner Look up haughty or rampart in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Star - Spangled Banner ( Memory ) : American Treasures of the Library of Congress `` How the National Anthem Has Unfurled ; ' The Star - Spangled Banner ' Has Changed a Lot in 200 Years . '' By William Robin . June 27 , 2014 The New York Times C - SPAN American History TV tour of the Smithsonian National Museum of American History Star - Spangled Banner exhibit Historical audio The Star Spangled Banner , The Diamond Four , 1898 The Star Spangled Banner , Margaret Woodrow Wilson , 1915 National anthems of North America Independent countries Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies American West Indies Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands British West Indies Anguilla Bermuda British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Montserrat Turks and Caicos Islands Dutch Caribbean Aruba Bonaire Curaçao Saba Sint Eustatius ( Statia ) Sint Maarten French West Indies Guadeloupe Martinique Saint - Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Kingdom of Denmark Greenland National anthems of Oceania and the Pacific Islands National anthems Australia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Federated States of Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Regional anthems American Samoa ( U.S. ) Cook Islands ( N.Z. ) Easter Island ( Chile ) French Polynesia ( France ) Guam ( U.S. ) Hawaii ( U.S. ) New Caledonia ( France ) Niue ( N.Z. ) Northern Mariana Islands ( U.S. ) Pitcairn Islands ( U.K. ) Tokelau ( N.Z. ) United States Minor Outlying Islands ( U.S. ) Wallis and Futuna ( France ) Former anthems Marshall Islands ( 1977 -- 91 ) Federated States of Micronesia ( 1979 -- 91 ) War of 1812 Battles Campaigns Origins Chronology Results People Isaac Brock Andrew Jackson Francis Scott Key James Madison Laura Secord Tecumseh Places Fort Detroit / Shelby Illinois Indiana Kentucky Battles Baltimore Beaver Dams Chateauguay Crysler 's Farm Frenchtown Lundy 's Lane New Orleans Queenston Heights Spur 's Defeat Thames Washington Songs `` The Bold Canadian '' `` The Hunters of Kentucky '' `` The Star - 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5 LCCN : n50081577 NARA : 10676426 VIAF : 186293289 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Star-Spangled_Banner&oldid=864536634 '' Categories : 1814 compositions 1814 in the United States American patriotic songs History of Baltimore Maryland in the War of 1812 National anthems National symbols of the United States Jimi Hendrix songs José Feliciano songs Marvin Gaye songs North American anthems Oceanian anthems 1814 poems The Star - Spangled Banner Songs based on American history Songs based on poems Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 maint : Archived copy as title All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with too many examples Wikipedia articles with style issues from November 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from October 2012 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - 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who wrote the music for the national anthem

The poem was set to the tune of a popular British song written by John Stafford Smith for the Anacreontic Society , a men 's social club in London . `` To Anacreon in Heaven '' ( or `` The Anacreontic Song '' ) , with various lyrics , was already popular in the United States . Set to Key 's poem and renamed `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , it soon became a well - known U.S. patriotic song . With a range of 19 semitones , it is known for being very difficult to sing . Although the poem has four stanzas , only the first is commonly sung today .

Nancy McKeon - wikipedia Nancy McKeon Jump to : navigation , search This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Nancy McKeon Nancy Justine McKeon ( 1966 - 04 - 04 ) April 4 , 1966 ( age 51 ) Westbury , New York , U.S. Occupation Actress Years active 1977 -- present Spouse ( s ) Marc Andrus ( 2003 -- present ) Children Nancy Justine McKeon ( born April 4 , 1966 ) is an American actress . She is best known for her role as Jo Polniaczek on the NBC sitcom The Facts of Life . Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 2 Personal life 3 Filmography 4 Awards and nominations 5 References 6 External links Career ( edit ) McKeon and her older brother Philip appeared in numerous commercials . McKeon also appeared on the soap operas The Secret Storm and Another World . The McKeons moved to Los Angeles in 1975 , when Philip won the role of Tommy Hyatt and began appearing on the television series Alice with Linda Lavin . In 1979 , McKeon was discovered by a casting director for The Facts of Life on the basis of her performance in a Hallmark greeting cards advertisement , in which she was able to cry on cue . She was cast as tomboy Jo Polniaczek in the fall of 1980 during the show 's second season when four of the first season 's cast , including Molly Ringwald , left the show . This is her most famous role and she portrayed the character throughout the series until the show was canceled in 1988 . McKeon also provided the voice for many ABC Weekend Special cartoon characters , including the voice for Scruffy . Following The Facts of Life , McKeon was courted by NBC executives for the title role in the TV sitcom adaptation of the 1988 film Working Girl ; the role , played by Melanie Griffith in the movie , instead went to then - unknown Sandra Bullock for the TV series . In 1994 , both McKeon and Courteney Cox auditioned for the role of Monica Geller on Friends . The role went to the latter . When asked in interviews about the auditions , McKeon said , `` I have no hard feelings . The role went to the right person . Courteney was brilliant . Now , I ca n't see anybody playing the role , not even myself . '' In 1995 , she starred in her own series , Ca n't Hurry Love , which lasted one season . In 1998 , she starred in a sitcom with Jean Smart titled Style & Substance . McKeon portrayed Inspector Jinny Exstead on the Lifetime police drama The Division from 2001 to 2004 , with her pregnancy incorporated into the storyline of the last year of the series . From 2009 to 2010 , McKeon appeared in a recurring role in the Disney Channel Original Series Sonny with a Chance , as Connie Munroe , the mother of Demi Lovato 's title character . McKeon also starred in numerous made - for - TV movies throughout the 1980s and 1990s , including A Cry for Help : The Tracey Thurman Story , in which she portrayed the title role of Tracey Thurman , and The Wrong Woman , portraying a woman framed for killing her boss . In 2003 , McKeon starred in the film Comfort and Joy . Personal Life ( edit ) While McKeon was on The Facts of Life , she and her parents , all devout Catholics , were granted a private audience with Pope John Paul II . McKeon lives in Austin , Texas . She married Marc Andrus on June 8 , 2003 , and they have two daughters , Aurora and Harlow . Her older brother is actor Philip McKeon . Filmography ( edit ) Film and Television Year Title Role Notes 1977 Starsky & Hutch Vikki Mayer Episode : `` The Crying Child '' 1978 Fantasy Island Ann Episode : `` Return to Fantasy Island '' Alice Girl Orphan Episode : `` Who Ordered the Hot Turkey ? '' A Question of Love Susan Moreland TV film 1979 ABC Weekend Special Dolly ( voice ) Episode : `` The Puppy 's Great Adventure '' The Love Boat Penny Barrett Episode : `` The Brotherhood of the Sea '' 1980 Stone Jill Stone Regular role ( 9 episodes ) ABC Weekend Special Dolly ( voice ) Episode : `` The Puppy 's Amazing Rescue '' ABC Weekend Special Amelia Daley ( voice ) Episode : `` The Trouble with Miss Switch '' ABC Weekend Special Scruffy ( voice ) Episode : `` Scruffy '' Thundarr the Barbarian Tye ( voice ) Episode : `` Harvest of Doom '' ABC Afterschool Special Lucy Twining Episode : `` Schoolboy Father '' 1980 -- 88 The Facts of Life Jo Polniaczek Main role ( 189 episodes ) 1981 ABC Weekend Special Dolly ( voice ) Episode : `` The Puppy Saves the Circus '' ABC Afterschool Special Nancy Parks Episode : `` Please Do n't Hit Me , Mom '' Thundarr the Barbarian Tai ( voice ) Episode : `` Last Train to Doomsday '' Alice Kimberly Episode : `` Alice 's Halloween Surprise '' 1982 ABC Weekend Special Amelia Daley ( voice ) Episode : `` Miss Switch to the Rescue '' The Scooby & Scrappy - Doo / Puppy Hour Dolly ( voice ) The Puppy 's New Adventures segment ( 13 episodes ) The Facts of Life Goes to Paris Jo Polniaczek TV film Dusty Slugger TV pilot episode The Puppy 's Further Adventures Dolly ( voice ) Regular role ( 8 episodes ) High School U.S.A. Beth Franklin TV film 1985 Poison Ivy Rhonda Malone TV film This Child Is Mine Kimberly Downs TV film 1986 Firefighter Cindy Fralick TV film The Facts of Life Down Under Jo Polniaczek TV film Strange Voices Nicole Glover TV film A Cry for Help : The Tracey Thurman Story Tracey Thurman TV film The Hitchhiker Dawn Wilder Episode : `` New Dawn '' 1991 Lightning Field Martha TV film Baby Snatcher Karen Williams TV film Where the Day Takes You Vikki Feature film Love , Honor & Obey : The Last Mafia Marriage Rosalie Profaci Bonanno TV film Teresa 's Tattoo Sara Feature film 1995 A Mother 's Gift Margaret Deal TV film The Wrong Woman Melanie Feature film 1995 -- 96 Ca n't Hurry Love Annie O'Donnell Main role ( 19 episodes ) Just Write Bride Feature film 1998 Style & Substance Jane Sokol Main role ( 13 episodes ) 1999 In My Sister 's Shadow Joan Connor TV film Touched by an Angel Rachel Waters Episode : `` The Last Day of the Rest of Your Life '' 2001 -- 04 The Division Inspector Jinny Exstead Main role ( 88 episodes ) 2003 Comfort and Joy Jane Berry TV film Category 6 : Day of Destruction Amy Harkin TV miniseries 2006 Wild Hearts Emily TV film 2007 Without a Trace Gail Sweeney Episode : `` Absalom '' 2009 -- 10 Sonny with a Chance Connie Munroe Recurring role ( 5 episodes ) 2011 Love Begins Millie TV film Awards and nominations ( edit ) Marco Island Film Festival 2000 : Won , `` Audience Award for Best Short Drama '' - A Wakening 2000 : Won , `` Crystal Palm Award for Best Short Film '' - A Wakening Prism Awards 2003 : Nominated , `` Best Performance in a Drama Series Episode '' - The Division 2003 : Nominated , `` Best Performance in a Drama Series '' - The Division 2004 : Nominated , `` Best Performance in a Drama Series Multi Episode Storyline '' - The Division TV Land Awards 2007 : Nominated , `` The ' When Bad Teens Go Good ' Award '' - The Facts of Life Young Artist Awards 1982 : Nominated , `` Best Young Comedienne in Motion Picture or Television '' - The Facts of Life 1983 : Won , `` Best Young Actress in a Television Special '' - Please Do n't Hit Me , Mom 1983 : Won , `` Best Young Actress in a Movie Made for Television '' - The Facts of Life Goes to Paris 1983 : Won , `` Best Young Actress in a Comedy Series '' - The Facts of Life 1984 : Nominated , `` Best Young Actress in a Comedy Series '' - The Facts of Life References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Nancy McKeon Net Worth '' . Celebrity Net Worth . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Facts of Life '' . Biography . Season 18 . Episode 28 . July 25 , 2005 . The Biography Channel . Jump up ^ http://www.advocate.com/arts-entertainment/books/2010/04/26/molly-ringwald-pretty-print?page=0,3 Jump up ^ `` Intimate Portrait : Nancy McKeon '' . 2001 . Lifetime . Missing or empty series = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Actress Nancy McKeon expecting second child '' . People.com . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Biography '' . nancymckeon.org . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Nancy McKeon on IMDb Nancy McKeon on the Facts of Life site Nancy McKeon on Yahoo movies A Cry for help , the Tracey Thurman story , movie trailer VIAF : 71587567 ISNI : 0000 0000 7839 5920 BNF : cb139906835 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nancy_McKeon&oldid=802835465 '' Categories : 1966 births 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Actresses from New York ( state ) American television actresses American voice actresses American film actresses American film producers American child actresses Living people People from Westbury , New York American people of Irish descent Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles BLP articles lacking sources from March 2013 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Italiano 日本 語 Polski Русский Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 28 September 2017 , at 19 : 41 . 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who played joe in the facts of life

Nancy Justine McKeon ( born April 4 , 1966 ) is an American actress . She is best known for her role as Jo Polniaczek on the NBC sitcom The Facts of Life .

Crowley 's Ridge - wikipedia Crowley 's Ridge Jump to : navigation , search For the former department store , see Crowley 's . Crowley 's Ridge runs through the Mississippi embayment in this shaded - relief map . Grave of Benjamin Crowley in Shiloh Cemetery at Crowley 's Ridge State Park south of Paragould , Arkansas . The inscription reads `` Benjamin Crowley - 1758 - 1842 - The man for whom Crowley 's Ridge is named '' Part of a series on Regions of Arkansas Geographic Regions ( hide ) Delta Crowley 's Ridge River Valley Timberlands Central Ouachitas Ozarks Metropolitan Areas ( show ) Central Arkansas Fort Smith Hot Springs Jonesboro Memphis Northwest Arkansas Pine Bluff Texarkana Administrative divisions ( show ) Counties Cities and towns Census - designated places Places ( Including Unincorporated communities ) School Districts Townships Crowley 's Ridge ( also Crowleys Ridge ) is an unusual geological formation that rises 250 to 550 feet ( 170 m ) above the alluvial plain of the Mississippi embayment in a 150 - mile ( 240 km ) line from southeastern Missouri to the Mississippi River near Helena , Arkansas . It is the most prominent feature in the Mississippi Alluvial Plain between Cape Girardeau , Missouri , and the Gulf of Mexico . This narrow rolling hill region rising above the flat plain is the sixth , and smallest , natural division of the state of Arkansas . It is protected within Ozark -- St. Francis National Forest . Most of the major cities of the Arkansas Delta region lie along Crowley 's Ridge . It was named after Benjamin Crowley , known as the first European - American settler to reach the area , sometime around 1820 . The Civil War Battle of Chalk Bluff was fought on Crowley 's Ridge on May 1 -- 2 , 1863 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition and origin 2 Soils and vegetation 3 Fossils 4 Namesake 5 Crowley 's Ridge Nature Center 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Composition and origin ( edit ) The ridge is primarily composed of the windblown glacially derived sediment known as loess . It contrasts greatly with the flat table land around it and with the black soil that makes up the delta . The ridge varies from half a mile to 12 miles ( 19 km ) wide and reaches an elevation of 550 feet ( 170 m ) near its northern extremity . The formation is generally thought to have originally been an island between the Mississippi River and Ohio River that was isolated as a long low hilly ridge after the rivers changed course millions of years ago . Recent research , however , questions the fluvial origin . Loess deposits are found along both sides of the Mississippi River Alluvial Valley . These loess deposits are a classic example of periglacial loess . Crowley 's Ridge is a natural loess accumulation point . A comparable example of this type of deposit is the Loess Hills in northwestern Missouri and southwestern Iowa . There is evidence that the area 's elevation has increased over the years , suggesting that uplift is still taking place . This alternative explanation posits a link between the ridge and the nearby New Madrid Seismic Zone . Soils and vegetation ( edit ) The flora and fauna of the ridge seem more closely related to the Tennessee hills to the east than to the Ozark Mountains to the west . This unique habitat has been protected by the establishment of several state and city parks , the St. Francis National Forest , recreational lakes , and in 1997 a national scenic byway , the Crowley 's Ridge Parkway . The soils in this area are moderately fertile and sometimes rich . The land is moderately rugged , discouraging row - crop agriculture . These soils are easily eroded . There is some commercial agriculture in the loessal plains area of the ridge . The ridge is surrounded by the fertile lands of the delta region . The vegetation is predominantly oak and hickory forests , similar to vegetation found in the Appalachian Mountains . Examples are the tulip tree ( a yellow poplar ) and the American beech . Ferns and flowers abound here , including the American bell flower , crimson catchfly , butterfly weed , cardinal flower , blue lobelia , phlox , verbena , wild hydrangea , hibiscus , aster and yellow jasmine . The low - lying areas around the ridge were once much swampier , and the ridge provided a natural and more healthful place for settlers to establish homes . The ridge became a natural north - south communications link for the region , since travel along the ridge was much easier than through the swampy lowlands . Fossils ( edit ) The region adjacent to the ridge is covered with thick deltaic soils , and few fossils are found except in gravel pits . These pits sometimes reveal the teeth of large mastodons , mammoths and horses , which roamed the continent as recently as 10,000 years ago . Crowley 's Ridge contains important exposures of fossiliferous Tertiary sediments and contains the only documented Miocene exposures in the state . A silicified conifer stump weighing several tons was unearthed near Wittsburg , and many more were found around Piggott . Mastodon bones were found within the city limits of Helena at the southern end of the ridge . Near Forrest City , in the bed of Crow Creek , a deposit of oyster shells estimated to be nearly 7,000,000 cubic yards in size was discovered . Namesake ( edit ) Crowley 's Ridge is named after Benjamin Crowley ( 1758 -- 1842 ) , the first European - American settler of the Ridge near Paragould , Arkansas . Crowley is buried in the Shiloh Cemetery in Greene County , Arkansas , and a monument marks the spot . The cemetery is part of Crowley 's Ridge State Park . Next to Crowley 's grave , other early settlers of the ridge are buried in unmarked graves . Crowley 's Ridge Nature Center ( edit ) The Forrest L. Wood Crowley 's Ridge Nature Center in Jonesboro , Arkansas features self - guided exhibits about area 's topography and natural history and wildlife of Crowley 's Ridge . Operated by the Arkansas Fish and Game Commission ( AGFC ) and opened in 2004 , the Center includes an exhibit area , discovery room , observation tower , meeting rooms , auditorium , and gift shop . Outside there are trails through trails through wetlands , forest and prairie , and a 1 / 4 mile universally accessible trail and boardwalk around a pond . The Center offers many activities and nature education programs . It is named after Forrest L. Wood , a former commissioner and supporter of the AGFC . See also ( edit ) Ridges of Arkansas U.S. Interior Highlands References ( edit ) Jump up ^ National Scenic Byways - Scenic Byways and Highways - Arkansas Scenic Routes ^ Jump up to : Roy B. Van Arsdale , Robert A. Williams , Eugene S. Schweig , Kaye M. Shedlock , Jack K. Odum and Kenneth W. King , `` The origin of Crowley 's Ridge , northeastern Arkansas : Erosional remnant or tectonic uplift ? '' Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America ; August 1995 ; v. 85 ; no . 4 ; p. 963 - 985 . Abstract Jump up ^ Bettis , E.A. , III , D.R. Muhs , H.M. Roberts , and A.G. Wintle , 2003 , `` Last glacial loess in the conterminous U.S.A. '' , Quaternary Science Reviews , vol. 22 , pp. 1907 - 1946 . Jump up ^ Muhs , D.R. , and E.A. Bettis , III , 2003 , Quaternary loess - paleosol sequences as examples of climate - driven sedimentary extremes . Geological Society of America Special Paper no . 370 , pp. 53 - 74 . Jump up ^ Crowley 's Ridge Parkway National Scenic Byway Archived 2004 - 03 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Crowley 's Ridge Parkway ^ Jump up to : Crowley 's Ridge Archived March 12 , 2003 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Crowley 's Ridge Natue Center '' . Arkansas Fish and Game Commission . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Forrest L. Wood Crowley 's Ridge Nature Center '' . Encyclopedia of Arkansas . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . External links ( edit ) Semo.edu : Crowley 's Ridge USGS GNIS webpage -- U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System : Crowleys Ridge Arkansas State Parks : official Crowley 's Ridge State Park website Encyclopedia of Arkansas history and culture.net : Crowley 's Ridge State Park St. Francis National Forest at Crowley 's Ridge -- at southernmost end of ridge , adjacent to Mississippi River . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Crowley 's Ridge . Crowley 's Ridge Natue Center Protected areas of Arkansas Federal National Park Hot Springs National Historic Sites Fort Smith Little Rock Central High School President William Jefferson Clinton Birthplace Home National Forests Ouachita Ozark - St. Francis National Memorial Arkansas Post National Military Park Pea Ridge National River Buffalo National Wildlife Refuges Bald Knob Big Lake Cache River Felsenthal Holla Bend Logan Cave Overflow Pond Creek Wapanocca White River Wilderness Areas Big Lake Black Fork Mountain Buffalo National River Caney Creek Dry Creek East Fork Flatside Hurricane Creek Leatherwood Poteau Mountain Richland Creek Upper Buffalo State State Parks Arkansas Museum of Natural Resources Arkansas Post Museum Bull Shoals - White River Cane Creek Conway Cemetery Cossatot River Crater of Diamonds Crowley 's Ridge Daisy Davidsonville Historic DeGray Lake Resort Delta Heritage Trail Devil 's Den Hampson Archeological Museum Herman Davis Historic Washington Hobbs Jacksonport Jenkins ' Ferry Battleground Lake Hamilton and Lake Catherine Lake Charles Lake Chicot Lake Dardanelle Lake Fort Smith Lake Frierson Lake Ouachita Lake Poinsett Logoly Louisiana Purchase Lower White River Museum Mammoth Spring Marks ' Mills Battleground Millwood Mississippi River Moro Bay Mount Magazine Mount Nebo Ozark Folk Center Parkin Archeological Petit Jean Pinnacle Mountain Plantation Agriculture Museum Poison Springs Battleground Powhatan Historic Prairie Grove Battlefield Queen Wilhelmina South Arkansas Arboretum Toltec Mounds Archeological Village Creek White Oak Lake Withrow Springs Woolly Hollow State Forest Poison Springs State Forest Wildlife Management Areas List State of Arkansas Little Rock ( capital ) Topics Index Outline Arkansans Aviation Colleges and universities Congressional delegations Constitution County government Energy Geography Government Governors High schools Historic Landmarks History Images Lakes Media Newspapers Radio TV Music Places Rivers School districts Sports and recreation State parks Territory Tourist attractions Townships Transportation Water Seal of Arkansas Society Crime Culture Demographics Economy Education Politics Regions Arkansas River Valley Ark - La - Tex Bayou Bartholomew Boston Mountains Central Arkansas Crowley 's Ridge Delta Four State Area Mississippi Alluvial Plain New Madrid Seismic Zone Northwest Arkansas Ouachita Mountains Ozarks Piney Woods South Arkansas Timberlands Metros Central Arkansas Northwest Arkansas Fort Smith Texarkana Jonesboro Pine Bluff Hot Springs Tri-State Largest cities Little Rock Fort Smith Fayetteville Springdale Jonesboro North Little Rock Conway Rogers Pine Bluff Bentonville Hot Springs Benton Texarkana Sherwood Jacksonville Russellville Bella Vista West Memphis Paragould Cabot Counties Arkansas Ashley Baxter Benton Boone Bradley Calhoun Carroll Chicot Clark Clay Cleburne Cleveland Columbia Conway Craighead Crawford Crittenden Cross Dallas Desha Drew Faulkner Franklin Fulton Garland Grant Greene Hempstead Hot Spring Howard Independence Izard Jackson Jefferson Johnson Lafayette Lawrence Lee Lincoln Little River Logan Lonoke Madison Marion Miller Mississippi Monroe Montgomery Nevada Newton Ouachita Perry Phillips Pike Poinsett Polk Pope Prairie Pulaski Randolph Saline Scott Searcy Sebastian Sevier Sharp St. Francis Stone Union Van Buren Washington White Woodruff Yell Coordinates : 36 ° 08 ′ 31 '' N 90 ° 34 ′ 30 '' W  /  36.142 ° N 90.575 ° W  / 36.142 ; - 90.575 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crowley%27s_Ridge&oldid=809053168 '' Categories : Crowley 's Ridge Ridges of Arkansas Mississippi embayment U.S. Interior Highlands Landforms of Clay County , Arkansas Landforms of Craighead County , Arkansas Landforms of Cross County , Arkansas Landforms of Greene County , Arkansas Landforms of Lee County , Arkansas Landforms of Phillips County , Arkansas Landforms of Poinsett County , Arkansas Ozark -- St. Francis National Forest Geology of Arkansas Regions of Arkansas Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 21 : 19 . 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where is crowley's ridge located in arkansas

Crowley 's Ridge ( also Crowleys Ridge ) is an unusual geological formation that rises 250 to 550 feet ( 170 m ) above the alluvial plain of the Mississippi embayment in a 150 - mile ( 240 km ) line from southeastern Missouri to the Mississippi River near Helena , Arkansas . It is the most prominent feature in the Mississippi Alluvial Plain between Cape Girardeau , Missouri , and the Gulf of Mexico .

List of natural Satellites - wikipedia List of natural Satellites Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the moons of planets and dwarf planets . For other asteroid or minor - planet moons , see Minor - planet moon . Solar System Objects by orbit by size by discovery date Lists Gravitationally - rounded ( equilibrium ) objects Possible dwarf planets Moons ( natural satellites ) Minor planets Comets Asteroids Solar System portal Star portal The Solar System 's planets and officially recognized dwarf planets are known to be orbited by 184 natural satellites , or moons . 19 moons in the Solar System are large enough to be gravitationally rounded , and thus would be considered planets or dwarf planets if they were in direct orbit around the Sun . Moons are classed in two separate categories according to their orbits : regular moons , which have prograde orbits ( they orbit in the direction of their planets ' rotation ) and lie close to the plane of their equators , and irregular moons , whose orbits can be pro - or retrograde ( against the direction of their planets ' rotation ) and often lie at extreme angles to their planets ' equators . Irregular moons are probably minor planets that have been captured from surrounding space . Most irregular moons are less than 10 kilometres ( 6.2 mi ) in diameter . The earliest published discovery of a moon other than the Earth 's was by Galileo Galilei , who discovered the four Galilean moons orbiting Jupiter in 1610 . Over the following three centuries only a few more moons were discovered . Missions to other planets in the 1970s , most notably the Voyager 1 and 2 missions , saw a surge in the number of moons detected , and observations since the year 2000 , using mostly large , ground - based optical telescopes , have discovered many more , all of which are irregular . Contents ( hide ) 1 Moons by primary 2 List 3 References Moons by primary ( edit ) Some moons , minor planets and comets of the Solar System to scale Selected moons , with Earth to scale . Nineteen moons are large enough to be round , and one , Titan , has a substantial atmosphere . The number of moons discovered in each year Mercury , the smallest and innermost planet , has no moons , or at least none that can be detected to a diameter of 1.6 km ( 1.0 mi ) . For a very short time in 1974 , Mercury was thought to have a moon . Venus also has no moons , though reports of a moon around Venus have circulated since the 17th century . Earth has one Moon , the largest moon of any rocky planet in the Solar System . Earth also has at least two co-orbitals : the asteroids 3753 Cruithne and 2002 AA ; however , since they do not orbit Earth , they are not considered moons . ( See Other moons of Earth and Quasi-satellite . ) Mars has two known moons , Phobos and Deimos ( `` fear '' and `` dread '' , after attendants of Ares , the Greek god of war , equivalent to the Roman Mars ) . Searches for more satellites have been unsuccessful , putting the maximum radius of any other satellites at 90 m ( 100 yd ) . Jupiter has 69 moons with known orbits , of which 60 have confirmed orbits and have thus received permanent designations ; of these , 51 have been named . Its eight regular moons are grouped into the planet - sized Galilean moons and the far smaller Amalthea group . They are named after lovers of Zeus , the Greek equivalent of Jupiter . Its 61 known irregular moons are organized into two categories : prograde and retrograde . The prograde satellites consist of the Himalia group and two others in groups of one . The retrograde moons are grouped into the Carme , Ananke and Pasiphae groups , as well as some isolated moons . Saturn has 62 moons with known orbits ; 53 of them have names , and these are the ones with confirmed orbits . Most of them are quite small . Seven moons are large enough to be in hydrostatic equilibrium , including Titan , the second largest moon in the Solar System . Including these large moons , 24 of Saturn 's moons are regular , and traditionally named after Titans or other figures associated with the mythological Saturn . The remaining 38 , all small , are irregular , and classified by their orbital characteristics into Inuit , Norse , and Gallic groups , and their names are chosen from the corresponding mythologies . The rings of Saturn are made up of icy objects ranging in size from one centimetre to hundreds of metres , each of which is on its own orbit about the planet . Thus a precise number of Saturnian moons can not be given , as there is no objective boundary between the countless small anonymous objects that form Saturn 's ring system and the larger objects that have been named as moons . At least 150 `` moonlets '' embedded in the rings have been detected by the disturbance they create in the surrounding ring material , though this is thought to be only a small sample of the total population of such objects . Uranus has 27 named moons , five of which are massive enough to have achieved hydrostatic equilibrium . There are another 13 inner moons that orbit within Uranus 's ring system , and another nine outer irregular moons . Unlike most planetary moons , which are named from antiquity , all the moons of Uranus are named after characters from the works of Shakespeare and Alexander Pope 's work The Rape of the Lock . Neptune has 14 moons ( one of which is unnamed ) ; the largest , Triton , accounts for more than 99.5 percent of all the mass orbiting the planet . Triton is large enough to have achieved hydrostatic equilibrium , but , uniquely for a large moon , has a retrograde orbit , suggesting it was captured . Neptune also has six known inner regular satellites , and six outer irregular satellites . Pluto , a dwarf planet , has five moons . Its largest moon Charon , named after the ferryman who took souls across the River Styx , is more than half as large as Pluto itself , and large enough to orbit a point outside Pluto 's surface . In effect , each orbits the other , forming a binary system informally referred to as a double - dwarf - planet . Pluto 's four other moons , Nix , Hydra , Kerberos and Styx are far smaller and orbit the Pluto -- Charon system . Among the other dwarf planets , Ceres has no known moons . It is 90 percent certain that Ceres has no moons larger than 1 km in size , assuming that they would have the same albedo as Ceres itself . Haumea has two moons , Hi'iaka and Namaka , of radii ~ 195 and ~ 100 km , respectively . Makemake has one moon , discovered in April 2016 . A satellite having 1 % Makemake 's brightness would have been detected if it had been located at an angular distance from Makemake farther than 0.4 arcseconds ( 0.0001 degrees ) . Eris has one known moon , Dysnomia . Accurately determining its size is difficult : one indicative estimate of its radius is 7005257000000000000 ♠ 257 ± 110 km , but on some assumptions could be as high as 7005342000000000000 ♠ 342 ± 25 km . The Kuiper belt object 90482 Orcus , believed to be a dwarf planet , was found in 2005 to have a natural satellite , later named Vanth . As of October 2009 , 190 asteroid moons and 63 trans - Neptunian moons had been discovered . Summary -- number of moons Planet Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Number of moons 0 0 69 62 27 14 Dwarf planet Ceres Pluto Haumea Makemake Eris Number of moons 0 5 List ( edit ) This is a list of the recognized moons of the planets and of the largest dwarf planets of the Solar System . The 19 moons that are large enough to have been rounded by their own gravity are listed in bold . The seven largest moons , which are larger than any of the known dwarf planets , are listed in bold and italic . Sidereal period differs from semi-major axis because it depends on the mass of the primary as well as the satellite 's distance from it . Satellite of Earth Satellites of Saturn Satellites of Pluto Satellites of Mars Satellites of Uranus Satellites of Haumea Satellites of Jupiter Satellites of Neptune Satellite of Makemake Satellite of Eris Image Numeral Name Mean radius ( km ) Semi-major axis ( km ) Sidereal period ( d ) ( r = retrograde ) Discovery year Discovered by Notes Ref ( s ) Planet Moon 173710 ! 1737.10 384,399 27.321582 0 ! Prehistoric -- Synchronous rotation Earth Phobos 00111 ! 11.1 ± 0.15 9,380 0.319 1877 Hall Mars II Deimos 00062 ! 6.2 ± 0.18 23,460 1.262 1877 Hall Mars Io 18181 ! 1818.1 ± 0.1 421,800 1.769 1610 Galileo Main - group moon ( Galilean ) Jupiter II Europa 15607 ! 1560.7 ± 0.7 671,100 3.551 1610 Galileo Main - group moon ( Galilean ) Jupiter III Ganymede 26341 ! 2634.1 ± 0.3 1,070,400 7.155 1610 Galileo Main - group moon ( Galilean ) Jupiter IV Callisto 24084 ! 2408.4 ± 0.3 1,882,700 16.69 1610 Galileo Main - group moon ( Galilean ) Jupiter V Amalthea 008345 ! 83.45 ± 2.4 181,400 0.498 1892 Barnard Inner moon ( Amalthea ) Jupiter VI Himalia 0067 ! 67 ± 10 11,461,000 250.56 1904 Perrine Prograde irregular ( Himalia ) Jupiter VII Elara 0043 ! 43 11,741,000 259.64 1905 Perrine Prograde irregular ( Himalia ) Jupiter VIII Pasiphae 0030 ! 30 23,624,000 743.63 ( r ) 1908 Melotte Retrograde irregular ( Pasiphae ) Jupiter IX Sinope 0019 ! 19 23,939,000 758.90 ( r ) 1914 Nicholson Retrograde irregular ( Pasiphae ) Jupiter X Lysithea 0018 ! 18 11,717,000 259.20 1938 Nicholson Prograde irregular ( Himalia ) Jupiter XI Carme 0023 ! 23 23,404,000 734.17 ( r ) 1938 Nicholson Retrograde irregular ( Carme ) Jupiter XII Ananke 0014 ! 14 21,276,000 629.77 ( r ) 1951 Nicholson Retrograde irregular ( Ananke ) Jupiter XIII Leda 0010 ! 10 11,165,000 240.92 Kowal Prograde irregular ( Himalia ) Jupiter XIV Thebe 00493 ! 49.3 ± 2.0 221,900 0.675 1979 Synnott ( Voyager 1 ) Inner moon ( Amalthea ) Jupiter XV Adrastea 00082 ! 8.2 ± 2.0 129,000 0.298 1979 Jewitt , Danielson ( Voyager 1 ) Inner moon ( Amalthea ) Jupiter XVI Metis 00215 ! 21.5 ± 2.0 128,000 0.295 1979 Synnott ( Voyager 1 ) Inner moon ( Amalthea ) Jupiter XVII Callirrhoe 00043 ! 4.3 24,103,000 758.77 ( r ) 2000 Scotti , Spahr , McMillan , Larsen , Montani , Gleason , Gehrels Retrograde irregular ( Pasiphae ) Jupiter XVIII Themisto 00040 ! 4.0 7,284,000 130.02 1975 / 2000 Kowal and Roemer ( original ) ; Sheppard , Jewitt , Fernández , Magnier ( rediscovery ) Prograde irregular ( Themisto ) Jupiter XIX Megaclite 00027 ! 2.7 23,493,000 752.86 ( r ) 2000 Sheppard , Jewitt , Fernández , Magnier , Dahm , Evans Retrograde irregular ( Pasiphae ) Jupiter XX Taygete 00025 ! 2.5 23,280,000 732.41 ( r ) 2000 Sheppard , Jewitt , Fernández , Magnier , Dahm , Evans Retrograde irregular ( Carme ) Jupiter XXI Chaldene 00019 ! 1.9 23,100,000 723.72 ( r ) 2000 Sheppard , Jewitt , Fernández , Magnier , Dahm , Evans Retrograde irregular ( Carme ) Jupiter XXII Harpalyke 00022 ! 2.2 20,858,000 623.32 ( r ) 2000 Sheppard , Jewitt , Fernández , Magnier , Dahm , Evans Retrograde irregular ( Ananke ) Jupiter XXIII Kalyke 00026 ! 2.6 23,483,000 742.06 ( r ) 2000 Sheppard , Jewitt , Fernández , Magnier , Dahm , Evans Retrograde irregular ( Carme ) Jupiter XXIV Iocaste 00026 ! 2.6 21,060,000 631.60 ( r ) 2000 Sheppard , Jewitt , Fernández , Magnier , Dahm , Evans Retrograde irregular ( Ananke ) Jupiter XXV Erinome 00016 ! 1.6 23,196,000 728.46 ( r ) 2000 Sheppard , Jewitt , Fernández , Magnier , Dahm , Evans Retrograde irregular ( Carme ) Jupiter XXVI Isonoe 00019 ! 1.9 23,155,000 726.23 ( r ) 2000 Sheppard , Jewitt , Fernández , Magnier , Dahm , Evans Retrograde irregular ( Carme ) Jupiter XXVII Praxidike 00034 ! 3.4 20,908,000 625.39 ( r ) 2000 Sheppard , Jewitt , Fernández , Magnier , Dahm , Evans Retrograde irregular ( Ananke ) Jupiter XXVIII Autonoe 00020 ! 2.0 24,046,000 760.95 ( r ) 2001 Sheppard , Jewitt , Kleyna Retrograde irregular ( Pasiphae ) Jupiter XXIX Thyone 00020 ! 2.0 20,939,000 627.21 ( r ) 2001 Sheppard , Jewitt , Kleyna Retrograde irregular ( Ananke ) Jupiter XXX Hermippe 00020 ! 2.0 21,131,000 633.9 ( r ) 2001 Sheppard , Jewitt , Kleyna Retrograde irregular ( Ananke ) Jupiter XXXI Aitne 00015 ! 1.5 23,229,000 730.18 ( r ) 2001 Sheppard , Jewitt , Kleyna Retrograde irregular ( Carme ) Jupiter XXXII Eurydome 00015 ! 1.5 22,865,000 717.33 ( r ) 2001 Sheppard , Jewitt , Kleyna Retrograde irregular ( Pasiphae ) Jupiter XXXIII Euanthe 00015 ! 1.5 20,797,000 620.49 ( r ) 2001 Sheppard , Jewitt , Kleyna Retrograde irregular ( Ananke ) Jupiter XXXIV Euporie 00010 ! 1.0 19,304,000 550.74 ( r ) 2001 Sheppard , Jewitt , Kleyna Retrograde irregular ( Pasiphae ) Jupiter XXXV Orthosie 00010 ! 1.0 20,720,000 622.56 ( r ) 2001 Sheppard , Jewitt , Kleyna Retrograde irregular ( Pasiphae ) Jupiter XXXVI Sponde 00010 ! 1.0 23,487,000 748.34 ( r ) 2001 Sheppard , Jewitt , Kleyna Retrograde irregular ( Pasiphae ) Jupiter XXXVII Kale 00010 ! 1.0 23,217,000 729.47 ( r ) 2001 Sheppard , Jewitt , Kleyna Retrograde irregular ( Carme ) Jupiter XXXVIII Pasithee 00010 ! 1.0 23,004,000 719.44 ( r ) 2001 Sheppard , Jewitt , Kleyna Retrograde irregular ( Carme ) Jupiter XXXIX Hegemone 00015 ! 1.5 23,577,000 739.88 ( r ) 2003 Sheppard , Jewitt , Kleyna , Fernández Retrograde irregular ( Pasiphae ) Jupiter XL Mneme 00010 ! 1.0 21,035,000 620.04 ( r ) 2003 Gladman , Allen Retrograde irregular ( Ananke ) Jupiter XLI Aoede 00020 ! 2.0 23,980,000 761.50 ( r ) 2003 Sheppard , Jewitt , Kleyna , Fernández , Hsieh Retrograde irregular ( Pasiphae ) Jupiter XLII Thelxinoe 00010 ! 1.0 21,164,000 628.09 ( r ) 2003 Sheppard , Jewitt , Kleyna , Gladman , Kavelaars , Petit , Allen Retrograde irregular ( Ananke ) Jupiter XLIII Arche 00015 ! 1.5 23,355,000 731.95 ( r ) 2002 Sheppard , Meech , Hsieh , Tholen , Tonry Retrograde irregular ( Carme ) Jupiter XLIV Kallichore 00010 ! 1.0 23,288,000 728.73 ( r ) 2003 Sheppard , Jewitt , Kleyna , Fernández Retrograde irregular ( Carme ) Jupiter XLV Helike 00020 ! 2.0 21,069,000 626.32 ( r ) 2003 Sheppard , Jewitt , Kleyna , Fernández , Hsieh Retrograde irregular ( Pasiphae ) Jupiter XLVI Carpo 00015 ! 1.5 17,058,000 456.30 2003 Sheppard , Gladman , Kavelaars , Petit , Allen , Jewitt , Kleyna Prograde irregular ( Carpo ) Jupiter XLVII Eukelade 00020 ! 2.0 23,328,000 730.47 ( r ) 2003 Sheppard , Jewitt , Kleyna , Fernández , Hsieh Retrograde irregular ( Carme ) Jupiter XLVIII Cyllene 00010 ! 1.0 23,809,000 752 ( r ) 2003 Sheppard , Jewitt , Kleyna Retrograde irregular ( Pasiphae ) Jupiter XLIX Kore 00010 ! 1.0 24,543,000 779.17 ( r ) 2003 Sheppard , Jewitt , Kleyna Retrograde irregular ( Pasiphae ) Jupiter Herse 00010 ! 1.0 22,983,000 714.51 ( r ) 2003 Gladman , Sheppard , Jewitt , Kleyna , Kavelaars , Petit , Allen Retrograde irregular ( Carme ) Jupiter LI S / 2010 J 1 00010 ! 1.0 23,314,335 723.2 ( r ) Jacobson , Brozović , Gladman , Alexandersen Retrograde irregular ( Carme ) Jupiter LII S / 2010 J 2 00005 ! 0.5 20,307,150 588.1 ( r ) Veillet Retrograde irregular ( Ananke ) Jupiter LIII Dia 00020 ! 2.0 12,570,000 287.93 2001 Sheppard , Jewitt , Kleyna , Fernández , Hsieh Prograde irregular ( Himalia ) Jupiter LIV S / 2016 J 1 00030 ! 3.0 20,595,480 602.7 ( r ) 2016 Sheppard Retrograde irregular ( Pasiphae ) Jupiter LV S / 2003 J 18 00010 ! 1.0 20,426,000 596.58 ( r ) 2003 Gladman , Sheppard , Jewitt , Kleyna , Kavelaars , Petit , Allen Retrograde irregular ( Pasiphae ) Jupiter LVI S / 2011 J 2 00005 ! 0.5 23,329,710 726.8 ( r ) 2011 Sheppard Retrograde irregular ( Pasiphae ) Jupiter LVII S / 2003 J 5 00020 ! 2.0 23,498,000 738.74 ( r ) 2003 Sheppard , Jewitt , Kleyna , Fernández , Hsieh Retrograde irregular ( Carme ) Jupiter LVIII S / 2003 J 15 00010 ! 1.0 22,630,000 689.77 ( r ) 2003 Sheppard , Jewitt , Kleyna , Fernández Retrograde irregular ( Pasiphae ) Jupiter LIX S / 2017 J 1 00020 ! 2.0 23,483,978 734.2 ( r ) 2017 Sheppard Retrograde irregular ( Pasiphae ) Jupiter LX S / 2003 J 3 00010 ! 1.0 20,224,000 583.88 ( r ) 2003 Sheppard , Jewitt , Kleyna , Fernández , Hsieh Retrograde irregular ( Ananke ? ) Jupiter -- S / 2003 J 2 00010 ! 1.0 28,455,000 981.55 ( r ) 2003 Sheppard , Jewitt , Kleyna , Fernández , Hsieh Retrograde irregular Jupiter -- S / 2003 J 4 00010 ! 1.0 23,933,000 755.26 ( r ) 2003 Sheppard , Jewitt , Kleyna , Fernández , Hsieh Retrograde irregular ( Pasiphae ? ) Jupiter -- S / 2003 J 9 00005 ! 0.5 23,388,000 733.30 ( r ) 2003 Sheppard , Jewitt , Kleyna , Fernández Retrograde irregular ( Carme ? ) Jupiter -- S / 2003 J 10 00010 ! 1.0 23,044,000 716.25 ( r ) 2003 Sheppard , Jewitt , Kleyna , Fernández Retrograde irregular ( Carme ? ) Jupiter -- S / 2003 J 12 00005 ! 0.5 17,833,000 489.72 ( r ) 2003 Sheppard , Jewitt , Kleyna , Fernández Retrograde irregular Jupiter -- S / 2003 J 16 00010 ! 1.0 20,956,000 616.33 ( r ) 2003 Gladman , Sheppard , Jewitt , Kleyna , Kavelaars , Petit , Allen Retrograde irregular ( Ananke ) Jupiter -- S / 2003 J 19 00010 ! 1.0 23,535,000 740.43 ( r ) 2003 Gladman , Sheppard , Jewitt , Kleyna , Kavelaars , Petit , Allen Retrograde irregular ( Carme ? ) Jupiter -- S / 2003 J 23 00010 ! 1.0 23,566,000 732.45 ( r ) Sheppard , Jewitt , Kleyna , Fernández Retrograde irregular ( Pasiphae ? ) Jupiter -- S / 2011 J 1 00005 ! 0.5 20,155,290 580.7 ( r ) 2011 Sheppard Retrograde irregular Jupiter Mimas 01982 ! 198.2 ± 0.4 185,540 0.942 1789 Herschel Main - group moon Saturn II Enceladus 02523 ! 252.3 ± 0.6 238,040 1.370 1789 Herschel Main - group moon Saturn III Tethys 05363 ! 536.3 ± 1.5 294,670 1.888 1684 Cassini Main - group moon ( Sidera Lodoicea ) Saturn IV Dione 05625 ! 562.5 ± 1.5 377,420 2.737 1684 Cassini Main - group moon ( Sidera Lodoicea ) Saturn V Rhea 07645 ! 764.5 ± 2.0 527,070 4.518 1672 Cassini Main - group moon ( Sidera Lodoicea ) Saturn VI Titan 25755 ! 2575.5 ± 2.0 1,221,870 15.95 1655 Huygens Main - group moon Saturn VII Hyperion 01330 ! 133.0 ± 8.0 1,500,880 21.28 1848 W. Bond , G. Bond , and Lassell Main - group moon Saturn VIII Iapetus 07345 ! 734.5 ± 4.0 3,560,840 79.33 1671 Cassini Main - group moon ( Sidera Lodoicea ) Saturn IX Phoebe 01066 ! 106.6 ± 1.1 12,947,780 550.31 ( r ) 1899 Pickering Retrograde irregular ( Norse ) Saturn X Janus 00904 ! 90.4 ± 3.0 151,460 0.695 1966 Dollfus ; Voyager 1 Inner moon ( co-orbital ) Saturn XI Epimetheus 00583 ! 58.3 ± 3.1 151,410 0.694 1980 Walker ; Voyager 1 Inner moon ( co-orbital ) Saturn XII Helene 0016 ! 16 ± 4 377,420 2.737 1980 Laques , Lecacheux Main - group trojan Saturn XIII Telesto 0012 ! 12 ± 3 294,710 1.888 1980 Smith , Reitsema , Larson , Fountain ( Voyager 1 ) Main - group trojan Saturn XIV Calypso 00095 ! 9.5 ± 1.5 294,710 1.888 1980 Pascu , Seidelmann , Baum , Currie Main - group trojan Saturn XV Atlas 00153 ! 15.3 ± 1.2 137,670 0.602 1980 Terrile ( Voyager 1 ) Inner moon ( shepherd ) Saturn XVI Prometheus 00468 ! 46.8 ± 5.6 139,380 0.613 1980 Collins ( Voyager 1 ) Inner moon ( shepherd ) Saturn XVII Pandora 00406 ! 40.6 ± 4.5 141,720 0.629 1980 Collins ( Voyager 1 ) Inner moon ( shepherd ) Saturn XVIII Pan 00128 ! 12.8 133,580 0.575 Showalter ( Voyager 2 ) Inner moon ( shepherd ) Saturn XIX Ymir 0009 ! 9 23,140,400 1,315.58 ( r ) 2000 Gladman Retrograde irregular ( Norse ) Saturn XX Paaliaq 0011 ! 11 15,200,000 686.95 2000 Gladman Prograde irregular ( Inuit ) Saturn XXI Tarvos 00075 ! 7.5 17,983,000 926.23 2000 Gladman , Kavelaars Prograde irregular ( Gallic ) Saturn XXII Ijiraq 0006 ! 6 11,124,000 451.42 2000 Gladman , Kavelaars Prograde irregular ( Inuit ) Saturn XXIII Suttungr 00035 ! 3.5 19,459,000 1,016.67 ( r ) 2000 Gladman , Kavelaars Retrograde irregular ( Norse ) Saturn XXIV Kiviuq 0008 ! 8 11,110,000 449.22 2000 Gladman Prograde irregular ( Inuit ) Saturn XXV Mundilfari 00035 ! 3.5 18,628,000 952.77 ( r ) 2000 Gladman , Kavelaars Retrograde irregular ( Norse ) Saturn XXVI Albiorix 0016 ! 16 16,182,000 783.45 2000 Holman , Spahr Prograde irregular ( Gallic ) Saturn XXVII Skathi 0004 ! 4 15,540,000 728.20 ( r ) 2000 Gladman , Kavelaars Retrograde irregular ( Norse ) Saturn XXVIII Erriapus 0005 ! 5 17,343,000 871.19 2000 Gladman , Kavelaars Prograde irregular ( Gallic ) Saturn XXIX Siarnaq 0020 ! 20 18,015,400 896.44 2000 Gladman , Kavelaars Prograde irregular ( Inuit ) Saturn XXX Thrymr 00035 ! 3.5 20,314,000 1,094.11 ( r ) 2000 Gladman , Kavelaars Retrograde irregular ( Norse ) Saturn XXXI Narvi 00035 ! 3.5 19,007,000 1,003.86 ( r ) 2003 Sheppard , Jewitt , Kleyna Retrograde irregular ( Norse ) Saturn XXXII Methone 00015 ! 1.6 194,440 1.010 Porco , Charnoz , Brahic , Dones ( Cassini -- Huygens ) Alkyonide moon Saturn XXXIII Pallene 0002 ! 2 212,280 1.154 Gordon , Murray , Beurle , et al. ( Cassini -- Huygens ) Alkyonide moon Saturn XXXIV Polydeuces 000125 ! 1.25 377,200 2.737 Porco et al. ( Cassini -- Huygens ) Main - group trojan Saturn XXXV Daphnis 00035 ! 3 -- 4 136,500 0.594 2005 Porco et al. ( Cassini -- Huygens ) Inner moon ( shepherd ) Saturn XXXVI Aegir 0003 ! 3 20,751,000 1,117.52 ( r ) Sheppard , Jewitt , Kleyna , Marsden Retrograde irregular ( Norse ) Saturn XXXVII Bebhionn 0003 ! 3 17,119,000 834.84 Sheppard , Jewitt , Kleyna , Marsden Prograde irregular ( Gallic ) Saturn XXXVIII Bergelmir 0003 ! 3 19,336,000 1,005.74 ( r ) Sheppard , Jewitt , Kleyna , Marsden Retrograde irregular ( Norse ) Saturn XXXIX Bestla 00035 ! 3.5 20,192,000 1,088.72 ( r ) Sheppard , Jewitt , Kleyna , Marsden Retrograde irregular ( Norse ) Saturn XL Farbauti 00025 ! 2.5 20,377,000 1,085.55 ( r ) Sheppard , Jewitt , Kleyna , Marsden Retrograde irregular ( Norse ) Saturn XLI Fenrir 0002 ! 2 22,454,000 1,260.35 ( r ) Sheppard , Jewitt , Kleyna , Marsden Retrograde irregular ( Norse ) Saturn XLII Fornjot 0003 ! 3 25,146,000 1,494.2 ( r ) Sheppard , Jewitt , Kleyna , Marsden Retrograde irregular ( Norse ) Saturn XLIII Hati 0003 ! 3 19,846,000 1,038.61 ( r ) Sheppard , Jewitt , Kleyna , Marsden Retrograde irregular ( Norse ) Saturn XLIV Hyrrokkin 0004 ! 4 18,437,000 931.86 ( r ) 2006 Sheppard , Jewitt , Kleyna Retrograde irregular ( Norse ) Saturn XLV Kari 00035 ! 3.5 22,089,000 1,230.97 ( r ) 2006 Sheppard , Jewitt , Kleyna Retrograde irregular ( Norse ) Saturn XLVI Loge 0003 ! 3 23,058,000 1,311.36 ( r ) 2006 Sheppard , Jewitt , Kleyna Retrograde irregular ( Norse ) Saturn XLVII Skoll 0003 ! 3 17,665,000 878.29 ( r ) 2006 Sheppard , Jewitt , Kleyna Retrograde irregular ( Norse ) Saturn XLVIII Surtur 0003 ! 3 22,704,000 1,297.36 ( r ) 2006 Sheppard , Jewitt , Kleyna Retrograde irregular ( Norse ) Saturn XLIX Anthe 0001 ! 1 197,700 1.0365 2007 Porco et al. ( Cassini -- Huygens ) Alkyonide moon Saturn Jarnsaxa 0003 ! 3 18,811,000 964.74 ( r ) 2006 Sheppard , Jewitt , Kleyna Retrograde irregular ( Norse ) Saturn LI Greip 0003 ! 3 18,206,000 921.19 ( r ) 2006 Sheppard , Jewitt , Kleyna Retrograde irregular ( Norse ) Saturn LII Tarqeq 00035 ! 3.5 18,009,000 887.48 2007 Sheppard , Jewitt , Kleyna Prograde irregular ( Inuit ) Saturn LIII Aegaeon 000025 ! 0.25 167,500 0.808 2008 Cassini Imaging Science Team Cassini -- Huygens G - ring moonlet Saturn -- S / 2004 S 7 0003 ! 3 20,999,000 1,140.24 ( r ) Sheppard , Jewitt , Kleyna , Marsden Retrograde irregular ( Norse ) Saturn -- S / 2004 S 12 00025 ! 2.5 19,878,000 1,046.19 ( r ) Sheppard , Jewitt , Kleyna , Marsden Retrograde irregular ( Norse ) Saturn -- S / 2004 S 13 0003 ! 3 18,404,000 933.48 ( r ) Sheppard , Jewitt , Kleyna , Marsden Retrograde irregular ( Norse ) Saturn -- S / 2004 S 17 0002 ! 2 19,447,000 1,014.70 ( r ) Sheppard , Jewitt , Kleyna , Marsden Retrograde irregular ( Norse ) Saturn -- S / 2006 S 1 0003 ! 3 18,790,000 963.37 ( r ) 2006 Sheppard , Jewitt , Kleyna Retrograde irregular ( Norse ) Saturn -- S / 2006 S 3 0003 ! 3 22,096,000 1,227.21 ( r ) 2006 Sheppard , Jewitt , Kleyna Retrograde irregular ( Norse ) Saturn -- S / 2007 S 2 0003 ! 3 16,725,000 808.08 ( r ) 2007 Sheppard , Jewitt , Kleyna Retrograde irregular ( Norse ) Saturn -- S / 2007 S 3 0003 ! 3 18,975,000 977.8 ( r ) 2007 Sheppard , Jewitt , Kleyna Retrograde irregular ( Norse ) Saturn -- S / 2009 S 1 000015 ! 0.15 117,000 0.471 2009 Cassini Imaging Science Team Cassini -- Huygens B - ring moonlet Saturn Ariel 05789 ! 578.9 ± 0.6 190,900 2.520 1851 Lassell Main - group moon Uranus II Umbriel 05847 ! 584.7 ± 2.8 266,000 4.144 1851 Lassell Main - group moon Uranus III Titania 07889 ! 788.9 ± 1.8 436,300 8.706 1787 Herschel Main - group moon Uranus IV Oberon 07614 ! 761.4 ± 2.6 583,500 13.46 1787 Herschel Main - group moon Uranus V Miranda 02358 ! 235.8 ± 0.7 129,900 1.413 1948 Kuiper Main - group moon Uranus VI Cordelia 00201 ! 20.1 ± 3 49,800 0.335 1986 Terrile ( Voyager 2 ) Inner moon ( shepherd ) Uranus VII Ophelia 00214 ! 21.4 ± 4 53,800 0.376 1986 Terrile ( Voyager 2 ) Inner moon ( shepherd ) Uranus VIII Bianca 00257 ! 25.7 ± 2 59,200 0.435 1986 Smith ( Voyager 2 ) Inner moon Uranus IX Cressida 00398 ! 39.8 ± 2 61,800 0.464 1986 Synnott ( Voyager 2 ) Inner moon Uranus X Desdemona 00320 ! 32.0 ± 4 62,700 0.474 1986 Synnott ( Voyager 2 ) Inner moon Uranus XI Juliet 00468 ! 46.8 ± 4 64,400 0.493 1986 Synnott ( Voyager 2 ) Inner moon Uranus XII Portia 00676 ! 67.6 ± 4 66,100 0.513 1986 Synnott ( Voyager 2 ) Inner moon Uranus XIII Rosalind 0036 ! 36 ± 6 69,900 0.558 1986 Synnott ( Voyager 2 ) Inner moon Uranus XIV Belinda 00403 ! 40.3 ± 8 75,300 0.624 1986 Synnott ( Voyager 2 ) Inner moon Uranus XV Puck 0081 ! 81 ± 2 86,000 0.762 1985 Synnott ( Voyager 2 ) Inner moon Uranus XVI Caliban 0049 ! 49 7,231,100 579.73 ( r ) 1997 Gladman , Nicholson , Burns , Kavelaars Retrograde irregular Uranus XVII Sycorax 0075 ! 75 12,179,400 1,288.38 ( r ) 1997 Gladman , Nicholson , Burns , Kavelaars Retrograde irregular Uranus XVIII Prospero 0025 ! 25 16,256,000 1,978.29 ( r ) 1999 Gladman , Holman , Kavelaars , Petit , Scholl Retrograde irregular Uranus XIX Setebos 0024 ! 24 17,418,000 2,225.21 ( r ) 1999 Gladman , Holman , Kavelaars , Petit , Scholl Retrograde irregular Uranus XX Stephano 0010 ! 10 8,004,000 677.36 ( r ) 1999 Gladman , Holman , Kavelaars , Petit , Scholl Retrograde irregular Uranus XXI Trinculo 0005 ! 5 8,504,000 749.24 ( r ) 2001 Holman , Kavelaars , Milisavljevic Retrograde irregular Uranus XXII Francisco 0006 ! 6 4,276,000 266.56 ( r ) 2001 Holman , Kavelaars , Milisavljevic , Gladman Retrograde irregular Uranus XXIII Margaret 00055 ! 5.5 14,345,000 1,687.01 2003 Sheppard , Jewitt Prograde irregular Uranus XXIV Ferdinand 0006 ! 6 20,901,000 2,887.21 ( r ) 2001 Holman , Kavelaars , Milisavljevic , et al . Retrograde irregular Uranus XXV Perdita 0010 ! 10 76,417 0.638 1986 Karkoschka ( Voyager 2 ) Inner moon Uranus XXVI Mab 0005 ! 5 97,736 0.923 2003 Showalter , Lissauer Inner moon Uranus XXVII Cupid 0005 ! 5 74,392 0.613 2003 Showalter , Lissauer Inner moon Uranus Triton 13534 ! 1353.4 ± 0.9 354,800 5.877 ( r ) 1846 Lassell Retrograde irregular Neptune II Nereid 0170 ! 170 ± 25 5,513,820 360.14 1949 Kuiper Prograde irregular Neptune III Naiad 0033 ! 33 ± 3 48,227 0.294 1989 Terrile ( Voyager 2 ) Inner moon Neptune IV Thalassa 0041 ! 41 ± 3 50,075 0.311 1989 Terrile ( Voyager 2 ) Inner moon Neptune V Despina 0075 ! 75 ± 3 52,526 0.335 1989 Synnott ( Voyager 2 ) Inner moon Neptune VI Galatea 0088 ! 88 ± 4 61,953 0.429 1989 Synnott ( Voyager 2 ) Inner moon Neptune VII Larissa 0097 ! 97 ± 3 73,548 0.555 1982 Reitsema , Hubbard , Lebofsky , Tholen ( Voyager 2 ) Inner moon Neptune VIII Proteus 0210 ! 210 ± 7 117,647 1.122 1989 Synnott ( Voyager 2 ) Inner moon Neptune IX Halimede 0031 ! 31 15,728,000 1,879.71 ( r ) 2002 Holman , Kavelaars , Grav , Fraser , Milisavljevic Retrograde irregular Neptune X Psamathe 0020 ! 20 46,695,000 9,115.91 ( r ) 2003 Jewitt , Kleyna , Sheppard , Holman , Kavelaars Retrograde irregular Neptune XI Sao 0022 ! 22 22,422,000 2,914.07 2002 Holman , Kavelaars , Grav , Fraser , Milisavljevic Prograde irregular Neptune XII Laomedeia 0021 ! 21 23,571,000 3,167.85 2002 Holman , Kavelaars , Grav , Fraser , Milisavljevic Prograde irregular Neptune XIII Neso 0030 ! 30 48,387,000 9,373.99 ( r ) 2002 Holman , Kavelaars , Grav , Fraser , Milisavljevic Retrograde irregular Neptune -- S / 2004 N 1 0009 ! 8 -- 10 105,283 0.9362 2013 Showalter et al . Inner moon Neptune Charon 06036 ! 603.6 ± 1.4 19,591 6.387 1978 Christy Pluto II Nix 00230 ! 23.0 ± 2 48,671 24.85 2005 Weaver , Stern , Buie , et al . Pluto III Hydra 00305 ! 30.5 ± 4 64,698 38.20 2005 Weaver , Stern , Buie , et al . Pluto IV Kerberos 00140 ! 14.0 57,729 32.17 2011 Showalter ( Hubble ) Pluto V Styx 00100 ! 10.0 42,393 20.16 2012 Showalter ( Hubble ) Pluto Hi ʻiaka 0160 ! ~ 160 49,500 ± 400 49.12 ± 0.03 2005 Brown et al . Haumea II Namaka 0085 ! ~ 85 39,000 ( r ) 34.7 ± 0.1 if e = 0 2005 Brown et al . Haumea -- S / 2015 ( 136472 ) 1 0080 ! ~ 80 2016 Parker et al . Makemake Dysnomia 0257 ! 257 ± 110 37,370 ± 150 15.774 ± 0.002 2005 Brown , Rabinowitz , Trujillo et al . SDO moon Eris References ( edit ) Media related to Natural satellites at Wikimedia Commons Jump up ^ Warell , J. ; Karlsson , O. ( 2007 ) . `` A search for natural satellites of Mercury '' . Planetary and Space Science . 55 ( 14 ) : 2037 -- 2041 . Bibcode : 2007P&SS ... 55.2037 W . doi : 10.1016 / j. pss. 2007.06. 004 . Jump up ^ `` Solar System Exploration : Planets : Venus : Moons '' . NASA . Retrieved 16 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Whitehouse , David ( 21 October 2002 ) . `` Earth 's little brother found '' . BBC News . Retrieved 31 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Sheppard , Scott ; et al. ( 2004 ) . `` A Survey for Outer Satellites of Mars : Limits to Completeness '' . The Astronomical Journal . 128 ( 5 ) : 2542 -- 2546 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0409522 . Bibcode : 2004AJ ... 128.2542 S . doi : 10.1086 / 424541 . Jump up ^ Buie , Marc W. ; Grundy , William M. ; Young , Eliot F. ; Young , Leslie A. ; Stern , S. Alan ( 2006 ) . `` Orbits and Photometry of Pluto 's Satellites : Charon , S / 2005 P1 , and S / 2005 P2 '' . The Astronomical Journal . 132 ( 1 ) : 290 -- 298 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0512491 . Bibcode : 2006AJ ... 132 ... 290B . doi : 10.1086 / 504422 ... a , i , e per JPL ( site updated 2008 Aug 25 ) Jump up ^ Bieryla , Allyson ; Parker , J.W. ( December 2006 ) . `` Search for Satellites around Ceres '' . 2007 AAS / AAPT Joint Meeting , American Astronomical Society Meeting 209 , # 25.02 ; Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society . 38 : 933 . Bibcode : 2006AAS ... 209.2502 B . ^ Jump up to : Dumas , C. ; Carry , B. ; Hestroffer , D. ; Merlin , F. ( 2011 ) . `` High - contrast observations of ( 136108 ) Haumea '' . Astronomy & Astrophysics. 528 : A105 . arXiv : 1101.2102 . Bibcode : 2011A&A ... 528A. 105D . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 / 201015011 . Jump up ^ M.E. Brown ; M.A. van Dam ; A.H. Bouchez ; et al. ( 1 March 2006 ) . `` Satellites of the Largest Kuiper Belt Objects '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 639 ( 1 ) : L43 -- L46 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0510029 . Bibcode : 2006ApJ ... 639L ... 43B . doi : 10.1086 / 501524 . ^ Jump up to : Johnston , W.R. ( 30 December 2008 ) . `` ( 136199 ) Eris and Dysnomia '' . Johnston 's Archive . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ Santos - Sanz , P. ; et al. ( 2012 ) . `` '' TNOs are Cool `` : A Survey of the Transneptunian Region IV . Size / albedo characterization of 15 scattered disk and detached objects observed with Herschel Space Observatory - PACS '' . Astronomy & Astrophysics. 541 : A92 . arXiv : 1202.1481 ( astro - ph. EP ) . Bibcode : 2012A&A ... 541A ... 92S . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 / 201118541 . Jump up ^ Daniel W.E. Green ( 2007 - 02 - 22 ) . `` IAUC 8812 : Sats OF 2003 AZ_84 , ( 50000 ) , ( 55637 ) , ( 90482 ) '' . International Astronomical Union Circular . Archived from the original on 19 July 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` Satellites and Companions of Minor Planets '' . Minor Planet Center . Retrieved 8 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Wieczorek , M. ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` The constitution and structure of the lunar interior '' . 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Bibcode : 1892AJ ... 12 ... 81B . doi : 10.1086 / 101715 . Jump up ^ Porco , Carolyn C. ; et al. ( March 2003 ) . `` Cassini Imaging of Jupiter 's Atmosphere , Satellites , and Rings '' . Science . 299 ( 5612 ) : 1541 -- 1547 . Bibcode : 2003Sci ... 299.1541 P . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1079462 . PMID 12624258 . Jump up ^ Crommelin , A.C.D. ( 10 March 1905 ) . `` Provisional Elements of Jupiter 's Satellite VI '' . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 65 ( 5 ) : 524 -- 527 . Bibcode : 1905MNRAS ... 65 ... 524C . doi : 10.1093 / mnras / 65.5. 524 . Jump up ^ Perrine , C.D. ( 1905 ) . `` The Seventh Satellite of Jupiter '' . Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific . 17 ( 101 ) : 62 -- 63 . Bibcode : 1905PASP ... 17 ... 56 ... doi : 10.1086 / 121624 . JSTOR 40691209 . Jump up ^ Melotte , P.J. ( 1908 ) . `` Note on the Newly Discovered Eighth Satellite of Jupiter , Photographed at the Royal Observatory , Greenwich '' . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 68 ( 6 ) : 456 -- 457 . Bibcode : 1908MNRAS ... 68 ... 456 ... doi : 10.1093 / mnras / 68.6. 456 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , S.B. ( 1914 ) . `` Discovery of the Ninth Satellite of Jupiter '' . Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific . 26 : 197 -- 198 . Bibcode : 1914PASP ... 26 ... 197N . doi : 10.1086 / 122336 . ^ Jump up to : Nicholson , S.B. ( 1938 ) . `` Two New Satellites of Jupiter '' . Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific . 50 : 292 -- 293 . Bibcode : 1938PASP ... 50 ... 292N . doi : 10.1086 / 124963 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , S.B. ( 1951 ) . `` An unidentified object near Jupiter , probably a new satellite '' . Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific . 63 ( 375 ) : 297 -- 299 . Bibcode : 1951PASP ... 63 ... 297N . doi : 10.1086 / 126402 . Jump up ^ Kowal , C.T. ; Aksnes , K. ; Marsden , B.G. ; Roemer , E. ( 1974 ) . `` Thirteenth satellite of Jupiter '' . Astronomical Journal . 80 : 460 -- 464 . Bibcode : 1975AJ ... 80 ... 460K . doi : 10.1086 / 111766 . Jump up ^ Synnott , S.P. ( 1980 ) . `` 1979J2 : The Discovery of a Previously Unknown Jovian Satellite '' . Science . 210 ( 4471 ) : 786 -- 788 . Bibcode : 1980Sci ... 210 ... 786S . doi : 10.1126 / science. 210.4471. 786 . ISSN 0036 - 8075 . JSTOR 1684562 . PMID 17739548 . Jump up ^ Jewitt , D.C. ; Danielson , G.E. ; Synnott , S.P. ( 1979 ) . `` Discovery of a New Jupiter Satellite '' . Science . 206 ( 4421 ) : 951 . Bibcode : 1979Sci ... 206 ... 951J . doi : 10.1126 / science. 206.4421. 951 . ISSN 0036 - 8075 . JSTOR 1749286 . PMID 17733911 . Jump up ^ Synnott , S.P. ( 1981 ) . `` 1979J3 : Discovery of a Previously Unknown Satellite of Jupiter '' . Science . 212 ( 4501 ) : 1392 . Bibcode : 1981Sci ... 212.1392 S . doi : 10.1126 / science. 212.4501. 1392 . ISSN 0036 - 8075 . JSTOR 1686790 . PMID 17746259 . Jump up ^ `` IAUC 7460 : S / 1999 J 1 '' . 20 July 2000 . Retrieved 8 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` IAUC 2845 : Probable New Satellite of Jupiter '' . 3 October 1975 . Retrieved 8 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` IAUC 7525 : S / 1975 J 1 = S / 2000 J 1 '' . 25 November 2000 . Retrieved 8 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` IAUC 7555 : Satellites of Jupiter '' . 5 January 2001 . Retrieved 8 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` IAUC 7900 : Satellites of Jupiter '' . 16 May 2002 . Retrieved 8 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Jupiter 's Known Satellites Jump up ^ C. Porco & the Cassini Imaging Team ( 18 July 2007 ) . `` S / 2007 S 4 '' . International Astronomical Union Circulars. 8857 . Jump up ^ `` IAU Circular No. 9023 '' . International Astronomical Union . 2009 . Retrieved 6 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` IAU Circular No. 9091 '' . International Astronomical Union . 2009 . Retrieved 17 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Kelly Beatty ( 15 July 2013 ) . `` Neptune 's Newest Moon '' . Sky & Telescope . Retrieved 15 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Showalter , M.R. ; Hamilton , D.P. ( 20 July 2011 ) . `` New Satellite of ( 134340 ) Pluto : S / 2011 ( 134340 ) 1 '' . Central Bureau Electronic Telegrams . Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams . Retrieved 20 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NASA 's Hubble Discovers Another Moon Around Pluto '' . NASA . Retrieved 21 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hubble Discovers a Fifth Moon Orbiting Pluto '' . NASA . Retrieved 13 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : D.C. Fabrycky ; M.J. Holman ; D. Ragozzine ; M.E. Brown ; T.A. Lister ; D.M. Terndrup ; J. Djordjevic ; E.F. Young ; L.A. Young ; R.R. Howell . `` Mutual Events of 2003 EL61 and its Inner Satellite '' . AAS DPS conference 2008 . Retrieved 17 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Hubble Discovers Moon Orbiting the Dwarf Planet Makemake '' . hubblesite.org. 2016 . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Brown , Michael E. ; Schaller , Emily L. ( 15 June 2007 ) . `` The Mass of Dwarf Planet Eris '' . Science . 316 ( 5831 ) : 1585 . Bibcode : 2007Sci ... 316.1585 B . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1139415 . PMID 17569855 . ( Including Supporting Online Material 25 March 2016 . VOL 351 , ISSUE 6280 , PAGES 1371 - 1494 . ) Jump up ^ `` Dwarf Planet Outweighs Pluto '' . space.com. 2007 . Retrieved 14 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Brown , M.E. ; Van Dam , M.A. ; Bouchez , A.H. ; Le Mignant , D. ; Campbell , R.D. ; Chin , J.C.Y. ; Conrad , A. ; Hartman , S.K. ; Johansson , E.M. ; Lafon , R.E. ; Rabinowitz , D.L. Rabinowitz ; Stomski , P.J. , Jr. ; Summers , D.M. ; Trujillo , C.A. ; Wizinowich , P.L. ( 2006 ) . `` Satellites of the Largest Kuiper Belt Objects '' ( PDF ) . The Astrophysical Journal . 639 ( 1 ) : L43 -- L46 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0510029 . Bibcode : 2006ApJ ... 639L ... 43B . doi : 10.1086 / 501524 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 19 . ( hide ) Natural satellites of the Solar System Planetary satellites Terrestrial Martian Jovian Saturnian Uranian Neptunian Other satellites Minor - planet moons Plutonian Haumean Eridian Makemakean Largest satellites ( mean radius ≥ 100 km ) size Ganymede largest / 2634 km / 0.413 Earths Titan Callisto Io Moon Europa Triton Titania Rhea Oberon Iapetus Charon Umbriel Ariel Dione Tethys ( Dysnomia ) Enceladus Miranda Proteus Mimas ( Hi'iaka ) Nereid Hyperion Phoebe smallest / 106 km / 0.017 Earths abc 's Ariel Callisto Charon Dione ( Dysnomia ) Enceladus Europa Ganymede ( Hi'iaka ) Hyperion Iapetus Io Mimas Miranda Moon Nereid Oberon Phoebe Proteus Rhea Tethys Titan Titania Triton Umbriel Discovery timeline Inner moons Irregular moons List Naming Regular moons Trojan moons NOTE : Italicized moons are not close to being in hydrostatic equilibrium ; ( bracketed ) moons may or may not be close to being in hydrostatic equilibrium . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_natural_satellites&oldid=804343344 '' Categories : Lists of moons Moons Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Commons category without a link on Wikidata Featured lists Use dmy dates from April 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Boarisch Brezhoneg Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά فارسی 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Soomaaliga Svenska Tagalog Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 October 2017 , at 10 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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which planet is 5.5 of earth's mass and has no moon

Mercury , the smallest and innermost planet , has no moons , or at least none that can be detected to a diameter of 1.6 km ( 1.0 mi ) . For a very short time in 1974 , Mercury was thought to have a moon .

Burn Gorman - Wikipedia Burn Gorman Burn Gorman Gorman at Gallifrey One in 2015 Burn Hugh Gorman ( 1974 - 09 - 01 ) 1 September 1974 ( age 44 ) Hollywood , California , U.S. Nationality British Alma mater Manchester School of Theatre Occupation Actor , Musician Years active 1998 -- present Spouse ( s ) Sarah Gorman ( m . 2004 -- 2017 ) Children Burn Hugh Winchester Gorman ( born 1 September 1974 ) is an American - born English actor and musician . He is known for his roles as Dr. Owen Harper in the BBC series Torchwood ( 2006 -- 08 ) , Karl Tanner in the HBO series Game of Thrones ( 2013 -- 14 ) , Dr. Hermann Gottlieb in Pacific Rim ( 2013 ) and its sequel Pacific Rim Uprising ( 2018 ) , and Major Edmund Hewlett in the AMC series Turn : Washington 's Spies ( 2014 ) . Since 2015 , Gorman has portrayed The Marshal in the Amazon drama The Man in the High Castle . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Acting 2.2 Music 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Video games 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Gorman was born in Hollywood , California , to English parents . His father was a professor of linguistics at the University of California , Los Angeles in Westwood , Los Angeles . At the age of seven , Gorman moved to London with his family . He has three older sisters . Gorman trained at Manchester Metropolitan University 's School of Theatre . Career ( edit ) Acting ( edit ) Gorman at Sheffield Film & Comic Con Gorman played William Guppy in the 2005 BBC One adaptation of Charles Dickens ' Bleak House , and then appeared as Owen Harper in the first two seasons of the BBC science fiction series Torchwood . Other television roles include Funland and Bonekickers , amongst other projects for the BBC , and he also appeared in Channel 4 's political thriller Low Winter Sun . He played scriptwriter Ray Galton in the BBC Four television play The Curse of Steptoe . He has also appeared in television series such as Dalziel and Pascoe , Casualty , Merseybeat , and The Inspector Lynley Mysteries . Gorman played Jed on the soap opera EastEnders in March 2007 . He starred as Hindley Earnshaw in the ITV adaptation of Emily Brontë 's Wuthering Heights . In 2011 , he starred in Sky1 's second Martina Cole adaptation , The Runaway , and in 2014 , portrayed Adam , the lead character 's stalker and fellow immortal , in ABC 's Forever . On film , he has had roles in Layer Cake , The Best Man , Penelope , Fred Claus , and Cemetery Junction . He has also appeared as Dr. Hermann Gottlieb in the Pacific Rim series . Gorman 's stage credits include Ladybird ( Royal Court ) , Flush ( Soho Theatre ) , and Gong Donkeys ( Bush Theatre ) , prompting Michael Billington of The Guardian to write that `` Gorman proves that he is one of the best young actors in Britain '' . He has performed in readings , workshops , and development initiatives with the National Theatre Studio , Young Vic , Royal Court , Oxford Stage Company , Paines Plough , and Soho Theatre . Outside London , he has worked with Nottingham Playhouse , the Theatre Royal , Plymouth , and the Royal Exchange and Contact Theatres , where he was nominated for a Manchester Evening News Best Newcomer Award . From 2008 to 2009 , Gorman played Bill Sikes in the West End revival of the musical Oliver ! , for which he was nominated for Best Supporting Actor in a Musical in the 2010 Whatsonstage Theatre Awards . Music ( edit ) Gorman has played in clubs and on stages all over the world , appearing alongside Neneh Cherry , Rodney P , and Groove Armada . He has worked on music videos and visuals with The Streets . Under the stage name of B.B. Burn , he was part of the human beatbox outfit Drool Skool , alongside Shlomo , DukeBox , and A-Plus ( Alex Tew , known as the founder of The Million Dollar Homepage and Calm ) . Gorman was crowned the BBC 1Xtra Human Beatbox Champion in 2003 . Personal life ( edit ) Gorman has been married to Sarah Beard , a schoolteacher , since 17 July 2004 . They split in 2017 . Beard gave birth to their first child , son Max Hugh Gorman , in Cardiff in 2006 , whilst the first series of Torchwood was in production . The couple 's second child , daughter Nell Gorman , was born on 25 January 2009 . Rosa Gorman , the couple 's third child , followed in September 2014 . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2001 Love is Not Enough Al Weisberger 2002 A Good Thief DC Fairchild Television film Layer Cake Gazza 2005 Colour Me Kubrick Willie 2005 The Best Man Bus Driver 2006 Penelope Larry 2007 Sex , the City and Me Lawrence Television film 2007 Fred Claus Elf 2008 The Oxford Murders Yuri Podorov 2008 The Curse of Steptoe Ray Galton Television film Cemetery Junction PC Renwick 2011 Up There Martin 2011 Johnny English Reborn Agent Slater 2012 Red Lights Benedict Cohen 2012 The Dark Knight Rises Phillip Stryver 2013 The Other Man Simon Short film 2013 All Is by My Side Michael Jeffery 2013 Pacific Rim Dr. Hermann Gottlieb 2014 Low Down Wiggenhern 2014 Walking with the Enemy Colonel Skorzeny 2014 Alexander and the Terrible , Horrible , No Good , Very Bad Day Mr. Brand 2015 Crimson Peak Mr. Holly 2016 In a Valley of Violence Priest 2016 Imperium Morgan 2018 Pacific Rim Uprising Dr. Hermann Gottlieb Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1998 Coronation Street Ben Andrews 3 episodes 2000 Casualty Geoff Simpson Episode : `` Not Waving But Drowning '' 2001 Merseybeat Sean Finnigan Episode : `` Coming of Age '' 2005 The Inspector Lynley Mysteries Billy Verger Episode : `` In Divine Proportion '' 2005 Funland Tim Timothy 3 episodes 2005 Bleak House William Guppy 11 episodes 2006 Low Winter Sun Det . Con . Kenny Morton 2 episodes 2006 Dalziel and Pascoe Jerry Hart 2 episodes 2006 -- 08 Torchwood Owen Harper 26 episodes 2007 Agatha Christie 's Marple Jacko Argyle Episode : `` Ordeal by Innocence '' 2007 EastEnders Jed Episode : `` 3166 '' 2008 Bonekickers Banks Episode : `` The Lines of War '' 2009 Wuthering Heights Hindley Earnshaw 2 episodes 2011 The Runaway Richard Gates 5 episodes 2011 The Hour Thomas Kish 4 episodes 2011 Lark Rise to Candleford Reverend Marley Episode : `` 4.3 '' 2013 Spies of Warsaw Jourdain 4 episodes 2013 Revenge Mr. Trask 4 episodes 2013 It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Scientist Episode : `` Flowers for Charlie '' 2013 -- 14 Game of Thrones Karl Tanner 4 episodes 2014 -- 15 Forever Adam / Lewis Farber 5 episodes 2014 -- 17 Turn : Washington 's Spies Major Edmund Hewlett 25 episodes 2015 And Then There Were None Detective Sergeant William Blore 3 episodes 2015 The Man in the High Castle The Marshal 2 episodes 2016 Stan Lee 's Lucky Man Coroner 3 episodes 2017 -- Jamestown Nicholas Farlow 8 episodes Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2009 Risen Various voices English version 2011 Star Wars : The Old Republic Additional voices References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Herman , Sarah : `` Burn Gorman , Where 's Your Head At ? '' . , Torchwood Magazine ( August 2008 ) : page 60 . ( wayback 20120313031654 ) . Here , Burn states that the name on his birth certificate is `` Burn Hugh Winchester Gorman '' . Jump up ^ `` Chicago TARDIS 2015 : Burn Gorman During a talk at the Doctor Who convention Chicago TARDIS , which took place from 27 to 29 November 2015 , Gorman was prompted to point out inaccuracies in his Wikipedia article . He allowed the moderator 's reading of his name as `` Burn Hugh Gorman '' , but clarified , `` For a while ( ... ) I would get some questions saying ' So , your name 's Burn Hugh Winchester Gorman ? ' and I do n't know where that started ! It may be with Wikipedia , or something , but for some reason somebody had edited and put my name as ' Burn Hugh Winchester Gorman ' , and that is not either true or relevant in any way . So that is a lie . '' ( timecode 9 : 00 - 9 : 35 ) . Jump up ^ `` Meet the characters and cast of Wuthering Heights '' . PBS.org . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Notable Alumni '' . Manchester Metropolitan University . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Michael Billington ( 8 November 2004 ) . `` Gong Donkeys '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 24 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Flush by David Dipper '' ( Press release ) . Soho Theatre Company . 22 April 2004 . Archived from the original on 19 May 2006 . Retrieved 21 April 2006 . Jump up ^ Bamigboye , Baz ( 9 May 2008 ) . `` Watch out for ... Burn Gorman in Oliver ! '' . Mail on Sunday . Retrieved 12 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones ' Burn Gorman '' . Global News . Retrieved 21 March 2016 . External links ( edit ) Burn Gorman on IMDb Burn Gorman on Twitter Burn Gorman Interview on Starpulse WorldCat Identities BIBSYS : 6095984 ISNI : 0000 0000 4719 6021 LCCN : no2008082064 SUDOC : 176367217 VIAF : 63820076 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burn_Gorman&oldid=866169080 '' Categories : 1974 births 20th - century English male actors 21st - century English male actors Alumni of Manchester Metropolitan University American emigrants to England American people of English descent English male film actors English male radio actors English male soap opera actors English male stage actors English male television actors English male video game actors English male voice actors Living people Male actors from Hollywood , Los Angeles Male actors from London Hidden categories : EngvarB from August 2014 Use dmy dates from August 2014 Infobox person using alma mater Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 18 : 44 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who plays the marshal in man in the high castle

Burn Hugh Winchester Gorman ( born 1 September 1974 ) is an American - born English actor and musician . He is known for his roles as Dr. Owen Harper in the BBC series Torchwood ( 2006 -- 08 ) , Karl Tanner in the HBO series Game of Thrones ( 2013 -- 14 ) , Dr. Hermann Gottlieb in Pacific Rim ( 2013 ) and its sequel Pacific Rim Uprising ( 2018 ) , and Major Edmund Hewlett in the AMC series Turn : Washington 's Spies ( 2014 ) . Since 2015 , Gorman has portrayed The Marshal in the Amazon drama The Man in the High Castle .

Becca Tobin - wikipedia Becca Tobin Jump to : navigation , search Becca Tobin Tobin at a Trevor Project event in 2013 Rebecca Grace Tobin ( 1986 - 01 - 18 ) January 18 , 1986 ( age 31 ) Marietta , Georgia , U.S. Alma mater American Musical and Dramatic Academy Occupation Actress dancer singer Years active 2005 -- present Spouse ( s ) Zach Martin ( m . 2016 ) Rebecca Grace `` Becca '' Tobin ( born January 18 , 1986 ) is an American actress , singer , and dancer . She is best known for having portrayed Kitty Wilde in the Fox comedy - drama television series Glee . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 5 Stage 6 Discography 7 Awards and nominations 8 References 9 External links Early life ( edit ) Tobin grew up in Marietta , Georgia , the youngest of two daughters . Both of her parents were attorneys . Tobin 's first acting performance was at age four , when she played a Christmas tree in her school 's holiday pageant . For high school , Tobin was predominantly educated at Pebblebrook High School , but she transferred to Joseph Wheeler High School halfway through her senior year and was a victim of bullying as a result . Because of the bullying , Tobin did not walk at her graduation . She is an alumna of the American Musical and Dramatic Academy in New York City , from which she graduated in 2007 . Career ( edit ) Tobin began her professional career on the stage in Houston , in a Theatre Under the Stars production of the musical Cats . She performed as Etcetera in the ensemble cast . The following year , she starred in the ensemble of the Theater Under the Stars ' production of West Side Story , also in Houston . In 2008 , Tobin performed in the ensemble of Paper Mill Playhouse 's production of High School Musical on Stage ! in New Jersey . From 2008 to 2009 , she performed in the ensemble of Oklahoma ! in Atlanta with the Theater of the Stars company . Tobin made her Broadway debut as a replacement for the role of Sherrie Christian and a swing for the musical Rock of Ages . In 2011 , she toured with the Trans - Siberian Orchestra . From 2012 until its ending in 2015 , Tobin portrayed cheerleader and glee club member Kitty Wilde in the Fox musical comedy - drama television series Glee . She made her first appearance as the character in the fourth season premiere episode `` The New Rachel '' , and was a regular recurring cast member for throughout that season . She was upgraded to a main cast member for the series ' fifth season . Kitty 's debut received a mixed reception from critics , but opinions on the character soon changed . Several songs performed by Tobin as Kitty on the series have been released as singles available for digital download , and have also featured on the soundtrack albums . In 2014 , Tobin guest starred in Lifetime 's legal comedy - drama series Drop Dead Diva as Empress Katia in the episode `` Afterlife '' . That same year , she appeared as Kimmee Kittson in the episode `` Passing the Torch '' of ABC Family 's sitcom Mystery Girls . In 2015 , Tobin guest starred as Blaze Talcott , a computer coder , in an episode of CBS ' procedural action - drama series NCIS : Los Angeles titled `` Blaze of Glory '' . Since December 2015 , Tobin has co-hosted the female - centric podcast series `` The Lady Gang '' with Keltie Knight and Jac Vanek . Personal life ( edit ) Tobin was in a relationship with nightclub entrepreneur Matt Bendik until his death on July 10 , 2014 . She became engaged to entrepreneur Zach Martin in May 2016 . They married in a private ceremony , officiated by Tobin 's Glee co-star Jane Lynch , in Jackson Hole , Wyoming on December 3 , 2016 . Since 2012 , Tobin has been a spokeswoman for the anti-bullying program BullyVille.com . In May 2013 , she appeared in an issue of Maxim . Filmography ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2009 Wiener & Wiener Heather Episode : `` Beyonce 's Walk - In Closet '' 2012 -- 2015 Glee Kitty Wilde Main role , 42 episodes 2014 Drop Dead Diva Empress Katia Episode : `` Afterlife '' 2014 Mystery Girls Kimmee Kittson Episode : `` Passing the Torch '' 2015 NCIS : Los Angeles Blaze Talcott Episode : `` Blaze of Glory '' 2017 Dropping the Soap Tammy O'Rourke Episode : `` Julian 's Choice '' 2017 Before You Say I Do Jessica Bender Completed 2017 A Song for Christmas Adelaide Kay In post-production Stage ( edit ) Year Title Role Location 2005 Cats Etcetera Hobby Center for the Performing Arts , Houston 2006 -- 2007 West Side Story Velma the Jet 2008 High School Musical on Stage ! Ensemble Paper Mill Playhouse , New Jersey 2008 -- 2009 Oklahoma ! Ensemble Fox Theatre , Atlanta 2009 -- 2011 Rock of Ages Sherrie Christian Brooks Atkinson Theatre , Broadway Discography ( edit ) Main article : Glee discography Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Work Result 2013 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Villain Glee Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Interview : Cobb native Becca Tobin shines in `` Glee '' role `` . AJC.com . January 2 , 2013 . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Whitney Port . '' The LadyGang . June 20 , 2017 . 1 : 56 minutes in . Jump up ^ `` Glee 's Becca Tobin Shares Christmas Flashback : Her ' Hilarious ' and ' Awkward ' First Role '' . Celebuzz.com . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Becca Tobin Opens Up About Being Bullied in High School -- and Reveals What 's Next for Kitty on Glee Season 4 ! Exclusive '' . Wetpaint.com . November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alumna Becca Tobin Joins `` Glee '' ! `` . American Musical and Dramatic Academy . November 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth ( December 6 , 2005 ) . `` Cats in Houston Gets Broadway Vets -- Veterans , Not Veterinarians -- Dec. 6 - 18 '' . Playbill . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( November 5 , 2008 ) . `` Paper 's Mill 's High School Musical Begins Performances Nov. 5 '' . Playbill . Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam ( June 24 , 2008 ) . `` Oklahoma ! Saddles Up for Atlanta 's Theater of the Stars June 24 '' . Playbill . Jump up ^ `` Broadway Vet Becca Tobin and Melissa Benoist Join Glee 's New Freshman Class '' . Broadway.com . August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gioia , Michael ( August 2 , 2012 ) . `` Becca Tobin and Melissa Benoist Join Fox 's `` Glee '' ; Ryan Murphy Dishes on Upcoming Season Via Twitter `` . Playbill . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 28 , 2013 ) . `` UPDATED Glee Exclusive : 4 Original Cast Members are Returning as Series Regulars for Season 5 ; Plus -- Who 's Getting Promoted ? '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Glee ' Star Dianna Agron Talks Quinn 's Thanksgiving Return , Kitty and Catfights With Santana ( Q&A ) '' . Celebuzz.com . November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gadjewski , Ryan ( April 24 , 2014 ) . `` Glee Cast Member Lands Role on Drop Dead Diva '' . Wetpaint.com . Jump up ^ Leffler , Samantha ( August 7 , 2014 ) . `` See Becca Tobin on Mystery Girls Set ( PHOTO ) '' . Wetpaint.com . Jump up ^ Pena , Azalea ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` ' NCIS : LA ' season 6 spoilers : Deeks and Kensi reveal their relationship in episode 18 , Blaze Talcott becomes part of the team for a case in episode 19 '' . Christian Today . Jump up ^ Shewfelt , Raechal Leone ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` Lea Michele and Other Celebs to Join the New ' Fempire ' '' . Yahoo ! News . Jump up ^ Chiu , Melody ( July 11 , 2014 ) . `` Glee Star Becca Tobin 's Boyfriend Found Dead , Cause of Death Unknown '' . People . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Zach ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Glee 's Becca Tobin Is Engaged to Zach Martin '' . E ! News . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sands , Nicole ( December 3 , 2016 ) . `` It 's a Glee - union ! Lea Michele Shares Photo with Cast at Becca Tobin 's Wedding '' . People . Jump up ^ Cuccinelli , Jamie ( December 4 , 2016 ) . `` Glee 's Becca Tobin is Married ! See Her Exclusive Wedding Photos '' . Brides . Jump up ^ `` Becca Tobin joins BullyVille.com to help put an end to bullying ! '' . PR Newswire . November 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` '' Glee '' Newcomer Becca Tobin Strips for Maxim `` . TooFab.com. April 18 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Becca Tobin . Official website Becca Tobin on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Becca_Tobin&oldid=802702522 '' Categories : 1986 births 21st - century American actresses Actresses from Georgia ( U.S. state ) American female dancers Dancers from Georgia ( U.S. state ) American female singers American musical theatre actresses American podcasters American stage actresses American television actresses Living people People from Marietta , Georgia Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 September 2017 , at 22 : 24 . About Wikipedia

who played empress katia on drop dead diva

In 2014 , Tobin guest starred in Lifetime 's legal comedy - drama series Drop Dead Diva as Empress Katia in the episode `` Afterlife '' . That same year , she appeared as Kimmee Kittson in the episode `` Passing the Torch '' of ABC Family 's sitcom Mystery Girls . In 2015 , Tobin guest starred as Blaze Talcott , a computer coder , in an episode of CBS ' procedural action - drama series NCIS : Los Angeles titled `` Blaze of Glory '' . Since December 2015 , Tobin has co-hosted the female - centric podcast series `` The Lady Gang '' with Keltie Knight and Jac Vanek .

Shah Alam II - Wikipedia Shah Alam II Jump to : navigation , search Shah Alam II Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II and the Mughal imperial throne . 16th Mughal Emperor Reign 10 December 1759 -- 19 November 1806 ( deposed by Marathas 31 July 1788 -- 16 October 1788 ) Coronation 24 December 1759 Predecessor Shah Jahan III Mahmud Shah Bahadur Successor Mahmud Shah Bahadur Akbar Shah II ( 1728 - 06 - 25 ) 25 June 1728 Shahjahanabad , Subah of Delhi , Mughal Empire 19 November 1806 ( 1806 - 11 - 19 ) ( aged 78 ) Shahjahanabad , Subah of Delhi , Mughal Empire Burial Red Fort , Delhi Spouse Piari Begum Taj Mahal Begum Jamil un-nisa Begum Mubaraq Mahal Murad Bakht Begum Issue Over 16 sons and 2 daughters Full name ' Abdu'llah Jalal ud - din Abu'l Muzaffar Ham ud - din Muhammad ' Ali Gauhar Shah - i - ' Alam II House Timurid Father Alamgir II Mother Zinat Mahal Religion Islam Ali Gauhar ( 25 June 1728 -- 19 November 1806 ) , historically known as Shah Alam II , was the sixteenth Mughal Emperor . He was the son of Alamgir II . Shah Alam II became the emperor of a crumbling Mughal empire , his power was so depleted during his reign that it led to a saying in the Persian language , Sultanat - e-Shah Alam , Az Dilli ta Palam , meaning , ' The kingdom of Shah Alam is from Delhi to Palam ' , Palam being a suburb of Delhi . Shah Alam faced many invasions mainly by the Emir of Afghanistan , Ahmed Shah Abdali , which led to the Third Battle of Panipat between the Maratha Empire , who maintained suzerainty over Mughal affairs in Delhi and the Afghans led by Abdali . In 1760 , the invading forces of Abdali were driven away by the Marathas , led by Sadashivrao Bhau , who deposed Shah Jahan III , the puppet Mughal emperor of Feroze Jung III , and installed Shah Alam II as the rightful emperor under the Maratha suzerainty . Shah Alam II was considered the only and rightful emperor but he was n't able to return to Delhi until 1772 , under the protection of the Maratha general Mahadaji Shinde . He also fought against the British East India Company at the Battle of Buxar . Shah Alam II also authored his own Diwan of poems and was known by the pen - name Aftab . His poems were guided , compiled and collected by Mirza Fakhir Makin . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Escape from Delhi 3 Eastern Campaigns 3.1 Acknowledged emperor 3.2 Battle of Buxar 3.3 Diwani rights 3.4 Absence from Delhi 4 Return to Delhi 4.1 Reformation of the Mughal Army 5 Foreign relations 5.1 Rumi Darwaza 6 Political turmoil 6.1 Jat victories 6.2 Sikh victories 7 Downfall 7.1 Prisoner of Ghulam Qadir 7.2 Protectorate of the Marathas 8 Arrival of British troops 9 Death 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading Early life ( edit ) Ali Gauhar was born to `` Shahzada '' ( Prince ) Aziz - ud - Din , son of the deposed Mughal Emperor Jahandar Shah , on 25 June 1728 . Alongside his father , he grew up in semi-captivity in the Salatin quarters of the Red Fort . However , unlike the majority of Mughal princes growing up in similar circumstances , he is not recorded to have become a decadent prince by the time his father became emperor , and therefore was naturally given high appointments in the course of his father 's reign . Upon his father 's accession , he became the `` Wali Ahd '' ( Crown Prince ) of the empire , and became his father 's principal agent , though almost all power lay in the Wazir Imad - ul - Mulk 's hand . His quarrels with that amir , and fear for his own life , caused him to flee Delhi in 1758 . Escape from Delhi ( edit ) Prince Ali Gauhar , afterwards Emperor Shah Alam II had been the heir apparent of his father Alamgir II . Prince Ali Gauhar 's father had been appointed Mughal Emperor by Vizier Feroze Jung III and Maratha Peshwa 's brother Sadashivrao Bhau who had completely dominated and later killed Alamgir II and kept Prince Ali Gauhar under surveillance . After a daring escape from Delhi , Prince Ali Gauhar appeared in the eastern provinces in 1759 , hoping to strengthen his position by gaining control over Bengal , Bihar and Odisha . Very soon however , Najib - ud - Daula , forced the usurper Feroze Jung III to flee from the capitol after he gathered a large Mughal Army outside Delhi , which deposed the recreant Shah Jahan III . Najib - ud - Daula and Muslim nobles and then planned to defeat Marathas by maintaining correspondence with the powerful Ahmad Shah Durrani . After Ahmad Shah Durrani decisively defeated the Marathas , he nominated Ali Gauhar as the emperor under the name Shah Alam II . Eastern campaigns ( edit ) In the year 1760 after gaining control over Bengal , Bihar & parts of Odisha , the Mughal Crown Prince Ali Gauhar and his Mughal Army of 30,000 intended to overthrow Mir Jafar and Feroze Jung III after they tried to capture or kill him by advancing towards Awadh and Patna in 1759 . But the conflict soon involved the intervention of the assertive East India Company . The Mughals clearly intended to recapture their breakaway Eastern Subahs and were led by Prince Ali Gauhar , who was accompanied by Muhammad Quli Khan , Kadim Husein , Kamgar Khan , Hidayat Ali , Mir Afzal and Ghulam Husain Tabatabai . Their forces were reinforced by the forces of Shuja - ud - Daula , Najib - ud - Daula and Ahmad Shah Bangash . The Mughals were also joined by Jean Law and 200 Frenchmen and waged a campaign against the British during the Seven Years ' War . Prince Ali Gauhar successfully advanced as far as Patna , which he later besieged with a combined army of over 40,000 in order to capture or kill Ramnarian a sworn enemy of the Mughals . Mir Jafar was in terror at the near demise of his cohort and sent his own son Miran to relieve Ramnarian and retake Patna . Mir Jafar also implored the aid of Robert Clive , but it was Major John Caillaud , who dispersed Prince Ali Gauhar 's army in the year 1761 after four major battles including Battle of Patna , Battle of Sirpur , Battle of Birpur and Battle of Siwan . After negotiations assuring peace Shah Alam II was escorted by the British to meet Mir Qasim the new Nawab of Bengal , who was nominated after the sudden death of Miran . Mir Qasim soon had the Mughal Emperor 's investiture as Subedar of Bengal , Bihar and Odisha , and agreed to pay an annual revenue of 2.4 million dam . Shah Alam II then retreated to Allahabad was protected by the Shuja - ud - Daula , Nawab of Awadh from 1761 until 1764 . Meanwhile , Mir Qasim 's relations with the British East India company began to worsen . He initiated reforms that withdrew tax exemption enjoyed by the British East India Company , he also ousted Ramnarian a sworn enemy of the Mughal Empire and created Firelock manufacturing factories at Patna with the sole purpose of giving advantage to the newly reformed Mughal Army . Angered by these developments the East India Company sought his ouster . Court intrigues encouraged by the East India company forced Mir Qasim to leave Bengal , Bihar and Odisha . Mir Qasim on his part encouraged Shuja - ud - Daula the Nawab of Awadh and the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II to engage the British . Feroze Jung III was the regent imposed by the Maratha Confederacy in 1757 , who assassinated Alamgir II and prominent members of the imperial family , within the Maratha occupied city of Delhi ; Shah Alam II managed to escape to safety with the Nawab of Awadh . Mir Jafar , his son Miran and Ramnarian refused to submit to Shah Alam II , who initiated his campaign to regain the Eastern Subah 's causing the eventual intervention of the British East India Company . Acknowledged Emperor ( edit ) Mughal era illustration of Pir Ghazi of Bengal , during the 18th century . Shah Alam II was acknowledged emperor by the Durrani Empire his declared reign extended to the : 24 Pargana 's of the Sundarban 's Mir Qasim , Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad ( and Bihar ) , Raja of Banares , Nizam of Hyderabad , Nawab of Ghazipur , Hyder Ali 's Mysore , Nawab of Kadapa and Nawab of Kurnool , Nawab of the Carnatic of Arcot and Nellore , Nawab of Junagarh , Rohilkhand of Lower Doab , Rohilkhand of Upper Doab , and Nawab of Bhawalpur . Battle of Buxar ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Buxar The Battle of Buxar was fought on 22 October 1764 between the combined armies of Mir Qasim , the Nawab of Bengal ; Shuja - ud - Daula the Nawab of Awadh ; the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II and the forces under the command of the British East India Company led by Hector Munro , and . The battle fought at Buxar , then within the territory of Bengal , a town located on the bank of the Ganges river , was a decisive victory for the British East India Company . Shuja - ud - Daula served as the leading Nawab Vizier of the Mughal Empire , during the Third Battle of Panipat and the Battle of Buxar Nawab of Bengal , Mir Qasim defected to Shah Alam II . Mirza Najaf Khan , the commander - in - chief of the Mughal Army . Diwani rights ( edit ) Soon after the Battle of Buxar , Shah Alam II , a sovereign who had just been defeated by the British , sought their protection by signing the Treaty of Allahabad in the year 1765 . Shah Alam II was forced to grant the Diwani ( right to collect revenue ) of Bengal ( which included Bihar and Odisha ) to the British East India Company in return for an annual tribute of 2.6 million rupees to be paid by the company from the collected revenue . Tax exempt status was also restored to the company . The company further secured for the districts of Kora and Allahabad which allowed the British East India Company to collect tax from more than 20 million people . East India company thus became the Imperial tax collector in the former Mughal province of Bengal ( which included Bihar and Odisha ) . East India company appointed a deputy Nawab Muhammad Reza Khan to collect revenue on behalf of the company . Shah Alam II granting Robert Clive the `` Diwani rights of Bengal , Behar and Odisha '' in return for the annexed territories of the Nawab of Awadh after the Battle of Buxar , in 12 August 1765 at the Benares . A member of the British East India Company in the Eastern Subah 's . Absence from Delhi ( edit ) Shah Alam II 's absence from Delhi was due to the terms of the treaty he had signed with the British . But his son and heir apparent Prince Mirza Jawan Bakht and Najib - ul - Daula , represented the emperor for the next 12 years in Delhi . Return to Delhi ( edit ) Shah Alam returned to the throne in Delhi in 1772 , under the protection of the Maratha general Mahadaji Shinde ( pictured ) . The emperor resided in the fort of Allahabad for six years . Warren Hastings , the head of East India company got appointed as the first Governor of Bengal in 1774 . This was the period of `` Dual rule '' where East India company enacted laws to maximise collection of revenue and the Mughal Emperor appointed Nawab looked after other affairs of the province . East India company later discontinued the tribute of 2.6 million Rupees and later also handed over the districts of Allahabad and Kara to the Nawab of Awadh . These measures amounted to a repudiation of the company 's vassalage to the emperor as Diwan ( tax collector ) . In 1793 East India Company was strong enough and abolished Nizamat ( local rule ) completely and annexed Bengal . Weakened Shah Alam II agreed to the consultation of the East India Company , who advised him never to trust the Marathas . In the year 1771 the Marathas under Mahadji Shinde returned to northern India and even captured Delhi . Shah Alam II , was escorted by Mahadaji Shinde and left Allahabad in May 1771 and in January 1772 reached Delhi . Along with the Marathas they undertook to win the crown lands of Rohilkhand and defeated Zabita Khan , capturing the fort of Pathar garh with its treasure . In the year 1787 , an embassy of Bijaya Singh from Jodhpur presented itself to the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II , bringing homage and the golden key of the Fortress of Ajmer . After killing Ghulam Qadir and restoring Shah Alam II to the throne , a Maratha garrison permanently occupied Delhi in 1788 and ruled on north India for next two decades until they were usurped by the British East India Company in the Second Anglo - Maratha War . The Royal Chamber in the Public Audience Hall in the Middle of Yazdah Darreh , with the Ruler , Alam Bahador Badshah , and the Great Commanders , a page from the Lady Coote Album . A Firman issued by the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II , dated 1776 . Reformation of the Mughal Army ( edit ) One of his first acts was to strengthen and raise a new Mughal Army , under the command of Mirza Najaf Khan . This new army consisted of infantrymen who successfully utilised both Flintlocks and Talwars in combat formations , they utilised elephants for transportation and were less dependent on artillery and cavalry . Mirza Najaf Khan is also known to have introduced the more - effective Firelock muskets through his collaboration with Mir Qasim , the Nawab of Bengal . The newly reestablished Mughal Army during the reign of Shah Alam II . A Mughal infantryman , under the command of Mirza Najaf Khan . Large Mughal Army encampments during the reign of the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II . Foreign relations ( edit ) Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II negotiates with the British East India Company , after the arrival of Suffren . Shah Alam II , was well supported by Jean Law de Lauriston and 200 Frenchmen during his campaign to regain the Eastern Subah 's ( during the Seven Years ' War ) . The brainchild of the campaign was Ghulam Husain Tabatabai , who had gained much administrative and military experience from both the French and the Dutch . After Shah Alam II 's defeat during the Battle of Buxar , the French once again reached out to emperor under Pierre André de Suffren in the year 1781 , who initiated a plan to capture Bombay and Surat from the Maratha Confederacy and the British , with the co-operation of Mirza Najaf Khan , this action would eventually lead to Asaf Jah II to join Shah Alam II and the French and assist Hyder Ali to capture Madras from the British East India Company . The internal conflicts within the Mughal imperial court would not allow the emperor to make such a bold move against the British . Pierre André de Suffren ally of Hyder Ali and also Shah Alam II . Hyder Ali was bestowed the title Shams ul - Mulk and Amir ud - Daula by Shah Alam II , his pro-French policies were a continuation of the Mughal Empire 's policies during the Seven Years ' War . Rumi Darwaza ( edit ) The Rumi Darwaza , which stands sixty feet tall , was modelled ( 1784 ) after the Sublime Porte ( Bab - iHümayun ) in Istanbul , is one of the very important examples of the exchange between the two cultures . Entrance gate built by the Nawab of Oudh , replicating the Sublime Porte ( Bab - iHümayun ) in Istanbul . Political turmoil ( edit ) Jat victories ( edit ) Jat Maharaja Suraj Mal Jats rose in retaliation of religious intolerance pursued by Aurangzeb . The Hindu Jat kingdom of Bharatpur waged many wars against the Mughal Delhi and in the 17th and 18th century carried out numerous campaigns in Mughal territories including Agra . Mughals were defeated by marathas in 1757 and were under their control . During one massive assault , Jats sieged Agra in 1761 , after 20 days on 12 June 1761 the Mughal forces at Agra surrendered to Jats . Jats plundered the city as was the norm of victors during those days . They carried the bounty including the two great silver doors to the entrance of the famous Taj Mahal ( plundered by mughals after defeating Chittorgarh Rajputs ) were carried off and melted down by Suraj Mal in 1764 . Suraj Mal 's son Jawahar Singh , further extended the Jat power in Northern India and captured the territory in Doab , Ballabgarh and Agra . Jats kept Agra fort and other territories closer to Delhi under their control from 1761 till 1774 CE . Sikh victories ( edit ) Farzana Zeb un-Nissa protected the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II from an imminent Sikh invasion in 1783 and later led the expedition that rescued the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II from the eunuch Ghulam Qadir . Sikhs had been in perpetual war against Mughal intolerance specially after beheading of the Sikh Guru - Guru Teg Bahadur by the Mughals . Simmering Sikhs rose once again in the year 1764 and overran the Mughal Faujdar of Sirhind , Zain Khan Sirhindi , who fell in battle and ever since the Sikhs perpetually raided and took the bounties from the lands as far as Delhi practically every year . They attacked , won and extracted payments from Delhi three times in 11 years particularly in 1772 , 1778 and 1783 . And it is believed that the Sikhs even had informants , probably even the Viziers of Shah Alam II . There was ongoing warfare with the Sikhs who were regaining their traditional homeland in eastern Punjab and also attacking the Rohilla , Mewar and Jat lands . During Shah Alam II 's reign the Sikhs fought not just with the Mughals , but with the Marathas , Rajputs , and Rohillas . The Marathas took Delhi in 1772 before Shah Alam II arrived . Mirza Najaf Khan had restored a sense of order to the Mughal finances and administration and particularly reformed the Mughal Army . In 1777 Mirza Najaf Khan decisively defeated Zabita Khan 's forces and repelled the Sikhs after halting their raids . In 1778 , after a Sikh incursion into Delhi , Shah Alam ordered their defeat by appointing , the Mughal Grand Vizier , Majad - ud - Daula marched with 20,000 Mughal troops against the Sikh army into hostle territories , this action led to the defeat of the Mughal Army at Muzzaffargarh and later at Ghanaur , due to the mounted the casualties Shah Alam II reappointed Mirza Najaf Khan , who soon died of natural circumstances leaving the Mughal Empire weaker than ever . In the year 1779 , Mirza Najaf Khan carefully advanced his forces who successfully routed the treasonous Zabita Khan and his Sikh allies who lost more than 5,000 men in a single battle and never returned to threaten the Mughal Empire during the commander Mirza Najaf Khan 's lifetime . In the year 1783 , Farzana Zeb un-Nissa had saved Delhi from a possible invasion by a force of 30,000 Sikh troops , under Baghel Singh , Jassa Singh Ramgarhia and Jassa Singh Ahluwalia . Downfall ( edit ) A silver rupee struck in the name of Shah Alam , probably issued by some Princely State After the defeats at Muzaffargarh and later at Ghanaur , Majad - ud - Daula was arrested by the orders of Shah Alam II , who then recalled Mirza Najaf Khan . This led to the former Grand Vizier 's arrest for causing miscalculations and collaborating with the enemies of the emperor . The traitor was imprisoned and a sum of two million dam in stolen revenue recovered from him . It was Shah Alam II 's poor judgement and vacillation that led to his own downfall . Mirza Najaf Khan had given the Mughal Empire breathing space by having a powerful , well managed army in its own right . In 1779 the newly reformed Mughal Army decisively defeated Zabita Khan and his Sikh allies the rebels lost 5,000 men including their leader and therefore did not return during the lifetime of Mirza Najaf Khan . Unfortunately upon the general 's death , Shah Alam 's bad judgement prevailed . The dead man 's nephew , Mirza Shafi whose valour had been proven during various occasions , was not appointed commander in chief . Shah Alam II instead appointed worthless individuals whose loyalty and record were questionable at best . They were soon quarrelling over petty matters . Even the corrupt and treasonous former Grand Vizier , Majad - ud - Daula was restored to his former office , he later colluded with the Sikhs and reduced the size of the Mughal Army from over 20,000 to only 5,000 thus bringing the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II at the mercy of his ruffian enemies . The respect toward the house of Timur is so strong that even though the whole subcontinent has been withdrawn from its authority , that no ordinary prince ever intends to take the title of sovereign ... and Shah Alam II is still seated on the Mughal throne , and everything is still done in his name . Benoît de Boigne , ( 1790 ) . Shah Alam II blinded by Ghulam Qadir Prisoner of Ghulam Qadir ( edit ) Nawab Majad - ud - Daula was followed by a known enemy of the Mughals , the grandson of Najib Khan , Ghulam Qadir , with his Sikh allies forced Shah Alam II to appoint him as the Grand Vizier of the Mughal Empire . Petty , avaricious and insane Ghulam Qadir ravaged the palaces in search of the Mughal treasure believed to be worth Rs. 250 million . Unable to locate even a fraction of that sum and angered by the Mughal Emperor 's attempts to eliminate him and his Sikh allies , Ghulam Qadir himself blinded Shah Alam II on 10 August 1788 . A drunken ruffian , Ghulam Qadir behaved with gross brutality to the emperor and his family . Three servants and two water - carriers who tried to help the bleeding emperor were beheaded and according to one account , Ghulam Qadir would pull the beard of the elderly Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II . After ten horrible weeks , during which Ghulam Qadir stripped the princesses of the royal family naked and forced them to dance naked before him ( after which they jumped into Yamuna river to drown ) and the honour of the royal family and prestige of the Mughal Empire reached its lowest ebb , Mahadaji Shinde intervened and killed Ghulam Qadir , taking possession of Delhi on 2 October 1788 . He restored Shah Alam II to the throne and acted as his protector . Protectorate of the Marathas ( edit ) Thankful for his intervention , he honoured Mahadji Shinde with the titles of Vakil - ul - Mutlaq ( Regent of the Empire ) and Amir - ul - Amara ( Head of the Amirs ) . However , he was actually a puppet at the hands of Mahadji Shinde of the Maratha Empire , who were his protectors . After killing Ghulam Qadir and restoring Shah Alam II to the throne , a Maratha garrison permanently occupied Delhi in 1788 and ruled on north India for next two decades until they were usurped by the British East India Company following the Second Anglo - Maratha War in 1803 . Arrival of British troops ( edit ) The tomb of Shah Alam II , in Mehrauli , Delhi . The French threat in Europe and its possible repercussions in India caused the British to strive to regain the custody of Shah Alam II . The British feared that the French military officers might overthrow Maratha power and use the authority of the Mughal emperor to further French ambition in India . Shah Alam II also corresponded with Hyder Ali and later with his son Tipu Sultan during their conflicts with the British East India Company during the Anglo - Mysore Wars and was very well informed about the expansionist agenda of the British . After the Battle of Delhi ( 1803 ) , during the Second Anglo - Maratha War , on 14 September 1803 British troops entered Delhi ending the Maratha rule on the Mughals , bringing Shah Alam , then a blind old man , seated under a tattered canopy , under British protection . The Mughal Emperor no longer had the military power to enforce his will , but he commanded respect as a dignified member of the House of Timur in the length and breadth of the country . The Nawabs and Subedars still sought formal sanction of the Mughal Emperor on their accession and valued the titles he bestowed upon them . They struck coins and read the khutba ( Friday sermons ) in his name . The Marathas in 1804 under Yashwantrao Holkar tried to snatch Delhi from the British in Siege of Delhi ( 1804 ) , but failed . Death ( edit ) Shah Alam II died of natural causes . His grave lies , next to the dargah of 13th century , Sufi saint , Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki at Mehrauli , Delhi in a marble enclosure , along with that of Bahadur Shah I ( also known as Shah Alam I ) , and Akbar Shah II . Map of India in 1765 , before the fall of Nawabs and Princely states nominally allied to the emperor ( mainly in Green ) . Map of India in 1795 , before the death of Shah Alam II See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shah Alam II . Mirza Najaf Khan Shuja - ud - Daula Hyder Ali Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Delhi , Past and Present , p. 4 , at Google Books Jump up ^ History of Islam , p. 512 , at Google Books Jump up ^ Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707 -- 1813 , p. 140 , at Google Books Jump up ^ S.M. Ikram ( 1964 ) . `` XIX . A Century of Political Decline : 1707 -- 1803 '' . In Ainslie T. Embree . Muslim Civilization in India . New York : Columbia University Press . Retrieved 5 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Dictionary of Indo - Persian Literature , p. 40 , at Google Books Jump up ^ Mughal Empire in India : A Systematic Study Including Source Material , Volume 3 , p. 767 , at Google Books Jump up ^ S.R. Sharma ( 1 January 1999 ) . Mughal empire in India : a systematic study including source material . Atlantic Publishers & Dist . pp. 769 -- . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7156 - 819 - 2 . Retrieved 30 March 2012 . Jump up ^ L.S.S. O ` malley . Bihar and Orissa District Gazetteers Patna . Concept Publishing Company . pp. 32 -- . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7268 - 121 - 0 . Retrieved 30 March 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.britannica.com/biography/Alamgir-II ^ Jump up to : Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1908 , p. 9 ^ Jump up to : Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1908 , p. 10 Jump up ^ Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1908 , p. 11 Jump up ^ A Dictionary of Modern Indian History ( 1707 -- 1947 ) , Parshotam Mehra , ISBN 0 - 19 - 561552 - 2 , 1985 ed. , Oxford University Press Jump up ^ The Great Maratha Mahadaji Shinde - N.G. Rathod - Google Books . Books.google.co.in . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ The Fall of the Moghul Empire of Hindustan , p. 6 , at Google Books ^ Jump up to : Delhi , the Capital of India By Anon , John Capper , p. 28 . `` This source establishes the Maratha control of Delhi before the British '' Jump up ^ Kaushik Roy . War , Culture , Society in Early Modern South Asia , 1740 -- 1849 . Taylor & Francis . pp. 29 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 79087 - 4 . Retrieved 30 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Kaushik Roy . War , Culture , Society in Early Modern South Asia , 1740 -- 1849 . Taylor & Francis . pp. 30 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 79087 - 4 . Retrieved 30 March 2012 . Jump up ^ https://www.google.ae/search?q=suffren+letter+shah+alam&oq=suffren+letter+shah+alam&aqs=chrome...69i57.5079j0j7&sourceid=chrome&es_sm=93&ie=UTF-8#tbm=bks&q=de+Suffren+and+shah+alam Jump up ^ http://www.lucknow.org.uk/tourist-attractions/rumi-darwaza.html Jump up ^ `` Lucknow '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : The province of Agra , Author : Dharma Bhanu Srivastava , page 8 - 10 Jump up ^ The Gazetteer of India : History and culture . Publications Division , Ministry of Information and Broadcasting , India . 1973 . p. 348 . OCLC 186583361 . Jump up ^ http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/Culture/Archit/TajM.html Jump up ^ The Province of Agra : Its History and Administration , p. 9 , at Google Books ^ Jump up to : Misbah Islam ( 30 June 2008 ) . Decline of Muslim States and Societies . Xlibris Corporation . pp. 392 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4363 - 1012 - 3 . Retrieved 30 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Marathas and the Marathas Country : The Marathas , p. 159 , at Google Books William Francklin ( 1798 ) . The History of the reign of Shah - Aulum ( Shah Alam ) , the present emperor of Hindostaun . Cooper & Graham , London . Shah Alam II ( 1728 -- 1806 ) The Fall of the Moghul Empire of Hindustan -- World Wide School Marathas and the English Company 1707 -- 1800 Further reading ( edit ) Shah Alam Nama . Bibliotheca Indica. 1912 . Shah Alam II Timurid Dynasty Born : 1728 Died : 1806 Regnal titles Preceded by Shah Jahan III Preceded by Mahmud Shah Bahadur Mughal Emperor 1759 -- 1806 Succeeded by Mahmud Shah Bahadur Succeeded by Akbar Shah II ( hide ) Mughal Empire Emperors Babur Humayun Akbar Jahangir Shah Jahan Aurangzeb ( Alamgir ) Muhammad Azam Shah Bahadur Shah I Jahandar Shah Farrukhsiyar Rafi ud - Darajat Shah Jahan II Muhammad Shah Ahmad Shah Bahadur Alamgir II Shah Jahan III Shah Alam II Akbar II Bahadur Shah II Battles and conflicts Battle of Panipat ( 1526 ) Gujarat conquest Battle of Khanwa Battle of Ghaghra Siege of Sambhal Battle of Panipat ( 1556 ) Battle of Thanesar Siege of Chittorgarh Siege of Ranthambore Battle of Tukaroi Battle of Raj Mahal Battle of Haldighati Battle of Bhuchar Mori Siege of Kandahar Mughal -- Safavid War ( 1622 -- 23 ) Siege of Orchha Mughal -- Safavid War ( 1649 -- 53 ) Battle of Samugarh Battle of Khajwa Suppression of Tilpat rebellion Ahom -- Mughal conflicts Siege of Purandhar Tibet -- Ladakh -- Mughal War Mughal -- Maratha Wars Siege of Bijapur Siege of Jinji Child 's War Siege of Golconda Battle of Karnal Third Battle of Panipat Battle of Buxar Siege of Delhi Architecture Taj Mahal Gardens of Babur Fatehpur Sikri Tomb of Salim Chishti Humayun 's Tomb Red Fort Lahore Fort Jahangir Mahal Lalbagh Fort Akbar 's Tomb Agra Fort Chawk Mosque Shalimar Gardens Achabal Gardens Jahangir 's Tomb Bibi Ka Maqbara Badshahi Mosque Shahi Bridge Shah Jahan Mosque , Thatta Sheesh Mahal Sunehri Masjid Tipu Sultan Mosque Wazir Khan Mosque more Adversaries Ibrahim Lodi Rana Sanga Sher Shah Suri Hemu Maharana Pratap Malik Ambar Gokula Pratapaditya Shivaji Lachit Borphukan Khushal Khattak Sir Josiah Child Guru Gobind Singh Henry Every Bajirao I Nader Shah Hector Munro Provinces Bengal Subah Gujarat Subah See also Art Cuisine Culture Flag Gardens Language Military Painting Persians Tribe Weapons Timurid dynasty family tree Successor states Maratha Empire Rajput states Jats Sikh Empire Nawabs of Bengal Awadh Nizam of Hyderabad Carnatic Kingdom of Mysore Rohilkhand VIAF : 70169499 LCCN : n50002518 ISNI : 0000 0000 8258 8629 SUDOC : 063245213 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shah_Alam_II&oldid=811113996 '' Categories : Mughal emperors 1728 births 1806 deaths 18th - century Indian monarchs People from Delhi Timurid monarchs Descendants of Genghis Khan Hidden categories : Use Indian English from July 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from October 2012 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú भोजपुरी Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Русский Simple English Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 November 2017 , at 16 : 23 . 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After the Battle of Delhi ( 1803 ) , during the Second Anglo - Maratha War , on 14 September 1803 British troops entered Delhi ending the Maratha rule on the Mughals , bringing Shah Alam , then a blind old man , seated under a tattered canopy , under British protection . The Mughal Emperor no longer had the military power to enforce his will , but he commanded respect as a dignified member of the House of Timur in the length and breadth of the country . The Nawabs and Subedars still sought formal sanction of the Mughal Emperor on their accession and valued the titles he bestowed upon them . They struck coins and read the khutba ( Friday sermons ) in his name . The Marathas in 1804 under Yashwantrao Holkar tried to snatch Delhi from the British in Siege of Delhi ( 1804 ) , but failed .

List of most - viewed YouTube videos - wikipedia List of most - viewed YouTube videos List of most - viewed YouTube videos `` Despacito '' by Luis Fonsi ( first ) featuring Daddy Yankee ( second ) is the most viewed video on YouTube , with over 5.4 billion views as of August 2018 . YouTube is an American video - sharing website headquartered in San Bruno , California . Since its establishment in 2005 , the website has featured a `` most viewed '' section , which lists the most viewed videos on the site . Although the most viewed videos were initially viral videos , such as Evolution of Dance and Charlie Bit My Finger , the most viewed videos were increasingly related to music videos . In fact , since Lady Gaga 's `` Bad Romance '' , every video that has reached the top of the `` most viewed YouTube videos '' list has been a music video . Although the most viewed videos are no longer listed on the site , reaching the top of the list is still considered a tremendous feat . In November 2005 , a Nike advertisement featuring Brazilian soccer star Ronaldinho became the first video to reach one million views . In December 2012 , `` Gangnam Style '' became the first video to reach one billion views . By June 2015 , only `` Baby '' had managed to reach this threshold , but by October 2015 , a total of ten videos had done so . The number of billion - views videos reached 100 in February 2018 , and in July 2018 , `` November Rain '' by Guns N ' Roses became the first video created before the YouTube era to reach this threshold . In May 2014 `` Gangnam Style '' became the first video to exceed two billion views . `` Despacito '' became the first video to reach three billion views in August 2017 , and since has surpassed four billion in October 2017 , and five billion in April 2018 . As of August 2018 , 24 videos have exceeded two billion views ; six of which exceed three billion views and one of which exceeds five billion views . `` See You Again '' became the second video to reach three billion views in August 2017 , followed by `` Gangnam Style '' in November 2017 . As of August 2018 , the fastest videos to reach the one billion view mark are `` Hello '' ( 87 days ) , `` Despacito '' ( 96 days ) , `` Shape of You '' ( 97 days ) , `` Mi Gente '' ( 103 days ) and `` Échame la Culpa '' ( 111 days ) . The fastest videos to reach two billion views are `` Despacito '' ( 154 days ) , `` Shape of You '' ( 187 days ) and `` Chantaje '' ( 379 days ) , and the fastest videos to reach three billion views are `` Despacito '' ( 203 days ) , `` Shape of You '' ( 342 days ) and `` See You Again '' ( 852 days ) . As of August 2018 , Justin Bieber is the only artist to have five videos exceeding one billion views , while Katy Perry , Bruno Mars and Nicky Jam have four . Only seven non-music videos are featured in the top 100 most - viewed , with the channel Get Movies having two . Taylor Swift , Katy Perry , Ed Sheeran and Shakira are the only artists to have two videos exceeding two billion views . Contents 1 Top videos 2 By year of release 3 Historical most viewed videos 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References Top videos The following table lists the top 100 most viewed videos on YouTube , with each total rounded to the nearest 10 million views , as well as the creator and date of publication to YouTube . -- This indicates the upload is not a recording artist 's music video Top 100 most - viewed YouTube videos Rank Video name Uploader / artist Views ( billions ) Upload date Notes 1 . `` Despacito '' Luis Fonsi featuring Daddy Yankee 5.46 January 12 , 2017 2 . `` Shape of You '' Ed Sheeran 3.73 January 30 , 2017 3 . `` See You Again '' Wiz Khalifa featuring Charlie Puth 3.73 April 6 , 2015 4 . `` Masha and the Bear : Recipe for Disaster '' Get Movies 3.24 January 31 , 2012 5 . `` Gangnam Style '' Psy 3.20 July 15 , 2012 6 . `` Uptown Funk '' Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars 3.20 November 19 , 2014 7 . `` Sorry '' Justin Bieber 3.00 October 22 , 2015 8 . `` Sugar '' Maroon 5 2.72 January 14 , 2015 9 . `` Shake It Off '' Taylor Swift 2.63 August 18 , 2014 10 . `` Roar '' Katy Perry 2.61 September 5 , 2013 11 . `` Bailando '' Enrique Iglesias featuring Descemer Bueno and Gente De Zona 2.56 April 11 , 2014 12 . `` Thinking Out Loud '' Ed Sheeran 2.45 October 7 , 2014 13 . `` Dark Horse '' Katy Perry featuring Juicy J 2.40 February 20 , 2014 14 . `` Counting Stars '' OneRepublic 2.39 May 31 , 2013 15 . `` Hello '' Adele 2.39 October 22 , 2015 16 . `` Lean On '' Major Lazer and DJ Snake featuring MØ 2.38 March 22 , 2015 17 . `` Blank Space '' Taylor Swift 2.33 November 10 , 2014 18 . `` Chantaje '' Shakira featuring Maluma 2.24 November 18 , 2016 19 . `` All About That Bass '' Meghan Trainor 2.22 June 11 , 2014 20 . `` Closer ( Lyric video ) '' The Chainsmokers featuring Halsey 2.16 July 29 , 2016 21 . `` Wheels on the Bus '' LittleBabyBum 2.15 August 9 , 2014 22 . `` This Is What You Came For '' Calvin Harris featuring Rihanna 2.07 June 16 , 2016 23 . `` Let Her Go '' Passenger 2.00 July 25 , 2012 24 . `` Waka Waka ( This Time for Africa ) '' Shakira featuring Freshlyground 2.00 June 4 , 2010 25 . `` Mi Gente '' J Balvin and Willy William 1.99 June 29 , 2017 26 . `` Baby '' Justin Bieber featuring Ludacris 1.96 February 19 , 2010 27 . `` What Do You Mean ? '' Justin Bieber 1.94 August 30 , 2015 28 . `` We Do n't Talk Anymore '' Charlie Puth featuring Selena Gomez 1.91 August 2 , 2016 29 . `` Work from Home '' Fifth Harmony featuring Ty Dolla $ ign 1.90 February 26 , 2016 30 . `` Faded '' Alan Walker 1.90 December 3 , 2015 31 . `` Rockabye '' Clean Bandit featuring Sean Paul & Anne - Marie 1.90 October 21 , 2016 32 . `` Chandelier '' Sia 1.89 May 6 , 2014 33 . `` Love Me Like You Do '' Ellie Goulding 1.79 January 22 , 2015 34 . `` Wake Me Up '' Avicii 1.65 July 29 , 2013 35 . `` Baby Shark Dance '' Pinkfong ! Kids ' Songs & Stories 1.62 June 17 , 2016 36 . `` Worth It '' Fifth Harmony featuring Kid Ink 1.61 March 28 , 2015 37 . `` Treat You Better '' Shawn Mendes 1.59 July 12 , 2016 38 . `` Love the Way You Lie '' Eminem featuring Rihanna 1.58 August 5 , 2010 39 . `` Échame la Culpa '' Luis Fonsi and Demi Lovato 1.56 November 16 , 2017 40 . `` Let It Go '' Idina Menzel 1.56 January 30 , 2014 41 . `` Watch Me ( Whip / Nae Nae ) '' Silentó 1.56 June 25 , 2015 42 . `` Johny Johny Yes Papa '' ChuChu TV 1.53 November 14 , 2014 43 . `` Party Rock Anthem '' LMFAO featuring Lauren Bennett and GoonRock 1.53 March 8 , 2011 44 . `` Rude '' Magic ! 1.52 December 5 , 2013 45 . `` Criminal '' Natti Natasha and Ozuna 1.51 August 18 , 2017 46 . `` Ay Vamos '' J Balvin 1.51 August 29 , 2014 47 . `` Huge Eggs Surprise Toys Challenge '' Ryan ToysReview 1.48 April 13 , 2016 48 . `` The Gummy Bear Song '' icanrockyourworld 1.48 October 9 , 2007 49 . `` Stressed Out '' Twenty One Pilots 1.45 April 27 , 2015 50 . `` The Lazy Song '' Bruno Mars 1.44 April 15 , 2011 51 . `` Vente Pa ' Ca '' Ricky Martin featuring Maluma 1.43 September 22 , 2016 52 . `` Hotline Bling '' Drake 1.43 October 26 , 2015 53 . `` New Rules '' Dua Lipa 1.41 July 7 , 2017 54 . `` Felices los 4 '' Maluma 1.39 April 21 , 2017 55 . `` Love Yourself '' Justin Bieber 1.39 November 14 , 2015 56 . `` Starboy '' The Weeknd featuring Daft Punk 1.38 September 28 , 2016 57 . `` Propuesta Indecente '' Romeo Santos 1.38 September 9 , 2013 58 . `` Side to Side '' Ariana Grande featuring Nicki Minaj 1.38 August 29 , 2016 59 . `` Rolling in the Deep '' Adele 1.38 November 30 , 2010 60 . `` Reggaetón Lento ( Bailemos ) '' CNCO 1.36 October 7 , 2016 61 . `` Axel F '' Crazy Frog 1.36 June 16 , 2009 62 . `` Perfect '' Ed Sheeran 1.35 November 9 , 2017 63 . `` All of Me '' John Legend 1.35 October 2 , 2013 64 . `` Hasta el Amanecer '' Nicky Jam 1.33 January 14 , 2016 65 . `` That 's What I Like '' Bruno Mars 1.32 March 2 , 2017 66 . `` Mayores '' Becky G and Bad Bunny 1.30 July 13 , 2017 67 . `` Havana ( Audio ) '' Camila Cabello featuring Young Thug 1.29 August 3 , 2017 68 . `` Something Just like This ( Lyric video ) '' The Chainsmokers and Coldplay 1.27 February 22 , 2017 69 . `` Andas en Mi Cabeza '' Chino & Nacho featuring Daddy Yankee 1.26 April 20 , 2016 70 . `` Burn '' Ellie Goulding 1.26 July 7 , 2013 71 . `` On the Floor '' Jennifer Lopez featuring Pitbull 1.25 March 3 , 2011 72 . `` The Hills '' The Weeknd 1.25 May 27 , 2015 73 . `` Shaky Shaky '' Daddy Yankee 1.24 July 14 , 2016 74 . `` How Deep Is Your Love '' Calvin Harris featuring Disciples 1.23 August 6 , 2015 75 . `` Summer '' Calvin Harris 1.23 April 6 , 2014 76 . `` Bad Blood '' Taylor Swift featuring Kendrick Lamar 1.23 May 17 , 2015 77 . `` Hey Mama '' David Guetta featuring Nicki Minaj , Bebe Rexha and Afrojack 1.23 May 19 , 2015 78 . `` Thrift Shop '' Macklemore & Ryan Lewis featuring Wanz 1.21 August 29 , 2012 79 . `` Diamonds '' Rihanna 1.21 November 8 , 2012 80 . `` Picky '' Joey Montana 1.20 June 29 , 2015 81 . `` Bang Bang '' Jessie J , Ariana Grande and Nicki Minaj 1.20 August 25 , 2014 82 . `` Animals '' Martin Garrix 1.19 June 17 , 2013 83 . `` X '' Nicky Jam and J Balvin 1.19 March 1 , 2018 84 . `` El Pollito Pio '' Pulcino Pio 1.19 November 29 , 2012 85 . `` Corazón '' Maluma featuring Nego do Borel 1.19 December 8 , 2017 86 . `` La Bicicleta '' Carlos Vives and Shakira 1.19 July 8 , 2016 87 . `` Gentleman '' Psy 1.19 April 13 , 2013 88 . `` Just the Way You Are '' Bruno Mars 1.18 September 8 , 2010 89 . `` Swalla '' Jason Derulo featuring Nicki Minaj and Ty Dolla Sign 1.17 March 17 , 2017 90 . `` El Perdón '' Nicky Jam and Enrique Iglesias 1.16 March 23 , 2015 91 . `` Masha and the Bear : Bon appétit ! '' Get Movies 1.15 September 21 , 2012 92 . `` Johny Johny Yes Papa '' LooLoo Kids 1.15 October 8 , 2016 93 . `` Me Rehúso ( Audio ) '' Danny Ocean 1.15 September 18 , 2016 94 . `` Cheap Thrills ( Lyric video ) '' Sia featuring Sean Paul 1.15 February 11 , 2016 95 . `` Someone like You '' Adele 1.14 September 29 , 2011 96 . `` Not Afraid '' Eminem 1.13 June 4 , 2010 97 . `` El Perdedor '' Maluma 1.13 April 22 , 2016 98 . `` El Amante '' Nicky Jam 1.12 January 15 , 2017 99 . `` Problem '' Ariana Grande featuring Iggy Azalea 1.12 May 30 , 2014 100 . `` Firework '' Katy Perry 1.12 October 28 , 2010 As of August 28 , 2018 By year of release The following table lists the current top 5 most viewed YouTube videos uploaded in each year , with each total rounded to the nearest ten million views , as well as the uploader and date of publication to YouTube . As of August 2018 , Katy Perry and Adele have the most appearances on the list with three each . Only Linkin Park ( 2007 ) , icanrockyourworld ( 2007 ) and Luis Fonsi ( 2017 ) have two videos in the top 5 of a single year , with both the English and French versions of Gummibär 's The Gummy Bear Song being in the top five videos of 2007 . Only three videos on the list are not music videos . -- This indicates the upload is not a recording artist 's music video Top 5 most - viewed YouTube videos each year Year Video name Uploader Views ( billions ) Upload date Notes 2005 `` Life Goes On '' fhearnoiz 0.11 September 22 , 2005 `` guitar '' guitar90 0.09 December 20 , 2005 `` Tarzan Boy '' nailofgilead 0.09 November 2 , 2005 `` Hurt '' beachbuggy 0.08 December 12 , 2005 `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' Frozentoast 0.06 September 18 , 2005 Combined views ( 2005 ) 0.43 2006 `` Galinha Pintadinha - videoclip infantil animado '' Galinha Pintadinha 0.52 December 28 , 2006 `` Ella y Yo '' JosephIngma 0.37 April 27 , 2006 `` Evolution of Dance '' Judson Laipply 0.30 April 6 , 2006 `` I Write Sins Not Tragedies '' Fueled By Ramen 0.24 July 18 , 2006 `` If you are happy '' Alicia Kids ! 0.18 September 5 , 2006 Combined views ( 2006 ) 1.61 2007 `` The Gummy Bear Song '' icanrockyourworld 1.48 October 9 , 2007 `` Numb '' Linkin Park 0.94 March 4 , 2007 `` Charlie Bit My Finger '' HDCYT 0.86 May 22 , 2007 `` Je m'appelle Funny Bear '' icanrockyourworld 0.37 October 15 , 2007 `` What I 've Done '' Linkin Park 0.36 April 3 , 2007 Combined views ( 2007 ) 4.01 2008 `` Hot n Cold '' Katy Perry 0.83 October 13 , 2008 `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' Queen Official 0.61 August 1 , 2008 `` Pintinho Amarelinho - DVD Galena Pintadinha '' Galinha Pintadinha 0.60 September 15 , 2008 `` Viva la Vida '' Coldplay 0.50 August 4 , 2008 `` Colgando en tus manos '' Carlos Baute 0.41 October 29 , 2008 Combined views ( 2008 ) 2.95 2009 `` Axel F '' Crazy Frog 1.36 June 16 , 2009 `` November Rain '' Guns N ' Roses 1.01 December 24 , 2009 `` Bad Romance '' Lady Gaga 0.95 November 23 , 2009 `` You Belong with Me '' Taylor Swift 0.86 June 16 , 2009 `` Zombie '' The Cranberries 0.76 June 16 , 2009 Combined views ( 2009 ) 4.94 `` Waka Waka ( This Time for Africa ) '' Shakira 2.00 June 4 , 2010 `` Baby '' Justin Bieber 1.96 February 19 , 2010 `` Love the Way You Lie '' Eminem 1.58 August 5 , 2010 `` Rolling in the Deep '' Adele 1.38 November 30 , 2010 `` Just the Way You Are '' Bruno Mars 1.18 September 8 , 2010 Combined views ( 2010 ) 8.10 2011 `` Party Rock Anthem '' LMFAO 1.53 March 8 , 2011 `` The Lazy Song '' Bruno Mars 1.44 April 15 , 2011 `` On the Floor '' Jennifer Lopez 1.25 March 3 , 2011 `` Someone like You '' Adele 1.14 September 29 , 2011 `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' Gotye 1.10 July 5 , 2011 Combined views ( 2011 ) 6.46 2012 `` Маша и Медведь - Маша плюс каша '' Get Movies 3.24 January 31 , 2012 `` Gangnam Style '' Psy 3.20 July 15 , 2012 `` Let Her Go '' Passenger 2.00 July 25 , 2012 `` Thrift Shop '' Macklemore & Ryan Lewis 1.21 August 29 , 2012 `` Diamonds '' Rihanna 1.21 November 8 , 2012 Combined views ( 2012 ) 10.86 2013 `` Roar '' Katy Perry 2.61 September 5 , 2013 `` Counting Stars '' OneRepublic 2.39 May 31 , 2013 `` Wake Me Up '' Avicii 1.65 July 29 , 2013 `` Rude '' Magic ! 1.52 December 5 , 2013 `` Propuesta Indecente '' Romeo Santos 1.38 September 9 , 2013 Combined views ( 2013 ) 9.55 2014 `` Uptown Funk '' Mark Ronson 3.20 November 19 , 2014 `` Shake It Off '' Taylor Swift 2.63 August 18 , 2014 `` Bailando '' Enrique Iglesias 2.56 April 11 , 2014 `` Thinking Out Loud '' Ed Sheeran 2.45 October 7 , 2014 `` Dark Horse '' Katy Perry 2.40 February 20 , 2014 Combined views ( 2014 ) 13.24 2015 `` See You Again '' Wiz Khalifa 3.73 April 6 , 2015 `` Sorry '' Justin Bieber 3.00 October 22 , 2015 `` Sugar '' Maroon 5 2.72 January 14 , 2015 `` Hello '' Adele 2.39 October 22 , 2015 `` Lean On '' Major Lazer 2.38 March 22 , 2015 Combined views ( 2015 ) 14.22 2016 `` Chantaje '' Shakira 2.24 November 18 , 2016 `` Closer ( Lyric video ) '' The Chainsmokers 2.16 July 29 , 2016 `` This Is What You Came For '' Calvin Harris 2.07 June 16 , 2016 `` We Do n't Talk Anymore '' Charlie Puth 1.91 August 2 , 2016 `` Work from Home '' Fifth Harmony 1.90 February 26 , 2016 Combined views ( 2016 ) 10.28 2017 `` Despacito '' Luis Fonsi 5.46 January 12 , 2017 `` Shape of You '' Ed Sheeran 3.73 January 30 , 2017 `` Mi Gente '' J Balvin 1.99 June 29 , 2017 `` Échame la Culpa '' Luis Fonsi 1.56 November 16 , 2017 `` Criminal '' Pina Records 1.51 August 18 , 2017 Combined views ( 2017 ) 14.25 2018 `` X '' Nicky Jam 1.19 March 1 , 2018 `` Te Boté ( Remix ) '' Flow La Movie 1.10 April 11 , 2018 `` Dura '' Daddy Yankee 1.05 January 18 , 2018 `` El Farsante ( Remix ) '' Ozuna 0.93 January 30 , 2018 `` God 's Plan '' Drake 0.80 February 16 , 2018 Combined views ( 2018 ) 5.07 As of August 17 , 2018 Historical most viewed videos The following table lists the last 15 videos to become YouTube 's most viewed video , from October 2005 to the present . Current record Former record Indicates the video has since been removed from YouTube Progression of the most - viewed video on YouTube Video name Uploader Views * Upload date Date achieved Days held Ref ( s ) Notes `` Despacito '' Luis Fonsi 2,993,700,000 Jan 12 , 2017 Aug 04 , 2017 390 `` See You Again '' Wiz Khalifa 2,894,000,000 Apr 06 , 2015 Jul 10 , 2017 25 `` Gangnam Style '' Psy 803,700,000 Jul 15 , 2012 Nov 24 , 2012 1,689 `` Baby '' Justin Bieber 245,400,000 Feb 19 , 2010 Jul 16 , 2010 862 `` Bad Romance '' Lady Gaga 178,400,000 Nov 23 , 2009 Apr 14 , 2010 93 `` Charlie Bit My Finger '' HDCYT 128,900,000 May 22 , 2007 Oct 25 , 2009 171 `` Evolution of Dance '' Judson Laipply 118,900,000 Apr 06 , 2006 May 2 , 2009 176 `` Girlfriend '' RCA Records 92,600,000 Feb 27 , 2007 Jul 17 , 2008 289 `` Evolution of Dance '' Judson Laipply 78,400,000 Apr 06 , 2006 Mar 15 , 2008 124 `` Music Is My Hot Hot Sex '' CLARUSBARTEL72 76,600,000 Apr 09 , 2007 Feb 29 , 2008 15 `` Evolution of Dance '' Judson Laipply 10,600,000 Apr 06 , 2006 May 19 , 2006 651 `` Pokemon Theme Music Video '' Smosh 4,300,000 Nov 28 , 2005 Mar 12 , 2006 68 `` Myspace -- The Movie '' eggtea 2,700,000 Jan 31 , 2006 Feb 18 , 2006 22 `` Phony Photo Booth '' mugenized 3,400,000 Dec 01 , 2005 Jan 21 , 2006 28 `` The Chronic of Narnia Rap '' youtubedude 2,300,000 Dec 18 , 2005 Jan 09 , 2006 12 `` Ronaldinho : Touch of Gold '' Nikesoccer 255,000 Oct 21 , 2005 Oct 31 , 2005 70 `` I / O Brush '' larfus 247,000 Oct 05 , 2005 Oct 29 , 2005 `` Me at the zoo '' jawed Apr 23 , 2005 Apr 23 , 2005 As of August 29 , 2018 * The approximate number of views each video had when it became YouTube 's most viewed video . Charts Timeline of most viewed videos ( Oct 2005 - Aug 2018 ) No 1 most viewed video ( Oct 2005 - Jun 2006 ) No 1 most viewed video ( Apr 2006 - Jan 2010 ) No 1 most viewed video ( Oct 2009 - Jan 2013 ) No 1 most viewed video ( Jan 2012 - Aug 2018 ) See also List of most - viewed Vevo videos List of most - disliked YouTube videos List of most - liked YouTube videos List of most - subscribed YouTube channels List of most - viewed YouTube channels List of most viewed online videos in the first 24 hours List of most viewed online trailers in the first 24 hours List of viral music videos List of most streamed songs on Spotify Notes Jump up ^ Only the uploaders of the videos are attributed , the featured artists in music videos are not counted . Jump up ^ Some videos may not be available worldwide due to regional restrictions in certain countries . Jump up ^ `` Despacito '' became the fifty - fourth video to reach 1 billion views on April 20 , 2017 , doing so in 96 days ; twelfth video to reach 2 billion views on June 16 , 2017 , doing so in the fastest time -- 154 days ; first video to reach 3 billion views on August 4 , 2017 , doing so in the fastest time -- 204 days ; first video to reach 4 billion views on October 11 , 2017 ; first video to reach 5 billion views on April 5 , 2018 ; Vevo 's most viewed video with over 5.4 billion views and YouTube 's most liked video with over 29.5 million likes as of August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shape of You '' is the fourth video to reach 3 billion views on January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` See You Again '' surpassed `` Gangnam Style '' as the most viewed video on July 10 , 2017 ; tenth video to reach 1 billion views on October 7 , 2015 ; second video to reach 2 billion views on September 3 , 2016 ; second video to reach 3 billion views on August 6 , 2017 ; second most liked video with over 21.1 million likes as of August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Recipe for Disaster '' is the most viewed non-music video of all time as of August 2018 ; sixth video to reach 3 billion views on April 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gangnam Style '' surpassed `` Baby '' as the most viewed video on November 24 , 2012 ; first video to reach 1 billion views on December 21 , 2012 ; first video to reach 2 billion views on May 30 , 2014 ; third video to reach 3 billion views on November 25 , 2017 ; currently holds the record for the longest reign as YouTube 's most viewed video with 1,689 days . Jump up ^ `` Uptown Funk '' is the fifth video to reach 3 billion views on March 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ As of August 2018 , `` Hello '' is the fastest video to reach one billion views , doing so in 87 days . Jump up ^ `` Closer '' is the most viewed lyric video of all time as of August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Baby '' surpassed `` Bad Romance '' as the most viewed video on July 16 , 2010 ; second video to reach 1 billion views on March 4 , 2014 ; most disliked video with over 9.4 million dislikes as of August 2018 . Jump up ^ This is a sing - along version of the song Let It Go , entitled `` Let It Go Sing Along '' , posted by `` Disney UK '' . Jump up ^ `` Johny Johny , Yes Papa '' is a nursery rhyme originating in Kenya . Jump up ^ `` The Gummy Bear Song '' is the oldest YouTube video to exceed one billion views as of August 2018 . Jump up ^ Some videos may not be available worldwide due to regional restrictions in certain countries . Jump up ^ 2006 A video titled `` The Sneezing Baby Panda '' was published on November 6 , 2006 and gained over 221 million views . It was deleted in March 2017 and is the sixth most viewed deleted YouTube video . Its view count would place it as the fourth most viewed video of 2006 , had it not been removed . A video titled `` Hahaha '' was published on November 1 , 2006 , and gained over 208 million views . It peaked at number 12 on the list of most viewed YouTube videos in May 2011 and was deleted in November 2011 . It is the seventh most viewed deleted YouTube video . Its view count would place it as the fifth most viewed video of 2006 , had it not been removed . Jump up ^ `` Evolution of Dance '' previously held the title of YouTube 's most viewed video on three separate occasions : May 19 , 2006 -- February 29 , 2008 , March 15 , 2008 -- July 17 , 2008 , and May 2 , 2009 -- October 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ 2007 A video titled `` Parto in un letto '' was published on May 9 , 2007 , and gained over 325 million views . It peaked at number 8 on the list of most viewed YouTube videos in November 2011 and was deleted in January 2012 for violating YouTube Community Guidelines . It is currently the most viewed deleted YouTube video . Its view count would place it as the fourth most viewed video of 2007 , had it not been removed . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Bit My Finger '' previously held the title of YouTube 's most viewed video from October 24 , 2009 to April 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bad Romance '' previously held the title of YouTube 's most viewed video from April 14 , 2010 to July 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Baby '' previously held the title of YouTube 's most viewed video from July 16 , 2010 to November 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gangnam Style '' previously held the title of YouTube 's most viewed video from November 24 , 2012 to July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` See You Again '' previously held the title of YouTube 's most viewed video from July 10 , 2017 to August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Despacito '' currently holds the title of YouTube 's most viewed video . Jump up ^ `` Despacito '' became the first video to reach 3 billion views on August 4 , 2017 ; first video to reach 4 billion views on October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gangnam Style '' became the first video to reach 1 billion views on December 21 , 2012 ; first video to reach 2 billion views on May 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Baby '' became to first video to reach 500 million views on March 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bad Romance '' became the first video to reach 200 million views on May 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Music is My Hot Hot Sex '' became the first video to reach 100 million views on March 11 , 2008 . The uploader then deleted the video four days later . Jump up ^ `` Evolution of Dance '' became the first video to reach 20 million views on June 5 , 2006 ; first video to reach 50 million views on June 7 , 2007 . It is the only video on this list to hold the No. 1 spot on more than one separate occasion . Jump up ^ `` Pokemon Theme Music Video '' became the first video to reach 10 million views on May 6 , 2006 . It was removed from YouTube in June 2007 for copyright infringement . Jump up ^ `` Phony Photo Booth '' became the first video to reach 5 million views on February 8 , 2006 . It was removed from YouTube on February 18 , 2006 for copyright infringement . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldinho : Touch of Gold '' became the first video to reach 500,000 views on November 3 , 2005 ; first video to reach 1 million views on November 11 , 2005 ; first video to reach 2 million views on December 12 , 2005 . References Jump up ^ `` 2005 : Nike video featuring Ronaldinho becomes first YouTube film to reach one million views '' . Jump up ^ `` PSY 's ' Gangnam Style ' Hits 1 Billion Views on YouTube '' . Jump up ^ Spanos , Brittany ( October 13 , 2015 ) . `` The Billion View Club : YouTube 's 10 Most Watched Videos '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` There Are Now Over 100 YouTube Videos With At Least A Billion Views '' . Jump up ^ `` Guns N ' Roses Heads For $500 Million Tour Earnings As ' November Rain ' Sets YouTube Record '' . Jump up ^ `` Gangnam video first to hit two billion views on YouTube '' . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Hugh ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Despacito ' Is The First Video To Reach 4 Billion Views On YouTube '' . Forbes . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Hugh ( April 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Despacito ' Has Just Become The First Video To Reach 5 Billion Views On YouTube '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Hugh ( August 6 , 2017 ) . `` Wiz Khalifa & Charlie Puth 's ' See You Again ' Has Now Hit Three Billion Views On YouTube '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Hugh ( November 25 , 2017 ) . `` Psy 's ' Gangnam Style ' Finally Reaches 3 Billion Views On YouTube '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fastest to 1 billion '' . Kworb . October 15 , 2017 . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fastest to 2 billion '' . Kworb . September 15 , 2017 . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fastest to 3 billion '' . Kworb . September 15 , 2017 . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Most viewed music videos of all time '' . Kworb . Jump up ^ `` All Time Most Viewed YouTube Videos '' . dbase. tube . ^ Jump up to : `` Luis Fonsi - Despacito ft . Daddy Yankee '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Flores , Griselda ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Luis Fonsi 's ' Despacito ' With Daddy Yankee Reaches 1 Billion Views on YouTube '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Despacito on YouTube on the Wayback Machine on June 16 , 2017 , 20 : 45 : 42 ( UTC ) '' . Wayback Machine . June 16 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Despacito on YouTube on the Wayback Machine on June 16 , 2017 , 23 : 27 : 11 ( UTC ) '' . Wayback Machine . June 16 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Brandon ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Despacito ' Is Now The Most Viewed Video In Youtube History '' . UPROXX . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ed Sheeran - Shape of You ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wiz Khalifa - See You Again ft . Charlie Puth ( Official Video ) Furious 7 Soundtrack '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Atkinson , Claire ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Gangnam Style ' is no longer YouTube 's most - watched video '' . New York Post . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ France , Lisa Respers ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' See You Again ' takes YouTube top spot '' . CNN . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ben ( October 8 , 2015 ) . `` Wiz Khalifa and Charlie Puth 's ' See You Again ' hits 1 billion views on YouTube '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved October 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` See You Again on YouTube on the Wayback Machine on September 3 , 2016 , 19 : 07 : 21 ( UTC ) '' . Wayback Machine . September 3 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2016 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` See You Again on YouTube on the Wayback Machine on September 4 , 2016 , 18 : 08 : 34 ( UTC ) '' . Wayback Machine . September 4 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ McIntyre , Hugh ( August 6 , 2017 ) . `` Wiz Khalifa & Charlie Puth 's ' See You Again ' Has Now Hit Three Billion Views On YouTube '' . Forbes . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Маша и Медведь ( Masha and The Bear ) - Маша плюс каша ( 17 Серия ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` PSY - GANGNAM STYLE ( 강남 스타일 ) M / V '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kosner , Anthony Wing ( November 24 , 2012 ) . `` PSY 's Gangnam Style Tops Bieber 's Baby To Become Most Viewed YouTube Video Ever '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gruger , William ( December 21 , 2012 ) . `` PSY 's ' Gangnam Style ' Video Hits 1 Billion Views , Unprecedented Milestone '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Benjamin , Jess ( May 30 , 2014 ) . `` PSY 's ' Gangnam Style ' Hits 2 Billion YouTube Views '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Hugh ( November 25 , 2017 ) . `` Psy 's ' Gangnam Style ' Finally Reaches 3 Billion Views On YouTube '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mark Ronson - Uptown Funk ft . Bruno Mars '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Justin Bieber - Sorry ( PURPOSE : The Movement ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Maroon 5 - Sugar '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Taylor Swift - Shake It Off '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Katy Perry - Roar ( Official ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Enrique Iglesias - Bailando ( Español ) ft . Descemer Bueno , Gente De Zona '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ed Sheeran - Thinking Out Loud ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Katy Perry - Dark Horse ( Official ) ft . Juicy J '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` OneRepublic - Counting Stars '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Adele - Hello '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Crunching the Numbers Behind ' Despacito 's Rise to the No. 1 All - Time Spot on YouTube '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Major Lazer & DJ Snake - Lean On ( feat . MØ ) ( Official Music Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift - Blank Space '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shakira - Chantaje ( Official video ) ft . Maluma '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Meghan Trainor - All About That Bass '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Chainsmokers - Closer ( Lyric ) ft . Halsey '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Wheels On The Bus Plus Lots More Nursery Rhymes 54 Minutes Compilation from LittleBabyBum ! '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Calvin Harris - This Is What You Came For ( Official Video ) ft . Rihanna '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Passenger Let Her Go ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shakira - Waka Waka ( This Time for Africa ) ( The Official 2010 FIFA World Cup TM Song ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` J. Balvin , Willy William - Mi Gente ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Justin Bieber - Baby ft . Ludacris '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kaufman , Gil ( July 16 , 2010 ) . `` Justin Bieber Beats Lady Gaga In YouTube Video Popularity -- For Now '' . MTV News . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wooton , Christopher ( February 24 , 2014 ) . `` Justin Bieber 's Baby just hit a billion views on VEVO '' . The Independent . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber - What Do You Mean ? '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charlie Puth - We Do n't Talk Anymore ( feat . Selena Gomez ) ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fifth Harmony - Work From Home ft . Ty Dolla $ ign '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Alan Walker - Faded '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Clean Bandit - Rockabye ft . Sean Paul & Anne - Marie ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sia - Chandelier ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ellie Goulding - Love Me Like You Do ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Avicii - Wake Me Up ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Baby Shark Dance Sing and Dance ! Animal Songs PINKFONG Songs for Children '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fifth Harmony - Worth It ft . Kid Ink '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes - Treat You Better '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Eminem - Love the Way You Lie ft . Rihanna '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Luis Fonsi , Demi Lovato - Échame La Culpa '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FROZEN - Let It Go Sing - along Official Disney HD '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Brown , Kat ( November 18 , 2014 ) . `` Frozen Sing - Along , Royal Albert Hall review - ' pure , sparkly joy ' '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Silentó - Watch Me ( Whip / Nae Nae ) ( Official ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Johny Johny Yes Papa and Many More Videos Popular Nursery Rhymes Collection by ChuChu TV '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Butler , Francelia ( January 1 , 1989 ) . Skipping around the World : The Ritual Nature of Folk Rhymes . University of Michigan : Library Professional Publications . pp. 165 -- 166 . ISBN 9780208021946 . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` LMFAO - Party Rock Anthem ft . Lauren Bennett , GoonRock '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` MAGIC ! - Rude ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Natti Natasha ❌ Ozuna - Criminal ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` J. Balvin - Ay Vamos '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Huge Eggs Surprise Toys Challenge Inflatable water slide Disney Cars Toys Paw Patrol Spiderman '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Gummy Bear Song - Long English Version '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` twenty one pilots : Stressed Out ( OFFICIAL VIDEO ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bruno Mars - The Lazy Song ( OFFICIAL VIDEO ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ricky Martin - Vente Pa ' Ca ( Official Video ) ft . Maluma '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake - Hotline Bling '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dua Lipa - New Rules ( Official Music Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Maluma - Felices los 4 ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber - Love Yourself ( PURPOSE : The Movement ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Weeknd - Starboy ft . Daft Punk '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Romeo Santos - Propuesta Indecente '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande - Side To Side ft . Nicki Minaj '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Adele - Rolling in the Deep '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CNCO - Reggaetón Lento ( Bailemos ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Crazy Frog - Axel F '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran - Perfect ( Official Music Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` John Legend - All of Me '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hasta el Amanecer - Nicky Jam Video Oficial '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bruno Mars - That 's What I Like ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Becky G , Bad Bunny - Mayores ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Camila Cabello - Havana ( Audio ) ft . Young Thug '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Chainsmokers & Coldplay - Something Just Like This ( Lyric ) '' . Youtube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chino y Nacho - Andas En Mi Cabeza ft . Daddy Yankee '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ellie Goulding - Burn '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jennifer Lopez - On The Floor ft . Pitbull '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Weeknd - The Hills '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Daddy Yankee - Shaky Shaky Video Oficial '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Calvin Harris & Disciples - How Deep Is Your Love '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Calvin Harris - Summer '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift - Bad Blood ft . Kendrick Lamar '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` David Guetta - Hey Mama ( Official Video ) ft Nicki Minaj , Bebe Rexha & Afrojack '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Macklemore & Ryan Lewis - Thrift Shop feat . Wanz ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rihanna - Diamonds '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Joey Montana - Picky '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jessie J , Ariana Grande , Nicki Minaj - Bang Bang ft . Ariana Grande , Nicki Minaj '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Martin Garrix - Animals ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nicky Jam x J. Balvin - X ( EQUIS ) Video Oficial Prod . Afro Bros & Jeon '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PULCINO PIO - El Pollito Pio ( Official video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Maluma - Corazón ( Official Video ) ft . Nego do Borel '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Carlos Vives , Shakira - La Bicicleta ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PSY - GENTLEMAN M / V '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bruno Mars - Just The Way You Are ( OFFICIAL VIDEO ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Derulo - Swalla ( feat . Nicki Minaj & Ty Dolla $ ign ) ( Official Music Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 21 . El Perdón - Nicky Jam y Enrique Iglesias ( Official Music Video YTMAs ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Маша и Медведь ( Masha and The Bear ) - Приятного аппетита ( 24 Серия ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Johny Johny Yes Papa - THE BEST Song for Children LooLoo Kids '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Danny Ocean - Me Rehúso ( Official Audio ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sia - Cheap Thrills ( Lyric Video ) ft . Sean Paul '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Adele - Someone Like You '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem - Not Afraid '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` El Perdedor - Maluma '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 05 . El Amante - Nicky Jam ( Video Oficial ) ( Álbum Fénix ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande - Problem ft . Iggy Azalea '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Katy Perry - Firework ( Official ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Life Goes On - Tupac '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` guitar '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Baltimora - Tarzan Boy '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Cash Hurt '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Queen - Bohemian Rhapsody '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ MyTop100Videos ( January 25 , 2015 ) . `` Most Viewed Videos of All Time # 4 '' . YouTube . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ MyTop100Videos . `` Most Viewed Videos of 2005 and 2006 '' . YouTube . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Galinha Pintadinha - videoclip infantil animado '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ella Y Yo - Don Omar Ft . Romeo '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Evolution of Dance '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` I Write Sins Not Tragedies '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` If you are happy '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : MyTop100Videos ( October 18 , 2012 ) . `` Top 500 Most Viewed Videos of All Time '' . YouTube . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : MyTop100Videos ( October 28 , 2012 ) . `` Most Viewed Videos of All Time # 2 '' . YouTube . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Numb ( Official Video ) - Linkin Park '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charlie bit my finger - again ! '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Je m'appelle Funny Bear '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` What I 've Done ( Official Video ) - Linkin Park '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Katy Perry - Hot N Cold '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Queen - Bohemian Rhapsody ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pintinho Amarelinho - DVD Galinha Pintadinha '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Coldplay - Viva La Vida '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Carlos Baute - Colgando en tus manos ( con Marta Sanchez ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Guns N ' Roses - November Rain '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lady Gaga - Bad Romance '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift - You Belong with Me '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Cranberries - Zombie '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gotye - Somebody That I Used To Know ( feat . Kimbra ) - official video '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Te Bote Remix - Casper , Nio García , Darell , Nicky Jam , Bad Bunny , Ozuna Video Oficial '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dura - Daddy Yankee ( Video Oficial ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ozuna x Romeo Santos - El Farsante Remix '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake - God 's Plan '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Hugh . `` ' Despacito ' Has Just Become the Most Popular Video of All Time on YouTube '' . Forbes . Forbes Media . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Hugh ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Despacito ' Just Became The First Video To Reach Three Billion Views On YouTube '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dresdale , Andrea . `` ' See You Again ' Breaks Record for Most - Viewed YouTube Video of All Time '' . ABC News . ABC News Internet Ventures . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2017 . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Benjamin , Jeff ( May 30 , 2014 ) . `` PSY 's ' Gangnam Style ' Hits 2 Billion YouTube Views '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kirkpatrick , Marshall ( March 27 , 2011 ) . `` Bieber 's ' Baby ' Will Hit 500m Views Today ; It 's Also The Most Hated Video on YouTube ( For Now ) '' . readwrite . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sciarretto , Amy ( March 28 , 2011 ) . `` Justin Bieber 's ' Baby ' Viewed 500 Million Times On YouTube '' . Pop Crush . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Neill , Megan ( April 14 , 2010 ) . `` Lady Gaga 's Bad Romance Is Officially The Most Viewed Video On YouTube Ever '' . SocialTimes . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wei , Will ( May 7 , 2010 ) . `` Lady Gaga 's ' Bad Romance ' Will Be YouTube 's First Video To Hit 200 Million Views '' . Business Insider . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bad Romance By Lady Gaga Becomes First YouTube Video To Hit 200 Million Views '' . Pulse 2.0 . May 9 , 2010 . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ References : Hutcheon , Stephen ( November 4 , 2009 ) . `` Once bitten , now watched by millions on YouTube '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . `` History of the Most Viewed YouTube Video '' . Google Sheets and The Wayback Machine . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ References : `` History of the Most Viewed YouTube Video '' . Google Sheets and The Wayback Machine . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . `` Most Viewed Chart on YouTube on the Wayback Machine on July 8 , 2009 , 22 : 33 : 57 ( UTC ) '' . Wayback Machine . July 8 , 2009 . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2009 . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Avril Lavigne - Girlfriend '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Avril Lavigne - Girlfriend '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ References : Gannes , Liz ( July 18 , 2008 ) . `` Avril Ascends , But YouTube Withholds Her Crown '' . Gigaom . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Van Buskirk , Eliot ( July 18 , 2008 ) . `` Avril Lavigne Expects $2 Million From YouTube Despite Gamed Play Count '' . Wired . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . `` History of the Most Viewed YouTube Video '' . Google Sheets and The Wayback Machine . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ References : `` History of the Most Viewed YouTube Video '' . Google Sheets and The Wayback Machine . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Hutcheon , Stephen ( March 17 , 2008 ) . `` Mystery over zapped Hot Hot Sex YouTube clip '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CANSEI DE SER SEXY Music is My Hot Hot Sex '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ References : `` History of the Most Viewed YouTube Video '' . Google Sheets and The Wayback Machine . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Dover , Danny ( March 8 , 2008 ) . `` YouTube 's New # 1 Video : The Unprecedented Rise and the Mobocracy that Led to its Fall '' . Moz . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Hutcheon , Stephen ( March 23 , 2008 ) . `` YouTube yobs chase top video off the charts '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of the Most Viewed YouTube Video '' . Google Sheets and The Wayback Machine . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hutcheon , Stephen ( March 17 , 2008 ) . `` Mystery over zapped Hot Hot Sex YouTube clip '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ References : `` Judson Laipply ( featured in the # 1 most viewed video on youtube ) '' . The Speakers Group . May 30 , 2008 . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . `` History of the Most Viewed YouTube Video '' . Google Sheets and The Wayback Machine . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pokemon Theme Music Video '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ References : `` History of the Most Viewed YouTube Video '' . Google Sheets and The Wayback Machine . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . `` Most Viewed Chart on YouTube on the Wayback Machine on March 14 , 2006 , 12 : 07 : 24 ( UTC ) '' . Wayback Machine . March 14 , 2006 . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2006 . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Heffernan , Virginia ( April 4 , 2006 ) . `` Comic shorts , home on the Web '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of the Most Viewed YouTube Video '' . Google Sheets and The Wayback Machine . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube takes down popular Smosh Pokemon video '' . The Utube Blog . June 14 , 2007 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2007 . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Myspace - THE MOVIE ! '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` myspace : the movie '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ References : `` History of the Most Viewed YouTube Video '' . Google Sheets and The Wayback Machine . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . `` Most Viewed Chart on YouTube on the Wayback Machine on February 18 , 2006 , 21 : 43 : 25 ( UTC ) '' . Wayback Machine . February 18 , 2006 . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2006 . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jay Leno Phony Photo Booth '' . YouTube . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ References : `` History of the Most Viewed YouTube Video '' . Google Sheets and The Wayback Machine . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . `` Jay Leno Phony Photo Booth on YouTube on the Wayback Machine on February 2 , 2006 , 10 : 43 : 42 ( UTC ) '' . Wayback Machine . December 1 , 2005 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2006 . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SNL - The Chronic of Narnia Rap '' . YouTube . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ References : `` History of the Most Viewed YouTube Video '' . Google Sheets and The Wayback Machine . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . `` SNL - The Chronic of Narnia Rap on YouTube on the Wayback Machine on January 9 , 2006 , 01 : 30 : 48 ( UTC ) '' . Wayback Machine . December 18 , 2005 . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2006 . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldinho : Touch of Gold '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ References : `` History of the Most Viewed YouTube Video '' . Google Sheets and The Wayback Machine . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . `` Ronaldinho : Touch of Gold on YouTube on the Wayback Machine on November 2 , 2005 , 10 : 21 : 32 ( UTC ) '' . Wayback Machine . October 21 , 2005 . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2005 . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Medina , Martín ( September 30 , 2015 ) . `` What was the first video to hit one million YouTube views ? How long did it take for it to reach one million views ? '' . Quora . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrating ten years since Ronaldinho broke the Internet with the first YouTube video to reach 1 million views '' . Nike Soccer Twitter . August 24 , 2015 . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` I / O Brush '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ References : `` History of the Most Viewed YouTube Video '' . Google Sheets and The Wayback Machine . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . `` I / O Brush on YouTube on the Wayback Machine on October 29 , 2005 , 5 : 03 : 49 ( UTC ) '' . Wayback Machine . October 5 , 2005 . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2005 . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Me at the zoo '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Extract Meta Data '' . www.amnestyusa.org . Retrieved August 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Meltzer , Tom ; Phillips , Sarah ( October 23 , 2009 ) . `` G2 : A First Time For Everything '' . The Guardian ( London ) . p. 14 . `` Me at the zoo '' is a man called Karim 's 19 - second long report from the elephant enclosure at San Diego zoo ... But its historical significance means that it has had well over a million hits so far . YouTube History Censorship Copyright issues Social impact Founders Steve Chen Chad Hurley Jawed Karim Channels Personalities Most - subscribed channels Most - viewed channels Spotlight Original channels YouTube Premium ( List of original programs ) YouTube TV Culture and videos Play Buttons YouTube Poop YouTube Rewind Vevo Lists Most - viewed videos Most - liked videos Most - disliked videos Most - viewed Vevo videos Multi-channel networks Events Awards CNN / YouTube presidential debates Comedy Week Live Music Awards Orchestra Playlist Live VidCon Related articles API Elsagate Viacom conflict Viral video YouTube Kids YouTube Music YouTube headquarters shooting Vevo Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_most-viewed_YouTube_videos&oldid=857116412 '' Categories : YouTube videos 21st century - related lists Lists of Internet - related superlatives YouTube - related lists Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 maint : Unfit url Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Articles with short description Use mdy dates from June 2018 Pages with graphs Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Bosanski Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia עברית Magyar Norsk Română Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 17 : 33 ( UTC ) . 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what is the 2nd most viewed video on youtube

Top 100 most - viewed YouTube videos Rank Video name Uploader / artist Views ( billions ) Upload date Notes 1 . `` Despacito '' Luis Fonsi featuring Daddy Yankee 5.46 January 12 , 2017 2 . `` Shape of You '' Ed Sheeran 3.73 January 30 , 2017 3 . `` See You Again '' Wiz Khalifa featuring Charlie Puth 3.73 April 6 , 2015 4 . `` Masha and the Bear : Recipe for Disaster '' Get Movies 3.24 January 31 , 2012 5 . `` Gangnam Style '' Psy 3.20 July 15 , 2012 6 . `` Uptown Funk '' Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars 3.20 November 19 , 2014 7 . `` Sorry '' Justin Bieber 3.00 October 22 , 2015 8 . `` Sugar '' Maroon 5 2.72 January 14 , 2015 9 . `` Shake It Off '' Taylor Swift 2.63 August 18 , 2014 10 . `` Roar '' Katy Perry 2.61 September 5 , 2013 11 . `` Bailando '' Enrique Iglesias featuring Descemer Bueno and Gente De Zona 2.56 April 11 , 2014 12 . `` Thinking Out Loud '' Ed Sheeran 2.45 October 7 , 2014 13 . `` Dark Horse '' Katy Perry featuring Juicy J 2.40 February 20 , 2014 14 . `` Counting Stars '' OneRepublic 2.39 May 31 , 2013 15 . `` Hello '' Adele 2.39 October 22 , 2015 16 . `` Lean On '' Major Lazer and DJ Snake featuring MØ 2.38 March 22 , 2015 17 . `` Blank Space '' Taylor Swift 2.33 November 10 , 2014 18 . `` Chantaje '' Shakira featuring Maluma 2.24 November 18 , 2016 19 . `` All About That Bass '' Meghan Trainor 2.22 June 11 , 2014 20 . `` Closer ( Lyric video ) '' The Chainsmokers featuring Halsey 2.16 July 29 , 2016 21 . `` Wheels on the Bus '' LittleBabyBum 2.15 August 9 , 2014 22 . `` This Is What You Came For '' Calvin Harris featuring Rihanna 2.07 June 16 , 2016 23 . `` Let Her Go '' Passenger 2.00 July 25 , 2012 24 . `` Waka Waka ( This Time for Africa ) '' Shakira featuring Freshlyground 2.00 June 4 , 2010 25 . `` Mi Gente '' J Balvin and Willy William 1.99 June 29 , 2017 26 . `` Baby '' Justin Bieber featuring Ludacris 1.96 February 19 , 2010 27 . `` What Do You Mean ? '' Justin Bieber 1.94 August 30 , 2015 28 . `` We Do n't Talk Anymore '' Charlie Puth featuring Selena Gomez 1.91 August 2 , 2016 29 . `` Work from Home '' Fifth Harmony featuring Ty Dolla $ ign 1.90 February 26 , 2016 30 . `` Faded '' Alan Walker 1.90 December 3 , 2015 31 . `` Rockabye '' Clean Bandit featuring Sean Paul & Anne - Marie 1.90 October 21 , 2016 32 . `` Chandelier '' Sia 1.89 May 6 , 2014 33 . `` Love Me Like You Do '' Ellie Goulding 1.79 January 22 , 2015 34 . `` Wake Me Up '' Avicii 1.65 July 29 , 2013 35 . `` Baby Shark Dance '' Pinkfong ! Kids ' Songs & Stories 1.62 June 17 , 2016 36 . `` Worth It '' Fifth Harmony featuring Kid Ink 1.61 March 28 , 2015 37 . `` Treat You Better '' Shawn Mendes 1.59 July 12 , 2016 38 . `` Love the Way You Lie '' Eminem featuring Rihanna 1.58 August 5 , 2010 39 . `` Échame la Culpa '' Luis Fonsi and Demi Lovato 1.56 November 16 , 2017 40 . `` Let It Go '' Idina Menzel 1.56 January 30 , 2014 41 . `` Watch Me ( Whip / Nae Nae ) '' Silentó 1.56 June 25 , 2015 42 . `` Johny Johny Yes Papa '' ChuChu TV 1.53 November 14 , 2014 43 . `` Party Rock Anthem '' LMFAO featuring Lauren Bennett and GoonRock 1.53 March 8 , 2011 44 . `` Rude '' Magic ! 1.52 December 5 , 2013 45 . `` Criminal '' Natti Natasha and Ozuna 1.51 August 18 , 2017 46 . `` Ay Vamos '' J Balvin 1.51 August 29 , 2014 47 . `` Huge Eggs Surprise Toys Challenge '' Ryan ToysReview 1.48 April 13 , 2016 48 . `` The Gummy Bear Song '' icanrockyourworld 1.48 October 9 , 2007 49 . `` Stressed Out '' Twenty One Pilots 1.45 April 27 , 2015 50 . `` The Lazy Song '' Bruno Mars 1.44 April 15 , 2011 51 . `` Vente Pa ' Ca '' Ricky Martin featuring Maluma 1.43 September 22 , 2016 52 . `` Hotline Bling '' Drake 1.43 October 26 , 2015 53 . `` New Rules '' Dua Lipa 1.41 July 7 , 2017 54 . `` Felices los 4 '' Maluma 1.39 April 21 , 2017 55 . `` Love Yourself '' Justin Bieber 1.39 November 14 , 2015 56 . `` Starboy '' The Weeknd featuring Daft Punk 1.38 September 28 , 2016 57 . `` Propuesta Indecente '' Romeo Santos 1.38 September 9 , 2013 58 . `` Side to Side '' Ariana Grande featuring Nicki Minaj 1.38 August 29 , 2016 59 . `` Rolling in the Deep '' Adele 1.38 November 30 , 2010 60 . `` Reggaetón Lento ( Bailemos ) '' CNCO 1.36 October 7 , 2016 61 . `` Axel F '' Crazy Frog 1.36 June 16 , 2009 62 . `` Perfect '' Ed Sheeran 1.35 November 9 , 2017 63 . `` All of Me '' John Legend 1.35 October 2 , 2013 64 . `` Hasta el Amanecer '' Nicky Jam 1.33 January 14 , 2016 65 . `` That 's What I Like '' Bruno Mars 1.32 March 2 , 2017 66 . `` Mayores '' Becky G and Bad Bunny 1.30 July 13 , 2017 67 . `` Havana ( Audio ) '' Camila Cabello featuring Young Thug 1.29 August 3 , 2017 68 . `` Something Just like This ( Lyric video ) '' The Chainsmokers and Coldplay 1.27 February 22 , 2017 69 . `` Andas en Mi Cabeza '' Chino & Nacho featuring Daddy Yankee 1.26 April 20 , 2016 70 . `` Burn '' Ellie Goulding 1.26 July 7 , 2013 71 . `` On the Floor '' Jennifer Lopez featuring Pitbull 1.25 March 3 , 2011 72 . `` The Hills '' The Weeknd 1.25 May 27 , 2015 73 . `` Shaky Shaky '' Daddy Yankee 1.24 July 14 , 2016 74 . `` How Deep Is Your Love '' Calvin Harris featuring Disciples 1.23 August 6 , 2015 75 . `` Summer '' Calvin Harris 1.23 April 6 , 2014 76 . `` Bad Blood '' Taylor Swift featuring Kendrick Lamar 1.23 May 17 , 2015 77 . `` Hey Mama '' David Guetta featuring Nicki Minaj , Bebe Rexha and Afrojack 1.23 May 19 , 2015 78 . `` Thrift Shop '' Macklemore & Ryan Lewis featuring Wanz 1.21 August 29 , 2012 79 . `` Diamonds '' Rihanna 1.21 November 8 , 2012 80 . `` Picky '' Joey Montana 1.20 June 29 , 2015 81 . `` Bang Bang '' Jessie J , Ariana Grande and Nicki Minaj 1.20 August 25 , 2014 82 . `` Animals '' Martin Garrix 1.19 June 17 , 2013 83 . `` X '' Nicky Jam and J Balvin 1.19 March 1 , 2018 84 . `` El Pollito Pio '' Pulcino Pio 1.19 November 29 , 2012 85 . `` Corazón '' Maluma featuring Nego do Borel 1.19 December 8 , 2017 86 . `` La Bicicleta '' Carlos Vives and Shakira 1.19 July 8 , 2016 87 . `` Gentleman '' Psy 1.19 April 13 , 2013 88 . `` Just the Way You Are '' Bruno Mars 1.18 September 8 , 2010 89 . `` Swalla '' Jason Derulo featuring Nicki Minaj and Ty Dolla Sign 1.17 March 17 , 2017 90 . `` El Perdón '' Nicky Jam and Enrique Iglesias 1.16 March 23 , 2015 91 . `` Masha and the Bear : Bon appétit ! '' Get Movies 1.15 September 21 , 2012 92 . `` Johny Johny Yes Papa '' LooLoo Kids 1.15 October 8 , 2016 93 . `` Me Rehúso ( Audio ) '' Danny Ocean 1.15 September 18 , 2016 94 . `` Cheap Thrills ( Lyric video ) '' Sia featuring Sean Paul 1.15 February 11 , 2016 95 . `` Someone like You '' Adele 1.14 September 29 , 2011 96 . `` Not Afraid '' Eminem 1.13 June 4 , 2010 97 . `` El Perdedor '' Maluma 1.13 April 22 , 2016 98 . `` El Amante '' Nicky Jam 1.12 January 15 , 2017 99 . `` Problem '' Ariana Grande featuring Iggy Azalea 1.12 May 30 , 2014 100 . `` Firework '' Katy Perry 1.12 October 28 , 2010 As of August 28 , 2018

Preakness Stakes top four finishers - wikipedia Preakness Stakes top four finishers This is a listing of the horses that finished in either first , second , third or fourth place and earned a purse check along with the number of starters in the Preakness Stakes , the second leg of the United States Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing run at 1 - 3 / 16 mile on dirt for three - year - olds at Pimlico Race Course in Baltimore , Maryland . Year Winner Second Third Fourth Starters 2018 Justify Bravazo Tenfold Good Magic 8 2017 Cloud Computing Classic Empire Senior Investment Lookin at Lee 10 2016 Exaggerator Cherry Wine Nyquist Stradivari 11 2015 American Pharoah † Tale of Verve Divining Rod Dortmund 8 2014 California Chrome Ride on Curlin Social Inclusion General a Rod 10 2013 Oxbow Itsmyluckyday Mylute Orb 9 2012 I 'll Have Another Bodemeister Creative Cause Zetterholm 11 2011 Shackleford Animal Kingdom Astrology Dialed In 14 Lookin at Lucky First Dude Jackson Bend Yawanna Twist 12 2009 Rachel Alexandra ‡ Mine That Bird Musket Man Flying Private 13 2008 Big Brown Macho Again Icabad Crane Racecar Rhapsody 13 2007 Curlin Street Sense Hard Spun CP West 9 2006 Bernardini Sweetnorthernsaint Hemingway 's Key Brother Derek 9 2005 Afleet Alex Scrappy T Giacomo Sun King 14 Smarty Jones Rock Hard Ten Eddington Lion Heart 10 2003 Funny Cide Midway Road Peace Rules Scrimshaw 10 2002 War Emblem Magic Weisner Proud Citizen Harlan 's Holiday 13 2001 Point Given AP Valentine Congaree Dollar Bill 11 2000 Red Bullet Fusaichi Pegasus Impeachment Captain Steve 8 1999 Charismatic Menifee Badge Stephen Got Even 13 1998 Real Quiet Victory Gallop Classic Cat Hot Wells 10 1997 Silver Charm Free House Captain Bodgit Touch Gold 10 Louis Quatorze Skip Away Editor 's Note Cavonnier 12 1995 Timber Country Oliver 's Twist Thunder Gulch Star Standard 11 1994 Tabasco Cat Go for Gin Concern Kandaly 10 1993 Prairie Bayou Cherokee Run El Bakan Personal Hope 12 1992 Pine Bluff Alydeed Casual Lies Dance Floor 14 1991 Hansel Corporate Report Mane Minister Olympio 8 1990 Summer Squall Unbridled Mister Frisky Music Prospector 9 1989 Sunday Silence Easy Goer Rock Point Dansil 8 1988 Risen Star Brian 's Time Winning Colors ‡ Private Terms 9 Alysheba Bet Twice Cryptoclearance Gulch 9 1986 Snow Chief Ferdinand Broad Brush Miracle Wood 7 1985 Tank 's Prospect Chief 's Crown Eternal Prince I Am The Game 11 1984 Gate Dancer Play On Fight Over Taylor 's Special 10 Deputed Testamony Desert Wine High Honors Marfa 12 1982 Aloma 's Ruler Linkage Cut Away Bold Style 7 1981 Pleasant Colony Bold Ego Paristo Thirty Eight Paces 13 1980 Codex Genuine Risk ‡ Colonel Moran Jacklin Klugman 8 1979 Spectacular Bid Golden Act Screen King Flying Paster 5 1978 Affirmed † Alydar Believe It Noon Time Spender 7 1977 Seattle Slew † Iron Constitution Run Dusty Run Cormorant 9 1976 Elocutionist Play the Red Bold Forbes Cojak 6 Master Derby Foolish Pleasure Diabolo Prince Thou Art 10 Little Current Neapolitan Way Cannonade Kin Run 13 1973 Secretariat † Sham Our Native Ecole Etage 6 1972 Bee Bee Bee No Le Hace Key to the Mint Riva Ridge 7 1971 Canonero II Eastern Fleet Jim French Sound Off 11 1970 Personality My Dad George Silent Screen High Echelon 14 1969 Majestic Prince Arts and Letters Jay Ray Top Knight 8 1968 Forward Pass Out of the Way Nodouble Yankee Lad 10 1967 Damascus In Reality Proud Clarion Reason To Tail 10 1966 Kauai King Stupendous Amberoid Rehabilitate 9 1965 Tom Rolfe Dapper Dan Hail To All Native Charger 9 1964 Northern Dancer The Scoundrel Hill Rise Quadrangle 6 1963 Candy Spots Chateaugay Never Bend Lemon Twist 8 1962 Greek Money Ridan Roman Line Vimy Ridge 11 1961 Carry Back Globemaster Crozier Dr. Miller 9 1960 Bally Ache Victoria Park Celtic Ash Divine Comedy 6 1959 Royal Orbit Sword Dancer Dunce Marauder 11 1958 Tim Tam Lincoln Road Gone Fishin ' Noureddin 12 1957 Bold Ruler Iron Liege Inside Tract Promised Land 7 1956 Fabius Needles No Regrets Golf Ace 9 1955 Nashua Saratoga Traffic Judge Nance 's Lad 8 1954 Hasty Road Correlation Hasseyampa Goyamo 11 1953 Native Dancer Jamie K . Royal Bay Gem Ram O ' War 7 1952 Blue Man Jampol One Count Primate 10 1951 Bold Counterpoint Alerted Timely Reward 8 1950 Hill Prince Middleground Dooly Mr. Trouble 6 1949 Capot Palestinian Noble Impulse Sun Bahram 9 1948 Citation † Vulcan 's Forge Bovard Better Self 1947 Faultless On Trust Phalanx Jet Pilot 11 1946 Assault † Lord Boswell Hampden Knockdown 10 1945 Polynesian Hoop Jr . Darby Dieppe The Doge 9 1944 Pensive Platter Stir Up Gramps Image 7 1943 Count Fleet † Blue Swords Vincentive New Moon 1942 Alsab Requested Sun Again Colchis 10 1941 Whirlaway † King Cole Our Boots Porter 's Cap 8 1940 Bimelech Mioland Gallahadion Your Chance 9 1939 Challedon Gilded Knight Volitant Impound 6 1938 Dauber Cravat Menow Ca n't Wait 9 1937 War Admiral † Pompoon Flying Scot Mosawtre 8 1936 Bold Venture Granville Jean Bart Transporter 11 1935 Omaha † Firethorn Psychic Bid Mantagna 8 1934 High Quest Cavalcade Discovery Agrarian 7 1933 Head Play Ladysman Utopian Pomponius 10 1932 Burgoo King Tick On Boatswain Mad Pursuit 9 1931 Mate Twenty Grand Ladder Equipose 7 1930 Gallant Fox † Crack Brigade Snowflake Michigan Boy 11 1929 Dr. Freeland Minotaur African The Nut 11 1928 Victorian Toro Solace Stroling Player 18 1927 Bostonian Sir Harry Whiskery Black Panther 12 1926 Display Blondin Mars Dress Parade 13 1925 Coventry Backbone Almadel Chantey 12 1924 Nellie Morse ‡ Transmute Mad Play Donaghee 15 1923 Vigil General Thatcher Rialto Chickvale 13 1922 Pillory Hea June Grass Pirate Gold 12 1921 Broomspun Polly Ann ‡ Jeg Leonardo II 14 1920 Man o ' War Upset Wildair King Thrush 9 1919 Sir Barton † Eternal Sweep On King Plaudit 12 1918 Jack Hare , Jr . The Porter Kate Bright Trompe La Mort 10 1918 War Cloud Sunny Slope Lanius Johren 14 1917 Kalitan Al . M. Dick Kentucky Boy Fruit Cake 9 1916 Damrosch Greenwood Achievement Eddie Henry 9 1915 Rhein Maiden ‡ Half Rock Runes Hauberk 6 1914 Holiday Brave Cunarder Defendum The Governor 6 1913 Buskin Kleburne Barnegat Scallywag 8 1912 Colonel Holloway Bwana Tumbo Tipsand Jannette B . 7 1911 Watervale Zeus The Nigger Footprint 7 1910 Layminster Dalhousie Sager Starbottle 12 1909 Effendi Fashion Plate Hill Top Traveller 10 1908 Royal Tourist Live Wire Robert Cooper Creation 1907 Don Enrique Ethon Zambesi Don Creole 7 1906 Whimsical ‡ Content Larabie The Clown 10 1905 Cairngorm Kiamesha Coy Maid Water Light 10 1904 Bryn Mawr Wotan Dolly Spanker Careless 10 1903 Flocarline ‡ Mackey Dwyer Rightful St. Daniel 6 1902 Old England Major Daingerfield Namtor Bonmot 7 1901 The Parader Sadie S . Dr. Barlow Outlander 5 1900 Hindus Sarmatian Ten Candles Col. Roosevelt 10 1899 Half Time Filigrane Lackland none 1898 Sly Fox The Huguenot Nuto Lydian 1897 Paul Kauvar Elkin On Deck Free Lance 7 1896 Margrave Hamilton II Intermission Cassette 1895 Belmar April Fool Sue Kittie Mirage 7 1894 Assignee Potentate Ed Kearney Sir Knight 14 1893 No Race No Race No Race No Race 0 1892 No Race No Race No Race No Race 0 1891 No Race No Race No Race No Race 0 1890 Montague Philosophy Barrister Ten Booker 1889 Buddist Japhet none none 1888 Refund Judge Murray Glendale Charley Dreux 1887 Dunboyne Mahony Raymond Paymaster 1886 The Bard Eurus Elkwood Eolian 5 1885 Tecumseh Wickham John C . Longview 1884 Knight of Ellerslie Welcher none none 1883 Jacobus Parnell none none 1882 Vanguard Heck Col. Watson none 1881 Saunterer Compensation Baltic Jack of Hearts 6 1880 Grenada Oden Emily F . Turfman 5 1879 Harold Jerico Rochester Boardman 6 1878 Duke of Magenta Bayard Albert none 1877 Cloverbrook Bombast Lucifer The Stranger 1876 Shirley Rappahannock Compliments Algerine 8 1875 Tom Ochiltree Viator Bay Final Risk 9 1874 Culpepper King Amadeus Scratch Huckleberry 6 1873 Survivor John Boulger Artist Catesby 7 A † designates a Triple Crown Winner . A ‡ designates a Filly . Note : D. Wayne Lukas swept the 1995 Triple Crown with two different horses . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 2007 Maryland Jockey Club Media Guide , page 59 - 146 on March 3 , 2007 . External links ( edit ) Preakness Stakes website Preakness Stakes ESPN.com Attending the Preakness ( includes future dates ) Preakness Stakes Pimlico 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1885 1886 1888 1889 Morris Park 1890 ( 1891 - 1893 race not run ) Gravesend 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 Pimlico 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Related Top four finishers Broadcasters `` Maryland , My Maryland '' Woodlawn Vase Triple Crown Preakness Stakes Winners Triple Crowns of horse racing United States Thoroughbred Racing Kentucky Derby Preakness Stakes Belmont Stakes Harness Racing Pacers Cane Pace Messenger Stakes Little Brown Jug Harness Racing Trotters Hambletonian Yonkers Trot Kentucky Futurity Great Britain Thoroughbred Racing 2000 Guineas Stakes Epsom Derby St Leger Stakes Ireland Thoroughbred Racing Irish 2,000 Guineas Irish Derby Irish St. Leger Canada Thoroughbred Racing Queen 's Plate Prince of Wales Stakes Breeders ' Stakes Australia Thoroughbred Racing Randwick Guineas Rosehill Guineas Australian Derby Related topics Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing American Triple Tiara of Thoroughbred Racing Canadian Triple Tiara of Thoroughbred Racing Breeders ' Cup Classic Breeders ' Cup Distaff City of Baltimore Topics Accent Culture Crime Ethnicities Events Film Flag Seal History Timeline Markets Media Music Neighborhoods People Attractions Churches Federal Hill Fells Point Fort McHenry Harborplace Inner Harbor Johns Hopkins Hospital Museums Baltimore Museum of Art B&O Railroad Museum Public art Maryland Historical Society Maryland Science Center Mount Vernon National Aquarium Port Discovery Power Plant Live ! 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Rowe Price Royal Farms Under Armour Parks Carroll Clifton Cylburn Druid Hill Gwynns Falls Leakin Herring Run Patterson Sherwood Wyman Sports Orioles ( Camden Yards ) Ravens ( M&T Bank Stadium ) Blast ( SECU Arena ) Brigade ( Royal Farms Arena ) Johns Hopkins Lacrosse ( Homewood Field ) Preakness ( Pimlico Race Course ) Baltimore Grand Prix Marathon Kinetic Race Transportation Metro Subway Light Rail Buses MARC Train Penn Station BWI Thurgood Marshall Airport Martin State Airport Port of Baltimore Baltimore metropolitan area Baltimore -- Washington metropolitan area Maryland Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Preakness_Stakes_top_four_finishers&oldid=845211308 '' Categories : Pimlico Race Course Preakness Stakes Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 June 2018 , at 06 : 32 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

who came in second place in the 2018 preakness

Year Winner Second Third Fourth Starters 2018 Justify Bravazo Tenfold Good Magic 8 2017 Cloud Computing Classic Empire Senior Investment Lookin at Lee 10 2016 Exaggerator Cherry Wine Nyquist Stradivari 11 2015 American Pharoah † Tale of Verve Divining Rod Dortmund 8 2014 California Chrome Ride on Curlin Social Inclusion General a Rod 10 2013 Oxbow Itsmyluckyday Mylute Orb 9 2012 I 'll Have Another Bodemeister Creative Cause Zetterholm 11 2011 Shackleford Animal Kingdom Astrology Dialed In 14 Lookin at Lucky First Dude Jackson Bend Yawanna Twist 12 2009 Rachel Alexandra ‡ Mine That Bird Musket Man Flying Private 13 2008 Big Brown Macho Again Icabad Crane Racecar Rhapsody 13 2007 Curlin Street Sense Hard Spun CP West 9 2006 Bernardini Sweetnorthernsaint Hemingway 's Key Brother Derek 9 2005 Afleet Alex Scrappy T Giacomo Sun King 14 Smarty Jones Rock Hard Ten Eddington Lion Heart 10 2003 Funny Cide Midway Road Peace Rules Scrimshaw 10 2002 War Emblem Magic Weisner Proud Citizen Harlan 's Holiday 13 2001 Point Given AP Valentine Congaree Dollar Bill 11 2000 Red Bullet Fusaichi Pegasus Impeachment Captain Steve 8 1999 Charismatic Menifee Badge Stephen Got Even 13 1998 Real Quiet Victory Gallop Classic Cat Hot Wells 10 1997 Silver Charm Free House Captain Bodgit Touch Gold 10 Louis Quatorze Skip Away Editor 's Note Cavonnier 12 1995 Timber Country Oliver 's Twist Thunder Gulch Star Standard 11 1994 Tabasco Cat Go for Gin Concern Kandaly 10 1993 Prairie Bayou Cherokee Run El Bakan Personal Hope 12 1992 Pine Bluff Alydeed Casual Lies Dance Floor 14 1991 Hansel Corporate Report Mane Minister Olympio 8 1990 Summer Squall Unbridled Mister Frisky Music Prospector 9 1989 Sunday Silence Easy Goer Rock Point Dansil 8 1988 Risen Star Brian 's Time Winning Colors ‡ Private Terms 9 Alysheba Bet Twice Cryptoclearance Gulch 9 1986 Snow Chief Ferdinand Broad Brush Miracle Wood 7 1985 Tank 's Prospect Chief 's Crown Eternal Prince I Am The Game 11 1984 Gate Dancer Play On Fight Over Taylor 's Special 10 Deputed Testamony Desert Wine High Honors Marfa 12 1982 Aloma 's Ruler Linkage Cut Away Bold Style 7 1981 Pleasant Colony Bold Ego Paristo Thirty Eight Paces 13 1980 Codex Genuine Risk ‡ Colonel Moran Jacklin Klugman 8 1979 Spectacular Bid Golden Act Screen King Flying Paster 5 1978 Affirmed † Alydar Believe It Noon Time Spender 7 1977 Seattle Slew † Iron Constitution Run Dusty Run Cormorant 9 1976 Elocutionist Play the Red Bold Forbes Cojak 6 Master Derby Foolish Pleasure Diabolo Prince Thou Art 10 Little Current Neapolitan Way Cannonade Kin Run 13 1973 Secretariat † Sham Our Native Ecole Etage 6 1972 Bee Bee Bee No Le Hace Key to the Mint Riva Ridge 7 1971 Canonero II Eastern Fleet Jim French Sound Off 11 1970 Personality My Dad George Silent Screen High Echelon 14 1969 Majestic Prince Arts and Letters Jay Ray Top Knight 8 1968 Forward Pass Out of the Way Nodouble Yankee Lad 10 1967 Damascus In Reality Proud Clarion Reason To Tail 10 1966 Kauai King Stupendous Amberoid Rehabilitate 9 1965 Tom Rolfe Dapper Dan Hail To All Native Charger 9 1964 Northern Dancer The Scoundrel Hill Rise Quadrangle 6 1963 Candy Spots Chateaugay Never Bend Lemon Twist 8 1962 Greek Money Ridan Roman Line Vimy Ridge 11 1961 Carry Back Globemaster Crozier Dr. Miller 9 1960 Bally Ache Victoria Park Celtic Ash Divine Comedy 6 1959 Royal Orbit Sword Dancer Dunce Marauder 11 1958 Tim Tam Lincoln Road Gone Fishin ' Noureddin 12 1957 Bold Ruler Iron Liege Inside Tract Promised Land 7 1956 Fabius Needles No Regrets Golf Ace 9 1955 Nashua Saratoga Traffic Judge Nance 's Lad 8 1954 Hasty Road Correlation Hasseyampa Goyamo 11 1953 Native Dancer Jamie K . Royal Bay Gem Ram O ' War 7 1952 Blue Man Jampol One Count Primate 10 1951 Bold Counterpoint Alerted Timely Reward 8 1950 Hill Prince Middleground Dooly Mr. Trouble 6 1949 Capot Palestinian Noble Impulse Sun Bahram 9 1948 Citation † Vulcan 's Forge Bovard Better Self 1947 Faultless On Trust Phalanx Jet Pilot 11 1946 Assault † Lord Boswell Hampden Knockdown 10 1945 Polynesian Hoop Jr . Darby Dieppe The Doge 9 1944 Pensive Platter Stir Up Gramps Image 7 1943 Count Fleet † Blue Swords Vincentive New Moon 1942 Alsab Requested Sun Again Colchis 10 1941 Whirlaway † King Cole Our Boots Porter 's Cap 8 1940 Bimelech Mioland Gallahadion Your Chance 9 1939 Challedon Gilded Knight Volitant Impound 6 1938 Dauber Cravat Menow Ca n't Wait 9 1937 War Admiral † Pompoon Flying Scot Mosawtre 8 1936 Bold Venture Granville Jean Bart Transporter 11 1935 Omaha † Firethorn Psychic Bid Mantagna 8 1934 High Quest Cavalcade Discovery Agrarian 7 1933 Head Play Ladysman Utopian Pomponius 10 1932 Burgoo King Tick On Boatswain Mad Pursuit 9 1931 Mate Twenty Grand Ladder Equipose 7 1930 Gallant Fox † Crack Brigade Snowflake Michigan Boy 11 1929 Dr. Freeland Minotaur African The Nut 11 1928 Victorian Toro Solace Stroling Player 18 1927 Bostonian Sir Harry Whiskery Black Panther 12 1926 Display Blondin Mars Dress Parade 13 1925 Coventry Backbone Almadel Chantey 12 1924 Nellie Morse ‡ Transmute Mad Play Donaghee 15 1923 Vigil General Thatcher Rialto Chickvale 13 1922 Pillory Hea June Grass Pirate Gold 12 1921 Broomspun Polly Ann ‡ Jeg Leonardo II 14 1920 Man o ' War Upset Wildair King Thrush 9 1919 Sir Barton † Eternal Sweep On King Plaudit 12 1918 Jack Hare , Jr . The Porter Kate Bright Trompe La Mort 10 1918 War Cloud Sunny Slope Lanius Johren 14 1917 Kalitan Al . M. Dick Kentucky Boy Fruit Cake 9 1916 Damrosch Greenwood Achievement Eddie Henry 9 1915 Rhein Maiden ‡ Half Rock Runes Hauberk 6 1914 Holiday Brave Cunarder Defendum The Governor 6 1913 Buskin Kleburne Barnegat Scallywag 8 1912 Colonel Holloway Bwana Tumbo Tipsand Jannette B . 7 1911 Watervale Zeus The Nigger Footprint 7 1910 Layminster Dalhousie Sager Starbottle 12 1909 Effendi Fashion Plate Hill Top Traveller 10 1908 Royal Tourist Live Wire Robert Cooper Creation 1907 Don Enrique Ethon Zambesi Don Creole 7 1906 Whimsical ‡ Content Larabie The Clown 10 1905 Cairngorm Kiamesha Coy Maid Water Light 10 1904 Bryn Mawr Wotan Dolly Spanker Careless 10 1903 Flocarline ‡ Mackey Dwyer Rightful St. Daniel 6 1902 Old England Major Daingerfield Namtor Bonmot 7 1901 The Parader Sadie S . Dr. Barlow Outlander 5 1900 Hindus Sarmatian Ten Candles Col. Roosevelt 10 1899 Half Time Filigrane Lackland none 1898 Sly Fox The Huguenot Nuto Lydian 1897 Paul Kauvar Elkin On Deck Free Lance 7 1896 Margrave Hamilton II Intermission Cassette 1895 Belmar April Fool Sue Kittie Mirage 7 1894 Assignee Potentate Ed Kearney Sir Knight 14 1893 No Race No Race No Race No Race 0 1892 No Race No Race No Race No Race 0 1891 No Race No Race No Race No Race 0 1890 Montague Philosophy Barrister Ten Booker 1889 Buddist Japhet none none 1888 Refund Judge Murray Glendale Charley Dreux 1887 Dunboyne Mahony Raymond Paymaster 1886 The Bard Eurus Elkwood Eolian 5 1885 Tecumseh Wickham John C . Longview 1884 Knight of Ellerslie Welcher none none 1883 Jacobus Parnell none none 1882 Vanguard Heck Col. Watson none 1881 Saunterer Compensation Baltic Jack of Hearts 6 1880 Grenada Oden Emily F . Turfman 5 1879 Harold Jerico Rochester Boardman 6 1878 Duke of Magenta Bayard Albert none 1877 Cloverbrook Bombast Lucifer The Stranger 1876 Shirley Rappahannock Compliments Algerine 8 1875 Tom Ochiltree Viator Bay Final Risk 9 1874 Culpepper King Amadeus Scratch Huckleberry 6 1873 Survivor John Boulger Artist Catesby 7

USS Enterprise ( NCC - 1701 ) - wikipedia USS Enterprise ( NCC - 1701 ) For other versions of the fictional ship , see Starship Enterprise . USS Enterprise The starship USS Enterprise in a promotional image for the digitally remastered Star Trek First appearance `` The Man Trap '' ( 1966 ) Affiliation United Federation of Planets Starfleet Launched 2245 General characteristics Class Constitution Registry NCC - 1701 Auxiliary craft Shuttlecraft Armaments Photon torpedoes Phasers Defenses Deflector shields Propulsion Impulse drive Warp drive Power Matter / antimatter reaction Length 288.646 metres ( 947.00 ft ) USS Enterprise ( NCC - 1701 ) is a starship in the fictional Star Trek universe . It is the main setting of the original Star Trek television series ( 1966 -- 1969 ) and several Star Trek films , and it has been depicted in various franchise spinoffs , films , books , products , and fan - created media . The Enterprise and its crew 's mission is `` to explore strange new worlds ; to seek out new life and new civilizations ; to boldly go where no man has gone before '' . Contents 1 Development and production 1.1 Original television series 1.2 Film franchise redesign 1.3 2009 franchise reboot 1.4 Other productions 2 Depiction 2.1 Alternate timeline 3 Critical reaction 4 Cultural impact 5 References 5.1 Citations 5.2 Sources 6 Further reading 7 External links Development and production ( edit ) Original television series ( edit ) The Enterprise was originally going to be named Yorktown . Star Trek art director Matt Jefferies , who was not a science fiction fan , was the primary designer of the Enterprise and based his work on concepts from series creator Gene Roddenberry . Jefferies ' experience with aviation led to his designs being imbued with what he called `` aircraft logic '' . Roddenberry did not have any ideas about what the ship should look like , but he provided basic information : the Enterprise would operate mainly in space , have a crew of 100 - 150 , and be incredibly fast . Both Jeffries and Roddenberry wanted the Enterprise not to look like any of the rocket ships already used by the aerospace industry or in popular culture ; many of Jeffries ' designs were rejected as being `` too conventional '' . While Jeffries initially rejected a saucer - shaped component , worried about the similarities to flying saucers , a large spherical component eventually flattened into a saucer . Jeffries imagined the ship 's engines would be too powerful to be near the crew , requiring them to be set apart from the hull . During one visit to Jeffries , Roddenberry and NBC staff were drawn to a sketch of the Enterprise resembling its final configuration . Jeffries had created a small model of this design that , when held from a string , hung upside - down -- an appearance he had to `` unsell '' . Jeffries kept the hull smooth , with a sense that the ship 's components were serviced from inside . The ship 's NCC - 1701 registry stems from NC being one of the international aircraft registration codes assigned to the United States . The second C was added because Soviet aircraft used Cs , and Jeffries believed a venture into space would be a joint operation by the United States and Russia . NCC is the Starfleet abbreviation for `` Naval Construction Contract '' , comparable to what the U.S. Navy would call a hull number . Jeffries rejected 3 , 6 , 8 , and 9 as `` too easily confused '' on screen ; he eventually reasoned the Enterprise was the first vessel of Starfleet 's 17th starship design , hence 1701 . The Making of Star Trek explains that USS means `` United Space Ship '' and that `` Enterprise is a member of the Starship Class '' . The ship was changed to Constitution class with the release of Franz Joseph 's Star Fleet Technical Manual in 1975 . The first miniature built from Jeffries ' drawings was a four - inch scale model . Next was a model approximately 33 inches ( 0.8 m ) long . Richard C. Datin constructed this model almost entirely of wood . The second miniature built for the original pilot was constructed from plaster , sheet metal and wood . It was 11 feet 3.5 inches ( 3.4 m ) long , weighted 125 kilograms ( 276 lb ) , and cost $6,000 . Datin supervised the crew of model makers from Production Model Shop and did detail work on the model . They worked on the model out of Jensen 's model shop in Burbank , though the larger base components were subcontracted to a shop with a large lathe . The 11 - foot model was initially filmed by both Howard A. Anderson and Linwood G. Dunn at Dunn 's Film Effects of Hollywood facility . Most of the fine details on the shooting model were not visible to television views . Eventually , the three - foot model was modified to match changes made to the larger model before and after shooting of the second pilot , and the three - foot model appears as a prop of a miniaturized Enterprise in `` Requiem for Methuselah '' ( 1969 ) . Initially , the filming models were static and had no electronics . For the second pilot , `` Where No Man Has Gone Before '' ( 1966 ) , various details of the 11 - foot model were altered , and the starboard window ports and running lights were internally illuminated . When the series was picked up and went into production , the model was altered yet again . These alterations included the addition of translucent domes and blinking lights at the forward ends of the engine nacelles , smaller domes at the back of the nacelles , a shorter bridge dome , and a smaller deflector / sensor dish . Save for reused footage from the two pilot episodes , this was the appearance of the ship throughout the series , except for some detail added to nacelles for shots used in `` The Trouble with Tribbles '' . The ship 's chairs were manufactured by Burke of Dallas and similar to the original tulip chair designed by Eero Saarinen . Full interior deck plans of the Enterprise were designed by Franz Joseph in 1974 , with approval from both Roddenberry . The plans heavily referenced filmed episodes , production sets , and the original designs . Film franchise redesign ( edit ) USS Enterprise The refit Enterprise ( left ) in Star Trek II : The Wrath of Khan ( 1984 ) First appearance Star Trek The Motion Picture ( 1979 ) Affiliation United Federation of Planets Starfleet Launched 2270 General characteristics Class Constitution Registry NCC - 1701 Maximum speed Warp 12 Auxiliary craft Shuttlecraft Armaments Photon torpedoes Phasers Defenses Deflector shields Propulsion Impulse drive Warp drive Power Matter / antimatter reaction Length 304.8 meters ( 1000 ft ) One of the most difficult challenges facing the producers of Star Trek : The Motion Picture ( 1979 ) was recreating the Enterprise for film . Matt Jeffries designed the refit Enterprise that appears in the original Star Trek films , though his initial concepts were intended for the scrapped Star Trek : Phase II TV series . Jeffries began with the original Enterprise design and then identified components , such as the engines , that would have been upgraded . Some components , like the sensor dish , would be moved inside the ship to be more easily serviced . Art director Joe Jennings and conceptual illustrator Michael Minor added additional details when Jeffries left the project . Although art director Richard Taylor wanted to start over with designing the Enterprise for film , Roddenberry convinced him to continue working with Jeffries ' design . Taylor brought on Andrew Probert to refine details for the ship . Probert tried to give the Enterprise an art deco appearance . Production designer Harold Michaelson was responsible for the ship 's interior design , and special effects designer Douglas Trumbull also influenced the ship 's appearance . David Kimble created diagrams and deck plans for the updated Enterprise that were provided to model makers , toy companies , and other manufacturers of licensed products . Jim Dow was in charge of building the model and creating the molds and structural processes . Magicam spent 14 months and $150,000 to build the 8 - foot ( 2.4 m ) , 39 - kilogram ( 86 lb ) model . While the original Enterprise model was only seen in 17 poses , the new model had five points of articulation and could be shot from any angle . Paul Olsen painted the distinct `` Aztec '' scheme to provide an additional level of detail for the film screen and to suggest the presence of interlocking panels providing strength to the hull . The effect is made possible by small particles of mica in the paint , which alters its apparent color . However , the light flare created by the paint caused filming issues that made it hard to discern the edge of the ship against a dark background . Foundation Imaging created a CGI model of the ship for the 2001 director 's cut of The Motion Picture . The model was refurbished slightly for Star Trek II : The Wrath of Khan ( 1982 ) , with its exterior shine dulled and extra detail added to the frame . Industrial Light & Magic 's ( ILM ) special effects team developed techniques to depict damage to the Enterprise without physically harming the model . ILM staff found the Enterprise difficult to work with : it took eight people to mount the model and a forklift to move it . For interior shots , the Enterprise was given a ship 's bell , boatswain 's call , and more blinking lights and signage to match the nautical atmosphere director Nicholas Meyer was trying to convey . David Kimble 's deck plans from The Motion Picture influenced the interior design for The Wrath of Khan . Recognizing the plot of Star Trek III : The Search for Spock ( 1984 ) was otherwise predictable , producer Harve Bennett decided to have the Enterprise destroyed . Though he meant for the event to be kept secret , news leaked . Visual effects supervisor Ken Ralston hated the Enterprise model and reveled in its destruction . Rather than damaging the original model , several less expensive miniatures and modules were created and destroyed . The model used throughout the first three films was redressed as the new USS Enterprise - A for Star Trek IV : The Voyage Home ( 1986 ) and its two sequels . 2009 franchise reboot ( edit ) USS Enterprise The re-conceptualized , `` alternate universe '' Enterprise in the 2009 Star Trek film First appearance Star Trek ( 2009 ) Affiliation United Federation of Planets Starfleet Launched 2258 General characteristics Registry NCC - 1701 Maximum speed Warp 8 Auxiliary craft Shuttlecraft Armaments Photon torpedoes Phasers Defenses Deflector shields Propulsion Impulse engines Warp drive Power Matter / antimatter The Enterprise was redesigned for the 2009 Star Trek film . Director J.J. Abrams wanted Enterprise to have a `` hot rod '' look while retaining the traditional shape , but otherwise afforded ILM `` tremendous '' leeway in creating the ship . Perhaps the most notable change was in the large engine nacelles , seen attached to the main body . The change applied a sleeker finish and shape to the otherwise simple nacelles of the previous ship . Concept artist Ryan Church 's initial designs were modeled and refined by set designer Joseph Hiura . This design was then given to ILM for further refinement and developed into photo - realistic models by Alex Jaeger 's team . ILM 's Roger Guyett , recalling the original Enterprise as being `` very static '' , added moving components to the model . ILM retained subtle geometric forms and patterns to allude to the original Enterprise . The computer model 's digital paint recreated the appearance of the `` Aztec '' hull pattern . The initial redesign of Enterprise was notably larger than the original Enterprise : while projected to be 367 meters ( 1,204 ft ) long , the final version was upscaled to be at least 700 meters ( 2,300 ft ) in length . Other Productions ( edit ) Greg Jein created a model of the original Enterprise for the Star Trek : Deep Space Nine episode `` Trials and Tribble - ations '' ( 1996 ) . Jein 's model was built to be exactly half the size of the original 11 - foot model , and later appeared in the 1998 Star Trek wall calendar . Jein 's Enterprise was the first production model of the starship to built in more than 30 years . In addition , a CGI model of the ship makes a cameo appearance at the end of the final episode of Star Trek : Enterprise , `` These Are the Voyages ... '' ( 2005 ) , and another CGI version was created for remastered episodes of the original Star Trek . Star Trek : Discovery takes place 10 years prior to the original Star Trek . A new design of the Enterprise , combining the original 1960s aesthetic with the production values of the modern show , appears briefly in the first - season finale . John Eaves , Scott Schneider , and William Budge designed the Enterprise from April to October 2017 . The designers initially drew from the original Enterprise design and then adapted ideas from the film refit . The Enterprise will appear in the show 's second season . Depiction ( edit ) Starfleet commissioned the Enterprise in 2245 . Captain Robert April is the Enterprise 's first commanding officer , succeeded by Captain Christopher Pike . Pike leads the Enterprise for about a decade and is the commanding officer in the original pilot , `` The Cage '' . Throughout the first Star Trek television series , Captain James T. Kirk commands the ship on an exploration mission from 2264 to 2269 . Star Trek : The Motion Picture begins with the Enterprise completing an 18 - month refit overseen by its new commanding officer , Captain Willard Decker . Decker describes the refit vessel as `` an almost totally new Enterprise '' . Admiral Kirk takes command of the ship to address a threat to Earth . Star Trek novels and other media depict a second five - year mission under Kirk 's command between the events of the first and second films . Captain Spock commands the Enterprise , serving as a training ship , at the beginning of Star Trek II : The Wrath of Khan in 2285 . Kirk assumes command when the ship investigates problems at space station Regula 1 . USS Reliant , hijacked by Khan Noonien Singh , inflicts substantial damage to the Enterprise ; Spock sacrifices his life to save the ship . Shortly after returning to spacedock at the beginning of Star Trek III : The Search for Spock , the Enterprise is marked for decommissioning due to its damage and age . Kirk and his senior officers steal the ship in an attempt to restore Spock 's life . During their mission , a Klingon attack disables the ship . Kirk lures most of the Klingons onto the crippled Enterprise , which he and his officers set to self - destruct before abandoning ship . When Kirk and his officers return to Earth , Kirk is demoted to captain and given command of a new starship named USS Enterprise . Alternate timeline ( edit ) The 2009 Star Trek film and its sequels occur in a different timeline than the original Star Trek . In the 2009 film , Enterprise makes its first appearance while under construction in Riverside , Iowa , in 2255 . Captain Christopher Pike commands Enterprise on its maiden voyage in 2258 to respond to a distress call from Vulcan . At the film 's conclusion , James Kirk is promoted to captain and receives command of the Enterprise . The re-imagined Enterprise appears in 2013 's Star Trek Into Darkness and 2016 's Star Trek Beyond , where it is destroyed . Critical reaction ( edit ) When it first appeared on television , the Enterprise was an `` elegant and weird looking behemoth '' . Like subsequent Star Trek ships with the same name , the original Enterprise is `` a character in its own right '' . Its appearance became iconic , and within the franchise the design influenced all future Federation starships . Jonathan Glancey described the `` convincing and exciting '' Enterprise as having the same aesthetic appeal as the Concorde jet , B - 17 bomber , and Queen Elizabeth 2 ocean liner . The ship 's interiors has been called iconic of 1960s design . Both io9 and Popular Mechanics called the original series Enterprise the best version of the various ships named Enterprise in the franchise . Time called the ship 's redesign for The Motion Picture `` bold '' and `` handsome '' . After being depicted as a complicated vessel requiring detailed care in The Wrath of Khan , Entertainment Weekly called it `` a bit loony '' for the Enterprise to be operable by just a handful of officers in The Search for Spock . The ship 's destruction in The Search for Spock was described as `` truly iconic '' and `` a good way to go '' . In a 2010 retrospective of the Star Trek films , author Jill Sherwin suggests the aging Enterprise in The Search for Spock served as a metaphor for the aging Star Trek franchise . Cultural impact ( edit ) The Enterprise has had considerable cultural impact . A write - in campaign in 1976 led to the first space shuttle being named Enterprise rather than Constitution . In 2009 , Virgin Galactic named its first commercial spaceship VSS Enterprise to honor the Star Trek vessel . Build the Enterprise is a website that proposes creating a functional spacecraft with a hull similar to the Enterprise . The Enterprise 's bridge design was evaluated by the United States Navy due to the efficiency of its style and layout . The bridge of the USS Independence and the Ships Mission Center of the USS Zumwalt have been compared to the Enterprise 's bridge . An exacting replica of the Enterprise bridge created for a Star Trek fan series was later opened as a public exhibit . The 11 - foot ( 3.4 m ) model donated by Paramount to the Smithsonian in 1974 Paramount Pictures donated the original 11 - foot filming model to the Smithsonian Institution in 1974 . It hung at the entrance to one of its exhibit galleries in the National Air and Space Museum before being moved to the gift shop , where it stayed for 14 years . It underwent relatively minor restoration in 1974 , 1984 , and 1992 ; in 2016 , after a substantial restoration , the model was unveiled in a new display in the lobby of the Milestones of Flight Hall . In 2006 , Paul Allen bought the Enterprise model created for the original Star Trek films for $240,000 , and it is on display at the Museum of Pop Culture . The Canadian town of Vulcan , Alberta , created a 31 - foot ( 9.4 m ) model starship inspired by the Enterprise . The Enterprise design has been licensed for use in variety of games , models , and toys . The first run of a cutaway drawing of the Enterprise for The Motion Picture sold over one million prints . In 2010 , Pocket Books published a Haynes Manual for `` owners '' of the USS Enterprise . The original Enterprise appears on a commemorative stamp released by the United States Postal Service . References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Enterprise , U.S.S. '' startrek.com . Retrieved August 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wayback Machine '' . Web.archive.org. 6 December 2006 . Archived from the original on 6 December 2006 . Retrieved 16 September 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Wayback Machine '' . Web.archive.org. 6 December 2006 . Archived from the original on 6 December 2006 . Retrieved 16 September 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Okuda , Michael ; Denise Okuda ; Debbie Mirek ( 1999 ) . The Star Trek Encyclopedia . Pocket Books . ISBN 0 - 671 - 53609 - 5 . Jump up ^ Designing Starships , p. 8 ^ Jump up to : `` Star Trek Starship Enterprise Studio Model '' . National Air and Space Museum . Retrieved August 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Ben ; Marcus Riley ( 2011 - 07 - 21 ) . Star Trek : U.S.S. Enterprise : Haynes Manual . Simon & Schuster . pp. Forward . Jump up ^ Designing Starships , pp. 8 - 9 ^ Jump up to : Gross , Edward ; Altman , Mark A. ( 2016 ) . The Fifty - Year Mission : The Complete , Uncensored , Unauthorized Oral History of Star Trek : The First 25 Years . Thomas Dunne Books . ISBN 978 - 1250065841 . Jump up ^ `` Evolution of the Starship Enterprise ( 2 of 28 ) '' . cbsnews.com . Retrieved August 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Designing Starships , p. 10 ^ Jump up to : `` Evolution of the Starship Enterprise ( 3 of 28 ) '' . Retrieved August 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Designing Starships , pp. 10 - 12 Jump up ^ Designing Starships , p. 12 ^ Jump up to : Conway , Richard ( May 16 , 2013 ) . `` Star Trek , Before Darkness : 47 Years of Starship Designs '' . Time . ISSN 0040 - 781X . Retrieved August 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Visual Effects Magic Not Always High - Tech '' . Report : Visual Effects Magic Not Always High - Tech. startrek.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 14 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Interviews : Matt Jefferies : Why NCC - 1701 ? '' . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2006 . Retrieved December 31 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Whitfield , Stephen PE ; Roddenberry , Gene ( 1968 ) . The Making of Star Trek . New York : Ballantine Books . ISBN 0 - 345 - 31554 - 5 . OCLC 23859 . Jump up ^ Designing Starships , p. 13 ^ Jump up to : NCC - 1701 Refit , p. 17 Jump up ^ Michelle , Donahue ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` Five things only a conservator would know about the USS Enterprise '' . Smithsonian Insider . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Benson , Paula ( November 13 , 2014 ) . `` The Tulip Chair in Star Trek - putting the record straight - Film and Furniture '' . Film and Furniture . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Phillips , Elaine K. ( May 15 , 2013 ) . `` Eames on the Enterprise : The 1960s Interior Design of Star Trek '' . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Newitt , Paul . `` An Interview with Franz Joseph '' . trekplace.com . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2004 . Retrieved August 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution - Class Refit '' . startrek.com . Retrieved August 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Star Trek The Motion Picture 14 official blueprints - sheet 3 '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 16 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Star Trek The Motion Picture 14 official blueprints - sheet 10 '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 06 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Star Trek The Motion Picture 14 official blueprints - sheet 1 '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 06 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Star Trek The Motion Picture 14 official blueprints - sheet 2 '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 06 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : NCC - 1701 Refit , p. 12 ^ Jump up to : NCC - 1701 Refit , p. 13 ^ Jump up to : NCC - 1701 Refit , p. 14 ^ Jump up to : Smith , Christopher ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` See What Lies Behind The Hull Of The Starship Enterprise '' . Motor1.com . Motorsport Network . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tobias , Tracey ( December 2001 ) . `` Redesigning the USS Enterprise NCC - 1701 '' . Star Trek : the Magazine . Fabbri Publishing . 2 ( 8 ) : 85 . Jump up ^ Olsen , Paul ( 2013 ) . Creating The Enterprise . Bristol , UK : STAR Books . pp. 91 , 92 , 93 , 94 . ISBN 0 9740407 11 . Jump up ^ Hood , Jamie . `` Probing the Ships of Star Trek : the Motion Picture '' . Round 2 Models . Retrieved October 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` How ILM came up with the new Enterprise for J.J. Abrams ' Trek '' . Sci Fi Wire. 2009 - 04 - 17 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Kay ( 1982 ) . `` ' Star Trek II : The Wrath of Khan ' : How the TV series became a hit movie , at last '' . Cinefantastique. 12 ( 5 - 6 ) : 50 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Ben ( editor ) ( September 2002 ) . `` Special ' The Wrath of Khan ' Issue '' . Star Trek : the Magazine . Fabbri Publishing . 3 ( 5 ) . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Anderson , Kay ( 1982 ) . `` ' Star Trek II : The Wrath of Khan ' : How the TV series became a hit movie , at last '' . Cinefantastique. 12 ( 5 - 6 ) : 50 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Ben ( editor ) ( September 2002 ) . `` Special ' The Wrath of Khan ' Issue '' . Star Trek : the Magazine . Fabbri Publishing . 3 ( 5 ) . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Reeves - Stevens , Judith and Garfield ( 1995 ) . The Art of Star Trek . Pocket Books . pp. 203 -- 205 . ISBN 0 - 671 - 89804 - 3 . Jump up ^ Star Trek cast and crew ( August 6 , 2002 ) . Star Trek II : The Wrath of Khan , The Directors Edition : Special Features ( DVD ; Disc 2 / 2 ) . Paramount Pictures . ^ Jump up to : Dillard , J.M. ( 1994 ) . Star Trek : `` Where No Man Has Gone Before '' -- A History in Pictures . Pocket Books . p. 79 . ISBN 0 - 671 - 51149 - 1 . Jump up ^ Nimoy , Leonard ; Harve Bennett , Charles Correll , Robin Curtis ( October 22 , 2002 ) . Star Trek III : The Search for Spock , Special Collector 's Edition : Director 's Commentary ( DVD ; Disc 1 / 2 ) . Paramount Pictures . Jump up ^ `` Official Star Trek Site Updated With Final ' Dossiers ' + New Info Section + more '' . TrekMovie.com . Jump up ^ Plant , Bob ( 2009 - 07 - 23 ) . `` Church of Trek '' . Round 2 Models . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ Erdmann & Block ( 2000 ) : p. 383 Jump up ^ `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Goes To The GLAADs , Enterprise Design Clarified , Anson Mount 's Memes And More '' . TrekMovie.com. April 14 , 2018 . Retrieved August 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' USS Enterprise Design Change Clarified As Creative Decision , Not A Legal One '' . TrekMovie.com. April 17 , 2018 . Retrieved August 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Whitbrook , James ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` All 11 Versions of the U.S.S. Enterprise , Ranked '' . io9 . Univision Communications . Retrieved August 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Carter , Alex ( April 16 , 2015 ) . `` Revisiting Star Trek III : The Search For Spock '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved August 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Glancey , Jonathan ( May 21 , 2009 ) . `` Classics of everyday design No 61 : Starship Enterprise '' . The Guardian . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Moseman , Andrew ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` Every `` Star Trek '' USS Enterprise , Ranked `` . Popular Mechanics . Retrieved August 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Conway , Richard ( May 16 , 2013 ) . `` Star Trek , Before Darkness : 47 Years of Starship Designs '' . Time . ISSN 0040 - 781X . Retrieved August 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Franich , Darren ( May 13 , 2016 ) . `` Star Trek III : The Search for Spock , Leonard Nimoy , and William Shatner '' . ew.com . Meredith Corporation . Retrieved August 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collura , Scott ( July 29 , 2016 ) . `` Star Trek : A Brief History of Blowing Up the USS Enterprise '' . IGN . Retrieved August 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Graeme , McMillan ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Trek ' : The Many Deaths of the USS Enterprise '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sherwin , Jill ( June 2010 ) . Simpson , Paul , ed . `` Of Sequels , Sons and Starships '' . Star Trek Magazine : 30 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek : History & Effect on Space Technology '' . Space.com . Archived from the original on 2017 - 10 - 24 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 23 . Perhaps the most famous example of Star Trek inspiring real - life took place in the 1970s . ( ... ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ NASA ( 2000 ) . `` Enterprise ( OV - 101 ) '' . National Aeronautics and Space Administration . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2015 . Retrieved November 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin Galactic 's Private Spaceship Makes First Crewed Flight '' . Space.com. 2010 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ Atkinson , Nancy . `` Spaceship Enterprise in 20 years ? Beam me up ! '' . NBC News . Retrieved 7 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Palis , Courteney . `` Engineer Wants Us To Build Real - Life Starship Enterprise '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 17 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Whitfield , Stephen ; Gene Roddenberry ( September 1968 ) . The Making of Star Trek . Ballantine Books . Jump up ^ Navy Times ( 2017 ) . `` LCS 2 's Streamlined Design Could Become Fleet 's New Standard '' . U.S. Navy . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2017 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Visitors to Independence 's pilot - house see many resemblances to the bridge of the Starship Enterprise , including two side - by - side command chairs with their own computer keyboards , a third chair behind them for overseeing the ship 's activity , and more consoles for engines , weapons and sensors in the back of the pilothouse . The ship 's captain has a fourth chair , of his own , on the starboard side , with a monitor for the ship 's vital information . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Matthew Griffin ( 2016 ) . `` Capable of full - autonomy , we go inside the stealth destroyer uss Zumwalt '' . Global Futurist . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . The SMC looks like a miniature version of a war room at the Pentagon and works in a similar fashion to the bridge seen on Star Trek . Gone are the purpose built heavy consoles used in a ship 's dark and cramped CIC , such as those still found today aboard AEGIS combat system equipped cruisers and destroyers . In their place the new SMC is entirely re-configurable and features streamlined consoles and workstations running on an incredibly powerful array of custom - built software and advanced off the shelf hardware . Jump up ^ Locke , Charley ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` An Elvis Impersonator Built an Exact Replica of the Starship Enterprise '' . Wired . Condé Nast Publications . Retrieved August 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Model , Starship Enterprise , Television Show , `` Star Trek '' `` . Retrieved 19 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Whitley , Jared ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` Smithsonian Brings Original Enterprise Model Back for One Day Only During Major Restoration Effort '' . TrekMovie.com . Retrieved August 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Paul , Richard ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` The Smithsonian gives the USS Enterprise an honored place in the Air and Space Museum '' . Public Radio International . Retrieved August 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` About Vulcan , Alberta 's Star Ship FX6 - 1995 - A '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 02 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Stamps Postal History - Star Trek stamps beaming into United States Post Office '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 10 - 24 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Sources ( edit ) Designing Starships : The Enterprises and Beyond , Volume 1 . Eaglemoss Productions . 2018 . U.S.S. Enterprise NCC - 1701 Refit . Eaglemoss Productions Ltd. 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Conserving the Star Trek starship Enterprise Studio Model Enterprise - Hypersonic velocity test of the hull design by University of Queensland 's X2 Super-Orbital Expansion Tube using holographic interferometry Hamill , Jasper ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` Fascinating blueprints show early designs for iconic spaceships from Star Wars and Star Trek films '' . The Sun . News UK . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) USS Enterprise ( NCC - 1701 ) at Memory Alpha ( a Star Trek wiki ) USS Enterprise ( NCC - 1701 ) ( alternate reality ) at Memory Alpha ( a Star Trek wiki ) USS Enterprise model page at the National Air and Space Museum Spacecraft named Enterprise Star Trek starships NCC - 1701 NX - 01 NASA Space Shuttle orbiter Virgin Galactic SpaceShipTwo NASA interstellar spacecraft concept Star Trek ships named Enterprise Ships OV - 101 NX - 01 NCC - 1701 NCC - 1701 - A NCC - 1701 - B NCC - 1701 - C NCC - 1701 - D NCC - 1701 - E Captains Jonathan Archer Robert April Christopher Pike James T. Kirk Willard Decker Spock John Harriman Rachel Garrett Jean - Luc Picard William Riker Edward Jellico Category : Star Trek Star Trek : The Original Series Episodes Season 1 The Animated Series episodes Films The Motion Picture The Wrath of Khan The Search for Spock The Voyage Home The Final Frontier The Undiscovered Country Characters Christine Chapel Pavel Chekov James T. Kirk Leonard McCoy Janice Rand Montgomery Scott Spock ( Development ) Hikaru Sulu Nyota Uhura Number One Related topics Awards and nominations The God Thing Planet of the Titans Theme song USS Enterprise ( NCC - 1701 ) USS Enterprise ( NCC - 1701 - A ) Book Star Trek reboot ( Kelvin Timeline ) series Primary characters Pavel Chekov James T. Kirk Leonard McCoy Christopher Pike Montgomery Scott Khan Noonien Singh Spock Hikaru Sulu Nyota Uhura Media Films Star Trek ( awards ) Star Trek Into Darkness ( awards ) Star Trek Beyond Comic books Star Trek : Countdown Star Trek : Nero Star Trek : Khan Video games Star Trek DAC Star Trek Star Trek : Bridge Crew Other topics USS Enterprise ( NCC - 1701 ) Category : Star Trek Spacecraft in Star Trek Main vessels USS Enterprise USS Enterprise - A USS Enterprise - D USS Enterprise - E Deep Space Nine USS Defiant USS Voyager Enterprise NX - 01 USS Discovery Other vessels Earth Spacedock Ferengi starships Klingon starships Runabout Shuttlecraft ( Galileo ) Starship Enterprise List of Starfleet starships ordered by class Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_Enterprise_(NCC-1701)&oldid=857022708 '' Categories : Fictional elements introduced in 1966 Star Trek spacecraft Star Trek : The Original Series Star Trek : Phase II Artifacts in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский Türkçe 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 01 : 48 ( UTC ) . 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what does ncc in star trek stand for

The ship 's NCC - 1701 registry stems from NC being one of the international aircraft registration codes assigned to the United States . The second C was added because Soviet aircraft used Cs , and Jeffries believed a venture into space would be a joint operation by the United States and Russia . NCC is the Starfleet abbreviation for `` Naval Construction Contract '' , comparable to what the U.S. Navy would call a hull number . Jeffries rejected 3 , 6 , 8 , and 9 as `` too easily confused '' on screen ; he eventually reasoned the Enterprise was the first vessel of Starfleet 's 17th starship design , hence 1701 . The Making of Star Trek explains that USS means `` United Space Ship '' and that `` Enterprise is a member of the Starship Class '' . The ship was changed to Constitution class with the release of Franz Joseph 's Star Fleet Technical Manual in 1975 .

Glucose tolerance test - wikipedia Glucose tolerance test Jump to : navigation , search The glucose tolerance test is a medical test in which glucose is given and blood samples taken afterward to determine how quickly it is cleared from the blood . The test is usually used to test for diabetes , insulin resistance , impaired beta cell function , and sometimes reactive hypoglycemia and acromegaly , or rarer disorders of carbohydrate metabolism . In the most commonly performed version of the test , an oral glucose tolerance test ( OGTT ) , a standard dose of glucose is ingested by mouth and blood levels are checked two hours later . Many variations of the GTT have been devised over the years for various purposes , with different standard doses of glucose , different routes of administration , different intervals and durations of sampling , and various substances measured in addition to blood glucose . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Testing 2.1 Preparation 2.2 Procedure 2.3 Dose of glucose and variations 2.4 Substances measured and variations 3 Results 4 Sample method 5 Variations 6 Oral glucose challenge test 7 Limitations of OGTT 8 References History ( edit ) The glucose tolerance test was first described in 1923 by Jerome W. Conn . The test was based on the previous work in 1913 by A.T.B. Jacobson in determining that carbohydrate ingestion results in blood glucose fluctuations , and the premise ( named the Staub - Traugott Phenomenon after its first observers H. Staub in 1921 and K. Traugott in 1922 ) that a normal patient fed glucose will rapidly return to normal levels of blood glucose after an initial spike , and will see improved reaction to subsequent glucose feedings . Testing ( edit ) Since the 1970s , the World Health Organization and other organizations interested in diabetes agreed on a standard dose and duration . Preparation ( edit ) The patient is instructed not to restrict carbohydrate intake in the days or weeks before the test . The test should not be done during an illness , as results may not reflect the patient 's glucose metabolism when healthy . A full adult dose should not be given to a person weighing less than 42.6 kg ( 94 lb ) , or the excessive glucose may produce a false positive result . Usually the OGTT is performed in the morning as glucose tolerance can exhibit a diurnal rhythm with a significant decrease in the afternoon . The patient is instructed to fast ( water is allowed ) for 8 -- 12 hours prior to the tests Procedure ( edit ) A zero time ( baseline ) blood sample is drawn . The patient is then given a measured dose ( below ) of glucose solution to drink within a 5 - minute time frame . Blood is drawn at intervals for measurement of glucose ( blood sugar ) , and sometimes insulin levels . The intervals and number of samples vary according to the purpose of the test . For simple diabetes screening , the most important sample is the 2 hour sample and the 0 and 2 hour samples may be the only ones collected . A laboratory may continue to collect blood for up to 6 hours depending on the protocol requested by the physician . Dose of glucose and variations ( edit ) 75g of oral dose is the recommendation of the WHO to be used in all adults , and is the main dosage used in the United States . The dose is adjusted for weight only in children . The dose should be drunk within 5 minutes . A variant is often used in pregnancy to screen for gestational diabetes , with a screening test of 50 grams over one hour . If elevated , this is followed with a test of 100 grams over three hours . In UK general practice , the standard glucose load was provided by 394ml of the energy drink Lucozade with original carbonated flavour , but this is being superseded by purpose - made drinks . In Portugal , the standard glucose load is provided by the clinical laboratory or hospital by 200 ml of fluid in a PET bottle . The best - known brand is TopStar , produced in Portugal . The recommendation is for a 75g oral dose for all adults , which is adjusted for weight in children . However , doses of 50g and 100g are also used , available in orange , lemon and cola flavor . Substances measured and variations ( edit ) If renal glycosuria ( sugar excreted in the urine despite normal levels in the blood ) is suspected , urine samples may also be collected for testing along with the fasting and 2 hour blood tests . Results ( edit ) Fasting plasma glucose ( measured before the OGTT begins ) should be below 6.1 mmol / L ( 110 mg / dL ) . Fasting levels between 6.1 and 7.0 mmol / L ( 110 and 125 mg / dL ) are borderline ( `` impaired fasting glycaemia '' ) , and fasting levels repeatedly at or above 7.0 mmol / L ( 126 mg / dL ) are diagnostic of diabetes . A 1 hour GTT ( Glucose Tolerance Test ) glucose level below 10 mmol / L ( 180 mg / dL ) is considered normal . For a 2 hour GTT ( Glucose Tolerance Test ) with 75g intake , a glucose level below 7.8 mmol / L ( 140 mg / dL ) is normal , whereas higher glucose levels indicate hyperglycemia . Blood plasma glucose between 7.8 mmol / L ( 140 mg / dL ) and 11.1 mmol / L ( 200 mg / dL ) indicate `` impaired glucose tolerance '' , and levels above 11.1 mmol / L ( 200 mg / dL ) at 2 hours confirm a diagnosis of diabetes . For gestational diabetes , the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists ( ACOG ) recommends a two - step procedure , wherein the first step is a 50g glucose dose . If it results in a blood glucose level of more than 7.8 mmol / L ( 140 mg / dL ) , it is followed by a 100 gram glucose dose . The diagnosis of gestational diabetes is then defined by a blood glucose level exceeding the cutoff value on at least two intervals , with cutoffs as follows : Before glucose intake ( fasting ) : 5.3 mmol / L ( 95 mg / dL ) 1 hour after drinking the glucose solution : 10 mmol / L ( 180 mg / dL ) 2 hours : 8.6 mmol / L ( 155 mg / dL ) 3 hours : 7.8 mmol / L ( 140 mg / dL ) Sample method ( edit ) The diagnosis criteria stated above by the World Health Organisation ( WHO ) are for venous samples only ( a blood sample taken from a vein in the arm ) . An increasingly popular method for measuring blood glucose is to sample capillary or finger - prick blood , which is less invasive , more convenient for the patient and requires minimal training to conduct . Though fasting blood glucose levels have been shown to be similar in both capillary and venous samples , postprandial blood glucose levels ( those measured after a meal ) can vary . The diagnosis criteria issued by the WHO are only suitable for venous blood samples . Given the increasing popularity of capillary testing , the WHO has recommended that a conversion factor between the two sample types be calculated , but as of 2017 no conversion factor had been issued by the WHO , despite some medical professionals adopting their own . Variations ( edit ) A standard two - hour GTT ( Glucose Tolerance test ) is sufficient to diagnose or exclude all forms of diabetes mellitus at all but the earliest stages of development . Longer tests have been used for a variety of other purposes , such as detecting reactive hypoglycemia or defining subsets of hypothalamic obesity . Insulin levels are sometimes measured to detect insulin resistance or deficiency . The GTT ( Glucose Tolerance Test ) is of limited value in the diagnosis of reactive hypoglycemia , since ( 1 ) normal levels do not preclude the diagnosis , ( 2 ) abnormal levels do not prove that the patient 's other symptoms are related to a demonstrated atypical OGTT , and ( 3 ) many people without symptoms of reactive hypoglycemia may have the late low glucose . Oral glucose challenge test ( edit ) The oral glucose challenge test ( OGCT ) is a short version of the OGTT , used to check pregnant women for signs of gestational diabetes . It can be done at any time of day , not on an empty stomach . The test involves 50g of glucose , with a reading after one hour . Limitations of OGTT ( edit ) The OGTT does not distinguish between insulin resistance in peripheral tissues and reduced capacity of the pancreas beta - cells to produce insulin . The OGTT is less accurate than the hyperinsulinemic - euglycemic clamp technique ( the `` gold standard '' for measuring insulin resistance ) , or the insulin tolerance test , but is technically less difficult . Neither of the two technically demanding tests can be easily applied in a clinical setting or used in epidemiological studies . HOMA - IR ( homeostatic model assessment ) is a convenient way of measuring insulin resistance in normal subjects , which can be used in epidemiological studies , but can give erroneous results for diabetic patients . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Glucose Tolerance Test at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) Jump up ^ DeFronzo RA , Abdul - Ghani M ( 2011 ) . `` Assessment and treatment of cardiovascular risk in prediabetes : impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glucose '' . American Journal of Cardiology. 108 ( 3 Suppl ) : 3B -- 24B . PMID 21802577 . doi : 10.1016 / j. amjcard. 2011.03. 013 . ^ Jump up to : Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care . `` Glucose tolerance test : how does it work exactly ? '' . Informed Health Online . Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Conn JW . Interpretation of the glucose tolerance test . The necessity of a standard preparatory diet . Am J Med Sci. 1940 ; 199 : 555 -- 564 '' . Jump up ^ `` Jacobsen ATB . Untersuchungen über den Einfluss verschiedener Nahrungsmittel auf den Blutzucker bei normalen , zuckerkranken und graviden Personen . Biochem Z 1913 ; 56 : 471 -- 494 '' . Jump up ^ `` TRAUGOTT K. Über das Verhalten des Blutzuckerspiegels bei wiederholter und verschiedener Art enteraler Zuckerzufuhr and dessen Bedeutung für die Leberfunktion . Klin . Wochenschr. 1 : 892 , 1922 . '' . Jump up ^ `` Staub , H. , Biochem. Z. , 1921 , cxviii , 93 . '' . ^ Jump up to : World Health Organization and International Diabetes Federation ( 1999 ) . Definition , diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications . Geneva , Switzerland : World Health Organization . ^ Jump up to : `` Glucose tolerance test '' . Mayo Clinic . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Glucose Tests '' . Lab Tests Online . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 15 . This article was last modified on December 21 , 2015 Jump up ^ Salford Royal NHS Trust . `` Glucose Tolerance Tests in Primary Care '' . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ Jane Patmore ( 2009 ) . `` Oral Glucose Tolerance Tests : Protocol and Guidance '' ( PDF ) . Hull and East Riding Diabetes Network , Hull NHS teaching hospitals trust . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ Hartling , L ; Dryden , DM ; Guthrie , A ; et al. ( October 2012 ) . `` Screening and Diagnosing Gestational Diabetes Mellitus '' . Evidence Reports / Technology Assessments , No. 210 . Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Muniyappa R , Lee S , Chen H , Quon MJ ( 2008 ) . `` Current approaches for assessing insulin sensitivity and resistance in vivo : advantages , limitations , and appropriate usage '' . The American Journal of Physiology . Endocrinology and Metabolism. 294 ( 1 ) : E15 -- E26 . PMID 17957034 . doi : 10.1152 / ajpendo. 00645.2007 . Jump up ^ Antuna - Puente B , Disse E , Rabasa - Lhoret R , Laville M , Capeau J , Bastard JP ( 2011 ) . `` How can we measure insulin sensitivity / resistance ? '' . DIABETES &AMP ; METABOLISM. 37 ( 5 ) : 179 -- 188 . PMID 21435930 . doi : 10.1016 / j. diabet. 2011.01. 002 . ( hide ) Diabetes ( E10 -- E14 , 250 ) Types Type 1 Type 2 LADA Gestational diabetes Diabetes and pregnancy Prediabetes Impaired fasting glucose Impaired glucose tolerance Insulin resistance KPD MODY Neonatal Transient Permanent Type 3c ( Pancreatogenic ) Blood tests Blood sugar level Glycosylated hemoglobin Glucose tolerance test Postprandial glucose test Fructosamine Glucose test C - peptide Noninvasive glucose monitor Insulin tolerance test Management Diabetic diet Anti-diabetic drugs Insulin therapy intensive conventional pulsatile Cure Embryonic stem cells Artificial pancreas Other Gastric bypass surgery Complications Diabetic comas Hypoglycemia Ketoacidosis Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state Diabetic foot ulcer Neuropathic arthropathy Organs in diabetes Blood vessels Muscle Kidney Nerves Retina Heart Diabetic skin disease Diabetic dermopathy Diabetic bulla Diabetic cheiroarthropathy Neuropathic ulcer Hyperglycemia Hypoglycemia Other Glossary of diabetes Notable people with type 1 diabetes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glucose_tolerance_test&oldid=803543325 '' Categories : Diabetes - related tests Blood tests Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski தமிழ் 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 04 : 20 . 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what is an indication for the administration of oral glucose

The glucose tolerance test is a medical test in which glucose is given and blood samples taken afterward to determine how quickly it is cleared from the blood . The test is usually used to test for diabetes , insulin resistance , impaired beta cell function , and sometimes reactive hypoglycemia and acromegaly , or rarer disorders of carbohydrate metabolism . In the most commonly performed version of the test , an oral glucose tolerance test ( OGTT ) , a standard dose of glucose is ingested by mouth and blood levels are checked two hours later . Many variations of the GTT have been devised over the years for various purposes , with different standard doses of glucose , different routes of administration , different intervals and durations of sampling , and various substances measured in addition to blood glucose .

The One after Vegas - wikipedia The One after Vegas Jump to : navigation , search `` The One After Vegas '' Friends episode Episode no . Season 6 Episode 1 Directed by Kevin S. Bright Written by Adam Chase Production code 225551 Original air date September 23 , 1999 Guest appearance ( s ) Bill Stevenson as Rick Episode chronology ← Previous `` The One in Vegas '' Next → `` The One Where Ross Hugs Rachel '' Friends ( season 6 ) List of Friends episodes `` The One After Vegas '' is the sixth - season premiere of the American television situation comedy Friends , which was broadcast on NBC on September 23 , 1999 . The plot continues from the previous episode ; after their drunken wedding in Las Vegas , Ross and Rachel plan a quick annulment , and Monica and Chandler discuss moving in together . A subplot has Joey and Phoebe driving back to New York from Vegas , picking up a hitchhiker on the way . The episode was directed by Kevin S. Bright , written by Adam Chase and its production was documented for a Discovery Channel program . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) Ross and Rachel wake up in bed together , immensely hung - over and unaware that they got married the night before . Joey joins Phoebe for breakfast , telling her his movie has been canceled . Monica and Chandler arrive and , at the buffet , Chandler tells Joey he and Monica were also planning to wed and expresses worry that the relationship is moving too fast . Monica shares the same concern with Phoebe but they are interrupted when Ross and Rachel arrive . When the others tell them they are married , they decide to get an annulment , leading to a large amount of jokes about Ross ' failed marriages , much to his anger . Joey encourages Phoebe to go with him on the long drive back to New York , to stop him from being lonely . She agrees but she is annoyed when Joey spends the whole first day asleep while she drives , and they switch over . As Phoebe sleeps , Joey picks up a hitchhiker . Initially outraged , Phoebe soon strikes up a friendship with the man , and gives him her number when he leaves . Joey asks for her forgiveness and they play car games . Monica and Chandler are still undecided about where their relationship is going , and look for signs that they should get married . They grow increasingly alarmed when all the signs are positive , and eventually Chandler suggests he just move into Monica 's apartment with her , which she agrees to . Ross tells Rachel that he does not want three failed marriages and attempts to convince her to change her mind about the annulment , but she refuses and pressures him to get the annulment . He concedes and later tells her he took care of it , but reveals to Phoebe that he lied : They are still married . Production ( edit ) Courteney Cox had married David Arquette between seasons and Arquette was added to her name in the opening credits . The new sets constructed for the previous episode were left standing over the summer hiatus , allowing the production team to resume filming on the Vegas sets with minimal disruption . A discussion was held during rehearsals about the ink Ross and Rachel had applied to each other 's faces in the previous episode ; dialogue had established that it was permanent and Marta Kauffman was keen to show it was still there in the scene where Ross and Rachel arrive at breakfast , albeit fainter than before . Others preferred that it was gone completely and this was what was shown in the scene as filmed . There was worry that people would not understand the joke that indicated Phoebe had married someone in a Vegas wedding , but a vox pop of the audience showed they did . During editing , three minutes and 40 seconds were trimmed from the episode to bring it down to the appropriate running time of 22 minutes . Additional time was created for this and future episodes by shortening the theme tune from 45 seconds to 35 . Production required 52 takes , 14 scenes and seven rewrites . Between seasons , Cox married David Arquette , becoming Courteney Cox Arquette . An in - joke reference to this is made in the opening credits , where the rest of the cast have `` Arquette '' appended to their names . The dedication `` For Courteney and David , who did get married '' appears during the fade out to the tag scene . Behind - the - scenes footage , along with talking heads by producers , writers and cast , was filmed for an episode of On the Inside , a Discovery Channel series . The programme was released in the United Kingdom in 2001 as part of a special `` best of '' VHS boxset . In 2004 it was included as an extra on the US season five DVD set , titled The One that Goes Behind the Scenes , as well as on The Best of Friends Volume Three and The Best of Friends Volume Four . It was re-released in the UK on the season ten DVD set under this same title . Reception ( edit ) Entertainment Weekly rated the episode B+ , praising Schwimmer and Aniston for spinning `` new variations on Ross ' and Rachel 's twisted romantic fates '' and citing the line `` This is not a marriage -- this is the world 's worst hangover ! '' as the best line of the episode . The authors of Friends Like Us : The Unofficial Guide to Friends also mention this line , and praise the moments when Monica and Chandler act like newlyweds , however hard they try not to . They describe Ross 's actions as `` predictable '' but wonder `` just how far the writers will go before we all tire of Ross 's self - centred , clinical logic trampling over the feelings of the very people he claims to love the most . '' The episode was nominated for an Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Sound Mixing in a Comedy Series or Special at the 52nd Primetime Emmy Awards , but lost to an episode of Ally McBeal . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Sangster , Jim ; David Bailey ( 2000 ) . Friends Like Us : The Unofficial Guide to Friends ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Virgin Publishing . pp. 331 -- 333 . ISBN 0 - 7535 - 0439 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : McMahon , Tom ( producer ) ( 1999 ) . On the Inside ( The One that Goes Behind the Scenes ) ( Documentary ) . Los Angeles , California : Present Tense Productions and Discovery Channel . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Lacey , Gord ( 2003 - 12 - 27 ) . `` Friends -- The Complete 5th Season '' . TV Shows on DVD.com . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Season 6 ( 1999 -- 2000 ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . 2001 - 09 - 15 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 - 2000 52nd Emmy Awards '' . The Envelope ( LA Times ) . Archived from the original on 2007 - 01 - 06 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 30 . External links ( edit ) `` The One After Vegas '' on IMDb `` The One After Vegas '' at TV.com ( hide ) Friends Characters Chandler Bing Phoebe Buffay Monica Geller Ross Geller Rachel Green Joey Tribbiani Episodes Season 1 `` The Pilot '' ( 1.01 ) `` The One with the Sonogram at the End '' ( 1.02 ) `` The One with George Stephanopoulos '' ( 1.04 ) Season 2 `` The One with the Lesbian Wedding '' ( 2.11 ) `` The One After the Superbowl '' ( 2.12 -- 2.13 ) `` The One with the Prom Video '' ( 2.14 ) `` The One Where Dr. Ramoray Dies '' ( 2.18 ) Season 3 `` The One Where No One 's Ready '' ( 3.02 ) Season 4 `` The One with the Embryos '' ( 4.12 ) `` The One with Ross 's Wedding '' ( 4.23 -- 4.24 ) Season 5 `` The One After Ross Says Rachel '' ( 5.01 ) `` The One Hundredth '' ( 5.03 ) `` The One with All the Thanksgivings '' ( 5.08 ) `` The One with the Girl Who Hits Joey '' ( 5.15 ) `` The One Where Rachel Smokes '' ( 5.18 ) `` The One Where Ross Ca n't Flirt '' ( 5.19 ) `` The One with the Ride - Along '' ( 5.20 ) Season 6 `` The One After Vegas '' ( 6.01 ) `` The One with the Apothecary Table '' ( 6.11 ) `` The One with the Proposal '' ( 6.24 -- 6.25 ) Season 7 `` The One with Monica and Chandler 's Wedding '' ( 7.23 -- 7.24 ) Season 8 `` The One with Rachel 's Date '' ( 8.05 ) `` The One with the Rumor '' ( 8.09 ) Season 9 -- Season 10 `` The Last One '' ( 10.17 -- 10.18 ) Related articles Music `` I 'll Be There for You '' Joey Mad About You Awards and nominations Friends ... ' Til the End Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_One_After_Vegas&oldid=804202095 '' Categories : Friends ( season 6 ) episodes 1999 American television episodes Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Tv.com template using numeric id Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 13 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

what episode of friends is everyone's last name arquette

Between seasons , Cox married David Arquette , becoming Courteney Cox Arquette . An in - joke reference to this is made in the opening credits , where the rest of the cast have `` Arquette '' appended to their names . The dedication `` For Courteney and David , who did get married '' appears during the fade out to the tag scene .

Baseball at the Summer Olympics - wikipedia Baseball at the Summer Olympics Jump to : navigation , search Baseball at the Summer Olympics Governing body IBAF Events 1 ( men ) Games 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Note : demonstration sport years indicated in italics Medalists Baseball at the Summer Olympics unofficially debuted at the 1904 Summer Games , and became an official Olympic sport at the 1992 Summer Olympics . The event was last played in the 2008 Olympics in Beijing with South Korea taking the gold . In 2016 it was confirmed that Baseball would return for the 2020 games in Tokyo . Olympic baseball is governed by the International Baseball Federation ( IBAF ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Medalists 3 Medal table 4 Qualification 5 Competition 6 Participating nations 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) Although little was recorded , Olympic baseball first appeared at the 1904 St. Louis games . Eight years later in 1912 in Stockholm , a United States team played against host Sweden , winning 13 -- 3 . Baseball was also played at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris , the American team beating the French team ( the local Ranelagh Club ) 5 -- 0 in a four inning exhibition game . In 1936 in Berlin , two United States teams played each other before approximately 90,000 -- 100,000 spectators at the Reichsportsfeld . The 1952 Helsinki event was a modified form of the sport , Finnish baseball , played by two Finnish teams . Australia played a one - game exhibition against the United States in 1956 Melbourne and Japan did the same in 1964 in Tokyo . With a crowd of nearly 114,000 spectators , this game at the Melbourne Cricket Ground held the record for the highest attended exhibition baseball game ever until a 2008 American game in Los Angeles . After a twenty - year hiatus , Olympic baseball ( labelled an exhibition sport / event by the IOC ) returned but with tournament formatting ( 1984 Los Angeles ) . At the 1988 Seoul games , it was termed a demonstration sport . Japan defeated the United States in the inaugural tournament finale in 1984 . However , in 1988 , the United States won over Japan . Baseball became an official sport at the 1992 Summer Olympics , with the familiar eight team tournament . Players were required to be amateurs . The tournament consisted of a round - robin , in which teams played each of the other teams , followed by semifinals and finals . The format of the competition remained the same after that , with the only major change being that starting in 2000 players were not required to be amateurs . At the IOC meeting on July 7 , 2005 , baseball and softball were voted out of the 2012 Summer Olympics in London , United Kingdom , becoming the first sports voted out of the Olympics since polo was eliminated from the 1936 Olympics . The elimination excised 16 teams and more than 300 athletes from the 2012 Olympics . The two slots left available by the IOC 's elimination were subsequently filled by golf and rugby sevens in 2016 . This decision was reaffirmed on February 9 , 2006 . In the stands during the 2008 bronze medal game between the U.S. and Japan , IOC head Jacques Rogge was interviewed by MLB. com 's Mark Newman and cited various criteria for baseball to earn its way back in : `` To be on the Olympic program is an issue where you need universality as much as possible . You need to have a sport with a following , you need to have the best players and you need to be in strict compliance with WADA ( World Anti-Doping Agency ) . And these are the qualifications that have to be met . When you have all that , you have to win hearts . You can win the mind , but you still must win hearts . '' It was officially decided in August 2009 at the IOC Board meeting in Berlin that baseball would also not be included in the 2016 Summer Olympics . On April 1 , 2011 , the IBAF and the International Softball Federation announced they were preparing a joint proposal to revive play of both sports at the 2020 Summer Olympics . In August 2011 , Olympic news source Around the Rings reported that the ISF and IBAF would not rush into an Olympic proposal , and that the IBAF was working on forming a temporary commission to analyze the prospect of a joint proposal . `` In the past , baseball and softball were running alone , and the result was that baseball and softball stayed out , '' IBAF president Riccardo Fraccari said in reference to their decades - long push for Olympic inclusion . On September 8 , 2013 , the International Olympic Committee voted to reinstate wrestling , defeating the combined baseball - softball bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics . On December 8 , 2014 , in Monaco , the International Olympic Committee signed off on changes that would allow the 2020 Summer Olympics organizers to resurrect baseball and softball . On September 28 , 2015 , the Tokyo 2020 Organising Committee announced that it would be recommending the reintroduction of baseball / softball , along with four other sports , to the IOC . On August 3 , 2016 , the International Olympic Committee approved the return of baseball and softball to the Olympic program for the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo . Medalists ( edit ) See also : List of Olympic medalists in baseball Games Gold Silver Bronze 1992 Barcelona Cuba ( CUB ) Chinese Taipei ( TPE ) Japan ( JPN ) 1996 Atlanta Cuba ( CUB ) Japan ( JPN ) United States ( USA ) 2000 Sydney United States ( USA ) Cuba ( CUB ) South Korea ( KOR ) 2004 Athens Cuba ( CUB ) Australia ( AUS ) Japan ( JPN ) 2008 Beijing South Korea ( KOR ) Cuba ( CUB ) United States ( USA ) 2012 -- 2016 not included in the Olympic program 2020 Tokyo Medal table ( edit ) Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total Cuba 0 5 United States 0 South Korea 0 Japan 0 5 Australia 0 0 Chinese Taipei 0 0 Qualification ( edit ) The host nation was always guaranteed a place in the Olympic baseball tournament . The other seven places were generally determined by continental qualifying tournaments . For the 2008 Games , the Americas received two places , Europe received one place , and Asia received one place . The final three places were given to the top three nations at an eight - team tournament held after the continental tournaments . Qualification for this tournament was determined by those continental tournaments . The third and fourth place American teams , second and third place European teams , second and third place Asian teams , first place African team , and first place Oceania team competed in that tournament . This qualification tournament was new for 2008 . It was created after heavy criticism of the previous qualification standard . In previous Olympics , only two teams from the Americas were able to qualify for the Olympics , despite the fact that the vast majority of the top baseball - playing nations in the world came from this region . Europe , whose baseball nations were substantially weaker , also entered two teams . Competition ( edit ) Olympic baseball was nearly identical to most professional baseball . Aluminum bats were disallowed after 1996 Atlanta . There was also a mercy rule that was invoked if a team was winning by 10 or more runs after 7 innings ( or 6.5 innings if the home team was leading ) . For Sydney 2000 , rosters were expanded to 24 players . The tournament consisted of a round - robin preliminary round in which each team played all 7 of the other teams . Only the top four teams advanced to the medals round . In that round , semifinals were played between the 1st / 4th place teams and the 2nd / 3rd place teams . The semifinal losers then played a bronze medal game , with the winner earning the medal and the loser receiving 4th place . The semifinal winners played in the final , which awarded the winner a gold medal and the loser a silver medal . During the 2008 games a unique rule went into effect during games which went into extra innings . If the game was still tied after the completion of the tenth inning base runners were automatically placed on first and second base with no outs . IBAF created this rule to encourage scoring late in the game in order to determine a winner and to address criticisms from the IOC that a baseball game 's length was unpredictable . Participating nations ( edit ) The following 16 nations took part in the baseball competition . The numbers in the table refer to the final rank of each team in each tournament . Nation 1992 2000 2008 2020 Years Australia 9 ! 7 6 9 ! Canada 9 ! 9 ! 9 ! 6 China 9 ! 9 ! 9 ! 9 ! 8 Chinese Taipei 9 ! 9 ! 5 5 Cuba 5 Dominican Republic 6 9 ! 9 ! 9 ! 9 ! Greece 9 ! 9 ! 9 ! 7 9 ! Italy 7 6 7 8 9 ! Japan Q 5 South Korea 9 ! 8 9 ! Netherlands 9 ! 5 5 6 7 Nicaragua 9 ! 9 ! 9 ! 9 ! Puerto Rico 5 9 ! 9 ! 9 ! 9 ! South Africa 9 ! 9 ! 8 9 ! 9 ! Spain 8 9 ! 9 ! 9 ! 9 ! United States 9 ! Total Nations 8 8 8 8 8 See also ( edit ) Baseball portal Olympic Baseball List of Olympic medalists in baseball List of Olympic venues in discontinued events References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ `` Record crowd watches Dodgers v Red Sox exhibition '' . Reuters. 31 March 2008 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 9 July 2005 ) . `` They'rrre out ! Olympics drop baseball , softball '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved 15 August 2008 . Rogge has basically conspired against the sports to get them removed Jump up ^ de Vries , Lloyd ( 9 February 2006 ) . `` Strike 3 for Olympic Baseball '' . CBS News . Archived from the original on 28 August 2008 . Retrieved 15 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Newman , Mark ( August 23 , 2008 ) . `` IOC : MLB players needed for 2016 bid '' . MLB.com . Jump up ^ Wilson , Stephen ( August 13 , 2009 ) . `` Golf , rugby backed by IOC board for 2016 Games '' . The Seattle Times . Associated Press . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( March 28 , 2012 ) . `` Baseball , softball consider joint 2020 Olympic bid '' . FoxNews.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 2013 - 09 - 08 ) . `` Wrestling gets reinstated for 2020 Olympics '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` IOC allows summer or winter Olympics in two countries ; baseball , softball get second life '' . Chicago Tribune . December 2014 . Retrieved 8 December 2014 . Jump up ^ 5 sports recommended for addition to Tokyo Games , from BBC.co.uk , 28 September 2015 Jump up ^ `` Baseball , softball to return to Olympics in 2020 '' . Los Angeles Times . August 2016 . Retrieved 3 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Associated Press ( 2008 - 07 - 25 ) . `` IBAF changes rules for extra-inning games in time for Beijing '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on 1 August 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 31 . Sources Official Olympic Reports ( digitized copies online ) International Olympic Committee results database External links ( edit ) International Olympic Committee -- Baseball , archived from the original via Internet Archive International Baseball Federation Baseball at the Summer Olympics Tournaments 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Qualifications 1992 2000 2008 2020 Squads 1992 2000 2008 2020 Italicised years indicate baseball was featured as a demonstration sport . List of medalists List of venues Sports at the Olympic Games Summer sports Archery Athletics Badminton Basketball Boxing Canoeing Cycling Diving Equestrian Fencing Field hockey Football Golf Gymnastics Handball Judo Modern pentathlon Rowing Rugby sevens Sailing Shooting Swimming Synchronized swimming Table tennis Taekwondo Tennis Triathlon Volleyball Beach volleyball Water polo Weightlifting Wrestling Winter sports Alpine skiing Biathlon Bobsleigh Cross-country skiing Curling Figure skating Freestyle skiing Ice hockey Luge Nordic combined Short track speed skating Skeleton Ski jumping Snowboarding Speed skating Future sports ( 2020 ) Baseball Softball Karate Skateboarding Sport climbing Surfing Past sports Basque pelota Cricket Croquet Jeu de paume Lacrosse Military patrol Polo Rackets Roque Rugby union ( 15 - a-side ) Tug of war Water motorsports Demonstration sports American football Australian football Bandy Bowling Budo Disabled skiing Gliding Glima Ice stock sport Korfball La canne Pesäpallo Roller hockey Savate Skijoring Sled dog racing Speed skiing Water skiing Winter pentathlon Unofficial sports Angling Art competitions Ballooning Boules Cannon shooting Cycle polo Fire fighting Gaelic football Hurling Kaatsen Kite flying Life saving Longue paume Motor racing Motorcycle racing Pigeon racing Wushu See also : Paralympic sports International baseball WBSC ( former governing body : IBAF ) World Rankings Teams WBSC Events World Baseball Classic WBSC Premier12 U23 World Cup U18 World Cup U15 World Cup U12 World Cup Women 's Baseball World Cup Minor World Events Grand Forks International Haarlem Baseball Week Summer Universiade World Baseball Challenge World Port Tournament World University Defunct World Events Baseball at the Summer Olympics World Games Baseball World Cup Intercontinental Cup Women 's Baseball World Series Africa African Baseball & Softball Association -- All - Africa Games Americas Pan American Baseball Confederation -- Pan American Games America Cup Caribbean Series Central American and Caribbean Games South American Games Asia Baseball Federation of Asia -- Asian Championship Asian Games Junior ( under 18 ) Southeast Asian Games SAARC Baseball Championship Asia Series Europe Confederation of European Baseball -- European Championship European Cup `` Final Four '' U-23 U-21 Junior ( U-18 ) Youth ( U-15 ) Juveniles ( U-12 ) Oceania Baseball Confederation of Oceania -- Oceania Championship Pacific Games Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baseball_at_the_Summer_Olympics&oldid=825431932 '' Categories : Baseball at the Summer Olympics International baseball competitions Sports at the Summer Olympics Baseball at multi-sport events Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from April 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Magyar मराठी Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 February 2018 , at 10 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

when was the last time baseball was in the olympics

Baseball at the Summer Olympics unofficially debuted at the 1904 Summer Games , and became an official Olympic sport at the 1992 Summer Olympics . The event was last played in the 2008 Olympics in Beijing with South Korea taking the gold . In 2016 it was confirmed that Baseball would return for the 2020 games in Tokyo . Olympic baseball is governed by the International Baseball Federation ( IBAF ) .

Sawyer Sweeten - wikipedia Sawyer Sweeten Sawyer Sweeten Sawyer Storm Sweeten ( 1995 - 05 - 12 ) May 12 , 1995 Brownwood , Texas , U.S. April 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 23 ) ( aged 19 ) Austin , Texas , U.S. Cause of death Self - inflicted gunshot wound Occupation Actor Years active 1996 -- 2015 Relatives Sullivan Sweeten ( twin brother ) Madylin Sweeten ( sister ) Sawyer Storm Sweeten ( May 12 , 1995 -- April 23 , 2015 ) was an American child actor . He was best known for playing Geoffrey Barone on the sitcom Everybody Loves Raymond . He committed suicide on April 23 , 2015 at age 19 from a self - inflicted gunshot wound . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Death 3 Filmography 3.1 Film 3.2 Television 4 References 5 External links Early life ( edit ) Sweeten was born in Brownwood , Texas , to Timothy Sweeten and Elizabeth Millsap . He had a twin brother , Sullivan . The Sweeten family moved to California when the twins were six months old . When they were 16 months old they began working on Everybody Loves Raymond , along with their sister Madylin . Sawyer and Sullivan owned a house in Riverside , California . Death ( edit ) On April 23 , 2015 , Sweeten died in Austin , Texas , at the age of 19 . The cause of death was a self - inflicted gunshot wound to the head . The surviving cast of Everybody Loves Raymond sent their condolences to the Sweeten family . His on - screen father Ray Romano was shocked by the news and said he was a `` wonderful and sweet kid to be around '' . Sweeten 's on - screen mother Patricia Heaton said `` a funny and exceptionally bright young man . He is gone from us far too soon . '' Brad Garrett , who portrayed Sweeten 's on - screen Uncle Robert , released a statement that `` The Sweeten family was our family for those nine years on Raymond . My deepest condolences and love go out to them during this unimaginable time . '' Sweeten 's on - screen grandmother Doris Roberts remembered Sawyer as `` a very sweet young man '' and `` Make sure your loved ones know how much you care about them . It 's very important to keep in touch . '' Phil Rosenthal , creator of Everybody Loves Raymond and husband of co-star Monica Horan , remembers Sawyer and his twin brother Sullivan and his older sister Madylin as `` children that never failed to make us laugh , or remind us of how we feel about our own children '' . His on - screen / real life sister Madylin released a statement regarding her brother 's death and pleaded for everyone `` to reach out to the ones you love '' . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2002 Frank McKlusky , C.I. Young Frank McKlusky Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1996 -- 2005 Everybody Loves Raymond Geoffrey Barone Main & Recurring cast 2000 Even Stevens Milton Episode : `` All About Yvette '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Williamson , Marcus ( May 1 , 2015 ) . `` Sawyer Sweeten : Actor who made his name playing one of the cute twins on the comedy show ' Everyone Loves Raymond ' '' . The Independent . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Steiner , Amanda ( April 27 , 2015 ) . `` Sawyer Sweeten 's Family Speaks Out Following His Suicide : ' He Will Live On in Shared Moments Forever ' '' . People . Retrieved April 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://pgoaamericanprofile2.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/sawyer-sweeten.jpg%3Fw%3D670%26h%3D405%26crop%3D1 ^ Jump up to : `` Sawyer Sweeten : ' Raymond ' Mom Patricia Heaton Speaks Out On Tragic Death '' . hollywoodlife.com. 2015 - 04 - 24 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Everybody Loves Raymond ' Star Sawyer Sweeten Dead at 19 of Apparent Suicide '' . ETOnline.com. 2015 - 04 - 23 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Everybody Loves Raymond ' cast pays tribute to Sawyer Sweeten : ' He is gone from us far too soon ' '' . NYDailyNews.com. 2015 - 04 - 24 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ http://img2.timeinc.net/people/i/2015/news/150511/sawyer-sweeten-02-435.jpg External links ( edit ) Sawyer Sweeten on IMDb ISNI : 0000 0000 7136 9914 LCCN : no2009137851 VIAF : 100739722 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sawyer_Sweeten&oldid=844334546 '' Categories : 1995 births 2015 deaths American male film actors American male television actors American male identical twin child actors 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors American male actors who committed suicide Twin people from the United States People from Brownwood , Texas Male actors from Texas Suicides by firearm in Texas Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Deutsch Español Nederlands Polski Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 4 June 2018 , at 07 : 11 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

who died from the cast of everybody loves raymond

Sawyer Storm Sweeten ( May 12 , 1995 -- April 23 , 2015 ) was an American child actor . He was best known for playing Geoffrey Barone on the sitcom Everybody Loves Raymond . He committed suicide on April 23 , 2015 at age 19 from a self - inflicted gunshot wound .

Survival , evasion , resistance and escape - wikipedia Survival , evasion , resistance and escape Jump to : navigation , search This article is about SERE in the United States . For a similar course in the United Kingdom , see Survive , Evade , Resist , Extract . It has been suggested that Survive , Evade , Resist , Extract be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since October 2016 . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Knife slashing through barbed wire in alien territory : the West and East Coast U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps SERE insignia Survival , Evasion , Resistance , and Escape ( SERE ) is a program , best known by its military acronym , that provides U.S. military personnel , U.S. Department of Defense civilians , and private military contractors with training in evading capture , survival skills , and the military code of conduct . Established by the U.S. Air Force at the end of World War II , it was extended and consolidated during the Vietnam War ( 1959 -- 1975 ) to the U.S. Marine Corps , and U.S. Navy and in the late 1980s to the U.S. Army . Most higher level SERE students are military aircrew and special operations personnel considered to be at high risk of capture . Based on the experiences of the British and American pilots who managed to escape and evade from the Germans during World War II , and return to friendly lines , several private `` clubs '' were created during World War II . One such club was the `` Late Arrivals ' Club '' . This club , which had a `` Flying Boot '' as its identifying symbol , was strictly non-military . However , under the left collar of his uniform , the individual who had successfully escaped and / or evaded the enemy pinned the `` Flying Boot '' and although everyone knew it was not official , they did not question its wear . The experiences of these evaders was passed on in lectures , guest appearances , and small regional specific training programs by the US Army Air Corps and in British military programs . Consolidation into a formal ( then called `` Survival '' ) program of instruction came in 1943 . Under the direction of General Curtis LeMay it was realized that it was much cheaper and more effective to train aircrews in Survival , Evasion , Resistance , and Escape techniques , than to have them languishing in enemy hands . He was responsible for SERE training at several bases / locations . In 1943 , the US Army established a small program for Cold Weather Survival at RCAF Station Namao in Alberta , Canada , and in 1945 it was moved to Camp Carson , Colorado , and in 1948 at Marks Air Base , Nome , Alaska . The first instructors were composed of experienced wilderness `` civilian '' volunteers and USAF military personnel with prior instructor experience . This initial cadre also included `` USAF Rescuemen '' from around Alaska , Greenland , Colorado , etc . General LeMay attended the first class of instruction as a student . As time wore on , the expense and wisdom of having multiple locations for training was questioned and consolidation was begun . The hardest part of that consolidation was where to locate the training base that offered the best environmental and logistical support for such a small but convoluted training program . Ultimately , the USAF consolidated at Stead AFB , Nevada . In the mid 1960s , the school was moved to Fairchild AFB , WA . The U.S. Air Force SERE School is located at Fairchild AFB , Washington , while SERE Training for the U.S. Army is located at Fort Bragg , North Carolina and at Fort Rucker , Alabama . The Navy and Marine Corps SERE School has known locations at : the U.S. Navy Remote Training Site at Warner Springs , California , the remote Marine Corps Mountain Warfare Training Center ( Bridgeport , California ) , and an annex of the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery , Maine . Contents ( hide ) 1 Navy SERE ( West ) Uniform patch 2 Curriculum 2.1 Survival and evasion 2.2 Resistance and escape 2.3 Water survival 2.4 Code of conduct 3 Levels 4 Service schools 4.1 Army 4.2 Navy / Marine Corps 4.3 Air Force 5 Origin of SERE techniques 6 Controversies 6.1 1995 U.S. Air Force Academy scandal 6.2 Use of techniques in interrogation 6.2. 1 Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Navy SERE ( west ) uniform patch ( edit ) The depicted SERE patch is said to have the following symbolic significance : the color green represents freedom ; the patch is halved with a yellow strip to signify that survival , evasion , resistance and escape all require caution , with the knife the basic survival tool ; the severed barbed wire represents captivity but freedom regained ; the word tiger in Chinese ( 虎 ) alludes to the Here be dragons / tigers legend found on early maps ; finally , the black surround honors symbolically those who have died on active duty . Curriculum ( edit ) The curriculum has three key parts : survival and evasion ; resistance and escape ; and water survival . Some parts are classified . Survival and evasion ( edit ) Most SERE training focuses on survival and evasion . Skills taught include Woodcraft and Wilderness Survival including Firecraft , Sheltercraft , Traps and Snares , Food & Water Procurement , Preservation and Purifying , Improvised Equipment , and also specific equipment and techniques of Rescue Sciences such as Distress signal , Navigation with and without an Escape and evasion map , Route Selection , Wilderness First Aid ( a variant of the battlefield variety ) , techniques , methods of Evasion , and Communication Protocols , in all types of climate and terrain . Resistance and escape ( edit ) Training on how to survive and resist the enemy in the event of capture is largely based on the experiences of past U.S. prisoners of war . Water survival ( edit ) How to survive in water is taught at a separate Professional Military Education ( PME ) course ; it takes three days and is typically attended after the main SERE course . In addition to training in the use of aquatic survival gear , more academic skills include first aid tailored to an aquatic environment , communication protocols , ocean ecology , and equipment maintenance . Code of conduct ( edit ) SERE training is intended , above all , to provide students with the skills needed to live up to the U.S. military code of conduct when in uncertain or hostile environments . It is : I am an American , fighting in the forces which guard my country and our way of life . I am prepared to give my life in their defense . I will never surrender of my own free will . If in command , I will never surrender the members of my command while they still have the means to resist . If I am captured , I will continue to resist by all means available . I will make every effort to escape and to aid others to escape . I will accept neither parole nor special favors from the enemy . If I become a prisoner of war , I will keep faith with my fellow prisoners . I will give no information nor take part in any action which might be harmful to my comrades . If I am senior I will take command . If not , I will obey the lawful orders of those appointed over me and will back them up in every way . When questioned , should I become a prisoner of war , I am required to give name , rank , service number , and date of birth . I will evade answering further questions to the utmost of my ability , I will make no oral or written statements disloyal to my country and its allies or harmful to their cause . I will never forget that I am an American , fighting for freedom , responsible for my actions , and dedicated to the principles which made my country free . I will trust in my God and in the United States of America . Levels ( edit ) SERE training takes place at three levels : Level A : Entry level training . These are the Code of Conduct mandatory classes taken by all at induction ( recruit training and OCS ) . Level B : For those operating or expected to operate forward of the division rear boundary and up to the forward line of own troops ( FLOT ) . Normally limited to aircrew of the Army , Marine Corps , Navy , and Air Force . Level B focuses on survival and evasion , with resistance in terms of initial capture . Level C : For troops at a high risk of capture and whose position , rank or seniority make them vulnerable to greater than average exploitation efforts by any captor . Level C focuses on resistance in terms of prison camps . Service schools ( edit ) Army ( edit ) US Army aviation SERE students create a Dakota hole to conceal a fire in order to better protect their position from enemy observation . The US Army operates two SERE Level - C courses , one for Army aviators and one for Army Special Operations Forces ( ARSOF ) . SERE training for Army aviators is included in the Army Aviation School curriculum at Fort Rucker totaling 21 days of instruction encompassing full - spectrum training including academics and resistance labs . For ARSOF personnel , there 's a 19 - day SERE course , conducted by the John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School ( SWCS ) , at Camp Mackall . The SWCS 's SERE course focuses its training on : Code of conduct applications in wartime , peacetime , governmental and / or hostage detention environments General survival skills Evasion planning Resistance to exploitation & political indoctrination Escape planning Navy / Marine Corps ( edit ) Level A is taught to recruits and candidates in Officer Candidate School and the Recruit Depots , or under professional military education . Level B at the Marine Corps Mountain Warfare Training Center , Bridgeport , California , and at the North Training Area , Camp Gonsalves , Okinawa Prefecture , Japan . Level C is held at Portsmouth Naval Shipyard , Kittery , Maine at the Navy Remote Training Site , Rangeley , and at Naval Air Station North Island , California at the Navy Remote Training Site , Warner Springs . This installation provides `` Code of Conduct '' that is necessary for Recon Marines , Marine Corps Scout Snipers , MARSOC Marines , Navy SEALs , enlisted Navy and Marine aircrewmen , Naval Aviators , Naval Flight Officers , Naval Flight Surgeons , Navy EOD , and Navy SWCC . As the `` eyes '' and `` ears '' of the commander , they carry knowledge of sensitive battlefield information . The training encompasses those basic skills necessary for worldwide survival , facilitating search and rescue efforts , evading capture by hostile forces . It is based on and reinforces the values expressed in the Code of Conduct while maintaining an appropriate balance of sound educational methodology and realistic / stressful training scenarios . Additional survival training in Level C Code of Conduct may include the five - day Peacetime Detention and Hostage Survival ( PDAHS ) course . This training provides the skills to survive captivity by a hostile government or terrorist cell during peacetime . Air Force ( edit ) USAF SERE Instructor explaining how to jump safely with a parachute . The largest SERE Course and only career - long SERE Instructor cadre are located at the primary Air Force SERE training center which is at Fairchild Air Force Base , Washington ; each USAF SERE Specialist ( previously called Survival Instructor ) goes to a selection course and if selected , then attends the famed USAF SERE Instructor Training Branch six - month course . Those that graduate ( less than 15 % ) are awarded the Sage Beret and SERE Badge . Following ITB , the Specialists are tasked with 45 weeks of intensive on - the - job training to complete their skill levels . Each graduate must attend Airborne School at the US Army Training Center located at Ft . Benning , GA . After completion of four years as an Instructor ( Field Training ) the Specialist may be tasked to train students worldwide . Student training for Level `` B '' medical aircrew was conducted at Brooks City - Base , Texas until the planned course closure on 30 September 2009 . The Air Force conducts Arctic Survival Training -- Cool School at Eielson Air Force Base , Alaska , and Parachuting and Non-Parachuting Water Survival Training at Fairchild AFB , Washington . The parachute water survival training which used to be located in Florida ceased operations there in August 2015 . SERE training was also conducted at the US Air Force Academy in Colorado Springs from the late 1960s until 1995 , enabling those USAF officers commissioned through USAFA to exempt from USAF SERE training at Fairchild AFB following undergraduate pilot or navigator training . In contrast , those USAF officers commissioned through AFROTC or OTS still had to complete SERE at Fairchild following flight training . In 1995 , the resistance / escape element of the course at USAFA was abolished ( see Controversies below ) , leaving the survival and evasion classes in a program called Combat Survival Training ( CST ) . The academy discontinued CST entirely in 2005 , however in summer 2008 , some portions of the program , including resistance training , were reinstated . Following the summer of 2011 , the scope of the CST program was reduced drastically and incorporated into the mandatory expeditionary skills training for budgetary reasons . Now , all USAFA graduates selected for pilot , air battle manager , or navigator training must complete SERE training at Fairchild after receiving their wings , along with their AFROTC and OTS graduate counterparts . USAF SERE Specialists are considered DOD - wide subject matter experts in their field . USAF SERE Specialists are assigned to base level and to command staff as advisors . USAF SERE are the only Test Parachutists in the US Air Force . They test all new parachute systems and evaluate all flying platforms for suitability in DOD operations . Origin of SERE techniques ( edit ) The SERE techniques are commonly , but erroneously , believed to be modeled on abusive Chinese `` brainwashing '' practiced on U.S. POWs during the Korean War , to extract false confessions . Instead , most SERE techniques were modeled after 1950s and early 1960s CIA interrogation and psychological warfare practices . The CIA physical and psychological methods were originally codified in the Kubark Counterintelligence Interrogation Manual published in 1963 , and in CIA torture training handbooks for Latin American regimes published in the 1970s and 1980s , and were employed during the Cold War , the CIA 's Phoenix Program in Vietnam , and the Chilean intelligence organization DINA 's Operation Condor in South America . The other primary source for SERE techniques was 1960s CIA `` mind control experiments '' , using sleep deprivation , drugs , electric shock , and isolation and extended sensory deprivation . Certain of the less physically damaging CIA methods derived from what was at the time called `` defensive behavioral research '' were reduced and refined as training techniques for the SERE program . Controversies ( edit ) 1995 U.S. Air Force Academy scandal ( edit ) One of the U.S. Air Force 's SERE training programs was conducted at the United States Air Force Academy from the late 1960s until 1995 . Because a large number of pilots and other aircrew members graduated from the academy , it was more efficient for the Air Force to send all cadets through SERE training while they were still at the academy . Cadets would normally complete the training during the summer between their fourth - class ( freshman ) and third - class ( sophomore ) years . A number of selected second - class ( junior ) and first - class ( senior ) cadets would serve each year as SERE training cadre under the supervision of enlisted Air Force SERE instructors . As a result of POWs ' experiences during Operation Desert Storm ( 1990 -- 1991 ) , sexual assault resistance was added to the SERE curriculum . However , some of the training scenarios allegedly were taken too far by SERE cadet members at the academy during practical portions of the program . In 1995 , the ABC television news program 20 / 20 reported that as many as 24 male and female cadets in 1993 had allegedly been sexually assaulted at the Academy during SERE training . One of the cadets sued the U.S. federal government , which eventually settled for a reported $3 million in damages . As a result of the scandal , the SERE program at the Academy was reduced to the survival and evasion portions only , and the curriculum was revamped to be in line with the main course at Fairchild AFB titled : `` Combat Survival Training ( CST ) '' . All graduates going on to aircrew positions were then required to attend the resistance portion of the training at Fairchild Air Force Base before reporting to an operational flying unit . The CST program was discontinued entirely in 2004 . The Air Force Academy SERE program is running as of summer of 2008 . The curriculum of the revived program will contain some resistance elements , but will not contain sexual assault resistance . Use of techniques in interrogation ( edit ) Heavily redacted US Department of Defense memo discussing SERE techniques used at Guantánamo In July 2005 , an article in The New Yorker magazine alleged that psychologists who help direct the SERE curriculum have been advising the military at Guantanamo Bay detainment camp and other sites on interrogation techniques . The SERE program 's chief psychologist , Colonel Morgan Banks , issued guidance in early 2003 for the `` behavioral science consultants '' who helped to devise Guantánamo 's interrogation strategy although he has emphatically denied that he had advocated the use of counter-resistance techniques used by SERE instructors to break down detainees . The New Yorker notes that in November 2001 , Banks was detailed to Afghanistan , where he spent four months at Bagram Air Base , `` supporting combat operations against Al Qaeda and Taliban fighters '' . In June 2006 , an article on Salon , an online magazine , confirmed finding a document obtained by the American Civil Liberties Union through the Freedom of Information Act . A March 22 , 2005 , sworn statement by the former chief of the Interrogation Control Element at Guantánamo said SERE instructors taught their methods to interrogators of the prisoners in Cuba . The article also claims that physical and mental techniques used against some detainees at Abu Ghraib are similar to the ones SERE students are taught to resist . According to Human Rights First , the interrogation that led to the death of Iraqi Major General Abed Hamed Mowhoush involved the use of techniques used in SERE training . According to the organization `` Internal FBI memos and press reports have pointed to SERE training as the basis for some of the harshest techniques authorized for use on detainees by the Pentagon in 2002 and 2003 . '' On June 17 , 2008 , Mark Mazzetti of The New York Times reported that the senior Pentagon lawyer Mark Schiffrin requested information in 2002 from the leaders of the Air Force 's captivity - resistance program , referring to one based in Fort Belvoir , Virginia . The information was later used on prisoners in military custody . In written testimony to the Senate Armed Forces Committee hearing , Col. Steven Kleinman of the Joint Personnel Recovery Agency said that a team of trainers that he was leading in Iraq were asked to demonstrate SERE techniques on uncooperative prisoners . He refused , but his decision was overruled . He was quoted as saying `` When presented with the choice of getting smarter or getting tougher , we chose the latter . '' Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice has acknowledged that the use of the SERE program techniques to conduct interrogations in Iraq was discussed by senior White House officials in 2002 and 2003 . Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture ( edit ) Main article : Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture On December 9 , 2014 the United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence released a report further confirming the use of SERE tactics in interrogations . The contractors that developed the `` enhanced interrogation techniques '' received US $ 81 million for their services , out of an original contract worth more than US $ 180 million . NBC News identified the contractors , who were referred to in the report via pseudonyms , as Mitchell , Jessen & Associates from Spokane , Washington , which was run by two psychologists , John `` Bruce '' Jessen and James Mitchell . Jessen was a senior psychologist at the Defense Department who taught special forces on how to resist and endure torture . The report states that the contractor `` developed the list of enhanced interrogation techniques and personally conducted interrogations of some of the CIA 's most significant detainees using those techniques . The contractors also evaluated whether the detainees ' psychological state allowed for continued use of the techniques , even for some detainees they themselves were interrogating or had interrogated . '' Mitchell , Jessen & Associates developed a `` menu '' of 20 enhanced techniques including waterboarding , sleep deprivation and stress positions . The CIA acting general counsel , described in his book Company Man , that the enhanced techniques were `` sadistic and terrifying . '' See also ( edit ) Survive , Evade , Resist , Extract -- an analogous training program used by the armed forces of the United Kingdom Enhanced interrogation techniques Resistance to interrogation Special Activities Division References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Code of Conduct , Survival , Evasion , Resistance , and Escape ( SERE ) Training , U.S. Army Regulation 350 - 30 , December 10 , 1985 Jump up ^ USAFA 2010 -- 2011 Contrails Jump up ^ SERE training develops leaders for complex environment , Army.mil , by CPT Erik Olsen , dated 21 November 2014 , last accessed 22 April 2017 Jump up ^ Survival , Evasion Resistance and Escape ( SERE ) Course ( PHASE II SFQC ) , U.S. Army Special Operations Center of Excellence , last accessed 22 April 2017 ^ Jump up to : Swanson , Perry ( 12 January 2008 ) . `` Hostage Training to Resume for Cadets '' . The Gazette . Colorado Springs . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ For example , the Senate Armed Services Committee Report on abuse of detainees at Guantanamo , Abu Ghraib , and CIA black site prisons reiterates the popular misconception that SERE techniques originated in Chinese Communist methods in the Korean War employed to extract false confessions from US POWs . Inquiry into the Treatment of Detainees in U.S. Custody , Report of the Committee on Armed Services of the U.S. Senate , November 20 , 2008 , 110th Cong . 2nd Sess . ( U.S. Gov 't Printing Office ) . Jump up ^ A 1956 U.S. Department of the Army report called physical and psychological abuse resulting in brainwashing a `` popular misconception '' ; there was not a single reliable report of brainwashing . U.S. Department of the Army ( 15 May 1956 ) . Communist Interrogation , Indoctrination , and Exploitation of Prisoners of War . U.S. Gov 't Printing Office . pp. 17 & 51 . Pamphlet No. 30 - 101 . Jump up ^ McCoy , Alfred ( 2007 ) . A Question of Torture : CIA Interrogation , from the Cold War to the War on Terror . Henry Holt & Co. pp. 10 , 50 -- 51 , 71 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 8248 - 7 . Jump up ^ McCoy , A Question of Torture , 2007 , pp. 63 -- 67 ; 89 ; 91 -- 93 Jump up ^ McCoy , A Question of Torture , 2007 , p. 250 Jump up ^ McCoy , A Question of Torture , 2007 , p. 26 Jump up ^ Charles , Roger ( 2004 - 03 - 04 ) . `` AFA Scandals Confirm Senate Oversight Failure '' . DefenseWatch . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ Mayer , Jane ( 2005 - 07 - 11 ) . `` THE EXPERIMENT : The military trains people to withstand interrogation . Are those methods being misused at Guantánamo ? '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Benjamin , Mark ( 2006 - 06 - 29 ) . `` Torture teachers '' . Salon . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Hina Shamsi ; Deborah Pearlstein , ed . `` Command 's Responsibility : Detainee Deaths in U.S. Custody in Iraq and Afghanistan : Abed Hamed Mowhoush '' , Human Rights First , February 2006 . Accessed 4 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Mark Mazzetti . `` Ex-Pentagon Lawyers Face Inquiry on Interrogation Role '' . The New York Times , June 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kleinman , Steven . `` Officer : Military Demanded Torture Lessons '' . CBS News , July 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Rice , Condoleezza ( September 26 , 2008 ) . `` Rice admits Bush officials held White House talks on CIA interrogations '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence . `` The Senate Committee 's Report on the C.I.A. 's Use of Torture '' . December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Windrem , Robert . `` CIA Paid Torture Teachers More than $80 Million '' . NBC News . Archived from the original on 9 December 2014 . Retrieved 9 December 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) Christopher Hitchens , `` Believe Me , It 's Torture '' , Vanity Fair , August 2008 David J. Morris ( January 29 , 2009 ) . `` Cancel Water - Boarding 101 ; The military should close its torture school . I know because I graduated from it '' . Slate . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Survival , Evasion , Resistance and Escape . USAF SERE Community Site US Navy SERE training ( Brunswick ) Joint Personnel Recovery Agency ( JPRA ) New Yorker magazine article about SERE Army Regulation for Code of Conduct / SERE Training DOD directive on SERE training ( DODI 1300.21 ) DOD directive regarding isolated personnel training ( DODI 1300.23 ) A narrative of SERE Instructor School Video to promote SERE recruitment ( hide ) United States Air Force Leadership Secretary of the Air Force Under Secretary of the Air Force Chief of Staff Vice Chief of Staff Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force 4 - star generals House Armed Services Committee House Subcommittee on Tactical Air and Land Forces House Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces Senate Committee on Armed Services Senate Subcommittee on Airland Senate Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces Structure Commands Reserve Air National Guard Field Operating Agencies Installations Direct Reporting Units District of Washington Operational Test and Evaluation Center USAF Academy Major Commands ACC AETC AFGSC AFMC AFRC AFSPC AFSOC AMC USAFE PACAF Numbered Air Forces First Second Third Fourth Fifth Seventh Eighth Ninth Tenth Eleventh Twelfth Fourteenth Seventeenth Eighteenth Nineteenth Twentieth Twenty - Second Twenty - Fourth Twenty - Fifth Air Forces Central Wings ANG Groups ANG Squadrons ANG Security Forces Civilian auxiliary : Civil Air Patrol Personnel and training Airmen Rank Officers Enlisted Specialty Code Aeronautical ratings Judge Advocate General 's Corps RED HORSE Medical Service Chief of Chaplains Chief Scientist Training : USAF Academy Officer Training School Reserve Officer Training Corps Basic Training Airman Leadership School SERE Fitness Assessment Uniforms and equipment Awards and decorations Badges Equipment Uniforms History and traditions History Aeronautical Division / Aviation Section / Division of Military Aeronautics / Army Air Service / Army Air Corps / Army Air Forces `` The U.S. Air Force '' Air Force Band The Airmen of Note Tops In Blue Airman 's Creed Core Values Flag Symbol Memorial National Museum Air Force One Honor Guard Thunderbirds Service numbers United States Air Force portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Survival,_Evasion,_Resistance_and_Escape&oldid=812925085 '' Categories : Military education and training in the United States Physical torture techniques Psychological warfare Survival skills Hidden categories : Articles to be merged from October 2016 All articles to be merged Articles needing additional references from February 2008 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2009 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Navigation Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 日本 語 Slovenčina Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 30 November 2017 , at 18 : 24 . 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what is sere training in the air force

Survival , Evasion , Resistance , and Escape ( SERE ) is a program , best known by its military acronym , that provides U.S. military personnel , U.S. Department of Defense civilians , and private military contractors with training in evading capture , survival skills , and the military code of conduct . Established by the U.S. Air Force at the end of World War II , it was extended and consolidated during the Vietnam War ( 1959 -- 1975 ) to the U.S. Marine Corps , and U.S. Navy and in the late 1980s to the U.S. Army . Most higher level SERE students are military aircrew and special operations personnel considered to be at high risk of capture .

Mexican Open ( tennis ) - wikipedia Mexican Open ( tennis ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Abierto Mexicano Telcel p / b HSBC Tournament information Tour ATP World Tour WTA Tour Founded 1993 ; 25 years ago ( 1993 ) ( ATP ) 2001 ; 17 years ago ( 2001 ) ( WTA ) Location Acapulco Mexico Venue Fairmont Acapulco Princess Surface Clay - outdoors ( 1993 -- 2013 ) Hard - outdoors ( 2014 -- present ) Website abiertomexicanodetenis.com Current champions ( 2018 ) Men 's singles Juan Martín del Potro Women 's singles Lesia Tsurenko Men 's doubles Jamie Murray Bruno Soares Women 's doubles Tatjana Maria Heather Watson ATP World Tour Category ATP World Tour 500 Draw 32 S / 16 Q / 16 D Prize money US $ 1,633,690 ( 2017 ) WTA Tour Category WTA International Draw 32 S / 24 Q / 16 D Prize money US $ 226,750 ( 2017 ) The Mexican Open , ( currently sponsored by Telcel and HSBC and called the Abierto Mexicano Telcel presented by HSBC ) , is a joint professional tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts , and held annually in late February at the Fairmont Acapulco Princess in Acapulco , Mexico . It was played on outdoor red clay courts until 2013 . The change to hard courts was introduced in 2014 . The Mexican Open is part of the ATP World Tour 500 series on the Association of Tennis Professionals ( ATP ) World Tour , and of the WTA International tournaments on the Women 's Tennis Association ( WTA ) Tour . The tournament was introduced on the ATP Tour in 1993 , and began on the WTA Tour in 2001 . It was held in Mexico City from 1993 to 1998 , and once more in 2000 , before being relocated to Acapulco in 2001 . It 's the closing leg of the four - ATP tournament Golden Swing . Starting in 2014 , the Mexican Open 's surface changed from clay to hard courts , serving as a lead - up to the first ATP World Tour Masters 1000 event of the season in Indian Wells , United States . The winner traditionally receives a giant silver pear trophy . Contents 1 Past finals 1.1 Men 's singles 1.2 Women 's singles 1.3 Men 's doubles 1.4 Women 's doubles 2 ATP points and prize money 3 WTA points and prize money 4 References 5 External links Past finals ( edit ) In the men 's singles , David Ferrer ( 2010 -- 2012 , 2015 ) and Thomas Muster ( 1993 -- 1996 ) hold the record for most overall titles ( four ) , and Muster has the record for most consecutive wins ( four ) . On the women 's side , Amanda Coetzer ( 2001 , 2003 ) , Flavia Pennetta ( 2005 , 2008 ) , Venus Williams ( 2009 -- 10 ) , Sara Errani ( 2012 -- 13 ) , and Lesia Tsurenko ( 2017 - 2018 ) co-hold the record for most singles titles ( two ) , Williams , Errani and Tsurenko being the only players to score two straight wins in Mexico . In the men 's doubles , Donald Johnson ( 1996 , 2000 -- 01 ) has won the most titles ( three ) , and co-holds with Michal Mertiňák ( 2008 -- 09 ) and David Marrero ( 2012 -- 13 ) the record for most back - to - back titles ( two ) . In the women 's doubles , María José Martínez Sánchez ( 2001 , 2008 -- 09 ) is the one holding the most titles ( three ) and shares with Nuria Llagostera Vives ( 2008 -- 09 ) the record for most consecutive wins ( two ) . Men 's singles ( edit ) Thomas Muster ( 1993 -- 96 ) holds the records for most overall and consecutive titles ( four ) in Mexico . Year Champion Runner - up Score 1993 Thomas Muster Carlos Costa 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 1994 Thomas Muster ( 2 ) Roberto Jabali 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 1995 Thomas Muster ( 3 ) Fernando Meligeni 7 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 Thomas Muster ( 4 ) Jiří Novák 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 1997 Francisco Clavet Joan Albert Viloca 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 6 1998 Jiří Novák Xavier Malisse 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 1999 Not held 2000 Juan Ignacio Chela Mariano Puerta 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 6 2001 Gustavo Kuerten Galo Blanco 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 2002 Carlos Moyà Fernando Meligeni 7 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 2003 Agustín Calleri Mariano Zabaleta 7 -- 5 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 Carlos Moyà ( 2 ) Fernando Verdasco 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 0 2005 Rafael Nadal Álbert Montañés 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 0 2006 Luis Horna Juan Ignacio Chela 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 2007 Juan Ignacio Chela ( 2 ) Carlos Moyà 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 6 2008 Nicolás Almagro David Nalbandian 6 -- 1 , 7 -- 6 2009 Nicolás Almagro ( 2 ) Gaël Monfils 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 David Ferrer Juan Carlos Ferrero 6 -- 3 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 2011 David Ferrer ( 2 ) Nicolás Almagro 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 2 2012 David Ferrer ( 3 ) Fernando Verdasco 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 2 2013 Rafael Nadal ( 2 ) David Ferrer 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 2 ↓ Changed from Clay to Hard Court ↓ 2014 Grigor Dimitrov Kevin Anderson 7 -- 6 , 3 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 2015 David Ferrer ( 4 ) Kei Nishikori 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 5 2016 Dominic Thiem Bernard Tomic 7 -- 6 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 2017 Sam Querrey Rafael Nadal 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 6 2018 Juan Martín del Potro Kevin Anderson 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 Women 's singles ( edit ) Two - time champion Flavia Pennetta ( 2005 , 2008 ) also holds the record for most finals in Mexico with seven ( runner - up finishes in 2004 , 2006 -- 07 , 2009 , 2012 ) . Year Champion Runner - up Score 2001 Amanda Coetzer Elena Dementieva 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 2 2002 Katarina Srebotnik Paola Suárez 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 2003 Amanda Coetzer ( 2 ) Mariana Díaz Oliva 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 3 Iveta Benešová Flavia Pennetta 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 2005 Flavia Pennetta Ľudmila Cervanová 3 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 3 2006 Anna - Lena Grönefeld Flavia Pennetta 6 -- 1 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 2007 Émilie Loit Flavia Pennetta 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 2008 Flavia Pennetta ( 2 ) Alizé Cornet 6 -- 0 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 2009 Venus Williams Flavia Pennetta 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 2 Venus Williams ( 2 ) Polona Hercog 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 2011 Gisela Dulko Arantxa Parra Santonja 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 6 2012 Sara Errani Flavia Pennetta 5 -- 7 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 0 2013 Sara Errani ( 2 ) Carla Suárez Navarro 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 4 ↓ Changed from Clay to Hard Court ↓ 2014 Dominika Cibulková Christina McHale 7 -- 6 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 2015 Timea Bacsinszky Caroline Garcia 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 0 2016 Sloane Stephens Dominika Cibulková 6 -- 4 , 4 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 2017 Lesia Tsurenko Kristina Mladenovic 6 -- 1 , 7 -- 5 2018 Lesia Tsurenko ( 2 ) Stefanie Vögele 5 -- 7 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 Men 's doubles ( edit ) Michal Mertiňák ( 2008 -- 09 ) holds , with Donald Johnson ( 2000 -- 01 ) and David Marrero ( 2012 -- 13 ) , the men 's doubles record for most consecutive titles ( two ) . Year Champions Runners - up Score 1993 Leonardo Lavalle Jaime Oncins Horacio de la Peña Jorge Lozano 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 1994 Francisco Montana Bryan Shelton Luke Jensen Murphy Jensen 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 1995 Javier Frana Leonardo Lavalle ( 2 ) Marc - Kevin Goellner Diego Nargiso 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 3 Donald Johnson Francisco Montana ( 2 ) Nicolás Pereira Emilio Sánchez 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 1997 Nicolás Lapentti Daniel Orsanic Luis Herrera Mariano Sánchez 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 6 1998 Jiří Novák David Rikl Daniel Orsanic David Roditi 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 1999 Not held 2000 Byron Black Donald Johnson ( 2 ) Gastón Etlis Martín Rodríguez 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 5 2001 Donald Johnson ( 3 ) Gustavo Kuerten David Adams Martín García 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 6 2002 Bob Bryan Mike Bryan Martin Damm David Rikl 6 -- 1 , 3 -- 6 , ( 10 -- 2 ) 2003 Mark Knowles Daniel Nestor David Ferrer Fernando Vicente 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 Bob Bryan ( 2 ) Mike Bryan ( 2 ) Juan Ignacio Chela Nicolás Massú 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 2005 David Ferrer Santiago Ventura Jiří Vaněk Tomáš Zíb 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 4 2006 František Čermák Leoš Friedl Potito Starace Filippo Volandri 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 2 2007 Potito Starace Martín Vassallo Argüello Lukáš Dlouhý Pavel Vízner 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 2 2008 Oliver Marach Michal Mertiňák Agustín Calleri Luis Horna 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 7 , ( 10 -- 7 ) 2009 František Čermák Michal Mertiňák ( 2 ) Łukasz Kubot Oliver Marach 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , ( 10 -- 7 ) Łukasz Kubot Oliver Marach ( 2 ) Fabio Fognini Potito Starace 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 0 2011 Victor Hănescu Horia Tecău Marcelo Melo Bruno Soares 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 3 2012 David Marrero Fernando Verdasco Marcel Granollers Marc López 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 2013 Łukasz Kubot ( 2 ) David Marrero ( 2 ) Simone Bolelli Fabio Fognini 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 2 2014 Kevin Anderson Matthew Ebden Feliciano López Max Mirnyi 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 2015 Ivan Dodig Marcelo Melo Mariusz Fyrstenberg Santiago González 7 -- 6 , 5 -- 7 , ( 10 -- 3 ) 2016 Treat Huey Max Mirnyi Philipp Petzschner Alexander Peya 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 2017 Jamie Murray Bruno Soares John Isner Feliciano López 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 2018 Jamie Murray ( 2 ) Bruno Soares ( 2 ) Bob Bryan Mike Bryan 7 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 Women 's doubles ( edit ) María José Martínez Sánchez ( 2001 , 2008 -- 09 ) is the only women 's doubles three - time champion in Acapulco . Nuria Llagostera Vives ( 2008 -- 09 ) shares with Martínez Sánchez the record for back - to - back titles ( two ) . Year Champions Runners - up Score 2001 María José Martínez Sánchez Anabel Medina Garrigues Virginia Ruano Pascual Paola Suárez 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 7 , 7 -- 5 2002 Virginia Ruano Pascual Paola Suárez Tina Križan Katarina Srebotnik 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 1 2003 Émilie Loit Åsa Svensson Petra Mandula Patricia Wartusch 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 Lisa McShea Milagros Sequera Olga Blahotová Gabriela Navrátilová 2 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 2005 Alina Jidkova Tatiana Perebiynis Rosa María Andrés Rodríguez Conchita Martínez Granados 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 3 2006 Anna - Lena Grönefeld Meghann Shaughnessy Shinobu Asagoe Émilie Loit 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 3 2007 Lourdes Domínguez Lino Arantxa Parra Santonja Émilie Loit Nicole Pratt 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 2008 Nuria Llagostera Vives María José Martínez Sánchez ( 2 ) Iveta Benešová Petra Cetkovská 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 2009 Nuria Llagostera Vives ( 2 ) María José Martínez Sánchez ( 3 ) Lourdes Domínguez Lino Arantxa Parra Santonja 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 Polona Hercog Barbora Záhlavová - Strýcová Sara Errani Roberta Vinci 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 , ( 10 -- 2 ) 2011 Mariya Koryttseva Ioana Raluca Olaru Lourdes Domínguez Lino Arantxa Parra Santonja 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 , ( 10 -- 4 ) 2012 Sara Errani Roberta Vinci Lourdes Domínguez Lino Arantxa Parra Santonja 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 1 2013 Lourdes Domínguez Lino ( 2 ) Arantxa Parra Santonja ( 2 ) Catalina Castaño Mariana Duque Mariño 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 6 2014 Kristina Mladenovic Galina Voskoboeva Petra Cetkovská Iveta Melzer 6 -- 3 , 2 -- 6 , ( 10 -- 5 ) 2015 Lara Arruabarrena María Teresa Torró Flor Andrea Hlaváčková Lucie Hradecká 7 -- 6 , 5 -- 7 , ( 13 -- 11 ) 2016 Anabel Medina Garrigues ( 2 ) Arantxa Parra Santonja ( 3 ) Kiki Bertens Johanna Larsson 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 4 2017 Darija Jurak Anastasia Rodionova Mariana Duque Mariño Verónica Cepede Royg 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 2018 Tatjana Maria Heather Watson Kaitlyn Christian Sabrina Santamaria 7 -- 5 , 2 -- 6 , ( 10 -- 2 ) ATP points and prize money ( edit ) For the 2017 edition the distribution of points and prize money was as follows : Singles Round ATP Points Prize Money Winner 500 US $321,290 Finalist 300 US $157,510 Semifinalists 180 US $79,260 Quarter - finalists 90 US $40,305 Round of 16 45 US $20,930 Round of 32 0 US $11,040 WTA points and prize money ( edit ) For the 2017 edition the distribution of points and prize money was as follows : Singles Round WTA Points Prize Money Winner 280 US $43,000 Finalist 180 US $21,400 Semifinalists 110 US $11,300 Quarter - finalists 60 US $5,900 Round of 16 30 US $3,310 Round of 32 US $1,925 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` atpworldtour.com Acapulco tournament profile '' . atpworldtour.com . ATP Tour , Inc . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` wtatennis.com Acapulco tournament profile '' . wtatennis.com . WTA Tour , Inc . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` One of the great trophies in sport '' . Metro News . Retrieved 5 March 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Awards and achievements Preceded by Dubai ATP International Series Gold Tournament of the Year 2007 Succeeded by Dubai Preceded by Bali ( Tier III -- IV -- V ) Pattaya Favorite WTA International Tournament 2009 2011 Succeeded by Pattaya TBD Acapulco tournaments 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 NH 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 ATP World Tour 500 series ( 2009 -- current ) 2009 -- current Rotterdam Acapulco Dubai Barcelona Hamburg Washington Beijing Tokyo Basel 2014 -- current Rio de Janeiro 2015 -- current London / Queen 's Club Halle Vienna Past tournaments 2009 -- 2013 Memphis 2009 -- 2014 Valencia WTA International tournaments ( 2009 -- current ) 2009 -- current Auckland Hobart Acapulco Monterrey Bogotá Istanbul Fes / Marrakesh / Rabat Strasbourg ' s - Hertogenbosch Quebec City Osaka / Tokyo / Hiroshima Guangzhou Seoul Tashkent Linz Luxembourg City 2011 -- current Washington D.C. 2013 -- current Shenzhen Nuremberg 2014 -- current Bucharest Hong Kong Tianjin 2015 -- current Prague Nottingham 2016 -- current Kaohsiung / Taipei Santa Ponsa Gstaad Nanchang 2017 -- current Budapest Biel / Lugano 2018 -- current Moscow Defunct Bad Gastein Baku Barcelona Båstad Birmingham Brisbane Copenhagen Dallas Florianópolis Katowice Kuala Lumpur Marbella Memphis Oeiras Palermo Pattaya Ponte Vedra Beach Portorož Rio de Janeiro Sofia Previous tournament categories ( 1969 -- 2008 ) ATP International Series Gold ( 2000 -- 2008 ) 2000 -- 2008 Rotterdam Memphis Mexico City / Acapulco Barcelona Kitzbühel Tokyo Vienna 2000 -- 2001 / 2003 -- 2008 Stuttgart 2000 London 2000 -- 2002 Washington Indianapolis 2001 -- 2008 Dubai ATP International Series ( 2000 -- 2008 ) 2000 -- 2008 Adelaide Doha Chennai Sydney Auckland Santiago / Viña del Mar Delray Beach Marseille San Jose Scottsdale / Las Vegas Estoril Majorca / Valencia Orlando / Houston Munich Casablanca St. Pölten / Pörtschach Halle London ' s - Hertogenbosch Nottingham Gstaad Newport Båstad Amsterdam / Amersfoort Umag Los Angeles Long Island / New Haven Bucharest Stockholm Moscow St. Petersburg Lyon Basel 2000 Dubai San Marino Brighton Toulouse 2000 -- 2001 Bogotá Atlanta 2000 -- 2001 , 2003 -- 2007 Shanghai / Ho Chi Minh City / Mumbai 2000 -- 2002 Hong Kong Tashkent 2000 -- 2003 Copenhagen 2000 -- 2006 Palermo 2001 -- 2005 Milan 2001 -- 2008 Buenos Aires Sopot / Warsaw Costa do Sauípe 2002 Stuttgart 2003 -- 2008 Indianapolis Washington Bangkok Metz 2004 -- 2008 Beijing 2006 -- 2008 Zagreb WTA Tier III Tournaments ( 1990 -- 2008 ) 1990 Houston 1990 Tampa 1990 Newport 1990 -- 1991 San Diego 1990 -- 1992 San Antonio 1990 - 1992 Sydney 1990 - 1992 Leipzig 1991 -- 1992 Barcelona 1992 -- 1994 Lucerne 1992 - 1994 Osaka 1993 / 2007 -- 2008 Budapest 1993 Kitzbühel 1993 -- 1994 Schenectady 1993 - 1994 Brisbane 1993 -- 1997 Linz 1993 -- 2008 Oklahoma City / Memphis 1993 -- 2008 Strasbourg 1993 -- 2008 Tokyo Outdoor 1993 -- 2008 Birmingham 1993 -- 2008 Quebec City 1994 -- 1995 Moscow ( Ladies Open ) 1995 San Juan 1995 / 2000 -- 2003 Zagreb / Bol 1995 -- 1996 Jakarta 1995 -- 1998 / 2002 Warsaw 1996 Moscow ( Kremlin Cup ) 1996 -- 2004 / 2008 Luxembourg City 1996 -- 2008 ' s - Hertogenbosch 1997 -- 2003 Madrid 1997 -- 2008 Gold Coast 1998 Prague 1998 Boston 1999 Cairo 1999 -- 2004 Sopot 1999 -- 2008 Kuala Lumpur / Bali 2000 -- 2004 Vienna 2001 Canberra 2001 -- 2003 Doha 2001 -- 2008 Bogotá 2001 - 2008 Acapulco 2004 -- 2006 Hasselt 2004 -- 2008 Cincinnati 2004 -- 2008 Guangzhou 2005 -- 2007 Bangkok 2005 -- 2007 Kolkata 2005 -- 2008 Istanbul 2006 -- 2007 Bangalore 2007 -- 2008 Bad Gastein 2008 Viña del Mar Coordinates : 16 ° 47 ′ 16 '' N 99 ° 48 ′ 42 '' W  /  16.78778 ° N 99.81167 ° W  / 16.78778 ; - 99.81167 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mexican_Open_(tennis)&oldid=865875971 '' Categories : Mexican Open ( tennis ) Clay court tennis tournaments WTA Tour Recurring sporting events established in 1993 ATP World Tour 500 series Tennis tournaments in Mexico Hard court tennis tournaments 1993 establishments in Mexico Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2012 All articles needing additional references Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Bosanski Català Čeština Español Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2018 , at 19 : 11 ( UTC ) . 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emily 2007 mexican open singles tennis tournament winner

Year Champion Runner - up Score 2001 Amanda Coetzer Elena Dementieva 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 2 2002 Katarina Srebotnik Paola Suárez 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 2003 Amanda Coetzer ( 2 ) Mariana Díaz Oliva 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 3 Iveta Benešová Flavia Pennetta 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 2005 Flavia Pennetta Ľudmila Cervanová 3 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 3 2006 Anna - Lena Grönefeld Flavia Pennetta 6 -- 1 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 2007 Émilie Loit Flavia Pennetta 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 2008 Flavia Pennetta ( 2 ) Alizé Cornet 6 -- 0 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 2009 Venus Williams Flavia Pennetta 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 2 Venus Williams ( 2 ) Polona Hercog 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 2011 Gisela Dulko Arantxa Parra Santonja 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 6 2012 Sara Errani Flavia Pennetta 5 -- 7 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 0 2013 Sara Errani ( 2 ) Carla Suárez Navarro 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 4 ↓ Changed from Clay to Hard Court ↓ 2014 Dominika Cibulková Christina McHale 7 -- 6 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 2015 Timea Bacsinszky Caroline Garcia 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 0 2016 Sloane Stephens Dominika Cibulková 6 -- 4 , 4 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 2017 Lesia Tsurenko Kristina Mladenovic 6 -- 1 , 7 -- 5 2018 Lesia Tsurenko ( 2 ) Stefanie Vögele 5 -- 7 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 2

It is Well with my soul - wikipedia It is Well with my soul `` It Is Well '' redirects here . For the Kutless album , see It Is Well ( album ) . `` It Is Well '' redirects here . For Hillsong Song , see It Is Well With My Soul ( Hillsong song ) . It Is Well With My Soul by Horatio Spafford Horatio Spafford Genre Hymn Written 1873 Based on 3 John 2 Meter 11.8. 11.9 with refrain Melody `` Ville du Havre '' by Philip Bliss ( Original lyrics ) When peace like a river , attendeth my way , When sorrows like sea billows roll ; Whatever my lot , Thou hast taught me to know It is well , it is well , with my soul . Refrain : It is well , ( it is well ) , With my soul , ( with my soul ) It is well , it is well , with my soul . Though Satan should buffet , though trials should come , Let this blest assurance control , That Christ has regarded my helpless estate , And hath shed His own blood for my soul . My sin , oh , the bliss of this glorious thought ! My sin , not in part but the whole , Is nailed to the cross , and I bear it no more , Praise the Lord , praise the Lord , O my soul ! For me , be it Christ , be it Christ hence to live : If Jordan above me shall roll , No pang shall be mine , for in death as in life , Thou wilt whisper Thy peace to my soul . But Lord , ' tis for Thee , for Thy coming we wait , The sky , not the grave , is our goal ; Oh , trump of the angel ! Oh , voice of the Lord ! Blessed hope , blessed rest of my soul . And Lord , haste the day when my faith shall be sight , The clouds be rolled back as a scroll ; The trump shall resound , and the Lord shall descend , A song in the night , oh my soul ! `` know '' ( at the end of the third line ) was changed to `` say '' . `` A song in the night , oh my soul '' ( last line ) was changed to `` Even so , it is well with my soul '' . `` It Is Well With My Soul '' is a hymn penned by hymnist Horatio Spafford and composed by Philip Bliss . First published in Gospel Songs No. 2 by Ira Sankey and Bliss ( 1876 ) , it is possibly the most influential and enduring in the Bliss repertoire and is often taken as a choral model , appearing in hymnals of a wide variety of Christian fellowships . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Notable performances 3 References 4 External links Background ( edit ) This hymn was written after traumatic events in Spafford 's life . The first was the death of his son at the age of 2 and the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , which ruined him financially ( he had been a successful lawyer and had invested significantly in property in the area of Chicago that was extensively damaged by the great fire ) . His business interests were further hit by the economic downturn of 1873 , at which time he had planned to travel to Europe with his family on the SS Ville du Havre . In a late change of plan , he sent the family ahead while he was delayed on business concerning zoning problems following the Great Chicago Fire . While crossing the Atlantic , the ship sank rapidly after a collision with a sea vessel , the Loch Earn , and all four of Spafford 's daughters died . His wife Anna survived and sent him the now famous telegram , `` Saved alone ... '' . Shortly afterwards , as Spafford traveled to meet his grieving wife , he was inspired to write these words as his ship passed near where his daughters had died . The sinking of the steamship Ville du Havre Bliss called his tune Ville du Havre , from the name of the stricken vessel . Philip Bliss The Spaffords later had three more children . On February 11 , 1880 , their son , Horatio Goertner Spafford , died at the age of four , of scarlet fever . Their daughters were Bertha Hedges Spafford ( born March 24 , 1878 ) and Grace Spafford ( born January 18 , 1881 ) . Their Presbyterian church regarded their tragedy as divine punishment . In response , the Spaffords formed their own Messianic sect , dubbed `` the Overcomers '' by American press . In 1881 , the Spaffords , including baby Bertha and newborn Grace , set sail for Ottoman - Turkish Palestine . The Spaffords settled in Jerusalem and helped found a group called the American Colony . Colony members , later joined by Swedish Christians , engaged in philanthropic work among the people of Jerusalem regardless of their religious affiliation and without proselytizing motives -- thereby gaining the trust of the local Muslim , Jewish , and Christian communities . During and immediately after World War I , the American Colony played a critical role in supporting these communities through the great suffering and deprivations by running soup kitchens , hospitals , orphanages and other charitable ventures . The colony later became the subject of Jerusalem by the Nobel prize - winning author , Swedish novelist Selma Lagerlöf . Notable performances ( edit ) The Georgia Southern University marching band Southern Pride plays the song at the end of each win . 1961 : Tennessee Ernie Ford ; Hymns at Home 1963 : Doris Akers ; Forever Faithful 1968 : Mahalia Jackson ; A Mighty Fortress 1991 : Don Moen ; Eternal God 1995 : Jennifer Holliday ; On & On 1995 : Crystal Lewis ; ( Hymns ) My Life 1999 : Audio Adrenaline ; Underdog 1999 : Selah ; Be Still My Soul 2000 : 4Him ; Hymns : A Place of Worship 2001 : Dwight Yoakam ; South of Heaven , West of Hell 2002 : Rebecca St. James ; Worship God 2002 : Amy Grant , with a portion of the song along with `` The River 's Gonna Keep On Rolling '' ( written by Vince Gill ) on her album Legacy ... Hymns and Faith 2003 : The Three Tenors ; Bath 2003 2005 : Jars of Clay ; Redemption Songs 2006 : Chris Rice ; Peace Like a River : The Hymns Project 2008 : Kristyn Getty ( YouTube ) 2009 : Kutless ; It Is Well 2011 : Hillsong Music ( Darlene Zschech ) single ( new bridge added by Reuben Morgan & Ben Fielding ) ; all proceeds from the recording go to help the Queensland Flood Relief Effort 2011 : Josh Wilson ; See You , instrumental version , finger - style guitar 2011 : Mary Mary ; Something Big 2013 : Eleventyseven ; Good Spells ( EP ) 2014 : Michael W. Smith ; Hymns 2014 : Shane & Shane ; The Worship Initiative , Vol. 4 2014 : Sebastian Demrey ; Heritage ; Hymns of our Faith 2014 : Newsboys ; Hallelujah for the Cross 2014 : Bro . Philemon featuring Morris Babyface 2015 : Kristian Stanfill from the Passion Conferences 's album Even So Come 2016 : Audrey Assad ; Inheritance 2016 : Joey + Rory ; Hymns That Are Important to Us 2017 : Vocal Point ; Music Video Hits ( Vol. 2 ) 2017 : MercyMe sampled this song in `` Even If '' from their album Lifer 2017 : The Mormon Tabernacle Choir performed this song during their weekly broadcast of Music and the Spoken Word on June 25th . 2017 : The Mormon Tabernacle Choir with Hugh Bonneville performed this song while recounting its history during its annual Christmas concert from December 15th through 17th . 2018 : Kaleb Lee performance on NBC 's The Voice . May 14 , 2018 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` History '' . Kosinski Studio . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2013 . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Although the presence of a refrain makes the item technically a gospel song versus a hymn in the strict sense , it has a remarkably sustained and sonorous quality , which makes it comparable to the stateliest hymns in both Protestant and Roman Catholic hymnody . It has been prolifically translated and has demonstrated an appeal in various cultures . ^ Jump up to : `` The American Colony in Jerusalem , 1870 - 2006 '' . Retrieved May 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McCann , Forrest M. ( 1997 ) . Hymns and History : An Annotated Survey of Sources . Abilene , TX : ACU Press . ISBN 0 - 89112 - 058 - 0 , pp. 154 , 327 - 328 , 359 - 360 , 520 , 597 . Jump up ^ Sandra Bennett ( 2012 ) . `` The Beat Goes On '' . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gettys -- It Is Well '' . YouTube . Retrieved October 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Reuben Morgan ( 2011 ) . `` Hillsong collected blog -- It Is Well '' . Retrieved January 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bro Philemon - It Is Well ft . Morris Babyface ( Official Video with lyrics ) GhanaMusic.com Video '' ( partly sung in Mandarin Chinese ) , YouTube . Jump up ^ Francis Doku , `` Best Male Artiste in African Inspirational Music category for AFRIMA 2014 '' , Modern Ghana , 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ BYU Vocal Point , `` It Is Well with My Soul BYU Vocal Point ( A Cappella ) '' , YouTube , Feb 20 , 2017 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 15 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : It Is Well with My Soul Library of Congress item mamcol. 016 High resolution images of the restored original manuscript ( up to 22 MB ) front AND back at the Library of Congress . ( Includes an extra verse on the back , as well as notes from his prayer meetings ) SpaffordHymn.com The original Hymn manuscript The American Colony in Jerusalem ( A Library of Congress Exhibition ) McCann , Forrest Mason ( 1997 ) . Hymns & History : An Annotated Survey of Sources . Abilene , Texas : ACU Press , pp. 327 -- 328 , 520 , 597 . ISBN 0 - 89112 - 058 - 0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It_Is_Well_with_My_Soul&oldid=846548008 '' Categories : American Christian hymns Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands Português Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 12 : 39 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

the composer of the song it is well with my soul

`` It Is Well With My Soul '' is a hymn penned by hymnist Horatio Spafford and composed by Philip Bliss . First published in Gospel Songs No. 2 by Ira Sankey and Bliss ( 1876 ) , it is possibly the most influential and enduring in the Bliss repertoire and is often taken as a choral model , appearing in hymnals of a wide variety of Christian fellowships .

List of Stanley Cup champions - wikipedia List of Stanley Cup champions This article is about the winning teams . For players who have played on winning teams , see Stanley Cup winning players . The Stanley Cup The Stanley Cup is a trophy awarded annually to the playoff champion club of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) ice hockey league . It was donated by the Governor General of Canada Lord Stanley of Preston in 1892 , and is the oldest professional sports trophy in North America . Inscribed the Dominion Hockey Challenge Cup , the trophy was first awarded to Canada 's amateur ice hockey clubs who won the trophy as the result of challenge games and league play . Professional clubs came to dominate the competition in the early years of the twentieth century , and in 1913 the two major professional ice hockey organizations , the National Hockey Association ( NHA ) ( forerunner of the NHL ) and the Pacific Coast Hockey Association ( PCHA ) , reached a gentlemen 's agreement in which their respective champions would face each other in an annual series for the Stanley Cup . After a series of league mergers and folds , it became the de facto championship trophy of the NHL in 1926 , though it was nominally still subject to external challenge . After 1947 , the Cup became the de jure NHL championship prize . From 1914 to the end of the 2018 season , the trophy has been won 100 times . 24 teams have won the cup , 19 of which are still active in the NHL . Prior to that , the challenge cup was held by nine teams . The Montreal Canadiens have won the Stanley Cup 24 times and made the finals an additional ten times . There were two years when the Stanley Cup was not awarded : 1919 , because of the Spanish flu epidemic , and 2005 , because of the NHL lockout . Contents ( hide ) 1 Challenge Cup era ( 1893 -- 1914 ) 2 NHA / NHL vs. PCHA / WCHL / WHL champions ( 1915 -- 1926 ) 3 NHL champions ( since 1927 ) 4 Appearances 4.1 Challenge Cup era ( 1893 -- 1914 ) 4.2 Stanley Cup Finals era ( since 1915 ) 4.2. 1 Active teams 4.2. 2 Defunct teams 5 See also 6 References 6.1 General 6.2 Specific 7 External links Challenge Cup era ( 1893 -- 1914 ) ( edit ) The first Challenge Cup champions : Montreal Hockey Club See also : List of Stanley Cup challenge games The origins of the Challenge era come from the method of play of the Amateur Hockey Association of Canada prior to 1893 . From 1887 to 1893 , the league did not play a round - robin format , but rather challenges between teams of the association that year , with the winner of the series being the ' interim ' champion , with the final challenge winner becoming the league champion for the year . The Stanley Cup kept the tradition going , but added league championships as another way that a team could win the trophy . If a team in the same league as the current champion won the league championship , it would then inherit the Cup , without a challenge . The only time this rule was not followed was in 1904 , when the Ottawa Senators club withdrew from its league , the CAHL . The trustees ruled that the Cup stayed with Ottawa , instead of the CAHL league champion . During the challenge cup period , none of the leagues that played for the trophy had a formal playoff system to decide their respective champions ; whichever team finished in first place after the regular season won the league title . A playoff would only be played if teams tied for first - place in their leagues at the end of the regular season . Challenge games were played until 1912 at any time during hockey season by challenges approved and / or ordered by the Stanley Cup trustees . In 1912 , Cup trustees declared that it was only to be defended at the end of the champion team 's regular season . In 1908 , the Allan Cup was introduced as the trophy for Canada 's amateurs , as the Stanley Cup became a symbol of professional hockey supremacy . This table lists the outcome of all Stanley Cup wins , including successful victories and defenses in challenges , and league championships for the challenge era . Date Winning team Coach Losing team Playoff format Score Winning goal March 17 , 1893 Montreal Hockey Club ( AHAC ) Harry Shaw ( mgr . ) 1893 AHAC champions , no challengers March 22 , 1894 Montreal Hockey Club ( AHAC ) Harry Shaw ( mgr . ) Ottawa HC ( AHAC ) Single - elimination ( 1894 AHAC championship playoff ) 3 -- 1 Billy Barlow ( 9 : 00 , third qtr ) March 9 , 1895 Montreal Victorias ( AHAC ) Mike Grant ( capt . ) 1895 AHAC Champion March 9 , 1895 Montreal Hockey Club ( AHAC ) Harry Shaw ( mgr . ) Queen 's University ( OHA ) Single - elimination 5 -- 1 February 14 , 1896 Winnipeg Victorias ( MHA ) Jack Armytage ( capt . ) Montreal Victorias ( AHAC ) Single - elimination 2 -- 0 Jack Armytage ( 10 : 00 , first half ) February 29 , 1896 Winnipeg Victorias ( MHA ) Jack Armytage ( capt . ) 1896 MHA champion December 30 , 1896 Montreal Victorias ( AHAC ) Mike Grant ( capt . ) Winnipeg Victorias ( MHA ) Single - elimination 6 -- 5 Ernie McLea ( 28 : 00 , second half ) March 6 , 1897 Montreal Victorias ( AHAC ) Mike Grant ( capt . ) 1897 AHAC Champion December 27 , 1897 Montreal Victorias ( AHAC ) Mike Grant ( capt . ) Ottawa Capitals ( CCHA ) Single - elimination 15 -- 2 March 5 , 1898 Montreal Victorias ( AHAC ) Frank Richardson - playing 1898 AHAC Champion February 15 -- 18 , 1899 Montreal Victorias ( CAHL ) Frank Richardson - Playing Winnipeg Victorias ( MHA ) Two - game total goals 5 -- 3 Robert MacDougall ( second half ) March 4 , 1899 Montreal Shamrocks ( CAHL ) Barney Dunphy 1899 CAHL Champion March 14 , 1899 Montreal Shamrocks ( CAHL ) Barney Dunphy Queen 's University ( OHA ) Single - elimination 6 -- 2 Harry Trihey February 12 -- 15 , 1900 Montreal Shamrocks ( CAHL ) Barney Dunphy Winnipeg Victorias ( MHA ) Best - of - three 2 -- 1 Harry Trihey ( second half ) March 7 , 1900 Montreal Shamrocks ( CAHL ) Barney Dunphy Halifax Crescents ( MaPHL ) Best - of - three 2 -- 0 ( 10 -- 2 , 11 -- 0 ) March 10 , 1900 Montreal Shamrocks ( CAHL ) Barney Dunphy 1900 CAHL Champion January 29 -- 31 , 1901 Winnipeg Victorias ( MHA ) Dan Bain ( capt . ) Montreal Shamrocks ( CAHL ) Best - of - three 2 -- 0 Dan Bain ( 4 : 00 , OT ) February 19 , 1901 Winnipeg Victorias ( MHA ) Dan Bain ( capt . ) Winnipeg HC ( MHA ) Single - elimination ( 1901 MHA championship ) 4 -- 3 January 21 -- 23 , 1902 Winnipeg Victorias ( MHA ) Dan Bain ( capt . ) Toronto Wellingtons ( OHA ) Best - of - three 2 -- 0 Fred Scanlon ( 9 : 00 , second half ) March 1902 Winnipeg Victorias ( MHA ) Dan Bain ( capt . ) 1902 MHA Champion March 13 -- 17 , 1902 Montreal HC ( CAHL ) Clarence McKerrow Winnipeg Victorias ( MHA ) Best - of - three 2 -- 1 Jack Marshall ( first half ) January 29 -- 31 , February 2 -- 4 , 1903 Montreal HC ( CAHL ) Desse Browne Winnipeg Victorias ( MHA ) Best - of - three 2 -- 1 Tom Phillips March 7 -- 10 , 1903 Ottawa HC ( CAHL ) Alf Smith Montreal Victorias ( CAHL ) Two - game total goals ( 1903 CAHL championship playoff ) 9 -- 1 Suddy Gilmour ( 4 : 34 , first half , second game ) March 12 -- 14 , 1903 Ottawa HC ( CAHL ) Alf Smith Rat Portage Thistles ( MNWHA ) Two - game total goals 10 -- 4 Frank McGee ( 8 : 20 , first half ) December 30 , 1903 , January 1 -- 4 , 1904 Ottawa HC ( CAHL ) Alf Smith - playing Winnipeg Rowing Club ( MHA ) Best - of - three 2 -- 1 Frank McGee ( 11 : 00 , second half ) February 23 -- 25 , 1904 Ottawa HC Alf Smith - playing Toronto Marlboros ( OHA ) Best - of - three 2 -- 0 Arthur Moore ( 9 : 38 , first half ) March 2 , 1904 Ottawa HC Alf Smith - playing Montreal Wanderers ( FAHL ) Two - game total goals March 9 -- 11 , 1904 Ottawa HC Alf Smith - playing Brandon Wheat Cities ( MNWHA ) Best - of - three 2 -- 0 Frank McGee ( 18 : 00 , first half ) January 13 -- 16 , 1905 Ottawa HC ( FAHL ) Alf Smith - playing Dawson City Nuggets Best - of - three 2 -- 0 Harry Westwick ( 12 : 15 , first half ) March 3 , 1905 Ottawa HC ( FAHL ) Alf Smith - playing 1905 FAHL Champion March 7 -- 9 -- 11 , 1905 Ottawa HC ( FAHL ) Alf Smith - playing Rat Portage Thistles ( MHL ) Best - of - three 2 -- 1 Frank McGee February 27 -- 28 , 1906 Ottawa HC ( ECAHA ) Alf Smith - playing Queen 's University ( OHA ) Best - of - three 2 -- 0 Harvey Pulford ( 10 : 00 , second half ) March 6 -- 8 , 1906 Ottawa HC ( ECAHA ) Alf Smith - playing Smiths Falls HC ( FAHL ) Best - of - three 2 -- 0 Frank McGee ( 17 : 45 , first half ) March 14 -- 17 , 1906 Montreal Wanderers ( ECAHA ) Cecil Blachford - playing Ottawa HC ( ECAHA ) Two - game total goals ( 1906 ECAHA championship playoff ) 12 -- 10 Lester Patrick December 27 -- 29 , 1906 Montreal Wanderers ( ECAHA ) Cecil Blachford - playing New Glasgow Cubs ( MaHL ) Two - game total goals 17 -- 5 January 21 -- 23 , 1907 Kenora Thistles ( MPHL ) James Link Montreal Wanderers ( ECAHA ) Two - game total goals 12 -- 8 Roxy Beaudro March 16 -- 18 , 1907 Kenora Thistles ( MPHL ) James Link Brandon Wheat Cities ( MPHL ) Best - of - three ( 1907 MPHL championship ) 2 -- 0 Fred Whitcroft ( 19 : 00 , first half ) March 23 -- 25 , 1907 Montreal Wanderers ( ECAHA ) Lester Patrick ( capt . ) Kenora Thistles ( MPHL ) Two - game total goals 12 -- 8 Ernest `` Moose '' Johnson January 9 -- 13 , 1908 Montreal Wanderers ( ECAHA ) Cecil Blachford ( capt . ) Ottawa Victorias ( FAHL ) Two - game total goals 22 -- 4 Frank Glass ( 25 : 00 , first half , first game ) March 7 , 1908 Montreal Wanderers ( ECAHA ) Cecil Blachford ( capt . ) 1908 ECAHA Champions March 10 -- 12 , 1908 Montreal Wanderers ( ECAHA ) Cecil Blachford ( capt . ) Winnipeg Maple Leafs ( MPHL ) Two - game total goals 20 -- 8 March 14 , 1908 Montreal Wanderers ( ECAHA ) Cecil Blachford ( capt . ) Toronto ( OPHL ) Single - elimination 6 -- 4 Ernest `` Moose '' Johnson December 28 -- 30 , 1908 Montreal Wanderers ( ECHA ) Cecil Blachford ( capt . ) Edmonton Hockey Club ( AAHA ) Two - game total goals 13 -- 10 Walter Smaill ( 33 : 45 , second half , second game ) March 6 , 1909 Ottawa HC ( ECHA ) Pete Green 1909 ECHA champions January 5 -- 7 , 1910 Ottawa HC ( CHA ) Pete Green Galt HC ( OPHL ) Two - game total goals 15 -- 4 Hamby Shore ( 10 : 10 , first half , first game ) January 18 -- 20 , 1910 Ottawa HC ( NHA ) Pete Green Edmonton Hockey Club ( AAHA ) Two - game total goals 21 -- 11 Bruce Stuart ( 23 : 45 , first half ) March 9 , 1910 Montreal Wanderers ( NHA ) Frank Glass ( capt . ) 1910 NHA Champion March 12 , 1910 Montreal Wanderers ( NHA ) Frank Glass ( capt . ) Berlin Dutchmen ( OPHL ) Single - elimination 7 -- 3 Harry Hyland ( 22 : 00 , first half ) March 10 , 1911 Ottawa HC ( NHA ) Pete Green 1911 NHA Champions March 13 , 1911 Ottawa HC ( NHA ) Pete Green Galt HC ( OPHL ) Single - elimination 7 -- 4 Marty Walsh ( 5 : 00 , third ) March 16 , 1911 Ottawa HC ( NHA ) Pete Green Port Arthur Bearcats ( New Ontario Hockey League ) Single - elimination 13 -- 4 Marty Walsh ( 4 : 30 , second ) March 5 , 1912 Quebec Bulldogs ( NHA ) Charles Nolan 1912 NHA Champions March 11 -- 13 , 1912 Quebec Bulldogs ( NHA ) Charles Nolan Moncton Victorias ( MaPHL ) Best - of - three 2 -- 0 Joe Malone ( 18 : 00 , first ) March 5 , 1913 Quebec Bulldogs ( NHA ) Joe Malone ( capt . ) 1913 NHA Champions March 8 -- 10 , 1913 Quebec Bulldogs ( NHA ) Joe Malone ( capt . ) Sydney Millionaires ( MaPHL ) Two - game total goals 20 -- 5 Tommy Smith ( 3 : 10 , second , first game ) March 7 -- 11 , 1914 Toronto Hockey Club ( NHA ) Jack Marshall ( playing - mgr . ) Montreal Canadiens ( NHA ) Two - game total goals ( 1914 NHA championship playoff ) 6 -- 2 Scotty Davidson ( 2 : 00 , third , second game ) March 14 -- 17 -- 19 , 1914 Toronto Hockey Club ( NHA ) Jack Marshall ( playing - mgr . ) Victoria Aristocrats ( PCHA ) Best - of - five 3 -- 0 Harry Cameron ( 7 : 00 , third ) Notes ^ A. Although the Montreal Victorias won the AHAC title in 1895 , the Stanley Cup trustees had already accepted a challenge from the 1894 Cup champion Montreal HC and Queen 's University . As a compromise , the trustees decided that if the Montreal HC won the challenge match , the Victorias would become the Stanley Cup champions . The Montreals eventually won the game , 5 -- 1 , and their crosstown rivals were awarded the Cup . ^ B. Intended to be a best - of - three series , Ottawa Capitals withdrew their challenge after the first game . ^ C. The January 31 ( a Saturday ) game was tied 2 -- 2 at midnight and the Mayor of Westmount refused to allow play to continue on Sunday . The game was played on February 2 ( a Monday ) and the January 31 game was considered to be void . ^ D. For most of 1904 , the Ottawa Hockey Club was not affiliated with any league . ^ E. The Montreal Wanderers were disqualified as the result of a dispute . After game one ended tied at the end of regulation , 5 -- 5 , the Wanderers refused to play overtime with the current referee , and then subsequently refused to play the next game of the series in Ottawa . ^ F. During the series , it was revealed that the Victoria club had not filed a formal challenge . A letter arrived from the Stanley Cup trustees on March 17 , stating that the trustees would not let the Stanley Cup travel west , as they did not consider Victoria a proper challenger because they had not formally notified the trustees . However , on March 18 , Trustee William Foran stated that it was a misunderstanding . PCHA president Frank Patrick had not filed a challenge because he had expected Emmett Quinn , president of the NHA to make all of the arrangements in his role as hockey commissioner , whereas the trustees thought they were being deliberately ignored . In any case , all arrangements had been ironed out and the Victoria challenge was accepted . Sources Coleman , Charles L. ( 1964 ) . The Trail of the Stanley Cup , vol. 1 , 1893 -- 1926 inc . Sherbrooke , Quebec : Sherbrooke Daily Record Company Limited . Montreal Gazette Ottawa Citizen Ottawa Journal Winnipeg Tribune NHA / NHL vs. PCHA / WCHL / WHL champions ( 1915 -- 1926 ) ( edit ) Several days after the Victoria Aristocrats -- Toronto Hockey Club series , Stanley Cup trustee William Foran wrote to NHA president Emmett Quinn that the trustees are `` perfectly satisfied to allow the representatives of the three pro leagues ( NHA , PCHA , and Maritime ) to make all arrangements each season as to the series of matches to be played for the Cup . '' Maritime league did not challenge for cup in 1914 , and folded after 1915 season . The Stanley Cup championship finals alternated between the East and the West each year , with games played alternately under NHA or PCHA rules . The Cup trustees agreed to this new arrangement , because after the Allan Cup became the highest prize for amateur hockey teams in Canada , the trustees had become dependent on the top two professional leagues to bolster the prominence of the trophy . After the New Westminster Royal moved to Portland in the summer of 1914 becoming the Portland Rosebuds , an American - based team , the trustees issued a statement that the Cup was no longer for the best team in Canada , but now for the best team in the world . In March 1916 , the Rosebuds became the first American team to play in the Stanley Cup championship final . In 1917 , the Seattle Metropolitans became the first American team to win the Cup . After that season , the NHA was suspended and the National Hockey League ( NHL ) took its place . In 1919 , the Spanish influenza epidemic forced the Montreal Canadiens and the Seattle Metropolitans to cancel their series tied at 2 -- 2 -- 1 , marking the first time the Stanley Cup was not awarded . The format for the Stanley Cup championship changed in 1922 , with the creation of the Western Canada Hockey League ( WCHL ) . Now three leagues competed for the Cup and this necessitated a semi-final series between two league champions , with the third having a bye directly to the final . In 1924 , the PCHA folded and only the Vancouver and Victoria teams entered the WCHL . With the loss of the PCHA , the championship reverted to a single series . After their win in 1925 , the Victoria Cougars became the last team outside the NHL to win the Stanley Cup . For the 1925 -- 26 season the WCHL was renamed the Western Hockey League ( WHL ) . With the Victoria Cougars ' loss in 1926 , it would be the last time a non-NHL team competed for the Stanley Cup . Numbers in parentheses in the table indicate the number of times that team has appeared in the Stanley Cup Finals , as well as each respective teams ' Stanley Cup Finals record to date . Year Winning team Coach Games Losing team Coach Winning goal 1915 Vancouver Millionaires ( PCHA ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Frank Patrick - playing 3 -- 0 Ottawa Senators ( NHA ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Frank Shaughnessy ( mgr . ) Barney Stanley ( 5 : 30 , second ) 1916 Montreal Canadiens ( NHA ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Newsy Lalonde - playing 3 -- 2 Portland Rosebuds ( PCHA ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Edward Savage ( mgr . ) George Prodgers ( 17 : 20 , third ) 1917 Seattle Metropolitans ( PCHA ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Pete Muldoon 3 -- 1 Montreal Canadiens ( NHA ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Newsy Lalonde - playing Bernie Morris ( 7 : 55 , first ) 1918 Toronto Arenas ( NHL ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Dick Carroll 3 -- 2 Vancouver Millionaires ( PCHA ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Frank Patrick - playing Corb Denneny ( 10 : 30 , third ) 1919 Montreal Canadiens ( NHL ) vs. Seattle Metropolitans ( PCHA ) -- Series cancelled after the fifth game because of the flu epidemic -- Stanley Cup not awarded 1920 Ottawa Senators ( NHL ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Pete Green 3 -- 2 Seattle Metropolitans ( PCHA ) ( 3 , 1 -- 1 ) Pete Muldoon Jack Darragh ( 5 : 00 , third ) 1921 Ottawa Senators ( NHL ) ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Pete Green 3 -- 2 Vancouver Millionaires ( PCHA ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Frank Patrick - playing Jack Darragh ( 9 : 40 , second ) 1922 Toronto St. Pats ( NHL ) ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) George O'Donoghue 3 -- 2 Vancouver Millionaires ( PCHA ) ( 4 , 1 -- 3 ) Frank Patrick - playing Babe Dye ( 4 : 20 , first ) 1923 Ottawa Senators ( NHL ) ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) Pete Green 2 -- 0 Edmonton Eskimos ( WCHL ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Ken McKenzine Punch Broadbent ( 11 : 23 , first ) 1924 Montreal Canadiens ( NHL ) ( 4 , 2 -- 1 ) Léo Dandurand 2 -- 0 Calgary Tigers ( WCHL ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Eddie Oatman - playing Howie Morenz ( 4 : 55 , first ) 1925 Victoria Cougars ( WCHL ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Lester Patrick 3 -- 1 Montreal Canadiens ( NHL ) ( 5 , 2 -- 2 ) Léo Dandurand Gizzy Hart ( 2 : 35 , second ) 1926 Montreal Maroons ( NHL ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Eddie Gerard 3 -- 1 Victoria Cougars ( WHL ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Lester Patrick Nels Stewart ( 2 : 50 , second ) NHL champions ( since 1927 ) ( edit ) The WHL folded in 1926 , and its assets were bought by the NHL . This left the NHL as the only league left competing for the Cup . Other leagues and clubs have issued challenges , but from that year forward , no non-NHL team has played for it , leading it to become the de facto championship trophy of the NHL . In 1947 , the NHL reached an agreement with trustees P.D. Ross and Cooper Smeaton to grant control of the Cup to the NHL , allowing the league itself to reject challenges from other leagues that may have wished to play for the Cup . A 2006 Ontario Superior Court case found that the trustees had gone against Lord Stanley 's conditions in the 1947 agreement . The NHL has agreed to allow other teams to play for the Cup should the league not be operating , as was the case in the 2004 -- 05 NHL lockout . Since 1927 , the league 's playoff format , deciding which teams advanced to the Stanley Cup Finals , has changed multiple times . In some systems that were previously used , playoff teams were seeded regardless of division or conference . From 1942 to 1967 , the Cup was competed for by the league 's six teams , also known as the Original Six . After the 1967 NHL Expansion , the Stanley Cup was competed for by the winners of each conference . Since 1982 , the Finals have been played between the league 's conference playoff champions . Numbers in parentheses in the table indicate the number of times that team has appeared in the Stanley Cup Finals , as well as each respective teams ' Stanley Cup Finals record to date . Year Winning team Coach Games Losing team Coach Winning goal 1927 Ottawa Senators ( C ) ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) Dave Gill 2 -- 0 -- 2 Boston Bruins ( A ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Art Ross Cy Denneny ( 7 : 30 , second ) 1928 New York Rangers ( A ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Lester Patrick - playing 3 -- 2 Montreal Maroons ( C ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Eddie Gerard Frank Boucher ( 3 : 35 , third ) 1929 Boston Bruins ( A ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Cy Denneny - playing 2 -- 0 New York Rangers ( A ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Lester Patrick Bill Carson ( 18 : 02 , third ) 1930 Montreal Canadiens ( C ) ( 6 , 3 -- 2 ) Cecil Hart 2 -- 0 Boston Bruins ( A ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Art Ross Howie Morenz ( 1 : 00 , second ) 1931 Montreal Canadiens ( C ) ( 7 , 4 -- 2 ) Cecil Hart 3 -- 2 Chicago Black Hawks ( A ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Dick Irvin Johnny Gagnon ( 9 : 59 , second ) 1932 Toronto Maple Leafs ( C ) ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) Dick Irvin 3 -- 0 New York Rangers ( A ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Lester Patrick Ace Bailey ( 15 : 07 , third ) 1933 New York Rangers ( A ) ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Lester Patrick 3 -- 1 Toronto Maple Leafs ( C ) ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) Dick Irvin Bill Cook ( 7 : 34 , OT ) 1934 Chicago Black Hawks ( A ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Tommy Gorman 3 -- 1 Detroit Red Wings ( A ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Jack Adams Mush March ( 10 : 05 , second OT ) 1935 Montreal Maroons ( C ) ( 2 , 2 -- 1 ) Tommy Gorman 3 -- 0 Toronto Maple Leafs ( C ) ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) Dick Irvin Baldy Northcott ( 16 : 18 , second ) 1936 Detroit Red Wings ( A ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Jack Adams 3 -- 1 Toronto Maple Leafs ( C ) ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) Dick Irvin Pete Kelly ( 9 : 45 , third ) 1937 Detroit Red Wings ( A ) ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Jack Adams 3 -- 2 New York Rangers ( A ) ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Lester Patrick Marty Barry ( 19 : 22 , first ) 1938 Chicago Black Hawks ( A ) ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Bill Stewart 3 -- 1 Toronto Maple Leafs ( C ) ( 7 , 3 -- 4 ) Dick Irvin Carl Voss ( 16 : 45 , second ) 1939 Boston Bruins ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Art Ross 4 -- 1 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 8 , 3 -- 5 ) Dick Irvin Roy Conacher ( 17 : 54 , second ) 1940 New York Rangers ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) Frank Boucher 4 -- 2 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 9 , 3 -- 6 ) Dick Irvin Bryan Hextall ( 2 : 07 , OT ) 1941 Boston Bruins ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) Cooney Weiland 4 -- 0 Detroit Red Wings ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Jack Adams Bobby Bauer ( 8 : 43 , second ) 1942 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 10 , 4 -- 6 ) Hap Day 4 -- 3 Detroit Red Wings ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Jack Adams Pete Langelle ( 9 : 48 , third ) 1943 Detroit Red Wings ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) Jack Adams 4 -- 0 Boston Bruins ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) Art Ross Joe Carveth ( 12 : 09 , first ) 1944 Montreal Canadiens ( 8 , 5 -- 2 ) Dick Irvin 4 -- 0 Chicago Black Hawks ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Paul Thompson Toe Blake ( 9 : 12 , OT ) 1945 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 11 , 5 -- 6 ) Hap Day 4 -- 3 Detroit Red Wings ( 7 , 3 -- 4 ) Jack Adams Babe Pratt ( 12 : 14 , third ) 1946 Montreal Canadiens ( 9 , 6 -- 2 ) Dick Irvin 4 -- 1 Boston Bruins ( 7 , 3 -- 4 ) Dit Clapper Toe Blake ( 11 : 06 , third ) 1947 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 12 , 6 -- 6 ) Hap Day 4 -- 2 Montreal Canadiens ( 10 , 6 -- 3 ) Dick Irvin Ted Kennedy ( 14 : 39 , third ) 1948 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 13 , 7 -- 6 ) Hap Day 4 -- 0 Detroit Red Wings ( 8 , 3 -- 5 ) Tommy Ivan Harry Watson ( 11 : 13 , first ) 1949 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 14 , 8 -- 6 ) Hap Day 4 -- 0 Detroit Red Wings ( 9 , 3 -- 6 ) Tommy Ivan Cal Gardner ( 19 : 45 , second ) 1950 Detroit Red Wings ( 10 , 4 -- 6 ) Tommy Ivan 4 -- 3 New York Rangers ( 7 , 3 -- 4 ) Lynn Patrick Pete Babando ( 8 : 31 , second OT ) 1951 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 15 , 9 -- 6 ) Joe Primeau 4 -- 1 Montreal Canadiens ( 11 , 6 -- 4 ) Dick Irvin Bill Barilko ( 2 : 53 , OT ) 1952 Detroit Red Wings ( 11 , 5 -- 6 ) Tommy Ivan 4 -- 0 Montreal Canadiens ( 12 , 6 -- 5 ) Dick Irvin Metro Prystai ( 6 : 50 , first ) 1953 Montreal Canadiens ( 13 , 7 -- 5 ) Dick Irvin 4 -- 1 Boston Bruins ( 8 , 3 -- 5 ) Lynn Patrick Elmer Lach ( 1 : 22 , OT ) 1954 Detroit Red Wings ( 12 , 6 -- 6 ) Tommy Ivan 4 -- 3 Montreal Canadiens ( 14 , 7 -- 6 ) Dick Irvin Tony Leswick ( 4 : 20 , OT ) 1955 Detroit Red Wings ( 13 , 7 -- 6 ) Jimmy Skinner 4 -- 3 Montreal Canadiens ( 15 , 7 -- 7 ) Dick Irvin Gordie Howe ( 19 : 49 , second ) 1956 Montreal Canadiens ( 16 , 8 -- 7 ) Toe Blake 4 -- 1 Detroit Red Wings ( 14 , 7 -- 7 ) Jimmy Skinner Maurice Richard ( 15 : 08 , second ) 1957 Montreal Canadiens ( 17 , 9 -- 7 ) Toe Blake 4 -- 1 Boston Bruins ( 9 , 3 -- 6 ) Milt Schmidt Dickie Moore ( 0 : 14 , second ) 1958 Montreal Canadiens ( 18 , 10 -- 7 ) Toe Blake 4 -- 2 Boston Bruins ( 10 , 3 -- 7 ) Milt Schmidt Bernie Geoffrion ( 19 : 26 , second ) 1959 Montreal Canadiens ( 19 , 11 -- 7 ) Toe Blake 4 -- 1 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 16 , 9 -- 7 ) Punch Imlach Marcel Bonin ( 9 : 55 , second ) 1960 Montreal Canadiens ( 20 , 12 -- 7 ) Toe Blake 4 -- 0 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 17 , 9 -- 8 ) Punch Imlach Jean Beliveau ( 8 : 16 , first ) 1961 Chicago Black Hawks ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) Rudy Pilous 4 -- 2 Detroit Red Wings ( 15 , 7 -- 8 ) Sid Abel Ab McDonald ( 18 : 49 , second ) 1962 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 18 , 10 -- 8 ) Punch Imlach 4 -- 2 Chicago Black Hawks ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) Rudy Pilous Dick Duff ( 14 : 14 , third ) 1963 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 19 , 11 -- 8 ) Punch Imlach 4 -- 1 Detroit Red Wings ( 16 , 7 -- 9 ) Sid Abel Eddie Shack ( 13 : 28 , third ) 1964 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 20 , 12 -- 8 ) Punch Imlach 4 -- 3 Detroit Red Wings ( 17 , 7 -- 10 ) Sid Abel Andy Bathgate ( 3 : 04 , first ) 1965 Montreal Canadiens ( 21 , 13 -- 7 ) Toe Blake 4 -- 3 Chicago Black Hawks ( 7 , 3 -- 4 ) Billy Reay Jean Beliveau ( 0 : 14 , first ) 1966 Montreal Canadiens ( 22 , 14 -- 7 ) Toe Blake 4 -- 2 Detroit Red Wings ( 18 , 7 -- 11 ) Sid Abel Henri Richard ( 2 : 20 , OT ) 1967 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 21 , 13 -- 8 ) Punch Imlach 4 -- 2 Montreal Canadiens ( 23 , 14 -- 8 ) Toe Blake Jim Pappin ( 19 : 24 , second ) 1968 Montreal Canadiens ( E ) ( 24 , 15 -- 8 ) Toe Blake 4 -- 0 St. Louis Blues ( W ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Scotty Bowman J.C. Tremblay ( 11 : 40 , third ) 1969 Montreal Canadiens ( E ) ( 25 , 16 -- 8 ) Claude Ruel 4 -- 0 St. Louis Blues ( W ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Scotty Bowman John Ferguson ( 3 : 02 , third ) 1970 Boston Bruins ( E ) ( 11 , 4 -- 7 ) Harry Sinden 4 -- 0 St. Louis Blues ( W ) ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Scotty Bowman Bobby Orr ( 0 : 40 , OT ) 1971 Montreal Canadiens ( E ) ( 26 , 17 -- 8 ) Al MacNeil 4 -- 3 Chicago Black Hawks ( W ) ( 8 , 3 -- 5 ) Billy Reay Henri Richard ( 2 : 34 , third ) 1972 Boston Bruins ( E ) ( 12 , 5 -- 7 ) Tom Johnson 4 -- 2 New York Rangers ( E ) ( 8 , 3 -- 5 ) Emile Francis Bobby Orr ( 11 : 18 , first ) 1973 Montreal Canadiens ( E ) ( 27 , 18 -- 8 ) Scotty Bowman 4 -- 2 Chicago Black Hawks ( W ) ( 9 , 3 -- 6 ) Billy Reay Yvan Cournoyer ( 8 : 13 , third ) Philadelphia Flyers ( W ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Fred Shero 4 -- 2 Boston Bruins ( E ) ( 13 , 5 -- 8 ) Bep Guidolin Rick MacLeish ( 14 : 48 , first ) Philadelphia Flyers ( CC ) ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) Fred Shero 4 -- 2 Buffalo Sabres ( PW ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Floyd Smith Bob Kelly ( 0 : 11 , third ) 1976 Montreal Canadiens ( PW ) ( 28 , 19 -- 8 ) Scotty Bowman 4 -- 0 Philadelphia Flyers ( CC ) ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Fred Shero Guy Lafleur ( 14 : 18 , third ) 1977 Montreal Canadiens ( PW ) ( 29 , 20 -- 8 ) Scotty Bowman 4 -- 0 Boston Bruins ( PW ) ( 14 , 5 -- 9 ) Don Cherry Jacques Lemaire ( 4 : 32 , OT ) 1978 Montreal Canadiens ( PW ) ( 30 , 21 -- 8 ) Scotty Bowman 4 -- 2 Boston Bruins ( PW ) ( 15 , 5 -- 10 ) Don Cherry Mario Tremblay ( 9 : 20 , first ) 1979 Montreal Canadiens ( PW ) ( 31 , 22 -- 8 ) Scotty Bowman 4 -- 1 New York Rangers ( CC ) ( 9 , 3 -- 6 ) Fred Shero Jacques Lemaire ( 1 : 02 , second ) 1980 New York Islanders ( CC ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Al Arbour 4 -- 2 Philadelphia Flyers ( CC ) ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Pat Quinn Bob Nystrom ( 7 : 11 , OT ) 1981 New York Islanders ( CC ) ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) Al Arbour 4 -- 1 Minnesota North Stars ( PW ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Glen Sonmor Wayne Merrick ( 5 : 37 , first ) 1982 New York Islanders ( PW ) ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) Al Arbour 4 -- 0 Vancouver Canucks ( CC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Roger Neilson Mike Bossy ( 5 : 00 , second ) New York Islanders ( PW ) ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) Al Arbour 4 -- 0 Edmonton Oilers ( CC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Glen Sather Mike Bossy ( 12 : 39 , first ) 1984 Edmonton Oilers ( CC ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Glen Sather 4 -- 1 New York Islanders ( PW ) ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) Al Arbour Ken Linseman ( 0 : 38 , second ) 1985 Edmonton Oilers ( CC ) ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Glen Sather 4 -- 1 Philadelphia Flyers ( PW ) ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Mike Keenan Paul Coffey ( 17 : 57 , first ) 1986 Montreal Canadiens ( PW ) ( 32 , 23 -- 8 ) Jean Perron 4 -- 1 Calgary Flames ( CC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Bob Johnson Bobby Smith ( 10 : 30 , third ) Edmonton Oilers ( CC ) ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) Glen Sather 4 -- 3 Philadelphia Flyers ( PW ) ( 6 , 2 -- 4 ) Mike Keenan Jari Kurri ( 14 : 59 , second ) 1988 Edmonton Oilers ( CC ) ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) Glen Sather 4 -- 0 Boston Bruins ( PW ) ( 16 , 5 -- 11 ) Terry O'Reilly Wayne Gretzky ( 9 : 44 , second ) 1989 Calgary Flames ( CC ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Terry Crisp 4 -- 2 Montreal Canadiens ( PW ) ( 33 , 23 -- 9 ) Pat Burns Doug Gilmour ( 11 : 02 , third ) 1990 Edmonton Oilers ( CC ) ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) John Muckler 4 -- 1 Boston Bruins ( PW ) ( 17 , 5 -- 12 ) Mike Milbury Craig Simpson ( 9 : 31 , second ) 1991 Pittsburgh Penguins ( PW ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Bob Johnson 4 -- 2 Minnesota North Stars ( CC ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Bob Gainey Ulf Samuelsson ( 2 : 00 , first ) 1992 Pittsburgh Penguins ( PW ) ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) Scotty Bowman 4 -- 0 Chicago Blackhawks ( CC ) ( 10 , 3 -- 7 ) Mike Keenan Ron Francis ( 7 : 59 , third ) 1993 Montreal Canadiens ( PW ) ( 34 , 24 -- 9 ) Jacques Demers 4 -- 1 Los Angeles Kings ( CC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Barry Melrose Kirk Muller ( 3 : 51 , second ) 1994 New York Rangers ( EC ) ( 10 , 4 -- 6 ) Mike Keenan 4 -- 3 Vancouver Canucks ( WC ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Pat Quinn Mark Messier ( 13 : 29 , second ) 1995 New Jersey Devils ( EC ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Jacques Lemaire 4 -- 0 Detroit Red Wings ( WC ) ( 19 , 7 -- 12 ) Scotty Bowman Neal Broten ( 7 : 56 , second ) Colorado Avalanche ( WC ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Marc Crawford 4 -- 0 Florida Panthers ( EC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Doug MacLean Uwe Krupp ( 4 : 31 , third OT ) 1997 Detroit Red Wings ( WC ) ( 20 , 8 -- 12 ) Scotty Bowman 4 -- 0 Philadelphia Flyers ( EC ) ( 7 , 2 -- 5 ) Terry Murray Darren McCarty ( 13 : 02 , second ) 1998 Detroit Red Wings ( WC ) ( 21 , 9 -- 12 ) Scotty Bowman 4 -- 0 Washington Capitals ( EC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Ron Wilson Martin Lapointe ( 2 : 26 , second ) 1999 Dallas Stars ( WC ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Ken Hitchcock 4 -- 2 Buffalo Sabres ( EC ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Lindy Ruff Brett Hull ( 14 : 51 , third OT ) 2000 New Jersey Devils ( EC ) ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) Larry Robinson 4 -- 2 Dallas Stars ( WC ) ( 4 , 1 -- 3 ) Ken Hitchcock Jason Arnott ( 8 : 20 , second OT ) 2001 Colorado Avalanche ( WC ) ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) Bob Hartley 4 -- 3 New Jersey Devils ( EC ) ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Larry Robinson Alex Tanguay ( 4 : 57 , second ) 2002 Detroit Red Wings ( WC ) ( 22 , 10 -- 12 ) Scotty Bowman 4 -- 1 Carolina Hurricanes ( EC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Paul Maurice Brendan Shanahan ( 14 : 04 , second ) 2003 New Jersey Devils ( EC ) ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) Pat Burns 4 -- 3 Mighty Ducks of Anaheim ( WC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Mike Babcock Michael Rupp ( 2 : 22 , second ) Tampa Bay Lightning ( EC ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) John Tortorella 4 -- 3 Calgary Flames ( WC ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Darryl Sutter Ruslan Fedotenko ( 14 : 38 , second ) 2005 Season cancelled due to the 2004 -- 05 NHL lockout . 2006 Carolina Hurricanes ( EC ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Peter Laviolette 4 -- 3 Edmonton Oilers ( WC ) ( 7 , 5 -- 2 ) Craig MacTavish Frantisek Kaberle ( 4 : 18 , second ) 2007 Anaheim Ducks ( WC ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Randy Carlyle 4 -- 1 Ottawa Senators ( EC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Bryan Murray Travis Moen ( 15 : 44 , second ) 2008 Detroit Red Wings ( WC ) ( 23 , 11 -- 12 ) Mike Babcock 4 -- 2 Pittsburgh Penguins ( EC ) ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Michel Therrien Henrik Zetterberg ( 7 : 36 , third ) 2009 Pittsburgh Penguins ( EC ) ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) Dan Bylsma 4 -- 3 Detroit Red Wings ( WC ) ( 24 , 11 -- 13 ) Mike Babcock Maxime Talbot ( 10 : 07 , second ) Chicago Blackhawks ( WC ) ( 11 , 4 -- 7 ) Joel Quenneville 4 -- 2 Philadelphia Flyers ( EC ) ( 8 , 2 -- 6 ) Peter Laviolette Patrick Kane ( 4 : 06 , OT ) 2011 Boston Bruins ( EC ) ( 18 , 6 -- 12 ) Claude Julien 4 -- 3 Vancouver Canucks ( WC ) ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Alain Vigneault Patrice Bergeron ( 14 : 37 , first ) 2012 Los Angeles Kings ( WC ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Darryl Sutter 4 -- 2 New Jersey Devils ( EC ) ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) Peter DeBoer Jeff Carter ( 12 : 45 , first ) 2013 Chicago Blackhawks ( WC ) ( 12 , 5 -- 7 ) Joel Quenneville 4 -- 2 Boston Bruins ( EC ) ( 19 , 6 -- 13 ) Claude Julien Dave Bolland ( 19 : 01 , third ) 2014 Los Angeles Kings ( WC ) ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Darryl Sutter 4 -- 1 New York Rangers ( EC ) ( 11 , 4 -- 7 ) Alain Vigneault Alec Martinez ( 14 : 43 , second OT ) 2015 Chicago Blackhawks ( WC ) ( 13 , 6 -- 7 ) Joel Quenneville 4 -- 2 Tampa Bay Lightning ( EC ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Jon Cooper Duncan Keith ( 17 : 13 , second ) 2016 Pittsburgh Penguins ( EC ) ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) Mike Sullivan 4 -- 2 San Jose Sharks ( WC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Peter DeBoer Kris Letang ( 7 : 46 , second ) 2017 Pittsburgh Penguins ( EC ) ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) Mike Sullivan 4 -- 2 Nashville Predators ( WC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Peter Laviolette Patric Hornqvist ( 18 : 25 , third ) 2018 Washington Capitals ( EC ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Barry Trotz 4 -- 1 Vegas Golden Knights ( WC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Gerard Gallant Lars Eller ( 12 : 23 , third ) Appearances ( edit ) Challenge Cup era ( 1893 -- 1914 ) ( edit ) Legend : SC = successful Stanley Cup challenge or defense of championship ( win ) ; UC = unsuccessful Stanley Cup challenge or defense of championship ( loss ) ; Years in bold denote a Stanley Cup win . Team SC UC Total Win % Appearances Ottawa HC 17 19 . 895 1894 , 1903 ( 2 ) , 1904 ( 4 ) , 1905 ( 3 ) , 1906 ( 2 ) , 1906 , 1909 , 1910 ( 2 ) , 1911 ( 3 ) Montreal Wanderers 10 12 . 833 1904 , 1906 ( 2 ) , 1907 , 1907 , 1908 ( 5 ) , 1910 ( 2 ) Winnipeg Victorias 6 5 11 . 545 1896 ( 2 ) , 1896 , 1899 , 1900 , 1901 ( 2 ) , 1902 ( 2 ) , 1902 , 1903 Montreal Victorias 6 8 . 750 1895 , 1896 , 1896 , 1897 ( 2 ) , 1898 , 1899 , 1903 Montreal Shamrocks 5 6 . 833 1899 ( 2 ) , 1900 ( 3 ) , 1901 Montreal HC 5 0 5 1.000 1893 , 1894 , 1895 , 1902 , 1903 Quebec Bulldogs 0 1.000 1912 ( 2 ) , 1913 ( 2 ) Rat Portage / Kenora Thistles 5 . 400 1903 , 1905 , 1907 ( 2 ) , 1907 Toronto Blueshirts 0 1.000 1914 ( 2 ) Queen 's University 0 . 000 1895 , 1899 , 1906 Brandon Wheat Cities 0 . 000 1904 , 1907 Edmonton HC 0 . 000 1908 , 1910 Galt HC 0 . 000 1910 , 1911 Winnipeg Maple Leafs 0 . 000 1901 , 1908 The following 16 teams unsuccessfully challenged for a Stanley Cup only once : Berlin Dutchmen ( 1910 ) , Dawson City Nuggets ( 1905 ) , Halifax Crescents ( 1900 ) , Moncton Victorias ( 1912 ) , Montreal Canadiens ( 1914 ) , New Glasgow Cubs ( 1906 ) , Ottawa Capitals ( 1897 ) , Ottawa Victorias ( 1908 ) , Port Arthur Bearcats ( 1911 ) , Smiths Falls ( 1906 ) , Sydney Millionaires ( 1913 ) , Toronto Marlboros ( 1904 ) , Toronto Professionals ( 1908 ) , Toronto Wellingtons ( 1902 ) , Victoria Aristocrats ( 1914 ) , Winnipeg Rowing Club ( 1904 ) . Stanley Cup Finals era ( since 1915 ) ( edit ) Active teams ( edit ) Unless marked otherwise , teams played in the NHL exclusively at the time they competed for the Stanley Cup . A bolded year denotes a Stanley Cup win . Apps Team Wins Losses Win % Years of appearance ( in Stanley Cup Finals ) 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 Montreal Canadiens 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 . 727 1916 , 1917 , 1919 , 1924 , 1925 , 1930 , 1931 , 1944 , 1946 , 1947 , 1951 , 1952 , 1953 , 1954 , 1955 , 1956 , 1957 , 1958 , 1959 , 1960 , 1965 , 1966 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1971 , 1973 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1979 , 1986 , 1989 , 1993 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 Detroit Red Wings 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 . 458 1934 , 1936 , 1937 , 1941 , 1942 , 1943 , 1945 , 1948 , 1949 , 1950 , 1952 , 1954 , 1955 , 1956 , 1961 , 1963 , 1964 , 1966 , 1995 , 1997 , 1998 , 2002 , 2008 , 2009 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 Toronto Maple Leafs 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 . 619 1918 , 1922 , 1932 , 1933 , 1935 , 1936 , 1938 , 1939 , 1940 , 1942 , 1945 , 1947 , 1948 , 1949 , 1951 , 1959 , 1960 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1967 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 Boston Bruins 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 . 316 1927 , 1929 , 1930 , 1939 , 1941 , 1943 , 1946 , 1953 , 1957 , 1958 , 1970 , 1972 , 1974 , 1977 , 1978 , 1988 , 1990 , 2011 , 2013 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Chicago Blackhawks 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 . 462 1931 , 1934 , 1938 , 1944 , 1961 , 1962 , 1965 , 1971 , 1973 , 1992 , 2010 , 2013 , 2015 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 New York Rangers 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 . 364 1928 , 1929 , 1932 , 1933 , 1937 , 1940 , 1950 , 1972 , 1979 , 1994 , 2014 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Philadelphia Flyers 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 . 250 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1980 , 1985 , 1987 , 1997 , 2010 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Edmonton Oilers 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 . 714 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1987 , 1988 , 1990 , 2006 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Pittsburgh Penguins 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 . 833 1991 , 1992 , 2008 , 2009 , 2016 , 2017 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 New York Islanders 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 . 800 1980 , 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 New Jersey Devils 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 . 600 1995 , 2000 , 2001 , 2003 , 2012 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Dallas Stars 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 . 250 1981 , 1991 , 1999 , 2000 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Los Angeles Kings 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 . 667 1993 , 2012 , 2014 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Calgary Flames 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 . 333 1986 , 1989 , 2004 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 St. Louis Blues 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 . 000 1968 , 1969 , 1970 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Vancouver Canucks 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 . 000 1982 , 1994 , 2011 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Colorado Avalanche 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 1.000 1996 , 2001 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Anaheim Ducks 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 . 500 2003 , 2007 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Carolina Hurricanes 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 . 500 2002 , 2006 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Tampa Bay Lightning 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 . 500 2004 , 2015 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Washington Capitals 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 . 500 1998 , 2018 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Buffalo Sabres 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 . 000 1975 , 1999 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Florida Panthers 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 . 000 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Nashville Predators 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 . 000 2017 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Ottawa Senators 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 . 000 2007 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 San Jose Sharks 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 . 000 2016 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Vegas Golden Knights 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 . 000 2018 Four active teams have yet to make a Stanley Cup Finals appearance . Two of these teams have remained in the same location since their inceptions : Columbus Blue Jackets ( 17 seasons , 4 playoffs ) Minnesota Wild ( 17 seasons , 9 playoffs , 1 division title ) The other two teams have relocated and have not made the Finals in either location : Atlanta Thrashers ( 11 seasons , 1 playoff , 1 division title ) / Winnipeg Jets ( 7 seasons , 2 playoffs ) Winnipeg Jets ( original team ) ( 17 seasons , 11 playoffs ) / Phoenix - Arizona Coyotes ( 21 seasons , 8 playoffs , 1 division title ) Five relocated teams that have won the Stanley Cup in their current locations and never appeared in the Finals in their former locations : Quebec Nordiques ( 16 seasons , 9 playoffs , 2 division titles ) -- won 2 Stanley Cups as Colorado Avalanche Kansas City Scouts ( 2 seasons , never made playoff contention ) / Colorado Rockies ( 6 seasons , 1 playoff ) -- won 3 Stanley Cups as New Jersey Devils Oakland Seals - California Golden Seals ( 9 seasons , 2 playoffs ) / Cleveland Barons ( 2 seasons , never made playoff contention ) -- merged with Minnesota North Stars who lost twice in the Finals then won the Stanley Cup once as Dallas Stars Atlanta Flames ( 8 seasons , 6 playoffs ) -- won Stanley Cup once as Calgary Flames Hartford Whalers ( 18 seasons , 8 playoffs , 1 division title ) -- won Stanley Cup once as Carolina Hurricanes Defunct teams ( edit ) Listed after the team name is the name of the affiliated league ( s ) when the team competed for the Stanley Cup . A bold year denotes a Stanley Cup win . Appearances Team Wins Losses Win % Years of Appearance 5 Ottawa Senators ( NHA / NHL ) . 800 1915 , 1920 , 1921 , 1923 , 1927 Vancouver Millionaires ( PCHA / WCHL ) . 250 1915 , 1918 , 1921 , 1922 Montreal Maroons ( NHL ) . 667 1926 , 1928 , 1935 Seattle Metropolitans ( PCHA ) . 500 1917 , 1919 , 1920 Victoria Cougars ( WCHL / WHL ) . 500 1925 , 1926 Portland Rosebuds ( PCHA ) 0 . 000 1916 Edmonton Eskimos ( WCHL ) 0 . 000 1923 Calgary Tigers ( WCHL ) 0 . 000 1924 Notes The Montreal Canadiens and the Seattle Metropolitans appearance totals include the 1919 Stanley Cup Finals that ended with a no - decision because of the Spanish flu epidemic . It is not considered an official series win or loss by either team . The franchise known today as the Toronto Maple Leafs won the Cup in 1918 as the Toronto Hockey Club ( later engraved on the Stanley Cup as the Toronto Arenas in 1947 ) , and in 1922 as the Toronto St. Patricks . The Chicago Blackhawks were known as the Chicago Black Hawks prior to the 1986 -- 87 season . The Dallas Stars totals include two series losses as the Minnesota North Stars . The Anaheim Ducks totals include one series loss as the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim . The modern Ottawa Senators ( 1992 -- present ) are the namesake of the original Senators ( 1883 -- 1934 ) . See also ( edit ) Book : Stanley Cup Book : Stanley Cup finals Stanley Cup winning players NHL Conference Finals List of NHL franchise post-season droughts List of NHL franchise post-season appearance streaks References ( edit ) General ( edit ) `` List of winners of the Stanley Cup '' . National Hockey League . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2009 . Retrieved April 18 , 2008 . `` Stanley Cup - winning goals '' . National Hockey League . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2009 . Retrieved April 18 , 2008 . `` STC List of winners of the Stanley Cup '' . LegendsofHockey.net . Retrieved April 18 , 2008 . `` Stanley Cup Playoffs -- Winners and Finalists Since 1893 '' . The Sports Network . Retrieved April 18 , 2008 . Coleman , Charles ( 1964 ) . The Trail of the Stanley Cup vol. 1 . Sherbrooke Daily Record Company Ltd. , NHL . Coleman , Charles ( 1966 ) . The Trail of the Stanley Cup vol. 2 . Sherbrooke Daily Record Company Ltd. , NHL . Coleman , Charles ( 1969 ) . The Trail of the Stanley Cup vol. 3 . Sherbrooke Daily Record Company Ltd. , NHL . Diamond , Dan ; Zweig , Eric ; Duplacey , James ( 2003 ) . The Ultimate Prize : The Stanley Cup . Andrews McMeel Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7407 - 3830 - 5 . Diamond , Dan , ed. ( 1992 ) . The Official National Hockey League Stanley Cup Centennial Book . Firefly Books . ISBN 1 - 895565 - 15 - 4 . Holzman , Morey ( 2002 ) . Deceptions and Doublecross . Dundurn Press . ISBN 1 - 55002 - 413 - 2 . McCarthy , Dave , ed. ( 2008 ) . The National Hockey League Official Guide & Record Book / 2009 . Dan Diamond Associates . ISBN 978 - 1 - 894801 - 14 - 0 . Podnieks , Andre ( 2004 ) . Lord Stanley 's Cup . Hockey Hall of Fame . Triumph Books . ISBN 1 - 55168 - 261 - 3 . Specific ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup Fun Facts '' . NHL.com . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2010 . Retrieved April 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Podnieks 2004 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup Winners : Quebec Bulldogs 1911 -- 12 '' . Hockey Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2008 . Retrieved April 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Diamond , Zweig & Duplacey 2003 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ `` Champions of the World '' . Winnipeg Tribune . February 15 , 1896 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Winnipeg Men Win '' . Ottawa Journal . February 15 , 1896 . p. 7 . Jump up ^ `` After the puck '' . The Globe . March 2 , 1896 . p. 06 . Jump up ^ `` Victorias Always Win '' . The Globe and Mail . February 20 , 1901 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ `` Championship Goes To Kenora Thistles '' . Winnipeg Tribune . February 19 , 1907 . p. 6 . Jump up ^ `` Vics Lost First Stanley Cup Game to Wanderers '' . Ottawa Citizen . January 10 , 1908 . p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` Edmonton 7 -- 6 '' . The Montreal Gazette . December 31 , 1908 . p. 2 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ottawas Smothered Galt in Stanley Cup Match '' . The Ottawa Citizen . January 6 , 1910 . p. 9 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sydney Not in Quebec 's Class '' . The Montreal Gazette . March 9 , 1913 . p. 14 . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Torontos Win Championship of NHA From Canadiens '' . The Toronto Sunday World . March 12 , 1914 . p. 8 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Torontos Beat Victoria 2 to 1 -- Roughest Game of Year '' . The Toronto Sunday World . March 20 , 1914 . p. 8 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Coleman 1964 , p. 82 . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup Contest May Not Be for the Mug , After All is Said '' . Saskatoon Phoenix . March 18 , 1914 . p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` A Tempest In a Teapot '' . Montreal Daily Mail . March 19 , 1914 . p. 9 . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup Muddle Cleared Up '' . Toronto Globe and Mail . March 19 , 1914 . Jump up ^ `` Three Pro Leagues as to Stanley Cup '' . Toronto World . March 25 , 1914 . p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : Diamond , Zweig & Duplacey 2003 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Diamond 1993 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Diamond 1993 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup Winners : Seattle Metropolitans 1916 -- 17 '' . Hockey Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved July 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Podnieks 2004 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Diamond , Zweig & Duplacey 2003 , pp. 20 -- 21 . ^ Jump up to : Diamond , Zweig & Duplacey 2003 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup Winners : Victoria Cougars 1924 -- 25 '' . Hockey Hall of Fame . Retrieved July 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ See Holzman2002 . The Toronto NHL franchise ( not using any nickname ) was operated by the Toronto Arena Company , but only became a legal entity in the fall of 1918 as the Toronto Arena Hockey Club . Jump up ^ Diamond , Zweig & Duplacey 2003 , p. 40 . ^ Jump up to : `` Court : Non-NHL teams could vie for Cup '' . TSN . February 7 , 2006 . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2007 . Retrieved April 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Amateurs taking NHL to court to play for Cup '' . ESPN . April 13 , 2005 . Retrieved October 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Holzman 2002 . External links ( edit ) List of winners of the Stanley Cup List of winning rosters of the Stanley Cup Stanley Cup Finals Stanley Cup awarded on challenge basis 1893 -- 1914 , by prearranged inter-league competitions 1915 -- 1926 , to NHL champion since 1927 1890s -- 1900s 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s -- 1920s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s -- 1940s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s -- 1960s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s -- 1980s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s -- 2000s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s -- 2020s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 See also Stanley Cup Stanley Cup ring Champions Players Challenge games Conference Finals Championship seasons Engravings Traditions and anecdotes Conn Smythe Trophy Broadcasters Television ratings Overtime winners Game seven Officials Book : Stanley Cup Finals Category : Stanley Cup Finals Portal : Ice hockey Stanley Cup playoffs Stanley Cup Champions Finals Conference Finals Challenge games List of playoff series Conn Smythe Trophy Game seven 1910s 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Category : Stanley Cup playoffs Ice hockey portal National Hockey League Western Conference Eastern Conference Pacific Division Anaheim Ducks Arizona Coyotes Calgary Flames Edmonton Oilers Los Angeles Kings San Jose Sharks Vancouver Canucks Vegas Golden Knights Central Division Chicago Blackhawks Colorado Avalanche Dallas Stars Minnesota Wild Nashville Predators St. Louis Blues Winnipeg Jets Atlantic Division Boston Bruins Buffalo Sabres Detroit Red Wings Florida Panthers Montreal Canadiens Ottawa Senators Tampa Bay Lightning Toronto Maple Leafs Metropolitan Division Carolina Hurricanes Columbus Blue Jackets New Jersey Devils New York Islanders New York Rangers Philadelphia Flyers Pittsburgh Penguins Washington Capitals Events Seasons structure Stanley Cup Playoffs Conference Finals Finals Champions Winning players Traditions and anecdotes Presidents ' Trophy All - Star Game Draft Players Association Retired jersey numbers All - Star Teams Awards Captains Outdoor games Winter Classic Heritage Classic Stadium Series Hockey Day America Canada International games Kraft Hockeyville History Lore Organizational changes Potential expansion All - time standings All - time playoff series Defunct teams NHA Original Six 1967 expansion WHA merger Others Streaks Droughts Hall of Fame Members Rivalries Arenas Rules Fighting Violence Ice hockey in Canada Ice hockey in the United States Collective bargaining agreement Lockouts Television and radio coverage Attendance figures Portal 2017 -- 18 season List of NHL - related topics History Pre-NHL seasons National Hockey Association 1917 -- 42 1942 -- 67 1967 -- 92 1992 -- present All - time standings All - time team performance Seasons Most frequent playoff series Retired numbers First NHL player by country Ice hockey in Canada Ice hockey in the United States Personnel Famous linemates Captains Head coaches General managers Owners Notable families Presidents and Commissioners Referees and linesmen Records League records ( individual , team ) Statistical leaders ( by country of birth ) Points , career ( min . 1000 ) Assists , career ( min . 1000 ) Goals , career ( min . 500 ) Points , season ( min . 100 ) Goals , season ( min . 50 ) 50 goals in 50 games Games , career ( min . 1000 ) Consecutive games , career ( min . 500 ) PIMs , career ( min . 2000 ) 5 + goals , game 8 + points , game Goaltender wins , career ( min . 300 ) Goaltenders who have scored Wayne Gretzky 's records Gordie Howe 's records Related International games with NHL teams International games with NHL players World Cup of Hockey Hockey Fights Cancer Other Trade deadline Player salaries Team payrolls Video games Mascots National Hockey League lore Advanced statistics NHL uniform Triple Gold Club Components Stanley Cup champions Ice Hockey World Championships medalists Ice hockey at the Olympic Games medalists Players Patrice Bergeron Rob Blake Sidney Crosby Pavel Datsyuk Viacheslav Fetisov Peter Forsberg Alexei Gusarov Jaromír Jágr Tomas Jonsson Valeri Kamensky Niklas Kronwall Igor Larionov Nicklas Lidström Håkan Loob Vladimir Malakhov Fredrik Modin Alexander Mogilny Mats Näslund Scott Niedermayer Corey Perry Chris Pronger Joe Sakic Mikael Samuelsson Brendan Shanahan Jiří Šlégr Eric Staal Jonathan Toews Henrik Zetterberg Coaches Mike Babcock Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Stanley_Cup_champions&oldid=846562737 '' Categories : Stanley Cup champions Lists of sports championships Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Use mdy dates from May 2015 Articles needing more detailed references Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Hrvatski Italiano עברית Magyar 日本 語 Polski Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 14 : 41 ( UTC ) . 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when was the last time the toronto maple leafs won-stanley-cup

Year Winning team Coach Games Losing team Coach Winning goal 1927 Ottawa Senators ( C ) ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) Dave Gill 2 -- 0 -- 2 Boston Bruins ( A ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Art Ross Cy Denneny ( 7 : 30 , second ) 1928 New York Rangers ( A ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Lester Patrick - playing 3 -- 2 Montreal Maroons ( C ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Eddie Gerard Frank Boucher ( 3 : 35 , third ) 1929 Boston Bruins ( A ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Cy Denneny - playing 2 -- 0 New York Rangers ( A ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Lester Patrick Bill Carson ( 18 : 02 , third ) 1930 Montreal Canadiens ( C ) ( 6 , 3 -- 2 ) Cecil Hart 2 -- 0 Boston Bruins ( A ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Art Ross Howie Morenz ( 1 : 00 , second ) 1931 Montreal Canadiens ( C ) ( 7 , 4 -- 2 ) Cecil Hart 3 -- 2 Chicago Black Hawks ( A ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Dick Irvin Johnny Gagnon ( 9 : 59 , second ) 1932 Toronto Maple Leafs ( C ) ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) Dick Irvin 3 -- 0 New York Rangers ( A ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Lester Patrick Ace Bailey ( 15 : 07 , third ) 1933 New York Rangers ( A ) ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Lester Patrick 3 -- 1 Toronto Maple Leafs ( C ) ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) Dick Irvin Bill Cook ( 7 : 34 , OT ) 1934 Chicago Black Hawks ( A ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Tommy Gorman 3 -- 1 Detroit Red Wings ( A ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Jack Adams Mush March ( 10 : 05 , second OT ) 1935 Montreal Maroons ( C ) ( 2 , 2 -- 1 ) Tommy Gorman 3 -- 0 Toronto Maple Leafs ( C ) ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) Dick Irvin Baldy Northcott ( 16 : 18 , second ) 1936 Detroit Red Wings ( A ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Jack Adams 3 -- 1 Toronto Maple Leafs ( C ) ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) Dick Irvin Pete Kelly ( 9 : 45 , third ) 1937 Detroit Red Wings ( A ) ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Jack Adams 3 -- 2 New York Rangers ( A ) ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Lester Patrick Marty Barry ( 19 : 22 , first ) 1938 Chicago Black Hawks ( A ) ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Bill Stewart 3 -- 1 Toronto Maple Leafs ( C ) ( 7 , 3 -- 4 ) Dick Irvin Carl Voss ( 16 : 45 , second ) 1939 Boston Bruins ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Art Ross 4 -- 1 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 8 , 3 -- 5 ) Dick Irvin Roy Conacher ( 17 : 54 , second ) 1940 New York Rangers ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) Frank Boucher 4 -- 2 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 9 , 3 -- 6 ) Dick Irvin Bryan Hextall ( 2 : 07 , OT ) 1941 Boston Bruins ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) Cooney Weiland 4 -- 0 Detroit Red Wings ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Jack Adams Bobby Bauer ( 8 : 43 , second ) 1942 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 10 , 4 -- 6 ) Hap Day 4 -- 3 Detroit Red Wings ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Jack Adams Pete Langelle ( 9 : 48 , third ) 1943 Detroit Red Wings ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) Jack Adams 4 -- 0 Boston Bruins ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) Art Ross Joe Carveth ( 12 : 09 , first ) 1944 Montreal Canadiens ( 8 , 5 -- 2 ) Dick Irvin 4 -- 0 Chicago Black Hawks ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Paul Thompson Toe Blake ( 9 : 12 , OT ) 1945 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 11 , 5 -- 6 ) Hap Day 4 -- 3 Detroit Red Wings ( 7 , 3 -- 4 ) Jack Adams Babe Pratt ( 12 : 14 , third ) 1946 Montreal Canadiens ( 9 , 6 -- 2 ) Dick Irvin 4 -- 1 Boston Bruins ( 7 , 3 -- 4 ) Dit Clapper Toe Blake ( 11 : 06 , third ) 1947 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 12 , 6 -- 6 ) Hap Day 4 -- 2 Montreal Canadiens ( 10 , 6 -- 3 ) Dick Irvin Ted Kennedy ( 14 : 39 , third ) 1948 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 13 , 7 -- 6 ) Hap Day 4 -- 0 Detroit Red Wings ( 8 , 3 -- 5 ) Tommy Ivan Harry Watson ( 11 : 13 , first ) 1949 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 14 , 8 -- 6 ) Hap Day 4 -- 0 Detroit Red Wings ( 9 , 3 -- 6 ) Tommy Ivan Cal Gardner ( 19 : 45 , second ) 1950 Detroit Red Wings ( 10 , 4 -- 6 ) Tommy Ivan 4 -- 3 New York Rangers ( 7 , 3 -- 4 ) Lynn Patrick Pete Babando ( 8 : 31 , second OT ) 1951 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 15 , 9 -- 6 ) Joe Primeau 4 -- 1 Montreal Canadiens ( 11 , 6 -- 4 ) Dick Irvin Bill Barilko ( 2 : 53 , OT ) 1952 Detroit Red Wings ( 11 , 5 -- 6 ) Tommy Ivan 4 -- 0 Montreal Canadiens ( 12 , 6 -- 5 ) Dick Irvin Metro Prystai ( 6 : 50 , first ) 1953 Montreal Canadiens ( 13 , 7 -- 5 ) Dick Irvin 4 -- 1 Boston Bruins ( 8 , 3 -- 5 ) Lynn Patrick Elmer Lach ( 1 : 22 , OT ) 1954 Detroit Red Wings ( 12 , 6 -- 6 ) Tommy Ivan 4 -- 3 Montreal Canadiens ( 14 , 7 -- 6 ) Dick Irvin Tony Leswick ( 4 : 20 , OT ) 1955 Detroit Red Wings ( 13 , 7 -- 6 ) Jimmy Skinner 4 -- 3 Montreal Canadiens ( 15 , 7 -- 7 ) Dick Irvin Gordie Howe ( 19 : 49 , second ) 1956 Montreal Canadiens ( 16 , 8 -- 7 ) Toe Blake 4 -- 1 Detroit Red Wings ( 14 , 7 -- 7 ) Jimmy Skinner Maurice Richard ( 15 : 08 , second ) 1957 Montreal Canadiens ( 17 , 9 -- 7 ) Toe Blake 4 -- 1 Boston Bruins ( 9 , 3 -- 6 ) Milt Schmidt Dickie Moore ( 0 : 14 , second ) 1958 Montreal Canadiens ( 18 , 10 -- 7 ) Toe Blake 4 -- 2 Boston Bruins ( 10 , 3 -- 7 ) Milt Schmidt Bernie Geoffrion ( 19 : 26 , second ) 1959 Montreal Canadiens ( 19 , 11 -- 7 ) Toe Blake 4 -- 1 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 16 , 9 -- 7 ) Punch Imlach Marcel Bonin ( 9 : 55 , second ) 1960 Montreal Canadiens ( 20 , 12 -- 7 ) Toe Blake 4 -- 0 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 17 , 9 -- 8 ) Punch Imlach Jean Beliveau ( 8 : 16 , first ) 1961 Chicago Black Hawks ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) Rudy Pilous 4 -- 2 Detroit Red Wings ( 15 , 7 -- 8 ) Sid Abel Ab McDonald ( 18 : 49 , second ) 1962 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 18 , 10 -- 8 ) Punch Imlach 4 -- 2 Chicago Black Hawks ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) Rudy Pilous Dick Duff ( 14 : 14 , third ) 1963 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 19 , 11 -- 8 ) Punch Imlach 4 -- 1 Detroit Red Wings ( 16 , 7 -- 9 ) Sid Abel Eddie Shack ( 13 : 28 , third ) 1964 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 20 , 12 -- 8 ) Punch Imlach 4 -- 3 Detroit Red Wings ( 17 , 7 -- 10 ) Sid Abel Andy Bathgate ( 3 : 04 , first ) 1965 Montreal Canadiens ( 21 , 13 -- 7 ) Toe Blake 4 -- 3 Chicago Black Hawks ( 7 , 3 -- 4 ) Billy Reay Jean Beliveau ( 0 : 14 , first ) 1966 Montreal Canadiens ( 22 , 14 -- 7 ) Toe Blake 4 -- 2 Detroit Red Wings ( 18 , 7 -- 11 ) Sid Abel Henri Richard ( 2 : 20 , OT ) 1967 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 21 , 13 -- 8 ) Punch Imlach 4 -- 2 Montreal Canadiens ( 23 , 14 -- 8 ) Toe Blake Jim Pappin ( 19 : 24 , second ) 1968 Montreal Canadiens ( E ) ( 24 , 15 -- 8 ) Toe Blake 4 -- 0 St. Louis Blues ( W ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Scotty Bowman J.C. Tremblay ( 11 : 40 , third ) 1969 Montreal Canadiens ( E ) ( 25 , 16 -- 8 ) Claude Ruel 4 -- 0 St. Louis Blues ( W ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Scotty Bowman John Ferguson ( 3 : 02 , third ) 1970 Boston Bruins ( E ) ( 11 , 4 -- 7 ) Harry Sinden 4 -- 0 St. Louis Blues ( W ) ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Scotty Bowman Bobby Orr ( 0 : 40 , OT ) 1971 Montreal Canadiens ( E ) ( 26 , 17 -- 8 ) Al MacNeil 4 -- 3 Chicago Black Hawks ( W ) ( 8 , 3 -- 5 ) Billy Reay Henri Richard ( 2 : 34 , third ) 1972 Boston Bruins ( E ) ( 12 , 5 -- 7 ) Tom Johnson 4 -- 2 New York Rangers ( E ) ( 8 , 3 -- 5 ) Emile Francis Bobby Orr ( 11 : 18 , first ) 1973 Montreal Canadiens ( E ) ( 27 , 18 -- 8 ) Scotty Bowman 4 -- 2 Chicago Black Hawks ( W ) ( 9 , 3 -- 6 ) Billy Reay Yvan Cournoyer ( 8 : 13 , third ) Philadelphia Flyers ( W ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Fred Shero 4 -- 2 Boston Bruins ( E ) ( 13 , 5 -- 8 ) Bep Guidolin Rick MacLeish ( 14 : 48 , first ) Philadelphia Flyers ( CC ) ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) Fred Shero 4 -- 2 Buffalo Sabres ( PW ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Floyd Smith Bob Kelly ( 0 : 11 , third ) 1976 Montreal Canadiens ( PW ) ( 28 , 19 -- 8 ) Scotty Bowman 4 -- 0 Philadelphia Flyers ( CC ) ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Fred Shero Guy Lafleur ( 14 : 18 , third ) 1977 Montreal Canadiens ( PW ) ( 29 , 20 -- 8 ) Scotty Bowman 4 -- 0 Boston Bruins ( PW ) ( 14 , 5 -- 9 ) Don Cherry Jacques Lemaire ( 4 : 32 , OT ) 1978 Montreal Canadiens ( PW ) ( 30 , 21 -- 8 ) Scotty Bowman 4 -- 2 Boston Bruins ( PW ) ( 15 , 5 -- 10 ) Don Cherry Mario Tremblay ( 9 : 20 , first ) 1979 Montreal Canadiens ( PW ) ( 31 , 22 -- 8 ) Scotty Bowman 4 -- 1 New York Rangers ( CC ) ( 9 , 3 -- 6 ) Fred Shero Jacques Lemaire ( 1 : 02 , second ) 1980 New York Islanders ( CC ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Al Arbour 4 -- 2 Philadelphia Flyers ( CC ) ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Pat Quinn Bob Nystrom ( 7 : 11 , OT ) 1981 New York Islanders ( CC ) ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) Al Arbour 4 -- 1 Minnesota North Stars ( PW ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Glen Sonmor Wayne Merrick ( 5 : 37 , first ) 1982 New York Islanders ( PW ) ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) Al Arbour 4 -- 0 Vancouver Canucks ( CC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Roger Neilson Mike Bossy ( 5 : 00 , second ) New York Islanders ( PW ) ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) Al Arbour 4 -- 0 Edmonton Oilers ( CC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Glen Sather Mike Bossy ( 12 : 39 , first ) 1984 Edmonton Oilers ( CC ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Glen Sather 4 -- 1 New York Islanders ( PW ) ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) Al Arbour Ken Linseman ( 0 : 38 , second ) 1985 Edmonton Oilers ( CC ) ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Glen Sather 4 -- 1 Philadelphia Flyers ( PW ) ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Mike Keenan Paul Coffey ( 17 : 57 , first ) 1986 Montreal Canadiens ( PW ) ( 32 , 23 -- 8 ) Jean Perron 4 -- 1 Calgary Flames ( CC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Bob Johnson Bobby Smith ( 10 : 30 , third ) Edmonton Oilers ( CC ) ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) Glen Sather 4 -- 3 Philadelphia Flyers ( PW ) ( 6 , 2 -- 4 ) Mike Keenan Jari Kurri ( 14 : 59 , second ) 1988 Edmonton Oilers ( CC ) ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) Glen Sather 4 -- 0 Boston Bruins ( PW ) ( 16 , 5 -- 11 ) Terry O'Reilly Wayne Gretzky ( 9 : 44 , second ) 1989 Calgary Flames ( CC ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Terry Crisp 4 -- 2 Montreal Canadiens ( PW ) ( 33 , 23 -- 9 ) Pat Burns Doug Gilmour ( 11 : 02 , third ) 1990 Edmonton Oilers ( CC ) ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) John Muckler 4 -- 1 Boston Bruins ( PW ) ( 17 , 5 -- 12 ) Mike Milbury Craig Simpson ( 9 : 31 , second ) 1991 Pittsburgh Penguins ( PW ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Bob Johnson 4 -- 2 Minnesota North Stars ( CC ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Bob Gainey Ulf Samuelsson ( 2 : 00 , first ) 1992 Pittsburgh Penguins ( PW ) ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) Scotty Bowman 4 -- 0 Chicago Blackhawks ( CC ) ( 10 , 3 -- 7 ) Mike Keenan Ron Francis ( 7 : 59 , third ) 1993 Montreal Canadiens ( PW ) ( 34 , 24 -- 9 ) Jacques Demers 4 -- 1 Los Angeles Kings ( CC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Barry Melrose Kirk Muller ( 3 : 51 , second ) 1994 New York Rangers ( EC ) ( 10 , 4 -- 6 ) Mike Keenan 4 -- 3 Vancouver Canucks ( WC ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Pat Quinn Mark Messier ( 13 : 29 , second ) 1995 New Jersey Devils ( EC ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Jacques Lemaire 4 -- 0 Detroit Red Wings ( WC ) ( 19 , 7 -- 12 ) Scotty 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It ( 2017 film ) - Wikipedia It ( 2017 film ) Jump to : navigation , search It Theatrical release poster Directed by Andy Muschietti Produced by Roy Lee Dan Lin Seth Grahame - Smith David Katzenberg Barbara Muschietti Screenplay by Chase Palmer Cary Fukunaga Gary Dauberman Based on It by Stephen King Starring Jaeden Lieberher Bill Skarsgård Music by Benjamin Wallfisch Cinematography Chung - hoon Chung Edited by Jason Ballantine Production companies New Line Cinema Ratpac - Dune Entertainment Vertigo Entertainment Lin Pictures KatzSmith Productions Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date September 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 05 ) ( TCL Chinese Theatre ) September 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) ( United States ) Running time 135 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $35 million Box office $478.1 million It ( titled onscreen as It : Chapter One ) is a 2017 American supernatural horror film directed by Andy Muschietti , based on the 1986 novel of the same name by Stephen King . The screenplay is by Chase Palmer , Cary Fukunaga and Gary Dauberman . The first of a planned duology , the film tells the story of seven children in Derry , Maine , who are terrorized by the eponymous being , only to face their own personal demons in the process . The novel was previously adapted into a 1990 miniseries . The film stars Jaeden Lieberher and Bill Skarsgård as Bill Denbrough and Pennywise the Dancing Clown , respectively , with Jeremy Ray Taylor , Sophia Lillis , Finn Wolfhard , Wyatt Oleff , Chosen Jacobs , Jack Dylan Grazer , Nicholas Hamilton and Jackson Robert Scott in supporting roles . Principal photography began in the Riverdale neighborhood of Toronto on June 27 , 2016 , and ended on September 21 , 2016 . Other Ontario locations included Port Hope and Oshawa . It premiered in Los Angeles on September 5 , 2017 , and was theatrically released in the United States on September 8 , 2017 . Upon release , the film set numerous box office records and has grossed over $478 million worldwide . It received positive reviews , with critics praising the performances , direction , cinematography , and musical score , and many calling it one of the best Stephen King adaptations . A sequel is set to be released on September 6 , 2019 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Kajganich project ( 2009 -- 2010 ) 3.2 Fukunaga project ( 2012 -- 2015 ) 3.3 Muschietti project ( 2015 -- 2017 ) 3.4 Filming 3.5 Design 3.5. 1 Costume design 3.5. 2 Creature design 3.6 Visual effects 4 Themes 5 Music 6 Release 6.1 Marketing 7 Reception 7.1 Box office 7.2 Critical response 8 Accolades 9 Sequel 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Plot In October 1988 , stuttering young teenager Bill Denbrough gives his seven - year - old brother , Georgie , a paper sailboat . Georgie sails the boat along the rainy streets of small town Derry , and is disappointed when it falls down a storm drain . As he attempts to retrieve it Georgie sees a clown in the sewer , who introduces himself as `` Pennywise the Dancing Clown '' . The clown entices Georgie to come closer , then severs his arm and drags him into the sewer . The following summer , Bill and his friends ( loudmouth Richie Tozier , hypochondriac Eddie Kaspbrak , and timid Stanley Uris ) run afoul of violent bully Henry Bowers and his gang . Bill , still haunted by Georgie 's disappearance and the resulting neglect from his grief - stricken parents , discovers that his brother 's body may have washed up in a marshy wasteland called the Barrens . He recruits his friends to check it out , believing his brother may still be alive . `` New kid '' Ben Hanscom learns that the town has been plagued by unexplained tragedies and child disappearances for centuries . He is targeted by Bowers ' gang for being fat , after which he flees into the Barrens and meets Bill 's group . They find the sneaker of a missing girl , while a member of the pursuing Bowers gang is killed by Pennywise . Beverly Marsh ( ostracized over rumors of promiscuity ) is also incorporated into the group ; both Bill and Ben develop feelings for her . Later , the group befriends African American homeschool student Mike Hanlon after defending him from Bowers . All the while each member of the group has encountered terrifying phenomena in various forms ; these include a menacing clown , a headless boy , a fountain of blood , a diseased and rotting man , a creepy painting come to life , people burning alive , and a phantom Georgie . Now calling themselves `` The Losers Club '' , they realize they are all being terrorized by the same entity . They determine that Pennywise ( or `` It '' ) assumes the appearance of what they fear , awakens every 27 years to feed on the children of Derry before returning to hibernation , and moves about by using sewer lines -- which all lead to a well currently under the creepy , abandoned house at 29 Neibolt Street . After an attack by Pennywise , the group ventures to the house to confront him , only to be separated and terrorized . Eddie breaks his arm , while Pennywise gloats to Bill about Georgie . As they regroup Beverly impales Pennywise through the head , forcing the clown to retreat . However , after the encounter the group begins to splinter , with only Bill and Beverly resolute in fighting It . Weeks later , after Beverly confronts and incapacitates her abusive father , she is abducted by Pennywise . The Losers Club reassembles and travels back to the Neibolt house to rescue her . Henry Bowers , who has killed his father after being compelled into madness by It , attacks the group . Mike fights back and pushes Bowers down the well to his apparent death . The Losers descend into the sewers and find It 's underground lair , which contains a mountain of decayed circus props and children 's belongings , around which the bodies of missing children float in mid-air . Beverly , now catatonic after being exposed to It 's true form , is restored to consciousness as Ben kisses her . Bill encounters Georgie , but recognizes that he 's Pennywise in disguise . Pennywise attacks the group and takes Bill hostage , offering to spare the others if they let It keep Bill . The Losers reject this and reaffirm their friendship , overcoming their various fears . After a brutal battle they defeat Pennywise and he retreats , with Bill declaring that It will starve during its hibernation . Their victory is bittersweet , as Bill finally accepts his brother 's death and is comforted by his friends . As summer ends , Beverly informs the group of a vision she had while catatonic , where she saw them fighting the creature as adults . The Losers swear a blood oath that they will return to Derry as adults if It returns , destroying the creature once and for all . Stanley , Eddie , Richie , Mike , and Ben make their goodbyes as the group disperses . Beverly tells Bill she is leaving town the next day to live with her aunt . Before she leaves , Bill reveals his feelings and they kiss . Cast Bill Skarsgård as Pennywise Jaeden Lieberher as William `` Bill '' Denbrough : The leader of the Losers ' Club , who , with the help of his friends , vows to get revenge on the monster for the death of his young brother , Georgie . Denbrough losing his brother makes the battle against It a more personal crusade for him than any of the others . That and his stutter is what binds him to the group and transforms him into Big Bill , the leader . On the character of Denbrough , Muschietti spoke of him knowing a situation of despair , on top of the terror of It and the fear of heights , to which he stated , `` Bill is like a ghost in his own home : nobody sees him because his parents ca n't get over Georgie 's death . '' Ty Simpkins was considered for the role in Cary Fukunaga 's production . Bill Skarsgård as It / Pennywise the Dancing Clown : An ancient , trans - dimensional evil that awakens every twenty - seven years . Will Poulter was previously cast in the role but was forced to drop out due to scheduling conflicts , with Poulter stating , `` I was when Mr. Fukunaga was directing , but the circumstances at New Line are such that a new director 's attached now . '' Poulter continued , `` I think , with all due respect to him of course , I was selected by Cary and subscribed to Cary 's vision for the movie , and so I have n't had a chance to connect with that ( new ) director . '' Mark Rylance , Ben Mendelsohn , Kirk Acevedo , Richard Armitage , Hugo Weaving and Tilda Swinton were considered for the role , with Mendelsohn passing on the project , as New Line wanted him to take a sizable pay cut . On June 3 , 2016 , The Independent officially reported , after final negotiations took place , that Muschietti had chosen actor Bill Skarsgård to portray the character . On portraying Pennywise , Skarsgård stated , `` It 's such an extreme character . Inhumane , It 's beyond even a sociopath , because he 's not even human . He 's not even a clown . I 'm playing just one of the beings It creates . '' Skarsgård described the character further , saying , `` It truly enjoys the shape of the clown Pennywise , and enjoys the game and the hunt . '' He also commented , `` What 's funny to this evil entity might not be funny to everyone else . But he thinks it 's funny . '' On Pennywise 's design , Skarsgård stated , `` It 's important that we do something fresh and original for this one . It 's purposely not going toward that weird , greasy look . '' He also commented on being compared to Tim Curry , stating that , `` ( Curry ) 's performance was truly great , but it 's important for me to do something different because of that . I 'll never be able to make a Tim Curry performance as good as Tim Curry . '' Skarsgård also elaborated on his age , stating , `` There 's a childishness to the character , because he 's so closely linked to the kids . The clown is the manifestation of children 's imaginations , so there 's something child - like about that . '' Producer Dan Lin spoke of Skarsgård 's physical attributes : `` His build is really interesting . He 's really tall and lanky , and feels a little clown like in his movement . When he came in -- we had a lot of different actors read , and when he came in he had a different spin on the character that got us really excited . '' Lin concluded by contrasting the character with that of Heath Ledger 's Joker , `` You 've had ( Ledger ) doing almost a clown joker , you 've seen obviously Tim Curry as a clown . We wanted someone who created a Pennywise character that would stand on its own and Bill came in and created this character that frankly freaked us out . '' Muschietti spoke of Skarsgård 's Pennywise as one not to lurk in the shadows , to which he remarked , `` Pennywise shows up , he 's front and center , and he does his show . He has an act ... So it 's weird all the time , and every little thing implies a further threat . '' Muschietti also spoke of wanting to make the sense of dread that grows in Derry part of the dread of Pennywise , to which he stated , `` He 's not just a character that can shape - shift , his influence is all around . The anticipation of him is almost scarier than the actual Pennywise scares . '' On selecting Skarsgård to portray Pennywise , Muschietti wanted to stay true to the essence of the character , and Skarsgård caught his attention , `` The character has a childish and sweet demeanor , but there 's something very off about him . Bill has that balance in him . He can be sweet and cute , but he can be pretty disturbing . '' Wyatt Oleff as Stanley `` Stan '' Uris : A Jewish mysophobe who is the son of a rabbi . He is studying for his bar mitzvah but is n't interested in religion , which is upsetting to his father . On the character of Uris , Muschietti spoke of him knowing a situation of despair , `` Long story short , there 's all sorts of difficult situations , and we had the chance to tell them in a movie that faces directly those conflicts ... the families of the young actors were very open - minded , so we could tell them about subjects that are normally very touchy . '' Jeremy Ray Taylor as Benjamin `` Ben '' Hanscom : Hanscom is the new kid at school and consequently does not have any friends . He likes reading and researching so he spends a lot of time in the library . He is also very overweight , which earns his place in the Losers ' Club , but like all of the Losers , there are underlying facets that define him far more than superficial appearances . On the character of Hanscom , Muschietti spoke of him knowing a situation of despair , `` ... Ben is bullied at school . '' Sophia Lillis as Beverly `` Bev '' Marsh : The only female member of the Losers ' Club , she is bullied at school , particularly concerning false rumors that she is promiscuous . Her home life is also dismal , as her violent father is sexually abusive to her . Beverly 's Losership was not defined by the fact she was abused but by her poverty . On the character of Marsh , Muschietti spoke of her knowing a situation of despair , `` Beverly 's case is of course the worst , because it 's about sexual abuse on a minor . '' In an interview with Rolling Stone , Lillis spoke of Muschietti not wanting her and her co-stars to spend too much time with Skarsgård : `` We actually were n't allowed to see him until our scenes , because we wanted the horror to be real . '' On Skarsgård 's appearance as Pennywise , she recalled , `` Everyone had different reactions , but all of us were like , ' Wow , what did we get ourselves into ? ' One look at him , and ... you know , he 's a really scary clown that wants to kill us . I was a little bit shocked . '' On her connection with her fellow co-stars , she noted that the closeness of the friendships formed allowed Lillis to connect with her own character : `` I relate to Beverly -- the way she deals with her emotions , and the way she was around the Losers . I felt that way around the actual actors . '' Finn Wolfhard as Richard `` Richie '' Tozier : The bespectacled best friend of Bill Denbrough , also known as ' Trashmouth Tozier ' due to his foul language and loud mouth , that often get him into trouble . Wolfhard , famous as Mike Wheeler in Stranger Things , shared the first image of the Losers Club on his Instagram account , with the photo captioned as `` The Losers Club take Toronto '' , showing the cast of actors who would play the protagonists . Wolfhard was the only actor cast in both this and Fukunaga 's version . On the character of Tozier , Muschietti spoke of him knowing a situation of despair , `` We do n't know much about Richie 's personality , because he 's the big mouth of the group . But we suppose he 's also neglected at home , and he 's the clown of the band because he needs attention . '' Jack Dylan Grazer as Edward `` Eddie '' Kaspbrak : Kaspbrak is the epitome of the hypochondriac , overly exaggerated by the immense amount of objects in his medicine cabinet ; a sickly boy who only feels truly well when he is with his friends . His overbearing mother is the true source of his hypochondria , however ; she has convinced him that he is seriously ill and must stay close to her because only she can protect him . Grazer spoke of his appreciation of films such as Lethal Weapon 2 ( 1989 ) and Batman ( 1989 ) that gave him `` ... insight on how ( he ) could ( improvise ) or reuse those things as references to the time period . '' Chosen Jacobs as Michael `` Mike '' Hanlon : An African American homeschool student and outsider . Orphaned in a fire and raised by his stern grandfather , he is reluctant to take up the family trade as a butcher . On the experience of shooting Muschietti 's piece , Jacobs spoke of the experience as `` ... my favorite summer of my 16 long years on earth ... '' Nicholas Hamilton as Henry Bowers : A young sociopath who leads the Bowers Gang , a gang of high school thugs , and terrorizes the Losers ' Club . Hamilton prepared for the role by studying Jarred Blancard 's portrayal of the character in It ( 1990 ) , and in Hamilton 's words , `` watched all the bits of my original character '' for research . Hamilton added , through the character of Bowers , that `` There 's stuff that I have to do that is really creepy and the opportunity to help share my psychotic side has been really fun . '' Additionally Hamilton stated , `` I recently did a scene where I was working with Jeremy Ray Taylor . I had to terrorize the hell out of him and get right in his face . '' Jackson Robert Scott as George `` Georgie '' Denbrough : The innocent , energetic 7 - year - old brother of Bill Denbrough . His killing at the hands of Pennywise sets the stage for the next summer 's events . Additionally , Owen Teague is introduced as Patrick Hockstetter , a psychopathic bully of the Bowers Gang who encounters Pennywise ; Logan Thompson appears as Victor `` Vic '' Criss , a bully and friend of Henry Bowers who is reluctant to engage in their most sadistic acts ; Jake Sim appears as Reginald `` Belch '' Huggins , another bully and friend of Henry Bowers who is known for his ability to belch on command ; Javier Botet appears as The Leper , a diseased and rotting man that encounters Eddie Kaspbrak at the house on 29 Neibolt Street ; Tatum Lee appears as Judith , one of It 's horrifying creations ; Steven Williams appears as Leroy Hanlon , the stern grandfather of Mike Hanlon , who runs a nearby abattoir ; Stephen Bogaert appears as Alvin Marsh , the abusive father of Beverly Marsh ; Geoffrey Pounsett appears as Zack Denbrough , the father of Bill and George Denbrough ; Pip Dwyer appears as Sharon Denbrough , the mother of Bill and George Denbrough ; Ari Cohen appears as Rabbi Uris , the father of Stanley Uris ; Stuart Hughes appears as Oscar `` Butch '' Bowers , a police officer and abusive father of Henry Bowers ; Megan Charpentier appears as Greta Keene , the pharmacist 's daughter who targets Beverly for ridicule . Production The project first entered development in 2009 . The proposed film adaptation went through three phases of planning : initially a single film with screenwriter David Kajganich ; then the dual film project , first with Cary Fukunaga attached as director and co-writer , then with Andy Muschietti . Kajganich project ( 2009 -- 2010 ) On March 12 , 2009 , Variety reported that Warner Bros. would bring Stephen King 's novel to the big screen , with David Kajganich adapting the novel , and Dan Lin , Roy Lee and Doug Davison producing the piece . When Kajganich learnt of Warner Bros . ' plans to adapt King 's novel , he went after the job . Knowing that Warner Bros. was committed to adapting It as a single feature film , Kajganich began to reread the novel in an attempt to try to find a structure that would accommodate such a large number of characters in two different time periods , around 120 pages , which was one of Warner Bros . ' stipulations . Kajganich worked with Lin , Lee , and Davison on The Invasion ( 2007 ) , and he knew they would champion good storytelling , and allow him the time to work out a solid first draft of the screenplay . Kajganich spoke of the remake being set in the , `` mid-1980s and in the present ... mirroring the twenty - odd - year gap King uses in the book ... and with a great deal of care and attention paid to the backstories of all the characters '' . Kajganich also mentioned that Warner Bros. wished for the adaptation to be rated R , saying , `` ... we can really honor the book and engage with the traumas ( both the paranormal ones and those they deal with at home and school ) that these characters endure '' . He said that his dream choice for Pennywise would be Buster Keaton if he were still alive , and that the Pennywise that he scripted is `` less self - conscious of his own irony and surreality '' . As of June 29 , 2010 , Kajganich was re-writing his screenplay . Fukunaga project ( 2012 -- 2015 ) `` I am in the midst of rewriting the first script now . We 're not working on the second part yet . The first script is just about the kids . It 's more like The Goonies ( 1985 ) meets a horror film ... We 're definitely honoring the spirit of Stephen King , but the horror has to be modernized to make it relevant . That 's my job , right now , on this pass . I 'm working on making the horror more about suspense than visualization of any creatures . I just do n't think that 's scary . What could be there , and the sounds and how it interacts with things , is scarier than actual monsters . '' -- Cary Fukunaga , on the development of It On June 7 , 2012 , The Hollywood Reporter revealed that Cary Fukunaga was boarding the project as director , and will co-write the script with Chase Palmer . The producers were now Roy Lee of Vertigo Entertainment , Dan Lin of Lin Pictures , and Seth Grahame - Smith and David Katzenberg of KatzSmith Productions . On May 21 , 2014 , Warner Bros. was announced to have moved the film to its New Line Cinema division , with overseer duties conducting by New Line 's Walter Hamada and Dave Neustadter , along with Vice President of Production at Warner Bros. , Niija Kuykendall . On December 5 , 2014 , in an interview with Vulture , Dan Lin announced that the first film would be a coming - of - age story about the children tormented by It , and the second will skip ahead in time as those same characters band together to continue the fight as adults . Lin also stated that Fukunaga was then only committed to directing the first film , though was currently closing a deal to co-write the second . Lin concluded by mentioning King , to which he remarked , `` The most important thing is that ( King ) gave us his blessing . We did n't want to make this unless he felt it was the right way to go , and when we sent him the script , the response that Cary got back was , ' Go with God , please ! This is the version the studio should make . ' So that was really gratifying . '' Lin confirmed that Fukunaga was set to begin principal photography in the summer of 2016 . On February 3 , 2015 , Fukunaga was interviewed by Slate , and spoke about It , mentioning that he has someone in mind for the role of Pennywise . On March 3 , 2015 , Fukunaga noted his goal to find the `` perfect guy to play Pennywise '' . Fukunaga also revealed that he , Kajganich and Palmer had changed the names and dates in the script , adding , `` ... the spirit is similar to what he 'd like to see in cinemas '' . On May 4 , 2015 , it was officially announced that Will Poulter had been cast to play Pennywise , after Fukunaga was `` blown away '' by his audition . Ty Simpkins was then considered to play one of The Losers ' Club members . On May 25 , 2015 , it was reported that Fukunaga had dropped out as the director of It . According to TheWrap , Fukunaga clashed with the studio and did not want to compromise his artistic vision in the wake of budget cuts by New Line , which greenlit the first film at $30 million . However , Fukunaga maintained that was not the case , stating he had bigger disagreements with New Line over the direction of the story , `` I was trying to make an unconventional horror film . It did n't fit into the algorithm of what they knew they could spend and make money back on based on not offending their standard genre audience . '' He made mention that the budget was fine , as well as his desire to make Pennywise more than just the clown . Fukunaga concluded by stating , `` We invested years and so much anecdotal storytelling in it . Chase and I both put our childhood in that story . So our biggest fear was they were going to take our script and bastardize it ... So I 'm actually thankful that they are going to rewrite the script . I would n't want them to stealing our childhood memories and using that ... I was honoring King 's spirit of it , but I needed to update it . King saw an earlier draft and liked it . '' On Fukunaga 's departure , King wrote , `` The remake of IT may be dead -- or undead -- but we 'll always have Tim Curry . He 's still floating down in the sewers of Derry . '' Muschietti project ( 2015 -- 2017 ) `` The way Cary intended to execute the script is something that only he can talk about . I can say my version of It highly emphasizes Pennywise 's most terrifying virtue , which is It 's ability to materialise into your worse fear ; I want to take people in a journey into Pennywise 's world through a disturbing , surrealistic and intoxicating experience that will leave nobody at ease . '' -- Andy Muschietti , on his version of It On July 16 , 2015 , it was announced that Andy Muschietti was in negotiations to direct It , with New Line beginning a search for a new writer to tailor a script to Muschietti 's vision . The announcement also confirmed the possible participation of Muschietti 's sister , Barbara Muschietti , as a producer , and Richard Brener joining Hamada , Neustadter and Kuykendall to oversee the project . On April 22 , 2016 , it was indicated that Will Poulter , who had been cast to portray Pennywise in Fukunaga 's version , had dropped out of the film due to a scheduling conflict and that executives were meeting with actors to portray the antagonist . Also that day , New Line Cinema set the film for a release of September 8 , 2017 . On October 30 , 2015 , Muschietti was interviewed by Variety wherein he spoke about his vision of It , while mentioning Poulter was still in the mix for the role of Pennywise : `` ( Poulter ) would be a great option . For me he is at the top of my list ... '' He confirmed that next summer is the time for them to start shooting . It was decided to shoot It during the summer months to give the filmmakers time to work with the children who have the main roles in the first part of the film . Muschietti went on to say that `` King described 50s ' terror iconography '' , adding that he feels there is a whole world now to `` rediscover , to update '' . He said there would not be any mummies or werewolves and that the `` terrors are going to be a lot more surprising '' . On February 19 , 2016 , at the D.I.C.E. Summit 2016 , producer Roy Lee confirmed that Fukunaga and Chase Palmer 's original script had been rewritten , remarking , `` It will hopefully be shooting later this year . We just got the California tax credit ... ( Dauberman ) wrote the most recent draft working with ( Muscetti ) , so it 's being envisioned as two movies . '' On May 5 , 2016 , in an interview with Collider.com , David Kajganich expressed uncertainty as to whether drafts of his original screenplay would be used by Dauberman and Muschietti , with the writer stating , `` We know there 's a new director , I do n't know myself whether he 's going back to any of the previous drafts or writing from scratch . I may not know until the film comes out . I do n't know how it works ! If you find out let me know . '' On June 2 , 2016 , Jaeden Lieberher was confirmed as portraying lead protagonist Bill Denbrough , while The Hollywood Reporter reported that Bill Skarsgård was in final negotiations to star as Pennywise , with a cast also including Finn Wolfhard , Jack Dylan Grazer , Wyatt Oleff , Chosen Jacobs and Jeremy Ray Taylor . Also that day , there was a call for 100 background performers , with the background actor call going from 3 p.m. to 7 p.m. ; by 4 p.m. , more than 300 people had gone through . The casting call also asked for a marching band and period cars between 1970 and 1989 . On June 9 , 2016 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Owen Teague was set to portray Patrick Hocksetter . On June 21 , 2016 , it was officially announced that Nicholas Hamilton had been cast to play Henry Bowers , and Bloody Disgusting reported that Javier Botet had been added to the cast shortly before filming commenced . On June 22 , 2016 , Deadline.com reported that Muschietti had chosen Sophia Lillis to portray Beverly Marsh , and on June 24 , 2016 , Moviepilot wrote that Stephen Bogaert had been added to the cast shortly before filming commenced , portraying Al Marsh , the abusive father of Beverly Marsh . On July 22 , 2016 , Barbara Muschietti was interviewed by Northumberland News ' Karen Longwell , wherein she spoke about the filming locations on It , while mentioning the beauty of Port Hope being one of the reasons as to why it was chosen . Muschietti added , `` We were looking for an idyllic town , one that would be a strong contrast to the story . Port Hope is the kind of place we all wish we had grown up in : long summers riding bicycles , walks by the lake , a lovely main street , charming homes with green lawns , warm people . '' Muschietti also mentioned that 360 extras from the area , from adults to small children , had been involved . On August 11 , 2016 , at The CW TCA presentation for the series Frequency , producer Dan Lin spoke of the piece 's comparison to Netflix 's Stranger Things , describing It being an `` homage to 80s movies '' , while remarking : `` I think a great analogy is actually Stranger Things , and we 're seeing it on Netflix right now . It 's very much an homage to ' 80s movies , whether it 's classic Stephen King or even Spielberg . Think about Stand by Me ( 1986 ) as far as the bonding amongst the kids . But there is a really scary element in Pennywise . '' Lin continued , speaking of how well the young cast had bonded in the first weeks of shooting , `` We clearly had a great dynamic amongst the kids . Really great chemistry is always a challenging thing with a movie like It because you 're casting kids who do n't have a ton of experience , but it ended up being really natural . Each kid , like a The Goonies ( 1985 ) or Stand by Me ( 1986 ) , has a very specific personality and they 're forming the loser 's club obviously ... We 've spent a few months getting the kids to bond and now they 're going to fight this evil , scary clown . '' On February 9 , 2017 , at the press day for The Lego Batman Movie ( 2017 ) , Lin confirmed that It would be rated R by the MPAA , and stated to Collider.com 's Steve Weintraub , `` If you 're going to make a `` Rated - R movie '' , you have to fully embrace what it is , and you have to embrace the source material . It is a scary clown that 's trying to kill kids ... They do have a scary clown that 's taken over the town of Derry , so it 's going to be rated R . '' On March 11 , 2017 , Muschietti , at the SXSW festival , spoke of an element of the pre-production phase in his attempt to keep Skarsgård separated from the film 's child actors , wherein the actor was not introduced to the young cast until Pennywise 's first encounter with the children : `` It was something that we agreed on , and that 's how it happened ... The day that he showed up on the stage , they f * cking freaked out . Bill is like , seven - foot high , and I ca n't describe how scary he looks in person . He 's a wiry man , crouching , making sounds , snotting , drooling , speaking in Swedish sometimes . Terrifying . '' Muschietti stated that the story had been moved forward , with the scenes with the young Losers Club shifting from the 1950s to the 1980s , while also describing the plot as `` getting much wider '' , with new material not in the novel or the 1990 miniseries . However , Muschietti said he hoped the material would still strike the same emotional resonance that the book did for him when he first read it : `` It 's all about trying to hit the core and the heart . '' On July 12 , 2017 , Muschietti , in an interview with French magazine Mad Movies , spoke of the R rating allowing him to go into adult themes , which was championed from the people at New Line Cinema . He also stated that , `` ... if you aimed for a PG - 13 movie , you had nothing at the end . So we were very lucky that the producers did n't try to stop us . In fact it 's more our own moral compass that sometimes showed us that some things lead us in places where we did n't want to go . '' In the same interview , on July 12 , 2017 , producer Barbara Muschietti added that there was only one scene that was deemed to be too horrific to feature in the new adaptation , stating , `` ... you wo n't find the scene where a kid has his back broken and is thrown in the toilets . We thought that the visual translation of that scene had something that was really too much . '' Muschietti concluded by emphasizing that nothing was removed from the original vision , nor was the violence of any event watered down . On July 19 , 2017 , in an interview with Variety 's Brent Lang , director Muschietti commented of the monstrous forms that It will be taking , as well as noting the fact that they are very different from the incarnations present in King 's story , `` The story is the same , but there are changes in the things the kids are scared of . In the book they 're children in the ' 50s , so the incarnations of the monsters are mainly from movies , so it 's Wolf Man , the Mummy , Frankenstein , ( and ) Dracula . I had a different approach . I wanted to bring out deeper fears , based not only on movie monsters but on childhood traumas . '' While on the topic of the key to a successful horror film , Muschietti concluded by remarking that `` Stay true to what scares you . If you do n't respect that , you ca n't scare anyone . '' Muschietti explained how Skarsgård caught his attention to embody Pennywise , while pointing out that he did not want the young cast to spend too much time with the actor when not shooting , and encouraged them to `` maintain distance '' , wherein Muschietti detailed : `` We wanted to carry the impact of the encounters to when the cameras were rolling . The first scene where Bill interacted with the children , it was fun to see how the plan worked . The kids were really , really creeped out by Bill . He 's pretty intimidating because he 's six - four and has all this makeup . '' Filming Port Hope had undergone a number of changes to transform into the town of Derry . Production designer Mara LePere - Schloop went to Bangor , Maine , to scope out locations , including the Thomas Hill Standpipe , the land running alongside the Kenduskeag Stream that in It is called The Barrens , and the Waterworks on the Penobscot River . LePere - Schloop said that they were hoping to shoot some scenes in the city , and possibly take some aerial shots . On May 31 , 2016 , Third Act Productions was confirmed to have applied to film interior and exterior scenes for It in the municipality of Port Hope , with filming slated for various locations around the municipality from July 11 , 2016 to July 18 , 2016 . Principal photography begun in Toronto , with an original shooting schedule from June 27 to September 6 , 2016 . By July 8 , 2016 , Port Hope had undergone changes to transform it into Derry ; Port Hope Municipal hall was the Derry Public Library , The Port Hope Tourism Centre became the City of Derry office , Ganaraska Financial was remade as Montgomery Financial , Gould 's Shoes store front on Walton Street changed to a butcher shop , The Avanti Hair Design store front changed to Tony 's Barber Shop , an empty storefront at 36 Walton Street changed to Reliance Cleaners , Queen Street Tattoo store front changed to Derry Scoop , a statue of Paul Bunyan was erected in Memorial Park , US flags hung in place of Canadian flags downtown , and Port Hope Capitol Theatre had appeared to be showing Batman ( 1989 ) and Lethal Weapon 2 ( 1989 ) , thus confirming the film 's 1989 setting . On July 11 , 2016 , preliminary shooting took place in Port Hope Town Hall , Memorial Park cenotaph , Queen Street , between Walton and Robertson streets and the Capitol Theatre . On July 12 , 2016 , filming occurred between the intersection of Mill and Walton street , Walton Street bridge , and in front and behind 16 -- 22 Walton Street and Port Hope Town Hall . Other shooting locations included Queen Street between Walton and Roberston street , and Memorial Park , on July 13 . It was also reported , on July 14 , that filming had been set up on the alley between Gould 's Shoe 's and Avanti Hair Design , and John and Hayward streets . Filming moved to Cavan Street , between Highland Drive and Ravine Drive , and Victoria Street South , between Trafalgar Street and Sullivan Street , on July 15 . Filming in Port Hope ended on July 18 , at Watson 's Guardian Drugs . Oshawa had been chosen by producers of It as the next filming location , and on July 20 , 2016 , filming notices were sent out to homes in the area of Eulalie Avenue and James Street , near downtown Oshawa , advising residents that filming would take place in the area from August 5 to August 8 , 2016 . On July 29 , 2016 , it was announced the crew had worked on the formerly vacant lot at the dead end of James Street constructing the set , in the form of a dilapidated old house . It was also remarked that the structure is a facade built around scaffolding that would be used for exterior shots . The set was composed of pre-fabricated modules that were trucked in and put into place by IATSE carpenters . On July 18 , 2016 , production crews had arrived in Riverdale , Toronto , with filming beginning at 450 Pape Ave , which is home to a circa 1902 heritage - designated building called Cranfield House , up until August 19 , 2016 . It was reported on September 4 that filming had wrapped in Oshawa , which included the haunted house location , as well as on Court and Fisher streets . Principal photography was confirmed to have ended in Toronto on September 21 , 2016 , with an altered shooting schedule occurring from June 27 to September 21 , 2016 , and post-production initially beginning on September 14 , 2016 . Design Costume design Pennywise 's gray costume was partly inspired by the clothing style of the Renaissance . On August 16 , 2016 , in an interview with Entertainment Weekly , costume designer Janie Bryant spoke of crafting Pennywise 's form - fitting suit and the inspirations it drew from -- involving a number of eras -- among them Medieval , Renaissance , Elizabethan , and Victorian . Bryant explained that the costume incorporates all these otherworldly past lives , highlighting the point that Pennywise is a clown from a different time . In designing Pennywise 's costume , Bryant included a Fortuny pleating , which gives the costume an almost a crepe - like effect , to which Bryant remarked , `` It 's a different technique than what the Elizabethans would do . It 's more organic , it 's more sheer . It has a whimsical , floppy quality to it . It 's not a direct translation of a ruff or a whisk , which were two of the collars popular during the Elizabethan period . '' Bryant played with multiple eras as a way of reflecting Pennywise 's immortality , and added a `` doll - like quality to the costume '' . She furthered stated , `` The pants being short , the high waistline of the jacket , and the fit of the costume is a very important element . It gives the character a child - like quality . '' Bryant spoke of the two puffs off the shoulder , sleeves and again on the bloomers , with her desire to create an `` organic , gourd or pumpkin kind of effect '' , which includes the peplum at the waist , and the flared , skirt - like fabric blossoming from below his doublet . She explains , `` It helps exaggerate certain parts of the body . The costume is very nipped in the waist and with the peplum and bloomers it has an expansive silhouette . '' The main color of his costume is a dusky gray , but with a few splashes of colour . She concludes the interview by stating , `` The pompoms are orange , and then with the trim around the cuffs and the ankles , it 's basically a ball fringe that 's a combination of orange , red , and cinnamon . It 's almost like Pennywise fades into his environment . But there are accents to pull out the definition of the gray silk . '' Creature design Judith , the woman in the portrait whose form It assumes to terrify Stan , did not appear in the novel . Muschietti based this sequence on the paintings of Amedeo Modigliani , one of which hung in his childhood home , and which he found frightening , interpreting Modigliani 's stylisation as monstrosity . The eponymous creature in Muschietti 's previous film , Mama , was also based on Modigliani 's work . Visual effects Nicholas Brooks was the overall visual effects supervisor , and visual effects company Rodeo FX worked on most of the visual effects on It . Amalgamated Dynamics worked on the special makeup effects . Themes The film has been described as a loss of innocence story , with fear , mortality and survivalist themes . Muschietti remarked of the film 's elements of coming of age and issues of mortality , adding that such themes are prevalent in King 's book , though in reality they occur in a more progressive way , `` There 's a passage ( in It ) that reads , ' Being a kid is learning how to live and being an adult is learning how to die . ' There 's a bit of a metaphor of that and it just happens in a very brutal way , of course . '' He also mentioned the characterization of Pennywise 's survivalist attitude , and a passage in the novel which inspired Muschietti was when Bill wonders if Pennywise is eating children simply because that is what people are told monsters do , `` It 's a tiny bit of information , but that sticks with you so much . Maybe it is real as long as children believe in it . And in a way , Pennywise 's character is motivated by survival . In order to be alive in the imagination of children , he has to keep killing . '' While Muschietti acknowledged It being a horror film , he felt that it is not simply that , `` It 's a story of love and friendship and a lot of other beautiful emotions . '' The graphic sexual content that was in the novel and Fukunaga 's original script was not included in the film . Music On March 23 , 2017 , Benjamin Wallfisch was announced as the composer of It 's score . The soundtrack album was released in preview on August 2017 . All tracks written by Benjamin Wallfisch . ( show ) Track listing No . Title Length 1 . `` Every 27 Years '' 2 : 36 2 . `` Paper Boat '' 1 : 55 3 . `` Georgie , Meet Pennywise '' 3 : 38 4 . `` Derry '' 2 : 25 5 . `` River Chase '' 2 : 09 6 . `` Egg Boy '' 2 : 44 7 . `` Beverly '' 1 : 20 8 . `` Come Join the Clowns , Eds '' 1 : 20 9 . `` You 'll Float Too '' 3 : 20 10 . `` Shape Shifter '' 1 : 42 11 . `` Hockstetter Attack '' 2 : 15 12 . `` Haircut '' 4 : 15 13 . `` Derry History '' 2 : 48 14 . `` January Embers '' 1 : 05 15 . `` Saving Mike '' 1 : 15 16 . `` This Is Not a Dream '' 2 : 08 17 . `` Slideshow '' 2 : 00 18 . `` Georgie 's Theme '' 1 : 42 19 . `` He Did n't Stutter Once '' 1 : 33 20 . `` 29 Neibolt St . '' 4 : 17 21 . `` Time to Float '' 3 : 04 22 . `` It 's What It Wants '' 1 : 19 23 . `` You 'll Die If You Try '' 4 : 38 24 . `` Return to Neibolt '' 2 : 31 25 . `` Into the Well '' 2 : 05 26 . `` Pennywise 's Tower '' 1 : 48 27 . `` Deadlights '' 2 : 04 28 . `` Searching for Stanley '' 2 : 28 29 . `` Saving Beverly '' 3 : 36 30 . `` Georgie Found '' 1 : 53 31 . `` Transformation '' 0 : 58 32 . `` Feed on Your Fear '' 2 : 34 33 . `` Welcome to the Losers Club '' 3 : 05 34 . `` Yellow Raincoat '' 1 : 43 35 . `` Blood Oath '' 3 : 11 36 . `` Kiss '' 0 : 54 37 . `` Every 27 Years ( Reprise ) '' 2 : 07 38 . `` Epilogue -- The Pennywise Dance '' 0 : 36 Release It was released in North America on September 8 , 2017 . In Europe , the film was released in Belgium on September 6 , 2017 , Denmark and the Netherlands on September 7 , 2017 , and Norway and Finland on September 8 , 2017 . On March 7 , 2017 , the alternate title of the film was announced by Stephen King as Part 1 -- The Losers ' Club . In addition to the conventional 2D format , It was also released across 615 IMAX screens globally , including 389 domestically . Marketing On January 31 , 2016 , Muschietti , on his Instagram , posted a sketch that was thought to be the precursor to Pennywise 's final look , to celebrate pre-production getting underway . Beginning from July 11 , 2016 , Muschietti posted a variety of missing person posters of children within the Derry area , including Betty Ripsom , Richie Tozier , Paul Greenberg , Jonathan Chan , and Tania McGowan . Muschietti shared a photo of a missing person poster featuring Richie Tozier . The poster lists all of the character 's information , as part of It 's marketing campaign . The first official image for It debuted on July 13 , 2016 , introducing the first look at Skarsgård 's Pennywise The Dancing Clown , as well as an interview with Skarsgård , conducted by Anthony Breznican . Thomas Freeman of Maxim wrote `` ... Skarsgard in full , terrifying costume , ... he 's clearly got what it takes to fill King 's most macabre , nightmare - inducing creation . '' Chris Eggertsen of HitFix responded positively , stating the image to be `` ... an appropriately macabre look that does n't deviate too radically from the aesthetic of Curry 's Pennywise ... dare I say , a more creepily seductive look to Skarsgard 's version that was absent from Curry 's interpretation . '' On July 30 , 2016 , Muschietti released three storyboard images , up until the date of August 22 , 2016 , with the first featuring Bill Denbrough making a paper boat for his younger brother George . The second storyboard features Bill leading his bike , nicknamed Silver , across a lawn with the included phrase : `` He thrusts his fists against the posts but still insists he sees the ghosts '' . The third and final storyboard features Bill asleep next to a sketch of Beverly Marsh . On August 16 , 2016 , Entertainment Weekly released the full costume image of Skarsgård 's Pennywise to promote It , including an interview with costume designer Janie Bryant . JoBlo.com 's Damion Damaske was fond of the new design , though was understanding of others being dismissive of it . Damaske also stated , `` One of the chief complaints is that it looked too automatically scary , and that one of the reasons Pennywise chooses his guise is to trick and lure children . '' Dave Trumbore of Collider.com noted that `` This one 's going to divide some folks . It 's nowhere near as baggy or colorful as the one Tim Curry ... donned ... , but the new version certainly seems to have a lot more thought and intent behind its creation . '' Jonathan Barkan of Bloody Disgusting called the image one of `` ... ( drawing ) attention and curiosity '' . Barkan then stated `` I do n't know if it 's morbid curiosity or hopeful wishes but the overall response to his face and makeup seemed to be quite positive ! '' On March 9 , 2017 , Neha Aziz of SXSW announced that Muschietti would appear at a screening event titled , Face Your Fears , to share footage from It , while discussing his inspirations and influences . On March 11 , 2017 , New Line Cinema showcased its promotion of It by releasing a teaser trailer and a scene at the South by Southwest festival . Trace Thurman of Bloody Disgusting heralded the trailer : `` It was maybe 90 seconds of footage , but it was a damn impressive 90 seconds of footage ... As far as teasers go , it 's one of the best that I 've ever seen . '' Dread Central 's Jonathan Barkan praised the scene , and stated , `` The kids are clearly very adept at working off one another . There was a chemistry between the four that was wonderful to see and it 's obvious that Muschietti worked very hard to ensure they were believable . '' Eric Vespe of Ai n't It Cool News remarked that `` ... this one scene shows us the key traits of the bulk of the members of the Losers Club within one sequence . I loved it for that reason . '' On March 28 , 2017 , New Line released a 139 - second teaser trailer to promote It , following a 19 - second trailer and the official teaser poster the prior day , and for exhibitors at CinemaCon . Tom Philip of GQ heralded the trailer and its tonality by stating : `` Dark corners everywhere and a pervading sense of absolute doom , even in the scenes where the creature is n't looming . That projector scene ! Christ ! '' Michael Gold of The New York Times praised the trailer , and stated : `` There 's always tension in the sustained string chords of the soundtrack , and it imbues everything with suspense and darkness . '' Wired 's Brian Raftery spoke most highly of the trailer , to which he stated , `` The teaser 's scariest moment features no gore or gotcha - ness ; instead , it involves a misfiring slide - projector and a barely discernible clown - grin . Nothing in the It trailer feels like a cheap thrill , which is all the more thrilling . '' IndieWire 's William Earl reacted positively to the `` top - notch '' production design of Derry , Maine within the trailer . The trailer reached 197 million views in its first 24 hours , setting a new record as the trailer with the most views in one day . In addition to dethroning The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) , the trailer numbers surpassed previous records held by Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) , Fifty Shades Darker ( 2017 ) , and Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) . On May 7 , 2017 , a second teaser trailer , this one lasting 137 seconds , was shown at the MTV Movie & TV Awards in Los Angeles , California , with the new preview showcasing a snippet of the film where the `` Losers ' Club '' search for Pennywise 's many victims . Daniel Kreps of Rolling Stone felt snippet of the film `` was initially ... similar to Stand by Me ( 1986 ) , with the Losers ' Club playfully bantering about `` gray water '' ... A series of scary images soon follow before the trailer ends on Pennywise doing unimaginable balloon tricks to lure a victim . '' Matt Goldberg of Collider.com praised the trailer , and stated : `` This new trailer really plays up the kids ' role and their fears . It 's a smart move , because if a sequel does come along , it 's going to be looking at the kids as adults , so that aspect will be lost . '' Digital Spy 's Jack Tomlin spoke of the clarity in that director Muschietti 's film will carry on down the `` creepy as hell '' vibe he gave the first trailer . On July 13 , 2017 , Entertainment Weekly released a collection of new images and concept art such as Pennywise 's lair to promote It , including commentary from director Andrés Muschietti . On July 19 , 2017 , New Line Cinema showcased its promotion of It , by releasing three reels of footage at San Diego Comic - Con , before an advanced screening of Annabelle : Creation ( 2017 ) . Reception Box Office As of September 24 , 2017 , It has grossed $266.1 million in the United States and Canada , and $212 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $478.1 million , against a production budget of $35 million . In North America , initial opening weekend projections had the film grossing $50 -- 60 million . By the week of its release , estimates were raised to $60 -- 70 million , with a chance to go higher if word of mouth was strong . It opened in 4,103 theaters , setting the record for most venues for an R - rated film ( beating Logan 's 4,071 from the past March ) . A few days before its release , the film became Fandango 's top horror pre-seller of all - time , eclipsing Paranormal Activity 3 ( 2011 ) , as well as setting the record as the site 's top pre-seller among September releases , beating Sully ( 2016 ) . The film made $13.5 million from Thursday night previews , setting the record for highest amount by both an R - rated ( besting Deadpool 's $12.6 million ) and a horror film . Due to the high Thursday gross , Deadline.com noted some industry trackers upped weekend projections to $90 million . It went on to have an opening day of $50.2 million ( including previews ) , increasing weekend projections to over $100 million . The film 's Friday gross not only set a record for biggest single - day amount by an R - rated film ( beating Deadpool 's $47.3 million ) but nearly eclipsed Paranormal Activity 3 's entire weekend gross of $52.6 million , which was the highest opening weekend gross for a horror film . It went on to open to $123.1 million , setting the records for largest opening weekend for both a September release and a horror film , and was the second - biggest debut for an R - rated film behind Deadpool ( $132.4 million ) . Variety and Deadline both noted that the film 's opening weekend could have been even greater if not for Hurricane Irma shutting down nearly 50 % of Florida 's theaters , a state that typically accounts for 5 % of the country 's box office grosses . During its first full week , the film made $8.8 million on Monday , $11.4 million on Tuesday , $7.9 million on Wednesday and $7.2 million on Thursday , each setting September records for their respective days . In its second weekend the film grossed $60 million ( a better - than - average for horror films drop of 51 % ) , making more in its second weekend than previous opening record holder Paranormal Activity 3 made in its first , and again topped the box office . It also pushed the domestic total to $218.7 million , overtaking Crocodile Dundee for highest - grossing September film ( $174.8 million in 1984 ) . In its third week the film was dethroned by newcomer Kingsman : The Golden Circle , finishing second at the box office with $30 million . Critical response Bill Skarsgård 's portrayal of Pennywise the Dancing Clown received widespread praise from critics and audiences . On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 84 % based on 258 reviews , with an average rating of 7.2 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Well - acted and fiendishly frightening with an emotionally affecting story at its core , It amplifies the horror in Stephen King 's classic story without losing touch with its heart . '' Metacritic , another review aggregator , assigned the film a weighted average score of 70 out of 100 , based on 48 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale . Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film 4 out of 4 stars , saying : `` What will REALLY put a chill down your spine and raise the hairs on the back of your neck are the moments when an adolescent character is isolated from friends , all alone in the cellar or the bathroom or the alley or a dark office , and something they 've long feared springs to ' life ' in a certain fashion , confirming their worst sense of dread and doom . '' Andrew Barker of Variety praised the visuals and cast , while acknowledging the familiarities , calling the film `` a collection of alternately terrifying , hallucinatory , and ludicrous nightmare imagery ... a series of well - crafted yet decreasingly effective suspense setpieces ; and a series of well - acted coming - of - age sequences that do n't quite fully mature . '' Mark Kermode of The Guardian gave the film 4 out of 5 stars , writing that the film `` is an energetic romp with crowd - pleasing appeal that is n't afraid to bare its gory teeth '' . Christopher Orr of The Atlantic gave the film a mixed review , calling it `` a solid but relatively conventional horror movie '' and writing that it `` privileges CGI scares over dread and nuance '' . Some critics were disappointed with the film 's implementation of jump scares . Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune noted the film 's `` diminishing returns of one jump scare after another '' , writing that `` nearly every scene begins and ends the same way , with a slow build ... leading up to a KAAA - WHUMMMMMM ! ! ! ! sound effect '' . Eric Kohn of IndieWire praised the film 's visuals but wrote that it `` simplifies its appeal with jump scares '' , and Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly lauded the child actors but wrote that `` the more we see of Pennywise , the less scary he becomes '' . Accolades It received a 2017 Golden Trailer Awards nomination for Best Horror , which it subsequently won . List of awards and nominations Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . Golden Trailer Awards June 6 , 2017 Best Horror It Won Sequel On February 16 , 2016 , producer Roy Lee , in an interview with Collider.com , mentioned the final film of the planned It duology , remarking that : `` ( Dauberman ) wrote the most recent draft working with ( Muschietti ) , so it 's being envisioned as two movies . '' On July 19 , 2017 , Muschietti revealed that the plan is to get production underway for the sequel to It next spring , adding , `` We 'll probably have a script for the second part in January ( 2018 ) . Ideally , we would start prep in March . Part one is only about the kids . Part two is about these characters 30 years later as adults , with flashbacks to 1989 when they were kids . '' On July 21 , 2017 , Muschietti spoke of looking forward to having a dialogue in the second film that does not exist within the first , stating , `` ... it seems like we 're going to do it . It 's the second half , it 's not a sequel . It 's the second half and it 's very connected to the first one . '' Muschietti confirmed that two cut scenes from the film will hopefully be included in the second , one of which being the fire at the Black Spot from the book . On September 25 , 2017 , New Line Cinema announced that a sequel would be released on September 6 , 2019 , with co-scriptwriter Gary Dauberman returning to write the script . Notes Jump up ^ Writers Andy Muschietti , Cary Fukunaga and David Kajganich refer to Skarsgård 's character as Pennywise , in various interviews -- most notably with Collider.com . Additionally the name Pennywise the Dancing Clown is what Pennywise introduces himself as to George Denbrough ; the term It is n't used in either of these cases . References Jump up ^ `` IT '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` With new adaptation of ' It , ' New Line Cinema hopes to continue horror winning streak '' . Los Angeles Times . September 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Box Office To Wake Up From Long Summer 's Nap As ' It ' Happens With $60 Ms Opening , Possible $70 M -- Preview '' . Deadline.com . September 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` It ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.allmovie.com/movie/it-v638977 ^ Jump up to : Warner Bros Editors ( January 14 , 2017 ) . `` IT -- Warner Bros '' . Warner Bros. Archived from the original on January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ IGN Editors ( March 3 , 2015 ) . `` STEPHEN KING 'S IT DIRECTOR CARY FUKUNAGA SEEKS THE `` PERFECT '' PENNYWISE FOR REMAKE `` . IGN . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Staley , Brandon ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` IT REMAKE HAS A RATING , PLANS FOR A SEQUEL '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( July 16 , 2015 ) . `` Stephen King 's ' It ' Finds New Director '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Kristian ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` The New ' It ' Trailer Is Just As Glorious And Terrifying As You Feared '' . Bustle . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Verhoeven , Beatrice ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King 's ' It ' Casts Hollywood Legacy as Pennywise the Clown '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Eggertsen , Chris ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King has an ' It ' remake update for you '' . HitFix . 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Jump up ^ P. Sullivan , Kevin ( May 4 , 2015 ) . `` Will Poulter cast as Pennywise in Cary Fukunaga 's It '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( May 4 , 2015 ) . `` Will Poulter to Play the Evil Clown in ' It ' Remake ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( May 25 , 2015 ) . `` ' It ' Loses Director Cary Fukunaga '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Geier , Thom ( May 25 , 2015 ) . `` Cary Fukunaga Out as Director of Stephen King 's ' It ' at New Line ( Exclusive ) '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Setoodeh , Ramin ( September 2 , 2015 ) . `` Cary Fukunaga Offers New Details on Why ' It ' Remake Fell Apart '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2016 . 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Variety . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sewell , Annie ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Filming Starts Next Summer on Remake of Stephen King Classic ' It ' '' . Inquisitr . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Disgusting , Mr ( October 31 , 2015 ) . `` Stephen King 's ' It ' to Film Next Summer ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jones , Mike ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King 's It May Start Filming in 2016 ; Two Movies Still Planned '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Page , Aubrey ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' A Bigger Splash ' Writer David Kajganich on His Unique Approach to the Remake and ' It ' '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . 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CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Squires , John ( July 3 , 2017 ) . `` New Pennywise Image Found On French Magazine Cover '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` Andy Muschietti Talks Holding Nothing Back for `` R '' - rated ' IT ' `` . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collinson , Gary ( July 16 , 2017 ) . `` It director Andy Muschietti on the film 's R rating '' . Flickering Myth . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Murray , Emily ( July 16 , 2017 ) . `` New IT Film Will Contain Scenes ' Too Intense ' For The Original '' . UniLad . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Naylor , Daisy ( July 16 , 2017 ) . `` The New ' IT ' Movie Will Be `` R '' Rated With `` Very Adult Themes '' `` . thehooknew . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carptenter , Michael ( July 16 , 2017 ) . `` IT Director Talks the Advantages of an R Rating '' . iHorror . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Michael ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` IT Director : R Rating Allows Film to Explore ' Very Adult Themes ' '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Various Monsters in ' IT ' Will Be Very Different from the Book '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sprague , Mike ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` ANDY MUSCHIETTI TALKS IT PART 2 & CLASSIC MOVIE MONSTERS '' . JoBlo.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moore , Paul ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` There 's new terrifying details about the IT film '' . Joe . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Director on Tackling the Two R - Rated Movies and Why He Picked Bill Skarsgard for Pennywise '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Female First Editors ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Andres Muschietti confirms prep date for IT sequel '' . Female First . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ MSN Editors ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Andres Muschietti confirms prep date for IT sequel '' . MSN . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Cavanaugh , Patrick ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen King 's ' It ' Director Explains How Bill Skarsgard Won Coveted Pennywise Role '' . Pop Culture . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` New Adaptation of Stephen King 's It Begins Filming in June '' . Dread Central . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Muschietti , Andrés ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` Day one '' . Instagram . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jorissen , Matt ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` IT Filming in Toronto This Summer '' . Lilja 's Library . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kemp , Dustin ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` STEPHEN KING 'S ' IT ' : PORT HOPE 'S TRANSFORMATION INTO DERRY AND WHAT IT REVEALS ABOUT PLOT '' . Inquisitr . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2016 . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Longwell , Karen ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` Ten changes to Port Hope 's downtown for the filming of Stephen King 's ' It ' '' . Northumberland News . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2016 . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Longwell , Karen ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` DurhamRegion : Ten changes to Port Hope 's downtown for the filming of Stephen King 's ' It ' '' . Durham Region . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2016 . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Longwell , Karen ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` Preparation for Stephen King 's ' It ' filming started in Port Hope '' . Northumberland News . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2016 . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : The Oshawa Express Editors ( July 20 , 2016 ) . `` Oshawa sewers to be haunted by literary terror '' . The Oshawa Express . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2016 . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Shah , Maryam ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' movie being filmed in Oshawa '' . Toronto Sun . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Jef ( July 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' That 's how you make a haunted house ' : Elaborate set for film of Stephen King 's ' It ' being built in Oshawa '' . Northumberland News . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2016 . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kim , Peter ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` Filming of Stephen King 's horror classic ' It ' becoming nightmare for some residents '' . Global News . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Matteis , Stephanie ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` Film crew for Stephen King movie It creates horror show for Riverdale resident '' . CBC.ca . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Honderich , Holly ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` Excessive film shoots at Riverdale home irks neighbours '' . Toronto Star . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lavoie , Joanna ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` Lights , camera , too much action at oft - used Pape Avenue film set '' . InsideToronto . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Novakovic , Stefan ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` Redevelopment Plan Re-Emerges for Storied East End Mansion '' . Urban Toronto . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ruta , Mike ( September 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' was a hit and it 's a wrap in Oshawa '' . Durham Region . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barkan , Jonathan ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' Wraps Filming : Pennywise Jack - in - the - Box Revealed '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Orange , Alan ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King 's IT Wraps Production , Pennywise Jack - in - the - Box Revealed '' . MovieWeb . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Addicted to Horror Movies Editors ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` Filming on Andy Muschietti 's Remake of Stephen King 's ' It ' has Wrapped '' . Addicted to Horror Movies . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ IMDb Editors ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` It ( 2017 ) -- IMDbPro '' . IMDb . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2016 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Yahoo Movies Staff ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' First Look : A New Close - Up of Pennywise 's Creepy Costume '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Osborn , Alex ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` IT MOVIE : FIRST FULL LOOK AT PENNYWISE THE CLOWN '' . IGN . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ K , George ( May 19 , 2012 ) . `` What is the difference between Fortuny pleating and mushroom pleating ? '' . Tom 's Sons International Pleating . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Behold Pennywise the Clown 's eerie costume from Stephen King 's It '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brucculieri , Julia ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` The First Look at Pennywise The Clown From The New ' It ' Film Is Terrifying '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stolworthy , Jacob ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` It : First full unsettling look at Pennywise the clown in Stephen King remake '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Elizabethan Doublets -- Elizabethan Era Editors ( May 16 , 2012 ) . `` Elizabethan Doublets '' . Tom 's Sons International Pleating . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Barkan , Jonathan ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' : Here 's `` Pennywise '' in Full Clown Costume and He 's Definitely Freaky ! `` . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` Muschietti Talks Paintings that Inspired Nightmarish New ' IT ' Creature '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cinefex Editors ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` It '' . Cinefex . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Rodeo FX Editors ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` IT -- In Production '' . Rodeo FX . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Rodeo FX Editors ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` FILMOGRAPHY '' . Rodeo FX . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Amalgamated Dynamics Editors ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Amalgamated Dynamics -- Filmography '' . Amalgamated Dynamics . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ White , James ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` New Images Of Pennywise And The Kids From It '' . Empire . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Truitt , Brian ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` See a creepy / cool photo of the new Pennywise in Stephen King 's ' It ' remake '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fraser , Kevin ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` ANDRÉS MUSCHIETTI SPILLS NEW DETAILS ABOUT IT AND REVEALS NEW IMAGES '' . JoBlo.com . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` Pennywise and the Losers ' Club Highlighted in New ' IT ' Images '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stefansky , Emma ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` New ' It ' Images Feature a Red Balloon and a Bunch of Terrified '' . ScreenCrush . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Pennywise disarms in secret Comic - Con footage from Stephen King 's It '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Graphic Sexual Content Involving Pre-Teens Cut From New IT Movie '' . ScreenGeek . June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sprague , Mike ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` STEPHEN KING 'S IT SCORES LIGHTS OUT COMPOSER BENJAMIN WALLFISCH '' . JoBlo.com . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ IT : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack by Benjamin Wallfisch on Apple Music , 2017 - 09 - 08 , retrieved 2017 - 09 - 01 Jump up ^ Disgusting , Mr ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Who Will Play Pennywise in Stephen King 's ' It ' ? '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.kino.dk/film/i/it/it-2017 Jump up ^ https://www.cinemagnus.nl/verwacht/film/it/1169/ Jump up ^ http://www.filmweb.no/film/article1302530.ece Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen King Says the New ' It ' Movie Succeeds Beyond Expectations '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Jack ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen King calls It remake a ' wonderful production ' '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anita Busch and Anthony D'Alessandro ( September 9 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen King 's ' It ' Scares Life Into Box Office , Beats ' Deadpool ' With $13.5 M Record Preview ; $90 M+ 3 - Day Possible '' . Deadline . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` Has Pennywise 's New Look Already Been Revealed ? '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brennan , Collin ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` Director of Stephen King 's It remake reveals concept art for Pennywise '' . Consequence of Sound . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Brian ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` Pennywise 's New Look Teased as IT Begins Shooting '' . MovieWeb . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Blu - ray Forum Editors ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` Director of Stephen King 's It remake reveals concept art for Pennywise '' . Blu - ray . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ ThePhantomFox ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Paul Greenberg missing poster taken from the IT filming in Port Hope '' . Reddit . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dillon , Ananda ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` Latest Pics From The Movie Adaptation of Stephen King 's ' IT ' Are Worthy of the King Himself '' . Moviepilot . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( August 4 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King 's IT Remake : Missing Posters Show Pennywise 's Victims '' . iHorror . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` FIRST LOOK AT PENNYWISE THE CLOWN FROM STEPHEN KING 'S IT MOVIE '' . IGN . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ White , James ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` First look at Bill Skarsgård as the new Pennywise from It '' . Empire . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stolworthy , Jacob ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` It : First look at Pennywise the Clown in Stephen King adaptation '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Thomas ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` THE FIRST LOOK AT PENNYWISE IN STEPHEN KING 'S ' IT ' IS THE STUFF OF NIGHTMARES '' . Maxim . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Eggertsen , Chris ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' remake : Here 's your first look at the new Pennywise '' . HitFix . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hall , Jacob ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' Director Andy Muschietti Shares Images From the Set '' . / Film . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wampler , Scott ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` Check Out A Bunch of Spooky New Images From The Set of IT '' . Birth. Movies. Death . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Burkart , Gregory ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Dig These Cryptic and Creepy Behind - the - Scenes Images From IT ! '' . Blumhouse Productions . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roschke , Ryan ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` A Behind - the - Scenes Look at the Horror Remake of Stephen King 's It '' . PopSugar . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roschke , Ryan ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` A Behind - the - Scenes Look at the Horror Remake of Stephen King 's It -- Slideshow '' . PopSugar . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ White , James ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` Take a full look at Bill Skarsgård as the new Pennywise from It '' . Empire . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Maxim Staff ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` THE DAILY HEAT INDEX : HERE 'S THE FIRST LOOK AT PENNYWISE THE CLOWN 'S CREEPY COSTUME FOR STEPHEN KING 'S ' IT ' '' . Maxim . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Damaske , Damion ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` FIRST LOOK AT PENNYWISE 'S `` FRIENDLY '' GUISE FROM THE NEW IT REBOOT `` . JoBlo.com . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' : Bill Skarsgård 's Creepy New Pennywise Costume Revealed '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barkan , Jonathan ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' : Here 's `` Pennywise '' in Full Clown Costume and He 's Definitely Freaky ! `` . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Aziz , Neha ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Announcing Face Your Fears : An Exclusive First Look & Filmmaker Discussion '' . SXSW . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ SXSW Editors ( March 11 , 2017 ) . `` Face Your Fears : An Exclusive First Look & Filmmaker Discussion '' . SXSW . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Kennedy , Michael ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` IT Remake Teaser Trailer Description : New Pennywise Does n't Hold Back '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trendell , Andrew ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` First trailer for re-make of Stephen King 's ' It ' ' leaves audience screaming ' '' . NME . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thurman , Trace ( March 11 , 2017 ) . `` We 've Seen Footage From Stephen King 's ' It ' ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Ben ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` First footage from Stephen King 's It remake gets critics excited '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barkan , Jonathan ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` SXSW 2017 : We Saw Footage From Stephen King 's It and Annabelle 2 '' . Dread Central . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vespe , Eric ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` The first footage from the new adaptation of Stephen King 's IT screened at SXSW and it looks really good ! '' . Ai n't It Cool News . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ White , James ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` The First Teaser Trailer For It Preys On Your Fears '' . Empire . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` New ' It ' Poster and Teaser Trailer Heralds the Horrors to Come '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gilyadov , Alex ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` NEW IT POSTER RELEASED , TRAILER TO BE REVEALED TOMORROW '' . IGN . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Creepy ' IT ' Poster Offers Up a Balloon ; Trailer Tomorrow ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` CinemaCon : New Line Scares up ' Annabelle : Creation ' as Sequel Title '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Creeps to Top of Social Media Charts '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Philip , Tom ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` The Trailer for the New IT Remake Will Ruin Your Childhood All Over Again '' . GQ . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gold , Michael ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` The New ' It ' Trailer Is Here to Give You Nightmares '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Raftery , Brian ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` With the First Trailer for It , Stephen King Reclaims the ' 80s '' . Wired . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Earl , William ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Trailer Breakdown : The 6 Best Parts That Perfectly Capture the Novel 's Brilliance '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Trailer Scares Up Worldwide Traffic Record In First 24 Hours With Near 200M , Smokes ' Fate Of The Furious ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ahern , Sarah ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Trailer Sets Record for Most Online Views in Single Day '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Coggan , Devan ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` It trailer sets all - time viewing record for 24 - hour period '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Laura ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` The It Movie Is Already Breaking Records '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Brings Horror to the MTV Movie & TV Awards With New Clip '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ahern , Sarah ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' New Footage Spooks Audiences at MTV Movie & TV Awards '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Desta , Yohana ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` It : Watch Pennywise Show His Face , If You Dare '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hincks , Joseph ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Watch the New Trailer for Andres Muschietti 's It '' . Time . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Eliza ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` A New It Trailer Is Here to Ruin Balloons Forever '' . Cosmopolitan . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Jack ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` IT movie : New trailer for Stephen King adaptation floats online '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Terrifying New ' It ' Trailer Sees Losers ' Club Journey Into Sewers '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` New ' It ' Trailer Promises Further Trouble for the Beleaguered Clown Community '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tomlin , Jack ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Watch the latest teaser for Stephen King 's It -- as The Losers ' Club are terrorised by Pennywise the Clown '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` The Losers descend into Pennywise 's nest in this new look at Stephen King 's It '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' IT ' Images Show off the Losers While Concept Art Teases the Final Confrontation '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Houghton , Rianne ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` It movie 's new concept art reveals Pennywise 's terrifying lair '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cavanaugh , Patrick ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` New Stephen King 's ' IT ' Concept Art Reveal Pennywise 's Lair '' . Pop Culture . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` New Line Cinema Brings Horror to the # SDCC With `` ScareDiego '' `` . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` Comic - Con : New Line 's ' ScareDiego ' Event To Include Exclusive ' IT ' Footage , ' Annabelle : Creation ' Screening '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barkan , Jonathan ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` # SDCC17 Update : New Line Cinemas Hosting ScareDiego Event With New IT Footage and Annabelle : Creation Screening '' . Dread Central . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` A Look at the ' IT ' Booth at the # SDCC '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` After Horrific Summer At Box Office , ' It ' Will Bring Life To Fall Marketplace With Potential $60 M Opening '' . Deadline.com . August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks Barnes ( September 3 , 2017 ) . `` After Dismal Summer , Hollywood Pins Hopes on Fall Ticket Sales '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Adaptation of Stephen King 's ' It ' Targets Fall Opening Weekend Record '' . Box Office Mojo . September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fandango : ' IT ' Shatters Presales Records for Horror Movies and September Releases '' . Box Office Pro . September 6 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' It ' Scares Up Record - Crushing $13.5 Million Thursday '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Crazed Clown Cashes Smashes Sept. , Genre Records As Stephen King 's ' It ' Pulls In $123 M+ Opening '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : Stephen King 's ' It ' Smashes Records With Massive $117 Million Opening '' . Variety . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It ' Scares Up $11.4 M , Biggest Tuesday Ever For September ; Stephen King Film To Clear $200 M This Weekend '' . Deadline.com . September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Allesandro , Anthony . `` ' American Assassin ' Collects $915 K In Previews ; ' It ' Still King Of The B.O. As Horror Pic Heads To $200 M + '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Allesandro , Anthony . `` ' Mother ! ' Dies With ' F ' CinemaScore And $7.5 M Start As ' It ' Becomes Biggest September Release Ever With $218 M+ Cume '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Allesandro , Anthony ( September 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Kingsman : The Golden Circle ' Ropes $38 M+ ; ' Ninjago ' Dulls Sword To $21 M ; ' Friend Request ' A Loner With $1.8 M '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` No doubt about ' IT ' : Stephen King clown puts serious scares on screen '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Jump up ^ Andrew Barker ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` Film Review : Stephen King 's ' It ' '' . Variety . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mark Kermode ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` It review -- enthusiastic , cine - literate retelling of Stephen King 's horror novel '' . The Observer . The Guardian ) ) . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Christopher Orr ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` It : A Solid but Conventional Shocker '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zack Sharf ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Reviews Are Disappointed the Film Uses ' Too Many Jump Scares ' That Do n't Add Up '' . IndieWire . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Michael Phillips ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' review : Stand by me , and we 'll deal with this clown '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eric Kohn ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Review : Stephen King 's Killer Clown Faithfully Comes to Life , But Do n't Expect Any Surprises '' . IndieWire . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chris Nashawaty ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` It delivers the scares , despite too much clowning around '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Trailer Awards Nominees : Warner Bros & ' Lego Batman ' Lead Pack '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Hilary ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Trailer Awards : ' Lego Batman Movie ' Leads With 11 Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Wins Top Prize at Golden Trailer Awards '' . Variety . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.goldentrailer.com/gta-18-nominees/ Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : ' It ' Movie Hopefully Shooting This Year ; Will Be Rated - R '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' IT ' Director Andy Muschietti Says He 's Coming Back for a Sequel '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zinski , Dan ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Second IT Movie Adaptation Aims to Start Filming Next Year '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brew , Simon ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen King 's It sequel set to start filming next spring '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wax , Alyse ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` STEPHEN KING 'S IT ALREADY HAS A SEQUEL PLANNED '' . Syfy . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' IT ' Director Andy Muschietti on Reinventing Pennywise and Sequel Plans '' . Collider.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Sean ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Why The IT Movie Left The Adult Storyline Out Of The First Film '' . CinemaBlend . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` The ' IT ' Movie Had to Cut Two Crazy Scenes to Stay On - Budget '' . Collider.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Sequel Sets September 2019 Release Date '' . Variety.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Movie Sequel Plans Move Forward at New Line '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . External links Film in the United States portal Horror fiction portal 2010s portal Official website It on IMDb It at Box Office Mojo It at Rotten Tomatoes It at Metacritic Films directed by Andy Muschietti Mama ( 2013 ) It ( 2017 ) Cary Fukunaga Films directed Sin Nombre ( 2009 ) Jane Eyre ( 2011 ) Beasts of No Nation ( 2015 ) Films written It ( 2017 ) Television series created Maniac ( TBA ) Television series directed True Detective ( 2014 ) Adaptations of works by Stephen King Films The Shining ( 1980 ) Cujo ( 1983 ) The Dead Zone ( 1983 ) Christine ( 1983 ) Cat 's Eye ( 1985 ) Silver Bullet ( 1985 ) The Running Man ( 1987 ) Tales from the Darkside : The Movie ( 1990 ) Graveyard Shift ( 1990 ) Misery ( 1990 ) Sleepwalkers ( 1992 ) Needful Things ( 1993 ) The Dark Half ( 1993 ) Dolores Claiborne ( 1995 ) Thinner ( 1996 ) The Night Flier ( 1997 ) The Green Mile ( 1999 ) Hearts in Atlantis ( 2001 ) Dreamcatcher ( 2003 ) Secret Window ( 2004 ) Riding the Bullet ( 2004 ) 1408 ( 2007 ) The Mist ( 2007 ) Dolan 's Cadillac ( 2009 ) A Good Marriage ( 2014 ) Mercy ( 2014 ) Cell ( 2016 ) The Dark Tower ( 2017 ) It ( 2017 ) Gerald 's Game ( 2017 ) Carrie Carrie ( 1976 ) The Rage : Carrie 2 ( 1999 ) Carrie ( 2002 ) Carrie ( 2013 ) Creepshow Creepshow ( 1982 ) Creepshow 2 ( 1987 ) Creepshow 3 ( 2007 ) Children of the Corn Disciples of the Crow ( 1983 ) Children of the Corn ( 1984 ) The Final Sacrifice ( 1992 ) Urban Harvest ( 1995 ) The Gathering ( 1996 ) Fields of Terror ( 1998 ) Isaac 's Return ( 1999 ) Revelation ( 2001 ) Children of the Corn ( 2009 ) Genesis ( 2011 ) Different Seasons Stand by Me ( 1986 ) The Shawshank Redemption ( 1994 ) Apt Pupil ( 1998 ) Firestarter Firestarter ( 1984 ) Rekindled ( 2002 ) Trucks Maximum Overdrive ( 1986 ) Trucks ( 1997 ) Pet Sematary Pet Sematary ( 1989 ) Pet Sematary Two ( 1992 ) The Mangler The Mangler ( 1995 ) The Mangler 2 ( 2002 ) The Mangler Reborn ( 2005 ) The Lawnmower Man The Lawnmower Man ( 1992 ) Beyond Cyberspace ( 1996 ) TV films , episodes , and miniseries `` Gramma '' ( 1986 ) `` Sorry , Right Number '' ( 1987 ) It ( 1990 ) The Tommyknockers ( 1993 ) The Stand ( 1994 ) The Langoliers ( 1995 ) The Shining ( 1997 ) Quicksilver Highway ( 1997 ) `` The Revelations of Becka Paulson '' ( 1997 ) Storm of the Century ( 1999 ) Stephen King 's Desperation ( 2006 ) Nightmares & Dreamscapes : From the Stories of Stephen King ( 2006 ) Bag of Bones ( 2011 ) Big Driver ( 2014 ) Salem 's Lot Salem 's Lot ( 1979 ) A Return to Salem 's Lot ( 1987 ) Salem 's Lot ( 2004 ) Sometimes They Come Back Sometimes They Come Back ( 1991 ) Sometimes They Come Back ... Again ( 1996 ) Sometimes They Come Back ... for More ( 1998 ) Rose Red Rose Red ( 2002 ) The Diary of Ellen Rimbauer ( 2003 ) TV series Golden Years ( 1991 ) The Dead Zone ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Kingdom Hospital ( 2004 ) Haven ( 2010 -- 2015 ) Under the Dome ( 2013 -- 2015 ) 11.22. 63 ( 2016 ) The Mist ( 2017 -- present ) Mr. Mercedes ( 2017 ) Castle Rock ( TBA ) Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It_(2017_film)&oldid=802508553 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films American films 2010s teen horror films Horror adventure films 2010s adventure films 2010s drama films 2010s thriller films 2017 horror films 2010s horror thriller films American horror thriller films American supernatural horror films American supernatural thriller films American psychological horror films American psychological thriller films American psychological drama films Horror drama films Horror films about clowns Films about children Films about domestic violence Films about bullying Films set in Maine Films set in 1988 Films set in 1989 Films set in fictional populated places Films based on American horror novels Films based on works by Stephen King Films produced by Dan Lin Warner Bros. films New Line Cinema films Films about shapeshifting Incest in film Maine in fiction Patricide in fiction American coming - of - age films Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from February 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 16 : 18 . 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where is the new it movie being filmed

Production designer Mara LePere - Schloop went to Bangor , Maine , to scope out locations , including the Thomas Hill Standpipe , the land running alongside the Kenduskeag Stream that in It is called The Barrens , and the Waterworks on the Penobscot River . LePere - Schloop said that they were hoping to shoot some scenes in the city , and possibly take some aerial shots . On May 31 , 2016 , Third Act Productions was confirmed to have applied to film interior and exterior scenes for It in the municipality of Port Hope , with filming slated for various locations around the municipality from July 11 , 2016 to July 18 , 2016 . Principal photography begun in Toronto , with an original shooting schedule from June 27 to September 6 , 2016 .

FIFA World Cup awards - wikipedia FIFA World Cup awards This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 29 October 2018 . This article is about the men 's senior tournament . For the women 's tournament , see FIFA Women 's World Cup awards . At the end of each FIFA World Cup final tournament , several awards are presented to the players and teams which have distinguished themselves in various aspects of the game . Contents 1 Awards 2 Golden Ball 3 Golden Boot 4 Golden Glove 5 Best Young Player Award 6 FIFA Fair Play Trophy 7 Man of the Match 8 Most Entertaining Team 9 All - Star Team 10 Goal of the Tournament 11 References 12 External links Awards ( edit ) There are currently five post-tournament awards , and one given during the tournament : the Golden Ball ( currently commercially termed `` adidas Golden Ball '' ) for best player , first awarded in 1982 ; the Golden Boot ( currently commercially termed `` adidas Golden Boot '' , previously known as the `` adidas Golden Shoe '' from 1982 to 2006 ) for top goal scorer , first awarded in 1982 ; the Golden Glove Award ( currently commercially termed `` adidas Golden Glove '' ; previously known as the `` Lev Yashin Award '' from 1994 to 2006 ) for best goalkeeper , first awarded in 1994 ; the Best Young Player ( currently commercially termed as `` Hyundai Best Young Player '' ) award for best player under 21 years of age at the start of the calendar year , first awarded in 2006 ; the FIFA Fair Play Trophy for the team that advanced to the second round with the best record of fair play , first awarded in 1970 ; the Man of the Match Award ( currently commercially termed as `` Budweiser Man of the Match '' ) for outstanding performance during each game of the tournament , first awarded in 2002 . Two other awards were given between 1994 and 2006 : The Most Entertaining Team award for the team that has entertained the public the most , during the World Cup final tournament , as determined by a poll of the general public ; An All - Star Team comprising the best players of the tournament chosen by the technical study group . Golden Ball ( edit ) The Golden Ball award is presented to the best player at each FIFA World Cup finals , with a shortlist drawn up by the FIFA technical committee and the winner voted for by representatives of the media . Those who finish as runners - up in the vote receive the Silver Ball and Bronze Ball awards as the second and third most outstanding players in the tournament respectively . The current award was introduced in the 1982 FIFA World Cup , sponsored by Adidas and France Football , though fifa.com also lists in their player articles as `` golden ball winners '' Kempes , Cruyff , Pelé , Bobby Charlton , Garrincha and Didi for 1978 , 1974 , 1970 , 1966 , 1962 and 1958 respectively . Barcelona is the only club whose players have won the Golden Ball a record 3 times ( Johan Cruyff in 1974 , Romário in 1994 , Lionel Messi in 2014 ) . Golden Ball World Cup Golden Ball Silver Ball Bronze Ball 1930 Uruguay José Nasazzi Guillermo Stábile José Leandro Andrade 1934 Italy Giuseppe Meazza Matthias Sindelar Oldřich Nejedlý 1938 France Leônidas Silvio Piola György Sárosi 1950 Brazil Zizinho Juan Alberto Schiaffino Ademir 1954 Switzerland Ferenc Puskás Sándor Kocsis Fritz Walter 1958 Sweden Didi Pelé Just Fontaine 1962 Chile Garrincha Josef Masopust Leonel Sánchez 1966 England Bobby Charlton Bobby Moore Eusébio 1970 Mexico Pelé Gérson Gerd Müller 1974 West Germany Johan Cruyff Franz Beckenbauer Kazimierz Deyna 1978 Argentina Mario Kempes Paolo Rossi Dirceu 1982 Spain Paolo Rossi Falcão Karl - Heinz Rummenigge 1986 Mexico Diego Maradona Harald Schumacher Preben Elkjær Larsen 1990 Italy Salvatore Schillaci Lothar Matthäus Diego Maradona 1994 United States Romario Roberto Baggio Hristo Stoichkov 1998 France Ronaldo Davor Šuker Lilian Thuram 2002 Korea / Japan Oliver Kahn Ronaldo Hong Myung - bo 2006 Germany Zinedine Zidane Fabio Cannavaro Andrea Pirlo 2010 South Africa Diego Forlán Wesley Sneijder David Villa 2014 Brazil Lionel Messi Thomas Müller Arjen Robben 2018 Russia Luka Modrić Eden Hazard Antoine Griezmann Golden Boot ( edit ) The Golden Boot or Golden Shoe Award goes to the top goalscorer of the FIFA World Cup . While every World Cup had a ranking of the goalscorers , the first time an award was given was in 1982 , under the name Golden Shoe . It was rechristened Golden Boot in 2010 . FIFA sometimes lists the top goalscorers of previous Cups among the Golden Boot winners . If there is more than one player with the same number of goals , since 1994 the tie - breaker goes to the player without a penalty goal , if none has a penalty then the tie breaker goes to the person with more assists - with the FIFA Technical Study Group deciding whether an assist is to be counted as such . If there is still more than one player , the tie - breaker since 2006 goes to the player who has played the least amount of time , which translates to a higher goal average . Top Goalscorer World Cup Top goalscorer Goals Runners - up Goals Third place Goals 1930 Uruguay Guillermo Stábile 8 Pedro Cea 5 Bert Patenaude 1934 Italy Oldřich Nejedlý 5 Edmund Conen Angelo Schiavio None -- 1938 France Leônidas 7 György Sárosi Gyula Zsengellér Silvio Piola 5 1950 Brazil Ademir 8 Óscar Míguez Alcides Ghiggia Chico Estanislau Basora Telmo Zarra 1954 Switzerland Sándor Kocsis 11 Josef Hügi Max Morlock Erich Probst 6 None -- 1958 Sweden Just Fontaine 13 Pelé Helmut Rahn 1962 Chile Flórián Albert Valentin Ivanov Garrincha Vavá Dražan Jerković Leonel Sánchez None -- 1966 England Eusébio 9 Helmut Haller 6 Valeriy Porkujan Geoff Hurst Ferenc Bene Franz Beckenbauer 1970 Mexico Gerd Müller 10 Jairzinho 7 Teófilo Cubillas 5 1974 West Germany Grzegorz Lato 7 Andrzej Szarmach Johan Neeskens 5 None 1978 Argentina Mario Kempes 6 Teófilo Cubillas Rob Rensenbrink 5 Golden Shoe World Cup Golden Shoe Goals Silver Shoe Goals Bronze Shoe Goals 1982 Spain Paolo Rossi 6 Karl - Heinz Rummenigge 5 Zico 1986 Mexico Gary Lineker Emilio Butragueño Careca Diego Maradona None 1990 Italy Salvatore Schillaci Tomáš Skuhravý Roger Milla Gary Lineker 1994 United States Oleg Salenko Hristo Stoichkov None -- Kennet Andersson Romário 5 1998 France Davor Šuker Gabriel Batistuta Christian Vieri 5 None 2002 South Korea / Japan Ronaldo 8 Miroslav Klose Rivaldo 2006 Germany Miroslav Klose 5 Hernán Crespo Ronaldo Golden Boot World Cup Golden Boot Goals Silver Boot Goals Bronze Boot Goals 2010 South Africa Thomas Müller 5 David Villa 5 Wesley Sneijder 5 2014 Brazil James Rodríguez 6 Thomas Müller 5 Neymar 2018 Russia Harry Kane Antoine Griezmann Romelu Lukaku Notes Jump up ^ FIFA initially credited Nejedlý with only four goals , which would make him joint top scorer with Angelo Schiavio of Italy and Edmund Conen of Germany . However , FIFA changed it to five goals in November 2006 , making Nejedlý the outright top scorer . Jump up ^ FIFA initially credited Leônidas with eight goals . However , in November 2006 , FIFA confirmed that in the quarter - final tie against Czechoslovakia , he had scored once , not twice as FIFA had originally recorded , meaning he had scored only seven goals in total . Jump up ^ There was controversy regarding the number of goals Brazilian Ademir had scored in 1950 , as a result of incomplete data concerning the Final Round game Brazil vs. Spain ( 6 -- 1 ) . The 5 -- 0 goal had been credited to Jair , but is now credited to Ademir . Jump up ^ Salenko is the only player to win the award playing for a team that were eliminated in the group stages . His six goals are the only international goals he ever scored . Jump up ^ Despite the assist tiebreaker , Salenko and Stoichkov remained tied with 6 goals and one assist each , and both received the Golden Shoe . Jump up ^ Romário and Andersson surpassed the other two players with five goals ( Jürgen Klinsmann and Roberto Baggio ) by having three assists each . Jump up ^ Both runners - up had the same number of assists , and each received the Silver Shoe . Jump up ^ During the tournament , after the group stage match against Costa Rica , Ronaldo logged a protest against the crediting of a goal as an own goal , and FIFA granted him the change . ^ Jump up to : Eight players had scored three goals . Ronaldo , Crespo and Zinedine Zidane stood out for having one assist , and then the two recipients were determined by less playtime ( 308 minutes for Crespo , 411 for Ronaldo , 559 for Zidane ) . ^ Jump up to : Müller , Villa , Sneijder and Diego Forlán tied with five goals . Müller won by virtue of having more assists ( 3 ) than the rest ( each had one ) . Villa won the Silver Boot due to playing fewer minutes than Sneijder , and Sneijder won the Bronze Boot due to having played fewer minutes than Forlán . Jump up ^ Neymar , Lionel Messi and Robin van Persie all had four goals in the tournament . Neymar received the Bronze Boot for playing fewer minutes than his competitors ( 480 ; Messi played 693 minutes , and Van Persie , 548 ) . ^ Jump up to : Griezmann , Lukaku , Denis Cheryshev , Cristiano Ronaldo and Kylian Mbappé tied with 4 goals . Griezmann won the Silver Boot by virtue of having more assists ( 2 ) than the rest ( Lukaku had one , the rest had zero ) . Lukaku won the Bronze Boot due to having more assists ( one ) than Cheryshev , Ronaldo or Mbappé ( zero ) . Golden Glove ( edit ) The Golden Glove Award is awarded to the best goalkeeper of the tournament . The award was introduced with the name Lev Yashin Award in 1994 , in honor of the late Soviet goalkeeper . The FIFA Technical Study Group recognises the top goalkeeper of the tournament based on the player 's performance throughout the final competition . Although goalkeepers have this specific award for their position , they are still eligible for the Golden Ball as well , as when Oliver Kahn was awarded in 2002 . In the event of a tie , the Golden Glove Award goes to the goalkeeper who progressed furthest in the competition . The next tiebreakers are saves made , then minutes played . World Cup Golden Glove 1994 United States Michel Preud'homme 1998 France Fabien Barthez 2002 Korea / Japan Oliver Kahn 2006 Germany Gianluigi Buffon 2010 South Africa Iker Casillas 2014 Brazil Manuel Neuer 2018 Russia Thibaut Courtois Although the Golden Glove Award was first awarded in 1994 , every All - Star Team in World Cups prior to 1998 except 1990 included only one goalkeeper . World Cup All - Star Goalkeeper 1930 Uruguay Enrique Ballestrero 1934 Italy Ricardo Zamora 1938 France František Plánička 1950 Brazil Roque Máspoli 1954 Switzerland Gyula Grosics 1958 Sweden Harry Gregg 1962 Chile Viliam Schrojf 1966 England Gordon Banks 1970 Mexico Ladislao Mazurkiewicz 1974 West Germany Sepp Maier 1978 Argentina Ubaldo Fillol 1982 Spain Dino Zoff 1986 Mexico Jean - Marie Pfaff 1990 Italy Luis Gabelo Conejo Sergio Goycochea Best Young player award ( edit ) The Best Young Player award was awarded for the first time at the 2006 World Cup in Germany and given to Germany 's Lukas Podolski . The award is given to the best player in the tournament who is at most 21 years old . For the 2018 World Cup , this meant that the player had to have been born on or after 1 January 1997 . The election took place on FIFA 's official World Cup website with the help of The FIFA Technical Study Group . FIFA organised a survey on the Internet for users to choose the `` best young player '' of the World Cup , between 1958 and 2002 , named the best young player of each tournament . With 61 % of the overall vote , the winner was Pelé , who finished ahead of the Peruvian Teófilo Cubillas , the best young player at Mexico 1970 , and England 's Michael Owen , who reached similar heights at France 98 . YPA World Cup Best Young Player Age 1958 Sweden Pelé 17 1962 Chile Flórián Albert 20 1966 England Franz Beckenbauer 20 1970 Mexico Teófilo Cubillas 21 1974 West Germany Władysław Żmuda 20 1978 Argentina Antonio Cabrini 1982 Spain Manuel Amoros 21 1986 Mexico Enzo Scifo 20 1990 Italy Robert Prosinečki 21 1994 United States Marc Overmars 1998 France Michael Owen 18 2002 Korea / Japan Landon Donovan 20 2006 Germany Lukas Podolski 21 2010 South Africa Thomas Müller 20 2014 Brazil Paul Pogba 21 2018 Russia Kylian Mbappé 19 FIFA Fair play trophy ( edit ) The FIFA Fair Play Trophy is given to the team with the best record of fair play during the World Cup final tournament since 1970 . Only teams that qualified for the second round are considered . The winners of this award earn the FIFA Fair Play Trophy , a diploma , a fair play medal for each player and official , and $50,000 worth of football equipment to be used for youth development . The appearance of the award was originally a certificate . From 1982 to 1990 , it had been a golden trophy based on Sport Billy , a football - playing cartoon character from 1982 who became an icon for FIFA Fair play . Ever since 1994 , it is simply a trophy with an elegant footballer figure . Peru was the first nation to win the award after receiving no yellow or red cards in the 1970 FIFA World Cup held in Mexico . Peru 's FIFA Fair Play trophy award . Peru won the award after receiving no yellow or red cards in the tournament . World Cup FIFA Fair Play Trophy Winners 1970 Mexico Peru 1974 West Germany West Germany 1978 Argentina Argentina 1982 Spain Brazil 1986 Mexico Brazil 1990 Italy England 1994 United States Brazil 1998 France England France 2002 Korea / Japan Belgium 2006 Germany Brazil Spain 2010 South Africa Spain 2014 Brazil Colombia 2018 Russia Spain Man of the Match ( edit ) The Man of the Match award picks the outstanding player in every game of the tournament since 2002 . While the inaugural two editions were chosen by the technical group , the Man of the Match is since 2010 picked by an online poll on FIFA 's website . World Cup Most Man of the Match wins Wins 2002 South Korea / Japan Rivaldo 2006 Germany Andrea Pirlo 2010 South Africa Wesley Sneijder 2014 Brazil Lionel Messi 2018 Russia Antoine Griezmann Eden Hazard Harry Kane Luka Modrić Total awards As of 15 July 2018 Rank Player Country MoM WC with awards Arjen Robben Netherlands 6 2006 , 2010 , 2014 Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal 2010 , 2014 , 2018 Lionel Messi Argentina 2010 , 2014 , 2018 Luis Suárez Uruguay 5 2010 , 2014 , 2018 5 Eden Hazard Belgium 2014 , 2018 Keisuke Honda Japan 2010 , 2014 James Rodríguez Colombia 2014 , 2018 Miroslav Klose Germany 2002 , 2006 Park Ji - sung South Korea 2002 , 2006 , 2010 Thomas Müller Germany 2010 , 2014 Wesley Sneijder Netherlands By Country As of 15 July 2018 Rank Country MoM Players Brazil 22 14 Germany 12 France 17 11 Spain 16 10 5 Argentina 15 8 6 England 14 12 7 Mexico 12 10 Netherlands 9 South Korea 11 7 Portugal 6 United States 7 Most Entertaining Team ( edit ) The FIFA Award for the Most Entertaining Team is a subjectively awarded prize for the team that had done the most to entertain the public with a positive approach to the game , organised through public participation in a poll starting in 1994 . World Cup Most Entertaining Team Award 1994 United States Brazil 1998 France France 2002 Korea / Japan South Korea 2006 Germany Portugal 2010 South Africa Germany 2014 Brazil Colombia All - Star Team ( edit ) The All - Star Team is a team of the best performers at the respective World Cup finals . The ways in which the FIFA All - Star team members have been chosen has varied from year to year . A technical study group consisting of journalists - mostly from Europe and South America - and experts has historically chosen the team . However , in 1994 FIFA decided to add an official squad , chosen by the FIFA technical group and under the brand name MasterCard All - Star Team . For 1998 , 2002 and 2006 , substitute and reserve members were also nominated for full 22 and 23 - player squads . The All - Star team wound up dropped prior to the 2010 tournament - coincidentally , three years after FIFA changed its sponsorship from MasterCard to Visa . All Star Team World Cup Goalkeepers Defenders Midfielders Forwards 1930 Uruguay Enrique Ballestrero José Nasazzi Milutin Ivković Luis Monti Álvaro Gestido José Leandro Andrade Pedro Cea Héctor Castro Héctor Scarone Guillermo Stábile Bert Patenaude 1934 Italy Ricardo Zamora Jacinto Quincoces Eraldo Monzeglio Luis Monti Attilio Ferraris Leonardo Cilaurren Giuseppe Meazza Raimundo Orsi Enrique Guaita Matthias Sindelar Oldřich Nejedlý 1938 France František Plánička Pietro Rava Alfredo Foni Domingos da Guia Michele Andreolo Ugo Locatelli Silvio Piola Gino Colaussi György Sárosi Gyula Zsengellér Leônidas 1950 Brazil Roque Máspoli Erik Nilsson José Parra Víctor Rodríguez Andrade Obdulio Varela Bauer Alcides Ghiggia Jair Zizinho Ademir Juan Alberto Schiaffino 1954 Switzerland Gyula Grosics Ernst Ocwirk Djalma Santos José Santamaría Fritz Walter József Bozsik Nándor Hidegkuti Zoltán Czibor Helmut Rahn Ferenc Puskás Sándor Kocsis 1958 Sweden Harry Gregg Djalma Santos Bellini Nílton Santos Danny Blanchflower Didi Gunnar Gren Raymond Kopa Pelé Garrincha Just Fontaine 1962 Chile Viliam Schrojf Djalma Santos Cesare Maldini Valery Voronin Karl - Heinz Schnellinger Mário Zagallo Zito Josef Masopust Vavá Garrincha Leonel Sánchez 1966 England Gordon Banks George Cohen Bobby Moore Vicente Silvio Marzolini Franz Beckenbauer Mário Coluna Bobby Charlton Flórián Albert Uwe Seeler Eusébio 1970 Mexico Ladislao Mazurkiewicz Carlos Alberto Atilio Ancheta Franz Beckenbauer Giacinto Facchetti Gérson Rivellino Bobby Charlton Pelé Gerd Müller Jairzinho 1974 West Germany Sepp Maier Ruud Krol Paul Breitner Elias Figueroa Franz Beckenbauer Berti Vogts Wolfgang Overath Kazimierz Deyna Johan Neeskens Rob Rensenbrink Johan Cruyff Grzegorz Lato 1978 Argentina Ubaldo Fillol Berti Vogts Ruud Krol Daniel Passarella Alberto Tarantini Dirceu Teófilo Cubillas Rob Rensenbrink Roberto Bettega Paolo Rossi Mario Kempes 1982 Spain Dino Zoff Luizinho Júnior Claudio Gentile Fulvio Collovati Zbigniew Boniek Falcão Michel Platini Zico Paolo Rossi Karl - Heinz Rummenigge 1986 Mexico Jean - Marie Pfaff Josimar Manuel Amoros Júlio César Jan Ceulemans Jean Tigana Michel Platini Diego Maradona Preben Elkjær Larsen Emilio Butragueño Gary Lineker 1990 Italy Sergio Goycochea Luis Gabelo Conejo Andreas Brehme Paolo Maldini Franco Baresi Diego Maradona Lothar Matthäus Dragan Stojković Paul Gascoigne Salvatore Schillaci Roger Milla Jürgen Klinsmann MasterCard All Star Team World Cup Goalkeepers Defenders Midfielders Forwards 1994 United States Michel Preud'homme Jorginho Márcio Santos Paolo Maldini Dunga Krasimir Balakov Gheorghe Hagi Tomas Brolin Romário Hristo Stoichkov Roberto Baggio 1998 France ( 1 ) Fabien Barthez José Luis Chilavert Roberto Carlos Marcel Desailly Lilian Thuram Frank de Boer Carlos Gamarra Dunga Rivaldo Michael Laudrup Zinedine Zidane Edgar Davids Ronaldo Davor Šuker Brian Laudrup Dennis Bergkamp 2002 Korea / Japan ( 2 ) Oliver Kahn Rüştü Reçber Roberto Carlos Sol Campbell Fernando Hierro Hong Myung - bo Alpay Özalan Rivaldo Ronaldinho Michael Ballack Claudio Reyna Yoo Sang - chul Ronaldo Miroslav Klose El Hadji Diouf Hasan Şaş 2006 Germany Gianluigi Buffon Jens Lehmann Ricardo Roberto Ayala John Terry Lilian Thuram Philipp Lahm Fabio Cannavaro Gianluca Zambrotta Ricardo Carvalho Zé Roberto Patrick Vieira Zinedine Zidane Michael Ballack Andrea Pirlo Gennaro Gattuso Luís Figo Maniche Hernán Crespo Thierry Henry Miroslav Klose Luca Toni Francesco Totti In addition to the 16 of the All - Star Team , 6 reserves were listed : Edwin van der Sar , Juan Sebastián Verón , Thierry Henry , Jay - Jay Okocha , Michael Owen , and Christian Vieri . Again there were seven reserves : Iker Casillas , Cafu , Dietmar Hamann , Joaquín , Hidetoshi Nakata , Landon Donovan , and Marc Wilmots . In 2010 , an equivalent of the All Star Team was an online poll to FIFA.com Club members named `` Dream Team '' , sponsored by Yingli . The Dream Team poll returned the following edition sponsored by Oi , and again in 2018 sponsored by Hisense . Dream Team World Cup Goalkeepers Defenders Midfielders Forwards Manager 2010 South Africa Iker Casillas Philipp Lahm Sergio Ramos Carles Puyol Maicon Xavi Bastian Schweinsteiger Wesley Sneijder Andrés Iniesta David Villa Diego Forlán Vicente del Bosque 2014 Brazil Manuel Neuer Marcelo Mats Hummels David Luiz Thiago Silva Ángel Di María Toni Kroos James Rodríguez Neymar Thomas Müller Lionel Messi Joachim Löw 2018 Russia Thibaut Courtois Marcelo Raphaël Varane Diego Godín Thiago Silva Philippe Coutinho Luka Modrić Kevin De Bruyne Cristiano Ronaldo Harry Kane Kylian Mbappé While FIFA did not release an official list for 2014 , official sponsor Castrol published a team of the tournament based on their Castrol Performance Index , which evaluates players ' performances through statistical data . Similarly , McDonald 's sponsored in 2018 a fantasy football game , whose team of highest - scoring players was published after the tournament . Castrol Index Top 11 World Cup Goalkeepers Defenders Midfielders Forwards 2014 Brazil Manuel Neuer Marcos Rojo Mats Hummels Thiago Silva Stefan de Vrij Oscar Toni Kroos Philipp Lahm James Rodríguez Arjen Robben Thomas Müller Fantasy McDonald 's Overall XI World Cup Goalkeepers Defenders Midfielders Forwards 2018 Russia Thibaut Courtois Andreas Granqvist Raphaël Varane Thiago Silva Yerry Mina Denis Cheryshev Philippe Coutinho Luka Modrić Harry Kane Eden Hazard Antoine Griezmann Only two players have been named in three separate All - Star teams whose selection only included the starting eleven : Djalma Santos in 1954 , 1958 and 1962 , Franz Beckenbauer in 1966 , 1970 and 1974 . Philipp Lahm also achieved it in 2006 , 2010 and 2014 . However , the 2006 edition listed 23 players and 2014 had two All - Star team listed . Lahm 's name has only been in one of these . 21 players have been named in two separate All - Star teams : Luis Monti ( 1930 and 1934 ; representing Argentina and Italy respectively ) ; Garrincha ( 1958 and 1962 ) ; Pelé ( 1958 and 1970 ) ; Bobby Charlton ( 1966 and 1970 ) ; Ruud Krol and Rob Rensenbrink ( 1974 and 1978 ) ; Berti Vogts ( 1974 and 1978 ) ; Paolo Rossi ( 1978 and 1982 ) ; Michel Platini ( 1982 and 1986 ) ; Diego Maradona ( 1986 and 1990 ) ; Paolo Maldini ( 1990 and 1994 ) ; Dunga ( 1994 and 1998 ) ; Roberto Carlos , Rivaldo , and Ronaldo ( 1998 and 2002 ) ; Lilian Thuram and Zinedine Zidane ( 1998 and 2006 ) ; Michael Ballack and Miroslav Klose ( 2002 and 2006 ) ; Marcelo and Thiago Silva ( 2014 and 2018 ) . Pelé hold the record of the longest time between being named in two separate All - Star teams by 12 years apart ( 1958 and 1970 ) . Uruguay in 1930 and 1950 , Spain in 2010 and Germany in 2014 are the only teams to have had a player in every position on the All - Star Team . Germany and Italy achieved it in 2006 , however , the 2006 edition listed 23 players . Uruguay in 1930 and Italy in 2006 have the most players selected in the All - Star Team with 7 players each . However , the 1930 selection only had 11 players overall , while the 2006 selection had 23 . 37 different Brazilian players have been named in All - Star teams , Brazil is also the nation with most nominations with 44 nominees in every position except goalkeeper . Only three players frosm North American zone and two from each the African and Asian zones have been named in All - Star teams , Bert Patenaude and Claudio Reyna from the United States in 1930 and 2002 , as well as Luis Gabelo Conejo from Costa Rica in 1990 , Hong Myung - bo and Yoo Sang - chul of South Korea in 2002 and Roger Milla from Cameroon in 1990 and El Hadji Diouf from Senegal in 2002 . Another player from each zone has been named in reserves : Jay - Jay Okocha from Nigeria in 1998 , Hidetoshi Nakata from Japan in 2002 and Landon Donovan from the United States in 2006 . Only one player on the victorious 1986 Argentina team , Diego Maradona , was selected in that year 's All - Star team . Uniquely , brothers Brian Laudrup and Michael Laudrup were both selected for the All Star Team from Denmark in 1998 . Similarly , Cesare Maldini and Paolo Maldini are the only father and son players that were both selected for the All Star Team from Italy , in 1962 and 1990 , 1994 respectively . Uniquely , Argentinian compatriots Diego Maradona ( 1979 and 1986 ) and Lionel Messi ( 2005 and 2014 ) are the only players that won the Golden Ball award at both FIFA World Cup and FIFA World Youth Championship . Goal of the Tournament ( edit ) World Cup Player Scored against Score ( 1 ) Result ( 1 ) Round Source 2006 Germany Maxi Rodríguez Mexico 2 ‒ 1 2 ‒ 1 Round of 16 2010 South Africa Diego Forlán Germany 2 ‒ 1 2 ‒ 3 3rd place match 2014 Brazil James Rodríguez Uruguay 1 ‒ 0 2 ‒ 0 Round of 16 2018 Russia Benjamin Pavard Argentina 2 ‒ 2 4 ‒ 3 Round of 16 ( 1 ) First number represents players team , while second number represents opponents team References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2014 FIFA World Cup : Awards '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA eliminates official World Cup All - Star team '' . USA Today . 21 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : 1982 FIFA World Cup Technical Report , page 222 : Paolo Rossi wins both adidas / France Football World Cup Trophies Jump up ^ `` Golden Ball winners in World Cup history '' . SI.com . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup Best Players ( Golden Ball ) '' . Topend Sports . Retrieved 23 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA World Cups : Awards '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 June 2016 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Champions at a Glance '' . FIFA . p. 14 . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` adidas Golden Shoe - FIFA World Cup TM Final '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Romario is voted the top player of World Cup ' 94 and winner of the FIFA / adidas Golden Ball award ; Salenko and Stoichkov tie as leading scorers for World Cup USA ' 94 '' . Business Wire. 17 July 1994 . ( FIFA ) has announced Oleg Salenko ( Russia ) and Hristo Stoichkov ( Bulgaria ) as ( ... ) winners of the prestigious adidas Golden Shoe award ( ... ) who made six goals and one assist each . Kennet Andersson ( Sweden ) with 5 goals and 3 assists , will receive a Bronze replica of the Predator ( ... ) Throughout World Cup ' 94 , three points were awarded for each goal scored and one point for each assist leading to a goal , with a maximum of two assists per goal . Assists are only taken into account if two or more players scored the same number of goals . Jump up ^ Bryan , Rebecca ( 11 July 1994 ) . `` Football by the numbers '' . Los Angeles : Agence France Presse . the assist has gained enough ground to earn a place in the calculations for the Golden Boot award , which in every previous World Cup has been awarded solely on the basis of goals scored . Under the formula , players get three points for a goal , and one point for an assist . `` We made a two - point difference because we do not want someone who did not score winning the award , '' a FIFA official said . Jump up ^ `` 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil -- Awards -- adidas Golden Boot '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup : Statistics '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 FIFA World Cup Technical Report '' ( PDF ) . FIFA Technical Group . 2014 . p. 177 . TOP GOALSCORERS 1930 - 2014 ^ Jump up to : `` American Bert Patenaude credited with first hat trick in FIFA World Cup history '' . Fifa.com . Retrieved 20 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Match Report ; Brazil -- Spain 6 : 1 '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 26 March 2013 . Retrieved 9 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Most World Cup goals '' . Sportskeeda . Retrieved 9 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1978 FIFA World Cup Argentina -- Awards '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 31 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 FIFA World Cup Mexico : Awards '' . 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1994 FIFA World Cup Technical Report '' ( PDF ) . FIFA Technical Group . 1994 . p. 82 . In Kenneth Andersson they had one of the most prolific scorers in their ranks - he was jointly awarded the `` Bronze Shoe '' for the third best goal - scorer , together with Brazil 's Romário . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo voted Best Player at France 98 '' . FIFA.com. 27 July 1998 . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` An unforgettable football festival with several winners '' . FIFA.com. 31 October 2002 . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo handed fourth goal '' . Sky Sports . Archived from the original on 1 May 2011 . Retrieved 12 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2006 FIFA World Cup Official FIFA Awards : Zidane wins adidas Golden Ball award '' . FIFA.com. 10 July 2006 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany - Statistics - Players - Top goals '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Boot '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 17 March 2012 . Retrieved 9 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Boot '' . FIFA . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Boot '' . FIFA . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : FIFA.com . `` FIFA World Cup TM Archive - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hyundai Young Player Award '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Best Young Player Award '' . footballdatabase.com . Retrieved 11 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Pele , Best Young Player Ever '' . newagebd.com . Archived from the original on 21 August 2009 . Retrieved 11 March 2009 . Jump up ^ https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/news/every-winner-world-cups-best-12351397 Jump up ^ `` Muller named Hyundai Best Young Player '' . FIFA.com. 9 March 2011 . Retrieved 9 June 2012 . Jump up ^ FIFA.com ( 14 July 2014 ) . `` Hyundai Young player award : Paul Pogba '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Golden consolation for magical Modric '' . FIFA.com. 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` XXI . Special awards and protocol '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . p. 52 . Retrieved 19 October 2008 . Jump up ^ David Goldblatt and Jean Will . A History of the World Cup in 24 Objects ( PDF ) . De Montfort University , Leicester . p. 18 . Jump up ^ 1982 Technical Report , page 222 : `` Sport Billy - the FIFA Fair Play Trophy '' Jump up ^ `` FIFA Award Trophies '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` España campeón , del fair play , en Sudáfrica 2010 '' . Peru.com. 14 July 2010 . Retrieved 20 October 2011 . Jump up ^ 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea / Japan : Report and Statistics , p. 44 : `` Marketing and Partners '' and p. 49 : `` Budweiser Man of the Match '' Jump up ^ `` Man of the Match '' . 2006 FIFA World Cup Official Website ( Yahoo ! ) . Archived from the original on 11 July 2006 . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 15 June 2010 . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Man of the Match Rules '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Korea Republic win Most Entertaining Team Award '' . FIFA.com. 22 June 2014 . Retrieved 26 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Users declare Portugal most entertaining team '' . FIFA.com. 22 June 2014 . Retrieved 26 June 2014 . Jump up ^ ( ( cite web url = https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/worldcup/southafrica2010/news/newsid=31888/ title = Germany win Most Entertaining Team Award publisher = FIFA.com date = 22 June 2014 accessdate = 26 June 2014 ) ) Jump up ^ ( ( cite web url = https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/worldcup/brasil2014/news/newsid=31888/ title = Colombia win Most Entertaining Team Award publisher = FIFA.com date = 22 June 2014 accessdate = 26 June 2014 ) ) Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup All - Star Team -- Football world Cup All Star Team '' . Football.sporting99.com . Archived from the original on 30 June 2016 . Retrieved 28 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` WORLD CUP ' 94 ; Romario and Baggio Among First All - Star Cast '' . The New York Times . 16 July 1994 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA eliminates official World Cup All - Star team - USATODAY.com '' . usatoday30.usatoday.com . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ FIFA.com . `` FIFA Tournaments - Players & Coaches - Elias FIGUEROA - Player Profile - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA Technical Study Group designates MasterCard All - Star Team '' . FIFA.com. 10 July 1998 . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea / Japan : Report and Statistics , p. 106 : `` MasterCard All - Star Team '' Jump up ^ `` The FIFA TSG nominates 23 players for the MasterCard All - Star squad '' . FIFA.com. 7 July 2006 . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : FIFA.com ( 15 July 2010 ) . `` Spaniards dominate Dream Team '' . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : FIFA.com ( 15 July 2014 ) . `` Dream Team winners earn Sony prizes '' . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ FIFA.com ( 18 July 2018 ) . `` FIFA World Cup Fan Dream Team '' . Retrieved 18 July 2018 . Jump up ^ FIFA.com ( 23 July 2018 ) . `` Fan Dream Team and prize winners revealed ! '' . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Castrol Index Top 11 '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original on 19 December 2014 . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kane crowned King , Mina the PPG VIP '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pavard 's stunner voted Hyundai Goal of the Tournament '' . FIFA . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . Bibliography `` 1982 FIFA World Cup Technical Report '' ( PDF ) . FIFA Technical Group . 1982 . `` 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea / Japan : Report and Statistics '' ( PDF ) . FIFA Technical Group . 2002 . External links ( edit ) FIFA World Cup Awards on FIFA website FIFA World Cup Golden Ball Best Player 1930 : Nasazzi 1934 : Meazza 1938 : Leônidas 1950 : Zizinho 1954 : Puskás 1958 : Didi 1962 : Garrincha 1966 : Charlton 1970 : Pelé 1974 : Cruijff 1978 : Kempes Golden Ball 1982 : Rossi 1986 : Maradona 1990 : Schillaci 1994 : Romário 1998 : Ronaldo 2002 : Kahn 2006 : Zidane 2010 : Forlán 2014 : Messi 2018 : Modrić Golden Ball was first awarded in 1982 . FIFA World Cup Silver Ball 2nd Best Player 1930 : Stábile 1934 : Sindelar 1938 : Piola 1950 : Schiaffino 1954 : Kocsis 1958 : Pelé 1962 : Masopust 1966 : Moore 1970 : Gérson 1974 : Beckenbauer 1978 : Rossi Silver Ball 1982 : Falcão 1986 : Schumacher 1990 : Matthäus 1994 : Baggio 1998 : Šuker 2002 : Ronaldo 2006 : Cannavaro 2010 : Sneijder 2014 : Müller 2018 : Hazard Silver Ball was first awarded in 1982 . FIFA World Cup Bronze Ball 3rd Best Player 1930 : Andrade 1934 : Nejedlý 1938 : Sárosi 1950 : Ademir 1954 : Walter 1958 : Fontaine 1962 : Sánchez 1966 : Eusébio 1970 : Müller 1974 : Deyna 1978 : Dirceu Bronze Ball 1982 : Rummenigge 1986 : Elkjær 1990 : Maradona 1994 : Stoichkov 1998 : Thuram 2002 : Hong Myung - bo 2006 : Pirlo 2010 : Villa 2014 : Robben 2018 : Griezmann Bronze Ball was first awarded in 1982 . FIFA World Cup -- Golden Boot winners Top scorer 1930 : Stábile 1934 : Nejedlý 1938 : Leônidas 1950 : Ademir 1954 : Kocsis 1958 : Fontaine 1962 : Albert , Garrincha , Ivanov , Jerković , Sánchez & Vavá Golden Shoe 1966 : Eusébio 1970 : G. Müller 1974 : Lato 1978 : Kempes 1982 : Rossi 1986 : Lineker 1990 : Schillaci 1994 : Salenko & Stoichkov 1998 : Šuker 2002 : Ronaldo 2006 : Klose Golden Boot 2010 : T. Müller 2014 : J. Rodríguez 2018 : Kane Golden Shoe was first awarded in 1966 Golden Boot was first awarded in 2010 FIFA World Cup Golden Glove All - Star Team Goalkeeper 1930 : Ballestrero 1934 : Zamora 1938 : Plánička 1950 : Máspoli 1954 : Grosics 1958 : Gregg 1962 : Schrojf 1966 : Banks 1970 : Mazurkiewicz 1974 : Maier 1978 : Fillol 1982 : Zoff 1986 : Pfaff 1990 : Goycochea Yashin Award 1994 : Preud'homme 1998 : Barthez 2002 : Kahn 2006 : Buffon Golden Glove 2010 : Casillas 2014 : Neuer 2018 : Courtois Golden Glove was first awarded in 1994 . FIFA World Cup Best Young Player Best Young Player 1958 : Pelé 1962 : Albert 1966 : Beckenbauer 1970 : Cubillas 1974 : Żmuda 1978 : Cabrini 1982 : Amoros 1986 : Scifo 1990 : Prosinečki 1994 : Overmars 1998 : Owen 2002 : Donovan Best Young Player Award 2006 : Podolski 2010 : Müller 2014 : Pogba 2018 : Mbappé Best Young Player was first awarded in 2006 . FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Portal Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . 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in the fifa world cup the golden globe award is awarded each season to whom

the Golden Glove Award ( currently commercially termed `` adidas Golden Glove '' ; previously known as the `` Lev Yashin Award '' from 1994 to 2006 ) for best goalkeeper , first awarded in 1994 ;