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New York Constitution - wikipedia New York Constitution Jump to : navigation , search Wikisource has original text related to this article : New York Constitution The Constitution of the State of New York establishes the structure of the government of the State of New York , and enumerates the basic rights of the citizens of New York . Like most state constitutions in the United States , New York 's constitution 's provisions tend to be more detailed , and amended more often than its federal counterpart . Because the history of the state constitution differs from the federal constitution , the New York Court of Appeals has seen fit to interpret analogous provisions differently from United States Supreme Court 's interpretation of federal provisions . New York State has held nine Constitutional Conventions : in 1776 -- 1777 ; 1801 ; 1821 ; 1846 ; 1867 -- 1868 ; 1894 ; 1915 ; 1938 ; and 1967 ; a Constitutional Commission in 1872 -- 1873 , and a Judicial Convention in 1921 . Despite this fact , the state has had only four essentially de novo constitutions in its history , those of 1777 ( replacing the former colonial charter ) , 1821 , 1846 and 1894 . During the 20th century , the State held three constitutional conventions , the efforts of two of which were rejected by the New York State electorate . However , portions of the seventh Convention 's proposals of 1915 were adopted separately later in 1925 and 1927 . The eighth Constitutional Convention of 1938 , unlike all other state constitutional conventions since 1801 , did not actually propose an entirely new Constitution , but just substantially modified the 1894 Constitution , from the sixth Convention , which was ( and is ) still in force . Contents ( hide ) 1 Constitution of New York , 1777 2 Constitutional Convention of 1801 3 Constitutional Convention of 1821 4 Constitutional Convention of 1846 5 Constitutional Convention of 1867 - 1868 6 Constitutional Commission of 1872 -- 1873 7 Constitutional Convention of 1894 8 1915 Convention 9 1921 Judiciary Convention 10 Constitutional Convention of 1938 11 1967 Convention 12 Amending the Constitution 13 See also 14 References 15 External links Constitution of New York , 1777 ( edit ) The Fourth New York Provincial Congress , resolving itself as the Convention of Representatives of the State of New York , adopted the first constitution of the state of New York on April 20 , 1777 . The Province of New York was established after the naval invasion and absorption of the previous Dutch Colony of New Netherlands . The original proprietor was the Duke of York , the future James II of England and James VII of Scotland and younger brother of the then - King of England , Charles I. Its Colonial Charter was under authority from the Monarch , ( the King or Queen of Great Britain ) of the Kingdom of England and later of Great Britain , after the Act of Union of 1707 which united England and Wales and the formerly independent kingdom of Scotland The First Constitution of 1777 , which replaced this Colonial Charter with its royal authority , for the newly independent `` State of New York '' was framed by a Convention which assembled at White Plains , New York , ( just north of New York City ) on Sunday evening , July 10 , 1776 . The city was then threatened with a British occupation by an invading British Army landing on Staten Island . There were repeated adjournments and changes of location , caused by the increasingly desperate war situation , with General George Washington 's ragged Continental Army , forced out of New York City by crushing defeats in the New York and New Jersey campaign . The work of creating a democratic and free independent state continued by the Convention through the bitter winter with the British quartered in the City of New York and Washington 's few thousand troops camped in winter quarters to the southwest in Morristown , New Jersey . The first Constitutional Convention in New York 's history terminated its labors at Kingston , New York , on Sunday evening , April 20 , 1777 , when the new Constitution was adopted with but one dissenting vote , and then adjourned . It was not submitted to the people for ratification , however because of the war situation . It was drafted by John Jay , Robert R. Livingston , ( new Chancellor of the State of New York ) , and Gouverneur Morris , noted financier for the Revolutionary Colonial war effort . Wikisource has original text related to this article : New York Constitution of 1777 This Constitution was a combination document , containing its own `` Declaration of Independence '' from Great Britain , and its Constitutional Law . It called for a weak bicameral legislature ( Assembly and State Senate ) and a strong executive branch with a Governor . It retained provisions from the Colonial Charter such as the substantial property qualification for voting and the ability of the Governor to prorogue ( dismiss ) the Legislature . This imbalance of power between the branches of state government kept the elite firmly in control , and disenfranchised the majority of the male New York population . Slavery was legal in New York until 1827 . Under this Constitution , the lower chamber Assembly had a provision for a maximum of 70 Members , with the following apportionment : For the City and County of New York ( that is , Manhattan Island ) , nine . The City and County of Albany ( Now Albany , Columbia , Rensselaer , Saratoga , Greene , Schoharie , and Schenectady Counties ) , ten Dutchess County ( now Dutchess and Putnam counties ) , seven . Westchester County ( now Bronx and Westchester counties ) , six . Ulster County , ( now Ulster and Sullivan Counties , and the northern part of Orange County ) six . Suffolk County , five . Queens County ( now Queens and Nassau Counties ) , four . Orange County ( now the southern part of Orange County , as well as Rockland County ) , four . Kings County , two . Richmond County , two . Tryon County ( now Montgomery County ) , six . Charlotte County ( now Washington County , and also the present Clinton , Essex , Franklin , and St. Lawrence counties ) , four . Cumberland County ( seceded January 15 , 1777 to the Vermont Republic ) , three . Gloucester County ( seceded January 15 , 1777 to the Vermont Republic ) , two . This apportionment stood unchanged until seven years after the end of the Revolutionary War , in 1790 , when the First United States Census was held to correct apportionments . On the subject of enfranchisement , Article VII of the new constitution said : VII . That every male inhabitant of full age , who shall have personally resided within one of the counties of this State for six months immediately preceding the day of election , shall , at such election , be entitled to vote for representatives of the said county in assembly ; if , during the time aforesaid , he shall have been a freeholder , possessing a freehold of the value of twenty pounds , within the said county , or have rented a tenement therein of the yearly value of forty shillings , and been rated and actually paid taxes to this State : Provided always , That every person who now is a freeman of the city of Albany , or who was made a freeman of the city of New York on or before the fourteenth day of October , in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and seventy - five , and shall be actually and usually resident in the said cities , respectively , shall be entitled to vote for representatives in assembly within his said place of residence . Constitutional Convention of 1801 ( edit ) The Constitutional Convention of 1801 was not convened to propose a new Constitution . Instead , it formed purely to resolve differences of interpretation of § 23 of the 1777 Constitution , which provided for a Council of Appointment . Governor John Jay sent a special message to the lower chamber ( New York State Assembly ) on February 26 , 1801 , and the same message to the upper chamber ( New York State Senate ) on the following day , in relation to the Council of Appointment , reciting the differences which had existed between Council and Governor , not only during his own term , but during the term of his predecessor , Governor George Clinton . Governor Jay claimed that under the Constitution the Governor had the exclusive right of nomination , but some members of the Council of Appointment claimed a concurrent right of nomination . This , the Governor denied , and in this message he recommends that it be settled in some way . Since the original Constitution had no provisions as to how to amend it , on April 6 , 1801 , the legislature passed a law with the title `` An Act Recommending a Convention '' for the purpose of considering the question of the interpretation of § 23 of the Constitution , and also that part of the Constitution relating to the number of members of both Senate and Assembly . The Senate was originally composed of twenty - four members , and the Assembly of seventy members , and provision was made for an increase in each chamber at stated periods , until the maximum should be reached , which was fixed at one hundred senators and three hundred members of assembly . The increase in membership had apparently been more rapid than was at first anticipated . At that time the Senate had increased to forty - three members , and the Assembly to one hundred and twenty - six members . The election of the delegates took place in August , and the Convention met on the second Tuesday in October at Albany . It ended two weeks later on October 27 , 1801 . Among the delegates were DeWitt Clinton ( future governor ) , James Clinton , William Floyd , Ezra L'Hommedieu , Smith Thompson , Daniel D. Tompkins , John Vernon Henry , William P. Van Ness , and Vice President of the United States Aaron Burr , who presided . Tompkins was one of the 14 who voted against the right of nomination being given to the members of the Council of Appointments and the Governor concurrently , a minority which was defeated by 86 votes for this compromise . Previously , both motions , to vest the right of nomination either exclusively in the governor or exclusively in the Council members , were defeated . The changes in this version of the Constitution were : The number of senators was permanently fixed at thirty - two . The assembly was given one hundred members , and provision was made for a possible increase to one hundred and fifty , by additions to be made after each census . The right of nomination , formerly vested in the governor only ( as John Jay , the original author / contributor of the 1777 Constitution , meant it ) , was given now to each member of the Council of Appointment and the Governor concurrently . Constitutional Convention of 1821 ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : New York Constitution of 1821 In 1821 , the power struggle between Governor DeWitt Clinton and the Bucktails faction of the Democratic - Republican Party led to the call for a Constitutional Convention by the Bucktail members of the legislature , against Clinton 's fierce opposition . Their intention was to transfer powers from the executive to the legislative branch of the government . In November 1820 , the legislature passed a bill which authorized the holding of a convention with unlimited powers . Governor Clinton cast the deciding vote in the Council of Revision to veto the bill . The Bucktails did not have a two - thirds majority in the legislature to override the veto . During the regular session ( beginning in January 1821 ) , the Legislature passed a new bill that put the question to the people . At the state election in April 1821 , the people voted in favor of the convention . The convention met from August to November in Albany . U.S. Vice President Daniel D. Tompkins presided . Between January 15 and 17 , 1822 , the new constitution , as amended by the convention , was put before the voters for ratification as a whole , and was accepted : for 74,732 ; against 41,402 . There was deep division among New Yorkers over the merits of the amended constitution . Those opposed included : Vice President Daniel D. Tompkins Ambrose Spencer , Chief Justice of New York James Kent . Chancellor of the New York Court of Chancery William W. Van Ness , Justice of the New York Supreme Court Jacob R. Van Rensselaer Stephen Van Rensselaer James Tallmadge , Jr . Jonas Platt Peter A. Jay These men did not sign the new constitution . Supporters ( who did sign ) included Martin Van Buren , future Vice President and President Erastus Root Samuel Nelson Nathan Sanford Samuel Young Ogden Edwards Peter R. Livingston , Alexander Sheldon , Jacob Radcliff , Peter Sharpe , Rufus King , and Nathaniel Pitcher were also among the delegates . The changes in this version of the constitution were : State elections were moved from the last week in April to the first week in November . Beginning in 1823 , the terms of the governor ( two - year term ) , lieutenant governor ( two - year term ) , state senators ( four - year term ) and assemblymen ( one - year term ) coincided with the calendar year . The lieutenant governor was to succeed to the governor 's office `` for the residue of the term '' whenever a vacancy occurred , unlike John Tayler , who in 1817 became `` Acting Governor '' only until the election of a successor . The Council of Appointment was abolished and the vast majority of formerly appointive offices were made elective . State officeholders were elected by joint ballot of the Assembly and State Senate ; others by local popular or legislative elections . The Council of Revision was abolished . Its power to veto new legislation was transferred to the governor , whose veto could be overcome by a two - thirds vote of the legislature . The Governor 's right to prorogue ( dismiss ) the legislature at will was abolished . Property qualifications for white men to vote were removed . Black men were granted the vote , but with a property qualification which effectively disfranchised nearly all of them . A Canal Board was to be formed by the Commissioners of the Canal Fund ( the State Cabinet officers ) and the Canal Commissioners Eight Circuit Courts were created , one in each senatorial district . Until then , the justices of the New York State Supreme Court had held traveling circuit court . Constitutional Convention of 1846 ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : New York Constitution of 1846 Manual for the use of the Convention , first page of list of delegates The delegates convened at Albany on June 1 , 1846 , and adjourned on October 9 . The new Constitution was put before the voters at the next state election in November and was adopted . Yes : 221,528 votes , No : 92,436 votes . John Tracy presided . George W. Patterson , Ambrose L. Jordan , Charles H. Ruggles , David R. Floyd - Jones , Charles O'Conor , Samuel J. Tilden ( future New York Governor and 1876 Presidential candidate who won popular vote but lost in electoral college to Rutherford B. Hayes ) , Levi S. Chatfield , William B. Wright , Michael Hoffman and William C. Bouck were among the delegates . The changes in this version of the constitution were : The Court of Chancery and the Court for the Correction of Errors were abolished . Jurisdiction on equity was transferred to the New York Supreme Court , jurisdiction on appeal to the New York Court of Appeals . The New York State Circuit Courts were abolished , and replaced by the district benches of the New York Supreme Court . The New York Court of Appeals was established in July 1847 , consisting of four statewide elected judges and four justices chosen annually from the New York Supreme Court . The state cabinet officers ( Attorney General , Secretary of State , Comptroller , Treasurer and State Engineer ) who had been chosen by joint ballot of the Legislature , were now elected by the voters at the state elections in odd years . The incumbents were legislated out of office on December 31 , 1847 . The successors were elected at the state election in November and took office on January 1 , 1848 . From 1848 on , the state officers served a two - year term , one year in the second half of the term of the incumbent Governor , the other year in the first half of the term of the succeeding Governor . Constitutional Convention of 1867 - 1868 ( edit ) According to the Constitution of 1846 , twenty years after its elaboration the electorate was asked if they wanted a constitutional convention to be held , which was answered in the affirmative at the New York state election , 1866 with 352,854 votes for , and 256,364 against the convention . On April 23 , 1867 , the delegates were elected , and the convention had a small Republican majority . The convention met in June at Albany , New York , adjourned on September 23 , met again on November 12 , and adjourned again in February 1868 . Afterwards the draft was discussed in the New York State Legislature for another year and a half , the questions being if to vote for the whole Constitution or separately for some or all articles . In the end , the new Constitution was rejected by the voters at the New York state election , 1869 , with 223,935 votes for and 290,456 against it . The Republican Party advocated the adoption , the Democrats the rejection of the new proposed Constitution of 1867 - 68 , and by 1869 the Democrats had a majority in the State . Only the `` Judicial Article '' which re-organized the New York Court of Appeals was adopted by a small majority , with 247,240 for and 240,442 against it . William A. Wheeler presided . Waldo Hutchins , George Opdyke , George William Curtis , Horace Greeley , Ira Harris , Martin I. Townsend , Charles Andrews , Charles J. Folger , Augustus Frank , Augustus Schell , Henry C. Murphy , Homer A. Nelson , George F. Comstock , Sanford E. Church , Marshall B. Champlain , Elbridge T. Gerry , Gideon J. Tucker , Samuel J. Tilden , James Brooks , William Hitchman , Abraham B. Tappen , Erastus Corning , Amasa J. Parker , Edwin A. Merritt , Leslie W. Russell , Thomas G. Alvord , Horatio Ballard , Hobart Krum , Ezra Graves , Elbridge G. Lapham , Frank Hiscock , and Israel T. Hatch were among the delegates . The changes in this version of the constitution were : The New York Court of Appeals was totally re-organized . Instead of eight Judges , four elected statewide and four selected from the New York Supreme Court , it had now one Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals and six Associate Judges , all elected statewide . The Clerk of the New York Court of Appeals was not elected statewide anymore . The term of office of the Judges of the Court of Appeals and the Justices of the New York Supreme Court was extended from 8 to 14 years , and the rotative renewal ( every two years one Judge or Justice had been elected to an eight - year term ; in case of a vacancy , a special election was held to fill the remainder of the term only ) was abolished . Instead , vacancies were filled as they occurred ( by death , resignation , or term expiration ) , always to a full 14 - year term . Constitutional Commission of 1872 -- 1873 ( edit ) After the rejection of all amendments proposed by the Convention of 1867 -- 68 , except the judicial article , Governor John T. Hoffman suggested to the Legislature that a non-partisan Constitutional Commission of 32 members should be formed . The Commission had four members from each senatorial district , appointed by the Governor , and confirmed by the State Senate , equally divided between the two major political parties . The Commission met from December 4 , 1872 , to March 15 , 1873 . They proposed amendments to the Constitution of 1846 , which was still in force with amendments which were then approved or rejected by the Legislature , and those approved were then submitted to the voters for ratification . Among the members were : Robert H. Pruyn who presided ; George Opdyke , Augustus Schell , John D. Van Buren , Erastus Brooks , Benjamin D. Silliman , George C. Burdett , Francis Kernan , Elias W. Leavenworth , Daniel Pratt , John F. Hubbard Jr. , Barna R. Johnson , Lucius Robinson , George B. Bradley , Van Rensselaer Richmond , Lysander Farrar , Lorenzo Morris and Sherman S. Rogers . Major changes : The terms of the Governor and lieutenant Governor was increased from two to three years . The statewide elective offices of three Inspectors of State Prisons and three Canal Commissioners were abolished , and were succeeded by a Superintendent of State Prisons and a Superintendent of Public Works , appointed by the governor , and confirmed by the State Senate . Constitutional Convention of 1894 ( edit ) On January 27 , 1893 , the Legislature passed `` An Act to amend chapter 398 , of the Laws of 1892 , entitled ' An Act to provide for a convention to revise and amend the Constitution ' '' , calling a Constitutional Convention to meet in 1894 . The 175 delegates were elected at the New York state election , 1893 , five in each senatorial district , and 15 at - large . The Convention met on May 8 , 1894 , at the New York State Capitol in Albany ; and adjourned on September 29 . The revised Constitution was submitted for ratification at the New York state election , 1894 , in three parts : the new legislative apportionment ; the proposed canal improvements ; and 31 miscellaneous amendments to the Constitution ; which were all adopted by the voters . Among the delegates were : Joseph H. Choate , President ; Thomas G. Alvord , First Vice President ; Elihu Root ; John T. McDonough ; Commodore P. Vedder ; John I. Gilbert ; Augustus Frank ; Daniel H. McMillan ; Frederic Storm ; Almet F. Jenks ; John Cooney ; Wright Holcomb , De Lancey Nicoll ; Leonard A. Giegerich ; Gideon J. Tucker ; Andrew H. Green ; Stephen S. Blake ; William Church Osborn ; Willard H. Mase ; Roswell A. Parmenter ; A. Bleecker Banks ; Chester B. McLaughlin ; Elon R. Brown ; Henry J. Cookinham ; John C. Davies ; Milo M. Acker ; Merton E. Lewis , I. Sam Johnson , Henry W. Hill and George Allen Davis . Major changes : The term of the governor and lieutenant governor was shortened from three to two years . The election of state officers ( Secretary of State , Comptroller , Attorney General ; Treasurer ; State Engineer ) and state senators was moved from odd - numbered years to even - numbered years , henceforth coinciding with the gubernatorial election . The number of state senators was increased from 32 to 50 ; and the number of assemblymen from 128 to 150 . The State Forest Preserve was given perpetual protection as wild land . The State - owned Onondaga Salt Springs Reservation was allowed to be sold . Convict labor in penal institutions was abolished . The use of voting machines was allowed The first meeting of the annual legislative session was moved from the first Tuesday to the first Wednesday in January . 1915 Convention ( edit ) Under the 1894 Constitution , the people were to vote on the holding of a seventh Constitutional Convention in 1916 . However , the Governor proposed that the Convention be moved up to 1915 so that it would not be overshadowed by other issues . Thus , in April 1914 , a referendum approved a Constitutional Convention to be held in 1915 . There were 168 delegates to the 1915 Convention . Members included Elihu Root ( future Presidential Cabinet member and adviser ) , ( the President of the Convention ) , Seth Low , Henry L. Stimson ( past and future Presidential Cabinet member ) , Alfred E. Smith , and Robert F. Wagner . Proposed changes included : A reorganization of state government leaving it with seventeen departments , reducing the number of elected officials , and providing for the appointment of others Removing from the State Legislature the power to review local matters and private claims Budgetary regulation Improvements in the ways the State could become indebted Home rule for cities Giving the State Legislature the authority , with voters ' consent , to alter county government Simplification of the court system State control over tax assessment Establishing a conservation commission to oversee natural resources Expanded rights for workers All of the proposals from the seventh Constitutional Convention of 1915 were grouped into five questions , all of which were rejected by the people . However , all was not lost . In 1925 , a revised Article 5 , containing many proposals from the Fifth Convention of 1915 , was submitted to the people / voters and accepted in a referendum / election . In 1927 , the budget proposal from the Fifth Convention was also accepted . 1921 judiciary Convention ( edit ) Originally , the 1915 Convention proposed numerous overhauls to the judicial system . The Legislature rejected this article and it was not sent to the voters . However , in 1921 , the Legislature authorized a group of thirty people to revise the judiciary article of the 1894 Constitution . However , the proposed article included many proposals from the 1915 Convention , and was again rejected by the Legislature . Constitutional Convention of 1938 ( edit ) The Constitution established in 1894 required the voters to vote on the necessity of a subsequent constitutional convention in 1936 . On November 3 , 1936 , the voters approved the holding of a Convention which was held two years later in 1938 . There were 168 delegates to the Eighth Constitutional Convention of 1938 . These included Alfred E. Smith ( former Governor and Presidential candidate ) , Hamilton Fish III ( U.S. Representative ) , Robert F. Wagner , future Mayor of New York City ) , and Robert Moses ( major builder as head of New York and New Jersey Port Authority ) . The Convention was chaired by Frederick E. Crane , the Chief Judge of the State Court of Appeals . Governor Herbert Lehman appointed Charles Poletti to head a committee to gather information for the convention 's use . The twelve - volume report they produced is called the `` Poletti Report '' . The 1938 Convention did not actually adopt a new Constitution , but it did propose changes ( 57 amendments in all ) to the continuing Constitution of 1894 , which were bundled into nine questions for the voters ; only six questions of amendments were approved . Changes approved were : The State Legislature was now authorized to enact a Social Security program The State Legislature could provide funding to eliminate railroad crossings New York City was excluded from debt limits in order to finance a public rapid transport system An amendment setting out the rights of public works projects workers A number of non-controversial amendments Permission for the State Legislature to fund transportation to parochial schools 1967 Convention ( edit ) In the 1960s , with the increasing changes and expansions of populations with the changing society , demand grew for a new Constitution . Thus , in 1965 , the State Legislature put the question to the voters on the holding of a constitutional convention in 1967 . The voters approved . A committee was established to gather information for the Convention . In 1966 , 186 people were elected to become members in the 9th Constitutional Convention . Unlike all the other Conventions , the candidates for membership ran in partisan elections , of which the Democrats won a majority . The Convention was chaired by Anthony Travia , the Speaker of the State Assembly . Proposed changes included : Expansion of individual citizens ' rights Repealing of the 19th Century James G. Blaine Amendment , which prohibited the State from funding parochial schools State takeover of costs for the court system , and the administration of welfare programs Allowing the legislature to incur debt without referendum The addition of a `` statute of restrictions '' , or `` two - part constitution '' , whereby a short Constitution would be enacted , and other provisions would be placed in a separate document that differed from normal statute as it took two years to amend . The proposed changes were bundled into one document , and were met with stiff opposition . Thus , in November 1967 , the voters rejected the new Constitution , with no county voting in favor . Amending the Constitution ( edit ) The current New York State Constitution of 1894 / 1938 can be amended in two main ways : By a proposal of an amendment in the Legislature , subject to voter approval , or Through a Convention , also subject to voter approval , which can be called in one of two ways : By proposal of the Legislature , subject to voter approval Through the automatic referendum every twenty years Any legislative proposal must be approved by two successive Legislatures before being submitted for voter approval . If a convention is called , fifteen at - large members and three members per Senate district will be elected . These members will be compensated on the level of an Assembly member . The Convention will meet continuously in the Capitol until they conclude their work from the first Tuesday of April following their election . Whether or not a limited - call convention dealing with specific issues is constitutional or not remains unclear . Proponents argue that because the Constitution is a limiting , and not a granting , document , then it is . They point to the fact that the 1801 Convention was a limited - call one . Opponents argue that because the Constitution does not expressly provide for such a Convention , any such convention would be unconstitutional . See also ( edit ) Law of New York References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.albanylaw.edu/media/user/librarypdfs/guides/nyconsti.pdf ^ Jump up to : New York State Archives and Records Administration . `` The Constitutional Convention of 1938 '' . The Historical Society of the Courts of the State of New York . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Journals of the Provincial Congress , Provincial Convention , Committee of Safety , and Council of Safety of the State of New York , 1775 , 1776 1777 . Printed by Thurlow Weed , printer to the State . I. Albany : 892 -- 898 . 1842 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Nunez 1968 , p. 366 . Jump up ^ Thorpe , Francis Newton ( 1909 ) . The Federal and State Constitutions Colonial Charters , and Other Organic Laws of the States , Territories , and Colonies Now or Heretofore Forming the United States of America , Compiled and Edited Under the Act of Congress of June 30 , 1906 . Washington , D.C. : Government Printing Office . ( USMARC Cataloging Record ) Jump up ^ Google Book The New York Civil List compiled by Franklin Benjamin Hough ( Weed , Parsons and Co. , 1858 ) Jump up ^ Result in The Tribune Almanac for 1868 compiled by Horace Greeley of the `` New York Tribune '' Jump up ^ The Constitutional Convention in NYT on November 19 , 1867 Jump up ^ Frank Hiscock took the seat to which had been elected his brother L. Harris Hiscock who was murdered on June 4 , 1867 . Jump up ^ Complete list of delegates in New York Convention Manual issued by the Secretary of State 's office , New York , 1867 Jump up ^ Courts and Lawyers of New York : A History , 1609 -- 1925 by Alden Chester & Edwin Melvin Williams ( Vol . I ; pg . 713ff , `` The Constitutional Commission of 1872 '' ) Jump up ^ Journal of the Constitutional Convention of the State of New York 1894 ( Albany , 1895 ; pg. 1 ) Jump up ^ see The Constitutional Convention of 1894 in The Evening Journal Almanac ( 1895 ; pg . 64f ) Jump up ^ Article XIV of the New York State Constitution begins : `` The lands of the state , now owned or hereafter acquired , constituting the forest preserve as now fixed by law , shall be forever kept as wild forest lands . They shall not be leased , sold or exchanged , or be taken by any corporation , public or private , nor shall the timber thereon be sold , removed or destroyed . '' Jump up ^ Nunez 1968 , p. 369 . Jump up ^ Documents of the Constitutional Convention of the State of New York , 1915 , begun and held at the Capitol in the City of Albany on Tuesday the sixth day of April . Albany : J.B. Lyon Company . 1915 . LCCN 16027146 . Jump up ^ Nunez 1968 , p. 370 . Jump up ^ Nunez 1968 , pp. 370 -- 371 . Jump up ^ Nunez 1968 , p. 372 . Jump up ^ Nunez 1968 , p. 374 . Jump up ^ Nunez 1968 , p. 375 . Jump up ^ Nunez 1968 , p. 376 . Jump up ^ New York State Archives and Records Administration . `` The Constitutional Convention of 1967 '' . The Historical Society of the Courts of the State of New York . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Benjamin , Gerald ; Briffault , Richard ( March 2005 ) . `` Amending the New York State Constitution - Current Reform Issues '' ( PDF ) . The Philip Weinberg Forum . Albany : The Nelson A. Rockefeller Institute of Government . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Nunez , Richard I. ( 1968 ) . `` New York State Constitutional Reform - Past Political Battles in Constitutional Language '' ( PDF ) . William & Mary Law Review . 2 . 10 : 366 -- 377 . External links ( edit ) Current Constitution ( PDF ) Reports of the Proceedings and Debates of the Convention of 1821 Text of the 1777 Constitution ( hide ) State constitution ( United States ) States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_York_Constitution&oldid=811962937 '' Categories : Politics of New York ( state ) State constitutions of the United States Legal history of New York ( state ) Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Add links This page was last edited on 25 November 2017 , at 02 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

the new york state constitution and the us constitution are similar in that both

The Constitution of the State of New York establishes the structure of the government of the State of New York , and enumerates the basic rights of the citizens of New York . Like most state constitutions in the United States , New York 's constitution 's provisions tend to be more detailed , and amended more often than its federal counterpart . Because the history of the state constitution differs from the federal constitution , the New York Court of Appeals has seen fit to interpret analogous provisions differently from United States Supreme Court 's interpretation of federal provisions .

What a Feeling ( One Direction song ) - wikipedia What a Feeling ( One Direction song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` What a Feeling '' Promotional single by One Direction from the album Made in the A.M. Released 11 November 2015 Recorded 2015 Length 3 : 21 Label Syco Songwriter ( s ) Liam Payne Louis Tomlinson Daniel Bryer Mike Needle Jamie Scott Producer ( s ) Jamie Scott Made in the A.M. track listing `` Olivia '' ( 9 ) `` What a Feeling '' ( 10 ) `` Love You Goodbye '' ( 11 ) `` What a Feeling '' is a song recorded by English - Irish boy band One Direction for their fifth studio album , Made in the A.M. ( 2015 ) . It was written and produced by Jamie Scott and co-written by Liam Payne , Louis Tomlinson , Daniel Bryer and Mike Needle . The song was released as the album 's second promotional single on iTunes Store and Spotify on 11 November 2015 . The song , along with the rest of Made in the A.M. , leaked on the internet after a mishap in security during a listening party . Contents ( hide ) 1 Reception 2 Charts 3 References 4 External links Reception ( edit ) While writing for Billboard , Erin Strecker described the song as having `` a sweetly thumping bass line and light harmonies , '' and added , `` the tune would feel perfectly at home in the easy , breezy ' 70s . '' In Rolling Stone 's special Reader 's Poll , `` What a Feeling '' topped # 1 as one of the best songs One Direction ever released . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 73 France ( SNEP ) 150 Ireland ( IRMA ) 59 Italy ( FIMI ) 46 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 94 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 74 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 90 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pehanick , Maggie ( 11 November 2015 ) . `` Listen to One Direction 's Retro New Song , `` What a Feeling '' `` . PopSugar . Retrieved 23 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Strecker , Erin ( 11 November 2015 ) . `` Listen to One Direction 's Breezy New Song ' What A Feeling ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved 23 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Spannos , Brittany ( 25 November 2015 ) . `` Readers ' Poll : The 10 Best One Direction Songs '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on 12 December 2015 . Retrieved 23 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- One Direction -- What a Feeling '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 23 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- One Direction -- What a Feeling '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 23 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 47 , 2015 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 23 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- One Direction -- What a Feeling '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved 23 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- One Direction -- What a Feeling '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 23 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- One Direction -- What a Feeling '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 23 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 23 June 2016 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics One Direction Niall Horan Liam Payne Harry Styles Louis Tomlinson Zayn Malik Discography Awards and nominations Songs Studio albums Up All Night Take Me Home Midnight Memories Four Made in the A.M. Extended plays iTunes Festival : London 2012 Video albums Up All Night : The Live Tour Singles `` What Makes You Beautiful '' `` Gotta Be You '' `` One Thing '' `` More than This '' `` Live While We 're Young '' `` Little Things '' `` Kiss You '' `` One Way or Another ( Teenage Kicks ) '' `` Best Song Ever '' `` Story of My Life '' `` Midnight Memories '' `` You & I '' `` Steal My Girl '' `` Night Changes '' `` Drag Me Down '' `` Perfect '' `` History '' Promotional singles `` Diana '' `` Strong '' `` Infinity '' `` Home '' `` What a Feeling '' Featured singles `` Heroes '' `` Wishing on a Star '' `` God Only Knows '' `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' Other songs `` Moments '' `` Rock Me '' `` Happily '' Concert tours Up All Night Tour Take Me Home Tour Where We Are Tour On the Road Again Tour TV and film This Is Us Where We Are -- The Concert Film Merchandise Our Moment Related The X Factor series 7 finalists Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=What_a_Feeling_(One_Direction_song)&oldid=801226011 '' Categories : One Direction songs 2015 singles Syco Music singles 2015 songs Songs written by Liam Payne Songs written by Louis Tomlinson Songs written by Jamie Scott Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for UK Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Português Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 13 : 07 . 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who wrote what a feeling by one direction

`` What a Feeling '' is a song recorded by English - Irish boy band One Direction for their fifth studio album , Made in the A.M. ( 2015 ) . It was written and produced by Jamie Scott and co-written by Liam Payne , Louis Tomlinson , Daniel Bryer and Mike Needle . The song was released as the album 's second promotional single on iTunes Store and Spotify on 11 November 2015 . The song , along with the rest of Made in the A.M. , leaked on the internet after a mishap in security during a listening party .

Hoarse voice - wikipedia Hoarse voice Hoarse voice Synonyms Hoarseness , dysphonia The vocal folds ( or vocal cords ) in the larynx vibrate to produce sound . When this process is disturbed hoarseness may ensue . Classification and external resources ICD - 10 R49 ICD - 9 - CM 784.42 DiseasesDB 28364 Patient UK Hoarse voice MeSH D055154 ( edit on Wikidata ) A hoarse voice , also known as hoarseness or dysphonia , is when the voice involuntarily sounds breathy , raspy , or strained , or is softer in volume or lower in pitch . It can be associated with a feeling of unease or scratchiness in the throat . Hoarseness is often a symptom of problems in the vocal folds of the larynx . It may be caused by laryngitis , which in turn may be caused by an upper respiratory infection , a cold , or allergies . Cheering at sporting events , speaking loudly in noisy situations , talking for too long without resting one 's voice , singing loudly , or speaking with a voice that 's too high or too low can also cause temporary hoarseness . A number of other causes for losing one 's voice exist , and treatment is generally by resting the voice and treating the underlying cause . If the cause is misuse or overuse of the voice drinking plenty of water may alleviate the problems . It appears to occur more commonly in females and the elderly . Furthermore , certain occupational groups , such as teachers and singers , are at increased risk . Long - term hoarseness , or hoarseness that persists over three weeks , especially when not associated with a cold or flu should be assessed by a medical doctor . It is also recommended to see a doctor if hoarseness is associated with coughing up blood , difficulties swallowing , a lump in the neck , pain when speaking or swallowing , difficulty breathing , or complete loss of voice for more than a few days . For voice to be classified as `` dysphonic '' , abnormalities must be present in one or more vocal parameters : pitch , loudness , quality , or variability . Perceptually , dysphonia can be characterised by hoarse , breathy , harsh , or rough vocal qualities , but some kind of phonation remains . Dysphonia can be categorized into two broad main types : organic and functional . The type of dysphonia is dependent on the cause of the pathology . While the causes of dysphonia can be divided into five basic categories , all of them result in an interruption of the ability of the vocal folds to vibrate normally during exhalation , which affects the voice . The assessment and diagnosis of dysphonia is done by a multidisciplinary team , and involves the use of a variety of subjective and objective measures , which look at both the quality of the voice as well as the physical state of the larynx . Multiple treatments have been developed to address organic and functional causes of dysphonia . Dysphonia can be targeted through direct therapy , indirect therapy , medical treatments , and surgery . Functional dysphonias may be treated through direct and indirect voice therapies , whereas surgeries are recommended for chronic , organic dysphonias . Contents 1 Types 2 Causes 3 Mechanism 4 Diagnosis approach 4.1 Definition 4.2 Auditory - perceptual measures 4.3 Vocal fold imaging 4.4 Acoustic measures 4.5 Aerodynamic measures 5 Prevention 6 Treatment 6.1 Direct therapies 6.2 Indirect therapies 6.3 Medication and surgery 7 Epidemiology 8 References 9 External links Types ( edit ) Voice disorders can be divided into 2 broad categories : organic and functional . The distinction between these broad classes stems from their cause , whereby organic dysphonia results from some sort of physiological change in one of the subsystems of speech ( for voice , usually respiration , laryngeal anatomy , and / or other parts of the vocal tract are affected ) . Conversely , functional dysphonia refers to hoarseness resulting from vocal use ( i.e. overuse / abuse ) . Furthermore , according to ASHA , organic dysphonia can be subdivided into structural and neurogenic ; neurogenic dysphonia is defined as impacted functioning of the vocal structure due to a neurological problem ( in the central nervous system or peripheral nervous system ) ; in contrast , structural dysphonia is defined as impacted functioning of the vocal mechanism that is caused by some sort of physical change ( e.g. a lesion on the vocal folds ) . Notably , an additional subcategory of functional dysphonia recognized by professionals is psychogenic dysphonia , which can be defined as a type of voice disorder that has no known cause and can be presumed to be a product of some sort of psychological stressors in one 's environment . It is important to note that these types are not mutually exclusive and much overlap occurs . For example , Muscle Tension Dysphonia ( MTD ) has been found to be a result of many different causes including the following : MTD in the presence of an organic pathology ( i.e. organic type ) , MTD stemming from vocal use ( i.e. functional type ) , and MTD as a result of personality and / or psychological factors ( i.e. psychogenic type ) . Organic dysphonia Laryngitis ( Acute : viral , bacterial ) - ( Chronic : smoking , GERD , LPR ) Neoplasm ( Premalignant : dysplasia ) - ( Malignant : Squamous cell carcinoma ) Trauma ( Iatrogenic : surgery , intubation ) - ( Accidental : blunt , penetrating , thermal ) Endocrine ( Hypothyroidism , hypogonadism ) Haematological ( Amyloidosis ) Iatrogenic ( inhaled corticosteroids ) Functional dysphonia Psychogenic Vocal misuse Idiopathic Causes ( edit ) A variety of different cause , which result in abnormal vibrations of the vocal folds , can cause dysphonia . These causes can range from vocal abuse and misuse to systemic diseases . Causes of dysphonia can be divided into five basic categories , although overlap may occur between categories . ( Note that this list is not exhaustive ) : Neoplastic / structural : Abnormal growths of the vocal fold tissue . Dysplasia Cysts Polyps Nodules Carcinoma Inflammatory : Changes in the vocal fold tissue as a result of inflammation . Allergy Infections Reflux Smoking Trauma Voice abuse Neuromuscular : Disturbances in any of the components of the nervous system that control laryngeal function . Multiple Sclerosis Myasthenia Gravis Parkinson 's disease Spasmodic Dysphonia Nerve injury Associated Systemic Diseases : Systemic diseases which have manifestations that affect the voice . Acromegaly Amyloidosis Hypothyroidism Sarcoidosis Technical : Associated with poor muscle functioning or psychological stresses , with no corresponding physiological abnormalities of the larynx . Psychogenic Excess demands Stress Vocal strain Mechanism ( edit ) Located in the anterior portion of the neck is the larynx ( also known as the voice box ) , a structure made up of several supporting cartilages and ligaments , which houses the vocal folds . In normal voice production , exhaled air moves out of the lungs and passes upward through the vocal tract . At the level of the larynx , the exhaled air causes the vocal folds to move toward the midline of the tract ( a process called adduction ) . The adducted vocal folds do not close completely but instead remain partially open . The narrow opening between the folds is referred to as the glottis . As air moves through the glottis , it causes a distortion of the air particles which sets the vocal folds into vibratory motion . It is this vibratory motion that produces phonation or voice . In dysphonia , there is an impairment in the ability to produce an appropriate level of phonation . More specifically , it results from an impairment in vocal fold vibration or the nerve supply of the larynx . Diagnosis approach ( edit ) The assessment and diagnosis of a dysphonic voice is completed by a multidisciplinary team , and involves the use of both objective and subjective measures to evaluate the quality of the voice as well as the condition of the vocal fold tissue and vibration patterns . Definition ( edit ) Dysphonia is a broad clinical term which refers to abnormal functioning of the voice . More specifically , a voice can be classified as `` dysphonic '' when there are abnormalities or impairments in one or more of the following parameters of voice : pitch , loudness , quality , and variability . For example , abnormal pitch can be characterized by a voice that is too high or low whereas abnormal loudness can be characterized by a voice that is too weak or loud . Similarly , a voice that has frequent , inappropriate breaks characterizes abnormal quality while a voice that is monotone ( i.e. , very flat ) or inappropriately fluctuates characterizes abnormal variability . While hoarseness is used interchangeably with the term dysphonia , it is important to note that the two are not synonymous . Hoarseness is merely a subjective term to explain the perceptual quality ( or sound ) of a dysphonic voice . While hoarseness is a common symptom ( or complaint ) of dysphonia , there are several other signs and symptoms that can be present such as : breathiness , roughness , and dryness . Furthermore , a voice can be classified as dysphonic when it poses problems in the functional or occupational needs of the individual or is inappropriate for their age or sex . Auditory - perceptual measures ( edit ) Auditory - perceptual measures are the most commonly used tool by clinicians to evaluate the voice quality due to its quick and non-invasive nature . Additionally , these measure have been proven to be reliable in a clinical setting . Ratings are used to evaluate the quality of a patient 's voice for a variety of voice features , including overall severity , roughness , breathiness , strain , loudness and pitch . These evaluations are done during spontaneous speech , sentence or passage reading or sustained vowel productions . The GRBAS ( Grade , Roughness , Breathiness , Asthenia , Strain ) and the CAPE - V ( Consensus Auditory Perceptual Evaluation -- Voice ) are two formal voice rating scales commonly used for this purpose . Vocal fold imaging ( edit ) Vocal fold imaging techniques are used by clinicians to examine the vocal folds and allows them to detect vocal pathology and assess the quality of the vocal fold vibrations . Laryngeal stroboscopy is the primary clinical tool used for this purpose . Laryngeal stroboscopy uses a synchronized flashing light passed through either a rigid or flexible laryngoscope to provide an image of the vocal fold motion ; the image is created by averaging over several vibratory cycles and is thus not provided in real - time . As this technique relies on periodic vocal fold vibration , it can not be used in patients with moderate to severe dysphonia . High speed digital imaging of the vocal folds ( videokymography ) , another imaging technique , is not subject to the same limitations as laryngeal stroboscopy . A rigid endoscope is used to take images at a rate of 8000 frames per second , and the image is displayed in real time . As well , this technique allows imaging of aperiodic vibrations and can thus be used with patients presenting with all severities of dysphonia . Acoustic measures ( edit ) Acoustic measures can be used to provide objective measures of vocal function . Signal processing algorithms are applied to voice recordings made during sustained phonation or during spontaneous speech . The acoustic parameters which can then be examined include fundamental frequency , signal amplitude , jitter , shimmer , and noise - to - harmonic ratios . However , due to limitations imposed by the algorithms employed , these measures can not be used with patients who exhibit severe dysphonia . Aerodynamic measures ( edit ) Aerodynamic measures of voice include measures of air volume , air flow and sub glottal air pressure . The normal aerodynamic parameters of voice vary considerably among individuals , which leads to a large overlapping range of values between dysphonic and non-dysphonic patients . This limits the use of these measures as a diagnostic tool . Nonetheless , they are useful when used in adjunct with other voice assessment measures , or as a tool for monitoring therapeutic effects over time . Prevention ( edit ) Given that certain occupations are more at risk for developing dysphonia ( e.g. teachers ) research into prevention studies have been conducted . Research into the effectiveness of prevention strategies for dysphonia have yet to produce definitive results , however , research is still ongoing . Primarily , there are two types of vocal training recognized by professionals to help with prevention : direct and indirect . Direct prevention describes efforts to reduce conditions that may serve to increase vocal strain ( such as patient education , relaxation strategies , etc . ) , while indirect prevention strategies refer to changes in the underlying physiological mechanism for voice production ( e.g. adjustments to the manner in which vocal fold adduction occurs , respiratory training , shifting postural habits , etc . ) . Treatment ( edit ) A combination of both indirect and direct treatment methods may be used to treat dysphonia . Direct therapies ( edit ) Direct therapies address the physical aspects of vocal production . Techniques work to either modify vocal fold contact , manage breathing patterns , and / or change the tension at level of the larynx . Notable techniques include , but are not limited to , the yawn - sigh method , optimal pitch , laryngeal manipulation , humming , the accent method , and the Lee Silverman Voice Treatment . An example of a direct therapy is circumlaryngeal manual therapy , which has been used to reduce tension and massage hyoid - laryngeal muscles . This area is often tense from chronic elevation of the larynx . Pressure is applied to these areas as the patient hums or sustains a vowel . Traditional voice therapy is often used to treat muscular tension dysphonia . Indirect therapies ( edit ) Indirect therapies take into account external factors that may influence vocal production . This incorporates maintenance of vocal hygiene practices , as well as the prevention of harmful vocal behaviours . Vocal hygiene includes adequate hydration of the vocal folds , monitoring the amount of voice use and rest , avoidance of vocal abuse ( e.g. , shouting , clearing of the throat ) , and taking into consideration lifestyle choices that may affect vocal health ( e.g. , smoking , sleeping habits ) . Vocal warm - ups and cool - downs may be employed to improve muscle tension and decrease risk of injury before strenuous vocal activities . It should be taken into account that vocal hygiene practices alone are minimally effective in treating dysphonia , and thus should be paired with other therapies . Medication and Surgery ( edit ) Medical and surgical treatments have been recommended to treat organic dysphonias . An effective treatment for spasmodic dysphonia ( hoarseness resulting from periodic breaks in phonation due to hyperadduction of the vocal folds ) is botulinum toxin injection . The toxin acts by blocking acetylcholine release at the thyro - arytenoid muscle . Although the use of botlinum toxin injections is considered relatively safe , patients ' responses to treatment differ in the initial stages ; some have reported experiencing swallowing problems and breathy voice quality as a side - effect to the injections . Breathiness may last for a longer period of time for males than females . Surgeries involve myoectomies of the laryngeal muscles to reduce voice breaks , and laryngoplasties , in which laryngeal cartilage is altered to reduce tension . Epidemiology ( edit ) Up to now , prevalence studies investigating rates of dysphonia on a large - scale level have been limited . According to a large sample of 55 million patients seeking health - care treatment in the United States , dysphonia can be found in approximately 1 % of the population . Higher rates are reported in females and elderly adults , however , dysphonia can be found in both sexes and across age groups . It is proposed that higher rates in females are due to anatomical differences of the vocal mechanism . Certain occupational groups may be more prone to developing voice disorders , namely dysphonia . Occupations that require extensive use of voice may be at a greater risk such as teachers and singers . However , the evidence is highly variable and must be interpreted carefully . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Hoarseness '' . NIDCD. 2015 - 08 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Cohen , S.M. , Kim , J. , Roy , N. , Asche , C. , & Courey , M ( 2012 ) . `` Prevalence and causes of dysphonia in a large treatment - seeking population '' . The Laryngoscope. 122 : 343 -- 348 . doi : 10.1002 / lary. 22426 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , N.R. ( 2003 ) . `` Occupational groups at risk for voice disorders : A review of the literature '' . Occupational Medicine . 53 : 456 -- 460 . doi : 10.1093 / occmed / kqg113 . ^ Jump up to : Verdolini , K. , & O Ramig , L. ( 2001 ) . `` Review : Occupational risks for voice problems '' . Logopedics Phoniatrics Vocology. 26 : 37 -- 46 . doi : 10.1080 / 14015430119969 . ^ Jump up to : Aronson , A.E. , & Bless , D.M. ( 2009 ) . Clinical voice disorders . New York : Thieme . pp. 1 -- 5 . ^ Jump up to : Ludlow , Christy L. `` Treatment for spasmodic dysphonia : limitations of current approaches '' . Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery . 17 ( 3 ) : 160 -- 165 . doi : 10.1097 / moo. 0b013e32832aef6f . PMC 2763389 . PMID 19337127 . ^ Jump up to : Jani , Ruotsalainen ; Jaana , Sellman ; Laura , Lehto ; Jos , Verbeek ( 2008 - 05 - 01 ) . `` Systematic review of the treatment of functional dysphonia and prevention of voice disorders '' . Otolaryngology -- Head and Neck Surgery . 138 ( 5 ) : 557 -- 565 . doi : 10.1016 / j. otohns. 2008.01. 014 . ISSN 0194 - 5998 . PMID 18439458 . ^ Jump up to : `` Voice Disorders Overview '' . American Speech - Language Hearing Association . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Duffy , Yorkston ( 2003 ) . `` Medical interventions for Spasmodic Dysphonia and some related conditions : A systematic review '' . Journal of Medical Speech - Language Pathology. 11 . ^ Jump up to : Van Houtte , Evelyne ; Lierde , Kristiane Van ; Claeys , Sofie . `` Pathophysiology and Treatment of Muscle Tension Dysphonia : A Review of the Current Knowledge '' . Journal of Voice. 25 ( 2 ) : 202 -- 207 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jvoice. 2009.10. 009 . Jump up ^ Feierabend , Raymond H. ; Malik , Shahram N. `` Hoarseness in Adults '' . American Family Physician. 80 . Jump up ^ Pylypowich , Ashley ; Duff , Elsie . `` Differentiating the Symptom of Dysphonia '' . The Journal for Nurse Practitioners. 12 ( 7 ) : 459 -- 466 . doi : 10.1016 / j. nurpra. 2016.04. 025 . Jump up ^ Harries , Mered ( 2013 ) . `` Hoarseness and Voice Disorders '' . In Ludman , Harold S. ; Bradley , Patrick J. ABC of ear , nose , and throat . West Sussex , UK : Wiley - Blackwell . p. 95 . ^ Jump up to : Morris , Richard ; Bernard Harmon , Archie ( 2010 ) . `` Describing Voice Disorders '' . In Damico , Jack ; Muller , Nicole ; Ball , Martin J. Handbook of language and speech disorders . Chichester , U.K. : Wiley - Blackwell . pp. 455 -- 473 . ^ Jump up to : Colton , R.H. , Casper , J.K. , Leonard , R. ( 2011 ) . Understanding voice problems : A physiological perspective for diagnosis and treatment . Baltimore , MB : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . pp. 372 -- 385 . Jump up ^ Mehta , Daryush D ; Hillman , Robert E. `` Voice assessment : updates on perceptual , acoustic , aerodynamic , and endoscopic imaging methods '' . Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery . 16 ( 3 ) : 211 -- 215 . doi : 10.1097 / moo. 0b013e3282fe96ce . PMC 3775647 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , S.R. , Cohen , S.M. , Dailey , S.H. , Rosenfield , R.M. , Deutsch , E.S. , Gillespie , M.B. , ... Patel , M.M. ( 2009 ) . `` Clinical practice guideline : Hoarseness ( dysphonia ) '' . Otolaryngology -- Head and Neck Surgery . 141 : S1 -- S31 . doi : 10.1016 / j. otohns. 2009.06. 744 . PMID 19729111 . ^ Jump up to : Oates , Jennifer . `` Auditory - Perceptual Evaluation of Disordered Voice Quality '' . Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica. 61 ( 1 ) : 49 -- 56 . doi : 10.1159 / 000200768 . ^ Jump up to : Dejonckere , P.H. ; Bradley , Patrick ; Clemente , Pais ; Cornut , Guy ; Crevier - Buchman , Lise ; Friedrich , Gerhard ; Heyning , Paul Van De ; Remacle , Marc ; Woisard , Virginie . `` A basic protocol for functional assessment of voice pathology , especially for investigating the efficacy of ( phonosurgical ) treatments and evaluating new assessment techniques '' . European Archives of Oto - Rhino - Laryngology. 258 ( 2 ) : 77 -- 82 . doi : 10.1007 / s004050000299 . ISSN 0937 - 4477 . Jump up ^ Kendall , Katherine A. ( 2009 - 03 - 01 ) . `` High - Speed Laryngeal Imaging Compared With Videostroboscopy in Healthy Subjects '' . Archives of Otolaryngology -- Head & Neck Surgery . 135 ( 3 ) : 274 . doi : 10.1001 / archoto. 2008.557 . ISSN 0886 - 4470 . ^ Jump up to : Little , Max A. ; McSharry , Patrick E. ; Roberts , Stephen J. ; Costello , Declan AE ; Moroz , Irene M. ( 2007 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Exploiting Nonlinear Recurrence and Fractal Scaling Properties for Voice Disorder Detection '' . BioMedical Engineering OnLine. 6 : 23 . doi : 10.1186 / 1475 - 925X - 6 - 23 . ISSN 1475 - 925X . PMC 1913514 . PMID 17594480 . ^ Jump up to : Ruotsalainen , Sellman , Lehto , Claeys ( 2011 ) . `` Interventions for preventing voice disorders in adults '' . Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews . 4 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. cd006372 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` The efficacy of voice treatment : Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery '' . LWW . Jump up ^ Ulis , Jeffrey M. ; Yanagisawa , Eiji ( 2009 - 06 - 01 ) . `` What 's new in differential diagnosis and treatment of hoarseness ? '' . Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery . 17 ( 3 ) : 209 -- 215 . doi : 10.1097 / moo. 0b013e32832a2230 . ISSN 1531 - 6998 . PMID 19469052 . ^ Jump up to : Behlau , Mara ; Oliveira , Gisele . `` Vocal hygiene for the voice professional '' . Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery . 17 ( 3 ) : 149 -- 154 . doi : 10.1097 / moo. 0b013e32832af105 . PMID 19342952 . ^ Jump up to : Boutsen , Frank ; Cannito , Michael P. ; Taylor , Merlin ; Bender , Brenda ( 2002 - 06 - 01 ) . `` Botox treatment in adductor spasmodic dysphonia : a meta - analysis '' . Journal of speech , language , and hearing research : JSLHR. 45 ( 3 ) : 469 -- 481 . doi : 10.1044 / 1092 - 4388 ( 2002 / 037 ) . ISSN 1092 - 4388 . PMID 12069000 . 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this is often referred to as horseness or difficulty speaking

A hoarse voice , also known as hoarseness or dysphonia , is when the voice involuntarily sounds breathy , raspy , or strained , or is softer in volume or lower in pitch . It can be associated with a feeling of unease or scratchiness in the throat . Hoarseness is often a symptom of problems in the vocal folds of the larynx . It may be caused by laryngitis , which in turn may be caused by an upper respiratory infection , a cold , or allergies . Cheering at sporting events , speaking loudly in noisy situations , talking for too long without resting one 's voice , singing loudly , or speaking with a voice that 's too high or too low can also cause temporary hoarseness . A number of other causes for losing one 's voice exist , and treatment is generally by resting the voice and treating the underlying cause . If the cause is misuse or overuse of the voice drinking plenty of water may alleviate the problems .

Pentatonix - Wikipedia Pentatonix Jump to : navigation , search For the musical scale , see Pentatonic scale . Pentatonix Pentatonix performing in 2015 From left to right : Avi Kaplan , Kirstin Maldonado , Scott Hoying , Mitch Grassi , and Kevin Olusola Background information Also known as PTX Origin Arlington , Texas , U.S. Genres A cappella pop R&B soul Years active 2011 ( 2011 ) -- present Labels RCA Madison Gate Associated acts Superfruit Todrick Hall Us the Duo Lindsey Stirling Website ptxofficial.com Members Scott Hoying Mitch Grassi Kirstin Maldonado Kevin Olusola Matt Sallee Past members Avi Kaplan YouTube information Channel PTXofficial Years active 2007 -- present Genre Music Subscribers 14.2 + million Total views 2.9 + billion Play buttons 100,000 subscribers 2012 1,000,000 subscribers 2013 10,000,000 subscribers 2016 Subscriber and view counts updated as of December 12 , 2017 . Pentatonix ( abbreviated PTX ) is an American a cappella group from Arlington , Texas , consisting of vocalists Scott Hoying , Mitch Grassi , Kirstin Maldonado , Kevin Olusola and Matt Sallee . Avi Kaplan was formerly a member of the group ; he was replaced by Sallee in 2017 . Characterized by their pop - style arrangements with vocal harmonies , basslines , riffing , percussion and beatboxing , they are widely known for their covers , mostly of modern pop works or Christmas songs , sometimes in the form of medleys , along with original material . Pentatonix formed in 2011 and subsequently won the third season of NBC 's The Sing - Off , receiving $200,000 and a recording contract with Sony Music . When Sony 's Epic Records dropped the group after The Sing - Off , the group formed its YouTube channel , distributing its music through Madison Gate Records , a label owned by Sony Pictures . With over 13 million subscribers and 2.7 billion views , Pentatonix 's YouTube channel is currently the 50th most - subscribed - to YouTube channel . The group 's video tribute to Daft Punk had received over 250 million views as of mid 2017 . Their debut EP PTX , Volume 1 was released in 2012 , followed by their holiday release PTXmas the same year , with Pentatonix 's third release , PTX , Vol. II , debuting at number 1 on Billboard 's Independent Albums chart and number 10 on the Billboard 200 in 2013 . In May 2014 , Pentatonix signed with RCA Records , a `` flagship '' label of Sony Music Entertainment , while in the same year , the group released their fourth EP , PTX , Vol . III , and two full - length studio albums ; PTX , Vols. 1 & 2 , a compilation album released in Japan , Korea and Australia , and their second holiday release , That 's Christmas to Me , with the album certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , platinum on December 24 , 2014 , and double platinum on February 11 , 2016 , becoming the highest - charting holiday album by a group since 1962 , and the fourth - best - selling album in the United States in 2014 . The following year , Pentatonix released their eponymous album , their first consisting mostly of original material , which debuted atop the US Billboard 200 chart for the first time in their career , followed by a third Christmas album , A Pentatonix Christmas , in 2016 , and a new EP , PTX , Vol. IV -- Classics , the following year . In May 2017 , Kaplan announced that he would leave Pentatonix due to his inability to keep up with the touring demands of the group ; he left after the completion of the tour in September , and was replaced by Matt Sallee the following month . Pentatonix have won three Grammy Awards : they were the first a cappella act to win Best Arrangement , Instrumental or A Cappella , doing so in 2015 and 2016 , and Best Country Duo / Group Performance in 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 1.1 Background 1.2 The Sing - Off ( 2011 ) 1.3 PTX Vol. 1 and PTXMas ( 2011 -- 13 ) 1.4 PTX Vol. II ( 2013 -- 14 ) 1.5 PTX Vol . III and That 's Christmas to Me ( 2014 ) 1.6 Self - titled album , A Pentatonix Christmas , and PTX , Vol. IV ( 2015 -- 2017 ) 1.7 PTX Presents : Top Pop , Vol . I album and tour ( 2018 -- present ) 1.8 Additional releases 2 Other media 2.1 Tours 2.2 Performances 2.3 Appearances and presentations 2.4 Film 3 Awards and nominations 4 Philanthropy 5 Discography 6 Members 7 Concert tours 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Career Background Pentatonix began with Kirstin `` Kirstie '' Maldonado ( born May 16 , 1992 ) , Mitchell `` Mitch '' Grassi ( born July 24 , 1992 ) , and Scott Hoying ( born September 17 , 1991 ) who grew up together and were schoolmates at Martin High School in Arlington , Texas . For a local radio show competition to meet the cast of Glee , they arranged and submitted a trio version of `` Telephone '' . Despite losing the competition , their singing sparked attention at their school , and they began performing . Their version of `` Telephone '' by Lady Gaga featuring Beyoncé subsequently gained attention on YouTube . Avi Kaplan 's basso profondo vocal range is a prominent element of Pentatonix 's sound . Hoying and Maldonado both graduated from Martin High School in 2010 , Grassi in 2011 . Hoying went off to the University of Southern California ( USC ) to pursue a bachelor 's degree in Popular Music , while Maldonado pursued a Musical Theater major at the University of Oklahoma . While at USC , Scott Hoying joined an a cappella group called SoCal VoCals . He found out about The Sing - Off from another member of the group , Ben Bram ( also their arranger , producer , and sound engineer ) , and was encouraged to audition for the show . He persuaded Maldonado and Grassi to join him , but Bram suggested having a bass and beatboxer as well to support the group Through a mutual friend , Hoying met Avriel `` Avi '' Kaplan ( born April 17 , 1989 ) , a highly recognized vocal bass in the a cappella community . Then , the trio found Kevin Olusola ( born October 5 , 1988 ) on YouTube , where one of his videos in which he was simultaneously beatboxing and playing the cello ( called `` celloboxing '' ) had gone viral . Olusola was born in Owensboro , Kentucky , and graduated pre-med from Yale University . He speaks fluent Mandarin after spending a year studying in China . The group met the day before the auditions for the third season of The Sing - Off began . The group successfully auditioned for the show and eventually went on to win the title for 2011 ( season three ) . Pentatonix , as suggested by Scott Hoying , is named after the pentatonic scale , a musical scale or mode with five notes per octave , representing the five members of the group . They replaced the last letter with an `` x '' to make it more appealing . The quintet derives its influences from pop , dubstep , electro , reggae , hip hop , and classical music . The Sing - Off ( 2011 ) Main article : The Sing - Off ( season 3 ) Pentatonix performed the following songs on The Sing Off . The group did not perform in Episode 1 or 3 . Episode Theme Song choice Original artist Signature Songs `` E.T. '' Katy Perry Current Hits `` Your Love Is My Drug '' Ke $ ha 1960s Favorites `` Piece of My Heart '' Erma Franklin ( credited to Janis Joplin ) 5 Guilty Pleasures `` Video Killed the Radio Star '' The Buggles 6 Hip - Hop `` Love Lockdown '' Kanye West 7 Superstar Medleys Medley of `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' , `` Toxic '' and `` Hold It Against Me '' Britney Spears 8 Rock classics `` Born to be Wild '' Steppenwolf Country hits `` Stuck Like Glue '' Sugarland 9 R&B `` OMG '' Usher ( featuring will.i.am ) `` Let 's Get It On '' Marvin Gaye 10 Mastermix Medleys `` Forget You '' / `` Since U Been Gone '' Cee Lo Green / Kelly Clarkson Judges ' Choice `` Dog Days Are Over '' Florence and the Machine 11 ( Finale ) First performance `` Without You '' David Guetta ( feat . Usher ) Second performance `` Give Me Just One Night ( Una Noche ) '' 98 Degrees ( sung with host Nick Lachey ) Victory song `` Eye of the Tiger '' Survivor PTX Vol. 1 and PTXmas ( 2011 -- 13 ) Main articles : PTX , Volume 1 and PTXmas Scott Hoying and Kirstie Maldonado dropped out of college in the hopes of winning The Sing - Off , while Mitch Grassi skipped his high school graduation to audition for the show . After they won , all of the members relocated to Los Angeles in order to pursue a career as recording artists . The main goal of the group was to become the first mainstream a cappella group in recent times . Pentatonix 's logo . In January 2012 , having signed with Sony Pictures - owned label Madison Gate Records , the group began working on their first album with producer Ben Bram . During that six - month period of picking covers and writing originals , Pentatonix released covers of both popular and classic songs on YouTube . In interviews , the members mention that it was a way to stay relevant to their audience that enjoyed their work on `` The Sing - Off '' , in addition to gaining new fans . Almost all of their covers , including `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' by Gotye featuring Kimbra , `` Gangnam Style '' by PSY and `` We Are Young '' by Fun , went viral on YouTube . Their first EP , PTX , Volume 1 , was released on June 26 , 2012 , charting at number 14 on the US Billboard 200 chart and number 5 on the digital chart . It sold 20,000 copies in its first week of release . The group promoted the album through press appearances on Access Hollywood , VH1 The Buzz , Marie , and local television shows . Pentatonix were also featured on the Chinese version of The Sing - Off as guests where Kevin showcased his fluency in Mandarin . Pentatonix also embarked on their first national headlining tour in the fall of 2012 . The tour was sold - out and spanned 30 cities . Opening acts consisted of Alexander Cardinale and SJ Acoustic Music . Pentatonix performing in Paris in 2013 The group released their Christmas EP , PTXmas , on November 13 , 2012 . The group released their video of an original arrangement of `` Carol of the Bells '' the following day . The group performed on `` Coca - Cola Red Carpet LIVE ! @ The 2012 American Music Awards '' Pre-Show on November 18 , the Hollywood Christmas Parade , and the `` 94.7 THE WAVE Christmas Concert Starring Dave Koz and Kenny Loggins '' on December 16 . The group was also featured guests on Katie Couric ( ABC ) , Home and Family ( Hallmark ) , The Tonight Show with Jay Leno , and Big D NYE . Ryan Seacrest 's website named Pentatonix the 2012 `` Featured Artist of the Year '' for their expansive growth online in just one year . The Christmas album was re-released on November 19 , 2013 as a deluxe edition containing two additional tracks . One of these , `` Little Drummer Boy '' charted in several Billboard categories including peaking at number two on the `` Streaming Songs '' chart and number one on the Holiday 100 chart , receiving a number of Billboard awards . PTXmas reappeared on the Billboard charts again in November 2014 , placing No. 24 on the Billboard 200 and No. 4 on the Holiday charts , giving Pentatonix three albums on the Billboard 200 at the same time . On Billboard 's 2014 Year - End charts , PTXmas was No. 8 on the Catalogue Albums chart and No. 119 on the Top Billboard 200 Albums chart , with Pentatonix ranked as No. 46 on the Top Billboard 200 Artists chart . As of December 24 , 2014 , PTXmas has sold 356,000 copies . PTX Vol. II ( 2013 -- 14 ) Main articles : PTX , Vol. II and PTX , Vols. 1 & 2 The band went on their second national headlining tour from January 24 , 2013 to May 11 , 2013 , and simultaneously wrote additional original material for their second EP , PTX , Vol. II . The group released the first single , a cover of Macklemore and Ryan Lewis 's `` Ca n't Hold Us '' on August 20 , 2013 which to date has over 66 million views . The group also promoted PTX , Vol. II on The Ellen DeGeneres Show in November 2013 , after the success of `` The Evolution of Beyoncé '' mashup on YouTube . That week , the band was featured on `` Around the World with Diane Sawyer '' and were named `` Persons of the Week '' . Pentatonix performing in St. Louis , Missouri in 2013 . The album was released on November 5 , 2013 in conjunction with their second album single on YouTube : a medley of Daft Punk songs . The video went viral , garnering more than ten million views in the first week , and as of December 2016 , had nearly 225 million views . The medley was later nominated for and won Best Arrangement , Instrumental or a Cappella of the 57th Grammy Awards . PTX , Vol. II debuted at number ten on the Billboard 200 and number one on the Independent charts , selling 31,000 copies in the first week . Pentatonix subsequently re-released a deluxe version of PTXmas on November 18 , 2013 with two new tracks , `` Little Drummer Boy '' and `` Go Tell It On The Mountain '' . Their YouTube video of `` Little Drummer Boy '' , released near the end of November , garnered more than ten million views in the first week and reached number ten on the iTunes top songs charts worldwide . The song both debuted and peaked at number 13 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart for the week ending December 21 , 2013 . The video has over 98 million views as of December 2016 . In May 2014 , Pentatonix signed with RCA Records , a `` flagship '' label of Sony Music Entertainment . On July 30 , through the new label , the group released their first official album PTX , Vols. 1 & 2 in Japan , containing all of the songs from their two namesake EPs and four additional tracks , previously released as singles . It was released in Australia on August 15 and in the Philippines on September 26 . PTX Vol. . Iii and that 's Christmas to Me ( 2014 ) Main articles : PTX , Vol . III and That 's Christmas to Me Pentatonix performing at a concert in 2014 On August 7 , 2014 , Pentatonix announced that their third EP PTX , Vol . III would be released on September 23 , 2014 . The EP went up for pre-order on iTunes on August 11 , 2014 and included a download of two tracks from the EP , `` Problem '' and `` La La Latch '' . PTX Vol . III debuted at number 5 on the Billboard 200 . The group also revealed on August a second full - length Christmas album , That 's Christmas to Me , titled after the title track of the album , an original song that was penned by Pentatonix themselves . The album was released on October 21 , 2014 and peaked at number 2 on the Billboard 200 , and number 4 on the Billboard Canadian Albums chart . A single from the album , the group 's cover of `` Mary , Did You Know ? '' , both debuted and peaked on the Billboard Hot 100 chart at number 26 , at number 7 on Billboard 's Adult Contemporary chart , and at number 44 on the Billboard Canadian Hot 100 chart . Another single `` That 's Christmas To Me '' , the title track from the album , also peaked at number 8 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart . Pentatonix is also the first act to top both the Holiday Albums and Holiday Songs charts simultaneously since the Holiday 100 launched as a multi-metric tabulation in December 2011 . The album is also the highest charting Holiday album by a group since 1962 . During the holiday season , 7 songs from That 's Christmas to Me charted on Billboard 's Holiday Digital Songs chart . On December 10 , 2014 That 's Christmas to Me was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America . On December 24 , 2014 the album was certified Platinum . By year 's end ( December 31 , 2014 ) , Billboard reported the album had reached a total of 1.14 million copies sold -- becoming the 4th best selling album of 2014 by any artist of any genre ( being surpassed only by Taylor Swift 's 1989 , the Frozen Soundtrack , and Sam Smith 's In the Lonely Hour ) and was the Top Selling Holiday Album for 2014 . On February 11 , 2016 the album was certified Double Platinum . Self - titled album , a Pentatonix Christmas , and PTX , Vol. IV ( 2015 -- 2017 ) Main articles : Pentatonix ( album ) ; A Pentatonix Christmas ; and PTX , Vol. IV -- Classics In late December , Scott Hoying stated that for 2015 , `` Pentatonix is transitioning towards original music . '' A release of a full - length album consisting of only original material is planned . Hoying also stated , `` We 're at the point in our careers now ( where ) we must go to original music , and we want to go to original music ; we have so much to say , and I think it 's gon na be quite a journey . '' On August 28 , 2015 , Pentatonix announced on social media that the group 's third full - length album and first fully original album , which is eponymously titled , will be released on October 16 , 2015 . On September 4 , 2015 , Pentatonix released the first single from their upcoming album called `` Ca n't Sleep Love . '' Then , 2 weeks later on September 18 , 2015 , a second version featuring Tink was released online . On October 9 , 2015 , Pentatonix released their second single , a cover of Jack Ü and Justin Bieber 's `` Where Are Ü Now '' . The album ended up being released one day early as a surprise gift to their fans . On that same day , Pentatonix released their third single , `` Sing '' . The album debuted at number 1 on the US Billboard 200 . In the US , the album started with 98,000 units ( 88,000 in pure album sales ) . On February 8 , 2016 , the album was certified Gold . Their second full - length Christmas album , titled A Pentatonix Christmas , was released on October 21 , 2016 . It featured two new original songs , `` Good to Be Bad '' and `` The Christmas Sing - Along '' . It debuted on the Billboard 200 at number three with 52,000 albums sold in its first week , and later peaked at number one . The album also debuted atop the Billboard Holiday Albums chart , their second number one on that chart after That 's Christmas to Me . Their fifth EP , PTX , Vol. IV -- Classics , was released on April 7 , 2017 . It marked a departure from the group 's typical sound , focusing on covers of standards of rock , blues , country , and older pop music . In May 2017 , the band announced in a video that Kaplan was leaving the group following their upcoming tour . This split is amicable and centers on his inability to keep up with the touring demands of the group , and deal with the distance from his family . On July 31 , the group released the single `` Dancing on My Own '' , a cover of the eponymous song by Robyn , their first release without Kaplan ( although he was still a member at the time , as the tour was ongoing ) . Olusola performed cello on the song in lieu of a bass vocalist . Kaplan performed his last concert with Pentatonix on September 3 , 2017 in Essex Junction , Vermont . On October 13 , Hoying introduced Matt Sallee as the group 's new bass . PTX Presents : Top pop , Vol. . I album and tour ( 2018 -- present ) On February 27 2018 the group announce via their social media that they plan to release a new album called PTX Presents : Top Pop , Vol . I on April 13 2018 and go on tour that Summer . The new album would be the first full album since Matt Sallee took over as bass . Additional releases Along with their own albums , the band has also collaborated with other artists . In March 2013 , Pentatonix and violinist Lindsey Stirling released their cover of the Imagine Dragons song `` Radioactive '' , and won for Response of the Year at the YouTube Music Awards . In July of the same year , along with American Idol contestant and fellow Arlington Texan Todrick Hall , they released `` The Wizard of Ahhhs '' , which mashes up several songs to create one song . The music video follows the story of the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz with the artists dressed as its numerous lead roles . Several singles have also been released by the group including covers of A Great Big World , Pharrell Williams , Lorde , OMI , Paul Caine Middleton and others . On April 14 , 2016 the music video was released for Pentatonix 's cover with Jason Derulo of Shai 's `` If I Ever Fall In Love '' . In August 2016 , the music video of Pentatonix 's `` Perfume Medley '' was also released . The medley consisted of the songs `` Spending All My Time '' , `` Pick Me Up '' , `` Chocolate Disco '' , and `` Polyrhythm '' . Other media Tours Pentatonix embarked on their first national headlining tour in autumn of 2012 . The tour was sold out and spanned 30 cities . Openings acts consisted of Alexander Cardinale and SJ Acoustic Music . The band went on their second national headlining tour from January 24 , 2013 , to May 11 , 2013 , and simultaneously wrote additional original material for their second EP , PTX , Vol. II . In 2014 , Pentatonix undertook an extensive tour that included the United States , Canada , Europe and South East Asia . In 2015 , Pentatonix began the North American leg of their `` On My Way Home Tour '' , which began February 25 , 2015 , in California and ended at Grand Prairie 's Verizon Theatre on March 29 . The group started a European tour in Portugal on April 9 . This European leg ended in Glasgow on May 6 . The Southeast Asian leg of the tour began in Seoul , South Korea on May 28 . The last show of this leg was on Jun 16 in Osaka , Japan . Pentatonix opened for Kelly Clarkson on her Piece by Piece Tour . During Clarkson 's set the group performed `` Heartbeat Song '' with her . Due to Clarkson 's doctor 's requests for vocal rest , the tour was canceled 15 shows early . In 2016 , Pentatonix embarked on the first leg of their `` PENTATONIX WORLD TOUR '' with Us The Duo . The tour began on April 2 , 2016 , in Chiba , Japan . The second leg ran from May 23 through June 26 in Europe before returning to Japan for two shows in August 2016 . The third and fourth legs of the tour ( in Oceania and Asia respectively ) occurred in September 2016 , followed by the fifth leg in North America from October 17 to November 22 , 2016 . The tour 's 2017 shows kicked off in May with another five shows in Japan . The final leg of the tour began July 2 , 2017 in Los Angeles and continued across the United States before concluding in Vermont on September 3 , 2017. . The last show marked Kaplan 's final performance with the group . Performances In September 2012 , Pentatonix were invited to perform several of their songs ( `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' by Gotye and `` We Are Young '' by fun . ) on the Chinese edition of the Sing - Off . In addition , they covered the late Taiwanese pop star Teresa Teng 's song , Tian Mi Mi . Pentatonix appeared and performed on The Today Show , The Tonight Show With Jay Leno , The Talk and Conan . The group also returned to The Sing - Off , performing their cover version of Ellie Goulding 's `` I Need Your Love '' during the Season 4 finale episode , which aired on December 23 , 2013 . In November 2014 , Pentatonix were invited by Baz Luhrmann ( director , producer and writer ) to be involved with the Holiday Window display at Barneys in New York City . Each window had a theme such as `` love , '' `` beauty , '' `` truth '' and `` freedom '' with its own soundtrack , recorded by Pentatonix . Pentatonix also performed at the opening night , as well as the `` after party '' for invited guests . On November 27 , 2014 , Pentatonix participated in the annual Macy 's Thanksgiving Parade in New York City , performing `` Santa Claus is Coming to Town '' on the Homewood Suites float . Pentatonix also performed during NBC 's annual Christmas in Rockefeller Center special on December 3 , 2014 , performing `` Sleigh Ride '' and `` Santa Claus is Coming to Town '' . Pentatonix returned to The Sing - Off , performing a medley of songs from That 's Christmas to Me during the Season 5 holiday special , which aired on December 17 , 2014 . On December 7 , 2014 Pentatonix appeared in The Kennedy Center Honors award presentation , as part of a presentation to actor Tom Hanks , singing the song `` That Thing You Do '' , from Hanks ' film of the same name . The show was broadcast on CBS on December 30 , 2014 . On December 31 , 2014 Pentatonix appeared as part of ABC Television Network 's Dick Clark 's New Year 's Rockin ' Eve with Ryan Seacrest 2015 , performing from the Billboard Hollywood party hosted by Fergie . In December 2014 , Pentatonix were invited to perform on the final episode of Wetten , dass ... ? , a longstanding entertainment show in Germany , performing a medley of songs from artists that have been on the program over the years . Appearances and presentations This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Pentatonix appeared on Sesame Street on February 7 , 2014 . Pentatonix were presenters at the 2014 American Music Awards , introducing a performance by Jessie J , Ariana Grande , and Nicki Minaj . The group was also featured in the `` YouTube Rewind 2014 '' video as one of the most subscribed YouTube music channels . Pentatonix was on the Disney Channel show , K.C. Undercover on June 14 , 2015 . Maldonado , Hoying , and Grassi appeared as members of a cappella groups in the Fox television show Bones , in the episode `` The Strike In the Chord '' that originally aired on May 19 , 2016 . They made a guest appearance on The Voice on November 24 , 2016 where they sang their rendition of `` Jolene '' alongside Miley Cyrus and the song 's writer and original performer , Dolly Parton . On December 14 , 2016 , the group hosted their first Christmas special , titled around their current album , A Pentatonix Christmas Special . The hour - long special aired on NBC and featured guest appearances by Reba McEntire , Dolly Parton , and Kelly Clarkson . Film Pentatonix had a cameo role in Pitch Perfect 2 , released in May 2015 , as the Canadian team competing against the Barden Bellas . Pentatonix also released a documentary about the group 's journey titled `` On My Way Home '' ( based off the original song of the same name from PTX , Vol . III and the group 's 2015 tour ) on June 18 , 2015 , which was promoted on social media through the hashtag # OnMyWayHomeProject . Awards and nominations Daytime Emmy Awards Year Category Work Result Ref . 2017 Outstanding Musical Performance in a Daytime Program `` God Rest Ye Merry Gentlemen '' on Rachael Ray Nominated Grammy Awards Year Category Work Result Ref . 2015 Best Arrangement , Instrumental or A Cappella `` Daft Punk '' Won 2016 `` Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy '' Won 2017 Best Country Duo / Group Performance `` Jolene '' ( ft . Dolly Parton ) Won Streamy Awards Year Category Work Result Ref . 2014 Best Cover Song `` Daft Punk '' Won Best Original Song `` Love Again '' Nominated Best Musical Artist Pentatonix Nominated 2015 Best Collaboration Pentatonix and Lindsey Stirling Nominated Best Cover Song `` Evolution of Michael Jackson '' Nominated YouTube Music Awards Year Category Work Result Ref . 2013 Response of the Year `` Radioactive '' ( with Lindsey Stirling ) Won 2015 Artist of the Year Pentatonix Won Shorty Awards Year Category Work Result Ref . 2015 Best YouTube Musician Pentatonix Won Billboard Music Awards Year Category Work Result Ref . 2015 Top Billboard 200 Album That 's Christmas to Me Nominated Top Billboard 200 Artist Pentatonix Nominated Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards Year Category Work Result Ref . 2016 Favorite Music Group Pentatonix Nominated 2017 Nominated IHeartRadio Music Awards Year Category Work Result Ref . 2016 Best Cover Song `` Cheerleader '' Nominated Webby Awards Year Category Work Result Ref . 2016 Video Remixes / Mashups Evolution of Michael Jackson Nominated Philanthropy During The Sing - Off , Pentatonix visited the administrative offices of The Trevor Project , an American non-profit organization founded in 1998 and the leading national organization focused on suicide prevention efforts among lesbian , gay , bisexual , transgender , and questioning ( LGBTQ ) youth . The group members shared their experiences of overcoming bullying and recorded a public service announcement . A 60 - second spot about The Trevor Project aired during the live finale , but it was met with considerable controversy as the producers edited out LGBTQ references and failed to acknowledge the orientations of Grassi and Hoying , who are both a part of the LGBTQ community . Pentatonix performed two shows in Rochester , New York , on December 11 , 2011 in support of the University of Rochester YellowJackets ' `` United We Sing '' Kenya project . The event , which also featured all - female octet Delilah , was hosted by the YellowJackets at Kodak Hall at the university 's Eastman Theatre . Pentatonix was also invited to the A Cappella Palooza fundraiser in Boston in April 2012 ( together with Ben Folds , Delilah , The Dartmouth Aires , North Shore and the Dear Abbeys from Boston University ) in an effort to raise funds for the Mass General Cancer Center . Discography Main article : Pentatonix discography PTX , Vols. 1 & 2 ( 2014 ) PTX ( 2014 ) That 's Christmas to Me ( 2014 ) Pentatonix ( 2015 ) A Pentatonix Christmas ( 2016 ) Members For more information , see Voice classification in non-classical music . Scott Hoying -- baritone lead and backing vocals ( 2011 -- present ) Mitch Grassi -- tenor lead and backing vocals ( 2011 -- present ) Kirstin Maldonado -- mezzo - soprano lead and backing vocals ( 2011 -- present ) Kevin Olusola -- vocal percussion , beatboxing , backing vocals , cello ( 2011 -- present ) Matt Sallee - vocal bass , bass lead and backing vocals ( 2017 -- present ) Former members Avi Kaplan -- vocal bass , vocal percussion , bass lead and backing vocals ( 2011 -- 2017 ) Concert tours Headlining Tour 2012 ( 2012 ) Tour 2013 ( 2013 ) World Tour 2014 ( 2014 ) On My Way Home Tour ( 2015 ) Pentatonix World Tour 2016 ( 2016 -- 2017 ) A Pentatonix Christmas Tour ( 2017 ) PTX Presents Tour ( 2018 ) Opening act Piece by Piece Tour with Kelly Clarkson ( 2015 ) See also Superfruit , a musical / comedy duo consisting of Pentatonix members Mitch Grassi and Scott Hoying . References Jump up ^ Hyman , Vicki ( November 29 , 2011 ) . `` Pentatonix scores ' The Sing - Off ' title '' . The Star - Ledger . Retrieved August 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Nededog , Jethro ( November 29 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Sing - Off 's ' Pentatonix on Going From Newly Formed Group to the Show 's Winners '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Tiny Label Is Behind an a Cappella Group 's Success '' . NewYorkTimes . Retrieved November 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Interview : Entertainment.ie speaks to US a cappella group Pentatonix '' . Entertainment.ie . Retrieved November 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pentatonix Tears Up the Charts '' . Wallstreet Journal . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wednesday Video Spotlight : Pentatonix has a hit with holiday album That 's Christmas To Me , performing during Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade '' . NewsOK.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Interview : Entertainment.ie speaks to US a cappella group Pentatonix '' . Entertainment.ie . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pentatonix Signed to RCA Records '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Pentatonix -- That 's Christmas to Me '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH ^ Jump up to : `` Pentatonix Has the Highest - Charting Christmas Album by a Group Since 1962 '' . Yahoo Music . Retrieved December 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( December 24 , 2014 ) . `` Pentatonix 's ' That 's Christmas To Me ' Surpasses 1 Million in Sales '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Nyren , Erin ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Avi Kaplan Exits Pentatonix in Tearful Goodbye Video '' . Variety . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hoying , Scott . `` Excited to introduce Matt Sallee ! ! Our new bass joining us this holiday season ! I hope y'all LOVE him as much as we do ! pic.twitter.com/YAZQ2iJKpe '' -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` Grammy Awards Winners '' . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : https://twitter.com/RecordingAcad/status/830906821833486337 . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Biography of Pentatonix '' . nbc.com . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Malkoff , Amy ( November 27 , 2011 ) . `` An Exclusive Interview With Pentatonix 's Scott Hoying '' . casa.org . Retrieved August 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , Patrick M. ( November 8 , 2011 ) . `` As part of Pentatonix , Arlington trio shines on NBC 's ' The Sing - Off ' '' . dfw.com . Retrieved August 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hodges , John ( September 25 , 2011 ) . `` A Brief Interview with Scott Hoying of Pentatonix '' . casa.org . Retrieved August 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Sing - Off Season 3 -- Official Casting Site '' . September 7 , 2011 . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2011 . Retrieved November 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Olusola : Cello and Beatboxing '' . January 15 , 2009 . Retrieved November 7 , 2013 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Russ , Stephen . `` Faith , Innovation , and Cello Beat Boxing -- An Interview with Kevin Olusola of Pentatonix '' . Beliefnet.com . Retrieved August 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bentley , Jean ( November 29 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Sing Off ' winners Pentatonix on YouTube , Nick Lachey and recording an album '' . zap2it.com . Retrieved August 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gallo , Phil ( November 29 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Sing - Off ' Finale : Pentatonix Takes The Trophy '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ O'Neal , Cathy ( October 11 , 2011 ) . `` Pentatonix on The Sing - Off '' . TheaterJones.com . Retrieved August 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( July 6 , 2012 ) . `` Weekly Chart Notes : Whitney Houston , Pentatonix , Andy Griffith '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Sing Off -- Music -- NBC Official Site Archived November 22 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , Carina Adly ( November 28 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Sing - Off ' winner : Pentatonix tunes out Dartmouth Aires and Urban Method '' . zap2it.com . Retrieved August 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Smith , Grady ( December 2 , 2011 ) . `` ' Sing - Off ' champs Pentatonix talk competition , their future album , and ( of course ) Nick Lachey 's puns '' . Entertainment Weekly . Inside TV . Retrieved August 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Still , Jennifer ( November 30 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Sing - Off ' Pentatonix interview : ' We want mainstream success ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved August 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Sing Off Season 3 : Conference Call With Pentatonix '' . Reality Wanted . December 2 , 2011 . Retrieved August 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` THE SING - OFF Season 3 Winners Pentatonix Release Debut EP `` PTX VOLUME 1 '' Tuesday , June 26th `` . PR Newswire . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pentatonix Perform At The Recording Academy '' . National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences . October 1 , 2012 . Retrieved October 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pentatonix ' We Are Young ' A Cappella Cover Goes Viral '' . HuffPost . May 9 , 2012 . Retrieved August 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wakim , Marielle ( July 16 , 2012 ) . `` Pentatonix Are Making a Cappella Cool Again ( or Maybe for the First Time ) '' . HuffPost . Retrieved August 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( July 4 , 2012 ) . `` Week Ending July 1 , 2012 . Albums : Keeping Adam Humble '' . Yahoo ! Music Chart Watch . Retrieved August 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Smith , Grady ( July 3 , 2012 ) . `` Winners of ' The Sing - Off ' outsell ' The Voice ' winner Javier Colon '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Linkin Parks One , Maroon 's Next '' . Hits Daily Double . June 27 , 2012 . Retrieved August 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gallo , Phill ( September 26 , 2012 ) . `` Pentatonix Working On Christmas EP , Four - Month Tour In 2013 '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pitilli , Lawrence Doo - Wop Acappella : A Story of Street Corners , Echoes , and Three - Part Harmonies , p. 195 , at Google Books Jump up ^ `` 2012 RYANSEACREST.COM FEATURED ARTIST OF THE YEAR : PENTATONIX ! '' . ptxofficial.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PTXMAS DELUXE ( WITH 2 NEW TRACKS ) -- AVAILABLE NOW ! '' . Ptxofficial.com . Retrieved March 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pentatonix -- Chart history '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wednesday Video Spotlight : Pentatonix has a hit with holiday album `` That 's Christmas To Me , '' performing during Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade `` . NewsOK.com . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard 200 '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Holiday Albums '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Catalogue Albums Year - End 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Billboard 200 Albums Year - End 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Billboard 200 Artists Year - End 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pentatonix 's ' That 's Christmas To Me ' Surpasses 1 Million in Sales '' . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Moraski , Lauren ( July 6 , 2012 ) . `` Pentatonix : Keeping the a cappella spark bright after ' The Sing - Off ' '' . CBS News . Retrieved August 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Lawton , Adam ( July 29 , 2012 ) . `` Pentatonix 's Avi Kaplan & Scott Hoying talk about NBC 's ' The Sing Off ' '' . mediamikes.com . Retrieved August 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pentatonix ( Interview ) '' . dfwlive.org . August 10 , 2012 . Retrieved August 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Malachi ( November 4 , 2013 ) . `` Pentatonix Performs ' Evolution of Beyoncé ' on ' Ellen ' '' . The Honesty Hour . Retrieved November 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( October 30 , 2013 ) . `` A Cappella ' Evolution of Beyonce ' Video Goes Viral : Pentatonix on How the Hit Came to Be '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 57th Annual GRAMMY Awards Nominees . National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences . Retrieved on December 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` PTXMAS DELUXE ( WITH 2 NEW TRACKS ) -- AVAILABLE NOW ! '' . Ptxofficial.com . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pentatonix Marches Onto Hot 100 With ' Little Drummer Boy ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ YouTube ^ Jump up to : Lee , Ashley ( August 7 , 2014 ) . `` Pentatonix Sets ' Vol. 3 ' Release Date , Second Holiday Album '' . Retrieved August 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tony Bennett & Lady Gaga 's ' Cheek To Cheek ' Debuts at No. 1 '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Pentatonix Hits Top Three on Billboard 200 , Nickelback Debuts in Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Canadian Albums Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 : Pentatonix Scores Second Top 30 Hit with `` Mary , Did You Know ? '' `` . HeadlinePlanet . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Adult Contemporary chart '' . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pentatonix -- Chart history -- Billboard Canadian Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Adult Contemporary Chart '' . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pentatonix Tops Holiday Songs & Albums Charts '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Holiday Digital Songs Chart '' . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hoying , Scott . `` Scott Hoying on Twitter : `` 🙊 pic.twitter.com/iMMLjidCvG '' `` . Twitter.com/ScottHoying . Scott Hoying . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift 's ' 1989 ' Beats ' Frozen ' As Top Selling Album of 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard 200 Chart Moves : Pentatonix Earns 2014 's Top Selling Christmas Album '' . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hoying , Scott . `` Superfruit Live Stream : Celebrating ONE MILLION Subscribers '' . SUPERFRUIT . Retrieved December 30 , 2014 -- via YouTube . Pentatonix is transitioning towards original music . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Avi . `` Avi Kaplan on Facebook - `` In the studio for this new all original album for Pentatonix ! '' `` . Facebook.com/AviKaplanMusic . Avi Kaplan . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2015 . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Superfruit . `` CHUFTER '' . Mitch Grassi and Scott Hoying . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` On My Way Home Documentary ( Official Trailer ) '' . Pentatonix . June 9 , 2015 . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 -- via YouTube . We 're at the point in our careers now we must go to original music , and we want to go to original music ; we have so much to say , and I think it 's gon na be quite a journey . Jump up ^ `` # NEWALBUM 10.16. 15 '' . twitter.com/PTXofficial . Pentatonix . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Caulfield , Keith ( October 26 , 2015 ) . `` Pentatonix Scores First No. 1 Album on Billboard 200 Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Monger , James Christoper . `` A Pentatonix Christmas -- Pentatonix : Review '' . AllMusic . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Caulfield , Keith ( October 30 , 2016 ) . `` Seven Albums Debut in Top 10 of Billboard 200 Chart , Led by Lady Gaga , Michael Buble & Pentatonix '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( December 26 , 2016 ) . `` Pentatonix 's ' Christmas ' Album Hits No. 1 on Billboard 200 Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PTX , Vol. IV -- Classics '' . iTunes Store . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Any way the wind blows : Pentatonix takes on ' Bohemian Rhapsody ' '' . Fort Worth Star - Telegram . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing On My Own -- Pentatonix ( Robyn Cover ) '' . Pentatonix . July 31 , 2017 . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 -- via YouTube . ^ Jump up to : Kaplan , Avi ( @ Avi_Kaplan ) ( September 4 , 2017 ) . `` Tonight was my last show with PTX '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Pentatonix Announce A New Album For This Spring & A Summer Tour '' . Idolator.com . Retrieved 28 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pentatonix Covers Macklemore & Ryan Lewis ' ' Thrift Shop ' At Billboard HQ ( Exclusive Video ) '' . Billboard. April 4 , 2013 . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Duren , Rand , ed . ( November 5 , 2013 ) . `` Arlington a capella group Pentatonix wins YouTube ' Response of the Year ' Award '' . The Dallas Morning News . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pentatonix & Todrick Hall -- Wizard of Ahhhs '' . mjsbigblog.com . July 17 , 2013 . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Derulo , Pentatonix 's ' If I Ever Fall In Love ' cover will MAKE you fall again '' . USA Today . April 14 , 2016 . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PTXofficial Website , Tour Archive '' . PTXofficial.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` PTXofficial Website , Tour Archive '' . PTXofficial.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kelly Clarkson Piece by Piece Tour '' . kellyclarkson.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kelly Clarkson 's Canadian & U.K. Tour Dates Canceled '' . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pentatonix Official Website : upcoming tour dates '' . Pentatonix Official Website . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UPCOMING TOUR DATES '' . PTX Official Website . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ispeakinsong ( September 4 , 2012 ) . `` The Sing - Off China -- Competition Episode 09 '' . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( December 23 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Sing - Off ' Finale Recap : Season - Four Winner Named ( Video ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Barneys Holiday Windows Get the Baz Luhrmann Treatment '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Baz Luhrmann Brings Pentatonix , Stilt Walkers And Magic To Barneys ' `` Baz Dazzled '' Holiday Windows `` . LogoTV NewNowNext . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Thanksgiving Day Parade : What time to watch , who has the best line - up , and where to see Taylor Swift '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Thanksgiving Music at The Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade : LIVE UPDATES ! Meghan Trainor , Taylor Swift and yes , The Radio City Rockettes '' . Music Times . Retrieved November 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Scoop : CHRISTMAS IN ROCKEFELLER CENTER on NBC -- Wednesday , December 3 , 2014 '' . Broadway World . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Sing - Off ' preview : One night only '' . The Community . Retrieved December 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pentatonix Return To ' The Sing Off ' With Epic Holiday Medley '' . PopDust . Retrieved December 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Robbins , Caryn . `` VIDEO : Pentatonix Pay Tribute to Tom Hanks with ' That Thing You Do ' Performance on KENNEDY CENTER HONORS '' . Broadwayworld.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IGGY AZALEA , BASTILLE , JASON DERULO , PENTATONIX AND RIXTON JOIN THE NEW YEAR 'S CELEBRATION FROM THE BILLBOARD HOLLYWOOD PARTY '' . tvbythernumbers . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Iggy Azalea Joins Billboard Hollywood Party on New Year 's Eve '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Niemals geht man so Lanz '' . Süddeutsche Zeitung . Retrieved December 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gäste , Wetten , Star - Auftritte : So läuft das große Finale von `` Wetten , dass ... ? '' `` . Augsburger-Allgemeine.de . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pentatonix wollen keinen Trends folgen '' . abendzeitung-muenchen.de . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` American Music Awards 2014 best moments and highlights '' . CBS News . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande , Jessie J and More To Perform at The 2014 American Music Awards ® '' . TheAMAs.com . TheAmerican Music Awards . November 18 , 2014 . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2015 . Retrieved August 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How YouTube Crammed an Entire Year Into Its Epic ' Rewind ' Video '' . Wired . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pentatonix to appear in ' Bones ' musical mystery '' . Star - Telegram . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pentatonix joins ' Pitch Perfect 2 ' - and here 's who they 're playing '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 44th Annual Daytime Emmy Award Nominations '' ( PDF ) . New York City : emmyonline.org and National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences . March 22 , 2017 . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grammy Awards 2016 : See the Full Winners List '' . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Streamy Awards Winners '' . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Streamy Awards Winners '' . Retrieved August 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lopez , Korina ( November 4 , 2013 ) . `` YouTube Music Awards winners list '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube Music Awards winners list '' . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pentatonix accepts the Best YouTube Musician Shorty Award '' . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top billboard 200 album finalists '' . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top billboard 200 artist finalists '' . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Host Blake Shelton , Pentatonix nominated for Nickelodeon 's 2016 Kids ' Choice Awards '' . NewsOK.com . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards '' . Nickelodeon . Jump up ^ `` 2016 iHeartRadio Music Awards Nominees Revealed ! iHeartRadio '' . iHeartRadio . Retrieved February 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tyler Oakley , Pentatonix , and more lead Webby nominations DailyDot '' . DailyDot . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Still , Jennifer ( November 29 , 2011 ) . `` ' Sing - Off ' winner crowned in exciting finale '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved August 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Nededog , Jethro ( November 28 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Sing - Off ' Season 3 Champs Are Pentatonix ( Video ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Grindley , Lucas ( December 2 , 2011 ) . `` NBC Goes Gay - Vague in Segment on the Trevor Project '' . The Advocate . Retrieved August 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Reker , Art ( November 30 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Sing Off ' Goes Flat : Edits LGBTQ References Out '' . AfterElton . Retrieved August 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wadding , Megan . `` Concert Preview '' . Echo Mag . Retrieved November 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nichols , Larry . `` Pentatonix '' . Ken Phillips Publicity Group . Retrieved November 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shapiro , Gregg ( November 23 , 2012 ) . `` Mitch Grassi of Pentatonix on being gay in the cool a cappella band '' . The GA Voice LGBT News . Retrieved November 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` PENTATONIX Coming to Atlanta '' . July 18 , 2013 . Retrieved May 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hauser , Scott . `` Singing in the Spotlight '' . University of Rochester . Retrieved August 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McSheffrey , Kevin ( May 1 , 2012 ) . `` ' A Cappella Palooza ' successfully debuts at Agganis '' . Boston Music Spotlight . Retrieved August 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jones , Darianna . `` Bold & Sugar Interviews Mitch Grassi of Pentatonix : `` Do n't Be Afraid to Be Different '' `` . BoldAndSugar.com . Bold and Sugar . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . External links Official website Pentatonix 's channel on YouTube Pentatonix on IMDb Pentatonix Scott Hoying Mitch Grassi Kirstie Maldonado Kevin Olusola Matt Sallee Avi Kaplan Studio albums PTX , Vols. 1 & 2 ( 2014 ) PTX ( 2014 ) That 's Christmas to Me ( 2014 ) Pentatonix ( 2015 ) A Pentatonix Christmas ( 2016 ) EPs PTX , Volume 1 ( 2012 ) PTXmas ( 2012 ) PTX , Vol. II ( 2013 ) PTX , Vol . III ( 2014 ) PTX , Vol. IV - Classics ( 2017 ) Singles `` Ca n't Sleep Love '' Concert tours On My Way Home Tour Pentatonix World Tour 2016 A Pentatonix Christmas Tour PTX Presents Tour Related Discography The Sing - Off Seasons 5 Winners Nota Committed Pentatonix Home Free Vanderbilt Melodores Runners - up Beelzebubs Street Corner Symphony Dartmouth Aires Ten The Exchange YouTube Music Awards Ceremonies 2013 2015 Hosts Jason Schwartzman and Reggie Watts ( 2013 ) Tyler Oakley ( 2015 ) Awards Videos of the Year `` I Got a Boy '' by Girls ' Generation ( 2013 ) Artists of the Year Eminem ( 2013 ) Responses of the Year `` Radioactive '' by Lindsey Stirling and Pentatonix ( 2013 ) YouTube Phenomenons `` I Knew You Were Trouble '' by Taylor Swift ( 2013 ) YouTube Breakthroughs Macklemore & Ryan Lewis ( 2013 ) Innovations of the Year `` See Me Standing '' by DeStorm ( 2013 ) Related articles Kia Motors Spike Jonze YouTube Awards YouTube VIAF : 307464798 LCCN : no2014034046 GND : 1061153193 BNF : cb16946793k ( data ) MusicBrainz : 79c67eb5 - 3851 - 4b28 - bfe0 - 3adfcd6f58d7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pentatonix&oldid=828302506 '' Categories : Pentatonix American vocal groups Grammy Award winners Professional a cappella groups Musical groups established in 2011 Musical groups from Texas RCA Records artists Vocal quintets Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2015 Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use American English from October 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from January 2018 Pages which use embedded infobox templates with the title parameter Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Articles needing more detailed references Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Articles needing additional references from November 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 19 : 40 . 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how did the group pentatonix get their start

Pentatonix began with Kirstin `` Kirstie '' Maldonado ( born May 16 , 1992 ) , Mitchell `` Mitch '' Grassi ( born July 24 , 1992 ) , and Scott Hoying ( born September 17 , 1991 ) who grew up together and were schoolmates at Martin High School in Arlington , Texas . For a local radio show competition to meet the cast of Glee , they arranged and submitted a trio version of `` Telephone '' . Despite losing the competition , their singing sparked attention at their school , and they began performing . Their version of `` Telephone '' by Lady Gaga featuring Beyoncé subsequently gained attention on YouTube .

African Footballer of the Year - wikipedia African Footballer of the Year Jump to : navigation , search The African Footballer of the Year award , presented to the best African footballer each year , has been conferred by the Confederation of African Football ( CAF ) since 1992 . An earlier African Footballer of the Year Golden Ball award was given out between 1970 and 1994 by France Football magazine . The changes resulted in parallel Golden Ball awards given out to Abedi Pele and George Weah in 1993 and 1994 by the magazine although the CAF sponsored awards for those years were won respectively by Rashidi Yekini and Emmanuel Amuneke , as well as two awards given to Abedi Pelé in 1992 . France Football discontinued the election from 1995 after the European Ballon d'Or -- also awarded by the magazine -- had been opened to all players in the European leagues . On 2 February 2008 , Sevilla 's Frédéric Kanouté was named the 2007 African Footballer of the Year . Kanouté , who was born in France , is the first European - born player to win the award ( he plays for his father 's native country of Mali ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Winners 1.1 France Football award ( 1970 -- 1994 ) 1.2 CAF award ( 1992 -- present ) 1.3 Wins By Country 1.4 Wins By Club 2 See also 3 References Winners ( edit ) France Football award ( 1970 -- 1994 ) ( edit ) Roger Milla , two - time winner of the award given by France Football . Lakhdar Belloumi , winner of the award in 1981 . Mahmoud El Khatib was the first player from Egypt to win the award in 1983 . The award by France Football magazine was awarded to the best African footballer between 1970 and 1994 . The award was discontinued in 1995 after the European Footballer of the Year ( Ballon d'Or ) was opened to players of non-European nationality , the award being given to George Weah that year . It had already been replaced by an official award given out by the Confederation of African Football since 1992 . Year Rank Player Team Points 1970 1st Salif Keïta Saint - Étienne 54 2nd Laurent Pokou ASEC Abidjan 28 Ali Abo Greisha Ismaily 1971 1st Ibrahim Sunday Asante Kotoko 29 2nd Robert Mensah Asante Kotoko 15 3rd François Ndoumbé Canon Yaoundé 13 1972 1st Chérif Souleymane Hafia 21 2nd Bwanga Tshimen TP Mazembe 16 3rd Petit Sory Hafia 14 1973 1st Bwanga Tshimen TP Mazembe 49 2nd Kazadi Mwamba TP Mazembe 44 3rd Laurent Pokou ASEC Abidjan 41 1st Paul Moukila CARA Brazzaville 57 2nd Lobilo Boba Vita Club 32 3rd Hassan Shehata Zamalek 28 1st Ahmed Faras Mohammédia 28 2nd Roger Milla Tonnerre Yaoundé 24 Mamadou Aliou Kéïta Hafia 1976 1st Roger Milla Tonnerre Yaoundé 33 2nd Papa Camara Hafia 32 3rd Ali Bencheikh MC Alger 27 1977 1st Tarak Dhiab Espérance Tunis 45 2nd Papa Camara Hafia 33 3rd Segun Odegbami Shooting Stars 29 1978 1st Karim Abdul Razak Asante Kotoko 58 2nd Ali Bencheikh MC Alger 33 3rd Thomas N'Kono Canon Yaoundé 29 1979 1st Thomas N'Kono Canon Yaoundé 55 2nd Adolf Armah Hearts of Oak 23 3rd Kerfalla Bangoura Horoya 15 1980 1st Jean Manga - Onguéné Canon Yaoundé 64 2nd Segun Odegbami Shooting Stars 41 3rd Théophile Abega Canon Yaoundé 18 1981 1st Lakhdar Belloumi GC Mascara 78 2nd Thomas N'Kono Canon Yaoundé 54 3rd Ali Fergani JS Kabylie 26 1982 1st Thomas N'Kono Espanyol 83 2nd Salah Assad Mulhouse 54 3rd Lakhdar Belloumi GC Mascara 36 1st Mahmoud El Khatib Al Ahly 98 2nd Opoku Nti Asante Kotoko 89 3rd Rafiou Moutairou OC Agaza 19 1984 1st Théophile Abega Toulouse 124 2nd Joseph - Antoine Bell El Mokawloon 65 Ibrahim Youssef Zamalek 1985 1st Mohamed Timoumi AS FAR 113 2nd Rabah Madjer Porto 45 3rd Ibrahim Youssef Zamalek 39 1986 1st Ezzaki Badou Mallorca 125 2nd Aziz Bouderbala Sion 88 3rd Roger Milla Montpellier 80 1st Rabah Madjer Porto 130 2nd Youssouf Falikou Fofana Monaco 63 3rd François Omam - Biyik Laval 52 1st Kalusha Bwalya Cercle Brugge 111 2nd Roger Milla Montpellier 68 3rd Youssouf Falikou Fofana Monaco 40 1st George Weah Monaco 133 2nd Joseph - Antoine Bell Bordeaux 105 3rd Kalusha Bwalya PSV 49 1st Roger Milla Saint - Pierroise 209 2nd Tahar Chérif El - Ouazzani Aydınspor 64 3rd Rabah Madjer Porto 60 François Omam - Biyik Rennes 1991 1st Abedi Pele Marseille 152 2nd George Weah Monaco 106 3rd François Omam - Biyik Cannes 52 1992 1st Abedi Pele Marseille 198 2nd George Weah Paris Saint - Germain 161 3rd Tony Yeboah Eintracht Frankfurt 64 1993 1st Abedi Pele Marseille 119 2nd Tony Yeboah Eintracht Frankfurt 117 3rd Rashidi Yekini Vitória de Setúbal 104 1994 1st George Weah Paris Saint - Germain 148 2nd Emmanuel Amunike Sporting CP 133 3rd Daniel Amokachi Everton 99 CAF award ( 1992 -- present ) ( edit ) Samuel Eto'o won the award four times . Yaya Touré won the award four consecutive times from 2011 to 2014 . Pierre - Emerick Aubameyang was the first player from Gabon to win the award in 2015 . Mohamed Salah is the latest player to win the award in 2017 . Year Rank Player Team Points 1992 1st Abedi Pele Marseille -- 1993 1st Rashidi Yekini Vitória de Setúbal -- 1994 1st Emmanuel Amunike Sporting CP 48 2nd George Weah Paris Saint - Germain 44 Rashidi Yekini Olympiacos 1995 1st George Weah Milan -- 2nd Emmanuel Amunike Sporting CP -- 3rd Daniel Amokachi Everton -- 1st Nwankwo Kanu Internazionale -- 2nd George Weah Milan -- 3rd Daniel Amokachi Beşiktaş -- 1st Victor Ikpeba Monaco 56 2nd Japhet N'Doram Monaco 40 3rd Taribo West Internazionale 35 1998 1st Mustapha Hadji Deportivo La Coruña 76 2nd Jay - Jay Okocha Paris Saint - Germain 74 3rd Sunday Oliseh Ajax 58 1999 1st Nwankwo Kanu Arsenal 46 2nd Samuel Kuffour Bayern Munich 44 3rd Ibrahima Bakayoko Marseille 42 2000 1st Patrick M'Boma Parma 123 2nd Lauren Mallorca 36 3rd Samuel Eto'o Mallorca 29 1st El Hadji Diouf Lens 93 2nd Samuel Kuffour Bayern Munich 66 3rd Samuel Eto'o Mallorca 34 2002 1st El Hadji Diouf Liverpool 93 2nd Papa Bouba Diop Lens 46 3rd Mido Ajax 42 2003 1st Samuel Eto'o Mallorca -- 2nd Didier Drogba Marseille -- 3rd Jay - Jay Okocha Bolton Wanderers -- 1st Samuel Eto'o Barcelona 116 2nd Didier Drogba Chelsea 90 3rd Jay - Jay Okocha Bolton Wanderers 68 2005 1st Samuel Eto'o Barcelona 108 2nd Didier Drogba Chelsea 106 3rd Michael Essien Chelsea 50 2006 1st Didier Drogba Chelsea 79 2nd Samuel Eto'o Barcelona 76 3rd Michael Essien Chelsea 36 2007 1st Frédéric Kanouté Sevilla -- 2nd Michael Essien Chelsea -- 3rd Didier Drogba Chelsea -- 2008 1st Emmanuel Adebayor Arsenal 74 2nd Mohamed Aboutrika Al - Ahly 53 3rd Michael Essien Chelsea 36 2009 1st Didier Drogba Chelsea 92 2nd Samuel Eto'o Internazionale 69 3rd Michael Essien Chelsea 43 1st Samuel Eto'o Internazionale -- 2nd Asamoah Gyan Sunderland -- 3rd Didier Drogba Chelsea -- 2011 1st Yaya Touré Manchester City -- 2nd Seydou Keita Barcelona -- 3rd André Ayew Marseille -- 2012 1st Yaya Touré Manchester City -- 2nd Didier Drogba Shanghai Shenhua -- 3rd Alex Song Barcelona -- 2013 1st Yaya Touré Manchester City 373 2nd John Obi Mikel Chelsea 265 3rd Didier Drogba Galatasaray 236 2014 1st Yaya Touré Manchester City 175 2nd Pierre - Emerick Aubameyang Borussia Dortmund 120 3rd Vincent Enyeama Lille 105 2015 1st Pierre - Emerick Aubameyang Borussia Dortmund 143 2nd Yaya Touré Manchester City 136 3rd André Ayew Swansea City 112 2016 1st Riyad Mahrez Leicester City 361 2nd Pierre - Emerick Aubameyang Borussia Dortmund 313 3rd Sadio Mané Liverpool 186 2017 1st Mohamed Salah Liverpool 625 2nd Sadio Mané Liverpool 507 3rd Pierre - Emerick Aubameyang Borussia Dortmund 311 Wins By Country ( edit ) Nation Winners Runners - up Third places Cameroon 11 8 11 Ivory Coast 8 6 7 Ghana 6 7 7 Nigeria 5 6 7 Morocco 0 Algeria 5 Liberia -- Egypt Mali -- Senegal Guinea DR Congo -- Gabon Zambia -- Togo -- Tunisia -- -- Congo -- -- Chad -- -- Wins By Club ( edit ) Club Winners Runners - up Third places Olympique Marseille Manchester City -- Chelsea 6 AS Monaco Barcelona Asante Kotoko -- Canon Yaoundé RCD Mallorca Inter Milan Liverpool Arsenal -- -- Paris SG -- Hafia Conacry TP Mazembe -- Borussia Dortmund -- Sporting CP -- Al Ahly FC Porto Tonnerre Yaoundé -- RC Lens -- Milan -- Sporting CP -- GC Mascara -- Vitória de Setúbal -- Cercle Brugge -- -- CARA Brazzaville -- -- Leicester City -- -- AS Saint - Étienne -- -- Toulouse FC -- -- Parma -- -- FAR Rabat -- -- SCC Mohammédia -- -- JS Saint - Pierroise -- -- Deportivo de La Coruña -- -- Espanyol -- -- Sevilla -- -- Espérance ST -- -- Bayern Munich -- -- MC Alger -- ASEC Mimosas -- Montpellier -- Eintracht Frankfurt -- Shooting Stars -- Shanghai Shenhua -- -- Vita Club -- -- El Mokawloon -- -- Sunderland -- -- Girondins Bordeaux -- -- FC Mulhouse -- -- Hearts of Oak -- -- FC Sion -- -- Aydınspor -- -- JS Kabylie -- -- Bolton Wanderers -- -- Everton FC -- -- Ajax Amsterdam -- -- Ismaily SC -- -- Zamalek SC -- AS Cannes -- -- Stade Lavallois -- -- Lille OSC -- -- Stade Rennais -- -- Olympiacos -- -- Horoya AC -- -- PSV Eindhoven -- -- OC Agaza -- -- Beşiktaş -- -- Galatasaray -- -- Swansea City -- -- See also ( edit ) BBC African Footballer of the Year African Women Footballer of the Year FIFA World Player of the Year CAF Awards References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` African Player of the Year 1993 '' . Rsssf.com. 2001 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` African Player of the Year 1994 '' . Rsssf.com. 2001 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` African Player of the Year '' . rsssf.com. 2000 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` African Player of the Year '' . rsssf.com. 2000 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Kanoute named Africa 's best Jump up ^ Furious Drogba Slams CAF Over Kanoute Award And Pulls Out Football in Africa ( CAF ) National competitions Men Africa Cup of Nations African Nations Championship Africa Futsal Cup of Nations Africa Beach Soccer Cup of Nations Women Africa Women Cup of Nations Women 's Olympic Qualifying Tournament African Games Youth competitions Men U-23 Cup of Nations U-20 Cup of Nations U-17 Cup of Nations African Games Women U-20 Cup for Women U-17 Cup for Women Club competitions Current Champions League Confederation Cup Super Cup Defunct CAF Cup Cup Winners ' Cup Afro - Asian Championship Lists and awards African Footballer of the Year African Women 's Footballer of the Year CAF Awards CAF 5 - Year Ranking List of African national football team managers Sub-regions Northern Africa UNAF Western Africa WAFU Central Africa UNIFFAC Eastern Africa CECAFA Southern Africa COSAFA CAFOnline.com African Footballer of the Year France Football award 1970 : Keïta 1971 : Sunday 1972 : Souleymane 1973 : Bwanga 1974 : Moukila 1975 : Faras 1976 : Milla 1977 : Dhiab 1978 : Abdul Razak 1979 : N'Kono 1980 : Manga - Onguéné 1981 : Belloumi 1982 : N'Kono 1983 : El Khatib 1984 : Abega 1985 : Timoumi 1986 : Zaki 1987 : Madjer 1988 : Bwalya 1989 : Weah 1990 : Milla 1991 : Abedi Pele 1992 : Abedi Pele 1993 : Abedi Pele 1994 : Weah CAF award 1992 : Abedi Pele 1993 : Yekini 1994 : Amunike 1995 : Weah 1996 : Kanu 1997 : Ikpeba 1998 : Hadji 1999 : Kanu 2000 : M'Boma 2001 : Diouf 2002 : Diouf 2003 : Eto'o 2004 : Eto'o 2005 : Eto'o 2006 : Drogba 2007 : Kanouté 2008 : Adebayor 2009 : Drogba 2010 : Eto'o 2011 : Touré 2012 : Touré 2013 : Touré 2014 : Touré 2015 : Aubameyang 2016 : Mahrez 2017 : Salah Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=African_Footballer_of_the_Year&oldid=822578197 '' Categories : African Footballer of the Year winners Confederation of African Football African football trophies and awards Association football player of the year awards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 January 2018 , at 05 : 36 . 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who won the africa best player of the year 2017

Year Rank Player Team Points 1992 1st Abedi Pele Marseille -- 1993 1st Rashidi Yekini Vitória de Setúbal -- 1994 1st Emmanuel Amunike Sporting CP 48 2nd George Weah Paris Saint - Germain 44 Rashidi Yekini Olympiacos 1995 1st George Weah Milan -- 2nd Emmanuel Amunike Sporting CP -- 3rd Daniel Amokachi Everton -- 1st Nwankwo Kanu Internazionale -- 2nd George Weah Milan -- 3rd Daniel Amokachi Beşiktaş -- 1st Victor Ikpeba Monaco 56 2nd Japhet N'Doram Monaco 40 3rd Taribo West Internazionale 35 1998 1st Mustapha Hadji Deportivo La Coruña 76 2nd Jay - Jay Okocha Paris Saint - Germain 74 3rd Sunday Oliseh Ajax 58 1999 1st Nwankwo Kanu Arsenal 46 2nd Samuel Kuffour Bayern Munich 44 3rd Ibrahima Bakayoko Marseille 42 2000 1st Patrick M'Boma Parma 123 2nd Lauren Mallorca 36 3rd Samuel Eto'o Mallorca 29 1st El Hadji Diouf Lens 93 2nd Samuel Kuffour Bayern Munich 66 3rd Samuel Eto'o Mallorca 34 2002 1st El Hadji Diouf Liverpool 93 2nd Papa Bouba Diop Lens 46 3rd Mido Ajax 42 2003 1st Samuel Eto'o Mallorca -- 2nd Didier Drogba Marseille -- 3rd Jay - Jay Okocha Bolton Wanderers -- 1st Samuel Eto'o Barcelona 116 2nd Didier Drogba Chelsea 90 3rd Jay - Jay Okocha Bolton Wanderers 68 2005 1st Samuel Eto'o Barcelona 108 2nd Didier Drogba Chelsea 106 3rd Michael Essien Chelsea 50 2006 1st Didier Drogba Chelsea 79 2nd Samuel Eto'o Barcelona 76 3rd Michael Essien Chelsea 36 2007 1st Frédéric Kanouté Sevilla -- 2nd Michael Essien Chelsea -- 3rd Didier Drogba Chelsea -- 2008 1st Emmanuel Adebayor Arsenal 74 2nd Mohamed Aboutrika Al - Ahly 53 3rd Michael Essien Chelsea 36 2009 1st Didier Drogba Chelsea 92 2nd Samuel Eto'o Internazionale 69 3rd Michael Essien Chelsea 43 1st Samuel Eto'o Internazionale -- 2nd Asamoah Gyan Sunderland -- 3rd Didier Drogba Chelsea -- 2011 1st Yaya Touré Manchester City -- 2nd Seydou Keita Barcelona -- 3rd André Ayew Marseille -- 2012 1st Yaya Touré Manchester City -- 2nd Didier Drogba Shanghai Shenhua -- 3rd Alex Song Barcelona -- 2013 1st Yaya Touré Manchester City 373 2nd John Obi Mikel Chelsea 265 3rd Didier Drogba Galatasaray 236 2014 1st Yaya Touré Manchester City 175 2nd Pierre - Emerick Aubameyang Borussia Dortmund 120 3rd Vincent Enyeama Lille 105 2015 1st Pierre - Emerick Aubameyang Borussia Dortmund 143 2nd Yaya Touré Manchester City 136 3rd André Ayew Swansea City 112 2016 1st Riyad Mahrez Leicester City 361 2nd Pierre - Emerick Aubameyang Borussia Dortmund 313 3rd Sadio Mané Liverpool 186 2017 1st Mohamed Salah Liverpool 625 2nd Sadio Mané Liverpool 507 3rd Pierre - Emerick Aubameyang Borussia Dortmund 311

Territorial evolution of the United States - wikipedia Territorial evolution of the United States Jump to : navigation , search The United States of America was created on July 4 , 1776 , with the declaration of independence of thirteen British colonies . Their independence was recognized by Great Britain with the Treaty of Paris of 1783 , following the American Revolutionary War . This effectively doubled the size of the colonies , now able to stretch west past the Proclamation Line to the Mississippi River . This land was organized into territories and then states , though there remained some conflict with the sea - to - sea grants claimed by some of the original colonies . In time , these grants were ceded to the federal government . The first great expansion of the country came with the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 , which doubled the country 's territory , but brought it into minor conflict with the colonies of Spain which eventually resulted in the acquisition of Spanish Florida . The Oregon Country gave the United States access to the Pacific Ocean , though it was shared for a time with the United Kingdom . The annexation of the Republic of Texas in 1845 led directly to the Mexican - American War , after which the victorious United States obtained Mexico 's northwestern quarter , including what was quickly made the state of California . However , as the development of the country moved west , the question of slavery became too much to ignore , as there was a struggle to keep the number of northern abolitionist states equal to the number of southern slave states , with vigorous debate over whether the new territories would allow slavery and events such as the Missouri Compromise and Bleeding Kansas . This came to a head in 1860 and 1861 , when the governments of the southern states proclaimed their secession from the country and formed the Confederate States of America . The American Civil War led to the defeat the Confederacy in 1865 and the eventual readmission of the states to the United States Congress . The country 's expansion beyond North America began in 1856 with the passage of the Guano Islands Act , causing many small and uninhabited , but economically important , islands in the Pacific Ocean and Caribbean Sea to be claimed . Most of these claims were eventually abandoned due to competing claims from other countries or the guano having been mined out . The Pacific expansion culminated in the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii in 1893 and its annexation in 1898 . Alaska , the last major acquisition in North America , was purchased from Russia in 1867 . Desires for expansion into Spanish territories like Cuba led to the Spanish - American War in 1898 , in which the United States gained Guam , Puerto Rico , and the Philippines , and occupied Cuba for several years . While the other two remain territories , the Philippines became independent in 1946 , after being a major theater of World War II . Following the war , many islands were entrusted to the U.S. by the United Nations , and while some remain U.S. territories , the Marshall Islands , Federated States of Micronesia , and Palau emerged from the trust territory as independent nations . The last major international change was the acquisition in 1904 , and return to Panama in 1979 , of the Panama Canal Zone , a region of American sovereignty to build and run the Panama Canal . The final cession of power over the region was made to Panama in 1999 . Regarding internal borders , while territories could shift wildly in size , once established a state has commonly remained within its borders , barring small changes due to river shifts . Only four states - Maine , Kentucky , Vermont , and West Virginia - have been created from land claimed by another state ; all of the others were created from territories or directly from acquisitions . The last state of the contiguous United States , commonly called the `` lower 48 , '' was admitted in 1912 ; the fiftieth and most recent state was admitted in 1959 . Contents 1 Table of changes 2 Bancos along the Rio Grande 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading Table of changes ( edit ) Key to map colors United States states ( domestic maps ) , undisputed area of United States ( dispute maps ) United States territories ( domestic maps ) disputed area of United States area changed by event Date Event Change Map July 4 , 1776 Thirteen colonies of the Kingdom of Great Britain in North America collectively declared their independence as the United States of America , though several colonies had already individually declared independence : The Colony of Connecticut , becoming the State of Connecticut The Counties of New Castle , Kent , and Sussex , upon Delaware , commonly known as the Lower Counties of Delaware , which was Delaware Colony before their declaration of independence on June 15 , 1776 The Province of Georgia , becoming the State of Georgia The Province of Maryland , becoming the State of Maryland The Province of Massachusetts Bay , becoming the State of Massachusetts Bay The State of New Hampshire , which was the Province of New Hampshire before their declaration of independence on June 15 , 1776 The Province of New Jersey , becoming the State of New Jersey The Province of New York , becoming the State of New York The Province of North Carolina , becoming the State of North Carolina ; some believe the colony declared independence on May 20 , 1775 , but this is disputed The Province of Pennsylvania , becoming the State of Pennsylvania The State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations , commonly known as Rhode Island , which was the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations before declaring independence on May 4 , 1776 The Province of South Carolina , becoming the State of South Carolina The Colony of Virginia , becoming the Commonwealth of Virginia The capital was not specifically established ; at the time , the Continental Congress met in Philadelphia . Many states had vaguely defined and surveyed borders ; these are not noted as contested in the maps unless there was an active dispute . The borders of North Carolina were particularly poorly surveyed , its border with South Carolina having been done in several pieces , none of which truly matched the spirit of the charter , and its border with Virginia was only surveyed roughly halfway inland from the sea . Several northeastern states had overlapping claims : Connecticut , Massachusetts , and New York all claimed land west of their borders , overlapping with each other and with a sizable claim by Virginia . Of the three , only Connecticut seriously pursued its claims , while Virginia is considered to have had the most legitimate claim to the vast northwest , dividing it into counties and maintaining some limited control . The entirety of the new United States was claimed by Great Britain . Of particular note are Machias Seal Island and North Rock , two small islands off the northeast coast which remain disputed up to the present . Disputes : September 20 , 1776 The Counties of New Castle , Kent , and Sussex , upon Delaware enacted a constitution , renaming itself the Delaware State . September 28 , 1776 The State of Pennsylvania enacted a constitution , renaming itself the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania . no change to map December 20 , 1776 To avoid British forces who were advancing on Philadelphia , the Continental Congress began meeting in Baltimore . January 15 , 1777 The northeastern region of New York , known as the New Hampshire Grants , declared independence as New Connecticut . Disputes : March 4 , 1777 The Continental Congress returned to Philadelphia after the threat to it by British forces was ended . June 4 , 1777 New Connecticut was renamed Vermont . Disputes : September 27 , 1777 The Continental Congress fled Philadelphia after the American defeat at the Battle of Brandywine , and briefly met in Lancaster , Pennsylvania September 30 , 1777 The Continental Congress continued to move away from Philadelphia , settling in York , Pennsylvania . July 2 , 1779 The Continental Congress returned to Philadelphia following British withdrawal . August 31 , 1779 Virginia surrendered its claim to southwest Pennsylvania when the two states agreed to extend the Mason -- Dixon line westward to five degrees west of the Delaware River , with the border turning north from there . March 1780 North Carolina and Virginia surveyed their border further inland . Virginia 's survey reached to the Tennessee River , but North Carolina 's only went as far as the Cumberland Gap , and as the two surveys were roughly two miles apart , this created a thin area claimed by both states . Since the dispute only technically went as far west as the Cumberland Gap , beyond that point North Carolina 's line is faded to show that it was more an assumption , and beyond the Tennessee River both lines are faded . While the border was intended to follow parallel 36 ° 30 ′ north , early surveying errors caused it to veer north of that , reaching a distance of seventeen miles off by the time it reached the Tennessee River . October 25 , 1780 The State of Massachusetts Bay enacted a constitution , renaming itself the Commonwealth of Massachusetts . March 1 , 1781 The Articles of Confederation entered into force . no change to map April 4 , 1781 Vermont claimed what was called the `` East Union , '' consisting of some towns in New Hampshire that wished to join with Vermont due to a concern that their state was focusing too much on its coastal region . Vermont never gained full control over the area . Disputes : June 16 , 1781 Vermont claimed what was called the `` West Union , '' consisting of some towns in New York , mainly to counterbalance Vermont 's attempt at eastward expansion . Vermont never gained full control over the area . ( The specific date this occurred is unclear ; sources suggest June 16 , June 26 , and July 18 ) . Disputes : February 22 , 1782 Vermont abandoned its attempts to annex the East Union from New Hampshire and the West Union from New York . Disputes : October 29 , 1782 The federal government accepted the cession from New York of its western claims , which the state ceded on February 17 , 1780 . At its maximum interpretation , New York claimed an area bordered by Lake Erie , Lake Huron and Lake Michigan ; to the Illinois , Mississippi , and Tennessee Rivers ; and north along the Appalachian Mountains , ending at the border with Pennsylvania . It is unclear from where this claim came ; many sources state that New York had surrendered it , but very few elaborate on how it was obtained . One source states that it was a cession by the Six Nations , who had conquered much of the region . However , New York never seriously enforced these claims . The cession included the western tip of New York , the Erie Triangle , formed by moving the western border of New York to a line 20 miles east of Presque Isle on Lake Erie . December 30 , 1782 The Congress of the Confederation declared that the land that Connecticut claimed in northern Pennsylvania was part of Pennsylvania , thus attempting to end the Pennamite -- Yankee War . The claim was an extension of Connecticut 's northernmost and southernmost borders westward , skipping New Jersey and New York , though as Connecticut 's northern border was a few miles north of Pennsylvania 's northern border , a small sliver of New York was also claimed . While conflict would continue for some time , this was the end of the formal claim by Connecticut . June 30 , 1783 The Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783 , and the Pennsylvania government reaction to it , caused the Congress of the Confederation to leave Philadelphia for Princeton . November 26 , 1783 The Congress of the Confederation reconvened in Annapolis . March 1 , 1784 Virginia ceded its claims northwest of the Ohio River to the federal government . Connecticut continued to claim its western lands that had overlapped the Virginia 's cession . May 12 , 1784 Great Britain recognized the independence of the United States , ending its claim to the country , though borders with Great Britain were poorly defined in several areas in the north of the country . The treaty ended the American Revolutionary War , though military action had largely ended after the Franco - American victory at Yorktown on October 19 , 1781 . The Peace of Paris also involved treaties with France and Spain , with Great Britain ceding the Floridas to Spain . During their ownership of West Florida , the British had moved its border north , and the cession to Spain appeared to apply to the full extent of the British colony . However , the British - American treaty granted the extension of West Florida to the United States , where it enlarged Georgia to the 31st parallel north , indicating that only the original definition of West Florida was to be ceded to Spain . The local Spanish governors also made a move to occupy forts along the Mississippi River , with claims to everything south of the Tennessee River ; it is unknown how official or strong these claims were , and they are not mapped as they are in conflict with the other Spanish claim involving the border of West Florida . Disputes : August 23 , 1784 Representatives of several counties in central North Carolina , unhappy with the state 's governance over the area , declared independence from the state as the State of Frankland . The government of Frankland held some control over the area , and petitioned for statehood , receiving support from seven of the nine states required , but would only last a few years . Unofficial change : November 1 , 1784 The Congress of the Confederation moved for a short time to Trenton . January 11 , 1785 The Congress of the Confederation moved to New York , and would settle there for five years . April 19 , 1785 The federal government accepted the cession from Massachusetts of its extreme western claim , which consisted of a strip of land west of Lake Huron and the Detroit River , bounded on the north by a line extending west from roughly halfway north through New Hampshire , and on the south by a line extending from the southern border of Massachusetts ' western half . The claim was never seriously enforced . Change on paper only : June 1785 The State of Frankland was renamed the State of Franklin , to encourage Benjamin Franklin to endorse the state , though he declined . Unofficial change : September 13 , 1786 Connecticut surrendered its western claim to the federal government except for its Western Reserve , though it is unclear how much control they held over the ceded region ; like the claim to Pennsylvania , this was a western extension of Connecticut 's northernmost and southernmost points . Change on paper only : December 16 , 1786 Massachusetts surrendered its claim to western New York , though it is unclear if Massachusetts ever held control over the region , as the claim was to the `` soil , not the sovereignty . '' This land , which was the area west of a north - south line 82 miles west of where the Delaware River entered New York , was later known as the Phelps and Gorham Purchase . It is likely that Massachusetts also claimed the Erie Triangle , but since this treaty was directly with New York , and New York had already ceded it to the federal government , it is not marked as being ceded by Massachusetts on the map . Change on paper only : July 13 , 1787 The Territory Northwest of the Ohio River , ceded earlier by Virginia , was organized and commonly became known as the Northwest Territory . August 9 , 1787 South Carolina ceded its western claim to the federal government , though it was a result of inaccurate geography and South Carolina never actually held claim to this land . The claim was of a strip of land between the border of North Carolina and the source of the Savannah River but , unknown at the time , the river originated in North Carolina . The eastern part of this cession would be given to Georgia in 1802 , despite Georgia technically already having claim to the land . Change on paper only : December 7 , 1787 Delaware became the first state to ratify the United States Constitution . no change to map December 12 , 1787 Pennsylvania became the second state to ratify the Constitution . no change to map December 18 , 1787 New Jersey became the third state to ratify the Constitution . no change to map January 2 , 1788 Georgia became the fourth state to ratify the Constitution . no change to map January 6 , 1788 Connecticut became the fifth state to ratify the Constitution . no change to map February 6 , 1788 Massachusetts became the sixth state to ratify the Constitution . no change to map April 28 , 1788 Maryland became the seventh state to ratify the Constitution . no change to map May 23 , 1788 South Carolina became the eighth state to ratify the Constitution . no change to map June 21 , 1788 New Hampshire became the ninth state to ratify the Constitution ; at this point , the Constitution became the active governing document of the country . no change to map June 25 , 1788 Virginia became the tenth state to ratify the Constitution . no change to map July 26 , 1788 New York became the eleventh state to ratify the Constitution . no change to map February 1789 John Sevier , governor of the State of Franklin , pledged allegiance to North Carolina , effectively ending the claimed independence of Franklin . Unofficial change : August 7 , 1789 The Northwest Territory was reorganized under the Constitution . no change to map November 21 , 1789 North Carolina became the twelfth state to ratify the Constitution . no change to map April 2 , 1790 North Carolina ceded its western half to the federal government . May 26 , 1790 The land recently ceded by North Carolina was organized as the Territory South of the River Ohio , commonly known as the Southwest Territory . May 29 , 1790 Rhode Island became the thirteenth state to ratify the Constitution . no change to map December 6 , 1790 Per the Residence Act , the Congress of the United States relocated to Philadelphia for ten years until a federal district was built and ready . March 4 , 1791 Vermont , which had been considered part of New York despite acting independently since 1777 , was admitted as the fourteenth state . Disputes : March 30 , 1791 The District of Columbia , a federal district planned to house the federal government by 1800 , was formed from land ceded by Maryland and Virginia , consisting of a 100 square mile diamond straddling the Potomac River . However , it was not yet given that name , being simply referred to as the federal district . In September 1791 , the commissioners in charge of planning the city would term it the `` Territory of Columbia '' , and various laws refer to a District of Columbia , but sometimes informally . The area does not appear to have been formally named `` District of Columbia '' until at least the organic act of 1871 . Since the name `` Columbia '' was used from very early on , and at least informally by the government , the map will use `` District of Columbia '' starting from this date . March 3 , 1792 Pennsylvania purchased the Erie Triangle from the federal government . June 1 , 1792 The western half of Virginia , which the state had agreed in 1789 to cede to the federal government , was admitted as the fifteenth state , Kentucky . June 12 , 1792 The Delaware State enacted a new constitution , renaming itself the State of Delaware . no change to map February 29 , 1796 Great Britain agreed to abandon several forts in the northwest that it still occupied , including Detroit . no change to map April 25 , 1796 The northern half of West Florida was ceded by Spain , resolving the dispute over the region . Disputes : June 1 , 1796 Southwest Territory was admitted as the sixteenth state , Tennessee . April 7 , 1798 Due to the Yazoo Land Fraud , an act authorized President John Adams to appoint commissioners to negotiate with Georgia about ceding its western land . The act created Mississippi Territory from the southwestern quarter of Georgia in the region recently ceded by West Florida , while maintaining that Georgia still held rights over the territory . June 9 , 1800 Connecticut ceded its Western Reserve to the federal government , which assigned it to Northwest Territory . The act doing so was passed in Congress on April 28 , 1800 , and Connecticut approved it on this date . July 4 , 1800 Indiana Territory was organized from Northwest Territory , west of a line from the mouth of the Kentucky River to Fort Recovery , and a line north from there . November 17 , 1800 The Congress of the United States moved to Washington in the District of Columbia , now built and ready to be the capital . This was two weeks before the December 1 date established in the Residence Act ; President John Adams urged Congress to move early in hopes of securing enough Southern votes to be re-elected , though this failed . January 1 , 1801 The Kingdom of Great Britain united with the Kingdom of Ireland , renaming itself the United Kingdom . February 27 , 1801 The District of Columbia was organized . no change to map April 26 , 1802 Georgia ceded its western half , known as the Yazoo Lands , to the federal government ; this region was west of the Chattahoochie River up to its great bend ( near West Point ) , then a line from there towards and past Nickajack . At the same time , the federal government ceded to Georgia the eastern portion of the land previously ceded by South Carolina , though in reality Georgia technically already held title to the land , as the description of the earlier cession was based on an erroneous understanding of geography . March 1 , 1803 The southern half of Northwest Territory , along with a thin sliver of Indiana Territory , was admitted as the seventeenth state , Ohio . The remainder of Northwest Territory was transferred to Indiana Territory . The western border was a line due north from the mouth of the Great Miami River to a point east from the southern tip of Lake Michigan . The federal description then said it should go east from there , whereas the Ohio Constitution stated it should intersect with the most northerly cape of Maumee Bay , essentially the western tip of Lake Erie . The confusion caused by these varying descriptions of the state 's borders , combined with inaccurate knowledge of geography , as no one at the time knew just how far south Lake Michigan extended , would lead to the conflict over the Toledo Strip . November 3 , 1803 The border between Tennessee and Virginia was resurveyed and established , ending the dispute over that part of the border . The border between Kentucky and Tennessee , despite following the original survey , remained vaguely defined . December 20 , 1803 The United States purchased Louisiana from France . This is the date of the formal turnover in New Orleans ; the purchase was completed on April 30 , 1803 . The transfer would be recognized in St. Louis in Upper Louisiana on March 10 , 1804 , known as Three Flags Day . The extent of what constituted Louisiana was disputed with Spain : the United States claimed the purchase included the part of West Florida west of the Perdido River , and the southwestern border with New Spain was disputed , as the United States claimed the Sabine River as the border , but Spain maintained it was the Calcasieu River and others . Disputes : 1804 The `` Southwick Jog '' was transferred from Connecticut to Massachusetts , to put to rest long - standing disagreements over the border between the two states . March 27 , 1804 The land between Tennessee and Mississippi Territory previously ceded by Georgia was assigned to Mississippi Territory . October 1 , 1804 Orleans Territory was organized from the Louisiana Purchase south of the 33rd parallel north , with the remainder being designated the District of Louisiana and placed under the jurisdiction of Indiana Territory . June 30 , 1805 Michigan Territory was organized from Indiana Territory , defined as north of a line east from the southern tip of Lake Michigan , and east of a line north from the lake 's northern tip . The southeastern portion of the border technically conflicted with the definition of Ohio , which claimed the Toledo Strip north of that line ; however , the exact position of Lake Michigan was not yet known . July 4 , 1805 The District of Louisiana was organized as Louisiana Territory . March 1 , 1809 Illinois Territory was organized from Indiana Territory , west of the Wabash River and a line north from Post Vincennes . September 26 , 1810 The Republic of West Florida declared independence from Spain . It maintained some control over its territory . Disputes : December 10 , 1810 Armed forces led by William C.C. Claiborne took possession of the portion of West Florida west of the Pearl River , following a proclamation on October 27 , 1810 , by President James Madison to do so . The United States had considered the region part of the Louisiana Purchase , including the area which had revolted against Spanish Florida and formed the Republic of West Florida . Madison 's proclamation stated that it was to be `` taken as part '' of Orleans Territory . The land west of Mobile Bay to the Pearl River was occupied and annexed de facto by the military in 1811 . Disputes : April 30 , 1812 Most of Orleans Territory was admitted as the eighteenth state , Louisiana . It was defined as the portion of the territory east of a line north from where the Sabine River crosses the 32nd parallel north , and west of the Mississippi and Iberville Rivers . The remainder presumably became unorganized territory , as it had no definition for a while . May 14 , 1812 The claimed portion of West Florida east of the Pearl River was assigned to Mississippi Territory , though the area around Mobile Bay remained under the control of Spanish Florida . The United States militarily occupied Mobile and the surrounding area up to the Perdido River in April 1813 . June 4 , 1812 Since its name was now shared with the state of Louisiana , Louisiana Territory was renamed Missouri Territory . August 4 , 1812 The remaining claimed portion of West Florida was added to Louisiana , following the assent of that state to an act passed by Congress on April 14 , 1812 . August 16 , 1812 During the War of 1812 , the garrison at Fort Detroit surrendered , leading the United Kingdom to occupy Detroit , the capital and population center of Michigan Territory . Disputes : September 29 , 1813 Fort Detroit was recaptured by American forces following the Battle of Lake Erie , regaining control over Michigan Territory . Disputes : August 24 , 1814 British forces capture and burn Washington , but are forced to withdraw the next day . The functions of the capital were only momentarily suspended , though President James Madison took refuge in Brookville , Maryland . no change to map December 11 , 1816 The southern part of Indiana Territory , along with small parts of Illinois Territory and Michigan Territory , were admitted as the nineteenth state , Indiana . The state was defined as the territory north of the Ohio River and east of the Wabash River , but while the territory 's line turned north at Post Vincennes , the state 's border continued up the Wabash until it reached the point where a line drawn north from Post Vincennes would last intersect the river as it weaved back and forth . The northern border of the state was a line east from 10 miles north of the southern tip of Lake Michigan , until it reached the meridian that formed Ohio 's western border . Thus , a very small portion of Indiana Territory was transferred to Illinois Territory around the Wabash , Indiana took its northern slice from Michigan Territory , and the remainder of Indiana Territory across Lake Michigan became unorganized territory . March 3 , 1817 Alabama Territory was organized from the eastern half of Mississippi Territory . Its western border was , from the north : the Tennessee River to Bear Creek ( around today 's Pickwick Lake ) ; a line from there to the northwestern corner of Washington County , Mississippi Territory ; and a line south from there . December 10 , 1817 Mississippi Territory was admitted as the twentieth state , Mississippi . February 6 , 1818 Alabama Territory created Tuskaloosa County with a description that inadvertently overlapped with Mississippi . It described the border of the county as running `` a due west course to , the Tombeckbe river ; thence up the same to the Cotton Gin Port . '' Unknown at the time , the origin of the Tombigbee River and Cotton Gin Port were in Mississippi . Change on paper only : June 30 , 1818 Per the terms of the Treaty of Ghent ending the War of 1812 , the United Kingdom returned Moose Island to Massachusetts , and the United States returned Campobello Island , Deer Island , and Grand Manan Island to the United Kingdom , all of which were captured from the other side during the war . no change to map December 3 , 1818 The half of Illinois Territory south of the parallel 42 ° 30 ′ north was admitted as the twenty - first state , Illinois . The remainder of the territory , along with the unorganized territory that was recently part of Indiana Territory , was assigned to Michigan Territory . January 30 , 1819 The Treaty of 1818 went into effect , setting the 49th parallel north as the border with the United Kingdom west of the Lake of the Woods , and also establishing the Oregon Country as a shared region with the United Kingdom . Oregon Country had no defined northern limit , but it can be assumed that it did not encroach much upon Russian - held lands ; this map uses the later - established line at the parallel 54 ° 40 ′ north for simplicity . Northwestern North America : July 4 , 1819 Arkansaw Territory was organized from Missouri Territory south of the parallel 36 ° 30 ′ north . December 14 , 1819 Alabama Territory was admitted as the twenty - second state , Alabama . The statehood act provided for a survey of the southern part of the border with Mississippi for correction if it was discovered to encroach upon Mississippi 's defined borders ; it was later discovered to do so . March 15 , 1820 As part of the Missouri Compromise , the District of Maine , the northern and separate part of Massachusetts , was admitted as the twenty - third state , Maine . April 21 , 1820 This is the earliest known date of the name `` Arkansas Territory '' being officially used instead of `` Arkansaw Territory '' . May 12 , 1820 The border between Kentucky and Tennessee was established . To make up for the fact that the border between the Cumberland Gap and the Tennessee River veered north as much as 17 miles from 36 ° 30 ′ north , a new survey was conducted starting at that point on the Mississippi River and moving east to the Tennessee River , hence granting Kentucky an addition in its southwest . July 19 , 1820 The overlap of the longitudinal southern border between Alabama and Mississippi was resolved , as per the act admitting Alabama as a state , because the provisional border encroached on Mississippi . As the result of a survey , the southern border terminus was moved about 3.8 miles to the east , which changed the border up to the then - northwest corner of Alabama 's Washington County . The date when this happened is unclear ; the sources available give either an unpublished report dated May 29 , 1820 , or the completion of the demarcation of the new line on July 19 , 1820 . Change on paper only : December 19 , 1820 Alabama redefined some county borders , ending its erroneous overlap of Mississippi created on February 6 , 1818 . Change on paper only : February 22 , 1821 The Adams -- Onís Treaty with Spain took effect . The many changes included : The border with the holdings of Spain was concretely defined ; previously , it had been the watershed of the Mississippi River and , for Oregon Country , the Columbia River , whereas now it followed specific rivers and parallels . The land exchanged in this fashion should not truly count as territory gained or lost , as it was vaguely defined and weakly controlled . The border was defined as , starting in the south : The Sabine River to the 32nd parallel north , then north to the Red River of the South , following that to the 100th meridian west , then north to the Arkansas River to its source , then north from there to the 42nd parallel north and west to the ocean . The new border placed the `` Neutral Ground '' in Louisiana . Florida was ceded to the United States , although the formal transfer would not happen until July . Arkansas Territory had created Miller County south of the Red River , and this area was now on the Spanish side of the border . However , as this was a change made solely by the territory , and not by the federal government , in this map it is considered a domestic dispute . With Spanish West Florida being ceded , the dispute between it and Alabama , Louisiana , and Mississippi was resolved . Disputes : July 10 , 1821 East Florida was formally transferred to the United States by Spain . July 17 , 1821 West Florida was formally transferred to the United States by Spain . August 10 , 1821 The southeastern corner of Missouri Territory was admitted as the twenty - fourth state , Missouri , the rest becoming unorganized territory . It was defined as the area south of a line west from the Des Moines Rapids , and east of a line south from the mouth of the Kansas River . March 30 , 1822 The former East Florida and West Florida were organized as Florida Territory . May 26 , 1824 The western half of Arkansas Territory , bordered by a line south from a point 40 miles west of Missouri 's western border , was returned to unorganized territory . January 12 , 1825 A treaty with the Russian Empire established the parallel 54 ° 40 ′ north as the northern border of Oregon Country for American purposes ; a separate treaty created the same border between Russia and the United Kingdom . As this was likely the de facto border anyway , the region is already mapped with this line . no change to map May 6 , 1828 A treaty with the Cherokee moved the western border of Arkansas Territory , returning part of it to unorganized territory . The new border was defined as starting from where the land of the Eastern Choctaw met the Red River of the South , then north from there to the mouth of the Arkansas River , and from there to the southwestern corner of Missouri . July 9 , 1832 The northernmost region of New Hampshire , which was disputed with the United Kingdom , declared independence as the Republic of Indian Stream . While tiny , it does appear to have maintained some control over its territory . Disputes : June 28 , 1834 Michigan Territory gained a large parcel of land from unorganized territory on its west , extending to the Missouri River . August 5 , 1835 The Republic of Indian Stream recognized the jurisdiction of New Hampshire , thus ending its claimed independence . The date given is of a communication sent to British authorities ; other sources note a resolution passed by the citizens of Indian Stream on April 2 , 1836 . Disputes : June 15 , 1836 Arkansas Territory was admitted as the twenty - fifth state , Arkansas . July 3 , 1836 Wisconsin Territory was organized from the western bulk of Michigan Territory . The two large peninsulas between the Great Lakes remained in Michigan Territory ; the upper peninsula was included in exchange for the territory abandoning its claim to the Toledo Strip . The territory initially rejected this plan , but would accept it on December 14 . December 14 , 1836 Michigan Territory agreed to abandon its claim to the Toledo Strip , ending its dispute with Ohio . January 26 , 1837 Michigan Territory was admitted as the twenty - sixth state , Michigan . March 28 , 1837 The Platte Purchase transferred some land from unorganized territory to northwest Missouri , extending its northern border west to the Missouri River . July 3 , 1838 Iowa Territory was organized from Wisconsin Territory west of the Mississippi River . February 11 , 1839 Missouri claimed an area north of its border in Iowa Territory , initiating the long dispute known as the Honey War . May 21 , 1840 Proper surveying was conducted along the border between Arkansas and Texas , and the area claimed by Arkansas for Miller County was held not to belong to Arkansas . November 10 , 1842 The Webster -- Ashburton Treaty defined the border with the United Kingdom east of the Rocky Mountains . One source also mentions it very slightly altering the maritime boundary between Michigan and Wisconsin Territory . The treaty resolved the disputes over the northern borders of Maine , Michigan , New Hampshire , and Wisconsin Territory . The border between New York and Vermont on the one side , and the United Kingdom on the other , was clarified by the treaty . In 1816 , construction began on an unnamed fort nicknamed `` Fort Blunder '' on a peninsula in Lake Champlain that , while south of the surveyed border , was discovered to be north of the 45th parallel north , which was the border set by the Treaty of Paris and thus in British territory . Consequently , construction on the fort was abandoned . The Webster -- Ashburton Treaty specified that section of the border was to follow the surveyed line , rather than the exact parallel , thus moving the fort 's area into the United States , and a new fort , Fort Montgomery , would be built on the spot in 1844 . As the earlier line was surveyed , even though it did not match the definition , it was deemed to be the legitimate border . Disputes : July 5 , 1843 Local settlers created a provisional government for Oregon Country . While not official , it did maintain some jurisdiction over the area . Unofficial change : Northwestern North America : March 3 , 1845 Florida Territory was admitted as the twenty - seventh state , Florida . December 29 , 1845 The Republic of Texas was annexed and admitted as the twenty - eighth state , Texas . Texas brought with it a substantial territorial dispute with Mexico . While many sources state that Mexico recognized the independence of the eastern portion of Texas , the treaties were rejected by the Mexican government . A substantial part of Texas remained under the control of Mexico : for example , see this map , which reflects the `` boundary claimed by Mexico after 1836 '' . Texas formally handed over sovereignty to the United States in a ceremony on February 19 , 1846 . The annexation led to the beginning of the Mexican -- American War a few months later . Disputes : June 15 , 1846 The Oregon Treaty established the 49th parallel north west of the Lake of the Woods as the continental border ( so it did not include Vancouver Island ) with land held by the United Kingdom . The sharing of Oregon Country ended , and the United States portion became unorganized territory . The treaty was vague on which strait should be the border between Vancouver Island and the continent , thus causing a dispute over ownership of the San Juan Islands . It specified `` through the middle of the said channel and of Fuca Straits , to the Pacific Ocean . '' Northwestern North America : Disputes : September 22 , 1846 Following the capture on August 18 , 1846 , of Santa Fe , the capital of the Mexican territory of Santa Fe de Nuevo México , a code of laws known as the Kearny Code was created for the area . The region overlapped with Texas ' claim , though Texas had little to no control over the area outside of its eastern quarter . Unofficial change : December 28 , 1846 The southern portion of Iowa Territory , south of parallel 43 ° 30 ′ north and east of the Big Sioux River , was admitted as the twenty - ninth state , Iowa . The remainder became unorganized territory . March 13 , 1847 The District of Columbia retroceded Alexandria County back to Virginia . Congress passed the act on July 9 , 1846 , residents of Alexandria County were proclaimed by the president to have agreed to it on September 7 , 1846 , and Virginia took possession of the land on this date . May 29 , 1848 The southern bulk of Wisconsin Territory , mainly east of the St. Croix River , was admitted as the thirtieth state , Wisconsin . The remainder became unorganized territory . However , the citizens of the remainder decided to continue on with a civil government , and even elected a delegate to the United States House of Representatives who would be seated on January 15 , 1849 , essentially making this region a de facto continuation of Wisconsin Territory . July 4 , 1848 The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the Mexican -- American War and ceded a large parcel of land from Mexico , consisting of its territories of Alta California and Santa Fe de Nuevo México , and its claim to Texas . Due to a disagreement over the southern border of Santa Fe de Nuevo México , a border dispute began . Disputes : August 14 , 1848 Oregon Territory was organized from the unorganized territory that was formerly part of Oregon Country . February 13 , 1849 The boundary dispute between Iowa and Missouri known as the Honey War was resolved by the Supreme Court of the United States . The resulting border was the Sullivan Line that existed before the dispute , roughly splitting the two claims . March 3 , 1849 Minnesota Territory was organized from unorganized territory east of the Missouri River and the region that had been operating as de facto Wisconsin Territory . March 12 , 1849 A local government formed the State of Deseret and claimed a vast portion of the southwest , including most of the Mexican Cession . Though it petitioned to be admitted to the United States , the proposal was rejected and , in 1850 , Utah Territory was formed instead . The claimed area overlapped slightly with Texas ' claimed area , as well as part of Oregon Territory . Unofficial change : September 9 , 1850 The western portion of the Mexican Cession , west of the 120th meridian west , a diagonal line from where that intersects the 39th parallel north to where the Colorado River intersects the 35th parallel north , and the Colorado River , was admitted as the thirty - first state , California . The portion of the remainder north of the 37th parallel north and west of the summit of the Rocky Mountains was organized as Utah Territory . Part of Utah Territory overlapped with the portion of Texas that would be purchased on December 13 , 1850 , but the law authorizing the purchase was passed on this day , so the borders of Utah Territory assumed the purchase will go through . December 9 , 1850 The United Kingdom ceded less than one acre of underwater rock known as Horseshoe Reef in Lake Erie near Buffalo , New York for a lighthouse . It was surrounded by British waters , thus creating a form of enclave . December 13 , 1850 The federal government purchased the western claims of Texas . New Mexico Territory was organized from the part of this land east of the Rio Grande , along with the remaining unorganized territory from the Mexican Cession . New Mexico Territory included all of the area that had been governed under the Kearny Code . April 5 , 1851 The State of Deseret dissolved itself , its functions and territory largely having been superseded by Utah Territory . Unofficial change : March 2 , 1853 Washington Territory was organized from the half of Oregon Territory north of the 46th parallel north and the Columbia River . May 30 , 1854 Kansas Territory was organized from unorganized territory north of the 37th parallel north , and Nebraska Territory was organized north of 40th parallel north . Much of the remaining unorganized territory , east of the 100th meridian west , became known as Indian Territory , designated as a place to resettle Indian tribes . A small strip between the Texas Panhandle and Kansas Territory was unclaimed , due to falling south of Kansas Territory 's border but north of the 36 ° 30 ′ latitude established in the Missouri Compromise as the northern limit of slavery , and thus Texas could not have it . This became known as the Public Land Strip , or sometimes `` No Man 's Land . '' June 30 , 1854 The United States purchased a large parcel from Mexico known as the Gadsden Purchase , as it offered a much better route for a southern transcontinental railroad . This resolved the border dispute , since the disputed land was included in the purchase . The purchase was defined as : starting from where the Rio Grande crosses parallel 31 ° 47 ' north ; then west 100 miles ; then south to parallel 31 ° 20 ' north ; then west to the 111th meridian west ; then a line from there to a point on the Colorado River 20 miles below the mouth of the Gila River ; and the Colorado River . Disputes : August 4 , 1854 The recently obtained Gadsden Purchase was assigned to New Mexico Territory . January 11 , 1855 Due to its remote location , Boston Corner was transferred from Massachusetts to New York . March 6 , 1855 The Supreme Court ruled in favor of Florida in a boundary dispute with Georgia , setting the state boundary line along McNeil 's line . no change to map October 28 , 1856 Baker Island and Jarvis Island were claimed under the Guano Islands Act . Pacific Ocean : May 11 , 1858 The half of Minnesota Territory east of the Red River of the North , the Bois de Sioux River , and a line south from the southern tip of Big Stone Lake , was admitted as the thirty - second state , Minnesota . The remainder became unorganized territory . August 31 , 1858 Navassa Island was claimed under the Guano Islands Act . Caribbean Sea : December 3 , 1858 Howland Island was claimed under the Guano Islands Act . Pacific Ocean : February 14 , 1859 The half of Oregon Territory west of the Snake River and a line south from the mouth of the Owyhee River was admitted as the thirty - third state , Oregon . The remainder was transferred to Washington Territory . July 6 , 1859 A team of surveyors created the `` Middleton Offset , '' a small notch in the border between Kentucky and Tennessee . It is unknown exactly why this was done . September 6 , 1859 Johnston Atoll was claimed under the Guano Islands Act , though it had been claimed by Hawaii in 1858 . Pacific Ocean : November 7 , 1859 A local government was set up encompassing parts of the territories of Kansas , Nebraska , New Mexico , Utah , and Washington , with the name of Jefferson Territory , bounded by the 37th and 43rd parallels north , and 102nd and 110th meridians west . While never recognized by the federal government , it generally held control over the area until Colorado Territory was established , which adopted most of its laws . Unofficial change : December 27 , 1859 Enderbury Island , McKean Island , Phoenix Island , and Starbuck Island were claimed under the Guano Islands Act . Pacific Ocean : December 29 , 1859 Christmas Island and Malden Island were claimed under the Guano Islands Act . Pacific Ocean : February 8 , 1860 Texas created Greer County , claiming part of Indian Territory based on a different understanding from the federal government of which river was the border between the two . Atafu , Birnie Island , Butaritari , Caroline Island , Fanning Island , Flint Island , Gardner Island , Canton Island , Kingman Reef , Manihiki , Marakei , Nukunono , Palmyra Atoll , Penrhyn , Pukapuka , Rakahanga , Swains Island , Sydney Island , Vostok Island , and Washington Island were all claimed under the Guano Islands Act . Many additional islands were listed as bonded on this date , but based on the coordinates they were either phantoms or duplicates . In addition , Sarah Ann Island was claimed , which may have existed and would be sighted as late as 1917 , but has since disappeared . Pacific Ocean : December 20 , 1860 In response to the election of Abraham Lincoln , South Carolina proclaimed its secession from the Union , withdrawing from the Congress of the United States . Disputes : January 9 , 1861 Mississippi proclaimed its secession from the Union , withdrawing from Congress . Disputes : January 10 , 1861 Florida proclaimed its secession from the Union , withdrawing from Congress . Disputes : January 11 , 1861 Alabama proclaimed its secession from the Union , withdrawing from Congress . Disputes : January 19 , 1861 Georgia proclaimed its secession from the Union , withdrawing from Congress . Disputes : January 26 , 1861 Louisiana proclaimed its secession from the Union , withdrawing from Congress . However , the 1st and 2nd congressional districts , around New Orleans , maintained representation in Congress . Disputes : January 29 , 1861 The bulk of Kansas Territory , east of the 25th meridian west from Washington , was admitted as the thirty - fourth state , Kansas . The remainder became unorganized territory . February 8 , 1861 The Confederate States of America was formed by representatives of the seceded states of Alabama , Georgia , Florida , Louisiana , Mississippi , and South Carolina . Disputes : February 28 , 1861 Colorado Territory was organized from portions of Nebraska Territory , New Mexico Territory , and Utah Territory , along with unorganized territory . It was bounded by the 32nd and 37th parallels north , and the 25th and 32nd meridians west from Washington . March 2 , 1861 Texas proclaimed its secession from the Union and was admitted to the Confederate States , withdrawing from Congress . Dakota Territory was organized from Nebraska Territory and unorganized territory north of the Missouri , Keya Paha , and Niobrara Rivers , and 43rd parallel north . Nebraska Territory 's western border was extended to the 104th meridian west , gaining small portions of Utah Territory and Washington Territory . Nevada Territory was organized from Utah Territory west of the 39th meridian west from Washington . Disputes : March 28 , 1861 Representatives in the southern half of New Mexico Territory proclaimed an independent Arizona Territory south of the 34th parallel north . Disputes : April 12 , 1861 The Battle of Fort Sumter in South Carolina begins the American Civil War . Disputes : April 17 , 1861 Following the Battle of Fort Sumter and President Abraham Lincoln 's call for troops to respond , Virginia proclaimed its secession from the Union , withdrawing from Congress . However , the 1st ( along the Eastern Shore ) , 7th ( near Washington , D.C. ) , and 10th , 11th , and 12th ( in the northwest of the state ) congressional districts maintained representation in Congress . Disputes : May 6 , 1861 Arkansas proclaimed its secession from the Union , withdrawing from Congress . Disputes : May 7 , 1861 Virginia was admitted to the Confederate States . Disputes : May 16 , 1861 Kentucky declared itself neutral in the American Civil War . no change to map May 20 , 1861 Arkansas was admitted to the Confederate States . North Carolina proclaimed its secession from the Union , withdrawing from Congress . Disputes : June 6 , 1861 Robert Williamson Steele , governor of Jefferson Territory , declared the territory disbanded and handed over the government to the first governor of Colorado Territory . Unofficial change : June 8 , 1861 Tennessee proclaimed its secession from the Union , withdrawing from Congress . However , the 2nd , 3rd , and 4th congressional districts in the central part of the state maintained representation in Congress . Disputes : June 25 , 1861 The federal government recognized the Restored Government of Virginia in Wheeling as the legitimate government of Virginia . July 2 , 1861 Tennessee was admitted to the Confederate States . Disputes : July 20 , 1861 North Carolina was admitted to the Confederate States . The law admitting the state required a presidential proclamation before it was to take effect , which occurred on this date . Disputes : August 1 , 1861 Following Confederate victory in the First Battle of Mesilla , Arizona Territory was proclaimed as part of the Confederate States . Disputes : September 13 , 1861 Following the Confederate occupation of Columbus , Kentucky , on September 3 , 1861 , the state abandoned neutrality and aligned with the Union government . no change to map October 31 , 1861 A splinter government in Neosho , Missouri , declared the secession of the state from the United States . Disputes : November 20 , 1861 A convention in Russellville , Kentucky , declared the formation of a splinter government in Bowling Green and the secession of Kentucky from the United States . Disputes : November 28 , 1861 The splinter Neosho government of Missouri was admitted to the Confederate States . The Confederate States never held much power over the state , but it was given full representation in the legislature . Disputes : December 10 , 1861 The splinter Bowling Green government of Kentucky was admitted to the Confederate States . The Confederate States never held much power over the state , but it was given full representation in the legislature . Disputes : December 21 , 1861 The Confederate States ratified treaties with the Osage , and the Seneca and Shawnee . Disputes : December 23 , 1861 The Confederate States ratified treaties with the Cherokee , granting them a delegate to the Congress of the Confederate States , and with the Seminole , granting them a delegate to be shared with the Creek . Disputes : December 31 , 1861 The Confederate States ratified treaties with the Choctaw and Chickasaw , granting them a delegate in the Congress of the Confederate States ; with the Comanche ; with the Creek , granting them a delegate to be shared with the Seminole ; and the Quapaw . Disputes : March 1 , 1862 A decree by the Supreme Court of the United States took effect , modifying the border between Massachusetts and Rhode Island . April 15 , 1862 Palmyra Atoll was annexed by Hawaii , and the American claim falls dormant . Pacific Ocean : July 14 , 1862 The western slice of Utah Territory was transferred to Nevada Territory , moving their border east to the 38th meridian west from Washington . December 30 , 1862 The Swan Islands were claimed under the Guano Islands Act . Caribbean Sea : February 24 , 1863 Arizona Territory was organized from the half of New Mexico Territory west of the 32nd meridian west from Washington . March 3 , 1863 Idaho Territory was organized from the portions of Dakota Territory and Nebraska Territory west of the 104th meridian west , and the portion of Washington Territory east of the Snake River and a line north from the mouth of the Clearwater River . March 4 , 1863 Due to disruption in voting and low turnout , no one was allowed to take the seats in the United States House of Representatives held by the Unionist areas of Louisiana , Tennessee , and Virginia , effectively expelling the states . June 20 , 1863 The northwestern counties of Virginia , represented by the Restored Government of Virginia in Wheeling , were split from the rest of Virginia and admitted to the Union as the thirty - fifth state , West Virginia . The Restored Government of Virginia was relocated to Alexandria . August 5 , 1863 Berkeley County was transferred by the federal government from Virginia to West Virginia ; November 2 , 1863 Jefferson County was transferred from Virginia to West Virginia . May 26 , 1864 Montana Territory was organized from the northeast third of Idaho Territory , with the border being , from the east : West along the 45th parallel north to the 34th meridian west from Washington ; south to the parallel 44 ° 30 ′ north ; west to the crest of the Rocky Mountains ; following that north to the crest of the Bitterroot Mountains ; to the 39th meridian west from Washington ; and north from there . The remaining portion of Idaho Territory east of the Rocky Mountains and the 33rd meridian west from Washington was transferred to Dakota Territory . October 15 , 1864 Malden Island was claimed by the United Kingdom . Pacific Ocean : October 31 , 1864 Nevada Territory was admitted as the thirty - sixth state , Nevada . May 5 , 1865 The Confederate States cabinet met in Washington , Georgia , and dissolved . Military surrenders were scattered throughout 1865 , but the most important is regarded as that of the Army of Northern Virginia following the Battle of Appomattox Court House on April 9 . Disputes : May 5 , 1866 The western slice of Utah Territory was transferred to Nevada , moving its border east to the 37th meridian west from Washington . July 24 , 1866 Tennessee was readmitted to Congress . December 26 , 1866 Starbuck Island was claimed by the United Kingdom . Pacific Ocean : January 18 , 1867 The northwestern corner of Arizona Territory , west of the Colorado River and the 37th meridian west from Washington , was transferred to Nevada . The law transferring the land was approved May 5 , 1866 , but unlike the Utah Territory transfer of that day , this transfer was contingent on the state accepting it . March 1 , 1867 Nebraska Territory was admitted as the thirty - seventh state , Nebraska . July 1 , 1867 Canada was formed from several British colonies , including New Brunswick , thus inheriting the dispute over Machias Seal Island and North Rock . Disputes : August 28 , 1867 Midway Atoll was claimed . The largest island of Midway , Sand Island , had been claimed under the Guano Islands Act in 1858 , but nothing more is known about this . Pacific Ocean : October 18 , 1867 Alaska was purchased from the Russian Empire and designated the Department of Alaska . Due to a lack of quality surveying , the southeastern border with British holdings was unclear and disputed . Northwestern North America : June 22 , 1868 Arkansas was readmitted to Congress . June 25 , 1868 Florida was readmitted to Congress . July 4 , 1868 North Carolina was readmitted to Congress . July 9 , 1868 Louisiana and South Carolina were readmitted to Congress . Caroline Island was claimed by the United Kingdom . Pacific Ocean : July 13 , 1868 Alabama was readmitted to Congress . July 25 , 1868 Georgia was readmitted to Congress . Wyoming Territory was organized from portions of Dakota , Idaho , and Utah Territories , bounded by 41st and 45th parallels north , and the 27th and 34th meridians west from Washington . The territory would remain under the jurisdiction of the Dakota Territory until its own government was organized on May 19 , 1869 . The act organizing Wyoming Territory became law on this date , but it is unclear if the territory could be considered `` organized '' until May 19 , 1869 , as the act specifies it was not to take effect until a government is organized ; however , all sources use this date as the creation , and most use it for the organization , of the territory . A tiny portion of the Dakota Territory was erroneously left behind on the western side of Wyoming Territory . August 12 , 1868 The list of bonded guano island claims mentions `` Islands in Caribbean Sea not named '' bonded on this date , but it is unknown what this is referring to . no change to map December 11 , 1868 Serrana Bank was claimed under the Guano Islands Act . Colombia has claimed it throughout its history . Caribbean Sea : March 3 , 1869 Georgia was again expelled from Congress following failures of Reconstruction in the state . November 22 , 1869 Bajo Nuevo Bank , Pedro Cays , Quita Sueño Bank , and Roncador Bank were claimed under the Guano Islands Act . Except for Pedro Cays , Colombia has claimed them throughout its history . Caribbean Sea : January 26 , 1870 Virginia was readmitted to Congress . February 23 , 1870 Mississippi was readmitted to Congress . March 30 , 1870 Texas was readmitted to Congress . July 15 , 1870 Georgia was again readmitted to Congress . The North - Western Territory was transferred by the United Kingdom to Canada , thus transferring its portion of the Alaska boundary dispute . Northwestern North America : February 9 , 1871 A small parcel was transferred from Dakota Territory to Nebraska following a sudden change in course of the Missouri River . July 20 , 1871 British Columbia joined Canada , transferring the dispute over the San Juan Islands as well as its portion of the Alaska boundary dispute . Disputes : Northwestern North America : April 9 , 1872 Congress approved the newly surveyed Orr and Whitner Line as part of the border between Georgia and Florida . too small to map October 21 , 1872 The dispute with Canada over the San Juan Islands was resolved in the favor of the United States claim . Disputes : 1873 Vostok Island was claimed by the United Kingdom . Pacific Ocean : February 17 , 1873 The small portion of Dakota Territory that was left behind when Wyoming Territory was created was transferred to Montana Territory . August 1 , 1876 Colorado Territory was admitted as the thirty - eighth state , Colorado . August 13 , 1877 The United Kingdom created the British Western Pacific Territories , including Atafu and Nukunono . Pacific Ocean : March 3 , 1879 The border across the Chesapeake Bay between Maryland and Virginia was decided via arbitration . The new border cuts across Smith Island , likely meaning that the southern portion of the island was transferred to Virginia , but due to the general lack of concrete borders in the area for so long due to surveying errors , it is unknown if any land actually changed hands . too vague to map September 8 , 1879 Arenas Key , claimed by Mexico , and Serranilla Bank , claimed by Colombia , were claimed by the United States under the Guano Islands Act ; according to the Office of Insular Affairs , Serranilla Bank was claimed again on September 13 , 1880 . Caribbean Sea : April 7 , 1880 A very small area of Vermont near Fair Haven was transferred to New York due to a change in the course in the Poultney River . The specific area was very small and poorly documented , so it is not mapped . too small to map September 13 , 1880 Western Triangle Island , claimed by Mexico , was claimed by the United States under the Guano Islands Act . The list of bonded claims also mentions a `` De Anes '' island claimed on this date , with coordinates matching Isla de Aves ; however , the same list points out that the claim to `` Aves Island '' was found to be invalid . Caribbean Sea : 1881 Flint Island was claimed by the United Kingdom . Pacific Ocean : May 23 , 1882 The area between the 43rd parallel north and the Keya Paha and Niobrara Rivers was transferred from Dakota Territory to Nebraska . The act was passed in Congress on March 28 and accepted by the Nebraska legislature on this date . June 1 , 1882 The Morant Cays and Pedro Cays were annexed by the United Kingdom to Jamaica ; it appears they were no longer claimed by the United States after this . Caribbean Sea : May 17 , 1884 The Department of Alaska was organized into the District of Alaska . Northwestern North America : June 21 , 1884 The Alacrans Islands , claimed by Mexico , were claimed under the Guano Islands Act . Caribbean Sea : March 15 , 1888 Fanning Island was annexed by the United Kingdom ; it appears the island was no longer claimed by the United States after this . Pacific Ocean : March 17 , 1888 Christmas Island was claimed by the United Kingdom . Pacific Ocean : October 26 , 1888 The Cook Islands became a protectorate of the United Kingdom , thus initiating a claim on the atolls of Pukapuka , Manihiki , Penrhyn , and Rakahanga . Pacific Ocean : May 29 , 1889 Washington Island was annexed by the United Kingdom ; it appears the island was no longer claimed by the United States after this . Pacific Ocean : June 3 , 1889 Jarvis Island was claimed by the United Kingdom . Pacific Ocean : June 26 , 1889 Sydney Island was claimed by the United Kingdom . Pacific Ocean : June 29 , 1889 Phoenix Island was claimed by the United Kingdom . Pacific Ocean : July 10 , 1889 Birnie Island was claimed by the United Kingdom . Pacific Ocean : November 2 , 1889 Dakota Territory was split in half along an east - west line a few miles south of the 46th parallel north and admitted as the thirty - ninth state , North Dakota , and the fortieth state , South Dakota . November 8 , 1889 Montana Territory was admitted as the forty - first state , Montana . November 11 , 1889 Washington Territory was admitted as the forty - second state , Washington . May 2 , 1890 Oklahoma Territory was organized from the Public Land Strip and the western half of Indian Territory , except for the Cherokee Outlet , which would be added later upon cession from the Cherokee . July 3 , 1890 Idaho Territory was admitted as the forty - third state , Idaho . July 10 , 1890 Wyoming Territory was admitted as the forty - fourth state , Wyoming . March 8 , 1892 The Gilbert Islands became a protectorate of the United Kingdom , thus initiating a claim on Butaritari and Marakei . No record of a United States claim exists after this point , so it is assumed this is when the claim fell dormant . Pacific Ocean : May 28 , 1892 Gardner Island was claimed by the United Kingdom . Pacific Ocean : September 16 , 1893 Per a treaty with the Cherokee , the federal government purchased the Cherokee Outlet in the Indian Territory and opened it to settlement , transferring it to Oklahoma Territory as provided in the Oklahoma Organic Act . November 17 , 1894 The Alacrans Islands , Arenas Key , and Western Triangle Island were stricken from the list of claimed guano islands . Caribbean Sea : January 4 , 1896 Utah Territory was admitted as the forty - fifth state , Utah . March 16 , 1896 The dispute between the federal government , on behalf of Oklahoma Territory , and Texas over Greer County was resolved in favor of the federal claim . July 24 , 1897 Due to an earlier shift in the course of the Missouri River , an island was transferred from Nebraska to South Dakota . August 12 , 1898 The Republic of Hawaii was annexed . The ceremony to transfer sovereignty occurred on this date ; the act was signed on July 7 , 1898 . Johnston Atoll was not included with Hawaii , nor was Sikaiana Atoll , which had been ceded to Hawaii in 1856 by its residents and approved by King Kamehameha IV . However , the annexation was based on the islands named in a report of the Hawaiian Commission , which omitted Sikaiana . Pacific Ocean : January 17 , 1899 Wake Island was claimed . Pacific Ocean : April 11 , 1899 Guam , Porto Rico , and , after a payment of $20 million , the Philippines were ceded by Spain following the Spanish -- American War . The Philippines were claimed by the First Philippine Republic . The ceded region for the Philippines included the island of Palmas , which was administered by the Netherlands . This overlap would not be noticed until January 21 , 1906 . While the United States occupied Cuba for a time , it was not ceded nor claimed . Pacific Ocean : Caribbean Sea : February 16 , 1900 The United States took ownership of the Samoan Islands east of the 171st meridian west , per the terms of the Tripartite Convention . Pacific Ocean : February 19 , 1900 The newly acquired Samoan islands were established as Naval Station , Tutuila . It included all of the islands granted by the Tripartite Convention , though formal cession of the islands by local authorities would take place later in 1900 and 1904 . Pacific Ocean : April 10 , 1900 The island of Tutuila was formally ceded to the United States and added to Naval Station , Tutuila . As the United States had already claimed the island on February 19 , 1900 , no change is mapped . The treaty would be ratified by Congress on February 20 , 1929 . no change to map April 12 , 1900 Porto Rico was organized into a civil territory . no change to map June 14 , 1900 The former Republic of Hawaii was organized into Hawaii Territory . Pacific Ocean : March 3 , 1901 The transfer for a thin sliver of Bristol , Tennessee , to Bristol , Virginia , was approved by Congress after having been approved by both states . The location of the border along Main Street ( now State Street ) between the two cities was either the northern sidewalk of the street , or down the middle of the street ; Tennessee 's cession of the northern half of the street laid the issue to rest . too small to map March 23 , 1901 The president of the First Philippine Republic , Emilio Aguinaldo , was captured , and the republic was dissolved . The islands of Cagayan de Sulu and Sibutu , and their associated islands , were purchased from Spain and assigned to the Philippines . The borders specified in the Treaty of Paris of 1898 had excluded these islands ; the new treaty simply ceded `` any and all islands belonging to the Philippine Archipelago '' . Pacific Ocean : February 23 , 1903 Land along southern Guantánamo Bay was leased in perpetuity from Cuba for use as a naval base . no change to map October 20 , 1903 The Alaska boundary dispute with Canada was resolved , generally in favor of the United States claim . Northwestern North America : May 4 , 1904 The United States took ownership of the Panama Canal Zone . At this stage , only the most basic borders were defined ; it was a zone surrounding the canal on each side for five miles , but excluded the cities of Colón and Panama City , which remained exclaves of Panama , as well as the water for their harbors . The Hay -- Bunau - Varilla Treaty granting it to the United States was ratified on February 26 , 1904 . A formal border agreement , which also gave the Canal Zone some land and a lighthouse in northwest Colón , would be ratified on June 15 , 1904 . Caribbean Sea : July 16 , 1904 The Manuʻa islands were formally ceded to the United States and added to Naval Station , Tutuila . As the United States had already claimed the islands on February 19 , 1900 , no change is mapped . The treaty would be ratified by Congress on February 20 , 1929 . no change to map December 12 , 1904 The `` Taft Agreement '' was made with Panama on December 3 , with one of its sections refining the maritime boundary of the harbor of Panama City and the Panama Canal Zone . It became effective December 12 . no change to map February 10 , 1905 The border between Arkansas and Indian Territory was slightly adjusted near Fort Smith , Arkansas , transferring a small amount of land on the east side of the Poteau River to Arkansas . November 16 , 1907 Indian Territory and Oklahoma Territory were combined and admitted as the forty - sixth state , Oklahoma . April 11 , 1908 A boundary treaty with the United Kingdom on behalf of Canada redefined the maritime borders between the United States and Canada . Among other changes , this `` de-enclaved '' Horseshoe Reef in Lake Erie by making the water around it contiguous with the water on the American side of the border . no change to map January 1 , 1909 The new Constitution of Michigan included some area of Wisconsin within its definition of Michigan . August 20 , 1910 A boundary treaty with the United Kingdom on behalf of Canada addressed a slight uncertainty in the maritime border in Passamaquoddy Bay between Maine and Canada . The border was adjusted to run east of Pope 's Folly Island , which previously lay on the border line , and had been the subject of some debate for many years . July 17 , 1911 Naval Station , Tutuila , was renamed American Samoa ; the station continued to operate separate from territorial governance until 1951 . Pacific Ocean : January 6 , 1912 New Mexico Territory was admitted as the forty - seventh state , New Mexico . February 14 , 1912 Arizona Territory was admitted as the forty - eighth state , Arizona . August 24 , 1912 The District of Alaska was reorganized as the Alaska Territory . Northwestern North America : January 31 , 1913 New Mexico filed suit in the Supreme Court against Texas over the `` Country Club Dispute , '' questioning whether the present course or the 1850 course of the Rio Grande should be their border . August 5 , 1914 The Corn Islands were leased from Nicaragua for a period of 99 years ; however , this was not a full transfer of sovereignty , and the islands were never administered as an insular area . no change to map May 1 , 1915 The borders of the Panama Canal Zone were explicitly defined . Whereas the original definition was a simple corridor surrounding the canal , this treaty specified the actual border . Among the changes this caused were : a slice of Canal Zone was ceded to Panama so Panama City would be connected with the rest of the country ; the middle island of the Las Tres Hermanas Islands , which marked the border of Panama City 's harbor , was wholly made part of Canal Zone ; Gatun Lake and other surrounding waters were formally annexed to the territory ; and an area of northwest Colón was ceded to Canal Zone . Caribbean Sea : May 27 , 1915 Under Article II of the 1903 Treaty , the United States expropriated from Panama several areas around the mouth of the Rio Chagres , annexing them to the Panama Canal Zone . too small to map December 8 , 1915 The United States expropriated from Panama a triangle of land , which included the historic Fort San Lorenzo , between the Rio Chagres , Caribbean Sea and the Panama Canal Zone , to which it was annexed . too small to map January 17 , 1916 Navassa Island was formally claimed for lighthouse purposes . no change to map March 31 , 1917 The Danish Virgin Islands were purchased from Denmark and renamed the United States Virgin Islands . Caribbean Sea : July 12 , 1918 The United States expropriated from Panama 2.6 hectares of land at Punta Paitilla in Panama City and annexed it to the Panama Canal Zone . That area was enlarged to about 50 hectares within several months . too small to map August 21 , 1918 The United States expropriated from Panama land between the Rio Chagres and the Quebrada Majagual and annexed it to the Panama Canal Zone . Caribbean Sea : September 13 , 1918 Minnesota and Wisconsin exchanged islands in the Mississippi River : Island Seventytwo was transferred from Wisconsin to the Minnesota town of Winona , and Barron 's Island was transferred from Minnesota to the Wisconsin town of La Crosse . September 18 , 1919 The island of Largo Remo was annexed to the Panama Canal Zone under the United States right of expropriation in the 1903 Canal Treaty . Caribbean Sea : June 16 , 1920 Fifteen hectares on the island of Taboga Island were annexed to the Panama Canal Zone . too small to map June 30 , 1921 The `` Wedge '' dispute between Delaware and Pennsylvania was resolved in Delaware 's favor . The disputed land had generally been administered by Delaware , even electing a member of the Delaware legislature in the mid-19th century , but federal maps had included the land as part of Pennsylvania at least as late as 1900 . The states had agreed on a resolution , and it was affirmed by an act of Congress on this date . Some sources , contemporary and modern , note that , in the original process of resurveying the border in 1892 , a very thin , horn - shaped region along the arc was transferred from Delaware to Pennsylvania ; however , no federal maps found reflect this , and it is unclear if this transfer actually occurred . May 10 , 1922 Kingman Reef was formally annexed . no change to map October 8 , 1923 Michigan expanded its claim to Wisconsin territory , though Wisconsin never lost control over the area . November 15 , 1923 The Swan Islands were claimed by Honduras . Caribbean Sea : February 1 , 1924 The future area for Madden Lake was annexed to the Panama Canal Zone under the United States right of expropriation in the 1903 Canal Treaty . Caribbean Sea : March 4 , 1925 Swains Island was added to American Samoa . Pacific Ocean : July 17 , 1925 The border with Canada was adjusted in several places . The only change to a land border redefined how the border between the Lake of the Woods and the Rocky Mountains should be considered ; previously , the border followed the curve of the parallel between each border monument , while the treaty changed this to straight lines between each monument . Through this , the United States netted a gain of between 30 and 35 acres of land . Due to the extremely small shift , the lack of specific documentation of where the changes occurred , and the lack of any human impact , this change is not mapped . There was also a change to the border in the Lake of the Woods ; due to inaccurate surveying , the previous border intersected itself several times in the lake , creating enclaves of United States water surrounded by Canadian water . The treaty changed the border to use the southernmost intersection as the northwestern point of the Lake of the Woods . Finally , the maritime border in the Bay of Fundy was adjusted , netting Canada roughly 9 acres of water . too small to map March 1 , 1926 The Supreme Court of the United States resolved the conflict between Michigan and Wisconsin in the favor of Wisconsin . July 29 , 1926 Johnston Atoll was established as a federal bird refuge and placed under the jurisdiction of the United States Department of Agriculture . The atoll had originally been claimed by both the United States and Hawaii in 1858 , but little activity apart from guano mining had taken place , and it had been largely abandoned for decades . no change to map November 22 , 1926 The Supreme Court of the United States defined the border between Michigan and Wisconsin , transferring all islands south of the Quinnesec Falls on the Menominee River to Wisconsin , and all islands north of the falls to Michigan ; it is unknown specifically which islands were transferred in this fashion . However , an error in the border description introduced a small overlap between the two states over several islands in Lake Michigan north of the Door Peninsula . July 18 , 1927 The United States expropriated from Panama another 33 hectares of land on the islands of Taboga and Taboguilla and annexed them to the Panama Canal Zone . too small to map October 26 , 1927 Two bancos along the Colorado River were ceded from Mexico to Arizona . too small to map December 5 , 1927 The `` Country Club Dispute '' between New Mexico and Texas was resolved in Texas 's favor . April 4 , 1928 The Island of Palmas Case was decided in the favor of the Netherlands , ceding Palmas to the Dutch East Indies . Pacific Ocean : September 24 , 1928 The United States expropriated from Panama three hectares of land at El Cerro de Doscientos Pies ( `` 200 - Foot Hill '' ) near Las Minas Bay and annexed it to the Panama Canal Zone . too small to map July 22 , 1930 The United States expropriated from Panama 25 hectares on Jicarita Island and 60 hectares at Punta Morro de Puercos and annexed them to the Panama Canal Zone . too small to map April 15 , 1931 The United States expropriated from Panama additional areas around the soon - to - be-built Madden Dam and annexed them to the Panama Canal Zone . Caribbean Sea : May 3 , 1932 The United States adjusted the border at Punta Paitilla in the Canal Zone , returning a small amount of land to Panama . This was the site for a planned new American embassy , which had to be built on foreign soil . too small to map May 17 , 1932 Porto Rico was renamed Puerto Rico . Caribbean Sea : December 13 , 1932 The Mangsee Islands and seven of the Turtle Islands were ceded by the United Kingdom from North Borneo to the Philippines . The islands were supposed to be included in the 1900 transfer of islands from Spain to the United States . Per the terms of the treaty , the United Kingdom continued to administer the islands until requested , and after its independence , the Philippine government made such a request and took control . Pacific Ocean : November 13 , 1933 A treaty created the Rio Grande Rectification Project , which , from 1935 to 1938 , straightened and stabilized the path of the Rio Grande through the El Paso -- Juárez Valley . By the end of the project , 174 parcels had been transferred between Mexico and Texas , each side receiving an equal area of land . too small to map December 29 , 1934 Kingman Reef was placed under the jurisdiction of the United States Department of the Navy . no change to map March 16 , 1936 The de jure overlap between Michigan and Wisconsin was resolved by the Supreme Court of the United States . May 13 , 1936 Baker Island , Howland Island , and Jarvis Island were formally annexed and placed under the jurisdiction of the United States Department of the Interior , ending the United Kingdom 's claim to Jarvis Island . Pacific Ocean : June 22 , 1936 The U.S. Virgin Islands were organized into a civil territory . no change to map August 6 , 1936 Canton Island , Enderbury Island , and McKean Island were claimed by the United Kingdom . Pacific Ocean : April 6 , 1939 The condominium of the Canton and Enderbury Islands was established with the United Kingdom . Pacific Ocean : July 27 , 1939 Panama gained a sovereign corridor that was carved out of the Panama Canal Zone connecting Colón with the rest of Panama , along with a three - dimensional `` tube '' of sovereignty for a future crossing over an American highway . A corridor consisting of the road from the Canal Zone boundary to Madden Dam was annexed to the Canal Zone . Caribbean Sea : August 16 , 1939 This is the earliest date so far discovered for when the United States began claiming Fakaofo , Funafuti , Hull Island , Niulakita , Nukufetau , and Nukulaelae . Pacific Ocean : December 10 , 1941 Governor George McMillin surrendered Guam to the Japanese military . Pacific Ocean : December 23 , 1941 The garrison on Wake Island surrendered to the Japanese military . Pacific Ocean : March 26 , 1942 The government of the Commonwealth of the Philippines evacuated from the territory in the face of Japanese advance . A government - in - exile would be established in Washington , D.C. on May 17 , 1942 . The United States Army Forces in the Far East would surrender on April 9 , 1942 , following the Battle of Bataan , and the final military holdouts would surrender on May 6 , 1942 , following the Battle of Corregidor . Pacific Ocean : October 14 , 1943 The Second Philippine Republic was established as a puppet state of Japan . Pacific Ocean : August 10 , 1944 Guam was captured from Japan . Pacific Ocean : August 17 , 1945 The Second Philippine Republic , in exile in Tokyo since April 3 , 1945 , was dissolved . The process of re-establishing the Commonwealth government on Philippine soil had started on October 23 , 1944 . Pacific Ocean : September 4 , 1945 The Japanese garrison on Wake Island surrendered to the United States . Pacific Ocean : July 4 , 1946 The Commonwealth of the Philippines became independent as the Republic of the Philippines . Pacific Ocean : July 18 , 1947 The United Nations entrusted the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands to the United States . Pacific Ocean : January 1 , 1949 The Tokelau Islands were incorporated into New Zealand , which inherited the claims on Atafu , Fakaofo , and Nukunono . Pacific Ocean : August 1 , 1950 Guam was organized into a civil territory . no change to map August 3 , 1950 Kansas and Missouri exchanged small portions of land along the Missouri River , due to shifts in the river following a flood in 1944 . April 11 , 1955 Panama 's corridor connecting Colón with the rest of Panama was realigned within the Panama Canal Zone . Several three - dimensional `` tubes '' of sovereignty were also created , allowing Panamanian bridges to pass over rivers and a highway at several locations within the Canal Zone . too small to map August 23 , 1955 Several border locations of the Panama Canal Zone were redefined . Punta Paitilla , the land held on Taboga Island , and the remaining American holdings in Colón and Panama City were ceded to Panama . Caribbean Sea : January 3 , 1959 The Alaska Territory was admitted as the forty - ninth state , Alaska . Northwestern North America : August 21 , 1959 Most of Hawaii Territory was admitted as the fiftieth state , Hawaii . Palmyra Atoll was excluded from statehood and remained a territory . Pacific Ocean : August 25 , 1961 About 20 acres of land was transferred from Minnesota to North Dakota near Fargo , North Dakota ; since the area was very small and poorly documented , it is not mapped . too small to map January 14 , 1964 The Chamizal , a tract of land between El Paso , Texas , and Ciudad Juárez , Chihuahua , was divided between the United States and Mexico . August 4 , 1965 The Cook Islands became self - governing from New Zealand . It claimed the atolls of Pukapuka , Manihiki , Penrhyn , and Rakahanga . Pacific Ocean : April 25 , 1971 The lease of the Corn Islands from Nicaragua was terminated . no change to map September 1 , 1972 The United States recognized the sovereignty of Honduras over the Swan Islands . Caribbean Sea : March 1 , 1977 The United States claimed maritime borders west of the Strait of Juan de Fuca , within the Dixon Entrance , and in the Beaufort Sea that conflicted with claims of Canada . no change to map May 26 , 1977 Several parcels were exchanged between Texas and Mexico along the Rio Grande in areas near Presidio and Hidalgo , Texas , including the Horcón Tract , on which the town of Río Rico was located , and Beaver Island near Roma , Texas . In addition , Mexico ceded 823 acres ( 3.33 km ) to the U.S. , while the U.S. ceded 2,177 acres ( 8.81 km ) to Mexico , primarily to straighten sections of the Rio Grande for flood control . October 1 , 1978 Tuvalu became independent from the United Kingdom . It claimed the atolls of Funafuti , Nukufetau , Nukulaelae , and Niulakita . Pacific Ocean : July 12 , 1979 The Republic of Kiribati became independent from the United Kingdom . It claimed Birnie Island , Canton Island , Caroline Island , Christmas Island , Enderbury Island , Flint Island , Gardner Island , Hull Island , Malden Island , McKean Island , Phoenix Island , Starbuck Island , Sydney Island , and Vostok Island . This dissolved the condominium of the Canton and Enderbury Islands . Pacific Ocean : October 1 , 1979 The Panama Canal Zone was ceded to Panama . The United States and Panama continued to share operational control of the canal until December 31 , 1999 , when it would be fully turned over to Panama . The United States retained control over several hundred specified areas to be turned over in piecemeal fashion over the years . Caribbean Sea : November 24 , 1980 The maritime border between the United States and Venezuela was defined . no change to map September 17 , 1981 The United States recognized the sovereignty of Colombia over Roncador Bank and Serrana Bank , and the claim on Quita Sueño Bank was abandoned by the United States , as it was no longer above the seas at high tide , and thus the government considered it unclaimable . Caribbean Sea : September 3 , 1983 The United States recognized the sovereignty of the New Zealand territory of Tokelau over Atafu , Fakaofo , and Nukunono . Pacific Ocean : September 8 , 1983 The United States recognized the sovereignty of the Cook Islands over Pukapuka , Manihiki , Penrhyn , and Rakahanga . Pacific Ocean : September 23 , 1983 The United States recognized the sovereignty of Kiribati over Birnie Island , Canton Island , Caroline Island , Christmas Island , Enderbury Island , Flint Island , Gardner Island , Hull Island , Malden Island , McKean Island , Phoenix Island , Starbuck Island , Sydney Island , and Vostok Island . The United States recognized the sovereignty of Tuvalu over Funafuti , Nukufetau , Nukulaelae , and Niulakita . Pacific Ocean : October 12 , 1984 The International Court of Justice made its judgment on where the maritime border should be in the Gulf of Maine between the United States and Canada . No land changed hands . The scope of the case did not include the sovereignty of Machias Seal Island , but the judgment enabled defining the extent of the disputed water area around that island ( an area of 210 nm ) . no change to map October 21 , 1986 The Marshall Islands District of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands became independent as the Republic of the Marshall Islands . The Marshall Islanders had claimed Wake Island as part of their territory since at least 1973 , and continued that after independence . Pacific Ocean : November 3 , 1986 Most of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands was dissolved by the United Nations . The districts of Chuuk , Pohnpei , and Yap became independent as the Federated States of Micronesia . The Mariana Islands District , having already been taking moves towards integration with the United States , became a territory of the United States , the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands . Pacific Ocean : June 1 , 1990 The maritime border between the United States and the Soviet Union was provisionally defined . The two countries agreed on this date to abide by the terms of the treaty pending its ratification and entry into force , but while it was ratified by the United States Senate on September 16 , 1991 , it is unknown if either the Soviet Union or its successor state , Russia , ratified it . no change to map October 1 , 1994 The remaining district of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands , the Palau District , became independent as the Republic of Palau , dissolving the TTPI . Pacific Ocean : June 1 , 1995 The maritime border between the United States and territories of the United Kingdom in the Caribbean Sea was defined . no change to map January 16 , 1997 Navassa Island was transferred to the United States Department of the Interior . no change to map November 13 , 1997 The maritime border between the United States and Mexico was defined . no change to map December 31 , 1999 All former Panama Canal Zone parcels not turned over since 1979 , as well as all joint canal operations areas , were transferred to Panama . too small to map January 17 , 2001 The maritime border between the United States and Mexico on the continental shelf in the western Gulf of Mexico beyond 200 nautical miles was defined . no change to map November 24 , 2009 Six islands along the Rio Grande were ceded from Texas to Mexico , and 3 islands and 2 bancos were ceded from Mexico to Texas . The transfer , which had been pending for 20 years , was the first application of Article III of the 1970 Boundary Treaty . too small to map September 23 , 2014 The maritime border between the United States and Niue was defined . The treaty was signed on May 13 , 1997 , but it was not ratified by the United States until at least 2002 , and the United Nations shows it as entering into force on this date . no change to map January 1 , 2017 The border between North Carolina and South Carolina was clarified following years of surveys and negotiation , moving 19 homes across state lines . too small to map Bancos along the Rio Grande ( edit ) Main articles : United States territorial acquisitions § Mexican boundary , and Banco Convention of 1905 The Banco Convention of 1905 between the United States and Mexico allowed , in the event of sudden changes in the course of the Rio Grande ( as by flooding ) , for the border to be altered to follow the new course . The sudden changes often created bancos , land left behind when curves in the river are cut off by rapid erosion of the channel or are intentionally cut to re-align it . When these bancos are created , the International Boundary and Water Commission investigates if land previously belonging to the United States or Mexico is to be considered on the other side of the border . In all cases of these adjustments under the 1905 convention , which occurred on 37 different dates from 1910 to 1976 , the transferred land was minuscule ( ranging in size from 1 acre to 646 acres ) and uninhabited . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to snapshots of the country at any given moment . 51st state Geography of the United States Historic regions of the United States List of U.S. states by date of statehood Manifest destiny National Atlas of the United States Territorial evolution of U.S. states : Territorial evolution of Arizona Territorial evolution of California Territorial evolution of Colorado Territorial evolution of Idaho Territorial evolution of Montana Territorial evolution of Nevada Territorial evolution of New Mexico Territorial evolution of North Dakota Territorial evolution of Oregon Territorial evolution of South Dakota Territorial evolution of Texas Territorial evolution of Utah Territorial evolution of Washington Territorial evolution of Wyoming Territories of the United States on stamps United States territorial acquisitions References ( edit ) ^ Van Zandt , pp. 26 -- 27 ^ Van Zandt , pp. 14 -- 15 ^ Van Zandt , pp. 151 -- 153 ^ Moore , John Bassett ( 1906 ) . `` A Digest of International Law as Embodied in Diplomatic Discussions , Treaties and Other International Agreements , International Awards , the Decisions of Municipal Courts , and the Writings of Jurists and Especially in Documents , Published and Unpublished , Issued by Presidents and Secretaries of State of the United States , the Opinions of the Attorneys - General , and the Decisions of Courts , Federal and State '' . 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Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . ^ `` Constitution of the Cook Islands '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on September 24 , 2015 . Retrieved July 2 , 2015 . ^ `` Treaty on the Swan Islands '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . ^ Gray , David H. ( Autumn 1997 ) . `` Canada 's Unresolved Maritime Boundaries '' ( PDF ) . IBRU Boundary and Security Bulletin . pp. 61 -- 67 . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . ^ `` Minutes between the United States and Mexican Sections of the IBWC '' . International Boundary and Water Commission . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2016 . Approvals : United States -- May 26 , 1977 ( ; ) Mexico -- May 26 , 1977 ^ Rohter , Larry ( September 26 , 1987 ) . `` South of Border Was Once North '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2014 . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . ^ `` Completion of the Relocations of the Rio Grande Stipulated in Article I of the Treaty of November 23 , 1970 ( Minute No. 257 ) '' ( PDF ) . International Boundary and Water Commission . May 18 , 1977 . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . ^ `` Constitution of Tuvalu '' . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2015 . Retrieved July 2 , 2015 . ^ `` Constitution of Kiribati '' . Government of Kiribati. 1979 . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2015 . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . ^ `` The Panama Canal and the Torrijos - Carter Treaties '' . U.S. Department of State . October 31 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2014 . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . ^ Maritime Boundary Treaty Archived March 4 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , signed March 28 , 1978 ; UNTS 20984 ; accessed June 30 , 2015 ^ `` Treaty between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Republic of Colombia Concerning the Status of Quita Sueño , Roncador , and Serrana '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . ^ `` Treaty between the United States of America and New Zealand on the Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary between Tokelau and the United States of America '' ( PDF ) . pp. 251 -- 267 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . ^ `` Treaty between the United States of America and the Cook Islands '' ( PDF ) . June 11 , 1980 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on March 8 , 2016 . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . ^ `` Treaty of Friendship between the United States of America and the Republic of Kiribati '' ( PDF ) . pp. 239 -- 250 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . ^ `` Treaty of Friendship between the United States of America and Tuvalu '' ( PDF ) . pp. 79 -- 84 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . ^ Case Concerning Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary in the Gulf of Maine Area ( Canada v. United States ) Archived August 17 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , accessed June 30 , 2015 ^ Ronald Reagan ( November 3 , 1986 ) . `` Proclamation 5564 : Placing Into Full Force and Effect the Covenant With the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands , and the Compacts of Free Association With the Federated States of Micronesia and the Republic of the Marshall Islands '' ( PDF ) . Government Publishing Office . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on September 24 , 2016 . 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Associated Press . 30 September 1994 . ^ Treaty on the delimitation in the Caribbean of a maritime boundary relating to the U.S. Virgin Islands and Anguilla Archived March 31 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , signed May 11 , 1993 ; UNTS 32636 ; accessed July 1 , 2015 ^ Treaty on the delimitation in the Caribbean of a maritime boundary relating to Puerto Rico / U.S. Virgin Islands and the British Virgin Islands Archived March 31 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , signed May 11 , 1993 ; UNTS 32637 ; accessed July 1 , 2015 ^ `` Navassa Island '' . U.S. Department of the Interior Office of Insular Affairs . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2016 . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . ^ Secretary 's Orders 3205 : Administration of Navassa Island , United States Secretary of the Interior Bruce Babbitt , signed January 16 , 1997 , accessed June 30 , 2015 ^ Treaty on maritime boundaries between the United Mexican States and the United States of America Archived March 4 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , signed May 4 , 1978 ; UNTS 37399 ; accessed June 30 , 2015 ^ Treaty between the Government of the United Mexican States and the Government of the United States of America on the delimitation of the continental shelf in the western Gulf of Mexico beyond 200 nautical miles Archived March 4 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , signed June 9 , 2000 ; UNTS 37400 ; accessed June 30 , 2015 ^ `` Minute 315 : Adoption of the Delineation of the International Boundary on the 2008 Aerial Photographic Mosaic of the Rio Grande '' ( PDF ) . International Boundary and Water Commission . November 24 , 2009 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on April 11 , 2016 . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . ^ Treaty 105 - 53 ^ `` Treaty between the Government of Niue and the Government of the United States of America on the delimitation of a maritime boundary '' . United Nations . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved June 30 , 2015 . ^ `` Border of North Carolina and South Carolina Realigned on January 1st '' . WABC . January 2 , 2017 . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2017 . Retrieved January 3 , 2017 . ^ `` How the Carolinas Fixed Their Blurred Lines '' . The New York Times . August 23 , 2014 . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2016 . Retrieved January 3 , 2017 . ^ `` Convention Between the United States and Mexico for the Elimination of the Bancos in the Rio Grande from the Effects of Article II of the Treaty of November 12 , 1884 '' ( PDF ) . June 5 , 1907 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 9 , 2015 . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . ^ Metz , Leon C. ( June 12 , 2010 ) . `` Bancos of the Rio Grande '' . Handbook of Texas Online . Texas State Historical Association . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2016 . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . ^ `` IBWC Minutes '' . International Boundary and Water Commission . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . ^ `` USA - Mexico Bancos Map '' . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Van Zandt , Franklin K. ( 1976 ) . Boundaries of the United States and the Several States : With Miscellaneous Geographic Information Concerning Areas , Altitudes , and Geographic Centers . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office . OCLC 69426475 . Stein , Mark ( 2008 ) . How the States Got Their Shapes . New York : Smithsonian Books / Collins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 143138 - 8 . OCLC 137324984 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

when was the last time the us added a state

Regarding internal borders , while territories could shift wildly in size , once established a state has commonly remained within its borders , barring small changes due to river shifts . Only four states - Maine , Kentucky , Vermont , and West Virginia - have been created from land claimed by another state ; all of the others were created from territories or directly from acquisitions . The last state of the contiguous United States , commonly called the `` lower 48 , '' was admitted in 1912 ; the fiftieth and most recent state was admitted in 1959 .

Restoration House - wikipedia Restoration House Jump to : navigation , search Restoration House from The Vines Restoration House in Rochester , Medway , South East England , is a fine example of an Elizabethan mansion . It is so named after the visit of King Charles II on the eve of his restoration . Charles had landed in Dover on 25 May 1660 and by the evening of the 28th arrived in Rochester . He was received by the Mayor and eventually retired for the night to the home of Colonel Gibbon . The following day Charles continued to London and was proclaimed King on 29 May , his 30th birthday . Although the home of Colonel Gibbon , the property was actually owned by Sir Francis Clerke ( he was knighted during the visit ) , a fact which has led to confusion in the past . Although essentially a private home , the house and garden are open to the public during the summer . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Charles Dickens 3 References 4 External links History ( edit ) Restoration House was originally two medieval buildings ( 1454 and 1502 -- 22 ) with a space between . They were joined together in 1640 - 1660 ( tree ring data from roof ) by inserting a third building between the two , to create a larger house . The first owner of the completed house was Henry Clerke , a lawyer and Rochester MP . Clerke caused further works in 1670 , the refacing of the entrance facade , the Great Staircase and other internal works . The house was then bought by William Bockenham . It was owned by Stephen T. Aveling in the late 19th century , and he wrote a history of the house which was published in Vol. 15 of `` Archaeologia Cantiana '' . The house was purchased for £ 270,000 by the English entertainer Rod Hull , in 1986 , to save it from being turned into a car park ; and he then spent another £ 500,000 restoring it . It was taken by the Receiver in 1994 to cover an unpaid tax bill . The current owners over the past decade have uncovered decoration schemes from the mid 17th century , which reveal the fashionable taste of the period , much influenced by the fashions on the continent . Charles Dickens ( edit ) According to the biographer John Forster , the novelist Charles Dickens , who lived nearby , used Restoration House as a model for Miss Havisham 's Satis House in Great Expectations ; the name `` Satis House '' belongs to the house where Rochester MP , Sir Richard Watts , entertained Queen Elizabeth I -- it is now the administrative office of King 's School , Rochester . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Restoration House Rochester , An Illustrated History and Guidebook ( booklet ) . ( privately published ) . May 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Restoration House '' . Garden Visit . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Restoration House - Rochester - England - The House '' . www.restorationhouse.co.uk . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ The House of Commons , 1690 - 1715 - Google Books . books.google.com . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ Charles Dickens : family history - Google Books . books.google.com . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Vol. 15 1883 Contents Page ( s ) v + vi '' . www.kentarchaeology.org.uk . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TVCAIoD1rf4& ^ Jump up to : Perrone , Pierre ( 1999 - 03 - 19 ) . `` Obituary : Rod Hull - Arts & Entertainment - The Independent '' . London : www.independent.co.uk . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Obituary : The man behind Emu '' . BBC News . 1999 - 03 - 18 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` John Forster , `` The Life of Charles Dickens '' ( 8 ) `` . www.lang.nagoya-u.ac.jp . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` King 's School Rochester '' . www.kings-school-rochester.co.uk . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 06 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Restoration House . External links ( edit ) Official Website Coordinates : 51 ° 23 ′ 12 '' N 0 ° 30 ′ 17 '' E  /  51.38670 ° N 0.50480 ° E  / 51.38670 ; 0.50480 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Restoration_House&oldid=799923444 '' Categories : Country houses in Kent Historic house museums in Kent Rochester , Kent Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Use dmy dates from January 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 September 2017 , at 16 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

where does restoration house get its name from

Restoration House in Rochester , Medway , South East England , is a fine example of an Elizabethan mansion . It is so named after the visit of King Charles II on the eve of his restoration .

Catholic Church in England and Wales - wikipedia Catholic Church in England and Wales Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Catholic Church in the United Kingdom . Catholic Church in England and Wales Westminster Cathedral , London Classification Catholic Polity Episcopal Pope Pope Francis Archbishop Vincent Nichols Apostolic Nuncio Edward Joseph Adams Region England and Wales Language English , Welsh , Latin Headquarters Westminster Cathedral , City of Westminster , London Founder Augustine of Canterbury , by tradition Origin c. 200s : Christianity in Roman Britain c. 500s : Anglo - Saxon Christianity Separations Church of England ( 1534 / 1558 ) Members 4.2 million ( ~ 8 % ) The Catholic Church in England and Wales is part of the worldwide Catholic Church in full communion with the Pope . Celtic Christianity , with some traditions different from those of Rome , was present in Roman Britain from the first century AD , but after the departure of the Roman legions was in retreat to Paganism . In 597 AD , the first authoritative papal mission , establishing a direct link from the Kingdom of Kent to the See of Rome and to the Benedictine form of monasticism , was carried into effect by Augustine of Canterbury . The English Church continuously adhered to the See of Rome for almost a thousand years from the time of Augustine of Canterbury , but in 1534 , during the reign of King Henry VIII , the church , through a series of legislative acts between 1533 and 1536 became independent from the Pope for a period as the Church of England , a national church with Henry declaring himself Supreme Head . Under Henry 's son , King Edward VI , the Church of England became more influenced by the European Protestant movement . The English Church was brought back under full papal authority in 1553 , at the beginning of the reign of Queen Mary I , and Catholicism was enforced by the Marian persecutions ; however , when Queen Elizabeth I came to the throne in 1558 , the Church of England 's independence from Rome was reasserted through the settlement of 1559 , which shifted the Church of England 's teaching and practice , and in the Act of Uniformity , which caused a rift between Catholics and Queen . In 1570 Pope Pius V responded , in his bull Regnans in Excelsis , calling on all Catholics to rebel against Elizabeth and excommunicating anyone who obeyed her . The Parliament of England made the fact of being a Jesuit or seminarian treasonable in 1571 . Priests found celebrating Mass were often hanged , drawn and quartered , rather than being burned at the stake . The Catholic Church ( along with other non-established churches ) continued in England , although it was at times subject to various forms of persecution . Most recusant members ( except those in diaspora on the Continent , in heavily Catholic areas in the north , or part of the aristocracy ) practised their faith in private for all practical purposes . In 1766 , the Pope recognised the English Monarchy as lawful , and this led eventually to the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829 . Dioceses ( replacing districts ) were re-established by Pope Pius IX in 1850 . Along with the 22 Latin Rite dioceses , there are the Eastern Catholic diocese of the Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Holy Family of London and the Syro - Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Great Britain . At the 2001 United Kingdom census , there were 4.2 million Catholics in England and Wales , some eight per cent of the population . One hundred years earlier , in 1901 , they represented only 4.8 per cent of the population . In 1981 , 8.7 per cent of the population of England and Wales were Catholic . In 2009 , an Ipsos Mori poll found that 9.6 per cent , or 5.2 million persons of all ethnicities were Catholic in England and Wales . Sizeable populations include North West England where one in five is Catholic , a result of large - scale Irish immigration in the nineteenth century as well as the high number of English recusants in Lancashire . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Roman Britons and early Christianity 1.2 Conversion of the Anglo - Saxons 1.3 Norman Church in England and Wales 1.4 Protestantism and Catholic Resistance 1.5 Recusants and moves towards Emancipation 1.6 Coming of the Irish and English converts 1.7 Contemporary English Catholicism 2 Organisation 2.1 Hierarchy 2.2 Chaplaincies 2.3 Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham 2.4 Eastern Catholic rites 3 Demography 3.1 General statistics 3.2 Polish Catholic immigration 4 Adoption controversy 5 Catholic saints of the United Kingdom 6 Miracles 6.1 Marian apparitions 6.2 Incorruptibility 6.3 Stigmata 7 See also 8 Sources 8.1 Footnotes 8.2 References 9 Further reading 9.1 Primary sources 10 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of Christianity in Britain Roman Britons and early Christianity ( edit ) St. Alban is regarded as the protomartyr of the Roman Britons . Much of Great Britain was incorporated into the Roman Empire in 43 AD , after Claudius led the Roman conquest of Britain , conquering lands inhabited by Celtic Britons . The indigenous religious traditions of the Britons , under their priests the Druids were suppressed ; most notably Gaius Suetonius Paulinus launched an attack on Ynys Môn in 60 AD and destroyed the shrine and sacred groves there . In the years following this , Roman influence saw the importation of several religious cults into Britain , including Roman mythology , Mithraism and the imperial cult . One of these sects , then disapproved by the Roman authorities , was the Levantine - originated religion of Christianity . While it is unclear exactly how it arrived , the earliest British figures considered saints by the Christians are St. Alban , followed by Ss . Julius and Aaron , living in the 3rd century . Eventually , the position of the Roman authorities on Christianity moved from hostility , to toleration with the Edict of Milan in 313 AD and then enforcement as state religion following the Edict of Thessalonica in 380 AD , becoming a key component of Romano - British culture and society . Records note that Romano - British bishops , such as Restitutus , attended the Council of Arles in 314 , which confirmed the theological findings of an earlier convocation held in Rome ( the Council of Rome ) in 313 . The Roman departure from Britain in the following century and the subsequent Germanic invasions sharply decreased contact between Britain and Continental Europe . Christianity , however , continued to flourish in the Brittonic areas of Great Britain . During this period certain practices and traditions took hold in Britain and in Ireland that are collectively known as Celtic Christianity . Distinct features of Celtic Christianity include a unique monastic tonsure and calculations for the date of Easter . Regardless of these differences , historians do not consider this Celtic or British Christianity a distinct church separate from general Western European Christianity . Conversion of the Anglo - Saxons ( edit ) In 597 , Pope Gregory I sent Augustine of Canterbury and 40 missionaries from Rome to evangelise the Anglo - Saxons , a process completed by the 7th century . The Gregorian mission , as it is known , is of particular interest in the Catholic Church as it was the first official Papal mission to found a church . With the help of Christians already residing in Kent , Augustine established an archbishopric in Canterbury , the old capital of Kent , and , having received the pallium earlier ( linking his new diocese to Rome ) , became the first in the series of Catholic archbishops of Canterbury , four of whom ( Laurence , Mellitus , Justus and Honorius ) were part of the original band of Benedictine missionaries . ( The last Catholic archbishop of Canterbury was Reginald Pole , who died in 1558 . ) During this time of mission , Rome pursued greater unity with the local church in Britain , particularly on the question of dating Easter . Columbanus , Columba 's fellow countryman and churchman , had asked for a papal judgement on the Easter question as did abbots and bishops of Ireland . Later , in his Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum , Bede explained the reasons for the discrepancy : `` He ( Columba ) left successors distinguished for great charity , Divine love , and strict attention to the rules of discipline following indeed uncertain cycles in the computation of the great festival of Easter , because far away as they were out of the world , no one had supplied them with the synodal decrees relating to the Paschal observance . '' A series of synods were held to resolve the matter , culminating with the Synod of Whitby in 644 . The missionaries also introduced the Rule of Benedict , the continental rule , to Anglo - Saxon monasteries in England . Wilfrid , a Benedictine consecrated archbishop of York ( in 664 ) , was particularly skilled in promoting the Benedictine Rule . Over time , the Benedictine , continental rule engrafted upon the monasteries and parishes of England , drawing them closer to The Continent and Rome . As a result , the pope was often called upon to intervene in quarrels , affirm monarchs , and decide jurisdictions . In 787 , for example , Pope Adrian I elevated Lichfield to an archdiocese and appointed Hygeberht its first archbishop . Later , in 808 , Pope Leo III helped restore King Eardwulf of Northumbria to his throne ; and in 859 , Pope Leo IV confirmed and anointed Alfred the Great king , according to Anglo - Saxon Chronicle . Individual Benedictines seemed to play an important role throughout this period . For example , before Benedictine monk St. Dunstan was consecrated archbishop of Canterbury in 960 , Pope John XII had him appointed legate , commissioning him ( along with Ethelwold and Oswald ) to restore discipline in the existing monasteries of England , many of which were destroyed by Danish invaders . Norman Church in England and Wales ( edit ) Our Lady of Walsingham Control of the English Church passed from the Anglo - Saxons to the Normans following the Norman conquest of England . The two clerics most prominent associated with this process were the continental - born Lanfranc and Anselm ; both men were Benedictines . Anselm later became a Doctor of the Church . A century later , Pope Innocent III had to confirm the primacy of Canterbury over four Welsh churches for many reasons , but primarily to sustain the importance of the Gregorian foundation of Augustine 's mission . During mediaeval times , England and Wales were part of western Christendom . During this period , monasteries and convents , such as those at Shaftesbury and Shrewsbury , were prominent features of society providing lodging , hospitals and education . Likewise , schools like Oxford University and Cambridge University were important . Members of religious orders , notably the Dominicans and Franciscans , settled in both schools and maintained houses for students . Clerics like Archbishop Walter de Merton founded Merton College at Oxford and three different popes -- Gregory IX , Nicholas IV , and John XXII -- gave Cambridge the legal protection and status to compete with other European medieval universities . Pilgrimage was a prominent feature of mediaeval Catholicism , and England and Wales were amply provided with many popular sites of pilgrimage . The village of Walsingham , Norfolk became an important shrine after a noblewoman called Richeldis de Faverches experienced a vision of the Virgin Mary in 1061 , asking her to build a replica of the Holy House at Nazareth . In 1170 , Thomas Becket , Archbishop of Canterbury was murdered in Canterbury Cathedral , by followers of King Henry II and was quickly canonised as a martyr for the faith . This resulted in Canterbury becoming a major place of pilgrimage and inspired the Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer . There were also shrines at Holywell in Wales which commemorated St Winefride and at Westminster Abbey to Edward the Confessor to name but a few . An Englishman , Nicholas Breakspear , became Pope Adrian IV , ruling from 1154 to 1159 . Fifty - six years later , Cardinal Stephen Langton , the first of English cardinals and later Archbishop of Canterbury ( 1208 -- 28 ) , became a pivotal figure in the dispute between King John and Pope Innocent III . This critical situation led to the signing and later promulgation of the Magna Charta in 1215 . Protestantism and Catholic resistance ( edit ) A banner showing the Holy Wounds of Jesus Christ which was carried by partisans during the Pilgrimage of Grace . England remained a Catholic country until 1534 , when it first officially separated from Rome during the reign of King Henry VIII . In response to the Pope 's refusal to annul Henry 's marriage to Catherine of Aragon , Parliament denied the Pope 's authority over the English Church , made the king Head of the Church in England , and dissolved the monasteries and religious orders in England . Henry did not himself accept Protestant innovations in doctrine or liturgy -- but he extended toleration , and even promotion , to clergy with Protestant sympathies in return for support for his break with Rome . On the other hand , failure to accept this break , particularly by prominent persons in church and state , was regarded by Henry as treason , resulting in the execution of Thomas More , former Lord Chancellor , and John Fisher , Bishop of Rochester , among others . The See of Rome Act 1536 enforced the separation from Rome , while the ' Pilgrimage of Grace ' of 1536 and ' Bigod 's Rebellion ' of 1537 , risings in the North against the religious changes , were bloodily repressed . In 1536 - 41 Henry VIII engaged in a large - scale Dissolution of the Monasteries , which controlled most of the wealth of the church , and much of the richest land . He disbanded monasteries , priories , convents and friaries in England , Wales and Ireland , appropriated their income , disposed of their assets , and provided pensions for the former residents . He did not turn these properties over to a Protestant church of England ( which indeed did not yet exist ) : they were sold , mostly to pay for the wars . The historian G.W. Bernard argues : The dissolution of the monasteries in the late 1530s was one of the most revolutionary events in English history . There were nearly 900 religious houses in England , around 260 for monks , 300 for regular canons , 142 nunneries and 183 friaries ; some 12,000 people in total , 4,000 monks , 3,000 canons , 3,000 friars and 2,000 nuns ... one adult man in fifty was in religious orders . Nevertheless , Henry maintained a strong preference for traditional Catholic practices and , during his reign , Protestant reformers were unable to make many changes to the practices of the Church of England . Indeed , this part of Henry 's reign saw the trial for heresy of Protestants as well as Catholics . The 1547 to 1553 reign of the boy King Edward VI saw the Church of England become more influenced by Protestantism in its faith and worship , with the ( Latin ) Mass replaced by the ( English ) Book of Common Prayer , representational art and statues in church buildings destroyed , and Catholic practices which had survived during Henry 's reign , for instance the public saying of prayers to the Virgin Mary such as the Salve Regina , ended . The Western Rising took place in 1549 . The institutional Church in England returned to Catholic practice during the reign of the Catholic Queen Mary I from 1553 to 1558 . Mary was determined to bring back the whole of England to the Catholic faith . This aim was not necessarily at odds with the feeling of a large section of the populace ; Edward 's Protestant reformation had not been well received everywhere , and there was ambiguity in the responses of the parishes . Mary also had some powerful families behind her . The Jerningham family together with other East Anglian Catholic families such as the Bedingfelds , Waldegraves , Rochesters together with the Huddlestons of Sawston Hall were `` the key to Queen Mary 's successful accession to the throne . Without them she would never have made it . '' However , Mary 's executions of 300 Protestants by burning at the stake proved counterproductive , as they were extremely unpopular among the populace . For example , instead of executing Archbishop Cranmer for treason for supporting Queen Jane , she had him tried for heresy and burned at a stake . With the assistance of Foxe 's Book of Martyrs , which glorified the Protestants killed at the time and vilified Catholics , this practice ensured her a place in popular memory as Bloody Mary -- for centuries after the idea of another reconciliation with Rome was linked in many English people 's minds with a renewal of Mary 's fiery stakes . When Mary died and Elizabeth I became queen in 1558 , the religious situation in England was confused . Throughout the see - sawing religious landscape of the reigns of Henry VIII , Edward VI , and Mary I , a significant proportion of the population ( especially in the rural and outlying areas of the country ) , are likely to have continued to hold Catholic views , at least in private . By the end of Elizabeth I 's reign , however , England was clearly a Protestant country , and Catholics were a minority . Elizabeth 's first act was to reverse her sister 's re-establishment of Catholicism by Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity . The Act of Supremacy of 1558 made it a crime to assert the authority of any foreign prince , prelate , or other authority , and was aimed at abolishing the authority of the Pope in England . A third offence was high treason , punishable by death . The Oath of Supremacy , imposed by the Act of Supremacy 1558 , provided for any person taking public or church office in England to swear allegiance to the monarch as Supreme Governor of the Church of England . Failure to so swear was a crime , although it did not become treason until 1562 , when the Supremacy of the Crown Act 1562 made a second offence of refusing to take the oath treason . However , during the first years of her reign there was relative leniency towards Catholics who were willing to keep their religion private , especially if they were prepared to continue to attend their parish churches . The wording of the official prayer book had been carefully designed to make this possible by omitting aggressively `` heretical '' matter , and at first many English Catholics did in fact worship with their Protestant neighbours , at least until this was formally forbidden by Pope Pius V 's 1570 bull , Regnans in Excelsis , which also declared that Elizabeth was not a rightful queen and should be deposed , formally excommunicated her and any who obeyed her and obliged all Catholics to attempt to overthrow her . In response , the `` Act to retain the Queen 's Majesty 's subjects in their obedience '' , passed in 1581 , made it high treason to reconcile anyone or to be reconciled to `` the Romish religion '' , or to procure or publish any papal Bull or writing whatsoever . The celebration of mass was prohibited under penalty of a fine of two hundred marks and imprisonment for one year for the celebrant , and a fine of one hundred marks and the same imprisonment for those who heard the Mass . This act also increased the penalty for not attending the Anglican service to the sum of twenty pounds a month , or imprisonment till the fine be paid , or till the offender went to the Protestant Church . A further penalty of ten pounds a month was inflicted on anyone keeping a schoolmaster who did not attend the Protestant service . The schoolmaster himself was to be imprisoned for one year . In the setting of England 's wars with Catholic powers such as France and Spain , culminating in the attempted invasion by the Spanish Armada in 1588 , the Papal bull unleashed a nationalistic feeling which equated Protestantism with loyalty to a highly popular monarch , rendering every Catholic a potential traitor , even in the eyes of those who were not themselves extreme Protestants . The Rising of the North , the Throckmorton plot and the Babington plot , together with other subversive activities of supporters of Mary , Queen of Scots , all reinforced the association of Catholicism and treachery in the popular mind . The climax of Elizabeth 's persecution of Catholics was reached in 1585 by the `` Act against Jesuits , Seminary priests and other such like disobedient persons '' . This statute , under which most of the English Catholic martyrs were executed , made it high treason for any Jesuit or any seminary priest to be in England at all , and felony for any one to harbour or relieve them . The last of Elizabeth 's anti-Catholic laws was the `` Act for the better discovery of wicked and seditious persons terming themselves Catholics , but being rebellious and traitorous subjects '' . Its effect was to prohibit all recusants from removing more than five miles from their place of abode , and to order all persons suspected of being Jesuits or seminary priests , and not answering satisfactorily , to be imprisoned till they did so . However , Elizabeth did not believe that her anti-Catholic policies constituted religious persecution , finding it hard , in the context of the uncompromising wording of the Papal Bull against her , to distinguish between those Catholics engaged in conflict with her from those Catholics with no such designs . The number of English Catholics executed under Elizabeth was significant , including Edmund Campion , Robert Southwell , and Margaret Clitherow . Elizabeth herself signed the death warrant that led to regicide , the beheading of her cousin , Mary , Queen of Scots . Because of the persecution in England , Catholic priests in England were trained abroad at the English College in Rome , the English College in Douai , the English College at Valladolid in Spain , and at the English College in Seville . Given that Douai was located in the Spanish Netherlands , part of the dominions of Elizabethan England 's greatest enemy , and Valladolid and Seville in Spain itself , they became associated in the public eye with political as well as religious subversion . It was this combination of nationalistic public opinion , sustained persecution , and the rise of a new generation which could not remember pre-Reformation times and had no pre-established loyalty to Catholicism , that reduced the number of Catholics in England during this period -- although the overshadowing memory of Queen Mary I 's reign was another factor that should not be underestimated . Nevertheless , by the end of the reign probably 20 % of the population were still Catholic , with another 10 % dissident `` Puritan '' Protestants , and the remainder more or less reconciled to the `` official '' church . The reign of James I ( 1603 -- 1625 ) was marked by a measure of tolerance , though less so after the discovery of the Gunpowder Plot conspiracy of a small group of Catholic conspirators who aimed to kill both King and Parliament and establish a Catholic monarchy . A mix of persecution and tolerance followed : Ben Jonson and his wife , for example , in 1606 were summoned before the authorities for failure to take communion in the Church of England , yet the King tolerated some Catholics at court ; for example George Calvert , to whom he gave the title Baron Baltimore , and the Duke of Norfolk , head of the Howard family . The reign of Charles I ( 1625 -- 49 ) saw a small revival of Catholicism in England , especially among the upper classes . As part of the royal marriage settlement Charles 's Catholic wife , Henrietta Maria , was permitted her own royal chapel and chaplain . Henrietta Maria was in fact very strict in her religious observances , and helped create a court with continental influences , where Catholicism was tolerated , even somewhat fashionable . Some anti-Catholic legislation became effectively a dead letter . The Counter-Reformation on the Continent of Europe had created a more vigorous and magnificent form of Catholicism ( i.e. , Baroque , notably found in the architecture and music of Austria , Italy and Germany ) that attracted some converts , like the poet Richard Crashaw . Ironically , the explicitly Catholic artistic movement ( i.e. , Baroque ) ended up `` providing the blueprint , after the fire of London , for the first new Protestant churches to be built in England . '' While Charles remained firmly Protestant , he was personally drawn towards a consciously ' High Church ' Anglicanism . This affected his appointments to Anglican bishoprics , in particular the appointment of William Laud as Archbishop of Canterbury . How many Catholics and Puritans there were is still open to debate . Religious conflict between Charles and other `` High '' Anglicans and Calvinists - at this stage mostly still within the Church of England ( the Puritans ) - formed a strand of the anti-monarchical leanings of the troubled politics of the period . The religious tensions between a court with ' Papist ' elements and a Parliament where the Puritans were strong was one of the major factors behind the English Civil War , in which almost all Catholics supported the King . The victory of the Parliamentarians meant a strongly Protestant , anti-Catholic ( and , incidentally , anti-Anglican ) regime under Oliver Cromwell . The restoration of the monarchy under Charles II ( 1660 -- 85 ) also saw the restoration of a Catholic - influenced court like his father 's . However , although Charles himself had Catholic leanings , he was first and foremost a pragmatist and realised the vast majority of public opinion in England was strongly anti-Catholic , so he agreed to laws such as the Test Act requiring any appointee to any public office or member of Parliament to deny Catholic beliefs such as transubstantiation . As far as possible , however , he maintained tacit tolerance . Like his father , he married a Catholic , Catherine of Braganza . ( He would become Catholic himself on his deathbed ) . James II was the last Catholic to have reigned as monarch of England . Charles ' brother and heir James , Duke of York ( later James II ) converted to Catholicism in 1668 -- 1669 . When Titus Oates in 1678 alleged a ( totally imaginary ) ' Popish Plot ' to assassinate Charles and put James in his place , he unleashed a wave of Parliamentary and public hysteria which led to anti-Catholic purges , and another wave of sectarian persecution , which Charles was either unable or unwilling to prevent . Throughout the early 1680s the Whig element in Parliament attempted to remove James as successor to the throne . Their failure saw James become , in 1685 , Britain 's first openly Catholic monarch since Mary I ( and last to date ) . He promised religious toleration for Catholic and Protestants on an equal footing , but it is in doubt whether he did this to gain support from Dissenters or whether he was truly committed to tolerance ( Contemporary Catholic regimes in Spain and Italy , for example , were hardly tolerant of Protestantism , while those in France and Poland had practised forms of toleration ) . James ' clear intent to work towards the restoration of the Church of England to the Catholic fold encouraged converts like the poet John Dryden , who wrote `` The Hind and the Panther '' , celebrating his conversion . Protestant fears mounted as James placed Catholics in the major commands of the existing standing army , dismissed the Protestant Bishop of London and dismissed the Protestant Fellows of Magdalen College and replaced them with a wholly Catholic board . The last straw was the birth of a Catholic heir in 1688 , portending a return to a Pre-Reformation Catholic dynasty . In what came to be known as the Glorious Revolution , Parliament deemed James to have abdicated ( effectively deposing him , though Parliament refused to call it that ) in favor of his Protestant daughter and son - in - law and nephew , Mary II and William III . Although this affair is celebrated as solidifying both English liberties and the Protestant nature of the kingdom , some argue that it was `` fundamentally a coup spearheaded by a foreign army and navy . '' James fled into exile , and with him many Catholic nobility and gentry . The Act of Settlement 1701 , which remains in operation today , established the royal line through Sophia , Electress of Hanover , and specifically excludes any Catholic or anyone who marries a Catholic from the throne . This Act was partially changed when the ban on the monarch 's marrying a Catholic was eliminated ( along with the rule of male succession ) . Henry Benedict Stuart ( Cardinal - Duke of York ) , the last Jacobite heir to publicly assert a claim to the thrones of England , Scotland , and Ireland , died in Rome in 1807 . A monument to the Royal Stuarts exists today at Vatican City . Franz , Duke of Bavaria , head of the Wittelsbach family , is the most senior descendant of King Charles I and is considered by Jacobites to be the heir of the Stuarts . Recusants and moves towards Emancipation ( edit ) The years from 1688 to the early 19th century were in some respects the nadir for Catholicism in England . Deprived of their dioceses , four Apostolic Vicariates were set up throughout England until the re-establishment of the diocesan episcopacy in 1850 . Although the persecution was not violent as in the past , Catholic numbers , influence and visibility in English society reached their lowest ebb . Their civil rights were severely curtailed : their right to own property or inherit land was greatly limited , they were burdened with special taxes , they could not send their children abroad for Catholic education , they could not vote , and priests were liable to imprisonment . There was no longer , as once in Stuart times , any notable Catholic presence at court , in public life , in the military or professions . Many of the Catholic nobles and gentry who had preserved on their lands among their tenants small pockets of Catholicism had followed James into exile , and others , at least outwardly , conformed to Anglicanism , meaning fewer such Catholic communities survived intact . A bishop at this time ( roughly from 1688 to 1850 ) was called a Vicar apostolic . A Vicar Apostolic was a titular bishop ( as opposed to a diocesan bishop ) through whom the pope exercised jurisdiction over a particular church territory in England . Interestingly , English - speaking colonial America came under the jurisdiction of the Vicar Apostolic of the London . As titular bishop over Catholics in British America , he was important to the government not only in regard to its English - speaking North American colonies , but also after the Seven Years ' War when the British Empire , in 1763 , acquired the French - speaking ( and predominantly Catholic ) territory of Canada . Only after the Treaty of Paris in 1783 and in 1789 with the consecration of John Carroll , a friend of Benjamin Franklin , did the U.S. have its own diocesan bishop , free of the Vicar Apostolic of London , James Robert Talbot . Geographical distribution of English Catholic Recusancy , 1715 -- 1720 . Most Catholics retreated to complete isolation from a popular Protestant mainstream , and Catholicism in England in this period is politically , if not socially , invisible to history , Alexander Pope being one memorable English Catholic of the 18th century and the other being a member of the Catholic gentry , the Duke of Norfolk , the Premier Duke in the peerage of England and as Earl of Arundel , the Premier Earl . In virtue of his status and as head of the Howard family ( which included the Earl of Carlisle , the Earl of Suffolk , the Earl of Berkshire , and the Earl of Effingham ) , the Duke was always at court . Pope , however , seemed to benefit from the isolation . In 1713 , when he was 25 , he took subscriptions for a project that filled his life for the next seven years , the result being a new version of Homer 's Iliad . Samuel Johnson pronounced it the greatest translation ever achieved in the English language . Over time , Pope became the greatest poet of the age , the Augustan Age , especially for his mock - heroic poems , Rape of the Lock and The Dunciad . Around this time , in 1720 , Clement XI proclaimed Anselm of Canterbury a Doctor of the Church . In 1752 , mid-century , Great Britain adopted the Gregorian calendar decreed by Pope Gregory XIII in 1582 . Later in the century there was some liberalisation of the anti-Catholic laws on the basis of Enlightenment ideals . In 1778 a Catholic Relief Act allowed Catholics to own property , inherit land and join the army . Hardline Protestant mobs reacted in the Gordon Riots in 1780 , attacking any building in London which was associated with Catholicism or owned by Catholics . Other reforms allowed the clergy to operate more openly and thus allowed permanent missions to be set up in the larger towns . Stonyhurst College , for example , was re-established in 1791 for wealthier Catholics . In 1837 , James Arundel , the tenth Baron Arundel of Wardour , bequeathed to Stonyhurst the Arundel Library , which contained the vast Arundel family collection , including some of the school 's most important books and manuscripts such as a Shakespeare First Folio and a manuscript copy of Froissart 's Chronicles , looted from the body of a dead Frenchman after the Battle of Agincourt . Yet Catholic recusants as a whole remained a small group , except where they stayed the majority religion in various pockets , notably in rural Lancashire and Cumbria , or were part of the Catholic aristocracy and squirearchy . One of the most interesting contemporary descendents of recusants is Timothy Radcliffe , former Master of the Order of Preachers ( Dominicans ) and writer . Radcliffe is related to three former cardinals -- Weld , Vaughan and Hume ( the last because his cousin Lord Hunt is married to Hume 's sister ) , and his family is connected to many of the great recusant English Catholic families , the Arundels , Tichbournes , Tablots , Stonors , and Weld - Blundells . Finally , history can not forget the famous recusant , Maria Fitzherbert , who during this period secretly married the Prince of Wales , Prince Regent , and future George IV in 1785 . The British Constitution , however , did not accept it and George IV later moved on . Cast aside by the establishment , she was adopted by the town of Brighton , whose citizens , both Catholic and Protestant , called her `` Mrs. Prince '' . According to journalist , Richard Abbott , `` Before the town had a ( Catholic ) church of its own , she had a priest say Mass at her own house , and invited local Catholics '' , suggesting the recusants of Brighton were not very undiscovered . In a new study of the English Catholic community , 1688 -- 1745 , Gabriel Glickman notes that Catholics , especially those whose social position gave them access to the courtly centres of power and patronage , had a significant part to play in 18th - century England . They were not as marginal as one might think today . For example , Alexander Pope was not the only Catholic whose contributions ( especially , Essays on Man ) help define the temper of an early English Enlightenment . In addition to Pope , Glickman notes , a Catholic architect , James Gibbs , returned baroque forms to the London skyline and a Catholic composer , Thomas Arne , composed `` Rule Britannia . '' According to reviewer Aidan Bellenger , Glickman also suggests that `` rather than being the victims of the Stuart failure , ' the unpromising setting of exile and defeat ' had ' sown the seed of a frail but resilient English Catholic Enlightenment . ' '' Yale University historian Steve Pincus likewise argues in his book , 1688 : The First Modern Revolution , that Catholics under William and Mary and their successors experienced considerable freedom . Coming of the Irish and English converts ( edit ) Statue of Cardinal Newman outside the Church of the Immaculate Heart of Mary , London After this moribund period , the first signs of a revival occurred as thousands of French Catholics fled France during the French Revolution . The leaders of the Revolution were virulently anti-Catholic , even singling out priests and nuns for summary execution or massacre , and England was seen as a safe haven from Jacobin violence . Also around this time ( 1801 ) , a new political entity was formed , the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland , which merged the Kingdom of Great Britain with the Kingdom of Ireland , thus increasing the number of Catholics in the new state . Pressure for abolition of anti-Catholic laws grew , particularly with the need for Catholic recruits to fight in the Napoleonic Wars . Despite the strong opposition of King George III , which delayed reform , 1829 brought the culmination of the liberalisation of the anti-Catholic laws . Parliament passed the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829 , giving Catholics almost equal civil rights , including the right to vote and to hold most public offices . If Catholics were rich , however , exceptions were always made , even before the changes . For example , American ministers to the Court of St. James 's were often struck by the prominence of wealthy American - born Catholics , titled ladies among the nobility , like Louisa ( Caton ) , granddaughter of Charles Carroll of Carrollton , and her two sisters , Mary Ann and Elizabeth . After Louisa 's first husband ( Sir Felton Bathurst - Hervey ) died , Louisa later married the son of the Duke of Leeds , and had the Duke of Wellington as her European protector . Her sister , Mary Ann , married the Marquess of Wellesley , the brother of the Duke of Wellington ; and her other sister , Elizabeth ( Lady Stafford ) , married another British nobleman . Though British law required an Anglican marriage service , each of the sisters and their Protestant spouses had a Catholic ceremony afterwards . At Louisa 's first marriage , the Duke of Wellington escorted the bride . In the 1840s and 1850s , especially during the Great Irish Famine , while much of the large outflow of emigration from Ireland was headed to the United States to seek work , hundreds of thousands of Irish people also migrated across the channel to England and Scotland , and established communities in cities there , including London , Liverpool , Manchester and Glasgow , but also in towns and villages up and down the country , thus giving English Catholicism a numerical boost . Also significant was the rise in the 1830s and 1840s of the Oxford Movement , which claimed Catholic validity for Anglican orders and sought to revive some elements of Catholic theology and ritual within the Church of England ( creating Anglo - Catholicism ) . A proportion of the Anglicans who were involved in the Oxford Movement or `` Tractarianism '' were ultimately led beyond these positions and converted to the Catholic Church , including , in 1845 , the movement 's principal intellectual leader , John Henry Newman . More new Catholics would come from the Anglican Church , often via high Anglicanism , for at least the next hundred years , and something of this continues . Prominent intellectual and artistic figures who turned to Catholicism in the 19th and 20th centuries included the leading architect of the Gothic Revival , Augustus Pugin , the artist Graham Sutherland and literary figures such as Newman , Gerard Manley Hopkins , G.K. Chesterton , Ronald Knox , Siegfried Sassoon , Evelyn Waugh , Edith Sitwell , Graham Greene and Muriel Spark . Prominent cradle Catholics included the film director , Alfred Hitchcock , writers such as Hilaire Belloc , Lord Acton , and J.R.R. Tolkien and the composer Edward Elgar , whose oratorio The Dream of Gerontius was based on a 19th - century poem by Newman . At various points after the 16th century hopes have been entertained by many English Catholics that the `` reconversion of England '' was near at hand . Additionally , with the arrival of immigrant masses of Irish Catholics , some considered that a `` second spring '' of Catholicism across Britain was developing . Rome responded by re-establishing the Catholic hierarchy in 1850 , creating 12 Catholic dioceses in England from existing apostolic vicariates and appointing diocesan bishops ( to replace earlier titular bishops ) with fixed sees on a more traditional Catholic pattern . The Catholic Church in England and Wales had 22 dioceses immediately before the Reformation , but none of the current 22 bear close resemblance ( geographically ) to those 22 earlier pre-Reformation dioceses . The re-established diocesan episcopacy specifically avoided using places that were seats of Church of England dioceses as seats , in effect temporarily abandoning the titles of Catholic dioceses before Elizabeth I because of the Ecclesiastical Titles Act of 1851 , which in England favoured a state church ( i.e. , Church of England ) and denied arms and legal existence to territorial Catholic sees on the basis that the state could not grant such `` privileges '' to `` entities '' that allegedly did not exist . Some of the Catholic dioceses , however , took the titles of bishoprics which had previously existed in England but were no longer used by the Anglican Church ( e.g. Beverley - later divided into Leeds and Middlesbrough , Hexham - later changed to Hexham and Newcastle ) . In the few cases where a Catholic diocese bears the same title as an Anglican one in the same town or city ( e.g. Birmingham , Liverpool , Portsmouth , and Southwark ) -- this is the result of the Church of England ignoring the prior existence there of a Catholic see and of the technical repeal of the Ecclesiastical Titles Act in 1871 . Of course , the Act was only carried out in England . For example , the official recognition afforded by the grant of arms to the archdiocese of St. Andrews and Edinburgh , brought into being by Lord Lyon in 1989 , was made on the grounds that the Ecclesiastical Titles Act of 1851 never applied to Scotland . In recent times , former Conservative Cabinent Minister , John Gummer , who is a prominent convert to Catholicism and columnist for the Catholic Herald in 2007 , objected to the fact that no Catholic diocese can have the same name as an Anglican diocese ( such as London , Canterbury , Durham , etc . ) `` even though those dioceses had , shall we say , been borrowed . '' Contemporary English Catholicism ( edit ) Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral , Liverpool Oratory Church of St Aloysius Gonzaga , Oxford , with the flag of the Vatican City flying at half staff the day after the death of Pope John Paul II . English Catholicism continued to grow throughout the first two thirds of the 20th century , when it was associated primarily with elements in the English intellectual class and the ethnic Irish population . Numbers attending Mass remained very high in stark contrast with the Anglican church ( although not to other Protestant churches ) , Clergy numbers , which began the 20th century at under 3,000 , reached a high of 7,500 in 1971 . By the latter years of the twentieth century low numbers of vocations also affected the church with ordinations to the priesthood dropping from the hundreds in the late 20th century into the teens in 2006 - 2011 ( 16 in 2009 for example ) and a recovery into the 20 's thereafter , with a prediction for 2018 of 24 . As in other English - speaking countries such as the United States and Australia , the movement of Irish Catholics out of the working - class into the middle - class suburban mainstream often meant their assimilation with broader , secular English society and loss of a separate Catholic identity . The Second Vatican Council has been followed , as in other Western countries , by divisions between traditional Catholicism and a more liberal form of Catholicism claiming inspiration from the Council . This caused difficulties for not a few pre-conciliar converts , though others have still joined the Church in recent decades ( for instance , Malcolm Muggeridge and Joseph Pearce ) , and public figures ( often descendants of the recusant families ) such as Paul Johnson ; Peter Ackroyd ; Antonia Fraser ; Mark Thompson , Director General of the BBC ; Michael Martin , first Catholic to hold the office of Speaker of the House of Commons since the Reformation ; Chris Patten , first Catholic to hold the post of Chancellor of Oxford since the Reformation ; Piers Paul Read ; Helen Liddel , Britain 's High Commissioner to Australia ; and former Prime Minister 's wife , Cherie Blair , have no difficulty making their Catholicism known in public life . The former Prime Minister , Tony Blair , was received into full communion with the Catholic Church in 2007 . Catherine Pepinster , Editor of Tablet , notes : `` The impact of Irish immigrants is one . There are numerous prominent campaigners , academics , entertainers ( like Danny Boyle the most successful Catholic in showbiz owing to his film , Slumdog Millionaire ) , politicians and writers . But the descendants of the recusant families are still a force in the land . '' Since the Council the Church in England has tended to focus on ecumenical dialogue with the Anglican Church rather than winning converts from it as in the past . However , the 1990s have seen a number of conversions from Anglicanism to the Catholic Church , largely prompted by the Church of England 's decision to ordain women as priests ( among other moves away from traditional doctrines and structures ) . The resultant converts included members of the Royal Family ( Katharine , Duchess of Kent , her son Lord Nicholas Windsor and her grandson Baron Downpatrick ) , a number of Anglican priests . Converts to Catholicism in Britain , for this reason , tend to be more conservative and even traditionalist than Catholics on the European mainland , often opposing trends within the Catholic Church similar to those which induced them to abandon Anglicanism in the first place . The spirit of ecumenism fostered by Vatican II resulted in 1990 with the Catholic Church in England , Wales , Scotland and Ireland , joining Churches Together in Britain and Ireland as an expression of the churches ' commitment to work ecumenically . Recently , for example , a memorial was put up to St John Houghton and fellow Carthusian monks martyred at the London Charterhouse , 1535 . Anglican priest , Geoffrey Curtis , campaigned for it with the current Archbishop of Canterbury 's blessing . Also , in another ecumenical gesture , a plaque in Holywell Street , Oxford , now commemorates the Catholic martyrs of England . It reads : `` Near this spot George Nichols , Richard Yaxley , Thomas Belson , and Humphrey Pritchard were executed for their Catholic faith , 5 July 1589 . '' And at Lambeth Palace , in February 2009 , the Archbishop of Canterbury hosted a reception to launch a book , Why Go To Church ? , by Fr Timothy Radcliffe OP , one of Britain 's best known religious and the former master of the Dominican Order . A large number of young Dominican friars attended . Fr Radcliffe said , `` I do n't think there have been so many Dominicans in one place since the time of Robert Kilwardby , the Dominican Archbishop of Canterbury in the 13th century . '' The Church 's principles of social justice influenced initiatives to tackle the challenges of poverty and social inclusion . In Southampton , Fr Pat Murphy O'Connor founded the St Dismas Society as an agency to meet the needs of ex-prisoners discharged from Winchester prison . Some of St Dismas Society 's early members went on to help found the Simon Community in Sussex then in London . Their example gave new inspiration to other clergy , such as the Revd Kenneth Leech ( CofE ) of St Anne 's Church , Soho who helped found the homeless charity Centrepoint , and the Revd Bruce Kenrick ( Church of Scotland ) who helped found the homeless charity Shelter . In 1986 Cardinal Basil Hume established the Cardinal Hume Centre to work with homeless young people , badly housed families and local communities to access accommodation , support and advice , education , training and employment opportunities . In 2006 Cardinal Cormac Murphy - O'Connor instituted an annual Mass in Support of Migrant Workers at Westminster Cathedral in partnership with the ethnic chaplains of Brentwood , Southwark and Westminster . Organisation ( edit ) Dioceses in England and Wales The Catholic Church in England and Wales has five provinces : Birmingham , Cardiff , Liverpool , Southwark and Westminster . There are 22 dioceses which are divided into parishes ( for comparison , the Church of England and Church in Wales currently have a total of 50 dioceses ) . In addition to these , there are four dioceses covering England and Wales for specific groups which are the Bishopric of the Forces , the Eparchy for Ukrainians , the Syro - Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Great Britain and the Personal Ordinariate for former Anglicans . The Catholic bishops in England and Wales come together in a collaborative structure known as the Bishops ' Conference . Currently the Archbishop of Westminster , Vincent Gerard Nichols , is the President of the Bishops ' Conference . For this reason in the global Catholic Church ( outside England ) , he is de facto Primate of England though not in the eyes of English law and the established Church of England . Historically , the avoidance of the title of `` Primate '' was to eschew whipping up anti-Catholic tension , in the same way the bishops of the restored hierarchy avoided using current titles of Anglican sees ( Archbishop of Westminster rather than `` Canterbury '' or `` London '' ) . However , the Archbishop of Westminster had certain privileges : he was the only metropolitan in the country until 1911 ( when the archdioceses of Birmingham and Liverpool were created ) and he has always acted as leader at meetings of the English bishops . Although the bishops of the restored hierarchy took new titles , such as that of Westminster , they saw themselves very much in continuity with the pre-Reformation Church . Westminster in particular saw itself as the continuation of Canterbury , hence the similarity of the coat of arms of the two sees ( with Westminster believing it has more right to it since it features the pallium , no longer given to Anglican archbishops ) . At the back of Westminster Cathedral is a list of Popes and , alongside this , a list of Catholic Archbishops of Canterbury beginning with Augustine of Canterbury and the year they received the pallium . After Cardinal Pole , the last Catholic incumbent of Canterbury , the names of the Catholic vicars apostolic or titular bishops ( from 1685 ) are recorded and then the Archbishops of Westminster , in one unimpaired line , from 597 to the present , according to the Archdiocese of Westminster . To highlight this continuity or unimpaired line today , the installation rites of pre-Reformation Catholic Archbishops of Canterbury and earlier Archbishops of Westminster were used at the installation of the current Cardinal Archbishop of Westminster , Vincent Gerard Nichols . He became the forty - third of English cardinals since the 12th century . Hierarchy ( edit ) Diocese Province Approximate Territory Cathedral Creation 01 Diocese of Arundel and Brighton Bishop of Arundel and Brighton 15 Southwark Surrey and Sussex Cathedral Church of Our Lady and St Philip Howard 20 1965 ( from Diocese of Southwark ) 02 Archdiocese of Birmingham Archbishop of Birmingham 01 Birmingham West Midlands , Staffordshire , Warwickshire , Worcestershire , Oxfordshire north of the Thames Metropolitan Cathedral Church and Basilica of St Chad 02 1850 ( elevated to Archdiocese 1911 ) 03 Diocese of Brentwood Bishop of Brentwood 19 Westminster Historic County of Essex ( including North - east Greater London ) Cathedral Church of St Mary and St Helen 17 1917 ( from Archdiocese of Westminster ) 04 Archdiocese of Cardiff Archbishop of Cardiff 04 Cardiff Eastern Glamorgan , Herefordshire , Monmouthshire Metropolitan Cathedral Church of St David 03 1850 ( originally as Diocese of Newport and Menevia ; as Diocese of Newport from 1895 ; elevated to Archdiocese of Cardiff 1916 ) 05 Diocese of Clifton Bishop of Clifton 02 Birmingham Bristol , Gloucestershire , Somerset , Wiltshire Cathedral Church of Ss Peter and Paul 04 1850 06 Diocese of East Anglia Bishop of East Anglia 20 Westminster Peterborough , Cambridgeshire , Norfolk , Suffolk Cathedral Church of St John the Baptist 21 1976 ( from Diocese of Northampton ) 07 Diocese of Hallam Bishop of Hallam 08 Liverpool South Yorkshire , High Peak , North Derbyshire , Chesterfield , Bassetlaw Cathedral Church of St Marie 22 1980 ( from Dioceses of Leeds and Nottingham ) 08 Diocese of Hexham and Newcastle Bishop of Hexham and Newcastle 09 Liverpool Tyne and Wear , Northumberland , County Durham Cathedral Church of St Mary 05 1850 ( originally as Diocese of Hexham ; as Hexham and Newcastle from 1861 ) 09 Diocese of Lancaster Bishop of Lancaster 10 Liverpool Cumbria and Northern Lancashire Cathedral Church of St Peter 18 1924 ( from Diocese of Hexham and Newcastle and Archdiocese of Liverpool ) 10 Diocese of Leeds Bishop of Leeds 11 Liverpool Historic West Riding of Yorkshire excluding South Yorkshire Cathedral Church of St Anne 13 1878 ( from Diocese of Beverley ) 11 Archdiocese of Liverpool Archbishop of Liverpool 07 Liverpool Merseyside north of the Mersey , West Lancashire , Isle of Man Metropolitan Cathedral Church of Christ the King 06 1850 ( elevated to Archdiocese 1911 ) 12 Diocese of Menevia Bishop of Menevia 05 Cardiff Brecknockshire , Cardiganshire , Carmarthenshire , Pembrokeshire , Radnorshire and Western Glamorgan Cathedral Church of St Joseph 16 1898 ( from Vicariate Apostolic of Wales ) 13 Diocese of Middlesbrough Bishop of Middlesbrough 12 Liverpool Historic North Riding of Yorkshire , historic East Riding of Yorkshire , York Cathedral Church of St Mary the Virgin 14 1878 ( from Diocese of Beverley ) 14 Diocese of Northampton Bishop of Northampton 21 Westminster Northamptonshire , Bedfordshire , Buckinghamshire , Berkshire north of the Thames Cathedral Church of St Mary and St Thomas 07 1850 15 Diocese of Nottingham Bishop of Nottingham 22 Westminster Derbyshire , Nottinghamshire , Leicestershire , Rutland , Lincolnshire Cathedral Church of St Barnabas 08 1850 16 Diocese of Plymouth Bishop of Plymouth 16 Southwark Cornwall , Devon , Dorset Cathedral Church of St Mary and St Boniface 09 1850 17 Diocese of Portsmouth Bishop of Portsmouth 17 Southwark Hampshire , Isle of Wight , Berkshire and Oxfordshire south of the Thames , The Channel Islands Cathedral Church of St John the Evangelist 15 1882 ( from Diocese of Southwark ) 18 Diocese of Salford Bishop of Salford 13 Liverpool Part of Greater Manchester , South - east Lancashire Cathedral Church of St John the Evangelist 10 1850 19 Diocese of Shrewsbury Bishop of Shrewsbury 03 Birmingham Cheshire , Shropshire , the Wirral and Manchester south of the Mersey Cathedral Church of Our Lady Help of Christians and Saint Peter of Alcantara 11 1850 20 Archdiocese of Southwark Archbishop of Southwark 14 Southwark Kent , Greater London south of the Thames Metropolitan Cathedral Church of St George 12 1850 ( elevated to Archdiocese 1965 ) 21 Archdiocese of Westminster Archbishop of Westminster 18 Westminster Hertfordshire , historic County of Middlesex ( i.e. North - west Greater London ) Metropolitan Cathedral Church of the Most Precious Blood 01 1850 22 Diocese of Wrexham Bishop of Wrexham 06 Cardiff Anglesey , Caernarfonshire , Denbighshire , Flintshire , Merionethshire and Montgomeryshire Cathedral Church of Our Lady of Sorrows 24 1987 ( from Diocese of Menevia ) 23 Eparchy of the Holy Family of London Bishop Hlib Lonchyna 23 Kiev -- Galicia Great Britain Cathedral Church of the Holy Family in Exile 19 1957 ( elevated to Eparchy 2013 ) Syro - Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Great Britain Mar Joseph Srampickal Ernakulam - Angamaly Great Britain Syro - Malabar Cathedral of St Alphonsa 2016 24 Bishopric of the Forces Bishop of the Forces 24 Holy See HM Forces both in Britain and abroad Cathedral Church of St Michael and St George 23 1986 25 Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham Monsignor Keith Newton 25 Holy See Former Anglican clergy , religious and laity resident in England , Wales and Scotland . Principal Church of Our Lady of the Assumption and St Gregory 25 2011 Chaplaincies ( edit ) Further information : Catholic Chaplaincies in England and Wales Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham ( edit ) Main article : Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham In October 2009 , following closed - circuit talks between some Anglicans and the Holy See , Pope Benedict made a relatively unconditional offer to accommodate disaffected Anglicans in the Church of England , enabling them , for the first time , to retain parts of their liturgy and heritage under Anglicanorum coetibus , while being in full communion with Rome . By April 2012 the ordinariate numbered about 1200 , including five bishops and 60 priests . The ordinariate has recruited a group of aristocrats as honorary vice-presidents to help out . These include the Duke of Norfolk , the Countess of Oxford and Asquith and the Duchess of Somerset . Other vice-presidents include Lord Nicholas Windsor , Sir Josslyn Gore - Booth and the Squire de Lisle , whose ancestor Ambrose de Lisle was a 19th - century Catholic convert who advocated the corporate reunion of the Anglican Church with Rome . According to the group leader , Mgr Keith Newton , the ordinariate will `` work on something with an Anglican flavour , but they are not bringing over any set of Anglican liturgy . '' The director of music at Westminster Abbey ( Anglican ) , lay Catholic James O'Donnell , likens the ordinariate to a Uniate church or one of the many non-Latin Catholic rites , saying : `` This is a good opportunity for us to remember that there is n't a one size fits all , and that this could be a good moment to adopt the famous civil service philosophy - ' celebrating diversity ' . '' In May 2013 , a former Anglican priest , Alan Hopes , was appointed the new Bishop of East Anglia , whose diocese includes the Shrine of Our Lady of Walsingham . Eastern Catholic rites ( edit ) A Ukrainian Greek Catholic parish church in Wolverhampton , England There exists the Apostolic Exarchate for Ukrainians which serves the 15,000 Ukrainian Greek Catholics in Great Britain , with a cathedral and various churches across the country . The Lebanese Maronite Order ( LMO ) runs in England and Wales . The LMO is an order of the Maronite Catholic Church , serving Maronite Catholics in England and Wales . The Revd Augustine Aoun is the parish priest for Maronites . The LMO runs a few churches , for example Our Lady of Sorrows in Paddington and Our Lady of Lebanon in Swiss Cottage . There are also Catholic chaplains of the Eritrean , Chaldean , Syriac , Syro - Malabar , Syro - Malankara , and Melkite Rites . For information about the Syro - Malabar chaplaincy within the Diocese of Westminster in London , see Syro - Malabar Catholic Church of London . Mass in the Syro - Malabar rite is celebrated each Sunday in St Joseph 's Catholic Church , New Zealand Road , Cardiff . Demography ( edit ) General Statistics ( edit ) Migration from Ireland in the 19th and 20th centuries and more recent Eastern European migration have significantly increased the numbers of Catholics in England and Wales . While figures for England and Wales alone are difficult to estimate , the ethnic make - up of the Catholic population in the UK ( which includes Northern Irish as British ) in 2008 was as follows : White British 74.6 % White Eastern European 9.5 % White Irish 4.4 % White Other 3.9 % Black African 2.5 % Mixed other 1.9 % Afro - Caribbean / Other 1.7 % Asian 1.5 % The White Eastern European members are mainly from Poland , with smaller numbers from Lithuania , Latvia , and Slovakia . Polish Catholic immigration ( edit ) Part of a series on the Catholic Church by country Worldwide distribution of Catholics Africa ( show ) Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros DR of Congo Republic of Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Asia ( show ) Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Burma Cambodia China Hong Kong India Indonesia Japan Kazakhstan Korea Laos Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Nepal North Korea Pakistan Philippines Russia Singapore South Korea Sri Lanka Taiwan Tajikistan Thailand Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Vietnam - including the Middle East ( show ) Bahrain Iran Iraq Israel ( Palestinian territories ) Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen Europe ( show ) Albania Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Cyprus Denmark Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Iceland Ireland Italy Jersey Kosovo Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Netherlands Norway Malta Moldova Montenegro Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Sweden Ukraine United Kingdom ( England and Wales , Scotland , Northern Ireland ) North America ( show ) Antigua & Barbuda Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Trinidad and Tobago United States Latin America ( show ) Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Oceania ( show ) Australia East Timor Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Catholicism portal Polish - speaking Catholics first arrived in England in some numbers after the partitions of Poland during the 19th century . One of the most notable Poles at this time , who eventually settled in England , was Joseph Conrad . At the end of the Second World War , many Polish servicemen were unable to return to their homeland following the imposition of a communist regime hostile to their return , and the Polish Resettlement Corps was formed by the British government to ease their transition into British life . They were joined by several thousand Displaced Persons ( DPs ) , many were their family members . This influx of Poles gave rise to the 1947 Polish Resettlement Act which allowed approximately 250,000 Polish Servicemen and their dependents , to settle in Britain . Many assimilated into existing Catholic congregations . According to the Polish Catholic Mission in England and Wales in 1948 the Catholic hierarchy in England Wales agreed the appointment of a vicar delegate , nominated by the Polish Episcopate , with ordinary power over the Polish clergy and laity throughout England and Wales with certain exceptions relating to marriage . Subsequently , whenever a Polish Catholic community emerges within England and Wales , the vicar delegate appoints a Polish priest to organise a local branch of the Polish Catholic Mission . A priest thus appointed is the priest in charge , not a parish priest . There are no Polish parishes or quasiparishes in England and Wales ( in accordance with Canons 515 § 1 and 516 § 1 ) with the exception of the church at Devonia Road in London . A Polish Community is sometimes referred to as a `` parish '' but is not a parish in the canonical sense . Hence the Community is not a juridical person . The canonical juridical personality which represents the interests of all Polish Communities is vested in the Polish Catholic Mission . Since the 2004 accession of Poland to the European Union there has been further large - scale Polish immigration to the UK . Currently the Polish Catholic Mission includes around 219 parishes and pastoral centres with 114 priests . The current rector of the Polish Catholic Mission is Rev. Stefan Wylężek . In Poland , the Polish Bishops Conference has a delegate with special responsibility for émigré Poles . The current postholder is Bishop Ryszard Karpiński . The Tablet reported in December 2007 that the Polish Catholic Mission says these parishes follow a pastoral programme set by the Polish conference of bishops and are viewed as `` an integral part of the Polish church '' . In December 2007 Cardinal Cormac Murphy - O'Connor said `` I 'm quite concerned that Poles are creating a separate Church in Britain -- I would want them to be part of the Catholic life of this country . I would hope those responsible for the Polish Church here , and the Poles themselves , will be aware that they should become a part of local parishes as soon as possible when they learn enough of the language . '' Mgr Kukla stressed that the Polish Catholic Mission continues to have a `` good relationship '' with the hierarchy in England and Wales and said `` Integration is a long process . '' Significantly , the Polish Mission co-operated fully with the English hierarchy 's recent research enquiry into the needs of migrants in London 's catholic community . `` The Ground of Justice '' report by Francis Davis and Jolanta Stanke et al. Von Hügel Institute at St Edmund 's College , Cambridge was commissioned by Archbishop Kevin McDonald of Southwark , and Bishop Thomas McMahon of Brentwood. 1000 people attending Mass in three London dioceses were surveyed using anonymous questionnaires available in Polish , Lithuanian , Chinese , French , Spanish , Portuguese , and English . The congregations were from mainstream Diocesan parishes , ethnic chaplaincies , and churches of the Polish Vicariate . The report findings described how 86 % of eastern Europeans said the availability of Mass in their mother tongue was a reason for their choosing to worship in a particular church . The report 's recommendations emphasised cooperation with key overseas bishops conferences , dioceses , and religious institutes on the recruitment and appointment of ethnic chaplains ; the recognition of language skills as a legitimate training activity and cost for seminarians , clergy , parish volunteer and lay employees ; and the consolidation of dispersed charitable funds for pastoral development and the poor in London . Adoption Controversy ( edit ) On November 3 , 2016 , John Bingham reported in The Daily Telegraph that Cardinal Vincent Nichols officially acknowledged that the Catholic Church in England and Wales had pressured young , unmarried mothers in the country to put their children up for adoption in agencies linked to the Catholic Church throughout the decades following World War II and offered an apology . Catholic saints of the United Kingdom ( edit ) Saints and Doctors of the Church , notable and Pre-Reformation : St. Alban - ( d . 251 or 304 ) , Martyr St. David - ( 500 - 589 ) , Monk , Bishop , and Teacher Augustine of Canterbury - ( d . 605 ) , Professed Religious Priest of the Order of St. Benedict and Bishop Padarn Early 6th century , Bishop Bede - ( 672 ? - 735 ) , Professed Religious Priest of the Order of St. Benedict and Doctor of the Church St. Anselm - ( 1033 - 1109 ) , Professed Religious Priest of the Order of St. Benedict , Bishop , and Doctor of the Church Thomas Becket - ( 1118 - 1170 ) , Bishop and Martyr Richard of Chichester - ( 1197 - 1253 ) , Bishop Saints from the period of the Reformation to the present : Main article : List of Catholic martyrs of the English Reformation John Fisher - ( 1469 - 1535 ) , Bishop of Rochester ; Cardinal Thomas More - ( 1478 - 1535 ) , Married Layperson of the Archdiocese of Westminster John Houghton - ( 1487 - 1535 ) , Professed Priest of the Carthusians Robert Lawrence - ( d . 1535 ) , Professed Priest of the Carthusians Augustine Webster - ( d . 1535 ) , Professed Priest of the Carthusians Richard Reynolds - ( d . 1535 ) , Professed Priest of the Carthusians John Stone - ( d. 1539 ) , Professed Priest of the Augustinians Cuthbert Mayne - ( 1544 - 1577 ) , Priest of the Apostolic Vicariate of England Edmund Campion - ( 1540 - 1581 ) , Professed Priest of the Jesuits Ralph Sherwin - ( 1550 - 1581 ) , Priest of the Apostolic Vicariate of England Alexander Briant - ( 1556 - 1581 ) , Professed Priest of the Jesuits John Paine - ( d . 1582 ) , Priest of the Apostolic Vicariate of England Luke Kirby ( priest ) - ( 1549 - 1582 ) , Priest of the Apostolic Vicariate of England Richard Gwyn - ( 1537 - 1584 ) , Married Layperson of the Apostolic Vicariate of England Margaret Clitherow née Middleton - ( 1550 - 1586 ) , Married Layperson of the Apostolic Vicariate of England Margaret Ward - ( d . 1588 ) , Layperson of the Apostolic Vicariate of England Edmund Gennings - ( 1567 - 1591 ) , Priest of the Apostolic Vicariate of England Swithun Wells - ( 1536 - 1591 ) , Priest of the Apostolic Vicariate of England Eustace White - ( d . 1591 ) , Priest of the Apostolic Vicariate of England Polydore Plasden - ( d . 1591 ) , Priest of the Apostolic Vicariate of England John Boste - ( 1543 - 1582 ) , Priest of the Apostolic Vicariate of England Robert Southwell - ( 1561 - 1595 ) , Professed Priest of the Jesuits Henry Walpole - ( 1558 - 1595 ) , Professed Priest of the Jesuits Philip Howard - ( 1557 - 1595 ) , Married Layperson of the Apostolic Vicariate of England John Jones - ( 1559 - 1598 ) , Professed Priest of the Franciscan Friars Minor ( Observants ) John Rigby - ( d . 1600 ) , Layperson of the Apostolic Vicariate of England Anne Line née Higham - ( 1565 - 1601 ) , Married Layperson of the Apostolic Vicariate of England Nicholas Owen - ( 1550 - 1606 ) , Professed Priest of the Jesuits Thomas Garnet - ( 1575 - 1608 ) , Professed Priest of the Jesuits John Roberts - ( 1576 - 1610 ) , Professed Priest of the Benedictines John Almond - ( 1577 - 1612 ) , Priest of the Apostolic Vicariate of England Edmund Arrowsmith - ( 1585 - 1628 ) , Professed Priest of the Jesuits Edward Barlow - ( 1585 - 1641 ) , Professed Priest of the Benedictines Bartholomew Roe - ( 1583 - 1642 ) , Professed Priest of the Benedictines Henry Morse - ( 1595 - 1645 ) , Professed Priest of the Jesuits John Southworth - ( 1592 - 1654 ) , Priest of the Apostolic Vicariate of England William Plessington - ( 1637 - 1679 ) , Priest of the Apostolic Vicariate of England Philip Evans - ( 1645 - 1679 ) , Professed Priest of the Jesuits John Lloyd - ( 1630 - 1679 ) , Priest of the Apostolic Vicariate of England John Wall - ( 1620 - 1679 ) , Professed Priest of the Franciscan Friars Minor ( Recollects ) John Kemble - ( 1599 - 1679 ) , Priest of the Apostolic Vicariate of England David Lewis - ( 1616 - 1679 ) , Professed Priest of the Jesuits John Ogilvie - ( 1579 - 1615 ) , Professed Priest of the Jesuits Blesseds Margaret Pole - ( 1473 -- 1541 ) , Martyr , Countess of Salisbury Dominic Barberi - ( 1792 - 1849 ) , Professed Priest of the Passionists John Henry Newman - ( 1801 - 1890 ) , Professed Priest of the Oratory , Theologian , Cardinal Venerables Mary Potter - ( 1847 - 1913 ) , Founder of the Little Company of Mary Margaret Sinclair - ( 1900 - 1925 ) , Professed Religious of the Poor Clare Colettine Nuns Bridget Teresa McCrory - ( 1893 - 1984 ) , Founder of the Carmelite Sisters for the Aged and Infirm Joan Ward - ( 1585 - 1645 ) , Founder of the Institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary ( Loreto Sisters ) and Congregatio Iesu Servants of God Elizabeth Prout - ( 1820 - 1864 ) , Founder of the Sisters of the Cross and the Passion George Spencer - ( 1799 - 1864 ) , Professed Priest of the Passionists Margaret Hallahan - ( 1802 - 1868 ) , Founder of the Dominican Sisters of the English Congregation of Saint Catherine of Siena Frances Taylor - ( 1832 - 1900 ) , Founder of the Poor Servants of the Mother of God Teresa Helena Higginson - ( 1844 - 1905 ) , Layperson of the Archdiocese of Liverpool Mary Janet Erskine Stuart - ( 1857 - 1914 ) , Professed Religious of the Society of the Religious of the Sacred Heart of Jesus Other Open Cause Miracles ( edit ) A number of events which Catholics hold to be miracles are associated with England . Marian apparitions ( edit ) A number of Marian apparitions are associated with England , the best known are the following ; Our Lady of Mount Carmel , associated with Simon Stock at Aylesford Our Lady of Walsingham , associated with Richeldis de Faverches at Walsingham Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception , associated with Helsim the Abbot in the North Sea Our Lady of Evesham , associated with Egwin of Evesham at Evesham Our Lady of Canterbury , associated with Dunstan and Anselm at Canterbury Our Lady of London , associated with Thomas a Becket and Hildegard von Bingen at London Our Lady of Jervaulx , associated with Abbot John Kingston of Byland at Jervaulx Our Lady of Durham , associated with Godric of Finchale at Durham Our Lady of Ipswich , associated with Anne Wentworth at Ipswich Incorruptibility ( edit ) A number of cases of alleged incorruptibility of some Catholic saints are associated with England ; Æthelthryth of Ely , hand discovered in 1811 Cuthbert of Lindisfarne , relics destroyed under Henry VIII Werburgh of Chester , relics destroyed under Henry VIII Wihtburh of East Anglia , relics destroyed under Henry VIII Winibald of Wessex , tomb found empty in 1968 Guthlac of Crowland , relics destroyed by Vikings Ælfheah of Canterbury , buried at Canterbury Cathedral Edward the Confessor , bodily allegedly intact in 1269 , skeleton by 1685 Hugh of Lincoln , tomb pillaged in 1364 , shrine destroyed under Henry VIII Edmund of Abingdon , taken to Pontigny Abbey in France John Southworth , returned to Westminster Cathedral in 1927 Stigmata ( edit ) Two cases of alleged stigmata are associated with England , neither have been approved by the Vatican ; 1880 : Teresa Helena Higginson , at Gainsborough , Lincolnshire 1986 : Patricia de Menezes , at Surrey See also ( edit ) Agatha Christie indult Anderton family Apostolic Vicariate of the London District Apostolic Vicariate of the Midland District Apostolic Vicariate of the Northern District Apostolic Vicariate of the Western District British Catholic History Cambridge University Press Cluniac Reform Carthusian Martyrs Catholic Church by country Catholic Church hierarchy Catholic National Library Conférence des évêques de France Council of London ( 1102 ) Doctor of the Church Forty Martyrs of England and Wales Latin Mass Society of England and Wales List of Catholic martyrs of the English Reformation List of English cardinals List of Protestant martyrs of the English Reformation Lists of patriarchs , archbishops , and bishops Priest hole Catholic Church in Ireland Catholic Church in Scotland Catholic Church in England and Wales Catholic Church in the United Kingdom Shropshire & Wrekin Catholic Region The Stripping of the Altars Thomas Merton Society of Great Britain and Ireland Venerable English College , Rome Sources ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dairmaid MacCulloch , The Reformation ( New York : Viking , 2003 ) , 193 - 4 . MacCulloch : `` This program became a series of legislative acts steered through the English Parliament between 1533 and 1536 by a new chief minister , the obscurely born Thomas Cromwell ... '' Jump up ^ http://www.newadvent.org/cathen The Catholic Encyclopedia says this : `` Before the breach with Rome under Henry VIII there was absolutely no doctrinal difference between the faith of Englishmen and the rest of Catholic Christendom , and ' Anglicanism , ' as connoting a separate or independent religious system , was unknown . The name ' Ecclesia Anglicana , ' or English Church , was of course employed , but always in the Catholic and Papal use of the term as signifying that part of the one Catholic Church under the jurisdiction of the Pope which was situated in England , and precisely in the same way as the Church in Scotland was called the ' Ecclesia Scotticana , ' the Church in France , the ' Ecclesia Gallicana , ' and the Church in Spain the ' Ecclesia Hispanica . ' That such national or regional appellations were a part of the style of the Roman Curia itself , and that they in no sense could have implied any indication of independence from Rome , is sufficiently well known to all who are familiar with pre-Reformation records . '' Jump up ^ Martin Marty , `` Protestantism '' , The Encyclopedia of Religion ( New York : Macmillan Publishing , 1987 ) Vol. 12 , 26 . Marty , a University of Chicago historian and Lutheran , says this : `` Although it ( the Church of England ) has kept faith in the apostolic succession of bishops and has retained many pre-Reformation practices , the Anglican communion as it has existed since the break with Rome under Henry VIII in the sixteenth century is vastly different from the Catholic church under Roman papal obedience in England before and since the Reformation . In short , the Waldensians , the Czech groups , and the Anglicans alike were , and were seen to be , part of the Protestant revolt from both the viewpoints of Catholic leadership and historical scholarship ever since . Jump up ^ T.S. Eliot The Varieties of Metaphysical Poetry ( New York : Harcourt Brace , 1993 ) , 87 . Eliot says this about pre-Reformation Europe : `` Men had lived for centuries under a church which was the incorporated ' sensus communis ' of Europe . '' Jump up ^ Loades , pp. 207 -- 208 ; Waller , p. 65 ; Whitelock , p. 198 Jump up ^ Fourteen Catholic bishops appointed by Mary I were dismissed from their sees . `` Elizabeth 's Religious Settlement , planned meticulously by her chief ministers William Cecil and Nicholas Bacon and already drafted in the first weeks of her reign , made no significant concessions to Catholic opinion represented by the church hierarchy and much of the nobility . There was no question of offering it for inspection by the overwhelmingly Catholic clerical assemblies ... This meant delay until April 1559 , when two Catholic bishops were arrested on trumped - up charges and the loss of their parliamentary votes resulted in a tiny majority for the government 's bills to pass the House of Lords . '' MacCulloch , p. 280 . Jump up ^ Cullen Murphy ( 2012 ) God 's Jury : the Inquisition and the Making of the Modern World ( Houghton Mifflin Harcourt ) , p. 194 . Jump up ^ Catholic population from 1901 to 2001 Jump up ^ `` Numbers Game '' , The Tablet 31 October 2009 , 16 . Jump up ^ `` The Catholic Vote In Britain Helped Carry Blair To Victory '' . Ipsos MORI. 23 May 2005 . Retrieved 16 October 2011 . There are considerable regional variations , of course , Catholics being most widespread in London , Scotland and particularly the North - West ( where one in five is Catholic ) Jump up ^ Cheney , David M. `` Great Britain , Statistics by Diocese , by Catholic Population ( Catholic - Hierarchy ) '' . Jump up ^ Kevin Phillips , The Cousins ' Wars ( New York : Basic Books , 1999 ) , 480 -- 84 . Phillips notes : `` The subjugation ( of the Irish ) of the seventeenth century was almost complete ... During the first quarter of the eighteenth century ( after the Treaty of Union ) , Catholic bishops were banned and priests required to register . Catholics lost their right to vote , hold office , own a gun or a horse worth more than 5 pounds , or live in towns without paying special fees ... Once again the Irish were pushed west to poorer lands , an exodus that prefigured the disposition of the American Indians over the next two centuries . '' Jump up ^ `` The Effect of Christianity upon the British Celts '' ( PDF ) . Kimberly Rachel Grunke. 6 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Charles Plummer , `` Excursus on the Paschal Controversy and Tonsure '' , in his edition Venerablilis Baedae , Historiam Ecclesiasticam Gentis Anglorum , 1892 ( Oxford : University Press , 1975 ) , pp. 348 -- 354 . Jump up ^ Kathleen Hughes , `` The Celtic Church : Is This a Valid Concept ? '' , O'Donnell lectures in Celtic Studies , University of Oxford 1975 ( published in Cambridge Medieval Celtic Studies , 1 ( 1981 ) , pp. 1 -- 20 ) . Jump up ^ Wendy Davies , `` The Myth of the Celtic Church '' , in The Early Church in Wales and the West , Oxbow Monograph , no . 16 , edited by Nancy Edwards and Alan Lane , 12 -- 21 . Oxford : Oxbow , 1992 . Jump up ^ `` CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA : Home '' . Jump up ^ H.E. , III , iv Jump up ^ Peter Ackroyd Albion ( New York : Anchor Books , 2002 ) , 33 . Jump up ^ http://www.newadvent.org : St. Wilfrid . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 19 April 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 07 . : Hygeberht , Adrian I Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 19 April 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 07 . : St. Dunstan Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 19 April 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 07 . : Lanfranc , Anselm , Innocent III , Hubert Walter , Canterbury . Jump up ^ Note Bede in his Hist . Eccl. , I , xxxiii : `` When Augustine , the first archbishop of Canterbury , assumed the throne in that royal city , he recovered therein , by the king 's assistance , a church which , as he was told , had been constructed by the original labor of Roman believers . This church he consecrated in the name of the Saviour , Our God and Lord Jesus Christ , and there he established an habitation for himself and his successors . '' Jump up ^ Charterhouse in London : monastery , mansion , hospital , school / by Gerald S. Davis -- Davies , Gerald S. ( Gerald Stanley ) , 1845 -- 1927 26 27 31 Jump up ^ G.W. Bernard , `` The Dissolution of the Monasteries , '' History ( 2011 ) 96 # 324 p 390 Jump up ^ In Ludlow in Shropshire the parishioners complied with the orders to remove the rood and other images in 1547 , and in same year spent money on making up the canopy to be carried over the Blessed Sacrament on the feast of Corpus Christi . ( Eamon Duffy , The Stripping of the Altars , p. 481 , Yale University Press , 1992 ) . Jump up ^ Keith Miles , `` Portrait of Mary Tudor '' , The Tablet 12 September 2009 , 20 Jump up ^ Diarmard MacCulloch Thomas Cranmer : A Life ( London : Yale University Press , 1996 ) , 538 -- 41 ISBN 0 - 300 - 06688 - 0 Jump up ^ Diarmaid MacCulloch , The Reformation , A History ( New York : Viking , 2003 ) , 272 -- 7 . Jump up ^ `` Mary 's Protestant Martyrs and Elizabeth 's Catholic Traitors in the Age of Catholic Emancipation '' , John E. Drabble / Church History , Vol. 51 , No. 2 ( June 1982 ) , pp. 172 -- 185 . Jump up ^ 5 Eliz. 1 c. 1 Jump up ^ ( Russell , Conrad , The Oxford Illustrated History of Tudor and Stuart Britain , p. 281 , Oxford University Press , 1996 ) Jump up ^ 23 Eliz . c. 1 Penal Laws Jump up ^ 35 Eliz . c. 2 Penal Laws Jump up ^ Darrell Turner `` Christian against Christian in 16th century England '' National Catholic Reporter 16 September 2005 , 13 Jump up ^ Jonas Barish , ed. , Ben Jonson ( Englewood Clifts : Prentice - Hall , 1963 ) , 175 . Jump up ^ John Morrish writing on BBC production , `` Baroque ! From St. Peter 's to St. Paul 's '' in Tablet 7 March 2009 , 29 . Jump up ^ Kevin Phillips The Cousins ' Wars ( New York : Basic Books , 1999 , 52 -- 3 . Phillips says this : `` Religious historians beg off from stating firm numbers for either camp . If Puritans probably represented 10 -- 20 percent of the national population , most of them still worshiping within the Church of England , Catholics were much harder to count . Open ' recusants ' -- Catholics who paid fines to avoid attending the Church of England -- numbered sixty thousand in 1640 . Many more , however , reluctantly attended services on Sunday with scowls or for as short a time as possible . The more identifiable of these were called ' Church Papists ' ; the less important , ordinary grumblers who merely talked of preferring the older ceremonies were uncountable . In the north and west , at least half the population outside the towns were Catholic to some degree . By this broad definition , Catholics would have numbered 10 -- 15 percent of the total English population . Practicing Catholics , however , could not have been more than 2 -- 3 percent . Catholicism survived most strongly among the nobility , of whom 15 -- 20 percent clung to the old faith , including many leading magnates in an arc from Cumberland , Westmoreland , and Lancashire south to Derby , Worchestershire , and Hereforshire . However , even solidly Protestant East Anglian counties like Suffolk and Essex each had three , four , or a half - dozen aristocratic families holding to the religion of their forebears . This is perhaps one reason why the populace took Catholic ' plots ' so seriously : What they called popery was especially visible among the powerful and influential . '' Jump up ^ Also see : John Morrill 's The Nature of the English Revolution ( 1993 ) ; Conrad Russell 's The Causes of the English Civil War ( 1990 ) ; and Barry Coward 's The Stuart Age 1994 ) . Jump up ^ Mieczysław Biskupski , The History of Poland , Greenwood 2000 , p 14 . Jump up ^ Ole Peter Grell , Tolerance and Intolerance in the European Reformation , Cambridge University Press 2002 , p 65 . Jump up ^ Ackroyd , 185 . Jump up ^ Works of John Dryden at Project Gutenberg Jump up ^ Alan Taylor , American Colonies ( New York : Viking , 2001 ) , 278 . Jump up ^ The historian Diarmaid MacCulloch says this : `` His ( James II ) replacement on the throne in 1688 by his Dutch son - in - law Willem of Orange was virtually bloodless because the whole English establishment ( including the Church of England 's Seven Bishops ) stood by and let it happen , earning the event the name of the Glorious Revolution . This happy title is a disguise for the fact that Willem was ( so far ) the last foreign ruler to lead a successful military invasion of England , and the English did nothing to stop it . '' Diarmaid MacCulloch , The Reformation ( New York : Viking , 2004 ) , 514 . Jump up ^ Also : Lisa Jardine , Going Dutch : how England plundered Holland 's glory ( New York : Harpers Perennial , 2009 ) . Her point : the `` Glorious Revolution '' amounted to a Dutch military takeover with English collaboration . Jump up ^ John Burns , `` British Monarchy Scraps Rule of Male Succession in New Step to Modernization , '' New York Times , 28 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Christopher Howse `` Christopher Howse 's Presswatch '' The Tablet 10 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Richard Alleyne and Harry de Quetteville `` Act repeal could make Franz Herzog von Bayern new King of England and Scotland '' Telegraph 7 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 19 April 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 07 . : John Carroll Jump up ^ Taylor , 429 -- 433 . Jump up ^ Ned C. Landsman , `` The Provinces and the Empire : Scotland , the American Colonies and the Development of British Provincial Identity '' , in Lawrence Stone , ed. , An Imperial State at War : Britain from 1689 to 1815 ( New York : Routledge , 1994 ) , 258 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Elusive Empires : Constructing Colonialism in the Ohio Valley , 1673 -- 1800 ( New York : Cambridge University Press , 1997 ) Jump up ^ La Salle and His Legacy : Frenchmen and Indians in the Lower Mississippi Valley ( Jackson : University Press of Mississippi , 1982 ) . Jump up ^ Garry Wills , `` On Reading Pope 's Homer New York Times Review ( 1 June 1997 ) , 22 Jump up ^ Christopher Martin A Glimpse of Heaven : Catholic Churches of England and Wales ( London : English Heritage , 2007 ) Jump up ^ `` An enigma wrapped in a cowl '' , The Tablet , 17 / 24 December 2005 , 8 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 19 April 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 07 . : Maria Fitzherbert Jump up ^ Richard Abbott , `` Brighton 's unofficial queen '' The Tablet , 1 September 2007 , 12 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Aidan Bellenger , `` Left foot forward '' , The Tablet , 10 October 2009 , 24 . Also see : Gabriel Glickman , The English Catholic Community 1688 -- 1745 : politics , culture and ideology ( London : Boydell and Brewer , 2009 ) Jump up ^ Steve Pincus , 1688 : The First Modern Revolution ( New Haven : Yale University Press , 2009 ) , 432 - 434 . ISBN 0 - 300 - 11547 - 4 Jump up ^ Michael Wheeler , The Old Enemies : Catholic and Protestant in nineteenth - century English Culture ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2007 ) Jump up ^ Grace Donovan `` An American Catholic in Victorian England : Louisa , Duchess of Leeds , and the Carroll Family Benefice '' , Maryland Historical Magazine Vol. 84 , No. 3 , Fall , 1898 , 223 -- 234 . Jump up ^ Wellington to Hervey , 3 July 1817 , Leeds papers , Yorkshire Archaeological Society . Jump up ^ Charles Carroll to Mary Caton , 28 January 1789 ; to Louisa , 19 September 1803 , Carroll Microfilm . Jump up ^ John Carroll to Charles Carroll , 15 July 1800 , Caroll papers , Ms. 216 , Maryland Historical Society . Jump up ^ Donovan , 226 Jump up ^ Abigail Frymann `` Emancipator and Sons '' , Tablet 24 March 2007 , 6 -- 7 Jump up ^ Adrian Turner , `` Taking up arms '' , The Tablet , 9 September 1989 , 1027 Jump up ^ Isabel de Bertodano `` Bill demands end to anti-Catholic laws '' , The Tablet , 24 February 2007 , 36 Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica . Statistics are for `` full members of certain churches in England and Wales . '' The 1929 edition records 2,294,000 Anglicans , 1,939,700 other Protestants ( Methodists , Congregationalists , Baptists , etc . ) , 1,930,000 Catholics , and `` about 300,000 '' Jews . The 1953 edition records 3,186,093 Anglicans , 2,528,200 Catholics , 1,709,245 other Protestants , and `` about 400,000 '' Jews . Jump up ^ http://www.drgareth.info/CathStat.pdf Jump up ^ Duffy , Eamon ( 11 September 2010 ) . `` Pope visit : A visit that reflects our changing times '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ http://www.catholicchurch.org.uk/Catholic-Church/Media-Centre/Press-Releases/press_releases_2009/growing_trend_to_spend_a_year_discovering_priesthood_before_entering_seminary Jump up ^ http://www.ukvocation.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Stats-for-Bishops-Conference-2015.pdf Jump up ^ `` Subscribe to read '' . Jump up ^ Patricia Lefevere `` The faith of Tony Blair '' The Catholic Reporter 6 March 2009 , 11 Jump up ^ Catherine Pepinster , `` Britain 's Top 100 Lay Catholics '' , The Tablet , 18 March 2006 , 25 -- 32 . Jump up ^ John Jolliffe , ed. , English Catholic Heroes London : Gracewing Publishing , 2008 ISBN 0 - 85244 - 604 - 7 Jump up ^ `` Red - Capet Catholic '' The Tablet 28 February 2009 , 18 Jump up ^ Ut unum sint `` , The Tablet 6 May 2006 , 18 Jump up ^ Thomas Norton , `` When is a martyr a traitor ? '' The Tablet 25 October 2008 , 16 -- 17 . Jump up ^ `` Just good friends '' , The Tablet , 28 February 2009 , 18 . Jump up ^ `` The Cardinal Hume Centre '' . Jump up ^ Mass in Support of Migrant Workers Jump up ^ For a general study in this area , see Nicholas Schofield and Gerard Skinner , The English Cardinals ( London : Family Publications , 2007 ) Jump up ^ Michael Walsh Westminster Cardinals London : Burns and Oates , 2009 ISBN 0 - 86012 - 459 - 2 Jump up ^ Elena Curti and Christopher Lamb , `` Cathedral countdown to installation '' , The Tablet , 16 May 2009 , 39 . Jump up ^ Lucy Wooding , `` Binding Identities , '' Tablet , 26 June 2011 , 26 Jump up ^ `` Archbishop of Westminster Vincent Nichols is made cardinal , '' The Telegraph , 22 February 2014 Jump up ^ `` Over 3,500 adults received into the Church in England and Wales -- CatholicHerald.co.uk '' . Jump up ^ Richard Ormrod , `` Mixed Blessings '' , The Tablet , 15 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ordinariate liturgy will have Anglican flavour '' , The Tablet , 21 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Abigail Frymann , `` Passionate perfectionist '' , The Tablet , 23 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ex-Anglican appointed to East Anglia '' , The Tablet , 15 , June 2013 , 30 . Jump up ^ `` Polish & Catholic Missionary Dating '' . Jump up ^ The Polish Catholic Mission in England and Wales -- ( 1 ) , 2005 Jump up ^ Polish Bishops may loosen grip on British mission churches -- The Tablet , 26 January 2008 Jump up ^ Polish anger mounts over cardinal 's criticism -- The Tablet , 22 / 29 December 2007 Jump up ^ Britain 's Polish immigrants ' are abandoning faith ' -- Catholic Herald , 31 December 2007 Jump up ^ `` '' The Ground of Justice `` '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Francis Davis Jump up ^ Von Hügel Institute Jump up ^ The Ground of Justice : The report of a pastoral research enquiry into the needs of migrants in London 's Catholic community . Commissioned by the Diocese of Westminster , the Archdiocese of Southwark and the Diocese of Brentwood Von Hügel Institute , St Edmund 's College , University of Cambridge , 2007 Jump up ^ John Bingham ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` Cardinal 's apology to mothers over babies handed over for adoption '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . References ( edit ) Peter Ackroyd Albion : The origins of the English Imagination ( New York : Anchor Random , 2002 ) ISBN 0 - 385 - 49773 - 3 Virginia Blanton Signs of Devotion : The Cult of St. AEthelthryth in Medieval England , 695 -- 1615 ( University Park : Penn State University , 2007 ) ISBN 0 - 271 - 02984 - 6 Michael Burleigh Sacred Causes ( New York : HarperCollins , 2007 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 058095 - 7 Thomas Clancy , S.J. , English Catholic Books , 1641 -- 1700 ( Cambridge : Scolar Press , 1996 ) ISBN 1 - 85928 - 329 - 2 Thomas Clancy , S.J. , English Catholic Books , 1701 -- 1800 ( Cambridge : Scolar Press , 1996 ) ISBN 1 - 85928 - 148 - 6 Eamon Duffy The Voices of Morebath ( New Haven : Yale University Press , 2001 ) ISBN 0 - 300 - 09825 - 1 Eamon Duffy Marking the Hours : English People and their Prayers 1240 -- 1570 ( New Haven : Yale University Press , 2007 ) ISBN 0 - 300 - 11714 - 0 Eamon Duffy Fires of Faith : Catholic England under Mary Tudor ( New Haven : Yale University Press , 2009 ) Excellent for background and policies of Cardinal Pole . ISBN 0 - 300 - 15216 - 7 Mark Turnham Elvins , Old Catholic England ( London : Catholic Truth Society , 1978 ) Antonia Fraser Mary Queen of Scots ( New York : Delta Random , 1993 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 31129 - 8 Howard Esksine - Hill Alexander Pope : World and Word ( Oxford : Oxford University Press for the British Academy , 1998 ) ISBN 0 - 19 - 726170 - 1 Stephen Greenblatt Will in the World ( New York : W.W. Norton , 2004 ) ISBN 0 - 393 - 05057 - 2 John Guy A Daughter 's Love : Thomas and Margaret More ( Boston : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt , 2009 ) 0618499156 Alana Harris Faith in the Family : a lived religious history of English Catholicism , 1945 - 82 ( Manchester : University of Manchester : 2014 ) Roy Hattersley The Catholics ( Chatto and Windus , 2017 ) NSBN - 10 : 178474152 Clare Haynes Pictures and Popery : Art and Religion in England , 1660 -- 1760 ( Burlington , Vt. : Ashgate , 2006 ) ISBN 0 - 7546 - 5506 - 7 Robert Hutchinson House of Treason : the Rise and Fall of the Tudor Dynasty ( London : Weidenfeld and Nicolson , 2009 ) ISBN 0 - 297 - 84564 - 0 Emilia Jamroziak and Janet Burton , eds . Religious and Laity in Western Europe , 1000 -- 1400 ( Europa Scra 2. Turnhout : Brepols , 2006 ) Julie Kerr Monastic Hospitality : Benedictines in England , c. 1070 - c. 1250 , Studies in the history of Medieval Religion 32 . ( Woodbridge , U.K. : Boydell , 2007 ) ISBN 1 - 84725 - 161 - 7 K.J. Kesselring The Northern Rebellion of 1569 : Faith , Politics , and Protest in Elizabethan England ( London : Palgrave MacMillan , 2007 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 55319 - 4 Peter Lake and Michael Questier The Trials of Margaret Clitherow : Persecution , Martyrdom and the Politics of Sanctity in Elizabethan England ( Bloomsbury , 2011 ) Peter Marshall Religious Identities in Henry VIII 's England ( London : Ashgate , 2006 ) ISBN 0 - 7546 - 5390 - 0 Peter Marshall and Alex Ryrie , Eds The Beginnings of English Protestantism ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2002 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 80274 - 1 Thomas McCoog And Touching Our Society : Jesuit Identity in Elizabethan England ISBN 978 - 0 - 88844 - 183 - 6 Goeffrey Moorhouse The Pilgrimage of Grace : the Rebellion that Shook Henry VIII 's Throne ( London : Weidenfeld and Moorhouse , 2003 ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 84212 - 666 - 0 Hazel Pierce Margaret Pole , Countess of Salisbury 1473 -- 1541 : Loyalty , Lineage and Leadership ( University of Wales Press , 2009 ) ISBN 0 - 7083 - 2189 - 5 Linda Porter The First Queen of England : The Myth of `` Bloody Mary '' ( New York : St. Martin Press , 2008 ) ISBN 0 - 312 - 36837 - 2 Michael C. Questier Catholicism and Community in Early Modern England : Politics , Aristocratic Patronage and Religion , c. 1550 -- 1640 Cambridge Studies in Early Modern British History ( New York : Cambridge University Press , 2006 ) . This re-evaluates post-Reformation Catholicism through windows of the wider Catholic community in England and through aristocratic patronage . ISBN 0 - 521 - 06880 - 0 John Saward , John Morrill , and Michael Tomko ( eds ) , Firmly I Believe and Truly : The spiritual tradition of Catholic England 1483 - 1999 ( Oxford , Oxford University Press , 2011 ) . Karen Stober Late Medieval Monasteries and their Patrons : England and Wales , c. 1300 -- 1540 Studies in the History of Medieval Religion . ( Woodbridge , U.K. : Boydell , 2007 ) ISBN 1 - 84383 - 284 - 4 Charles E. Ward The Life of John Dryden ( Chapel Hill , North Carolina : University of North Carolina Press , 1961 ) B00IUBM07U James Anderson Winn John Dryden and His World ( New Haven : Yale University Press , 1987 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 02994 - 9 Further reading ( edit ) Beck , George Andrew , ed . The English Catholics , 1850 - 1950 ( 1950 ) , scholarly essays Corrin , Jay P. Catholic Progressives in England After Vatican II ( University of Notre Dame Press ; 2013 ) 536 pages ; Dures , Alan . English Catholicism , 1558 - 1642 : Continuity and Change ( 1983 ) Glickman , Gabriel . The English Catholic Community 1688 -- 1745 : politics , culture and ideology ( 2009 ) Harris , Alana . Faith in the Family : A Lived Religious History of English Catholicism , 1945 - 1982 ( 2013 ) ; the impact of the Second Vatican Council on the ordinary believer Heimann , Mary . Catholic Devotion in Victorian England ( 1995 ) online Hughes , Philip . The Catholic Question , 1688 - 1829 : A Study in Political History ( 1929 ) McClelland , Vincent Alan . Cardinal Manning : the Public Life and Influences , 1865 - 1892 ( 1962 ) Mathew , David . Catholicism in England : the portrait of a minority : its culture and tradition ( 1955 ) Mullet , Michael . Catholics in Britain and Ireland , 1558 - 1829 ( 1998 ) 236pp Watkin , E. I Roman Catholicism in England from the Reformation to 1950 ( 1957 ) Primary sources ( edit ) Mullet , Michael . English Catholicism , 1680 - 1830 ( 2006 ) 2714 pages Newman , John Henry . Lectures on the Present Position of Catholics in England ( University of Notre Dame Press , 2000 ) 585pp ; based on 6th edition of 1889 External links ( edit ) The Catholic Church in England and Wales English Catholic History Association The Catholic Record Society Taking Stock : Catholic Churches Who Were the Nuns ? Hierarchy of the Catholic Church in England and Wales Province of Westminster Alan Williams ( Brentwood ) Alan Hopes ( East Anglia ) Peter Doyle ( Northampton ) Patrick McKinney ( Nottingham ) Archbishop Vincent Nichols ( Westminster ) Province of Birmingham Archbishop Bernard Longley ( Birmingham ) Declan Lang ( Clifton ) Mark Davies ( Shrewsbury ) Province of Liverpool Ralph Heskett ( Hallam ) Michael Campbell ( Lancaster ) Marcus Stock ( Leeds ) Archbishop Malcolm McMahon ( Liverpool ) Terry Drainey ( Middlesbrough ) Séamus Cunningham ( Hexham and Newcastle ) John Arnold ( Salford ) Province of Southwark Richard Moth ( Arundel and Brighton ) Mark O'Toole ( Plymouth ) Philip Egan ( Portsmouth ) Archbishop Peter Smith ( Southwark ) Province of Cardiff Archbishop George Stack ( Cardiff ) Tom Burns ( Menevia ) Peter Brignall ( Wrexham ) Others Sede vacante ( Bishopric of the Forces ) Keith Newton ( Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham ) Hlib Lonchyna ( Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Holy Family of London ) Former Bishop of Beverley Pre-Restoration of the Hierarchy Apostolic Vicariates : London District , Midland District , Northern District , Western District Apostolic Nuncio Edward Adams Catholicism portal Cathedrals of the Catholic Church in the United Kingdom and Ireland England and Wales Province of Westminster Brentwood Norwich Northampton Nottingham Westminster Province of Birmingham Birmingham Clifton Shrewsbury Province of Liverpool Lancaster Leeds Liverpool Middlesbrough Newcastle - upon - Tyne Salford Sheffield Province of Southwark Arundel Plymouth Portsmouth Southwark Province of Cardiff Cardiff Swansea Wrexham Other dioceses Bishopric of the Forces Ukrainian Eparchy Scotland Province of St Andrews & Edinburgh Aberdeen Ayr Dundee Edinburgh Oban Province of Glasgow Glasgow Motherwell Paisley Ireland Province of Armagh Armagh Belfast Cavan Derry Letterkenny Longford Monaghan Mullingar Newry Province of Cashel Cobh Cork Ennis Killarney Limerick Skibbereen Thurles Waterford Province of Dublin Carlow Dublin Enniscorthy Kilkenny Province of Tuam Ballaghaderreen Ballina Galway Loughrea Sligo Tuam Catholicism portal Lists of cathedrals in Ireland England and Wales Scotland Chaplaincies of the Catholic Church in England and Wales Airport Chaplaincies Birmingham Airport Gatwick Airport Heathrow Airport Manchester Airport Stansted Airport Armed Forces Chaplaincies Bishopric of the Forces Chaplains to Ethnic Communities ( CECs ) African Chaplaincy Asian Chaplaincy Austrian Chaplaincy Chinese Chaplaincy Croatian Chaplaincy Czech Chaplaincy Filipino Chaplaincy German Chaplaincy Ghanian Chaplaincy Hungarian Chaplaincy Italian Chaplaincy Latin American Chaplaincy Lithuanian Chaplaincy Maltese Chaplaincy Polish Chaplaincy Portuguese Chaplaincy Slovenian Chaplaincy Spanish Chaplaincy Tamil Chaplaincy Vietnamese Chaplaincy West Indian Chaplaincy Chaplains to Ethnic Communities ( CECs ) Chaldean Chaplaincy Maronite Chaplaincy Melkite Chaplaincy Apostolic Exarchate Apostolic Exarchate for Ukrainians Catholicism portal Catholic Church in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales States with limited recognition Abkhazia Catalonia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_England_and_Wales&oldid=807699417 '' Categories : Catholic Church in England and Wales Hidden categories : Use British English from October 2010 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Use dmy dates from November 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg 한국어 日本 語 Norsk Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2017 , at 16 : 47 . 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The Catholic bishops in England and Wales come together in a collaborative structure known as the Bishops ' Conference . Currently the Archbishop of Westminster , Vincent Gerard Nichols , is the President of the Bishops ' Conference . For this reason in the global Catholic Church ( outside England ) , he is de facto Primate of England though not in the eyes of English law and the established Church of England . Historically , the avoidance of the title of `` Primate '' was to eschew whipping up anti-Catholic tension , in the same way the bishops of the restored hierarchy avoided using current titles of Anglican sees ( Archbishop of Westminster rather than `` Canterbury '' or `` London '' ) . However , the Archbishop of Westminster had certain privileges : he was the only metropolitan in the country until 1911 ( when the archdioceses of Birmingham and Liverpool were created ) and he has always acted as leader at meetings of the English bishops .

Golden spike - wikipedia Golden spike Jump to : navigation , search This article is about railroad construction . For other uses , see Golden spike ( disambiguation ) . Coordinates : 41 ° 37 ′ 4.67 '' N 112 ° 33 ′ 5.87 '' W  /  41.6179639 ° N 112.5516306 ° W  / 41.6179639 ; - 112.5516306 The original `` golden spike '' , on display at the Cantor Arts Museum at Stanford University The golden spike ( also known as The Last Spike ) is the ceremonial final spike driven by Leland Stanford to join the rails of the First Transcontinental Railroad across the United States connecting the Central Pacific and Union Pacific railroads on May 10 , 1869 , at Promontory Summit , Utah Territory . The term last spike has been used to refer to one driven at the usually ceremonial completion of any new railroad construction projects , particularly those in which construction is undertaken from two disparate origins towards a meeting point . The spike is now displayed in the Cantor Arts Center at Stanford University . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Aftermath 3 `` Golden Spike Days Celebration '' ( 1939 ) 4 In popular culture 4.1 Artwork 4.2 Films 4.3 Television 4.4 Toys 4.5 Music 4.6 Trains 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Completing the last link in the transcontinental railroad with a spike of gold was the brainchild of David Hewes , a San Francisco financier and contractor . The spike had been manufactured earlier that year especially for the event by the William T. Garratt Foundry in San Francisco . Two of the sides were engraved with the names of the railroad officers and directors . A special tie of polished California laurel was chosen to complete the line where the spike would be driven . The ceremony was originally to be held on May 8 , 1869 ( the date actually engraved on the spike ) , but it was postponed two days because of bad weather and a labor dispute that delayed the arrival of the Union Pacific side of the rail line . The Last Spike ( 1881 ) by Thomas Hill On May 10 , in anticipation of the ceremony , Union Pacific No. 119 and Central Pacific No. 60 ( better known as the Jupiter ) locomotives were drawn up face - to - face on Promontory Summit . It is unknown how many people attended the event ; estimates run from as low as 500 to as many as 3,000 ; government and railroad officials and track workers were present to witness the event . Before the last spike was driven , three other commemorative spikes , presented on behalf of the other three members of the Central Pacific 's Big Four who did not attend the ceremony , had been driven in the pre-bored laurel tie : a second , lower - quality gold spike , supplied by the San Francisco News Letter was made of $200 worth of gold and inscribed : With this spike the San Francisco News Letter offers its homage to the great work which has joined the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans . a silver spike , supplied by the State of Nevada ; forged , rather than cast , of 25 troy ounces ( 780 g ) of unpolished silver . a blended iron , silver and gold spike , supplied by the Arizona Territory , engraved : Ribbed with iron clad in silver and crowned with gold Arizona presents her offering to the enterprise that has banded a continent and dictated a pathway to commerce . This spike was given to Union Pacific President Oliver Ames following the ceremony . It is on display at the Union Pacific Railroad Museum in Council Bluffs , Iowa . The golden spike was made of 17.6 - karat ( 73 % ) copper - alloyed gold , and weighed 14.03 troy ounces ( 436 g ) . It was dropped into a pre-drilled hole in the laurel ceremonial last tie , and gently tapped into place with a silver ceremonial spike maul . The spike was engraved on all four sides : The Pacific Railroad ground broken January 8 , 1863 , and completed May 8 , 1869 . Directors of the C.P.R.R. of Cal . Hon . Leland Stanford . C.P. Huntington . E.B. Crocker . Mark Hopkins . A.P. Stanford . E.H. Miller Jr . Officers . Hon . Leland Stanford . Presdt . C.P. Huntington Vice Presdt . E.B. Crocker . Atty . Mark Hopkins . Tresr . Chas Crocker Gen. Supdt . E.H. Miller Jr . Secty . S.S. Montague . Chief Engr . May God continue the unity of our Country , as this Railroad unites the two great Oceans of the world . Presented by David Hewes San Francisco . Hewes Family Golden Spike at the California State Railroad Museum A second golden spike , exactly like the one from the ceremony , was cast and engraved at the same time . It was held , unknown to the public , by the Hewes family until 2005 . This second spike is now on permanent display , along with Thomas Hill 's famous painting The Last Spike , at the California State Railroad Museum in Sacramento . With the locomotives drawn so near , the crowd pressed so closely around Stanford and the other railroad officials that the ceremony became somewhat disorganized , leading to varying accounts of the actual events . Contrary to the myth that the Central Pacific 's Chinese laborers were specifically excluded from the festivities , A.J. Russell stereoview No. 539 shows the `` Chinese at Laying Last Rail UPRR '' . Eight Chinese laid the last rail , and three of these men , Ging Cui , Wong Fook , and Lee Shao , lived long enough to also participate in the 50th anniversary parade . At the conclusion of the ceremony , the Chinese participating were honored and cheered by the CPRR officials and that road 's construction chief , J.H Strobridge , at a dinner in his private car . To drive the final spike , Stanford lifted a silver spike maul and drove the spike into the tie , completing the line . Stanford and Hewes missed the spike , but the single word `` done '' was nevertheless flashed by telegraph around the country . In the United States , the event has come to be considered one of the first nationwide media events . The locomotives were moved forward until their `` cowcatchers '' met , and photographs were taken . Immediately afterwards , the golden spike and the laurel tie were removed , lest they be stolen , and replaced with a regular iron spike and normal tie . At exactly 12 : 47 pm , the last iron spike was driven , finally completing the line . After the ceremony , the Golden Spike was donated to the Stanford Museum ( now Cantor Arts Center ) in 1898 . The last laurel tie was destroyed in the fires caused by the 1906 San Francisco earthquake . A.J. Russell image of the celebration following the driving of the `` Last Spike '' at Promontory Summit , U.T. , May 10 , 1869 . Because of temperance feelings the liquor bottles held in the center of the picture were removed from some later prints . The Jupiter leads the train that carried Leland Stanford , one of the `` Big Four '' owners of the Central Pacific Railroad , and other railway officials to the Golden Spike Ceremony . May 10 , 1869 Celebration of completion of the Transcontinental Railroad Aftermath ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Although the Promontory event marked the completion of the transcontinental railroad line , it did not actually mark the completion of a seamless coast - to - coast rail network : neither Sacramento nor Omaha was a seaport , nor did they have rail connections until after they were designated as the termini . The Mossdale Bridge , which was the final section across the San Joaquin River near Lathrop , California , was finally completed in September 1869 connecting Sacramento in California . Passengers were required to cross the Missouri River between Council Bluffs , Iowa , and Omaha , Nebraska , by boat until the building of the Union Pacific Missouri River Bridge in 1872 . In the meantime , a coast - to - coast rail link was achieved in August 1870 in Strasburg , Colorado , by the completion of the Denver extension of the Kansas Pacific Railway . In 1904 a new railroad route called the Lucin Cutoff was built by - passing the Promontory location to the south . By going west across the Great Salt Lake from Ogden , Utah , to Lucin , Utah , the new railroad line shortened the distance by 43 miles and avoided curves and grades . Main line trains no longer passed over Promontory Summit . Transcontinental Railroad 75th Anniversary Issue of 1944 In 1942 , the old rails over Promontory Summit were salvaged for the war effort ; the event was marked by a ceremonial `` undriving '' of the last iron spike . The original event had been all but forgotten except by local residents , who erected a commemorative marker in 1943 . The following year a commemorative postage stamp was issued to mark the 75th anniversary . The years after the war saw a revival of interest in the event ; the first re-enactment was staged in 1948 . In 1957 , Congress established the Golden Spike National Historic Site to preserve the area around Promontory Summit as closely as possible to its appearance in 1869 . O'Connor Engineering Laboratories in Costa Mesa , California , designed and built working replicas of the locomotives present at the original ceremony for the Park Service . These engines are drawn up face - to - face each Saturday during the summer for a re-enactment of the event . The Utah state quarter . For the May 10 , 1969 , centennial of the driving of the last spike , the High Iron Company ran a steam - powered excursion train round trip from New York City to Promontory . The Golden Spike Centennial Limited transported over 100 passengers including , for the last leg into Salt Lake City , actor John Wayne . The Union Pacific Railroad also sent a special display train and the US Army Transportation Corp sent a steam - powered 3 - car special from Fort Eustis , Virginia . On May 10 , 2006 , on the anniversary of the driving of the spike , Utah announced that its state quarter design would be a depiction of the driving of the spike . The Golden Spike design was selected as the winner from among several others by Utah 's governor , Jon Huntsman , Jr. , following a period during which Utah residents voted and commented on their favorite of three finalists . A replica of the Jupiter ( CP # 60 ) at the Golden Spike National Historic Site A replica of UP # 119 at Golden Spike N.H.S. The current site of the Golden Spike National Historic Site , with replicas of No. 119 and the Jupiter facing each other to re-enact the driving of the Golden Spike . `` Golden spike days celebration '' ( 1939 ) ( edit ) Golden Spike Days program , Omaha , 1939 An elaborate four - day event called the `` Golden Spike Days Celebration '' was held in Omaha , NE , from April 26 to 29 , 1939 , to commemorate the 70th anniversary of the joining of the UP and CPRR rails and driving of the Last Spike at Promontory Summit , UT , in 1869 . The center piece event of the celebration occurred on April 28 with the World Premiere of the Cecil B. DeMille feature motion picture Union Pacific which took place simultaneously in the city 's Omaha , Orpheum , and Paramount theaters . The film features an elaborate reenactment of the original Golden Spike ceremony ( filmed in Canoga Park , CA ) as the motion picture 's closing scene for which DeMille borrowed the actual Golden Spike from Stanford University to be held by Dr. W.H. Harkness ( Stanley Andrews ) as he delivered his remarks prior to its driving to complete the railroad . ( A prop spike was used for the actual hammering sequence . ) The Golden Spike Monument , Council Bluffs , IA. 1939 Also included as a part of the overall celebration 's major attractions was the Golden Spike Historical Exposition , a large assemblage of artifacts ( including the Golden Spike itself ) , tools , equipment , photographs , documents , and other materials from the construction of the Pacific Railroad that were put on display at Omaha 's Municipal Auditorium . The four days of events drew over 250,000 people to Omaha during its run , a number roughly equivalent to the city 's then population . The celebration was opened by President Franklin D. Roosevelt who inaugurated it by pressing a telegraph key at the White House in Washington , DC . On the same day as the premiere of the movie , a still standing gold - colored concrete spike called the `` Golden Spike Monument '' and measuring some 56 feet ( 17 m ) in height was also unveiled at 21st Street and 9th Avenue in Council Bluffs , IA , adjacent to the UP 's main yard , the location of milepost 0.0 of that road 's portion of the Pacific Railroad . In popular culture ( edit ) Artwork ( edit ) In 2012 , Artist Greg Stimac used the original `` golden spike '' , on display at the Cantor Arts Center at Stanford University , to produce a series of photograms , or cameraless photographs . Films ( edit ) The first motion picture depiction of the driving of the golden spike occurred in The Iron Horse 1924 , a silent film directed by John Ford and produced by Fox Film . In 2011 , this film was deemed `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry . In the fictional action adventure comedy film Wild Wild West ( 1999 ) , the joining ceremony is the setting of an assassination attempt on then U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant by the film 's antagonist Dr. Arliss Loveless . ( In reality Grant did not attend the Golden Spike ceremony . ) The extensive Promontory Summit set for the film 's Golden Spike ceremony scenes was built at the 20,000 - acre Cook 's Ranch near Santa Fe , New Mexico . The Golden Spike Ceremony is depicted in the movie adaptation of The Lone Ranger ( 2013 ) starring Johnny Depp . Television ( edit ) Hell on Wheels presents a multi-season arc on the construction of the transcontinental railroad . In Season 5 , Episode 11 , a flash forward sequence includes a picture of the railroad ceremony and a main character claiming to possess a ring made of gold crafted from part of the ceremonial golden spike . In Lisa 's Substitute , ( The Simpsons , Season 2 , Episode 19 , 1991 ) , Leland Stanford 's driving of the golden spike is mentioned in a brief , romantic , portrayal of the railroad in the United States . Toys ( edit ) In 2015 , a Lego model depicting the golden spike ceremony was submitted to the Lego Ideas website . Music ( edit ) Railroad Earth , a bluegrass band , frequently performs a song about the event , titled `` The Jupiter and the 119 '' . Trains ( edit ) The Inyo , a 4 - 4 - 0 steam locomotive built for the Virginia & Truckee Railroad ( V&T # 22 ) in 1875 by the Baldwin Locomotive Works in Philadelphia , appeared in both the Golden Spike ceremony scene in Union Pacific ( 1939 ) and in the 1960s TV series The Wild Wild West . In May , 1969 , the Inyo participated in the Golden Spike Centennial at Promontory , Utah , and then served as the replica of the Central Pacific 's Jupiter ( CPRR # 60 ) at the Golden Spike National Historical Site , until the current replica was built in 1979 . Purchased by the Nevada State Railroad Museum in Carson City , Nevada , in 1974 , it was eventually brought back to Nevada and fully restored there in 1983 , where it still runs today . See also ( edit ) Trains portal United States portal Cornerstone Last Spike ( Canadian Pacific Railway ) List of heritage railroads in the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Last Spike '' by Thomas Hill , 1881 The Central Pacific Photographic History Museum Jump up ^ Family Collections at the Cantor Arts Center Iris & B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts ^ Jump up to : Bowman , J.N. `` Driving the Last Spike at Promontory , 1869 '' , California Historical Society Quarterly , Vol . XXXVI , No. 2 , June 1957 , pp. 96 -- 106 , and Vol . XXXVI , No. 3 , September 1957 , pp. 263 -- 274 . Jump up ^ `` Ceremony at `` Wedding of the Rails , '' May 10 , 1869 at Promontory Point , Utah `` . World Digital Library . 1869 - 05 - 10 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Deseret Morning News '' . April 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rohwer , Tim ( October 18 , 2015 ) . `` The Daily Nonpareil '' . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ California State Parks Jump up ^ San Francisco Newsletter & California Advertiser Vol IX , No. 15 . Transcontinental Railroad Postscript Supplement , p. 4 . May 15 , 1869 Jump up ^ Mildred Brooke Hoover , Douglas E. Kyle ( 2002 ) . Historic spots in California . Stanford University Press . p. 378 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 4482 - 9 . Jump up ^ Forrest , Kenton ; Albi , Charles ( 1981 ) . Denver 's railroads : the story of Union Station and the railroads of Denver . Golden , Colo. : Colorado Railroad Museum . pp. 1 -- 2 . ISBN 9780918654311 . Jump up ^ Pentrex , 1997 . Jump up ^ `` Colored Steam Locomotives , '' SteamLocomotive.com ( http://www.steamlocomotive.com/colored/ ) Retrieved 8 - 17 - 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Question : Engineering Drawings for the Jupiter and No. 119 , '' CPRR Discussion Group ( http://discussion.cprr.net/2005/10/question-engineering-drawings-for.html ) , Retrieved 8 - 17 - 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Spike , '' National Park Service , Dept. of the Interior , Golden Spike National Historic Site , Brigham City , UT ( http://www.nps.gov/gosp/historyculture/upload/jupiter%202.pdf ) , Retrieved 8 - 17 - 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Union Pacific 's 119 '' Golden Spike Pictures ( `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2011 . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . ) , Retrieved 8 - 17 - 2011 . Jump up ^ Gest , Gerald M. , Promontory 's Locomotives , pp. 12 - 43 , Golden West Books , San Marino , CA , 1980 . Jump up ^ `` Central Pacific Jupiter and Union Pacific 119 at Promontory , UT , 6 - 8 - 09 '' YouTube video , Retrieved 11 / 24 / 11 . Jump up ^ Dowty , Robert R. , Rebirth of the Jupiter and the 119 : Building the Replica Locomotives at Golden Spike , pp. 5 - 46 , Southwest Parks & Monuments Ass'n. , 1994 . Jump up ^ `` Promontory Locomotive Project : Plans for the Jupiter and No. 119 , '' DVD , Western National Parks Ass'n . Jump up ^ Roche , Lisa Riley ( 11 May 2006 ) . `` Utahns pick railroad quarter '' . Deseret News . Retrieved 15 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` DeMille Borrows Golden Spike '' The United Press ( Wire Service ) , January 19 , 1939 Jump up ^ `` Omaha Goes Ballyhoo for Hollywood in Great Style '' The United Press ( Wire Service ) , April 27 , 1939 Jump up ^ `` Golden Spike Days '' The Official Souvenir Program celebrating the World Premiere of Cecil B. DeMille 's `` Union Pacific '' Omaha April 26 - 27 - 28 - 29 `` . Golden Spike Days Celebration , Inc. , April , 1939 Jump up ^ `` Golden Spike Days - Omaha , Nebraska - April 26 - 29 , 1939 '' HistoricOmaha.com Jump up ^ `` Cecil B. DeMille 1939 film `` Union Pacific '' Golden Spike Days Brass Novelty Railroad Spike '' CPRR.org Jump up ^ `` Golden Spike Monument Council Bluffs Department of Parks , Recreation and Public Safety Jump up ^ `` Golden Spike Monument , Council Bluffs , IA '' rgusrail.com Jump up ^ Stanford Arts arts.stanford.edu Jump up ^ School of the Art Institute of Chicago photoblobby.wordpress.com Jump up ^ `` Progressive Silent Film List : The Iron Horse '' . Silent Era . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ 2011 Additions to the National Film Registry Library of Congress , December 28 , 2011 Jump up ^ The Wild Wild West Re-enactor Credits Leavey Foundation for Historic Preservation ( ushist.com ) Jump up ^ http://www.vulture.com/2016/07/hell-on-wheels-recap-season-5-episode-11.html Jump up ^ http://www.simpsonsworld.com/video/288011331912 Jump up ^ Lego Ideas - Golden Spike Ceremony Jump up ^ Salt Lake Tribune - How this Utah monument could become a new Lego set Jump up ^ http://www.hobocompanion.org/songs/the-jupiter-and-the-119 Jump up ^ Railroad Earth - Jupiter & the 119 on YouTube Jump up ^ V&T No. 22 `` INYO '' Nevada State Railroad Museum External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Golden Spike National Historic Site . This article 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Golden Spike National Historic Monument The Golden Spike Centennial Limited of 1969 at ThemeTrains.com . Golden Spike Tower and Visitors Center ( Nebraska ) Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco : Driving the Last Spike Fort Ogden web site showing reenactment Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum Chinese at Promontory , May 10 , 1869 . A New Look at the Golden Spike Catalog record for the Golden spike at the Cantor Arts Center at Stanford University Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Golden_spike&oldid=817990767 '' Categories : First Transcontinental Railroad 1869 in the United States Box Elder County , Utah American Old West History of the American West History of rail transportation in the United States History of California History of Utah Union Pacific Railroad Utah Territory 1869 in rail transport 1869 in Utah Territory Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Use mdy dates from May 2012 Articles needing additional references from May 2013 All articles needing additional references Commons category without a link on Wikidata Wikipedia external links cleanup from September 2015 Wikipedia spam cleanup from September 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 31 December 2017 , at 21 : 07 . 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where was the ceremony held on may 10 1869 to celebrate the joining of two railroads

The golden spike ( also known as The Last Spike ) is the ceremonial final spike driven by Leland Stanford to join the rails of the First Transcontinental Railroad across the United States connecting the Central Pacific and Union Pacific railroads on May 10 , 1869 , at Promontory Summit , Utah Territory . The term last spike has been used to refer to one driven at the usually ceremonial completion of any new railroad construction projects , particularly those in which construction is undertaken from two disparate origins towards a meeting point . The spike is now displayed in the Cantor Arts Center at Stanford University .

You Light Up My Life ( film ) - wikipedia You Light Up My Life ( film ) For other uses , see You Light Up My Life . You Light Up My Life Theatrical poster Directed by Joseph Brooks Produced by Joseph Brooks Written by Joseph Brooks Starring Didi Conn Joe Silver Michael Zaslow Melanie Mayron Music by Joseph Brooks Cinematography Eric Saarinen Edited by Lynzee Klingman Distributed by Columbia Pictures Release date August 31 , 1977 ( 1977 - 08 - 31 ) Running time 90 minutes Country United States Language English Box office $8.5 million You Light Up My Life is a 1977 American romantic drama film written and directed by Joseph Brooks , starring Didi Conn , Joe Silver , and Michael Zaslow , and follows a young woman named Laurie ( Conn ) with dreams of becoming a singer who soon finds herself pressed by young friends to sing and her father , who wants her to be a comic . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Cast 3 Title song 4 Production 5 Soundtrack 6 Reception 7 References 8 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Laurie Robinson ( Conn ) is a young woman who earns a living by performing in commercials and hosting a children 's show on public television , but she would rather concentrate on songwriting and singing than doing comedy with her small - time comedian father Si ( Joe Silver ) . One night , Laurie goes to a restaurant where she meets a young film director , Chris Nolan ( Michael Zaslow ) ; she drives him back to his apartment and they spend the night together . The next morning , Laurie confesses to Chris that she is engaged and has to be at her wedding rehearsal . He asks if the previous night was just a final fling before marriage , and she says she can not see him anymore . Laurie later meets with her fiancé , Ken Rothenberg ( Stephen Nathan ) , and attends a recording session where she records her song , then sings background vocals and directs the musicians during overdubs . From there , she goes to the wedding rehearsal where Si has arranged an elaborate setup with an old friend who owns the Wedding Palace . The next day , Laurie auditions for a film that needs a singing voice for the leading lady . The director , she discovers , is Chris , who is as surprised as she is . Chris asks to see the songs in her portfolio . Laurie 's voice and the orchestra 's performance of her song `` You Light Up My Life '' impresses everyone , and Chris asks her if she would be interested in auditioning for the lead in his movie . Later , Chris sings `` You Light Up My Life '' for Laurie at his piano , giving it a more subdued treatment , then takes her for a walk along the beach . Laurie visits her best friend Annie ( Melanie Mayron ) to confess that she loves Chris , and adds that she may have the lead in his film . Meanwhile , when Laurie meets with Ken to call off the wedding , Chris auditions another girl for his movie and tells her she has the part , then gives his assistant the job of calling Laurie with the bad news . When Laurie asks why Chris did not call himself , the assistant explains that Chris has been in meetings all afternoon , and when she calls Chris 's office , the receptionist tells her he is probably at home because he does not have any meetings . Laurie arrives at Chris 's apartment as he and his new leading lady are leaving for dinner with friends . He apologizes and tells her she is special enough to get other roles . Later that night , when Laurie and Si perform at the Family Komedy Hour , her routine falls flat , tears flood her eyes and she walks off . In the dressing room , Laurie tells Si she hates the act because she is not funny , all she wants to do is sing and that Columbia Records is interested in her . She gives Si a cassette tape of her songs and tells him he has to let go of her , because she needs to depend on herself ; she is going to New York City alone . They hug and kiss goodbye , and Laurie drives away . Sometime later , Laurie 's song `` You Light Up My Life '' climbs the music charts and reaches number one . Cast ( edit ) Didi Conn as Laurie Robinson Joe Silver as Si Robinson Michael Zaslow as Chris Nolan Stephen Nathan as Ken Rothenberg Melanie Mayron as Annie Gerrard Jerry Keller as Conductor Lisa Reeves as Carla Wright John Gowans as Charley Nelson Simmy Bow as Mr. Granek Bernice Nicholson as Mrs. Granek Ed Morgan as Account Executive Joseph Brooks as Creative Director ( credited as Joe Brooks ) Amy Letterman as Laurie Marty Zagon as Mr. Nussbaum Martin Gish as Harold Nussbaum Ken Olfson as 1st Commercial Director Title song ( edit ) Main article : You Light Up My Life ( song ) The film received the Academy Award for Best Original Song , the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song as well as the Grammy Award for Song of the Year for the title song `` You Light Up My Life . '' The song was written by Joseph Brooks and sung for the film 's soundtrack by Kvitka `` Kasey '' Cisyk . The song was later recorded by Debby Boone , and upon its release , it was # 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 for a record - setting 10 consecutive weeks , making it the biggest hit of the 1970s . It earned Debby Boone a Grammy Award for Best New Artist . Production ( edit ) The film was picked up by Columbia who spent $10,000 on shooting a new , more positive ending , and $2.8 million on marketing . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : You Light Up My Life ( soundtrack ) The film 's soundtrack was composed , arranged and produced by Joseph Brooks with lead vocals provided by Kasey Cisyk . Reception ( edit ) The film was widely panned by critics , garnering a 20 % fresh rating on Rotten Tomatoes . Some cited Didi Conn 's sensitive portrayal and the title song as its most worthwhile features . The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2004 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs : `` You Light Up My Life '' -- Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Studios Are Picking Up More Films From Independents By ALJEAN HARMETZ . New York Times 26 June 1978 : C18 Jump up ^ `` You Light Up My Life '' . TCM database . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved February 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : You Light Up My Life on IMDb ^ Jump up to : You Light Up My Life at Rotten Tomatoes Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 05 . External links ( edit ) You Light Up My Life on IMDb You Light Up My Life at the TCM Movie Database You Light Up My Life at Rotten Tomatoes You Light Up My Life at the American Film Institute Catalog Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You_Light_Up_My_Life_(film)&oldid=849869665 '' Categories : 1977 films English - language films 1970s romantic drama films American films American coming - of - age films American romantic drama films Columbia Pictures films Directorial debut films Films about music and musicians Films set in Los Angeles Films that won the Best Original Song Academy Award Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Polski Português Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 July 2018 , at 23 : 18 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

who sang you light up my life in the movie

The film received the Academy Award for Best Original Song , the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song as well as the Grammy Award for Song of the Year for the title song `` You Light Up My Life . '' The song was written by Joseph Brooks and sung for the film 's soundtrack by Kvitka `` Kasey '' Cisyk .

The Good Wife ( season 5 ) - wikipedia The Good Wife ( season 5 ) The Good Wife ( season 5 ) Season 5 U.S. DVD Cover Starring Julianna Margulies Matt Czuchry Archie Panjabi Graham Phillips Makenzie Vega Alan Cumming Matthew Goode Zach Grenier Josh Charles Christine Baranski Country of origin United States No. of episodes 22 Release Original network CBS Original release September 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 29 ) -- May 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 18 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 4 Next → Season 6 List of The Good Wife episodes The fifth season of The Good Wife began airing on September 29 , 2013 , airing Sundays at 9 : 00 p.m. The season received critical acclaim , with the general consensus calling it the series ' best season . The show 's critical resurgence and creative renaissance garnered the series many accolades , including the TCA Award for Outstanding Achievement in Drama and the Writers Guild of America Award for Television : Episodic Drama . Contents 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 1.3 Guest 2 Reception 3 Awards and nominations 3.1 Primetime Emmy Awards 4 Bruce Springsteen album promotion 5 Episodes 6 U.S. Nielsen ratings 7 References Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Julianna Margulies as Alicia Florrick Matt Czuchry as Cary Agos Archie Panjabi as Kalinda Sharma Makenzie Vega as Grace Florrick Graham Phillips as Zach Florrick Alan Cumming as Eli Gold Matthew Goode as Finn Polmar Zach Grenier as David Lee Josh Charles as Will Gardner Christine Baranski as Diane Lockhart Recurring ( edit ) Chris Noth as Peter Florrick Jess Weixler as Robyn Burdine Jerry Adler as Howard Lyman Ben Rappaport as Carey Zepps Melissa George as Marilyn Garbanza Nathan Lane as Clarke Hayden Stockard Channing as Veronica Loy Mary Beth Peil as Jackie Florrick Michael J. Fox as Louis Canning Renée Elise Goldsberry as Geneva Pine Jason O'Mara as Damian Boyle Michael Cerveris as James Castro Jeffrey Tambor as Judge George Kluger Jordana Spiro as Jenna Vellete Hunter Parrish as Jeffrey Grant Eric Bogosian as Nelson Dubeck Christian Borle as Carter Schmidt Chris Butler as Matan Brody Carrie Preston as Elsbeth Tascioni Gary Cole as Kurt McVeigh Dallas Roberts as Owen Cavanaugh Michael Boatman as Julius Cain Miriam Shor as Mandy Post Mike Colter as Lemond Bishop Skipp Sudduth as Jim Moody John Benjamin Hickey as Neil Gross Guest ( edit ) Laura Benanti as Renata Ellard America Ferrera as Natalie Flores James LeGros as Judge Adam Tolkin Mary Stuart Masterson as Rachel Keyser Rita Wilson as Viola Walsh Dreama Walker as Becca Kurt Fuller as Judge Peter Dunaway Dylan Baker as Colin Sweeney Mamie Gummer as Nancy Crozier Reception ( edit ) The fifth season of The Good Wife received critical acclaim . On Rotten Tomatoes , it holds a 100 % certified fresh rating based on 20 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` The verdict is in : The Good Wife is a solid adult drama , with a delicately fine - tuned performance from Julianna Margulies and storylines that become increasingly absorbing as they progress . '' Scott D. Pierce , of the Salt Lake Tribune remarked : `` I can not imagine that any series on any network is going to come up with an episode better than ( the October 27 , 2013 episode ) . Television does n't get any better than this . '' James Poniewozik of TIME : `` A civil war breaks out in the office , and `` Hitting the Fan '' proves , if there was any doubt , why The Good Wife is currently the best thing on TV outside cable . '' Chris Harnick ; News Editor , HuffPost TV : `` ' Hitting The Fan ' May Be The Best Episode Ever '' Stephen Marche of Esquire : `` The Good Wife '' is network TV 's most intellectually ambitious show . It 's a rare show that starts to come into its own in the middle of its fifth season , but somehow CBS 's The Good Wife has managed to do it . This season has been among the strongest I 've seen , and the last two episodes may be the best television produced this year . Phil Dyess - Nugent of The A.V. Club wrote that `` My recollection is that it was not one of the greatly anticipated new shows of the fall 2009 season , but for four years now , it 's been a great example of a network show refusing to calcify and settle into formula . There was a scene in a recent episode where Robin came to Kalinda to beg for her old job back , and Kalinda instead counseled her to make herself invaluable to her new bosses ; it was what Kalinda had to do herself , and she tells Robin , `` Losing a job changes you . '' That line could be on this show 's coat of arms . '' Patrick Freyne of the Irish Times : `` The Good Wife ( is ) the best - made , most nuanced show on television '' The season received numerous accolades including 3 Golden Globe Award nominations , 2 TCA Award nominations , a field - leading 5 Critics ' Choice Television Award nominations , and 5 Primetime Emmy Award nominations , including mentions for its stars Julianna Margulies , Josh Charles , and Christine Baranski . Margulies ended up winning the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series for her performance in `` The Last Call '' . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Awards ( edit ) Won for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series ( Julianna Margulies for `` The Last Call '' ) Nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series ( Christine Baranski for `` The Last Call '' ) Nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series ( Josh Charles for `` Hitting the Fan '' ) Nomination for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series ( Dylan Baker for `` Tying the Knot '' ) Nomination for Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series ( Mark Saks ) Bruce Springsteen album promotion ( edit ) During the January 12 , 2014 episode , `` We , the Juries '' , snippets of three songs from Bruce Springsteen 's new album , High Hopes , which was released two days later , were featured . CBS struck a deal with Springsteen 's record label to promote the new album , which will also be streamed through CBS.com from 10pm on January 12 to 7pm on January 13 . Writer Keith Eisner , who is from Springsteen 's home state of New Jersey said the deal came together after the season 's 12th episode had been written and filmed , but not yet edited . He said when he heard of Springsteen 's songs being used he literally jumped up and down in excitement . `` High Hopes '' , `` The Ghost of Tom Joad '' and `` Hunter of Invisible Game '' will be the songs featured at various points in the episode . CBS said this was a way to gain wider exposure for the album in an unconventional way , and lure his baby boomer fans to the show and the top - rated network 's website . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of The Good Wife episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date US viewers ( millions ) 91 `` Everything is Ending '' Robert King Robert King & Michelle King September 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 29 ) 9.15 Setting out to form their own firm , Alicia and Cary finalize their exit from Lockhart & Gardner . Realizing that delaying would allow them to collect a hefty bonus payment , all the fourth - year associates vote to delay leaving by two more weeks . Diane and Will work with Alicia to prove a man innocent after his execution is botched by the State . The firm 's partners , led by a very suspicious David Lee , begin to actively investigate the associates by scanning their phone records . Meanwhile , newly elected Governor , Peter Florrick , makes Eli his new Chief of staff . 92 `` The Bit Bucket '' Michael Zinberg Ted Humphrey & Robert King October 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 06 ) 9.23 Neil Gross of internet giant Chum Hum , seeks Lockhart & Gardner 's help in fighting the NSA regarding its recently leaked PRISM surveillance program . The NSA , while actively eavesdropping on the firm 's phone calls , discovers a possible link to terrorism in a former client of theirs . Alicia is visited again by her mother , who offers her help unexpectedly . Diane Lockhart , still being sought by Governor Florrick as his nominee for Supreme Court Justice is placed in a very difficult position as she is asked to disavow Will Gardner 's past actions . Meanwhile , Eli tries to locate a golden gavel belonging to the Governor only to discover an old adversary has taken it . 93 `` A Precious Commodity '' Brooke Kennedy Keith Eisner October 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 13 ) 8.46 The firm is rocked by an interview Diane gave to a reporter in her efforts to secure the Supreme Court Justice nomination . In the interview Diane reveals in clear detail , Will 's actions leading up to his suspension that occurred the previous year . The partners and Will move against Diane , wanting her to surrender her stake in the firm . Alicia represents a client ( Genevieve Angelson ) acting as a surrogate mother whose unborn baby suffers from a rare , and severe chromosomal disability . The genetic parents wish to terminate it , something the surrogate is refusing to do . Will , still unaware of Alicia 's intentions to leave , makes an offer to Alicia to replace Diane as managing partner . 94 `` Outside the Bubble '' Félix Alcalá Robert King & Michelle King October 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 20 ) 8.99 As Diane prepares to move out of the firm to assume her judgeship , she also prepares to marry her longtime flame , Kurt McVeigh , which causes friction with Diane 's old friends . Meanwhile , the firm is sued by one of their own paralegals for accommodating a hostile work environment , and accuses many of the firm 's lawyers of sexual harassment . The firm hires Elsbeth Tascioni to defend them against the suit . Eli must deal with Jackie as she attempts to take control of Peter 's inauguration as Governor . Meanwhile , Diane becomes suspicious of Alicia after she catches her trying to download one of her client 's files . 95 5 `` Hitting the Fan '' James Whitmore Robert King & Michelle King October 27 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 27 ) 9.35 Diane uncovers Alicia and Cary 's plan to leave and start their own law firm . After revealing it to Will , who takes it very hard , Alicia is fired along with all fourth year associates and a frantic pursuit of clients begins . Lockhart / Gardner imposes a restraining order on the new firm , preventing them from lobbying their biggest client , Chum - Hum . Florrick / Agos responds in kind as the two firms battle each other in and out of court , while relationships crumble . Meanwhile , Peter , after hearing of his wife 's firing , helps Alicia secure a client and rescinds Diane 's Illinois Supreme Court Justice nomination . 96 6 `` The Next Day '' Michael Zinberg Leonard Dick November 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 03 ) 10.22 The day after Florrick / Agos split from Lockhart / Gardner , Alicia and Cary successfully take over Diane 's last case that she was due to litigate before they left , but must contend with Will and Diane 's stalling to hand over client files . Will , seething and also energized from yesterday 's events , moves to expand the reach of Lockhart / Gardner , and starts with trying to destabilize Florrick / Agos , preventing them from moving into new offices . Meanwhile , Director of the Governor 's Ethics Commission , Marilyn Garbanza seeks to advise Alicia 's new firm on ethical guidelines . After losing the Supreme Court Justice nomination , Diane is welcomed back to the firm . 97 7 `` The Next Week '' Frederick E.O. Toye Craig Turk November 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 10 ) 10.26 Clarke Hayden ( Nathan Lane ) , the former trustee who managed Lockhart / Gardner during their bankruptcy returns to provide financial advice to Florrick / Agos as they face financial difficulties . Meanwhile , Florrick / Agos suspects Lockhart / Gardner is spying on them after Alicia 's children discover that the cameras on their home computers are being accessed remotely . Will tries to keep a client from leaving the firm for Florrick / Agos , and in doing so has a chance encounter with Alicia 's brother Owen , who attempts to provide insight as to why Alicia left the firm with Cary . In addition , Lockhart / Gardner tries to fight off a malpractice lawsuit , regarding an apparent botched adoption that , at the time , Alicia was working on . Will also represents a client , Jeffrey Grant ( Hunter Parrish ) , who is stopped on trumped - up DUI charges and ends up being charged with murder . 98 8 `` The Next Month '' Josh Charles Ted Humphrey November 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 17 ) 9.72 Lockhart / Gardner , rebranding itself to be known simply as ' LG ' , plans to open a new branch in New York ; and despite the lack of decor , Florrick / Agos finally move into their own offices . Natalie Florres ( America Ferrera ) returns to Chicago to ask Alicia 's help in defending an undocumented Mexican immigrant who is being threatened with deportation if he does not testify against a dangerous drug cartel lord . Marilyn , who notices Eli 's renewed interest in Natalie , fears for the ethical implications of his relationship with her . Robyn , meanwhile , fearing for her own place at Florrick / Agos , seeks Kalinda 's advice to become indispensable to the firm . 99 9 `` Whack - a-Mole '' Kevin Hooks Nichelle Tramble Spellman November 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 24 ) 9.70 Alicia and Cary represent a university lecturer accused of being a domestic terrorist by overzealous users of a social networking website . LG , being in need of more litigators , try to hire more associates , but Will , disregarding the wishes of the rest of the firm 's partners , hires an alleged maverick mob lawyer as a partner , who causes trouble for Florrick / Agos when he steals their office furniture . Will 's impulsive decision to hire him arouses the concern of Diane , who instructs Kalinda to investigate him . Jackie , realizing that Peter 's new Supreme Court Justice nomination slept with her own husband many years ago , tries to force the nominee to bow out . 100 10 `` The Decision Tree '' Rosemary Rodriguez Robert King & Michelle King December 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 01 ) 10.42 Alicia , on the verge of finalizing her exit from LG , discovers that she has been bequeathed millions of dollars by an eccentric and now - deceased client . His surviving wife however , contesting the bequest , hires LG to contest the will . Meanwhile Florrick / Agos , having received few RSVPs to their Christmas party , ask Alicia to invite her husband . Eli , who realizes certain undesirable clients might be in attendance , tries to stop Peter from attending . Kalinda , busy investigating LG 's newest lawyer , ends up getting arrested . Meanwhile , in the case regarding Alicia 's bequest , Clarke Hayden makes his debut at court . The case also dredges up passionate emotions for Will , who now questions how genuine Alicia 's affections were for him when they had an affair . 101 11 `` Goliath and David '' Brooke Kennedy Luke Schelhaas January 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 05 ) 9.24 Alicia and Cary represent the band who played at their Christmas party in a copyright infringement lawsuit against a TV network regarding the covering of a song by a music show of another cover of a song the band made . Will , after hearing about it , involves himself in the suit , and Alicia and Will both attempt to throw each other off during the case . Diane , concerned about the frantic nature of the firm 's recent moves , such as the expansion into New York , and now Los Angeles , calls for a moratorium on soliciting new clients . Eli , after hiring Kalinda to investigate Marilyn regarding the father of her baby , uncovers video evidence of possible voter fraud committed during the Gubernatorial election campaign he led . 102 12 `` We , the Juries '' Paris Barclay Keith Eisner January 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 12 ) 9.85 Alicia , Cary , Diane , and Will are forced to work together to keep a couple out of jail when they 're accused of smuggling drugs . Formerly a Lockhart / Gardner case before Alicia and Cary left , Will and Alicia both request the case be severed for the two accused . The presiding judge grants their request for a severance , but only for the jury : which results in a double jury trial . Meanwhile , Eli attempts to shield himself from culpability after the leaking of a video depicting possible voter fraud to the press , while Marilyn begins an investigation , which involves questioning Will . Will , however is unable to cooperate fully due to Peter 's refusal to waive attorney - client privilege . Kalinda attempts to reconnect with Cary , but accidentally falls into a trap , which allows Florrick / Agos to poach a client from LG . 103 13 `` Parallel Construction , Bitches '' Matt Shakman Erica Shelton Kodish March 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 09 ) 8.94 Florrick / Agos and LG represent Lemond Bishop when he is arrested on a drug - related charge . However , the charge is based on information that could 've only been known from within Florrick / Agos and this prompts Cary and Alicia to conduct an investigation , which leads them to conclude their phones are being wiretapped by the DEA . They are in fact being surveilled , but by the NSA who is sharing information to other government departments . Meanwhile , after Marylin submits an inconclusive report on her investigation into possible voter fraud , it escalates as the Department of Justice 's Office of Public Integrity begins their own examination of the allegations and the video depicting the alleged crime , approaching Alicia and subpoenaing Will . 104 14 `` A Few Words '' Rosemary Rodriguez Leonard Dick March 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 16 ) 8.43 Alicia , Cary and Clarke are in New York for Alicia 's keynote speech at a conference for the American Bar Association . Alicia struggles to compose a suitable speech , so decides to draw upon her past for inspiration . Also in attendance is a prominent New York lawyer , who leaving her own firm , is eagerly sought after by both Florrick / Agos and LG . Will , still being pursued by Nelson Dubeck from the Office of Public Integrity , over possible voter fraud , decides to retain Elsbeth Tascioni to represent him against the investigation and a forthcoming grand jury hearing . 105 15 `` Dramatics , Your Honor '' Brooke Kennedy Robert King & Michelle King March 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 23 ) 9.12 Dubeck asks Alicia to submit to a voluntary deposition ; Alicia agrees , having Cary act as her attorney . During the deposition , Dubeck claims Will will testify against Peter . Kalinda tells Will that she wants to leave LG , but not to work for Florrick / Agos ; Will claims that they go through this routine every few months . Will is defending Jeffrey Grant at trial ; Grant is suffering in general lockup , but refuses to accept protective solitary confinement . Kalinda finds evidence suggesting Grant 's innocence , but , before she can bring it to court , Will sees more evidence of attacks against Grant , and requests solitary confinement . This apparently causes Grant to snap . Diane is arguing another case at the courthouse when she hears several gunshots . Kalinda , who is also there , enters Will 's courtroom , where she finds the prosecutor , Finn ( Matthew Goode ) , holding Will ; both have been shot , and Will is unconscious . Grant is holding the gun , trying to kill himself , but the gun has run out of bullets . Later , at the hospital , Diane and Kalinda find Will 's body . The episode ends with Kalinda calling Eli and Alicia , who are at a media event , to inform them of Will 's death . 106 16 `` The Last Call '' Jim McKay Robert King & Michelle King March 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 30 ) 10.96 In the wake of Will 's death , Alicia grieves over him , distancing herself from her husband Peter in the process . She finds a voicemail that Will left her ; due to an interruption , though , it said nothing substantial . Trying to determine what Will wanted to say , Alicia interviews the presiding judge who witnessed the shooting , and talks to ASA Finn Polmar , who was also shot , and Polmar 's assistant . Ultimately , she arrives at a dead end , and is left to guess . Kalinda tries to understand why Will 's client , Jeffrey Grant , went on a shooting spree . Diane breaks the news of Will 's death to the partners at her firm , while David Lee tries to keep Will 's top clients from leaving . Forced to do a deposition without Alicia , Cary takes out his anger on opposing counsel . 107 17 `` A Material World '' Griffin Dunne Craig Turk April 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 13 ) 9.83 After attending Will 's funeral , Alicia and Diane establish a newfound rapport while reflecting over Will 's life . They even consider merging their firms together , despite currently opposing each other in a divorce suit . Meanwhile alleged mob lawyer , Damien Boyle , overhearing their conversation , informs David Lee of it and both try to remove Diane as managing partner . Kalinda decides to help Diane after learning of their plans . Alicia , fearing that the newly appointed State 's Attorney could be searching for a scapegoat over the botched Jeffery Grant prosecution , offers Finn Polmar her advice . And after being visited by Peter , who is concerned with how she is coping with Will 's death , Alicia decides to distance herself even more from him . 108 18 `` All Tapped Out '' Félix Alcalá Julia Wolfe & Matthew Montoya April 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 20 ) 9.15 The proposal to merge LG with Florrick / Agos is scuttled as Diane has a change of heart after speaking to Cary about it , who is vexed he was n't sooner informed by Alicia . LG 's partners decide to merge with Louis Canning 's firm , forming Lockhart / Gardner & Canning ( retaining the late Will Gardner 's name ) . While incredulous to Canning 's intentions , Diane eventually agrees to work with him . After being approached by an NSA independent contractor who accidentally removed a USB flash drive with possibly classified documents , Florrick / Agos realize that their firm is being surveilled by the NSA . Alicia informs Eli and Peter , who later uses his connections to halt the surveillance . Cary and Clarke both try to save the job of the NSA contractor after he is subsequently suspended from his role at the NSA . Alicia continues to defend Finn Polmar against the State 's Attorney Office , representing him in a disciplinary hearing into his past prosecutions . 109 19 `` Tying the Knot '' Josh Charles Nichelle Tramble Spellman April 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 27 ) 9.33 Alicia inadvertently becomes a witness to a homicide while in Colin Sweeney 's house trying to get him to sign important business documents during his engagement party . Sweeney 's fiancé , Renata is arrested for the murder . Being a lawyer representing Colin Sweeney she can not defend Renata so Alicia refers Diane to represent her instead . The State 's Attorney becomes personally involved , first appointing Finn Polmar to prosecute at the last minute , only to pull him off soon after . Still trying to assist Finn , Alicia suggests that Finn run for State 's Attorney to protect his job , and after she gets Eli to gather the requisite signatures , Peter decides to endorse Finn . Meanwhile , Eli must deal with a picture of Zach holding a bong , and the ensuing controversy when Alicia 's brother Owen , decides to offer up his own opinion on drug use . 110 20 `` The Deep Web '' Brooke Kennedy Luke Schelhaas & Erica Shelton Kodish May 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 04 ) 8.98 While on jury duty , Alicia has a chance encounter with a fellow juror who later invites her to drinks . During a day off , she decides to meet with her mother , Veronica . Diane defends a client whose son is accused of abetting the sale of drugs online on the anonymous marketplace , Silk Road after bitcoins are traced to his computer . Kalinda 's investigation reveals information that prompts Diane to withdraw from the case . Eli , concerned about Finn 's lack of an organized campaign ( or even a campaign manager ) for the State 's Attorney election , decides to arrange a TV interview for him . Meanwhile , with help from Kalinda , Diane realizes that David Lee and Louis Canning ( who is now terminally ill ) are moving against her . 111 21 `` The One Percent '' Rosemary Rodriguez Ted Humphrey May 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 11 ) 8.73 Alicia and Cary represent a billionaire who , in trying to settle a wrongful termination suit , ends up making insensitive comments that scuttle the settlement and jeopardizes their chances of prevailing in voir dire . Eli , still assisting Finn in his campaign , reveals he 's been cleared of all wrongdoing in the Jeffrey Grant shooting ; the State 's Attorney , James Castro is named as the one responsible . In an attempt to protect his own campaign , Castro presents Peter a photo of Finn exiting Alicia 's apartment , insinuating that the two are having sex . Eli learns of the true nature of Alicia 's and Peter 's marriage after reprimanding a government intern for getting too close to Peter . Diane and Canning are at odds with each other again after they realize a conflict of interest exists between Diane 's new co-counsel on a class action lawsuit and Canning 's newest client , the defendant in the class action lawsuit . 112 22 `` A Weird Year '' Robert King Robert King & Michelle King May 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 18 ) 9.14 Eli tries to get Finn Polmar to withdraw from the State 's Attorney race after he uncovers evidence that he possibly bribed another prosecutor to save his sister from jail . Jackie and Veronica clash as each vies to cook Zach 's graduation dinner party ; Jackie finally learns the truth of Peter 's and Alicia 's marriage . After a live - streamed deposition , Lockart / Gardner & Canning leave their conference room camera on , which allows Florrick / Agos an opportunity to eavesdrop . After Finn withdraws , Peter decides to offer Diane the chance to take his place . Alicia and Cary argue heatedly after the proposal to merge with Lockhart / Gardner & Canning resurfaces . Canning , after being thwarted in his attempts to buy Howard Lyman 's vote , threatens to dissolve Lockhart / Gardner & Canning if Diane does not give up her managing partnership , which prompts her to try and join Florrick / Agos . Alicia bids her son Zach farewell as he embarks on a summer internship after graduating from high school . Eli , in a last - minute decision , proposes that Alicia run for State 's Attorney . U.S. Nielsen ratings ( edit ) Episode number Title Original airing Rating Share Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) Rank per week Note 91 ( 5 - 01 ) Everything Is Ending September 29 , 2013 -- -- 1.5 9.150 - ( 4 ) ( 5 ) 92 ( 5 - 02 ) The Bit Bucket October 6 , 2013 -- -- 1.6 9.230 -- ( 6 ) ( 7 ) 93 ( 5 - 03 ) A Precious Commodity October 13 , 2013 -- -- 1.2 8.933 # 24 94 ( 5 -- 04 ) Outside the Bubble October 20 , 2013 -- -- 1.4 8.990 - ( 8 ) 95 ( 5 - 05 ) Hitting the Fan October 27 , 2013 -- -- 1.4 9.350 - ( 9 ) 96 ( 5 - 06 ) The Next Day November 3 , 2013 - -- 1.6 10.217 # 16 ( 10 ) 97 ( 5 - 07 ) The Next Week November 10 , 2013 -- -- 1.7 10.260 # 17 ( 11 ) 98 ( 5 - 08 ) The Next Month November 17 , 2013 -- -- 1.4 9.720 # 22 ( 12 ) 99 ( 5 - 09 ) Whack - a-Mole November 24 , 2013 -- -- 1.3 9.700 # 22 ( 13 ) 100 ( 5 -- 10 ) The Decision Tree December 1 , 2013 -- -- 1.6 10.417 # 17 ( 14 ) 101 ( 5 -- 11 ) Goliath and David January 5 , 2014 -- -- 1.4 9.24 # 8 ( 15 ) 102 ( 5 -- 12 ) We , the Juries January 12 , 2014 -- -- 1.8 9.847 # 13 ( 16 ) ( 17 ) 103 ( 5 -- 13 ) Parallel Construction , Bitches March 9 , 2014 -- -- 1.2 8.963 # 22 -- 104 ( 5 -- 14 ) A Few Words March 16 , 2014 -- -- 1.3 8.432 # 23 -- 105 ( 5 -- 15 ) Dramatics , Your Honor March 23 , 2014 -- -- 1.3 9.123 # 15 - 106 ( 5 -- 16 ) The Last Call March 30 , 2014 -- -- 1.8 10.96 # 8 - 107 ( 5 - 17 ) A Material World April 13 , 2014 - - 1.5 9.833 # 13 - 108 ( 5 - 18 ) All Tapped Out April 20 , 2014 - - 1.3 9.147 # 11 - 109 ( 5 - 19 ) Tying the Knot April 27 , 2014 -- -- 1.3 9.330 # 15 -- 110 ( 5 -- 20 ) The Deep Web May 4 , 2014 -- -- 1.1 8.988 # 16 -- 111 ( 5 -- 21 ) The One Percent May 11 , 2014 -- -- 1.2 8.731 # 16 -- 112 ( 5 -- 22 ) A Weird Year May 18 , 2014 -- -- 1.2 9.135 # 17 -- References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ben Rappaport to Lawyer Up on The Good Wife Jump up ^ ' The Good Wife ' Season 5 -- Melissa George Cast as Peter 's New ... Love Interest ? Jump up ^ Jason O'Mara to Experience Culture Clash on The Good Wife Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` The Good Wife : Season 5 '' . rottentomatoes.com . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Good Wife : Season 5 '' . rottentomatoes.com . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Scott D. Pierce : ' Good Wife ' plot hits the fan , and it 's great ! Jump up ^ `` The Good Wife Watch : This Means War '' . Time . October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best ' Good Wife ' Ever '' . Huffington Post . October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://esquire.com/blogs/culture/good-wife-best-show Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` Springsteen songs get a fair hearing on ' The Good Wife ' '' . USA Today . January 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 1 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Simpsons ' & ' Bob 's Burgers ' Adjusted Up ; ' Revenge ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 8 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon a Time ' & ' The Simpsons ' Adjusted Up + Final NFL Ratings & Unscrambled CBS '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 15 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon A Time ' , ' The Amazing Race ' & ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' Adjusted Up ; ' Revenge ' & ' Betrayal ' Adjusted Down Plus Final Football & Baseball Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 22 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon a Time ' Adjusted Up ; ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Down + Final Football Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Amazing Race ' Adjusted Up ; ' Revenge ' , ' Betrayal ' & ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Down & Final Sports Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 5 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Amazing Race ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Simpsons ' Adjusted Down + Final NFL Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 12 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Revenge ' & ' The Simpsons ' Adjusted Down , Plus Unscrambled CBS & Football Numbers '' . TV by the Numbedrs . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 19 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Mentalist ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' Once Upon a Time ' or ' Almost Human ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Simpsons ' The Amazing Race ' , ' American Dad ' & ' The Mentalist ' Adjusted Up ; ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 4 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Amazing Race ' & ' The Mentalist ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 7 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Family Guy ' , ' 60 Minutes ' & ' The Mentalist ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Simpsons ' , ' Bob 's Burgers ' , ' The Best of Jimmy Fallon ' & ' Betrayal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 14 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Mentalist ' , ' American Dad ' , ' Family Guy ' , ' Bob 's Burgers ' & ' Bachelor Special Adjusted Up ; ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Down + ' Golden Globe ' Finals '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 11 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Resurrection ' , ' Once Upon a Time ' & ' The Amazing Race ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 18 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon A Time ' , ' Resurrection ' , ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' , ' Cosmos ' , ' American Dad ' & ' Believe ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 25 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' , ' Once Upon a Time ' & ' The Mentalist ' Adjusted Up ; ' 60 Minutes ' , ' American Dad ' , ' Revenge ' & ' The Good Wife ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 1 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Good Wife ' , ' Resurrection ' , ' Crisis ' , ' 60 Minutes ' & ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Mentalist ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 15 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Resurrection ' , ' Once Upon a Time ' , ' The Simpsons ' , ' The Amazing Race ' , ' Cosmos ' , ' The Mentalist ' & ' America 's Funniest Home '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 22 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Amazing Race ' Adjusted Up ; ' Dateline ' , ' American Dream Builders ' , ' The Good Wife ' & ' Believe ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 29 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon A Time ' , ' Revenge ' & ' The Simpsons ' Adjusted Up ; ' Believe ' , ' 60 Minutes ' , ' Dateline ' & ' American Dream Builders ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 6 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon a Time ' , The Simpsons ' , ' Dateline ' & ' Resurrection ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Good Wife ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 13 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon a Time ' , ' American Dad ' & ' America 's Funniet Home Videos ' Adjusted Up ; ' Revenge ' , ' Cosmos ' & ' Dateline ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Amazing Race ' & ' American Dream Builders ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . TCA Award for Outstanding Achievement in Drama The Jewel in the Crown ( 1985 ) Death of a Salesman ( 1986 ) L.A. Law , season 1 ( 1987 ) St. Elsewhere , season 6 ( 1988 ) Lonesome Dove ( 1989 ) Twin Peaks , season 1 ( 1990 ) thirtysomething , season 4 ( 1991 ) I 'll Fly Away , season 1 ( 1992 ) I 'll Fly Away , season 2 ( 1993 ) NYPD Blue , season 1 ( 1994 ) My So - Called Life , season 1 ( 1995 ) Homicide : Life on the Street , season 4 ( 1996 ) Homicide : Life on the Street , season 5 ( 1997 ) Homicide : Life on the Street , season 6 ( 1998 ) The Sopranos , season 1 ( 1999 ) The West Wing , season 1 ( 2000 ) The Sopranos , season 3 / The West Wing , season 2 ( 2001 ) Six Feet Under , season 1 / season 2 ( 2002 ) Boomtown , season 1 ( 2003 ) The Sopranos , season 5 ( 2004 ) Lost , season 1 ( 2005 ) Lost , season 2 ( 2006 ) The Sopranos , season 6 , part II ( 2007 ) Mad Men , season 1 ( 2008 ) Mad Men , season 2 ( 2009 ) Breaking Bad , season 3 / Lost , season 6 ( 2010 ) Mad Men , season 4 ( 2011 ) Breaking Bad , season 4 ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones , season 3 ( 2013 ) The Good Wife , season 5 ( 2014 ) The Americans , season 3 ( 2015 ) The Americans , season 4 ( 2016 ) The Handmaid 's Tale , season 1 ( 2017 ) The Americans , season 6 ( 2018 ) Writers Guild of America Award for Television : Episodic Drama 1960 - 1969 Barry Trivers for `` The Fault in Our Stars '' ( 1961 ) Howard Rodman & Kenneth Rosen for `` Today the Man Who Kills The Ants is Coming '' ( 1962 ) Lawrence B. Marcus for `` Man Out of Time '' ( 1963 ) Arnold Perl for `` Who Do You Kill ? '' ( 1964 ) John D.F. Black for `` With a Hammer in His Hand , Lord , Lord ! '' ( 1965 ) David Ellis for `` No Justice for the Judge '' ( 1966 ) Harlan Ellison for `` The City on the Edge of Forever '' ( 1967 ) Robert Lewin for `` To Kill a Madman '' ( 1968 ) Robert Lewin for `` An Elephant in a Cigar Box '' ( 1969 ) 1970 - 1979 David W. Rintels for `` A Continual Roar of Musketry '' ( 1970 ) Herb Bermann & Thomas Y . Drake & Jerrold Freedman & Bo May for `` Par for the Course '' ( 1971 ) Herman Miller for `` King of the Mountain '' ( 1972 ) Harlan Ellison for `` Phoenix Without Ashes '' ( 1973 ) Jim Byrnes for `` Thirty a Month and Found '' ( 1974 ) Stephen Kandel & Arthur Ross for `` Prior Consent '' ( 1975 ) Loring Mandel for `` Crossing Fox River '' ( 1976 ) Mark Rodgers for `` Pressure Point '' ( 1977 ) Seth Freeman for `` Prisoner '' ( 1978 ) Leon Tokatyan for `` Vet '' ( 1979 ) 1980 - 1989 Stephen J. Cannell for `` Tenspeed and Brown Shoe '' ( 1980 ) Steven Bochco & Michael Kozoll for `` Hill Street Station '' ( 1981 ) Michael Wagner for `` The World According to Freedom '' ( 1982 ) David Milch for `` Trial By Fury '' ( 1983 ) Steven Bochco & Mark Frost & Karen Hall & Jeff Lewis & David Milch & Michael Wagner for `` Grace Under Pressure '' ( 1984 ) Georgia Jeffries for `` An Unusual Occurrence '' / Anthony Yerkovich for `` Brother 's Keeper '' ( 1985 ) Debra Frank & Carl Sautter for `` The Dream Sequence Always Rings Twice '' / Tom Fontana & John Masius & Bruce Paltrow for `` Remembrance of Things Past '' ( 1986 ) Georgia Jeffries for `` Turn , Turn , Turn '' / Debra Frank & Carl Sautter for `` It 's a Wonderful Job '' ( 1987 ) Susan Shilliday for `` Therapy '' / Marshall Herskovitz & Edward Zwick for `` Pilot '' ( thirtysomething ) ( 1988 ) Karl Schaefer for `` Rolling '' ( 1989 ) 1990 - 1999 John Sacret Young for `` Souvenirs '' ( 1990 ) Racelle Rosett Schaefer for `` Photo Opportunity '' ( 1991 ) Henry Bromell for `` Amazing Grace '' ( 1992 ) Tom Fontana & Frank Pugliese for `` The Night of the Dead Living '' ( 1993 ) Tom Fontana & David Mills & David Simon for `` Bop Gun '' ( 1994 ) Lance Gentile for `` Love 's Labor Lost '' ( 1995 ) Bill Clark & Theresa Rebeck for `` Girl Talk '' ( 1996 ) René Balcer & Richard Sweren for `` Entrapment '' ( 1997 ) Bill Cain for `` Proofs for the Existence Of God '' ( 1998 ) Jason Cahill for `` Meadowlands '' ( 1999 ) 2000 - 2009 Rick Cleveland and Aaron Sorkin for `` In Excelsis Deo '' ( 2000 ) Tim Van Patten and Terence Winter for `` Pine Barrens '' ( 2001 ) Dawn Prestwich and Nicole Yorkin for `` Pilot '' ( The Education of Max Bickford ) ( 2002 ) Evan Katz for `` Day 2 : 7 : 00 p.m. -- 8 : 00 p.m. '' ( 2003 ) Debora Cahn for `` The Supremes '' ( 2004 ) Lawrence Kaplow for `` Autopsy '' ( 2005 ) Mark V. Olsen and Will Scheffer for `` Pilot '' ( Big Love ) ( 2006 ) Terence Winter for `` The Second Coming '' ( 2007 ) Vince Gilligan for `` Pilot '' ( Breaking Bad ) ( 2008 ) David Foster , Russel Friend , Garrett Lerner , and David Shore for `` Broken '' ( 2009 ) 2010 - 2019 Erin Levy for `` The Chrysanthemum and the Sword '' ( 2010 ) Vince Gilligan for `` Box Cutter '' / Henry Bromell for `` The Good Soldier '' ( 2011 ) Semi Chellas & Matthew Weiner for `` The Other Woman '' ( 2012 ) Gennifer Hutchison for `` Confessions '' ( 2013 ) Robert King & Michelle King for `` The Last Call '' ( 2014 ) Vince Gilligan & Peter Gould for `` Uno '' ( 2015 ) Vera Herbert for `` The Trip '' ( 2016 ) Gordon Smith for `` Chicanery '' ( 2017 ) Complete list 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Good_Wife_(season_5)&oldid=848405472 '' Categories : 2013 American television seasons 2014 American television seasons The Good Wife seasons Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 1 July 2018 , at 18 : 18 ( UTC ) . 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the good wife does alicia leave the firm

No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date US viewers ( millions ) 91 `` Everything is Ending '' Robert King Robert King & Michelle King September 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 29 ) 9.15 Setting out to form their own firm , Alicia and Cary finalize their exit from Lockhart & Gardner . Realizing that delaying would allow them to collect a hefty bonus payment , all the fourth - year associates vote to delay leaving by two more weeks . Diane and Will work with Alicia to prove a man innocent after his execution is botched by the State . The firm 's partners , led by a very suspicious David Lee , begin to actively investigate the associates by scanning their phone records . Meanwhile , newly elected Governor , Peter Florrick , makes Eli his new Chief of staff . 92 `` The Bit Bucket '' Michael Zinberg Ted Humphrey & Robert King October 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 06 ) 9.23 Neil Gross of internet giant Chum Hum , seeks Lockhart & Gardner 's help in fighting the NSA regarding its recently leaked PRISM surveillance program . The NSA , while actively eavesdropping on the firm 's phone calls , discovers a possible link to terrorism in a former client of theirs . Alicia is visited again by her mother , who offers her help unexpectedly . Diane Lockhart , still being sought by Governor Florrick as his nominee for Supreme Court Justice is placed in a very difficult position as she is asked to disavow Will Gardner 's past actions . Meanwhile , Eli tries to locate a golden gavel belonging to the Governor only to discover an old adversary has taken it . 93 `` A Precious Commodity '' Brooke Kennedy Keith Eisner October 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 13 ) 8.46 The firm is rocked by an interview Diane gave to a reporter in her efforts to secure the Supreme Court Justice nomination . In the interview Diane reveals in clear detail , Will 's actions leading up to his suspension that occurred the previous year . The partners and Will move against Diane , wanting her to surrender her stake in the firm . Alicia represents a client ( Genevieve Angelson ) acting as a surrogate mother whose unborn baby suffers from a rare , and severe chromosomal disability . The genetic parents wish to terminate it , something the surrogate is refusing to do . Will , still unaware of Alicia 's intentions to leave , makes an offer to Alicia to replace Diane as managing partner . 94 `` Outside the Bubble '' Félix Alcalá Robert King & Michelle King October 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 20 ) 8.99 As Diane prepares to move out of the firm to assume her judgeship , she also prepares to marry her longtime flame , Kurt McVeigh , which causes friction with Diane 's old friends . Meanwhile , the firm is sued by one of their own paralegals for accommodating a hostile work environment , and accuses many of the firm 's lawyers of sexual harassment . The firm hires Elsbeth Tascioni to defend them against the suit . Eli must deal with Jackie as she attempts to take control of Peter 's inauguration as Governor . Meanwhile , Diane becomes suspicious of Alicia after she catches her trying to download one of her client 's files . 95 5 `` Hitting the Fan '' James Whitmore Robert King & Michelle King October 27 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 27 ) 9.35 Diane uncovers Alicia and Cary 's plan to leave and start their own law firm . After revealing it to Will , who takes it very hard , Alicia is fired along with all fourth year associates and a frantic pursuit of clients begins . Lockhart / Gardner imposes a restraining order on the new firm , preventing them from lobbying their biggest client , Chum - Hum . Florrick / Agos responds in kind as the two firms battle each other in and out of court , while relationships crumble . Meanwhile , Peter , after hearing of his wife 's firing , helps Alicia secure a client and rescinds Diane 's Illinois Supreme Court Justice nomination . 96 6 `` The Next Day '' Michael Zinberg Leonard Dick November 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 03 ) 10.22 The day after Florrick / Agos split from Lockhart / Gardner , Alicia and Cary successfully take over Diane 's last case that she was due to litigate before they left , but must contend with Will and Diane 's stalling to hand over client files . Will , seething and also energized from yesterday 's events , moves to expand the reach of Lockhart / Gardner , and starts with trying to destabilize Florrick / Agos , preventing them from moving into new offices . Meanwhile , Director of the Governor 's Ethics Commission , Marilyn Garbanza seeks to advise Alicia 's new firm on ethical guidelines . After losing the Supreme Court Justice nomination , Diane is welcomed back to the firm . 97 7 `` The Next Week '' Frederick E.O. Toye Craig Turk November 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 10 ) 10.26 Clarke Hayden ( Nathan Lane ) , the former trustee who managed Lockhart / Gardner during their bankruptcy returns to provide financial advice to Florrick / Agos as they face financial difficulties . Meanwhile , Florrick / Agos suspects Lockhart / Gardner is spying on them after Alicia 's children discover that the cameras on their home computers are being accessed remotely . Will tries to keep a client from leaving the firm for Florrick / Agos , and in doing so has a chance encounter with Alicia 's brother Owen , who attempts to provide insight as to why Alicia left the firm with Cary . In addition , Lockhart / Gardner tries to fight off a malpractice lawsuit , regarding an apparent botched adoption that , at the time , Alicia was working on . Will also represents a client , Jeffrey Grant ( Hunter Parrish ) , who is stopped on trumped - up DUI charges and ends up being charged with murder . 98 8 `` The Next Month '' Josh Charles Ted Humphrey November 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 17 ) 9.72 Lockhart / Gardner , rebranding itself to be known simply as ' LG ' , plans to open a new branch in New York ; and despite the lack of decor , Florrick / Agos finally move into their own offices . Natalie Florres ( America Ferrera ) returns to Chicago to ask Alicia 's help in defending an undocumented Mexican immigrant who is being threatened with deportation if he does not testify against a dangerous drug cartel lord . Marilyn , who notices Eli 's renewed interest in Natalie , fears for the ethical implications of his relationship with her . Robyn , meanwhile , fearing for her own place at Florrick / Agos , seeks Kalinda 's advice to become indispensable to the firm . 99 9 `` Whack - a-Mole '' Kevin Hooks Nichelle Tramble Spellman November 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 24 ) 9.70 Alicia and Cary represent a university lecturer accused of being a domestic terrorist by overzealous users of a social networking website . LG , being in need of more litigators , try to hire more associates , but Will , disregarding the wishes of the rest of the firm 's partners , hires an alleged maverick mob lawyer as a partner , who causes trouble for Florrick / Agos when he steals their office furniture . Will 's impulsive decision to hire him arouses the concern of Diane , who instructs Kalinda to investigate him . Jackie , realizing that Peter 's new Supreme Court Justice nomination slept with her own husband many years ago , tries to force the nominee to bow out . 100 10 `` The Decision Tree '' Rosemary Rodriguez Robert King & Michelle King December 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 01 ) 10.42 Alicia , on the verge of finalizing her exit from LG , discovers that she has been bequeathed millions of dollars by an eccentric and now - deceased client . His surviving wife however , contesting the bequest , hires LG to contest the will . Meanwhile Florrick / Agos , having received few RSVPs to their Christmas party , ask Alicia to invite her husband . Eli , who realizes certain undesirable clients might be in attendance , tries to stop Peter from attending . Kalinda , busy investigating LG 's newest lawyer , ends up getting arrested . Meanwhile , in the case regarding Alicia 's bequest , Clarke Hayden makes his debut at court . The case also dredges up passionate emotions for Will , who now questions how genuine Alicia 's affections were for him when they had an affair . 101 11 `` Goliath and David '' Brooke Kennedy Luke Schelhaas January 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 05 ) 9.24 Alicia and Cary represent the band who played at their Christmas party in a copyright infringement lawsuit against a TV network regarding the covering of a song by a music show of another cover of a song the band made . Will , after hearing about it , involves himself in the suit , and Alicia and Will both attempt to throw each other off during the case . Diane , concerned about the frantic nature of the firm 's recent moves , such as the expansion into New York , and now Los Angeles , calls for a moratorium on soliciting new clients . Eli , after hiring Kalinda to investigate Marilyn regarding the father of her baby , uncovers video evidence of possible voter fraud committed during the Gubernatorial election campaign he led . 102 12 `` We , the Juries '' Paris Barclay Keith Eisner January 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 12 ) 9.85 Alicia , Cary , Diane , and Will are forced to work together to keep a couple out of jail when they 're accused of smuggling drugs . Formerly a Lockhart / Gardner case before Alicia and Cary left , Will and Alicia both request the case be severed for the two accused . The presiding judge grants their request for a severance , but only for the jury : which results in a double jury trial . Meanwhile , Eli attempts to shield himself from culpability after the leaking of a video depicting possible voter fraud to the press , while Marilyn begins an investigation , which involves questioning Will . Will , however is unable to cooperate fully due to Peter 's refusal to waive attorney - client privilege . Kalinda attempts to reconnect with Cary , but accidentally falls into a trap , which allows Florrick / Agos to poach a client from LG . 103 13 `` Parallel Construction , Bitches '' Matt Shakman Erica Shelton Kodish March 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 09 ) 8.94 Florrick / Agos and LG represent Lemond Bishop when he is arrested on a drug - related charge . However , the charge is based on information that could 've only been known from within Florrick / Agos and this prompts Cary and Alicia to conduct an investigation , which leads them to conclude their phones are being wiretapped by the DEA . They are in fact being surveilled , but by the NSA who is sharing information to other government departments . Meanwhile , after Marylin submits an inconclusive report on her investigation into possible voter fraud , it escalates as the Department of Justice 's Office of Public Integrity begins their own examination of the allegations and the video depicting the alleged crime , approaching Alicia and subpoenaing Will . 104 14 `` A Few Words '' Rosemary Rodriguez Leonard Dick March 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 16 ) 8.43 Alicia , Cary and Clarke are in New York for Alicia 's keynote speech at a conference for the American Bar Association . Alicia struggles to compose a suitable speech , so decides to draw upon her past for inspiration . Also in attendance is a prominent New York lawyer , who leaving her own firm , is eagerly sought after by both Florrick / Agos and LG . Will , still being pursued by Nelson Dubeck from the Office of Public Integrity , over possible voter fraud , decides to retain Elsbeth Tascioni to represent him against the investigation and a forthcoming grand jury hearing . 105 15 `` Dramatics , Your Honor '' Brooke Kennedy Robert King & Michelle King March 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 23 ) 9.12 Dubeck asks Alicia to submit to a voluntary deposition ; Alicia agrees , having Cary act as her attorney . During the deposition , Dubeck claims Will will testify against Peter . Kalinda tells Will that she wants to leave LG , but not to work for Florrick / Agos ; Will claims that they go through this routine every few months . Will is defending Jeffrey Grant at trial ; Grant is suffering in general lockup , but refuses to accept protective solitary confinement . Kalinda finds evidence suggesting Grant 's innocence , but , before she can bring it to court , Will sees more evidence of attacks against Grant , and requests solitary confinement . This apparently causes Grant to snap . Diane is arguing another case at the courthouse when she hears several gunshots . Kalinda , who is also there , enters Will 's courtroom , where she finds the prosecutor , Finn ( Matthew Goode ) , holding Will ; both have been shot , and Will is unconscious . Grant is holding the gun , trying to kill himself , but the gun has run out of bullets . Later , at the hospital , Diane and Kalinda find Will 's body . The episode ends with Kalinda calling Eli and Alicia , who are at a media event , to inform them of Will 's death . 106 16 `` The Last Call '' Jim McKay Robert King & Michelle King March 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 30 ) 10.96 In the wake of Will 's death , Alicia grieves over him , distancing herself from her husband Peter in the process . She finds a voicemail that Will left her ; due to an interruption , though , it said nothing substantial . Trying to determine what Will wanted to say , Alicia interviews the presiding judge who witnessed the shooting , and talks to ASA Finn Polmar , who was also shot , and Polmar 's assistant . Ultimately , she arrives at a dead end , and is left to guess . Kalinda tries to understand why Will 's client , Jeffrey Grant , went on a shooting spree . Diane breaks the news of Will 's death to the partners at her firm , while David Lee tries to keep Will 's top clients from leaving . Forced to do a deposition without Alicia , Cary takes out his anger on opposing counsel . 107 17 `` A Material World '' Griffin Dunne Craig Turk April 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 13 ) 9.83 After attending Will 's funeral , Alicia and Diane establish a newfound rapport while reflecting over Will 's life . They even consider merging their firms together , despite currently opposing each other in a divorce suit . Meanwhile alleged mob lawyer , Damien Boyle , overhearing their conversation , informs David Lee of it and both try to remove Diane as managing partner . Kalinda decides to help Diane after learning of their plans . Alicia , fearing that the newly appointed State 's Attorney could be searching for a scapegoat over the botched Jeffery Grant prosecution , offers Finn Polmar her advice . And after being visited by Peter , who is concerned with how she is coping with Will 's death , Alicia decides to distance herself even more from him . 108 18 `` All Tapped Out '' Félix Alcalá Julia Wolfe & Matthew Montoya April 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 20 ) 9.15 The proposal to merge LG with Florrick / Agos is scuttled as Diane has a change of heart after speaking to Cary about it , who is vexed he was n't sooner informed by Alicia . LG 's partners decide to merge with Louis Canning 's firm , forming Lockhart / Gardner & Canning ( retaining the late Will Gardner 's name ) . While incredulous to Canning 's intentions , Diane eventually agrees to work with him . After being approached by an NSA independent contractor who accidentally removed a USB flash drive with possibly classified documents , Florrick / Agos realize that their firm is being surveilled by the NSA . Alicia informs Eli and Peter , who later uses his connections to halt the surveillance . Cary and Clarke both try to save the job of the NSA contractor after he is subsequently suspended from his role at the NSA . Alicia continues to defend Finn Polmar against the State 's Attorney Office , representing him in a disciplinary hearing into his past prosecutions . 109 19 `` Tying the Knot '' Josh Charles Nichelle Tramble Spellman April 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 27 ) 9.33 Alicia inadvertently becomes a witness to a homicide while in Colin Sweeney 's house trying to get him to sign important business documents during his engagement party . Sweeney 's fiancé , Renata is arrested for the murder . Being a lawyer representing Colin Sweeney she can not defend Renata so Alicia refers Diane to represent her instead . The State 's Attorney becomes personally involved , first appointing Finn Polmar to prosecute at the last minute , only to pull him off soon after . Still trying to assist Finn , Alicia suggests that Finn run for State 's Attorney to protect his job , and after she gets Eli to gather the requisite signatures , Peter decides to endorse Finn . Meanwhile , Eli must deal with a picture of Zach holding a bong , and the ensuing controversy when Alicia 's brother Owen , decides to offer up his own opinion on drug use . 110 20 `` The Deep Web '' Brooke Kennedy Luke Schelhaas & Erica Shelton Kodish May 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 04 ) 8.98 While on jury duty , Alicia has a chance encounter with a fellow juror who later invites her to drinks . During a day off , she decides to meet with her mother , Veronica . Diane defends a client whose son is accused of abetting the sale of drugs online on the anonymous marketplace , Silk Road after bitcoins are traced to his computer . Kalinda 's investigation reveals information that prompts Diane to withdraw from the case . Eli , concerned about Finn 's lack of an organized campaign ( or even a campaign manager ) for the State 's Attorney election , decides to arrange a TV interview for him . Meanwhile , with help from Kalinda , Diane realizes that David Lee and Louis Canning ( who is now terminally ill ) are moving against her . 111 21 `` The One Percent '' Rosemary Rodriguez Ted Humphrey May 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 11 ) 8.73 Alicia and Cary represent a billionaire who , in trying to settle a wrongful termination suit , ends up making insensitive comments that scuttle the settlement and jeopardizes their chances of prevailing in voir dire . Eli , still assisting Finn in his campaign , reveals he 's been cleared of all wrongdoing in the Jeffrey Grant shooting ; the State 's Attorney , James Castro is named as the one responsible . In an attempt to protect his own campaign , Castro presents Peter a photo of Finn exiting Alicia 's apartment , insinuating that the two are having sex . Eli learns of the true nature of Alicia 's and Peter 's marriage after reprimanding a government intern for getting too close to Peter . Diane and Canning are at odds with each other again after they realize a conflict of interest exists between Diane 's new co-counsel on a class action lawsuit and Canning 's newest client , the defendant in the class action lawsuit . 112 22 `` A Weird Year '' Robert King Robert King & Michelle King May 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 18 ) 9.14 Eli tries to get Finn Polmar to withdraw from the State 's Attorney race after he uncovers evidence that he possibly bribed another prosecutor to save his sister from jail . Jackie and Veronica clash as each vies to cook Zach 's graduation dinner party ; Jackie finally learns the truth of Peter 's and Alicia 's marriage . After a live - streamed deposition , Lockart / Gardner & Canning leave their conference room camera on , which allows Florrick / Agos an opportunity to eavesdrop . After Finn withdraws , Peter decides to offer Diane the chance to take his place . Alicia and Cary argue heatedly after the proposal to merge with Lockhart / Gardner & Canning resurfaces . Canning , after being thwarted in his attempts to buy Howard Lyman 's vote , threatens to dissolve Lockhart / Gardner & Canning if Diane does not give up her managing partnership , which prompts her to try and join Florrick / Agos . Alicia bids her son Zach farewell as he embarks on a summer internship after graduating from high school . Eli , in a last - minute decision , proposes that Alicia run for State 's Attorney .

Orange Beach , Alabama - wikipedia Orange Beach , Alabama City in Alabama , United States Orange Beach , Alabama City Condominiums and hotels on the beach Location of Orange Beach in Baldwin County , Alabama . Coordinates : 30 ° 17 ′ 29 '' N 87 ° 33 ′ 43 '' W  /  30.29139 ° N 87.56194 ° W  / 30.29139 ; - 87.56194 Coordinates : 30 ° 17 ′ 29 '' N 87 ° 33 ′ 43 '' W  /  30.29139 ° N 87.56194 ° W  / 30.29139 ; - 87.56194 Country United States State Alabama County Baldwin Government Mayor Tony Kennon Area Total 15.95 sq mi ( 41.30 km ) Land 14.70 sq mi ( 38.08 km ) Water 1.25 sq mi ( 3.23 km ) Elevation 13 ft ( 4 m ) Population ( 2010 ) Total 5,441 Estimate ( 2017 ) 6,029 Density 410.08 / sq mi ( 158.34 / km ) Time zone Central ( CST ) ( UTC - 6 ) Summer ( DST ) CDT ( UTC - 5 ) ZIP code 36561 Area code ( s ) 251 FIPS code 01 - 57144 GNIS feature ID 0124297 Website www.cityoforangebeach.com Orange Beach is a city in Baldwin County , Alabama , United States . As of the 2010 Census , the population was 5,441 . Contents 1 Geography 1.1 Climate 2 Demographics 3 Sports 4 Education 5 Recreation 6 References 7 External links Geography ( edit ) Orange Beach is located along the Gulf of Mexico , and is the easternmost community on Alabama 's Gulf Coast , with Florida 's Perdido Key bordering it to the east . The city of Gulf Shores is to the west . According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 15.9 square miles ( 41.3 km ) , of which 14.7 square miles ( 38.1 km ) is land and 1.2 square miles ( 3.2 km ) , or 7.83 % , is water . Climate ( edit ) Orange Beach has a humid subtropical climate , with mild - to - warm wet winters , and hot and humid summers . hide Climate data for Orange Beach , Alabama Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 85 ( 29 ) 87 ( 31 ) 92 ( 33 ) 97 ( 36 ) 101 ( 38 ) 105 ( 41 ) 107 ( 42 ) 108 ( 42 ) 103 ( 39 ) 98 ( 37 ) 89 ( 32 ) 83 ( 28 ) 108 ( 42 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 61 ( 16 ) 64 ( 18 ) 70 ( 21 ) 75 ( 24 ) 83 ( 28 ) 88 ( 31 ) 90 ( 32 ) 90 ( 32 ) 87 ( 31 ) 79 ( 26 ) 71 ( 22 ) 64 ( 18 ) 77 ( 25 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 43 ( 6 ) 45 ( 7 ) 52 ( 11 ) 57 ( 14 ) 65 ( 18 ) 72 ( 22 ) 74 ( 23 ) 74 ( 23 ) 70 ( 21 ) 59 ( 15 ) 51 ( 11 ) 45 ( 7 ) 59 ( 15 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) ( − 16 ) 9 ( − 13 ) 19 ( − 7 ) 29 ( − 2 ) 38 ( 3 ) 52 ( 11 ) 66 ( 19 ) 60 ( 16 ) 44 ( 7 ) 28 ( − 2 ) 25 ( − 4 ) 7 ( − 14 ) ( − 16 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 5.72 ( 145.3 ) 4.86 ( 123.4 ) 6.32 ( 160.5 ) 3.97 ( 100.8 ) 4.41 ( 112 ) 5.17 ( 131.3 ) 7.09 ( 180.1 ) 6.11 ( 155.2 ) 6.75 ( 171.5 ) 4.26 ( 108.2 ) 4.43 ( 112.5 ) 4.02 ( 102.1 ) 63.11 ( 1,602.9 ) Source : IntelliCast.com Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 2,253 -- 2000 3,784 68.0 % 5,441 43.8 % Est. 2017 6,029 10.8 % U.S. Decennial Census 2013 Estimate Alabama Welcome sign on the Alabama - Florida border in Orange Beach Orange Beach in 2010 Orange Beach boardwalk As of the census of 2010 , there were 5,441 people , 2,492 households , and 1,544 families residing in the city . The population density was 370 per square mile ( 140 / km ) . There were 11,726 housing units at an average density of 737.5 per square mile ( 284.8 / km ) . The racial makeup of the city was 94.3 % White , 0.6 % Black or African American , 0.7 % Native American , 0.8 % Asian , 1.4 % from other races , and 2.2 % from two or more races. 2.6 % of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race . There were 2,492 households out of which 21.6 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 50.2 % were married couples living together , 7.5 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 38.0 % were non-families. 30.5 % of all households were made up of individuals and 10.8 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.18 and the average family size was 2.70 . In the city , the population was 18.7 % under the age of 18 , 6.7 % from 18 to 24 , 23.7 % from 25 to 44 , 31.7 % from 45 to 64 , and 19.2 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 45.5 years . For every 100 females , there were 98.8 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 96.1 males . The median income for a household in the city was $66,656 , and the median income for a family was $69,964 . Males had a median income of $54,806 versus $47,019 for females . The per capita income for the city was $40,153 . About 1.2 % of families and 3.0 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 0.0 % of those under age 18 and 2.8 % of those age 65 or over . Sports ( edit ) The city of Orange Beach hosts many sporting events and tournaments at the Orange Beach Sportsplex . The Sportsplex , located north of the Gulf State Park and a short distance from The Wharf , comprises a football / soccer stadium with a seating capacity of 1,500 . The facility also has several baseball and softball fields . The Backcountry Trail system through the Gulf State Park has a trailhead located at the Sportsplex . The Sportsplex has hosted the SEC Women 's Soccer Tournament on numerous occasions , in addition to the NCAA Division II men and women 's soccer tournament . The facility once served as home to the Alabama Lightning of the North American Football League . A 112 feet ( 34 m ) high Ferris wheel is located at The Wharf in Orange Beach . Orange Beach is home to the Orange Beach Running Club , which meets every Monday evening to run a 5K . Education ( edit ) Orange Beach is part of the Baldwin County Public Schools system . Orange Beach Elementary School is the city 's only school and serves students in grades kindergarten through sixth grade . Students in grades seven and eight attend Gulf Shores Middle School and those in grades ninth through twelfth attend Gulf Shores High School in neighboring Gulf Shores , Alabama . A new middle and high school on Canal Road is scheduled to open in 2019 . Columbia Southern University is a private online - only university that is located in Orange Beach , with a campus in Orange Beach on Canal Road and a larger campus on the Beach Express road . Recreation ( edit ) Orange Beach offers a wide selection of family beach vacation opportunities , from condos directly on the beach to just across the street , dolphin cruises , recreational centers with tennis and basketball courts , golf course condo communities , beach houses and everything in between . For entertainment , locals and visitors head to the Orange Beach Islands , also known as the Islands of Perdido Pass , consisting of Bird Island , Robinson Island , Gilchrist Island , and Walker Island . All 4 islands of the Perdido Pass are located within minutes of each other . There is no safe way of getting to the Orange Beach Islands by foot , and the currents make it unsafe to swim . The best way to get to the Orange Beach Islands is by boat , kayak , paddleboard , or jet ski . Alabama portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2017 U.S. Gazetteer Files '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved Jul 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Geographic Identifiers : 2010 Demographic Profile Data ( G001 ) : Orange Beach city , Alabama '' . U.S. Census Bureau , American Factfinder . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Decennial Census '' . Census.gov . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2015 . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2013 '' . Retrieved June 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Beach Sportsplex '' . City of Orange Beach Parks & Recreation Department . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Hugh S. Branyon Backcountry Trail '' . City of Orange Beach Parks & Recreation Department . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Attractions on Alabama 's Gulf Coast '' . Gulf Shores and Orange Beach Tourism . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ http://www.al.com/news/mobile/index.ssf/2017/09/orange_beach_bay_minette_getti.html Jump up ^ How To Get To Orange Beach Islands , Retrieved May 20th , 2016 External links ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Orange Beach . City of Orange Beach official website Municipalities and communities of Baldwin County , Alabama , United States County seat : Bay Minette Cities Bay Minette Daphne Fairhope Foley Gulf Shores Orange Beach Robertsdale Spanish Fort Towns Elberta Loxley Magnolia Springs Perdido Beach Silverhill Summerdale CDP Point Clear Unincorporated communities Barnwell Battles Wharf Belforest Bon Secour Bromley Clay City Crossroads Elsanor Fort Morgan Gasque Hurricane Josephine Latham Lillian Little River Malbis Marlow Miflin Montrose Oak Ono Island Oyster Bay Perdido Pine Grove Point Clear Rabun Seacliff Seminole Stapleton Stockton Swift Tensaw Yelling Settlement Ghost town Blakeley GND : 4406886 - 4 LCCN : n81135542 VIAF : 125049161 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orange_Beach,_Alabama&oldid=849247616 '' Categories : Cities in Alabama Populated places established in 1984 Cities in Baldwin County , Alabama Populated coastal places in Alabama Hidden categories : Articles with short description Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Català Cebuano Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Kreyòl ayisyen Malagasy Nederlands नेपाल भाषा Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Русский Simple English کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Volapük Winaray 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 July 2018 , at 16 : 27 ( UTC ) . 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where is orange beach alabama on the map

Orange Beach is located along the Gulf of Mexico , and is the easternmost community on Alabama 's Gulf Coast , with Florida 's Perdido Key bordering it to the east . The city of Gulf Shores is to the west .

Diamonds ( Rihanna song ) - wikipedia Diamonds ( Rihanna song ) `` Diamonds '' Single by Rihanna from the album Unapologetic Released September 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 27 ) Format CD single digital download Recorded June 2012 Studio Roc the Mic , New York City Westlake Recording , Los Angeles Genre Electronic pop R&B Length 3 : 45 Label Def Jam SRP Songwriter ( s ) Sia Furler Benjamin Levin Mikkel S. Eriksen Tor Erik Hermansen Producer ( s ) Benny Blanco StarGate Kuk Harrell Rihanna singles chronology `` Cockiness ( Love It ) '' ( 2012 ) `` Diamonds '' ( 2012 ) `` Stay '' ( 2013 ) `` Diamonds '' is a song recorded by Barbadian singer Rihanna for her seventh studio album , Unapologetic ( 2012 ) . It was written by Sia Furler together with its producers , Benny Blanco and StarGate . The song premiered on September 26 , 2012 , during the Elvis Duran and the Morning Show and was digitally released the following day as the lead single from Unapologetic . Def Jam Recordings serviced the single to contemporary hit radio in the United States on October 2 . `` Diamonds '' is a mid-tempo pop , electronic and R&B ballad that features heavy synthesizers , orchestral sounds and electronic rhythms . The song 's lyrics serve as a departure from the themes of unhealthy relationships that were on Rihanna 's previous singles and contain a prominent concept of love . `` Diamonds '' topped music charts in over twenty countries , including the United States , where it became Rihanna 's twelfth number one single on the Billboard Hot 100 and tied her with Madonna and The Supremes for the fifth-most number one singles in the chart 's history . `` Diamonds '' was certified quintuple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) and sold over 3.5 million digital copies in the country . By May 2013 , it had sold over 7.5 million copies worldwide and became one of the best - selling singles of all - time . The song 's music video was shot by director Anthony Mandler , a frequent collaborator of Rihanna 's , and depicts her in four environments that represent the elements of earth , air , water , and fire . The video received positive reviews and was praised for its imagery . Some critics believe that the heavily tattooed man intertwined with Rihanna 's arm in the video resembles Chris Brown . The singer performed `` Diamonds '' on television shows such as Saturday Night Live and The X Factor and included it on the 777 , Diamonds , Monster Tour and the Anti World Tour set lists . The American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers ( ASCAP ) recognized it as one of the most performed songs of 2013 and 2014 . The official remix of `` Diamonds '' featured rapper Kanye West and was released on November 16 , 2012 . The song has been covered by various recording artists , including Josef Salvat , who released his own cover of `` Diamonds '' as a single . Contents 1 Writing and production 2 Release and artwork 3 Composition and lyrical interpretation 4 Critical reception 5 Recognition and accolades 6 Commercial performance 6.1 North America 6.2 Europe and Oceania 7 Music video 7.1 Background and concept 7.2 Synopsis 7.3 Reception 8 Live performances 9 Cover versions and remixes 9.1 Josef Icemen version 9.2 Josef Salvat version 10 Formats and track listing 11 Credits and personnel 12 Charts 12.1 Weekly charts 12.2 Year - end charts 13 Certifications 14 Radio and release history 15 See also 16 References 17 External links Writing and production ( edit ) Australian singer - songwriter Sia ( pictured ) wrote the lyrics , while producer Benny Blanco co-wrote and co-produced `` Diamonds '' with StarGate . In 2012 , American songwriter and record producer Benny Blanco met with Norwegian production duo StarGate at a recording studio in New York City to write new songs , including one for Rihanna . StarGate had previously produced her singles `` Do n't Stop the Music '' ( 2007 ) and `` Only Girl ( In the World ) '' ( 2010 ) . According to Blanco , he and StarGate wanted to deviate from Rihanna 's usual sound and produce as though the song would be for a rapper such as Kanye West : `` It 's the one that we were n't thinking Rihanna ... that turned into the Rihanna record ... But that 's how it always happens like with me '' . They produced the song 's drum machine beat after the other instrumental music was recorded . StarGate 's Mikkel Eriksen told The New York Times that Blanco took a recorded snippet of Eriksen 's singing , altered it electronically , and made it sound `` dirtier '' . He then applied timbre and used audio software to create ghostly accompaniment lines . Eriksen described Blanco 's style as `` unorthodox , as he almost never plays the keyboards but throws in weird samples and alters them to the right pitch to go with the song . '' Australian singer - songwriter Sia later joined them and wrote the lyrics for `` Diamonds '' in 14 minutes . After the song was completed , they wanted to play it to Rihanna , but Blanco was skeptical about the reaction towards the song because of its slow sound . After StarGate played it to her , they called Blanco from London and told him that she liked the song : `` She 's flippin ' out . She played it like seven times in a row . It 's her favorite song . '' Phil Tan and the assistant Daniela Rivera , mixed and mastered `` Diamonds '' . Recalling it , in an interview with The Huffington Post , Blanco commented , `` we needed to have it recorded , the beat finished , mixed and mastered in 24 hours . She was recording in a separate part of the world , sending back the files , we 're finishing the music and then we 're mixing and mastering it , and then it was out in a few days . It 's fucking amazing and incredible . '' Kuk Harrell produced Rihanna 's vocals on the song and recorded them together with Marcos Tovar . Release and artwork ( edit ) `` I think a lot of people are afraid of being happy because of what others might think of it ... They 're afraid to embrace that and embrace themselves and love themselves and do what they love and do what makes them happy . '' -- Rihanna talking about the lyrical meaning behind `` Diamonds '' for MTV News . On September 12 , 2012 , Def Jam France announced via Twitter that Rihanna would release a new single the following week and that her seventh studio album will be released in November . However , the tweet was shortly deleted and replaced with another clarifying that more information will be given on September 13 . In an interview with iHeartRadio at their annual music festival in September , Rihanna confirmed `` Diamonds '' as her new single and said that it would first be played on American radio beginning September 26 . She described it as an easy - going , but optimistic song that is `` happy and hippy '' rather than dance - oriented and said that the song `` gives me such a great feeling when I listen to it . The lyrics are very hopeful and positive , but it 's about love . '' The single 's cover artwork was revealed on September 24 and depicted Rihanna rolling diamonds in a manner suggestive of joint rolling . On September 26 , Rihanna posted the full lyrics of the song in a PDF on her official website Rihanna7.com . `` Diamonds '' premiered the same day on the Elvis Duran and the Morning Show , and on the following day , it was released as a digital download on the 7 Digital store . In the United Kingdom , the song was released to 7 Digital on September 28 . Def Jam Recordings solicited the single to contemporary hit radio in the United States on October 2 . On November 5 , it was released in Germany as a CD single , which it also contained the song 's Bimbo Jones Vocal Remix . On December 18 , eight digital remixes of the single were digitally released . Composition and lyrical interpretation ( edit ) `` Diamonds '' A 21 - second sample of the chorus of `` Diamonds '' , which has been characterized by critics as a mid-tempo pop , electronic and R&B song . It features drums , heavy synthesizers , a 1980s backbeat , orchestral sounds , and electronic rhythms accompanied with Rihanna 's vocal performance . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Diamonds '' has a length of three minutes and forty - five seconds . Allmusic critic Andy Kellman characterized it as a mid-tempo pop ballad , while Michael Baggs of Gigwise described it as a mid-tempo electronic song . Time Out 's James Manning described the song as a `` somber '' R&B ballad . It features heavy synthesizers , orchestral sounds and electronic rhythms accompanied with Rihanna 's vocal performance . Rolling Stone magazine wrote that `` the track 's production mainly stays out of Rihanna 's way , letting the pop star build hooks with layers of her voice . '' In a review of Unapologetic , Stacy - Ann Ellis of Vibe noted that an improvement in the singer 's singing is evinced by ballads such as `` Diamonds '' and `` Stay '' . According to EMI Music Publishing 's digital sheet music for the song , `` Diamonds '' is composed in the key of B minor and set in common time signature , and has a moderately slow groove of 92 beats per minute . Rihanna 's vocals span from the low note of F ♯ to the high note of F ♯ . Lyrically , `` Diamonds '' is a departure from Rihanna 's recurring themes of unhealthy relationships on her other songs , and contains a prominent concept of love . The first verse introduces the song 's concept : `` Find light in the beautiful sea / I choose to be happy / You and I , you and I / We 're like diamonds in the sky . '' The hook continues this metaphor : `` So shine bright , tonight , you and I / We 're beautiful like diamonds in the sky / Eye to eye , so alive . '' According to Glenn Yoder of The Boston Globe , the song shows Rihanna differently than how she is viewed by the public because of lyrics such as `` I choose to be happy '' and `` We 're like diamonds in the sky '' . James Montgomery of MTV News commented that she embraces the positivity and fulfillment of a realized relationship , particularly with the line `` When you hold me , I 'm alive '' , and admits `` I knew that we 'd become one right away '' . Lindsay DiMattina of Hollywood.com interpreted that Rihanna is crying out for her lover when she sings lines such as , `` When you hold me , I 'm alive , '' and `` At first sight I felt the energy of sun rays / I saw the life inside your eyes . '' The Herald Sun asserted that the lyrics were most likely inspired by Rihanna 's private life . Critical reception ( edit ) In a positive review of the song , Robert Copsey of Digital Spy gave it four out of five stars and praised Rihanna 's direction towards a `` softer and more prolific edge '' . Brittany Lewis of GlobalGrind called `` Diamonds '' a catchy song and felt that it had the potential to be another hit for Rihanna . Glenn Gamboa of Newsday said that , although it does not sound like an emphatic hit , the lyrical content of the song depicts a `` personal shift '' for Rihanna . According to James Montgomery of MTV News , `` Diamonds '' is more positive than previous singles such as `` We Found Love '' and `` Where Have You Been '' , despite its moderate tempo . Lindsey DiMattina of Hollywood.com said that Rihanna 's singing is stronger than ever . Contactmusic 's reviewer described it as a `` laid - back track '' , and suggested that the lyrical content is related to her former boyfriend Chris Brown . In a track - by - track review of Unapologetic , Andrew Hampp of Billboard found the song inspiring and commented that it `` finds Rihanna doing one of her throatiest , most impassioned vocals to date '' . Andy Kellman of Allmusic cited the song as one of the highlights on Unapologetic , and gave it three and a half stars . In a less enthusiastic critique , Jon Caramanica of The New York Times likened `` Diamonds '' to a James Bond movie theme song , but with `` insipid lyrics '' . Jim Farber of the New York Daily News felt that the song is not as evocative as it attempts to be and lacks the sense of mystery and engaging production found on `` We Found Love '' . Kevin Blair of the Irish Independent 's , Independent Woman , was critical of the song for deviating from Rihanna 's previous dance and R&B songs and dismissed it as a `` chugging , faintly misty - eyed , middle of the road pop song '' . Chris Richards of The Washington Post panned the song as a `` power ballad without much power '' . Recognition and accolades ( edit ) Ernest Baker and Lauren Nostro of Complex ranked `` Diamonds '' atop their list of The 10 Best Guilty Pleasure Songs of 2012 and wrote that , although the song is unlike Rihanna 's louder , more anthemic songs , `` apparently the world loves to see a softer side of her , too . '' Black Entertainment Television placed the single at number six on their 50 Best Songs of 2012 list and called it one of Rihanna 's most emotive performances . UK E ! Online 's reviewer named it the fifth best song of the year and said that Rihanna 's vocal performance on the song validates the attention she had received since her breakthrough with `` Umbrella '' . Irish Independent 's Jim Hayes ranked it as the year 's tenth - best song and described it as `` a laid back slow burner that invades and refuses to leave '' . A reviewer from The Huffington Post named `` Diamonds '' one of The 12 Best Songs by Women in 2012 . At the ASCAP Pop Music Awards , the American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers ( ASCAP ) recognized it as one of the most performed songs of 2013 and 2014 respectively . `` Diamonds '' received the Billboard accolade for Top R&B Song at the 2013 award ceremony held at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Las Vegas . At the 2013 BET Awards , the song was nominated for the Coca - Cola Viewer 's Choice accolade , however , it lost to `` Started from the Bottom '' by Drake . It also received nominations for Best International Song at the NRJ Music Awards of 2013 in France and for Hit of the Year at the 2013 Echo Awards in Germany . `` Diamonds '' received a nomination for Best Song at the 2013 MTV Europe Music Awards . Commercial performance ( edit ) North America ( edit ) `` Diamonds '' became Rihanna 's twelfth number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 , tying her with Madonna ( pictured ) and The Supremes as the artists with the fifth-most number ones in the chart 's history . In the US , `` Diamonds '' debuted at number 16 on the Billboard Hot 100 and sold 133,000 copies in its first week . In its fourth week , it climbed to number eight on the chart and became Rihanna 's twenty - third top - ten single . For the week ending December 1 , 2012 , the song became Rihanna 's twelfth number - one on the chart , which ended the nine - week reign of Maroon 5 's `` One More Night '' . With the feat , Rihanna tied Madonna and Supremes as the artists with the fifth-most number ones in the chart 's history . Rihanna also passed Mariah Carey as the female artist to mark 12 number - one songs the fastest on the chart by achieving the feat in six years and seven months , which bested Carey 's stretch of seven years , one month , and two weeks . `` Diamonds '' charted for a second consecutive week atop the Hot 100 , while her album Unapologetic topped the Billboard 200 . As a result , Rihanna became only the second artist of 2012 to top both the Billboard singles and albums charts simultaneously ; the first to do so was English singer Adele . On the Radio Songs chart , `` Diamonds '' debuted at number 28 . In its fourth week , it climbed to number ten , becoming Rihanna 's 19th top ten , breaking a tie with Lil Wayne for the second - best sum in the list 's 22 - year history ; only Mariah Carey ( 23 ) has more . For the issue dated December 15 , the song topped the chart , becoming Rihanna 's tenth number one and placing second for female artists with the most chart toppers , only behind Mariah Carey ( 11 ) . On the Pop Songs chart , `` Diamonds '' debuted at number 29 , extending Rihanna 's lead as the artist with the most appearances on the chart . On October 11 , 2012 , Billboard unveiled new methodology for the Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs chart , newly factoring digital download sales and streaming data into the 50 - position rankings , along with existing radio airplay data monitored by Nielsen BDS . Due to this , `` Diamonds '' saw a huge leap from number 66 to number one , marking Rihanna 's second single as a lead artist to top the chart ; it topped the chart for fourteen consecutive weeks . `` Diamonds '' topped the Dance Club Songs chart , becoming Rihanna 's nineteenth number one , tying her with Janet Jackson for the second-most number ones in the chart 's 36 - year history . Only Madonna has more ( 43 ) . `` Diamonds '' was certified sextuple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . In Canada , the song debuted at number nine on the Canadian Hot 100 for the issue dated October 13 , 2012 . The song peaked at number one on the issue dated November 24 , 2012 , becoming Rihanna 's sixth single to reach number one on the chart . It remained atop of it for four consecutive weeks . It was certified platinum by Music Canada denoting sales of over 80,000 copies . Europe and oceania ( edit ) `` Diamonds '' made its first chart appearance in Ireland on September 27 , 2012 , where it debuted at number 17 . It reached its peak of number two on October 25 , 2012 . The single debuted at number one on both the United Kingdom 's pop and R&B singles charts on October 7 , 2012 , with over 105,000 copies sold . This gave Rihanna her seventh number - one single in the country . After nine weeks on the pop chart , `` Diamonds '' rose from number ten to three , following Rihanna 's performance of the song on The X Factor the previous week . From its debut , the song remained atop the R&B chart for three consecutive weeks before being deposed of the top spot by Labrinth and Emeli Sandé 's `` Beneath Your Beautiful '' . As of March 2014 , `` Diamonds '' has sold over one million copies in the UK , and became Rihanna 's fourth single to achieve that feat . With that , she became only the second artist to have four million - selling singles in the UK , only behind The Beatles , who have six . The single is the 30th best - selling song of all time by a female artist in the country . `` Diamonds '' debuted at number one in France , becoming Rihanna 's fourth number - one single in the country and remaining at the top spot for three consecutive weeks . `` Diamonds '' also peaked at number one in Germany for ten consecutive weeks , becoming Rihanna 's fifth number - one single in the country and surpassing `` Umbrella '' ( 2007 ) as her longest - running German number - one single . The song was placed at number seven on the German 2012 Year - End singles chart and was certified platinum , denoting sales of 300,000 copies in the country . `` Diamonds '' remained number one in Norway for eleven consecutive weeks , the Czech Republic for eight , Denmark for six , Switzerland for five , Austria for four , Finland for three weeks and Scotland one . `` Diamonds '' entered the New Zealand Singles Chart at number five on October 8 , 2012 . After eight weeks in the top ten , the song peaked at number two . The single has received a double - platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand , denoting sales of 30,000 copies . `` Diamonds '' debuted at number eight on the Australian Singles Chart on October 14 , 2012 . The song reached a peak of number six on November 4 , 2012 . The song has been certified five - times platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association , denoting sales of 350,000 copies . By May 2013 , it had sold over 7.5 million copies worldwide and became one of the best - selling singles of all - time . Music video ( edit ) Background and concept ( edit ) `` With every song it 's a different story , so the visuals are very specific to that story and that world . With ' Diamonds , ' it was just a series of vignettes that we put together to help get the emotion across throughout the song ' cause the song changes and it builds , and there 's no real way that you could do that . '' -- Rihanna explaining the concept for the music video . Rihanna began to film the music video for `` Diamonds '' on October 21 , 2012 , at the Mojave Desert in Lancaster , California . It was directed by her regular collaborator Anthony Mandler , who previously directed her videos for `` Russian Roulette '' ( 2009 ) and `` Man Down '' ( 2011 ) . Photographs of the production leaked to the press the same day and showed Rihanna in a white and black dress in front of a fire . Ethan Sacks of the New York Daily News remarked that she `` looked like a gem on the set of her video shoot . '' Rihanna said that she wanted the video 's abstract scenes to capture the appropriate emotion for the audience . Mandler sought to create a `` wider landscape '' by suggesting and transfiguring ideas for viewers through the video : `` ( T ) hey needed to feel like dream vignettes , like , when you wake up from a dream , you realize what you were dreaming about is not really what it was about , it was about something else . '' He also tried to relate the video 's concept to Rihanna 's personal life : `` What 's truth or fiction ? You know ' Is she drowning , or is she in complete ecstasy ? Are those hands coming apart , or are they finding each other ? ' ... we tried to bring up these deeper questions that relate to song and her life and finding beauty in chaos and finding beauty in pain and finding pain in beauty . '' On November 7 , a behind - the - scenes video was posted on MTV 's official website . It featured Rihanna in a `` leopard - print '' robe as she emerged from a trailer and headed to the shooting set . The scenes were intercut with police officers who chase armed fighters . Rihanna stands in a deserted landscape in the video 's other scenes . The music video for `` Diamonds '' premiered November 8 on MTV . The video was also made available for streaming at Rihanna.MTV.com . It was digitally released on November 14 via the iTunes Store . Synopsis ( edit ) A screenshot from the music video showing Rihanna 's hand intertwined with that of a heavily tattooed man . Some critics believed the arm of the man resembled that of Chris Brown . The music video opens with a view of Rihanna lying in open waters , as other scenes of diamonds being rolled in a manner suggestive of making a joint are intercut -- a scene reminiscent of the single 's artwork . As the video progresses Rihanna is shown running on a highway . In a black - and - white scene , Rihanna licks the joint and begins smoking it . The image fades to black as the song begins . Rihanna performs in the same black - and - white setting while in a black corset . Images of Rihanna on a bed in a room while singing are shown , with objects breaking , curtains falling and roses burning in reverse effect . Rihanna is shown again on the highway , running away from what appears to be the headlights of a chasing car . She then stops as she looks up to the night sky at an aurora view . Throughout the video , Rihanna 's hand is shown intertwined with that of a heavily tattooed man , whose face is not shown in the video . As the second verse starts , Rihanna is shown in a desert where horses run freely . Scenes of a street battle are later shown , depicting burning cars and broken glass around the environment . As the video continues , the singer and her lover 's hands are shown slowly slipping apart , with only their fingertips touching towards the conclusion of the video . The video ends with Rihanna once again floating alone in the open waters . Reception ( edit ) James Montgomery of MTV News called it visually striking and observed a great deal of `` evocative imagery ( glamorous black - and - white close - ups , thick plumes of translucent smoke , oversaturated hill - scapes , artfully silhouetted stallions ) '' . He said that , like the song , the video is by turns garish and very intimate . The website 's Jocelyn Vena thought that it had dreamlike and surrealistic images of Rihanna , who moves through set - ups that are occasionally exceptional . E ! Online 's Bruna Nessif said that the video shows an abundance of elaborate imagery , narratives , and especially a `` mysterious and sexy '' Rihanna . Additionally , she found it obvious that the body of a heavily tattooed man 's arm , which Rihanna clings to desperately , is a reference to Chris Brown . NME magazine observed Rihanna being shown in four environments that represent the four elements of the earth , air , water and fire . Billy Johnson Jr. of Yahoo ! Canada felt the video had failed to capture the song 's vivid celebration of a love affair and stated , `` It seems as though ( Rihanna is ) in chaos , reflecting on happier times . '' Marc Hogan of Spin concluded that the video was a `` confirmation of Rihanna 's awkward segue into adult - contemporary - dom . '' The video for `` Diamonds '' was Vevo 's fourth most - viewed visual of 2013 . As of October 2018 the music video has received over 1.2 billion views on YouTube . and is one of the 80 most viewed videos on the platform . Live performances ( edit ) Rihanna performing `` Diamonds '' during the Diamonds World Tour in 2013 . Rihanna first performed `` Diamonds '' on November 7 , 2012 , at the Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show , where she wore black lingerie with black thigh high stockings and ankle boots ; the show was aired by CBS on December 4 . On November 10 , Rihanna performed the song on Saturday Night Live . New York magazine 's Joe Reid said that her performance was the highlight of the show 's episode and favored the digitized background in particular , which he described as `` overt weirdness '' that was ultimately `` pretty endearing '' . Tess Lynch of Grantland was impressed by Rihanna 's `` exceptional singing '' and wrote that the background imagery was a `` powerful '' and `` crazy spectacle that astonished viewers '' . Lynch agreed with episode host Anne Hathaway , who had said that Rihanna was `` a goddess . '' `` Diamonds '' was included on the set list for Rihanna 's 2012 promotional tour , the 777 Tour . On November 25 , the singer performed the song on series 9 of The X Factor in the UK . The performance featured the singer dressed in a black gown on a square platform . As the chorus began , water effects poured down around her on the outside of the stage . By the final chorus , the water centered into the platform and wet the singer . Hayes of Irish Independent praised the performance and stated that it `` put everything -- and everybody -- else to shame . '' On December 8 , Rihanna performed the song on Wetten , dass ... ? ( `` Wanna bet that ... ? '' ) in Germany . She also performed `` Diamonds '' on La Chanson de l'année ( `` The song of the Year '' ) in France , on December 10 , 2012 , which was broadcast on December 29 , 2012 . The single was included as the closing song on the set list of Rihanna 's fifth worldwide tour titled the Diamonds World Tour ( 2013 ) . Rihanna performed `` Diamonds '' at the 2013 American Music Awards on November 24 , 2013 , during the acceptance of the Icon Award . The performance featured the singer wearing a long black dress plunged down to her navel and diamond adornments in her hair . She was joined by an orchestra that included a conductor which accompanied her as a rock band produced the beat . Kory Grow of Rolling Stone magazine labeled the performance as `` stunning '' . Additionally , out of a total sixteen performances at the ceremony , he placed Rihanna 's rendition of `` Diamonds '' at number one writing , `` she gave a performance that showed she could live up to the honor '' . Los Angeles Times ' Mikael Wood stated that during the performance Rihanna dominated the stage pointing that she looked like a young version of Grace Jones . The single was included on the set list of Rihanna 's joint 2014 tour with rapper Eminem , The Monster Tour . Rihanna performed `` Diamonds '' on November 11 , 2014 during the Concert for Valor held in Washington , D.C. Rihanna performed the single during her concerts part of the Anti World Tour in 2016 . Cover versions and remixes ( edit ) American hip - hop artist Kanye West is featured on the official remix of `` Diamonds . '' On BBC Radio 1 's live lounge , Jessie Ware performed a slightly jazzy version of the song , which Spin magazine 's Marc Hogan said was musically reminiscent of the xx and vocally similar to D'Angelo . Sia Furler , who co-wrote `` Diamonds '' , performed it with a keyboard accompaniment at the Norwegian - American Achievement Ceremony on November 18 . On November 15 , American singer - songwriter Zola Jesus recorded a cover version of `` Diamonds '' . `` Diamonds '' was used in the promotional video of Istanbul 's bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics . Coaches Ricky Martin , Delta Goodrem , Joel Madden and Seal during the second season of The Voice Australia . On April 7 , 2015 , the song was covered by Team Adam Levine ( consisted of Brian Johnson , Deanna Johnson , Joshua Davis , Nathan Hermida and Tonya Boyd - Cannon ) from the eighth season of The Voice . On May 14 , 2015 , coaches Jennifer Lopez , Keith Urban and Harry Connick , Jr. covered the song in a mash - up with Bruno Mars ' 2013 single , `` Locked Out of Heaven '' during the final show of the fourteenth season of American Idol . The song was also covered by German metalcore band Any Given Day . `` Diamonds '' was remixed by rapper Flo Rida , whose version was premiered on November 12 by American magazine Rap - Up . He had previously performed on unofficial remixes of Rihanna 's `` We Found Love '' and `` Where Have You Been '' . The official remix of `` Diamonds '' , which featured rapper Kanye West , was released on November 16 as a digital download via SoundCloud and iTunes . West 's verse starts at the beginning of the remix , as he raps lines such as `` We the cause of all the commotion / Your mouth runnin ' by where is you goin ? '' . He also quotes the theme song from The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air , while proclaiming to be `` on his Brad Pitt '' . MTV News ' James Montgomery wrote that `` there 's certainly no shortage of Kanye 's patented swagger , and the new remix also adds some clubby wallop to the laid - back track . '' Henna Kathiya of MTV Rapfix remarked that West adds `` some classic Ye flavor '' to the original song . On December 4 , a new remix leaked online . It featured Eve , who rapped lines such as , `` You glisten so beautiful , priceless / Listen to me , I need you to know / How you can change my whole world . '' Josef Icemen version ( edit ) Swedish artist Josef Icemen covered `` Diamonds '' for his album The Acoustic Sessions 2013 ( 2013 ) . The track got released as a promotional single online which can be found on SoundCloud , Myspace and YouTube . Josef Salvat version ( edit ) `` Diamonds '' Single by Josef Salvat from the album In Your Prime EP Released December 19 , 2014 Format CD single Length 4 : 05 Label Columbia RCA Songwriter ( s ) Sia Furler Benjamin Levin Mikkel Eriksen Tor Hermansen Josef Salvat singles chronology `` Diamonds '' ( 2014 ) `` Open Season '' ( 2014 ) `` Diamonds '' ( 2014 ) `` Open Season '' ( 2014 ) Australian artist Josef Salvat covered `` Diamonds '' in his EP In Your Prime ( 2014 ) . The track became popular after Sony used it in its ad `` Ice Bubbles '' for its new 4K Ultra HD television screen . The Sony ad was filmed in Mount Whisler , Nunavut , Canada using Salvat 's version of `` Diamonds '' . Josef Salvat 's version has reached number 2 on French SNEP Official Singles Charts also making it to number 11 on the German Singles Chart and number 18 on the Belgian Ultratop charts . Charts Chart ( 2014 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 46 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 18 France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 11 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 42 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 72 Formats and track listing ( edit ) Digital download `` Diamonds '' -- 3 : 45 CD single `` Diamonds '' -- 3 : 45 `` Diamonds '' ( The Bimbo Jones Vocal Remix ) -- 6 : 16 Digital remix single `` Diamonds '' ( Remix ) ( feat . Kanye West ) -- 4 : 48 Digital US remixes `` Diamonds '' ( Dave Audé 100 Edit ) -- 3 : 38 `` Diamonds '' ( Gregor Salto Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 45 `` Diamonds '' ( The Bimbo Jones Vocal Remix ) -- 6 : 17 `` Diamonds '' ( The Bimbo Jones Downtempo ) -- 3 : 14 `` Diamonds '' ( The Bimbo Jones Vocal Edit ) -- 3 : 14 `` Diamonds '' ( Congorock Remix Extended ) -- 5 : 54 `` Diamonds '' ( Congorock Remix ) -- 5 : 08 `` Diamonds '' ( Jacob Plant Dubstep Remix ) -- 3 : 58 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Credits adapted from the liner notes of Unapologetic . Locations Recorded at Roc the Mic Studios , New York City , New York ; Westlake Recording Studios , Los Angeles , California Mixed at Ninja Club Studios , Atlanta , Georgia . Personnel Songwriting -- Sia Furler , Benjamin Levin , Mikkel Eriksen , Tor Hermansen Production -- Benny Blanco , StarGate Recording -- Mikkel Eriksen , Miles Walker Recording assistant -- Andrew `` Muffman '' Luftman Vocal Production -- Kuk Harrell Vocal Recording -- Kuk Harrell , Marcos Tovar Assistant Engineering -- Blake Mares , Robert Cohen Mixing -- Phil Tan Mixing assistant -- Daniela Rivera Instrumentation -- Benjamin Levin , Mikkel Eriksen , Tor Hermansen Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2012 -- 14 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 6 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders Urban ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Brazil ( Billboard Brasil Hot 100 ) 12 Brazil Hot Pop Songs Bulgaria ( Airplay Top 5 ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 96 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Europe ( Billboard Euro Digital Songs ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Media Control Charts ) Greece ( IFPI ) Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 7 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 9 Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) Japan ( Billboard Japan Hot 100 ) 24 Luxembourg ( Billboard ) Mexico ( Billboard ) Mexico ( Monitor Latino ) 6 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) Portugal ( AFP ) Romania ( Airplay 100 ) Romania ( Romania Radio Airplay ) Romania ( Romania TV Airplay ) Russia ( Billboard Hot 50 Airplay ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( IFPI ) Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 95 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 30 South Korea ( Gaon Chart ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 27 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 14 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) Venezuela ( Record Report ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2012 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 32 Australia Urban ( ARIA ) 8 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 19 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 31 Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders Urban ) 6 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 26 Canadian Hot 100 ( Billboard ) 69 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 9 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 13 France ( SNEP ) 10 Germany ( Media Control AG ) 7 Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 59 Ireland ( IRMA ) 14 Israel ( Media Forest ) 31 Netherlands ( Mega Single Top 100 ) 20 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 23 Poland ( ZPAV ) 16 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 31 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 30 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 17 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 11 US Billboard Hot 100 94 Chart ( 2013 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 68 Australia Urban ( ARIA ) 9 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 64 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 34 Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders Urban ) 11 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 19 Canadian Hot 100 ( Billboard ) 27 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 33 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 11 France ( SNEP ) 20 Germany ( Media Control AG ) 52 Israel ( Media Forest ) 11 Italy ( FIMI ) 27 Moldova ( Media Forest ) Netherlands ( Mega Single Top 100 ) 40 Poland ( IFPI Poland ) Portugal ( IFPI ) 5 South Korea ( Gaon International Chart ) 111 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 16 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 27 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 11 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 54 US Billboard Hot 100 27 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 32 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 6 US Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 35 Chart ( 2014 ) Position Australia Urban ( ARIA ) 35 Spain Streaming ( PROMUSICAE ) 99 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 6 × Platinum 420,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 15,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Platinum 30,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 80,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) 4 × Platinum 120,000 Finland ( Musiikkituottajat ) Platinum 10,000 Germany ( BVMI ) 5 × Gold 750,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 4 × Platinum 120,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Gold 20,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 6 × Platinum 240,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) 4 × Platinum 120,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,200,000 United States ( RIAA ) 6 × Platinum 6,000,000 Venezuela ( APFV ) 3 × Platinum 30,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Radio and release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label Ref . Canada September 27 , 2012 Digital download Def Jam Recordings United States Australia September 28 , 2012 Austria Belgium Finland France Germany Italy Netherlands New Zealand Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Italy September 30 , 2012 Contemporary hit radio United States October 2 , 2012 Germany November 5 , 2012 CD single United States November 16 , 2012 Digital remix single December 18 , 2012 Digital remixes See also ( edit ) Rihanna portal Book : Unapologetic List of Airplay 100 number ones of the 2010s List of number - one hits of 2012 ( Austria ) List of number - one pop hits of 2012 ( Brazil ) List of Hot 100 number - one singles of 2012 ( Canada ) List of number - one singles of 2012 ( Denmark ) List of number - one singles of 2012 ( Finland ) List of number - one hits of 2012 ( France ) List of number - one hits of 2012 ( Germany ) List of number - one hits of 2013 ( Germany ) List of number - one hits of 2012 ( Norway ) List of number - one hits of 2012 ( Scotland ) List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 2010s List of UK R&B Chart number - one singles of 2012 List of number - one digital songs of 2012 ( U.S. ) List of number - one R&B / hip - hop songs of 2012 ( U.S. ) List of Hot 100 number - one singles of 2012 ( U.S. ) List of Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles in 2012 List of Hot 100 Airplay number - one singles of 2012 ( U.S. ) List of number - one dance singles of 2012 ( U.S. ) List of million - selling singles in the United Kingdom References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Lynch , Sean ( October 7 , 2012 ) . `` SourceTV : Benny Blanco Talks Producing Rihanna 's ' Diamonds ' '' . The Source . Retrieved October 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Farber , Jim ( September 26 , 2012 ) . `` Rihanna debuts new single ' Diamonds ' : Ballad is grand and obvious but not as haunting as it longs to be '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved September 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : McKinley Jr. , James ( January 4 , 2013 ) . `` Only 24 , and at Home in the Top 10 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Knopper , Steve ( April 21 , 2014 ) . `` How a Song Written by Sia Furler Becomes a Hit '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2014 . Retrieved April 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Unapologetic ( inlay cover ) . Rihanna . Def Jam Recordings , SRP. 2012 . p. 16 . Jump up ^ Makarechi , Kia ( November 8 , 2012 ) . `` Benny Blanco On ' Diamonds , ' Writing For Women & The Secret Sauce To Making A Hit '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved August 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Rebecca ( November 8 , 2012 ) . `` Rihanna Wants ' Diamonds ' To Last Forever '' . MTV News . Retrieved January 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Makarechi , Kia ( September 13 , 2012 ) . `` New Rihanna Album Coming Soon ? Rumors Swirl After Def Jam France Tweets '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Rowley , Alison ( September 22 , 2012 ) . `` Rihanna confirms new single ' Diamonds ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved September 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna Unveils Artwork For New Song ' Diamonds ' '' . Capital FM . September 24 , 2012 . Retrieved September 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Witherspoon , Chris ( September 26 , 2012 ) . `` Rihanna releases new single ' Diamonds ' with controversial cover art '' . The Grio . NBC News . Retrieved September 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna -- ' Diamonds ' Lyrics '' . Capital FM . September 26 , 2012 . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna teases her seventh album on Twitter '' . NME . 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Jump up ^ `` Rapports Annuels 2012 '' ( in French ) . Ultratop . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 Songs : 2012 Year - end '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 50 2012 '' ( in Danish ) . hitlisterne.dk . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 14 . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Myydyimmät singlet vuonna 2012 '' ( in Finnish ) . IFPI Finland . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Classement des 200 premiers Singles Fusionnés par GfK année 2012 '' ( PDF ) ( in French ) . SNEP . Retrieved February 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Jahrescharts 2012 '' ( in German ) . MTV Germany . Viacom . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2013 . Retrieved January 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` MAHASZ Rádiós TOP 100 2012 '' ( in Hungarian ) . Mahasz . Retrieved January 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2012 '' . IRMA . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : The World 's # 1 Music Discovery , Rating , and Purchasing Experience ! Jump up ^ `` Dutch charts portal '' ( in Dutch ) . Mega Single Top 100 . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` END OF YEAR CHARTS 2012 '' . The Official NZ Music Charts . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top digital utworów -- 2012 '' ( in Polish ) . ZPAV . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Canciones Anual 2012 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 01 - 27 . Retrieved January 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar -- År 2012 '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2013 . Retrieved January 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss Year - End 2012 '' ( in German ) . Swiss Singles Chart . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2013 . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Top 40 Biggest Selling Singles of 2012 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved January 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2012 -- Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- End Of Year Charts -- Top 100 Singles 2013 '' . ARIA . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2014 . Retrieved January 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- End Of Year Charts -- Top 50 Urban Singles 2013 '' . ARIA . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2014 . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ JAHRESHITPARADE SINGLES 2013 Archived January 2 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . ( in German ) . austriancharts.at . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop Jaaroverzichten 2013 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2014 . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop Jaaroverzichten 2013 : Urban '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2014 . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rapports Annuels 2013 '' ( in French ) . Ultratop . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 Songs : Dec 13 , 2013 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 50 2013 '' ( in Danish ) . hitlisterne.dk . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ( http://www.ifpi.fi/tilastot/myydyimmat/2013/ulkomaiset/singlet `` Myydyimmät singlet vuonna 2013 '' ( in Finnish ) . IFPI Finland . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Classement Singles -- année 2013 '' ( in French ) . infodisc.fr . Retrieved August 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Jahrescharts 2013 '' ( in German ) . MTV Germany . Viacom . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Classifiche annuali top 100 singoli digitali 2013 '' ( PDF ) ( in Italian ) . Federation of the Italian Music Industry . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Yearly Charts 2013 : Moldova '' . Media Forest . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2014 . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch charts portal '' ( in Dutch ) . Mega Single Top 100 . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2014 . Retrieved January 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Recording Industry in Numbers '' ( PDF ) . IFPI. 2015 - 09 - 09 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2016 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` GAON DIGITAL CHART : 2013 '' . gaonchart.co.kr . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2014 . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Canciones Anual 2013 '' . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar -- År 2013 '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Swedish Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2014 . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss Year - End 2013 '' ( in German ) . Swiss Singles Chart . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2014 . Retrieved January 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year 2013 '' ( PDF ) . UKChartsPlus . Retrieved June 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs : Dec 13 , 2013 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dance Club Songs : 2013 Year - End '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` R&B / Hip - Hop Songs : Dec 13 , 2013 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pop Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- End Of Year Charts -- Top 50 Urban Singles 2014 '' . ARIA . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Streaming 2014 ( con cifras de ventas ) '' ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved 21 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2015 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Rihanna -- Diamonds '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . Enter Rihanna in the field Interpret . Enter Diamonds in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- singles 2013 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Rihanna -- Diamonds '' . Music Canada . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Danish single certifications -- Rihanna -- Diamonds '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved April 12 , 2013 . Click on næste to go to page if certification is from the official website . ^ Jump up to : `` Rihanna '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Rihanna -- Diamonds '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish single certifications -- Rihanna -- Diamonds '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Select single under `` Chart '' , enter 2013 in the field `` Year '' . Select the certification month in the field `` Semana '' . Click on `` Search Charts '' . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat '' ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . Type Rihanna in the top right search bar . Click on `` Sok '' and select Diamonds and see certification . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Rihanna ; ' Diamonds ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Rihanna -- Diamonds '' . British Phonographic Industry . Select singles in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Type Diamonds in the `` Search BPI Awards '' field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Rihanna -- Diamonds '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH . Jump up ^ APFV ( November 30 , 2013 ) . `` Certificaciones De Venezuela Del 2013 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . APFV . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved August 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Diamonds ( 2012 ) -- Rihanna '' . 7 Digital ( CA ) . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2013 . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Diamonds ( 2012 ) -- Rihanna '' . 7 Digital ( AU ) . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2013 . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Diamonds ( 2012 ) -- Rihanna '' ( in German ) . 7 Digital ( AT ) . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2013 . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Diamonds ( 2012 ) -- Rihanna '' ( in Dutch ) . 7 Digital ( NL - BE ) . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2013 . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Diamonds ( 2012 ) -- Rihanna '' . 7 Digital ( FI ) . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2013 . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Diamonds ( 2012 ) -- Rihanna '' ( in French ) . 7 Digital ( FR ) . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2013 . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Diamonds ( 2012 ) -- Rihanna '' ( in German ) . 7 Digital ( DE ) . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2013 . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Diamonds ( 2012 ) -- Rihanna '' ( in Italian ) . 7 Digital ( IT ) . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2013 . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Diamonds ( 2012 ) -- Rihanna '' ( in Dutch ) . 7 Digital ( NL ) . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2013 . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Diamonds ( 2012 ) -- Rihanna '' . 7 Digital ( NZ ) . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2013 . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Diamonds ( 2012 ) -- Rihanna '' . 7 Digital ( NO ) . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2013 . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Diamonds ( 2012 ) -- Rihanna '' ( in Portuguese ) . 7 Digital ( PT ) . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2013 . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Diamonds ( 2012 ) -- Rihanna '' ( in Spanish ) . 7 Digital ( ES ) . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2013 . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Diamonds ( 2012 ) -- Rihanna '' . 7 Digital ( SE ) . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 08 . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Diamonds ( 2012 ) -- Rihanna '' ( in German ) . 7 Digital ( DE-CH ) . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2013 . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Torresi , Marziano ( September 30 , 2012 ) . `` Radio , novità musicali 24 settembre -- 30 settembre : Rihanna e Swedish House Mafia '' ( in Italian ) . Musickr.it . Retrieved October 8 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) `` Diamonds '' music video on YouTube `` Diamonds '' ( Lyric Video ) on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Rihanna songs Discography Music of the Sun `` Pon de Replay '' `` If It 's Lovin ' that You Want '' `` You Do n't Love Me ( No , No , No ) '' A Girl like Me `` SOS '' `` Unfaithful '' `` We Ride '' `` Break It Off '' Good Girl Gone Bad `` Umbrella '' `` Do n't Stop the Music '' `` Shut Up and Drive '' `` Hate That I Love You '' `` Rehab '' Good Girl Gone Bad : Reloaded `` Disturbia '' `` Take a Bow '' `` If I Never See Your Face Again '' Rated R `` Wait Your Turn '' `` Hard '' `` Stupid in Love '' `` Rockstar 101 '' `` Russian Roulette '' `` Rude Boy '' `` Te Amo '' `` Cold Case Love '' Loud `` S&M '' `` What 's My Name ? '' `` Cheers ( Drink to That ) '' `` Fading '' `` Only Girl ( In the World ) '' `` California King Bed '' `` Man Down '' `` Raining Men '' `` Complicated '' `` Skin '' `` Love the Way You Lie ( Part II ) '' Talk That Talk `` You da One '' `` Where Have You Been '' `` We Found Love '' `` Talk That Talk '' `` Cockiness ( Love It ) '' `` Birthday Cake '' `` Drunk on Love '' `` Roc Me Out '' `` Watch n ' Learn '' `` Farewell '' `` Do Ya Thang '' `` Fool in Love '' Unapologetic `` Phresh Out the Runway '' `` Diamonds '' `` Numb '' `` Pour It Up '' `` Loveeeeeee Song '' `` Jump '' `` Right Now '' `` What Now '' `` Stay '' `` Nobody 's Business '' `` Love Without Tragedy / Mother Mary '' `` No Love Allowed '' `` Half of Me '' Home `` Towards the Sun '' `` Dancing in the Dark '' Anti `` Consideration '' `` Kiss It Better '' `` Work '' `` Desperado '' `` Needed Me '' `` Love on the Brain '' `` Pose '' `` Sex with Me '' Collaborations `` All of the Lights '' `` Bad ( Remix ) '' `` Ca n't Remember to Forget You '' `` Famous '' `` Fly '' `` Lemon '' `` Live Your Life '' `` Love the Way You Lie '' `` Loyalty '' `` Nothing Is Promised '' `` Numba 1 ( Tide Is High ) '' `` Princess of China '' `` Roll It '' `` Run This Town '' `` Selfish '' `` Stranded ( Haiti Mon Amour ) '' `` Take Care '' `` The Monster '' `` This Is What You Came For '' `` Too Good '' `` Who 's That Chick ? '' `` Wild Thoughts '' Non-album songs `` American Oxygen '' `` Bad Girl '' `` Birthday Cake ( Remix ) '' `` Bitch Better Have My Money '' `` Cockiness ( Love It ) ( Remix ) '' `` FourFiveSeconds '' `` Just Stand Up ! '' `` Redemption Song '' `` S&M ( Remix ) '' `` Sledgehammer '' `` Turn Up the Music ( Remix ) '' Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diamonds_(Rihanna_song)&oldid=866262988 '' Categories : 2012 singles 2012 songs Rihanna songs Song recordings produced by Stargate ( production team ) Songs written by Tor Erik Hermansen Songs written by Mikkel Storleer Eriksen Songs written by Sia ( musician ) Song recordings produced by Benny Blanco Pop ballads 2010s ballads UK Singles Chart number - one singles UK R&B Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Austria Number - one singles in Denmark Number - one singles in Finland SNEP Top Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in Germany Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Romania Number - one singles in Scotland Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Music videos directed by Anthony Mandler Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles Songs written by Benny Blanco Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles with French - language external links CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Slovak - language sources ( sk ) CS1 Slovenian - language sources ( sl ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) CS1 Hungarian - language sources ( hu ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) Featured articles Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2014 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2018 Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Hungarytop10 Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Romaniaradioairplay Singlechart usages for Romaniatvairplay Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for UKrandb Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for Finland Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Certification Table Entry usages for unsupported region Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 08 : 54 ( UTC ) . 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when was shine bright like a diamond made

In 2012 , American songwriter and record producer Benny Blanco met with Norwegian production duo StarGate at a recording studio in New York City to write new songs , including one for Rihanna . StarGate had previously produced her singles `` Do n't Stop the Music '' ( 2007 ) and `` Only Girl ( In the World ) '' ( 2010 ) . According to Blanco , he and StarGate wanted to deviate from Rihanna 's usual sound and produce as though the song would be for a rapper such as Kanye West : `` It 's the one that we were n't thinking Rihanna ... that turned into the Rihanna record ... But that 's how it always happens like with me '' . They produced the song 's drum machine beat after the other instrumental music was recorded .

Brown marmorated stink bug - wikipedia Brown marmorated stink bug Jump to : navigation , search Brown marmorated stink bug Adult Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Arthropoda Class : Insecta Order : Hemiptera Family : Pentatomidae Genus : Halyomorpha Species : H. halys Binomial name Halyomorpha halys Stål , 1855 Halyomorpha halys , also known as the brown marmorated stink bug ( BMSB ) , or simply the stink bug , is an insect in the family Pentatomidae that is native to China , Japan , the Koreas , and Taiwan . It was accidentally introduced into the United States , with the first specimen being collected in September 1998 . The brown marmorated stink bug is considered to be an agricultural pest , and by 2010 -- 11 had become a season - long pest in U.S. orchards . It has recently established itself also in Europe and South America . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Behavior 3 In the United States 3.1 Population increase 3.2 Agricultural effects 3.3 Control 3.4 Similarity in appearance to native species 4 Predators 5 Life cycle 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Description ( edit ) The adults are approximately 1.7 centimetres ( 0.67 in ) long and about as wide , forming the shield shape characteristic of other stink bugs . They are various shades of brown on both the top and undersides , with gray , off - white , black , copper , and bluish markings . Markings unique to this species include alternating light bands on the antennae and alternating dark bands on the thin outer edge of the abdomen . The legs are brown with faint white mottling or banding . The stink glands are located on the underside of the thorax , between the first and second pair of legs , and on the dorsal surface of the abdomen . Behavior ( edit ) Play media A brown marmorated stink bug on a tomato fruit The brown marmorated stink bug is an agricultural pest that can cause widespread damage to fruit and vegetable crops . In Japan it is a pest to soybean and fruit crops . In the U.S. , the brown marmorated stink bug feeds , beginning in late May or early June , on a wide range of fruits , vegetables , and other host plants including peaches , apples , green beans , soybeans , cherries , raspberries , and pears . It is a sucking insect , a `` true bug '' , that uses its proboscis to pierce the host plant in order to feed . This feeding results , in part , in the formation of dimpled or necrotic areas on the outer surface of fruits , leaf stippling , seed loss , and possible transmission of plant pathogens . The brown marmorated stink bug is more likely to invade homes in the fall than others in the family . The bug survives the winter as an adult by entering houses and structures when autumn evenings become colder , often in the thousands . In one home more than 26,000 stinkbugs were found overwintering . Adults can live from several months to a year . They will enter under siding , into soffits , around window and door frames , chimneys , or any space which has openings big enough to fit through . Once inside the house , they will go into a state of hibernation . They wait for winter to pass , but often the warmth inside the house causes them to become active , and they may fly clumsily around light fixtures . Two important vectors of this pest are the landscape ornamentals Tree of Heaven and Princess Tree . The odor from the stink bug is due to trans - 2 - decenal and trans - 2 - Octenal . The smell has been characterized as a `` pungent odor that smells like coriander . '' The stink bug 's ability to emit an odor through holes in its abdomen is a defense mechanism meant to prevent it from being eaten by birds and lizards . However , simply handling the bug , injuring it , or attempting to move it can trigger it to release the odor . During courtship , the male emits pheromones and vibrational signals to communicate with a female , which replies with her own vibrational signals , as in all stink bugs . The insects use the signals to recognize and locate each other . Vibrational signals of this species are noted for their low frequency , and one male signal type is much longer than any other previously described signals in stink bugs , although the significance of this is not yet clear . In the United States ( edit ) The brown marmorated stink bug was accidentally introduced into the United States from China or Japan . It is believed to have hitched a ride as a stowaway in packing crates or on various types of machinery . The first documented specimen was collected in Allentown , Pennsylvania , in September 1998 . Several Muhlenberg College students were reported to have seen these bugs as early as August of that same year . Between 2001 and 2010 there were fifty - four reported sightings of BMSB at shipping ports in the United States . However , stink bugs are listed as non-reportable , meaning that they do not need to be reported or have any required action taken to remove the insect . This allowed the insect to enter the United States relatively easily as they are able to survive long periods of time in hot or cold conditions . Other reports have the brown marmorated stink bug recovered as early as 2000 in New Jersey from a black light trap run by the Rutgers Cooperative Extension ( RCE ) Vegetable Integrated Pest Management program in Milford , New Jersey . In 2002 , it was again collected in New Jersey from black light traps located in Phillipsburg and Little York and was found on plant material in Stewartsville . It was quickly documented and established in many counties in Pennsylvania , New Jersey , Delaware , Connecticut and New York on the eastern coast of the United States . By 2009 , this agricultural pest had reached Maryland , West Virginia , Virginia , Tennessee , North Carolina , Kentucky , Ohio , Illinois , and Oregon . In 2010 this pest was found in additional states including Indiana , Michigan , Minnesota , and other states . As of November 2011 it had spread to 34 U.S. states and by 2012 to 40 and showed an increase of 60 % in total numbers over 2011 . Population increase ( edit ) Stink bug photographed at an angle As of 2010 , seventeen states had been categorized as having established BMSB populations , and several other states along the eastern half of the United States were reported as having more than normal numbers of stink bugs . Stink bug populations rise because the climate in the United States is ideal for their reproduction . In optimal conditions an adult stink bug will develop within 35 to 45 days after hatching . Female stink bugs are capable of laying four hundred eggs in their lifetime . BMSB is also capable of producing at least one successful generation per year in all areas of the United States , no matter the climate . In warmer climates , multiple generations can occur annually , which can range from two generations in states such as Virginia to six generations in states such as California , Arizona , Florida , Louisiana , and Texas . The addition of two more generations allowed the population to explode , leading to the establishment of several other populations in neighboring states . Currently there does not appear to be any environmental limiting factors that are slowing their distribution across the United States . They also are extremely mobile insects capable of moving from host to host without causing disruption in their reproductive processes . Currently it is estimated that BMSB populations will continue to grow and spread to other states , especially during unusual periods of warm weather . Agricultural effects ( edit ) Effects of the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug ( May 2013 ) The brown marmorated stink bug is a serious agricultural pest that has been readily causing damage to crops across the Eastern United States . They feed on a wide array of plants including apples , apricots , Asian pears , cherries , corn , grapes , lima beans , peaches , peppers , tomatoes , and soybeans . This makes them extremely versatile as they do not require a specific plant to feed on . To obtain their food stink bugs use their stylets to pierce the plant tissue in order to extract the plant fluids . In doing so , the plant loses necessary fluids that can lead to deformation of seeds , destruction of seeds , destruction of fruiting structures , delayed plant maturation , and increased vulnerability to harmful pathogens . While harvesting the plant 's juices , the stink bug injects saliva into the plant creating a dimpling of the fruit 's surface , and rotting of the material underneath . The most common signs of stink bug damage are pitting and scarring of the fruit , leaf destruction , and a mealy texture to the harvested fruits and vegetables . In most cases the signs of stink bug damage makes the plant unsuitable for sale in the market as the insides are usually rotten . In field crops such as corn and soy beans the damage may not be as evident as the damage seen in fruit plants . When stink bugs feed on corn they go through the husk before eating the kernels , hiding the damage until the husks are removed during harvesting . The same damage is seen in soy beans as the stink bug goes through the seed pods to acquire the juices of the seeds . One visual cue of stink bug damage to soybean crops is the `` stay green '' effect , where damaged soybean plants stay green late into season , while other plants in the field die off normally . One can usually tell that a field of crops is infected because stink bugs are known for the `` edge effect '' , in which they tend to infest crops thirty to forty feet from the edge of the field . Farmers or individuals who suspect having stink bugs in their crops should contact their respective State Department of Agriculture for information on how to manage the infestation and possible ways to prevent future incidences . Control ( edit ) Control of stink bugs is a priority of the Department of Agriculture which has developed an artificial pheromone which can be used to bait traps . Because the bugs insert their proboscis below the surface of fruit and then feed , some insecticides are ineffective ; in addition , the bugs are mobile , and a new population may fly in after the resident population has been killed , making permanent removal nearly impossible . In the case of soybean infestations research shows that spraying only the perimeter of a field may be the most effective method of preventing stinkbugs from damaging the crops . However even this method is limited as new populations move back into the area , or the existing population simply moves to unaffected areas . There is also evidence that stink bugs are developing a resistance to pyrethroid insecticides , a common chemical used to combat infestations . Other insecticides currently in field trials that are showing promising results are oxamly ( 96 % mortality rate ) and moribund ( 67 % mortality rate ) . Many other commonly used insecticides are merely used to keep the insects out of fields , rather than actually killing them . The most successful method of protecting apples found thus far is the use of Kaolin clay . As of 2012 , native predators such as wasps and birds were showing increased signs of feeding on the bugs as they adapt to the new food source . Managing this pest species is challenging because there are currently few effective pesticides that are labeled for use against them . Researchers are looking into ways to effectively control this species but many more experiments are needed to develop a consistent pesticide . Similarity in appearance to native species ( edit ) Easily confused with Brochymena and Euschistus , the best identification for adults is the white band on the antennae . It is similar in appearance to other native species of shield bug including Acrosternum , Euschistus , and Podisus , except that several of the abdominal segments protrude from beneath the wings and are alternatively banded with black and white ( visible along the edge of the bug even when wings are folded ) and a white stripe or band on the next to last ( 4th ) antennal segment . The adult rice stink bug ( Oebalus pugnax ) is distinguishable from the brown marmorated stink bug by noting the straw color , the smaller size , and the elongated shape of the rice stink bug . Predators ( edit ) In China , Trissolcus japonicus , a parasitoid wasp species in the family Scelionidae , is a primary predator . This species is not currently present in the U.S. , but is undergoing study for possible introduction . The major problem with this idea is the possibility that japonicus will also become an invasive species with no native predators . Before introducing the Chinese wasp , scientists are trying to find natural predators of the stink bug already present in the United States . To do so they have studied other species of parasitoid wasps native to the United States . They found that several other species of the parasitoid wasps attacked stink bug eggs in Virginia soybean fields . Researchers have also experimented with different spider species as well as the Wheel bug . Several spider species attacked both the eggs as well as live stink bugs . Pill bugs eat stinkbug eggs . The Wheel bug , however , was the most voracious predator and attacked the eggs as well as stink bugs more consistently . Scientists are hoping that other animals such as birds will eventually begin preying on stink bugs as populations continue to rise . Life cycle ( edit ) Eggs on leaf Newly hatched eggs Newly hatched eggs Nymph 5th instar nymph Last instar nymph Adult Halyomorpha halys See also ( edit ) Stink bug Acrosternum hilare , the green stink bug Megacopta cribraria , the kudzu bug Nezara viridula , the southern green stink bug Oebalus pugnax , the rice stink bug References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wermelinger , Beat ; Denise Wyniger ; Beat Forster. 2008 . First records of an invasive bug in Europe : Halyomorpha halys Stål ( Heteroptera : Pentatomidae ) , a new pest on woody ornamentals and fruit trees ? Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft : Bulletin de la Société Entomologique Suisse 81 : 1 -- 8 . Jump up ^ `` Brown Marmorated Stink Bug '' . Pennsylvania State University . Retrieved May 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jacobs , Steve ( September 2010 ) . Brown Marmorated Stink Bug -- Entomology -- Penn State University : . State College , PA : Penn State University College of Agricultural Sciences . Retrieved October 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Move Over , Bedbugs : Stink Bugs Have Landed '' . New York Times . September 26 , 2010 . Retrieved September 28 , 2010 . Government and university researchers say they need more time to study the bug , which has been in the United States since about 1998 . Native to Asia , it was first found in Allentown , Pa. , and has no natural enemies here . ^ Jump up to : `` Stink Bug Invasion : Is a Wasp the Solution to Save Valued Crops ? '' . PBS NewsHour . May 24 , 2011 . Retrieved May 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316277383_The_brown_marmorated_stink_bug_Halyomorpha_halys_Stal_1855_Heteroptera_Pentatomidae_in_Chile Jump up ^ Jacobs , Steven B. ( May 2009 ) . `` Entomological Notes : Brown Marmorated Stink Bug '' ( PDF ) . Pennsylvania State University Department of Agriculture . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 7 , 2011 . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gyeltshen J ; Bernon G ; Hodges A. ( July 2010 ) . `` Brown Marmorated Stink Bug , Halyomorpha halys Stål ( Insecta : Hemiptera : Pentatomidae ) '' . University of Florida , IFAS . Retrieved October 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Inkley DB , 2012 . Characteristics of home invasion by the brown marmorated stink bug ( Hemiptera : Pentatomidae ) . Journal of Entomological Science , 47 ( 2 ) : 125 -- 130 . Jump up ^ Meacham , Jennifer ( October 5 , 2010 ) . `` Asian stink bugs invade Oregon '' . KATU News . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2010 . Retrieved April 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Marchiando , Collin . `` Monitoring for the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug : Frequently Asked Questions '' . Rutgers University , New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station . Retrieved April 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wallner AM , Hamilton GC , Nielsen AL , Hahn N , Green EJ , et al. ( 2014 ) `` Landscape Factors Facilitating the Invasive Dynamics and Distribution of the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug , Halyomorphahalys ( Hemiptera : Pentatomidae ) , after Arrival in the United States '' PLoS ONE 9 ( 5 ) : e95691 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0095691 Jump up ^ Henderson , Will ; Khalilian , Ahmad ; Han , Young ( July 9 -- 12 , 2006 ) . Detecting Stink Bugs / Damage in Cotton Utilizing a Portable Electronic Nose ( PDF ) . Oregon Convention Center ; Portland , Oregon : Clemson University . Retrieved March 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Polajnar , Jernej ; et al. ( 2016 ) . `` Vibrational communication of the brown marmorated stink bug ( Halyomorpha halys ) '' . Physiological entomology . doi : 10.1111 / phen. 12150 . Jump up ^ `` Penn State University extension site on the insect '' . ento.psu.edu . Retrieved September 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Invasive.org ; Lance , David R. `` brown marmorated stink bug '' . Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources Forestry Archive ; Gary Bernon . Invasive.org is a joint project of The Bugwood Network , USDA Forest Service and USDA APHIS PPQ . Retrieved October 25 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : ARS . 2010b . Brown Marmorated Stink Bug : Research Updates . USDA - ARS , Kearneysville , WV. 6 pp . Jump up ^ `` Monitoring for the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug '' . Rutgers , The State University of New Jersey . Jump up ^ LaBonte , James ( November 2 , 2009 ) . `` Brown Marmorated Stink Bug '' . ODA Plant Division , Insect Pest Prevention and Management ; Report . Oregon Department of Agriculture . Retrieved March 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Brown Marmorated Stink Bug : Potentially Serious Pest Found in Indiana '' . Purdue University . Retrieved May 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` State Ag . Department Confirms Brown Marmorated Stink Bug in Michigan '' . State of Michigan . February 1 , 2011 . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2011 . Retrieved May 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Brown Marmorated Stink Bug '' . Minnesota Department of Agriculture . Retrieved May 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pest Tracker '' . Purdue University . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2011 . Retrieved May 25 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Darryl Fears ( May 26 , 2013 ) . `` Scientists wage war on pervasive stink bugs '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` On the Trail of the Stink Bug '' . Penn State University College of Agricultural Sciences . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Qualitative analysis of the pest risk potential of the brown marmorated stink bug ( BMSB ) , Halyomorpha halys ( Stål ) , in the United States '' ( PDF ) . Center for Plant Health Science and Technology . Jump up ^ `` brown marmorated stink bug - Halyomorpha halys '' . entnemdept.ufl.edu . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Day , Eric ( February 24 , 2011 ) . `` Brown marmorated stink bug '' ( PDF ) . Virginia Tech . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sutphin , Michael ( July 25 , 2011 ) . `` Virginia 's tree fruit industry has new insecticide to fight stink bugs '' . Virginia Tech News . Virginia Tech University . Retrieved September 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ US EPA , OCSPP , OPP , FEAD . `` Brown Marmorated Stink Bug '' . www.epa.gov . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : McPherson , J.E. , and R.M. McPherson. 2000 . Stink Bugs of Economic Importance in America North of Mexico , Boca Raton , FL. 253 pp . Jump up ^ Bessin , Ric . `` Brown Marmorated Stink Bug Look - A-Likes in Kentucky '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved May 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rice Stink Bug ( Oebalus pugnax ) '' . Louisiana State University AgCenter . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Talamas EJ , Buffington M , Hoelmer K ( 2013 ) New synonymy of Trissolcus halyomorphae Yang . Journal of Hymenoptera Research 33 : 113 -- 117 . doi : 10.3897 / JHR. 33.5627 Jump up ^ Pfeiffer , Douglas G. ( March 30 , 2009 ) . `` Brown Marmorated Stink Bug '' . Fact Sheet . Virginia Tech Department of Entomology . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Roberson , Roy ( November 20 , 2009 ) . `` Natural predators tested for stink bug control '' . News article . southeast Farm Press . Retrieved March 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Pat ( March 15 , 1999 ) . `` Humble Roly - Poly Bug Thwarts Stink Bugs in Farms , Gardens '' . UC Davis News Service . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.stopbmsb.org/stopBMSB/assets/File/Research/BMSB-SAP-Dec-2013/Native-Natural-Enemies-Shrewsbury.pdf Further reading ( edit ) Rice , Kevin B. ; Bergh , Chris J. ; Bergmann , Erik J. ; Biddinger , Dave J. ; et al. ( 2014 ) . `` Biology , ecology , and management of brown marmorated stink bug ( Hemiptera : Pentatomidae ) '' . Journal of Integrated Pest Management . 5 ( 3 ) : A1 -- A13 . doi : 10.1603 / IPM14002 . Khrimian , Ashot ; Shearer , Peter W. ; Zhang , Aijun ; Hamilton , George C. ; Aldrich , Jeffrey R. ( 2008 ) . `` Field Trapping of the Invasive Brown Marmorated Stink Bug , Halyomorpha halys , with Geometric Isomers of Methyl 2 , 4 , 6 - Decatrienoate '' . Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry . 56 ( 1 ) : 197 -- 203 . doi : 10.1021 / jf072087e . PMID 18069789 . Funayama , Ken ( 2004 ) . `` Importance of apple fruits as food for the brown - marmorated stink bug , Halyomorpha halys ( Stal ) ( Heteroptera : Pentatomidae ) '' . Applied Entomology and Zoology. 39 ( 4 ) : 617 . doi : 10.1303 / aez. 2004.617 . Nielsen , Anne L. ; Hamilton , George C. ( 2009 ) . `` Life History of the Invasive Species Halyomorpha halys ( Hemiptera : Pentatomidae ) in Northeastern United States '' . Annals of the Entomological Society of America . 102 ( 4 ) : 608 . doi : 10.1603 / 008.102. 0405 . Aldrich , J.R. ; Khrimian , A. ; Chen , X. ; Camp , M.J. ( 2009 ) . `` Semiochemically Based Monitoring of the Invasion of the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug and Unexpected Attraction of the Native Green Stink Bug ( Heteroptera : Pentatomidae ) in Maryland '' . Florida Entomologist. 92 ( 3 ) : 483 . doi : 10.1653 / 024.092. 0310 . Toyama , Masatoshi ; Ihara , Fumio ; Yaginuma , Katsuhiko ( 2006 ) . `` Formation of aggregations in adults of the brown marmorated stink bug , Halyomorpha halys ( Stål ) ( Heteroptera : Pentatomidae ) : The role of antennae in short - range locations '' . Applied Entomology and Zoology. 41 ( 2 ) : 309 . doi : 10.1303 / aez. 2006.309 . Nielsen , Anne L. ; Shearer , Peter W. ; Hamilton , George C. ( 2008 ) . `` Toxicity of Insecticides to Halyomorpha halys ( Hemiptera : Pentatomidae ) Using Glass - Vial Bioassays '' . Journal of Economic Entomology. 101 ( 4 ) : 1439 -- 42 . doi : 10.1603 / 0022 - 0493 ( 2008 ) 101 ( 1439 : TOITHH ) 2.0.CO ; 2 . PMID 18767758 . Lee , Wonhoon ; Kang , Joongnam ; Jung , Chansik ; Hoelmer , Kim ; Lee , Si Hyeock ; Lee , Seunghwan ( 2009 ) . `` Complete mitochondrial genome of brown marmorated stink bug Halyomorpha halys ( Hemiptera : Pentatomidae ) , and phylogenetic relationships of hemipteran suborders '' . Molecules and Cells. 28 ( 3 ) : 155 -- 65 . doi : 10.1007 / s10059 - 009 - 0125 - 9 . PMID 19756390 . Yang , Zhong - Qi ; Yao , Yan - Xia ; Qiu , Lan - Fen ; Li , Zhong - Xin ( 2009 ) . `` A New Species of Trissolcus ( Hymenoptera : Scelionidae ) Parasitizing Eggs of Halyomorpha halys ( Heteroptera : Pentatomidae ) in China with Comments on Its Biology '' . Annals of the Entomological Society of America . 102 : 39 . doi : 10.1603 / 008.102. 0104 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Halyomorpha halys . Wikibooks : Halyomorpha halys Stink bug fact sheet Penn State Fact Sheet on the brown marmorated stink bug brown marmorated stink bug on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site Brown marmorated stink bug in Oregon brown marmorated stink bug at Invasive.org a joint project of The Bugwood Network , USDA Forest Service and USDA APHIS PPQ Species Profile - Brown Marmorated Stink Bug ( Halyomorpha halys ) , National Invasive Species Information Center , United States National Agricultural Library . Lists general information and resources for brown marmorated stink bug . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brown_marmorated_stink_bug&oldid=816836286 '' Categories : Pentatomidae Agricultural pest insects Invasive insect species Insects described in 1855 Insects of Japan Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Use mdy dates from May 2016 Articles with ' species ' microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Deutsch Français Italiano ქართული Kurdî Latina მარგალური مازِرونی 日本 語 Polski Slovenščina Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 December 2017 , at 01 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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where did all of the stink bugs come from

The brown marmorated stink bug was accidentally introduced into the United States from China or Japan . It is believed to have hitched a ride as a stowaway in packing crates or on various types of machinery . The first documented specimen was collected in Allentown , Pennsylvania , in September 1998 . Several Muhlenberg College students were reported to have seen these bugs as early as August of that same year . Between 2001 and 2010 there were fifty - four reported sightings of BMSB at shipping ports in the United States . However , stink bugs are listed as non-reportable , meaning that they do not need to be reported or have any required action taken to remove the insect . This allowed the insect to enter the United States relatively easily as they are able to survive long periods of time in hot or cold conditions .

Linked list - wikipedia Linked list Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( March 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In computer science , a linked list is a linear collection of data elements , in which linear order is not given by their physical placement in memory . Instead , each element points to the next . It is a data structure consisting of a group of nodes which together represent a sequence . Under the simplest form , each node is composed of data and a reference ( in other words , a link ) to the next node in the sequence . This structure allows for efficient insertion or removal of elements from any position in the sequence during iteration . More complex variants add additional links , allowing efficient insertion or removal from arbitrary element references . A drawback of linked lists is that access time is linear ( and difficult to pipeline ) . Faster access , such as random access , is not feasible . Arrays have better cache locality as compared to linked lists . A linked list whose nodes contain two fields : an integer value and a link to the next node . The last node is linked to a terminator used to signify the end of the list . Linked lists are among the simplest and most common data structures . They can be used to implement several other common abstract data types , including lists , stacks , queues , associative arrays , and S - expressions , though it is not uncommon to implement the other data structures directly without using a list as the basis of implementation . The principal benefit of a linked list over a conventional array is that the list elements can easily be inserted or removed without reallocation or reorganization of the entire structure because the data items need not be stored contiguously in memory or on disk , while an array has to be declared in the source code , before compiling and running the program . Linked lists allow insertion and removal of nodes at any point in the list , and can do so with a constant number of operations if the link previous to the link being added or removed is maintained during list traversal . On the other hand , simple linked lists by themselves do not allow random access to the data , or any form of efficient indexing . Thus , many basic operations -- such as obtaining the last node of the list ( assuming that the last node is not maintained as separate node reference in the list structure ) , or finding a node that contains a given datum , or locating the place where a new node should be inserted -- may require sequential scanning of most or all of the list elements . The advantages and disadvantages of using linked lists are given below . Contents ( hide ) 1 Disadvantages 2 History 3 Basic concepts and nomenclature 3.1 Singly linked list 3.2 Doubly linked list 3.3 Multiply linked list 3.4 Circular linked list 3.5 Sentinel nodes 3.6 Empty lists 3.7 Hash linking 3.8 List handles 3.9 Combining alternatives 4 Tradeoffs 4.1 Linked lists vs. dynamic arrays 4.2 Singly linked linear lists vs. other lists 4.3 Doubly linked vs. singly linked 4.4 Circularly linked vs. linearly linked 4.5 Using sentinel nodes 5 Linked list operations 5.1 Linearly linked lists 5.1. 1 Singly linked lists 5.2 Circularly linked list 5.2. 1 Algorithms 6 Linked lists using arrays of nodes 7 Language support 8 Internal and external storage 8.1 Example of internal and external storage 8.2 Speeding up search 8.3 Random access lists 9 Related data structures 10 Notes 11 Footnotes 12 References 13 External links Disadvantages ( edit ) They use more memory than arrays because of the storage used by their pointers . Nodes in a linked list must be read in order from the beginning as linked lists are inherently sequential access . Nodes are stored incontiguously , greatly increasing the time periods required to access individual elements within the list , especially with a CPU cache . Difficulties arise in linked lists when it comes to reverse traversing . For instance , singly linked lists are cumbersome to navigate backwards and while doubly linked lists are somewhat easier to read , memory is consumed in allocating space for a back - pointer . History ( edit ) Linked lists were developed in 1955 -- 1956 by Allen Newell , Cliff Shaw and Herbert A. Simon at RAND Corporation as the primary data structure for their Information Processing Language . IPL was used by the authors to develop several early artificial intelligence programs , including the Logic Theory Machine , the General Problem Solver , and a computer chess program . Reports on their work appeared in IRE Transactions on Information Theory in 1956 , and several conference proceedings from 1957 to 1959 , including Proceedings of the Western Joint Computer Conference in 1957 and 1958 , and Information Processing ( Proceedings of the first UNESCO International Conference on Information Processing ) in 1959 . The now - classic diagram consisting of blocks representing list nodes with arrows pointing to successive list nodes appears in `` Programming the Logic Theory Machine '' by Newell and Shaw in Proc. WJCC , February 1957 . Newell and Simon were recognized with the ACM Turing Award in 1975 for having `` made basic contributions to artificial intelligence , the psychology of human cognition , and list processing '' . The problem of machine translation for natural language processing led Victor Yngve at Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) to use linked lists as data structures in his COMIT programming language for computer research in the field of linguistics . A report on this language entitled `` A programming language for mechanical translation '' appeared in Mechanical Translation in 1958 . LISP , standing for list processor , was created by John McCarthy in 1958 while he was at MIT and in 1960 he published its design in a paper in the Communications of the ACM , entitled `` Recursive Functions of Symbolic Expressions and Their Computation by Machine , Part I '' . One of LISP 's major data structures is the linked list . By the early 1960s , the utility of both linked lists and languages which use these structures as their primary data representation was well established . Bert Green of the MIT Lincoln Laboratory published a review article entitled `` Computer languages for symbol manipulation '' in IRE Transactions on Human Factors in Electronics in March 1961 which summarized the advantages of the linked list approach . A later review article , `` A Comparison of list - processing computer languages '' by Bobrow and Raphael , appeared in Communications of the ACM in April 1964 . Several operating systems developed by Technical Systems Consultants ( originally of West Lafayette Indiana , and later of Chapel Hill , North Carolina ) used singly linked lists as file structures . A directory entry pointed to the first sector of a file , and succeeding portions of the file were located by traversing pointers . Systems using this technique included Flex ( for the Motorola 6800 CPU ) , mini-Flex ( same CPU ) , and Flex9 ( for the Motorola 6809 CPU ) . A variant developed by TSC for and marketed by Smoke Signal Broadcasting in California , used doubly linked lists in the same manner . The TSS / 360 operating system , developed by IBM for the System 360 / 370 machines , used a double linked list for their file system catalog . The directory structure was similar to Unix , where a directory could contain files and other directories and extend to any depth . Basic concepts and nomenclature ( edit ) Each record of a linked list is often called an ' element ' or ' node ' . The field of each node that contains the address of the next node is usually called the ' next link ' or ' next pointer ' . The remaining fields are known as the ' data ' , ' information ' , ' value ' , ' cargo ' , or ' payload ' fields . The ' head ' of a list is its first node . The ' tail ' of a list may refer either to the rest of the list after the head , or to the last node in the list . In Lisp and some derived languages , the next node may be called the ' cdr ' ( pronounced could - er ) of the list , while the payload of the head node may be called the ' car ' . Singly linked list ( edit ) Singly linked lists contain nodes which have a data field as well as ' next ' field , which points to the next node in line of nodes . Operations that can be performed on singly linked lists include insertion , deletion and traversal . A singly linked list whose nodes contain two fields : an integer value and a link to the next node The following code demonstrates how to add a new node with data `` value '' to the end of a singly linked list : node addNode ( node head , int value ) ( node temp , p ; / / declare two nodes temp and p temp = createNode ( ) ; / / assume createNode creates a new node with data = 0 and next pointing to NULL . temp - > data = value ; / / add element 's value to data part of node if ( head = = NULL ) ( head = temp ; / / when linked list is empty ) else ( p = head ; / / assign head to p while ( p - > next ! = NULL ) ( p = p - > next ; / / traverse the list until p is the last node. The last node always points to NULL. ) p - > next = temp ; / / Point the previous last node to the new node created. ) return head ; ) Doubly linked list ( edit ) Main article : Doubly linked list In a ' doubly linked list ' , each node contains , besides the next - node link , a second link field pointing to the ' previous ' node in the sequence . The two links may be called ' forward ( 's ' ) and ' backwards ' , or ' next ' and ' prev ' ( ' previous ' ) . A doubly linked list whose nodes contain three fields : an integer value , the link forward to the next node , and the link backward to the previous node A technique known as XOR - linking allows a doubly linked list to be implemented using a single link field in each node . However , this technique requires the ability to do bit operations on addresses , and therefore may not be available in some high - level languages . Many modern operating systems use doubly linked lists to maintain references to active processes , threads , and other dynamic objects . A common strategy for rootkits to evade detection is to unlink themselves from these lists . Multiply linked list ( edit ) In a ' multiply linked list ' , each node contains two or more link fields , each field being used to connect the same set of data records in a different order of same set ( e.g. , by name , by department , by date of birth , etc . ) . While doubly linked lists can be seen as special cases of multiply linked list , the fact that the two and more orders are opposite to each other leads to simpler and more efficient algorithms , so they are usually treated as a separate case . multiply Linked list in - depth information Circular linked list ( edit ) In the last node of a list , the link field often contains a null reference , a special value used to indicate the lack of further nodes . A less common convention is to make it point to the first node of the list ; in that case the list is said to be ' circular ' or ' circularly linked ' ; otherwise it is said to be ' open ' or ' linear ' . It is a list where the last pointer points to the first node . A circular linked list In the case of a circular doubly linked list , the first node also points to the last node of the list . Sentinel nodes ( edit ) Main article : Sentinel node In some implementations an extra ' sentinel ' or ' dummy ' node may be added before the first data record or after the last one . This convention simplifies and accelerates some list - handling algorithms , by ensuring that all links can be safely dereferenced and that every list ( even one that contains no data elements ) always has a `` first '' and `` last '' node . Empty lists ( edit ) An empty list is a list that contains no data records . This is usually the same as saying that it has zero nodes . If sentinel nodes are being used , the list is usually said to be empty when it has only sentinel nodes . Hash linking ( edit ) The link fields need not be physically part of the nodes . If the data records are stored in an array and referenced by their indices , the link field may be stored in a separate array with the same indices as the data records . List handles ( edit ) Since a reference to the first node gives access to the whole list , that reference is often called the ' address ' , ' pointer ' , or ' handle ' of the list . Algorithms that manipulate linked lists usually get such handles to the input lists and return the handles to the resulting lists . In fact , in the context of such algorithms , the word `` list '' often means `` list handle '' . In some situations , however , it may be convenient to refer to a list by a handle that consists of two links , pointing to its first and last nodes . Combining alternatives ( edit ) The alternatives listed above may be arbitrarily combined in almost every way , so one may have circular doubly linked lists without sentinels , circular singly linked lists with sentinels , etc . Tradeoffs ( edit ) As with most choices in computer programming and design , no method is well suited to all circumstances . A linked list data structure might work well in one case , but cause problems in another . This is a list of some of the common tradeoffs involving linked list structures . Linked lists vs. dynamic arrays ( edit ) Comparison of list data structures Linked list Array Dynamic array Balanced tree Random access list Hashed array tree Indexing Θ ( n ) Θ ( 1 ) Θ ( 1 ) Θ ( log n ) Θ ( log n ) Θ ( 1 ) Insert / delete at beginning Θ ( 1 ) N / A Θ ( n ) Θ ( log n ) Θ ( 1 ) Θ ( n ) Insert / delete at end Θ ( 1 ) when last element is known ; Θ ( n ) when last element is unknown N / A Θ ( 1 ) amortized Θ ( log n ) Θ ( log n ) updating Θ ( 1 ) amortized Insert / delete in middle search time + Θ ( 1 ) N / A Θ ( n ) Θ ( log n ) Θ ( log n ) updating Θ ( n ) Wasted space ( average ) Θ ( n ) 0 Θ ( n ) Θ ( n ) Θ ( n ) Θ ( √ n ) A dynamic array is a data structure that allocates all elements contiguously in memory , and keeps a count of the current number of elements . If the space reserved for the dynamic array is exceeded , it is reallocated and ( possibly ) copied , which is an expensive operation . Linked lists have several advantages over dynamic arrays . Insertion or deletion of an element at a specific point of a list , assuming that we have indexed a pointer to the node ( before the one to be removed , or before the insertion point ) already , is a constant - time operation ( otherwise without this reference it is O ( n ) ) , whereas insertion in a dynamic array at random locations will require moving half of the elements on average , and all the elements in the worst case . While one can `` delete '' an element from an array in constant time by somehow marking its slot as `` vacant '' , this causes fragmentation that impedes the performance of iteration . Moreover , arbitrarily many elements may be inserted into a linked list , limited only by the total memory available ; while a dynamic array will eventually fill up its underlying array data structure and will have to reallocate -- an expensive operation , one that may not even be possible if memory is fragmented , although the cost of reallocation can be averaged over insertions , and the cost of an insertion due to reallocation would still be amortized O ( 1 ) . This helps with appending elements at the array 's end , but inserting into ( or removing from ) middle positions still carries prohibitive costs due to data moving to maintain contiguity . An array from which many elements are removed may also have to be resized in order to avoid wasting too much space . On the other hand , dynamic arrays ( as well as fixed - size array data structures ) allow constant - time random access , while linked lists allow only sequential access to elements . Singly linked lists , in fact , can be easily traversed in only one direction . This makes linked lists unsuitable for applications where it 's useful to look up an element by its index quickly , such as heapsort . Sequential access on arrays and dynamic arrays is also faster than on linked lists on many machines , because they have optimal locality of reference and thus make good use of data caching . Another disadvantage of linked lists is the extra storage needed for references , which often makes them impractical for lists of small data items such as characters or boolean values , because the storage overhead for the links may exceed by a factor of two or more the size of the data . In contrast , a dynamic array requires only the space for the data itself ( and a very small amount of control data ) . It can also be slow , and with a naïve allocator , wasteful , to allocate memory separately for each new element , a problem generally solved using memory pools . Some hybrid solutions try to combine the advantages of the two representations . Unrolled linked lists store several elements in each list node , increasing cache performance while decreasing memory overhead for references . CDR coding does both these as well , by replacing references with the actual data referenced , which extends off the end of the referencing record . A good example that highlights the pros and cons of using dynamic arrays vs. linked lists is by implementing a program that resolves the Josephus problem . The Josephus problem is an election method that works by having a group of people stand in a circle . Starting at a predetermined person , you count around the circle n times . Once you reach the nth person , take them out of the circle and have the members close the circle . Then count around the circle the same n times and repeat the process , until only one person is left . That person wins the election . This shows the strengths and weaknesses of a linked list vs. a dynamic array , because if you view the people as connected nodes in a circular linked list then it shows how easily the linked list is able to delete nodes ( as it only has to rearrange the links to the different nodes ) . However , the linked list will be poor at finding the next person to remove and will need to search through the list until it finds that person . A dynamic array , on the other hand , will be poor at deleting nodes ( or elements ) as it can not remove one node without individually shifting all the elements up the list by one . However , it is exceptionally easy to find the nth person in the circle by directly referencing them by their position in the array . The list ranking problem concerns the efficient conversion of a linked list representation into an array . Although trivial for a conventional computer , solving this problem by a parallel algorithm is complicated and has been the subject of much research . A balanced tree has similar memory access patterns and space overhead to a linked list while permitting much more efficient indexing , taking O ( log n ) time instead of O ( n ) for a random access . However , insertion and deletion operations are more expensive due to the overhead of tree manipulations to maintain balance . Schemes exist for trees to automatically maintain themselves in a balanced state : AVL trees or red - black trees . Singly linked linear lists vs. other lists ( edit ) While doubly linked and circular lists have advantages over singly linked linear lists , linear lists offer some advantages that make them preferable in some situations . A singly linked linear list is a recursive data structure , because it contains a pointer to a smaller object of the same type . For that reason , many operations on singly linked linear lists ( such as merging two lists , or enumerating the elements in reverse order ) often have very simple recursive algorithms , much simpler than any solution using iterative commands . While those recursive solutions can be adapted for doubly linked and circularly linked lists , the procedures generally need extra arguments and more complicated base cases . Linear singly linked lists also allow tail - sharing , the use of a common final portion of sub-list as the terminal portion of two different lists . In particular , if a new node is added at the beginning of a list , the former list remains available as the tail of the new one -- a simple example of a persistent data structure . Again , this is not true with the other variants : a node may never belong to two different circular or doubly linked lists . In particular , end - sentinel nodes can be shared among singly linked non-circular lists . The same end - sentinel node may be used for every such list . In Lisp , for example , every proper list ends with a link to a special node , denoted by nil or ( ) , whose CAR and CDR links point to itself . Thus a Lisp procedure can safely take the CAR or CDR of any list . The advantages of the fancy variants are often limited to the complexity of the algorithms , not in their efficiency . A circular list , in particular , can usually be emulated by a linear list together with two variables that point to the first and last nodes , at no extra cost . Doubly linked vs. singly linked ( edit ) Double - linked lists require more space per node ( unless one uses XOR - linking ) , and their elementary operations are more expensive ; but they are often easier to manipulate because they allow fast and easy sequential access to the list in both directions . In a doubly linked list , one can insert or delete a node in a constant number of operations given only that node 's address . To do the same in a singly linked list , one must have the address of the pointer to that node , which is either the handle for the whole list ( in case of the first node ) or the link field in the previous node . Some algorithms require access in both directions . On the other hand , doubly linked lists do not allow tail - sharing and can not be used as persistent data structures Circularly linked vs. linearly linked ( edit ) A circularly linked list may be a natural option to represent arrays that are naturally circular , e.g. the corners of a polygon , a pool of buffers that are used and released in FIFO ( `` first in , first out '' ) order , or a set of processes that should be time - shared in round - robin order . In these applications , a pointer to any node serves as a handle to the whole list . With a circular list , a pointer to the last node gives easy access also to the first node , by following one link . Thus , in applications that require access to both ends of the list ( e.g. , in the implementation of a queue ) , a circular structure allows one to handle the structure by a single pointer , instead of two . A circular list can be split into two circular lists , in constant time , by giving the addresses of the last node of each piece . The operation consists in swapping the contents of the link fields of those two nodes . Applying the same operation to any two nodes in two distinct lists joins the two list into one . This property greatly simplifies some algorithms and data structures , such as the quad - edge and face - edge . The simplest representation for an empty circular list ( when such a thing makes sense ) is a null pointer , indicating that the list has no nodes . Without this choice , many algorithms have to test for this special case , and handle it separately . By contrast , the use of null to denote an empty linear list is more natural and often creates fewer special cases . Using sentinel nodes ( edit ) Sentinel node may simplify certain list operations , by ensuring that the next or previous nodes exist for every element , and that even empty lists have at least one node . One may also use a sentinel node at the end of the list , with an appropriate data field , to eliminate some end - of - list tests . For example , when scanning the list looking for a node with a given value x , setting the sentinel 's data field to x makes it unnecessary to test for end - of - list inside the loop . Another example is the merging two sorted lists : if their sentinels have data fields set to + ∞ , the choice of the next output node does not need special handling for empty lists . However , sentinel nodes use up extra space ( especially in applications that use many short lists ) , and they may complicate other operations ( such as the creation of a new empty list ) . However , if the circular list is used merely to simulate a linear list , one may avoid some of this complexity by adding a single sentinel node to every list , between the last and the first data nodes . With this convention , an empty list consists of the sentinel node alone , pointing to itself via the next - node link . The list handle should then be a pointer to the last data node , before the sentinel , if the list is not empty ; or to the sentinel itself , if the list is empty . The same trick can be used to simplify the handling of a doubly linked linear list , by turning it into a circular doubly linked list with a single sentinel node . However , in this case , the handle should be a single pointer to the dummy node itself . Linked list operations ( edit ) When manipulating linked lists in - place , care must be taken to not use values that you have invalidated in previous assignments . This makes algorithms for inserting or deleting linked list nodes somewhat subtle . This section gives pseudocode for adding or removing nodes from singly , doubly , and circularly linked lists in - place . Throughout we will use null to refer to an end - of - list marker or sentinel , which may be implemented in a number of ways . Linearly linked lists ( edit ) Singly linked lists ( edit ) Our node data structure will have two fields . We also keep a variable firstNode which always points to the first node in the list , or is null for an empty list . record Node ( data ; / / The data being stored in the node Node next / / A reference to the next node , null for last node ) record List ( Node firstNode / / points to first node of list ; null for empty list ) Traversal of a singly linked list is simple , beginning at the first node and following each next link until we come to the end : node : = list. firstNode while node not null ( do something with node. data ) node : = node. next The following code inserts a node after an existing node in a singly linked list . The diagram shows how it works . Inserting a node before an existing one can not be done directly ; instead , one must keep track of the previous node and insert a node after it . function insertAfter ( Node node , Node newNode ) / / insert newNode after node newNode. next : = node. next node. next : = newNode Inserting at the beginning of the list requires a separate function . This requires updating firstNode . function insertBeginning ( List list , Node newNode ) / / insert node before current first node newNode. next : = list. firstNode list. firstNode : = newNode Similarly , we have functions for removing the node after a given node , and for removing a node from the beginning of the list . The diagram demonstrates the former . To find and remove a particular node , one must again keep track of the previous element . function removeAfter ( Node node ) / / remove node past this one obsoleteNode : = node. next node. next : = node. next. next destroy obsoleteNode function removeBeginning ( List list ) / / remove first node obsoleteNode : = list. firstNode list. firstNode : = list. firstNode. next / / point past deleted node destroy obsoleteNode Notice that removeBeginning ( ) sets list. firstNode to null when removing the last node in the list . Since we ca n't iterate backwards , efficient insertBefore or removeBefore operations are not possible . Inserting to a list before a specific node requires traversing the list , which would have a worst case running time of O ( n ) . Appending one linked list to another can be inefficient unless a reference to the tail is kept as part of the List structure , because we must traverse the entire first list in order to find the tail , and then append the second list to this . Thus , if two linearly linked lists are each of length n ( \ displaystyle n ) , list appending has asymptotic time complexity of O ( n ) ( \ displaystyle O ( n ) ) . In the Lisp family of languages , list appending is provided by the append procedure . Many of the special cases of linked list operations can be eliminated by including a dummy element at the front of the list . This ensures that there are no special cases for the beginning of the list and renders both insertBeginning ( ) and removeBeginning ( ) unnecessary . In this case , the first useful data in the list will be found at list. firstNode. next . Circularly linked list ( edit ) In a circularly linked list , all nodes are linked in a continuous circle , without using null . For lists with a front and a back ( such as a queue ) , one stores a reference to the last node in the list . The next node after the last node is the first node . Elements can be added to the back of the list and removed from the front in constant time . Circularly linked lists can be either singly or doubly linked . Both types of circularly linked lists benefit from the ability to traverse the full list beginning at any given node . This often allows us to avoid storing firstNode and lastNode , although if the list may be empty we need a special representation for the empty list , such as a lastNode variable which points to some node in the list or is null if it 's empty ; we use such a lastNode here . This representation significantly simplifies adding and removing nodes with a non-empty list , but empty lists are then a special case . Algorithms ( edit ) Assuming that someNode is some node in a non-empty circular singly linked list , this code iterates through that list starting with someNode : function iterate ( someNode ) if someNode ≠ null node : = someNode do do something with node. value node : = node. next while node ≠ someNode Notice that the test `` while node ≠ someNode '' must be at the end of the loop . If the test was moved to the beginning of the loop , the procedure would fail whenever the list had only one node . This function inserts a node `` newNode '' into a circular linked list after a given node `` node '' . If `` node '' is null , it assumes that the list is empty . function insertAfter ( Node node , Node newNode ) if node = null newNode. next : = newNode else newNode. next : = node. next node. next : = newNode Suppose that `` L '' is a variable pointing to the last node of a circular linked list ( or null if the list is empty ) . To append `` newNode '' to the end of the list , one may do insertAfter ( L , newNode ) L : = newNode To insert `` newNode '' at the beginning of the list , one may do insertAfter ( L , newNode ) if L = null L : = newNode Linked lists using arrays of nodes ( edit ) Languages that do not support any type of reference can still create links by replacing pointers with array indices . The approach is to keep an array of records , where each record has integer fields indicating the index of the next ( and possibly previous ) node in the array . Not all nodes in the array need be used . If records are also not supported , parallel arrays can often be used instead . As an example , consider the following linked list record that uses arrays instead of pointers : record Entry ( integer next ; / / index of next entry in array integer prev ; / / previous entry ( if double - linked ) string name ; real balance ; ) A linked list can be built by creating an array of these structures , and an integer variable to store the index of the first element . integer listHead Entry Records ( 1000 ) Links between elements are formed by placing the array index of the next ( or previous ) cell into the Next or Prev field within a given element . For example : Index Next Prev Name Balance 0 Jones , John 123.45 − 1 0 Smith , Joseph 234.56 2 ( listHead ) − 1 Adams , Adam 0.00 Ignore , Ignatius 999.99 0 Another , Anita 876.54 5 6 7 In the above example , ListHead would be set to 2 , the location of the first entry in the list . Notice that entry 3 and 5 through 7 are not part of the list . These cells are available for any additions to the list . By creating a ListFree integer variable , a free list could be created to keep track of what cells are available . If all entries are in use , the size of the array would have to be increased or some elements would have to be deleted before new entries could be stored in the list . The following code would traverse the list and display names and account balance : i : = listHead while i ≥ 0 / / loop through the list print i , Records ( i ). name , Records ( i ). balance / / print entry i : = Records ( i ). next When faced with a choice , the advantages of this approach include : The linked list is relocatable , meaning it can be moved about in memory at will , and it can also be quickly and directly serialized for storage on disk or transfer over a network . Especially for a small list , array indexes can occupy significantly less space than a full pointer on many architectures . Locality of reference can be improved by keeping the nodes together in memory and by periodically rearranging them , although this can also be done in a general store . Naïve dynamic memory allocators can produce an excessive amount of overhead storage for each node allocated ; almost no allocation overhead is incurred per node in this approach . Seizing an entry from a pre-allocated array is faster than using dynamic memory allocation for each node , since dynamic memory allocation typically requires a search for a free memory block of the desired size . This approach has one main disadvantage , however : it creates and manages a private memory space for its nodes . This leads to the following issues : It increases complexity of the implementation . Growing a large array when it is full may be difficult or impossible , whereas finding space for a new linked list node in a large , general memory pool may be easier . Adding elements to a dynamic array will occasionally ( when it is full ) unexpectedly take linear ( O ( n ) ) instead of constant time ( although it 's still an amortized constant ) . Using a general memory pool leaves more memory for other data if the list is smaller than expected or if many nodes are freed . For these reasons , this approach is mainly used for languages that do not support dynamic memory allocation . These disadvantages are also mitigated if the maximum size of the list is known at the time the array is created . Language support ( edit ) Many programming languages such as Lisp and Scheme have singly linked lists built in . In many functional languages , these lists are constructed from nodes , each called a cons or cons cell . The cons has two fields : the car , a reference to the data for that node , and the cdr , a reference to the next node . Although cons cells can be used to build other data structures , this is their primary purpose . In languages that support abstract data types or templates , linked list ADTs or templates are available for building linked lists . In other languages , linked lists are typically built using references together with records . Internal and external storage ( edit ) When constructing a linked list , one is faced with the choice of whether to store the data of the list directly in the linked list nodes , called internal storage , or merely to store a reference to the data , called external storage . Internal storage has the advantage of making access to the data more efficient , requiring less storage overall , having better locality of reference , and simplifying memory management for the list ( its data is allocated and deallocated at the same time as the list nodes ) . External storage , on the other hand , has the advantage of being more generic , in that the same data structure and machine code can be used for a linked list no matter what the size of the data is . It also makes it easy to place the same data in multiple linked lists . Although with internal storage the same data can be placed in multiple lists by including multiple next references in the node data structure , it would then be necessary to create separate routines to add or delete cells based on each field . It is possible to create additional linked lists of elements that use internal storage by using external storage , and having the cells of the additional linked lists store references to the nodes of the linked list containing the data . In general , if a set of data structures needs to be included in linked lists , external storage is the best approach . If a set of data structures need to be included in only one linked list , then internal storage is slightly better , unless a generic linked list package using external storage is available . Likewise , if different sets of data that can be stored in the same data structure are to be included in a single linked list , then internal storage would be fine . Another approach that can be used with some languages involves having different data structures , but all have the initial fields , including the next ( and prev if double linked list ) references in the same location . After defining separate structures for each type of data , a generic structure can be defined that contains the minimum amount of data shared by all the other structures and contained at the top ( beginning ) of the structures . Then generic routines can be created that use the minimal structure to perform linked list type operations , but separate routines can then handle the specific data . This approach is often used in message parsing routines , where several types of messages are received , but all start with the same set of fields , usually including a field for message type . The generic routines are used to add new messages to a queue when they are received , and remove them from the queue in order to process the message . The message type field is then used to call the correct routine to process the specific type of message . Example of internal and external storage ( edit ) Suppose you wanted to create a linked list of families and their members . Using internal storage , the structure might look like the following : record member ( / / member of a family member next ; string firstName ; integer age ; ) record family ( / / the family itself family next ; string lastName ; string address ; member members / / head of list of members of this family ) To print a complete list of families and their members using internal storage , we could write : aFamily : = Families / / start at head of families list while aFamily ≠ null / / loop through list of families print information about family aMember : = aFamily. members / / get head of list of this family 's members while aMember ≠ null / / loop through list of members print information about member aMember : = aMember. next aFamily : = aFamily. next Using external storage , we would create the following structures : record node ( / / generic link structure node next ; pointer data / / generic pointer for data at node ) record member ( / / structure for family member string firstName ; integer age ) record family ( / / structure for family string lastName ; string address ; node members / / head of list of members of this family ) To print a complete list of families and their members using external storage , we could write : famNode : = Families / / start at head of families list while famNode ≠ null / / loop through list of families aFamily : = ( family ) famNode. data / / extract family from node print information about family memNode : = aFamily. members / / get list of family members while memNode ≠ null / / loop through list of members aMember : = ( member ) memNode. data / / extract member from node print information about member memNode : = memNode. next famNode : = famNode. next Notice that when using external storage , an extra step is needed to extract the record from the node and cast it into the proper data type . This is because both the list of families and the list of members within the family are stored in two linked lists using the same data structure ( node ) , and this language does not have parametric types . As long as the number of families that a member can belong to is known at compile time , internal storage works fine . If , however , a member needed to be included in an arbitrary number of families , with the specific number known only at run time , external storage would be necessary . Speeding up search ( edit ) Finding a specific element in a linked list , even if it is sorted , normally requires O ( n ) time ( linear search ) . This is one of the primary disadvantages of linked lists over other data structures . In addition to the variants discussed above , below are two simple ways to improve search time . In an unordered list , one simple heuristic for decreasing average search time is the move - to - front heuristic , which simply moves an element to the beginning of the list once it is found . This scheme , handy for creating simple caches , ensures that the most recently used items are also the quickest to find again . Another common approach is to `` index '' a linked list using a more efficient external data structure . For example , one can build a red - black tree or hash table whose elements are references to the linked list nodes . Multiple such indexes can be built on a single list . The disadvantage is that these indexes may need to be updated each time a node is added or removed ( or at least , before that index is used again ) . Random access lists ( edit ) A random access list is a list with support for fast random access to read or modify any element in the list . One possible implementation is a skew binary random access list using the skew binary number system , which involves a list of trees with special properties ; this allows worst - case constant time head / cons operations , and worst - case logarithmic time random access to an element by index . Random access lists can be implemented as persistent data structures . Random access lists can be viewed as immutable linked lists in that they likewise support the same O ( 1 ) head and tail operations . A simple extension to random access lists is the min - list , which provides an additional operation that yields the minimum element in the entire list in constant time ( without mutation complexities ) . Related data structures ( edit ) Both stacks and queues are often implemented using linked lists , and simply restrict the type of operations which are supported . The skip list is a linked list augmented with layers of pointers for quickly jumping over large numbers of elements , and then descending to the next layer . This process continues down to the bottom layer , which is the actual list . A binary tree can be seen as a type of linked list where the elements are themselves linked lists of the same nature . The result is that each node may include a reference to the first node of one or two other linked lists , which , together with their contents , form the subtrees below that node . An unrolled linked list is a linked list in which each node contains an array of data values . This leads to improved cache performance , since more list elements are contiguous in memory , and reduced memory overhead , because less metadata needs to be stored for each element of the list . A hash table may use linked lists to store the chains of items that hash to the same position in the hash table . A heap shares some of the ordering properties of a linked list , but is almost always implemented using an array . Instead of references from node to node , the next and previous data indexes are calculated using the current data 's index . A self - organizing list rearranges its nodes based on some heuristic which reduces search times for data retrieval by keeping commonly accessed nodes at the head of the list . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The amount of control data required for a dynamic array is usually of the form K + B ∗ n ( \ displaystyle K + B * n ) , where K ( \ displaystyle K ) is a per - array constant , B ( \ displaystyle B ) is a per - dimension constant , and n ( \ displaystyle n ) is the number of dimensions . K ( \ displaystyle K ) and B ( \ displaystyle B ) are typically on the order of 10 bytes . Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Skiena , Steven S. ( 2009 ) . The Algorithm Design Manual ( 2nd ed . ) . Springer . p. 76 . ISBN 9781848000704 . We can do nothing without this list predecessor , and so must spend linear time searching for it on a singly - linked list . Jump up ^ Data Structures . PediaPress . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~sergey/me/cs/cs108/rootkits/bh-us-04-butler.pdf Jump up ^ Chris Okasaki ( 1995 ) . `` Purely Functional Random - Access Lists '' . Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Functional Programming Languages and Computer Architecture : 86 -- 95 . doi : 10.1145 / 224164.224187 . Jump up ^ Gerald Kruse . CS 240 Lecture Notes : Linked Lists Plus : Complexity Trade - offs . Juniata College . Spring 2008 . Jump up ^ Day 1 Keynote - Bjarne Stroustrup : C + + 11 Style at GoingNative 2012 on channel9.msdn.com from minute 45 or foil 44 Jump up ^ Number crunching : Why you should never , ever , EVER use linked - list in your code again at kjellkod.wordpress.com Jump up ^ Brodnik , Andrej ; Carlsson , Svante ; Sedgewick , Robert ; Munro , JI ; Demaine , ED ( 1999 ) , Resizable Arrays in Optimal Time and Space ( Technical Report CS - 99 - 09 ) ( PDF ) , Department of Computer Science , University of Waterloo Jump up ^ Ford , William ; Topp , William ( 2002 ) . Data Structures with C++ using STL ( Second ed . ) . Prentice - Hall . pp. 466 -- 467 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 085850 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Okasaki , Chris ( 1995 ) . Purely Functional Random - Access Lists ( PS ) . In Functional Programming Languages and Computer Architecture . ACM Press . pp. 86 -- 95 . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . References ( edit ) Juan , Angel ( 2006 ) . `` Ch20 -- Data Structures ; ID06 - PROGRAMMING with JAVA ( slide part of the book ' Big Java ' , by CayS . Horstmann ) '' ( PDF ) . p. 3 . Black , Paul E. ( 2004 - 08 - 16 ) . Pieterse , Vreda ; Black , Paul E. , eds . `` linked list '' . Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures . National Institute of Standards and Technology . Retrieved 2004 - 12 - 14 . Antonakos , James L. ; Mansfield , Kenneth C. , Jr. ( 1999 ) . Practical Data Structures Using C / C++ . Prentice - Hall . pp. 165 -- 190 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 280843 - 9 . Collins , William J. ( 2005 ) ( 2002 ) . Data Structures and the Java Collections Framework . New York : McGraw Hill . pp. 239 -- 303 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 282379 - 8 . Cormen , Thomas H. ; Leiserson , Charles E. ; Rivest , Ronald L. ; Stein , Clifford ( 2003 ) . Introduction to Algorithms . MIT Press . pp. 205 -- 213 , 501 -- 505 . ISBN 0 - 262 - 03293 - 7 . Cormen , Thomas H. ; Leiserson , Charles E. ; Rivest , Ronald L. ; Stein , Clifford ( 2001 ) . `` 10.2 : Linked lists '' . Introduction to Algorithms ( 2nd ed . ) . MIT Press . pp. 204 -- 209 . ISBN 0 - 262 - 03293 - 7 . Green , Bert F. , Jr. ( 1961 ) . `` Computer Languages for Symbol Manipulation '' . IRE Transactions on Human Factors in Electronics ( 2 ) : 3 -- 8 . doi : 10.1109 / THFE2. 1961.4503292 . McCarthy , John ( 1960 ) . `` Recursive Functions of Symbolic Expressions and Their Computation by Machine , Part I '' . Communications of the ACM. 3 ( 4 ) : 184 . doi : 10.1145 / 367177.367199 . Knuth , Donald ( 1997 ) . `` 2.2. 3 - 2.2. 5 '' . Fundamental Algorithms ( 3rd ed . ) . Addison - Wesley . pp. 254 -- 298 . ISBN 0 - 201 - 89683 - 4 . Newell , Allen ; Shaw , F.C. ( 1957 ) . `` Programming the Logic Theory Machine '' . Proceedings of the Western Joint Computer Conference : 230 -- 240 . Parlante , Nick ( 2001 ) . `` Linked list basics '' ( PDF ) . Stanford University . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 21 . Sedgewick , Robert ( 1998 ) . Algorithms in C. Addison Wesley . pp. 90 -- 109 . ISBN 0 - 201 - 31452 - 5 . Shaffer , Clifford A. ( 1998 ) . A Practical Introduction to Data Structures and Algorithm Analysis . New Jersey : Prentice Hall . pp. 77 -- 102 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 660911 - 2 . Wilkes , Maurice Vincent ( 1964 ) . `` An Experiment with a Self - compiling Compiler for a Simple List - Processing Language '' . Annual Review in Automatic Programming . Pergamon Press . 4 ( 1 ) : 1 . doi : 10.1016 / 0066 - 4138 ( 64 ) 90013 - 8 . Wilkes , Maurice Vincent ( 1964 ) . `` Lists and Why They are Useful '' . Proceeds of the ACM National Conference , Philadelphia 1964 . ACM ( P -- 64 ) : F1 -- 1 . Shanmugasundaram , Kulesh ( 2005 - 04 - 04 ) . `` Linux Kernel Linked List Explained '' . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 21 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Linked lists . Description from the Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures introtoalgo.com Introduction to Linked Lists , Stanford University Computer Science Library Linked List Problems , Stanford University Computer Science Library Open Data Structures - Chapter 3 - Linked Lists Patent for the idea of having nodes which are in several linked lists simultaneously ( note that this technique was widely used for many decades before the patent was granted ) ( hide ) Data structures Types Collection Container Abstract Associative array Multimap List Stack Queue Double - ended queue Priority queue Double - ended priority queue Set Multiset Disjoint - set Arrays Bit array Circular buffer Dynamic array Hash table Hashed array tree Sparse matrix Linked Association list Linked list Skip list Unrolled linked list XOR linked list Trees B - tree Binary search tree AA tree AVL tree Red -- black tree Self - balancing tree Splay tree Heap Binary heap Binomial heap Fibonacci heap R - tree R * tree R+ tree Hilbert R - tree Trie Hash tree Graphs Binary decision diagram Directed acyclic graph Directed acyclic word graph List of data structures GND : 4783888 - 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linked_list&oldid=843553705 '' Categories : Linked lists Hidden categories : Pages with syntax highlighting errors Articles lacking in - text citations from March 2012 All articles lacking in - text citations Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2011 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles with example C code Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 22 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

what advantage does a list have over an array

The principal benefit of a linked list over a conventional array is that the list elements can easily be inserted or removed without reallocation or reorganization of the entire structure because the data items need not be stored contiguously in memory or on disk , while an array has to be declared in the source code , before compiling and running the program . Linked lists allow insertion and removal of nodes at any point in the list , and can do so with a constant number of operations if the link previous to the link being added or removed is maintained during list traversal .

Barry Gordon - wikipedia Barry Gordon Jump to : navigation , search Barry Gordon President of the Screen Actors Guild In office 1988 -- 1995 Preceded by Patty Duke Succeeded by Richard Masur Personal details ( 1948 - 12 - 21 ) December 21 , 1948 ( age 68 ) Brookline , Massachusetts , United States Spouse ( s ) Gail Schaper Occupation Actor , television host , television producer , singer , president of the Screen Actors Guild Barry Gordon ( born December 21 , 1948 ) is an American film , television and voice actor and political talk show host and producer . He was the longest - serving president of the Screen Actors Guild , having served from 1988 to 1995 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Acting career 2 Other pursuits 3 References 4 External links Acting career ( edit ) Gordon was born in Brookline , Massachusetts . His stepfather , Bob Manning , was a crooner in the 1940s and ' 50s of popular love songs , most known for his rendition of Hoagy Carmichael 's `` The Nearness of You '' . He began his professional life at age three ; in his TV debut , he won second place on Ted Mack 's Amateur Hour singing Johnnie Ray 's `` Cry . '' At six , Gordon recorded `` Nuttin ' for Christmas '' . He was the youngest performer ever to hit a pre-Hot 100 Billboard chart , when that song hit # 6 in 1955 . It sold over 1 million copies , and was awarded a gold disc . The next year he charted his second and final single , `` Rock Around Mother Goose . '' In circa 1956 , Bill Haley recorded a private demo recording titled `` Six Year Olds Can Rock and Roll . '' He begins the recording ( released in 1990 ) by dedicating it to Barry Gordon . As a child star , Gordon also appeared on The Jackie Gleason Show , The Jack Benny Program , Richard Diamond , Private Detective , The Danny Thomas Show , Alfred Hitchcock Presents and Star Time with Benny Goodman . Gordon was cast as Humberto in an episode of the NBC sitcom Sally , starring Joan Caulfield , and as Chopper in ABC 's Leave It to Beaver Episode 119 : `` Beaver 's House Guest '' . Gordon guest starred on two CBS sitcoms , The Ann Sothern Show and Dennis the Menace , starring child actor Jay North . In 1962 Barry played the part of the childhood version of the ' Patient ' in `` Pressure Point '' . At 13 , Gordon began a career on Broadway , as Nick in Herb Gardner 's A Thousand Clowns , a role for which he earned a Tony Award nomination . He later reprised that role in the film version opposite Jason Robards and Martin Balsam in 1965 . The film gave him `` introducing '' billing but he had actually been in several films already , most notably his actual film debut in 1956 's The Girl Ca n't Help It as a newspaper boy in which he uttered the classic line after seeing Jayne Mansfield , `` If that 's a girl , I do n't know what my sister is . '' Primarily as a character actor , Gordon became a familiar face in numerous feature films and television series . As a teen , Gordon starred alongside Sid Caesar and Vera Miles in the 1967 comedy - horror film , The Spirit is Willing . In the 1970s , Gordon appeared in the Barney Miller spin - off Fish , starring Abe Vigoda , and from 1973 - 1974 was a regular on The New Dick Van Dyke Show . In 1976 , he appeared in an episode of the NBC situation comedy The Practice . In the last two seasons of the sitcom All in the Family , then known as Archie Bunker 's Place , Gordon had the recurring role of Gary Rabinowitz , Archie 's Jewish accountant . Gordon also had notable guest - starring roles on Star Trek : Deep Space Nine as Nava , a Ferengi businessman , and on Star Trek : Voyager as Ardon Broht , an alien publisher . More recently Gordon has appeared as the Rabbi in Larry David 's Curb Your Enthusiasm . Gordon is also a voice actor . His most notable voice roles were Donatello and Bebop in Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles , and as Jake `` Razor '' Clawson in SWAT Kats : The Radical Squadron ( 1993 ) . Gordon 's voice was also featured in other animated series , such as Jabberjaw ( as Cleveland `` Clamhead '' Rogers ) , Tarzan , Lord of the Jungle , The Kid Super Power Hour with Shazam ! ( as Captain Marvel Jr . ) , Meatballs & Spaghetti ( as bassist Clyde ) , Pac - Man ( as Inky ) , Mighty Orbots ( as Robert Simmons ) , Pole Position , The Jetsons , The Smurfs , The Adventures of the American Rabbit ( as the titular character ) , Superman , Snorks ( as `` Junior '' Wetworth ) , Gravedale High ( as Reggie Moonshroud ) , Space Cats , A Pup Named Scooby - Doo ( as Englebert Newton ) , Darkwing Duck ( as Dr. Fossil ) , Tom & Jerry Kids and its spin - off Droopy , Master Detective , Batman : The Animated Series ( as the Penguin 's henchman Sheldrake ) , Aaahh ! ! ! Real Monsters , Timon & Pumbaa , Fantastic Max , and The Pirates of Dark Water . Gordon also provided the voice of `` Quicky '' the Nesquik Bunny in television commercials for Nestlé . In May 2009 , Gordon played the Cocker Spaniel in the Webkinz Pet of the Month Music Video for May 2009 . Gordon reprised the roles as the original Donatello and Bebop in three seasons of Nickelodeon 's Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles . Other pursuits ( edit ) In his mid-30s , Gordon returned to school ; he graduated summa cum laude as a political science major from California State University , Los Angeles ; and he went on to Loyola Law School , receiving his J.D. in 1991 . Gordon became the longest - serving president of the Screen Actors Guild , holding the office for seven years . In 1998 , Gordon was the Democratic Party nominee for the United States Congress from the Pasadena , California , area . He surprised political pundits of both parties by coming within three points of unseating the Republican Party incumbent , James Rogan . In 2004 , when the local Air America Radio affiliate in Los Angeles went off the air , for a then - unspecified period of time , Gordon started a live , call - in progressive political talk show on Pasadena 's Public - access television cable TV channel 56 . It continues to be cablecast and webcast live , with Adobe Flash video available on demand . In 2005 , Gordon hosted a weekly radio talk show heard on KRLA in Los Angeles , California . In 2006 and early 2007 , Gordon hosted Barry Gordon From Left Field , a weekly talk show broadcast throughout the 25th largest U.S. radio market -- the San Bernardino / Riverside region of Southern California -- on KCAA Radio , in Loma Linda , California . With live streams and podcast archives , the show was especially notable for featuring nationally known guests , including senators , congressmen , bestselling authors , and entertainment figures . Since 2007 , Gordon has taught courses in politics and the media at the California State University , Los Angeles . In 2008 , Gordon debuted his daily Internet talk show , Left Talk , on BlogTalkRadio . Biography portal Massachusetts portal Los Angeles portal California portal Film portal Television portal Music portal Law portal Politics portal Education portal Organized labor portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Vera , Billy ( 2000 ) . From the Vaults Vol. 4 : Love Letters ( CD ) . Hollywood : Capitol Records . p. 7 . Jump up ^ `` Episode dated 1984 - 12 - 15 '' . American Top 40 . Syndication ( through ABC - Watermark ) . Jump up ^ Murrells , Joseph ( 1978 ) . The Book of Golden Discs ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Barrie and Jenkins Ltd. p. 74 . ISBN 0 - 214 - 20512 - 6 . Jump up ^ Bill Haley & His Comets , `` Six Year Olds Can Rock and Roll '' ( 1956 ) , The Decca Years and More ( Bear Family Records , BCD 15506 , 1990 ) External links ( edit ) Barry Gordon presidents of the Screen Actors Guild Barry Gordon at the Allmusic Barry Gordon on IMDb Barry Gordon at the Internet Broadway Database Barry Gordon at the Internet Off - Broadway Database Pasadena Community Network , with live streams of `` NewsRap '' NewsRap with Barry Gordon Flash video archives Left Talk with Barry Gordon , Barry Gordon 's profile page in BlogTalkRadio.com BarryTalk.com , Barry Gordon 's website , with links to live shows and archives of his radio , cable television , and Internet talk shows Barry Gordon providing a profile on himself on YouTube ( hide ) Presidents of the Screen Actors Guild Ralph Morgan ( 1933 ) Eddie Cantor ( 1933 ) Robert Montgomery ( 1935 ) Ralph Morgan ( 1938 ) Edward Arnold ( 1940 ) James Cagney ( 1942 ) George Murphy ( 1944 ) Robert Montgomery ( 1946 ) Ronald Reagan ( 1947 ) Walter Pidgeon ( 1952 ) Leon Ames ( 1957 ) Howard Keel ( 1958 ) Ronald Reagan ( 1959 ) George Chandler ( 1960 ) Dana Andrews ( 1963 ) Charlton Heston ( 1965 ) John Gavin ( 1971 ) Dennis Weaver ( 1973 ) Kathleen Nolan ( 1975 ) William Schallert ( 1979 ) Edward Asner ( 1981 ) Patty Duke ( 1985 ) Barry Gordon ( 1988 ) Richard Masur ( 1995 ) William Daniels ( 1999 ) Melissa Gilbert ( 2001 ) Alan Rosenberg ( 2005 ) Ken Howard ( 2009 ) Gabrielle Carteris ( 2016 ) VIAF : 47975031 LCCN : no00045138 GND : 13424625X MusicBrainz : b6093544 - 6643 - 4dfa - a17b - 59bbee44579f Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barry_Gordon&oldid=803778531 '' Categories : 1948 births Male actors from Massachusetts American male child actors American male film actors American labor leaders American male singers American singers American male television actors American male voice actors Living people Presidents of the Screen Actors Guild People from Brookline , Massachusetts MGM Records artists Era Records artists Mercury Records artists United Artists Records artists Dunhill Records artists ABC Records artists Capitol Records artists People from the Greater Los Angeles Area California Democrats 20th - century American male actors 20th - century American singers American child singers Candidates in United States elections , 1998 20th - century American politicians California State University , Los Angeles faculty California State University , Los Angeles alumni Loyola Law School alumni Activists from California Hidden categories : Pages using infobox officeholder with unknown parameters Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Italiano Nederlands Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2017 , at 15 : 47 . 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who played chopper in leave it to beaver

As a child star , Gordon also appeared on The Jackie Gleason Show , The Jack Benny Program , Richard Diamond , Private Detective , The Danny Thomas Show , Alfred Hitchcock Presents and Star Time with Benny Goodman . Gordon was cast as Humberto in an episode of the NBC sitcom Sally , starring Joan Caulfield , and as Chopper in ABC 's Leave It to Beaver Episode 119 : `` Beaver 's House Guest '' . Gordon guest starred on two CBS sitcoms , The Ann Sothern Show and Dennis the Menace , starring child actor Jay North .

Egyptian temple - Wikipedia Egyptian temple Jump to : navigation , search The Temple of Isis at Philae , with pylons and an enclosed court on the left and the inner building at right Egyptian temples were built for the official worship of the gods and in commemoration of the pharaohs in ancient Egypt and regions under Egyptian control . Temples were seen as houses for the gods or kings to whom they were dedicated . Within them , the Egyptians performed a variety of rituals , the central functions of Egyptian religion : giving offerings to the gods , reenacting their mythological interactions through festivals , and warding off the forces of chaos . These rituals were seen as necessary for the gods to continue to uphold maat , the divine order of the universe . Housing and caring for the gods were the obligations of pharaohs , who therefore dedicated prodigious resources to temple construction and maintenance . Out of necessity , pharaohs delegated most of their ritual duties to a host of priests , but most of the populace was excluded from direct participation in ceremonies and forbidden to enter a temple 's most sacred areas . Nevertheless , a temple was an important religious site for all classes of Egyptians , who went there to pray , give offerings , and seek oracular guidance from the god dwelling within . The most important part of the temple was the sanctuary , which typically contained a cult image , a statue of its god . The rooms outside the sanctuary grew larger and more elaborate over time , so that temples evolved from small shrines in the late Predynastic Period ( late fourth millennium BC ) to large stone edifices in the New Kingdom ( c. 1550 -- 1070 BC ) and later . These edifices are among the largest and most enduring examples of Egyptian architecture , with their elements arranged and decorated according to complex patterns of religious symbolism . Their typical design consisted of a series of enclosed halls , open courts , and entrance pylons aligned along the path used for festival processions . Beyond the temple proper was an outer wall enclosing a wide variety of secondary buildings . A large temple also owned sizable tracts of land and employed thousands of laymen to supply its needs . Temples were therefore key economic as well as religious centers . The priests who managed these powerful institutions wielded considerable influence , and despite their ostensible subordination to the king they may have posed significant challenges to his authority . Temple - building in Egypt continued despite the nation 's decline and ultimate loss of independence to the Roman Empire in 30 BC . With the coming of Christianity , traditional Egyptian religion faced increasing persecution , and temple cults died out during the fourth through sixth centuries CE . For centuries , the ancient buildings suffered destruction and neglect . At the start of the nineteenth century , a wave of interest in ancient Egypt swept Europe , giving rise to the discipline of Egyptology and drawing increasing numbers of visitors to the civilization 's remains . Dozens of temples survive today , and some have become world - famous tourist attractions that contribute significantly to the modern Egyptian economy . Egyptologists continue to study the surviving temples and the remains of destroyed ones as invaluable sources of information about ancient Egyptian society . Contents ( hide ) 1 Functions 1.1 Religious 1.2 Economic and administrative 2 Development 2.1 Early development 2.2 New Kingdom 2.3 Later development 3 Construction 4 Design and decoration 4.1 Inner chambers 4.2 Halls and courts 4.3 Enclosure 4.4 Decoration 5 Personnel 6 Religious activities 6.1 Daily rituals 6.2 Festivals 6.3 Sacred animals 6.4 Oracles 6.5 Popular worship 7 After abandonment 8 See also 9 Notes and citations 10 Works cited 11 Further reading 12 External links Functions ( edit ) Religious ( edit ) Low relief of Seti I performing rituals for the god Amun Ancient Egyptian temples were meant as places for the gods to reside on earth . Indeed , the term the Egyptians most commonly used to describe the temple building , ḥwt - nṯr , means `` mansion ( or enclosure ) of a god '' . A god 's presence in the temple linked the human and divine realms and allowed humans to interact with the god through ritual . These rituals , it was believed , sustained the god and allowed it to continue to play its proper role in nature . They were therefore a key part of the maintenance of maat , the ideal order of nature and of human society in Egyptian belief . Maintaining maat was the entire purpose of Egyptian religion , and it was the purpose of a temple as well . Because he was credited with divine power himself , the pharaoh , as a sacred king , was regarded as Egypt 's representative to the gods and its most important upholder of maat . Thus , it was theoretically his duty to perform the temple rites . While it is uncertain how often he participated in ceremonies , the existence of temples across Egypt made it impossible for him to do so in all cases , and most of the time these duties were delegated to priests . The pharaoh was nevertheless obligated to maintain , provide for , and expand the temples throughout his realm . Although the pharaoh delegated his authority , the performance of temple rituals was still an official duty , restricted to high - ranking priests . The participation of the general populace in most ceremonies was prohibited . Much of the lay religious activity in Egypt instead took place in private and community shrines , separate from the official temples . As the primary link between the human and divine realms , temples attracted considerable veneration from ordinary Egyptians . Each temple had a principal deity , and most were dedicated to other gods as well . Not all deities had temples dedicated to them . Many demons and household gods were involved primarily in magical or private religious practice , with little or no presence in temple ceremonies . There were also other gods who had significant roles in the cosmos but , for uncertain reasons , were not honored with temples of their own . Of those gods who did have temples of their own , many were venerated mainly in certain areas of Egypt , though many gods with a strong local tie were also important across the nation . Even deities whose worship spanned the country were strongly associated with the cities where their chief temples were located . In Egyptian creation myths , the first temple originated as a shelter for a god -- which god it was varied according to the city -- that stood on the mound of land where the process of creation began . Each temple in Egypt , therefore , was equated with this original temple and with the site of creation itself . As the primordial home of the god and the mythological location of the city 's founding , the temple was seen as the hub of the region , from which the city 's patron god ruled over it . Pharaohs also built temples where offerings were made to sustain their spirits in the afterlife , often linked with or located near their tombs . These temples are traditionally called `` mortuary temples '' and regarded as essentially different from divine temples . In recent years some Egyptologists , such as Gerhard Haeny , have argued that there is no clear division between the two . The Egyptians did not refer to mortuary temples by any distinct name . Nor were rituals for the dead and rituals for the gods mutually exclusive ; the symbolism surrounding death was present in all Egyptian temples . The worship of gods was present to some degree in mortuary temples , and the Egyptologist Stephen Quirke has said that `` at all periods royal cult involves the gods , but equally ... all cult of the gods involves the king '' . Even so , certain temples were clearly used to commemorate deceased kings and to give offerings to their spirits . Their exact purpose is not fully understood ; they may have been meant to unite the king with the gods , elevating him to a divine status greater than that of ordinary kingship . In any case , the difficulty of separating divine and mortuary temples reflects the close intertwining of divinity and kingship in Egyptian belief . Economic and administrative ( edit ) Temples were also key centers of economic activity . The largest of them required prodigious resources and employed tens of thousands of priests , craftsmen , and laborers . The temple 's economic workings were analogous to those of a large Egyptian household , with servants dedicated to serving the temple god as they might serve the master of an estate . This similarity is reflected in the Egyptian term for the temple lands and their administration , pr , meaning `` house '' or `` estate '' . Some of the temple 's supplies came from direct donations by the king . In the New Kingdom , when Egypt was an imperial power , these donations often came out of the spoils of the king 's military campaigns or the tribute given by his client states . The king might also levy various taxes that went directly to support a temple . Other revenue came from private individuals , who offered land , slaves , or goods to temples in exchange for a supply of offerings and priestly services to sustain their spirits in the afterlife . Sunk relief of personified provinces of Egypt bearing offerings for the temple god Much of a temple 's economic support came from its own resources . These included large tracts of land beyond the temple enclosure , sometimes in a completely different region than the temple itself . The most important type of property was farmland , producing grain , fruit , or wine , or supporting herds of livestock . The temple either managed these lands directly , rented them out to farmers for a share of the produce , or managed them jointly with the royal administration . Temples also launched expeditions into the desert to collect resources such as salt , honey , or wild game , or to mine precious minerals . Some owned fleets of ships with which to conduct their own trade across the country or even beyond Egypt 's borders . Thus , as Richard H. Wilkinson says , the temple estate `` often represented no less than a slice of Egypt itself '' . As a major economic center and the employer of a large part of the local population , the temple enclosure was a key part of the town in which it stood . Conversely , when a temple was founded on empty land , a new town was built to support it . All this economic power was ultimately under the pharaoh 's control , and temple products and property were often taxed . Their employees , even the priests , were subject to the state corvée system , which conscripted labor for royal projects . They could also be ordered to provide supplies for some specific purposes . Harkhuf 's trading expedition in the Old Kingdom was allowed to procure supplies from any temple it wished , and the mortuary temples of the Theban Necropolis in the New Kingdom oversaw the provision of the royally employed tomb workers at Deir el - Medina . Kings could also exempt temples or classes of personnel from taxation and conscription . The royal administration could also order one temple to divert its resources to another temple whose influence it wished to expand . Thus , a king might increase the income of the temples of a god he favored , and mortuary temples of recent rulers tended to siphon off resources from temples to pharaohs long dead . The most drastic means of controlling the temple estates was to completely revise the distribution of their property nationwide , which might extend to closing down certain temples . Such changes could significantly alter Egypt 's economic landscape . The temples were thus important instruments with which the king managed the nation 's resources and its people . As the direct overseers of their own economic sphere , the administrations of large temples wielded considerable influence and may have posed a challenge to the authority of a weak pharaoh , although it is unclear how independent they were . Once Egypt became a Roman province , Roman officials sought to limit temples ' power and independence . Temples were made to either pay rent to the government for the land they owned or surrender that land to the state in exchange for a government stipend . Their cults became tightly regulated , less self - supporting , and dependent on government donations and various small sources of revenue . Development ( edit ) Early development ( edit ) The earliest known shrines appeared in Egypt in the late Predynastic Period , in the late fourth millennium BC , at sites such as Sais and Buto in Lower Egypt and Nekhen and Coptos in Upper Egypt . Most of these shrines were made of perishable materials such as wood , reed matting , and mudbrick . Despite the impermanence of these early buildings , later Egyptian art continually reused and adapted elements from them , evoking the ancient shrines to suggest the eternal nature of the gods and their dwelling places . In the Early Dynastic Period ( c. 3100 -- 2686 BC ) , the first pharaohs built funerary complexes in the religious center of Abydos following a single general pattern , with a rectangular mudbrick enclosure . In the Old Kingdom ( c. 2686 -- 2181 BC ) that followed the Early Dynastic Period , royal funerary monuments greatly expanded , while most divine temples remained comparatively small , suggesting that official religion in this period emphasized the cult of the divine king more than the direct worship of deities . Deities closely connected with the king , such as the sun god Ra , received more royal contributions than other deities . Ra 's temple at Heliopolis was one of the great religious centers of the age , and several Old Kingdom pharaohs built large sun temples in his honor near their pyramids . Meanwhile , the small provincial temples retained a variety of local styles from Predynastic times , unaffected by the royal cult sites . Reconstruction of an Old Kingdom pyramid temple , with causeway leading out to the valley temple The expansion of funerary monuments began in the reign of Djoser , who built his complex entirely of stone and placed in the enclosure a step pyramid under which he was buried : the Pyramid of Djoser . For the rest of the Old Kingdom , tomb and temple were joined in elaborate stone pyramid complexes . Near each pyramid complex was a town that supplied its needs , as towns would support temples throughout Egyptian history . Other changes came in the reign of Sneferu who , beginning with his first pyramid at Meidum , built pyramid complexes symmetrically along an east -- west axis , with a valley temple on the banks of the Nile linked to a pyramid temple at the foot of the pyramid . Sneferu 's immediate successors followed this pattern , but beginning in the late Old Kingdom , pyramid complexes combined different elements from the axial plan and from the rectangular plan of Djoser . To supply the pyramid complexes , kings founded new towns and farming estates on undeveloped lands across Egypt . The flow of goods from these lands to the central government and its temples helped unify the kingdom . The rulers of the Middle Kingdom ( c. 2055 -- 1650 BC ) continued building pyramids and their associated complexes . The rare remains from Middle Kingdom temples , like the one at Medinet Madi , show that temple plans grew more symmetrical during that period , and divine temples made increasing use of stone . The pattern of a sanctuary lying behind a pillared hall frequently appears in Middle Kingdom temples , and sometimes these two elements are fronted by open courts , foreshadowing the standard temple layout used in later times . New Kingdom ( edit ) Entrance pylon of Luxor Temple , one of the major New Kingdom temples With greater power and wealth during the New Kingdom ( c. 1550 -- 1070 BC ) , Egypt devoted still more resources to its temples , which grew larger and more elaborate . Higher - ranking priestly roles became permanent rather than rotating positions , and they controlled a large portion of Egypt 's wealth . Anthony Spalinger suggests that , as the influence of temples expanded , religious celebrations that had once been fully public were absorbed into the temples ' increasingly important festival rituals . The most important god of the time was Amun , whose main cult center , the Precinct of Amun - Re at Karnak in Thebes , eventually became the largest of all temples , and whose high priests may have wielded considerable political influence . Many temples were now built entirely of stone , and their general plan became fixed , with the sanctuary , halls , courtyards , and pylon gateways oriented along the path used for festival processions . New Kingdom pharaohs ceased using pyramids as funerary monuments and placed their tombs a great distance from their mortuary temples . Without pyramids to build around , mortuary temples began using the same plan as those dedicated to the gods . In the middle of the New Kingdom , Pharaoh Akhenaten promoted the god Aten over all others and eventually abolished the official worship of most other gods . Traditional temples were neglected while new Aten temples , differing sharply in design and construction , were erected . But Akhenaten 's revolution was reversed soon after his death , with the traditional cults reinstated and the new temples dismantled . Subsequent pharaohs dedicated still more resources to the temples , particularly Ramesses II , the most prolific monument - builder in Egyptian history . As the wealth of the priesthoods continued to grow , so did their religious influence : temple oracles , controlled by the priests , were an increasingly popular method of making decisions . Pharaonic power waned , and in the eleventh century BC a military leader , Herihor , made himself High Priest of Amun and the de facto ruler of Upper Egypt , beginning the political fragmentation of the Third Intermediate Period ( c. 1070 -- 664 BC ) . As the New Kingdom crumbled , the building of mortuary temples ceased and was never revived . Some rulers of the Third Intermediate Period , such as those at Tanis , were buried within the enclosures of divine temples , thus continuing the close link between temple and tomb . Later development ( edit ) In the Third Intermediate Period and the following Late Period ( 664 -- 323 BC ) , the weakened Egyptian state fell to a series of outside powers , experiencing only occasional periods of independence . Many of these foreign rulers funded and expanded temples to strengthen their claim to the kingship of Egypt . One such group , the Kushite pharaohs of the eighth and seventh centuries BC , adopted Egyptian - style temple architecture for use in their native land of Nubia , beginning a long tradition of sophisticated Nubian temple building . Amid this turmoil , the fortunes of various temples and clergies shifted and the independence of Amun 's priesthood was broken , but the power of the priesthood in general remained . Roman - era mammisi at Dendera Temple Despite the political upheaval , the Egyptian temple style continued to evolve without absorbing much foreign influence . Whereas earlier temple building mostly focused on male gods , goddesses and child deities grew increasingly prominent . Temples focused more on popular religious activities such as oracles , animal cults , and prayer . New architectural forms continued to develop , such as covered kiosks in front of gateways , more elaborate column styles , and the mammisi , a building celebrating the mythical birth of a god . Though the characteristics of the late temple style had developed by the last period of native rule , most of the examples date from the era of the Ptolemies , Greek kings who ruled as pharaohs for nearly 300 years . After Rome conquered the Ptolemaic kingdom in 30 BC , Roman emperors took on the role of ruler and temple patron , reducing the temples ' wealth and political power . Many temples in Roman Egypt continued to be built in Egyptian style . Others , including some that were dedicated to Egyptian gods -- such as the temple to Isis at Ras el - Soda -- were built in a style derived from Roman architecture . Temple - building continued into the third century AD , but as the empire weakened , imperial donations to the temple cults dried up . Cult activities continued , relying increasingly on financial support and volunteer labor from surrounding communities . In the following centuries , Christian emperors issued decrees that were increasingly hostile to pagan cults and temples . Some Christians attacked and destroyed temples , as in the plundering of the Serapeum and other temples in Alexandria in AD 391 or 392 . Through some combination of Christian coercion and loss of funds , temples ceased to function at various times . The last temple cults died out in the fourth through sixth centuries AD , although locals may have venerated some sites long after the regular ceremonies there had ceased . Construction ( edit ) Further information : Ancient Egyptian architecture Stone construction in a temple wall Temples were built throughout Upper and Lower Egypt , as well as at Egyptian - controlled oases in the Libyan Desert as far west as Siwa , and at outposts in the Sinai Peninsula such as Timna . In periods when Egypt dominated Nubia , Egyptian rulers also built temples there , as far south as Jebel Barkal . Most Egyptian towns had a temple , but in some cases , as with mortuary temples or the temples in Nubia , the temple was a new foundation on previously empty land . The exact site of a temple was often chosen for religious reasons ; it might , for example , be the mythical birthplace or burial place of a god . The temple axis might also be designed to align with locations of religious significance , such as the site of a neighboring temple or the rising place of the sun or particular stars . The Great Temple of Abu Simbel , for instance , is aligned so that twice a year the rising sun illuminates the statues of the gods in its innermost room . Most temples were aligned toward the Nile with an axis running roughly east -- west . An elaborate series of foundation rituals preceded construction . A further set of rituals followed the temple 's completion , dedicating it to its patron god . These rites were conducted , at least in theory , by the king as part of his religious duties ; indeed , in Egyptian belief all temple construction was symbolically his work . In reality , it was the work of hundreds of his subjects , conscripted in the corvée system . The construction process for a new temple , or a major addition to an existing one , could last years or decades . The use of stone in Egyptian temples emphasized their purpose as eternal houses for the gods and set them apart from buildings for the use of mortals , which were built of mudbrick . Early temples were built of brick and other perishable materials , and most of the outlying buildings in temple enclosures remained brick - built throughout Egyptian history . The main stones used in temple construction were limestone and sandstone , which are common in Egypt ; stones that are harder and more difficult to carve , such as granite , were used in smaller amounts for individual elements like obelisks . The stone to build a temple might be quarried nearby or shipped on the Nile from quarries elsewhere . Temple structures were built on foundations of stone slabs set into sand - filled trenches . Walls and other structures were built with large blocks of varying shapes . The blocks were laid in courses , usually without mortar . Each stone was dressed to fit with its neighbors , producing cuboid blocks whose uneven shapes interlocked . The interiors of walls were often built with less care , using rougher , poorer - quality stones . To build structures above ground level , the workers used construction ramps . When cutting chambers in living rock , workers excavated from the top down , carving a crawlspace near the ceiling and cutting down to the floor . Once the temple structure was complete , the rough faces of the stones were dressed to create a smooth surface . In decorating these surfaces , reliefs were carved into the stone or , if the stone was of too poor quality to carve , a layer of plaster that covered the stone surface . Reliefs were then decorated with gilding , inlay , or paint . The paints were usually mixtures of mineral pigments with some kind of adhesive , possibly natural gum . Temple construction did not end once the original plan was complete ; pharaohs often rebuilt or replaced decayed temple structures or made additions to those still standing . In the course of these additions , they frequently dismantled old temple buildings to use as fill for the interiors of new structures . On rare occasions this may have been because the old structures or their builders had become anathema , as with Akhenaten 's temples , but in most cases the reason seems to have been convenience . Such expansion and dismantling could considerably distort the original temple plan , as happened at the enormous Precinct of Amun - Re at Karnak , which developed two intersecting axes and several satellite temples . Design and decoration ( edit ) The temple of Ramesses III at Medinet Habu , surrounded by the remains of subsidiary structures Like all ancient Egyptian architecture , Egyptian temple designs emphasized order , symmetry , and monumentality and combined geometric shapes with stylized organic motifs . Elements of temple design also alluded to the form of the earliest Egyptian buildings . Cavetto cornices at the tops of walls , for instance , were made to imitate rows of palm fronds placed atop archaic walls , and the batter of exterior walls , while partly meant to ensure stability , was also a holdover from archaic building methods . Temple ground plans usually centered on an axis running on a slight incline from the sanctuary down to the temple entrance . In the fully developed pattern used in the New Kingdom and later , the path used for festival processions -- a broad avenue punctuated with large doors -- served as this central axis . The path was intended primarily for the god 's use when it traveled outside the sanctuary ; on most occasions people used smaller side doors . The typical parts of a temple , such as column - filled hypostyle halls , open peristyle courts , and towering entrance pylons , were arranged along this path in a traditional but flexible order . Beyond the temple building proper , the outer walls enclosed numerous satellite buildings . The entire area enclosed by these walls is sometimes called the temenos , the sacred precinct dedicated to the god . The temple pattern could vary considerably , apart from the distorting effect of additional construction . Many temples , known as hypogea , were cut entirely into living rock , as at Abu Simbel , or had rock - cut inner chambers with masonry courtyards and pylons , as at Wadi es - Sebua . They used much the same layout as free - standing temples but used excavated chambers rather than buildings as their inner rooms . In some temples , like the mortuary temples at Deir el - Bahari , the processional path ran up a series of terraces rather than sitting on a single level . The Ptolemaic Temple of Kom Ombo was built with two main sanctuaries , producing two parallel axes that run the length of the building . The most idiosyncratic temple style was that of the Aten temples built by Akhenaten at el - Amarna , in which the axis passed through a series of entirely open courts filled with altars . The traditional design was a highly symbolic variety of sacred architecture . It was a greatly elaborated variant on the design of an Egyptian house , reflecting its role as the god 's home . Moreover , the temple represented a piece of the divine realm on earth . The elevated , enclosed sanctuary was equated with the sacred hill where the world was created in Egyptian myth and with the burial chamber of a tomb , where the god 's ba , or spirit , came to inhabit its cult image just as a human ba came to inhabit its mummy . This crucial place , the Egyptians believed , had to be insulated from the impure outside world . Therefore , as one moved toward the sanctuary the amount of outside light decreased , and restrictions on who could enter increased . Yet the temple could also represent the world itself . The processional way could therefore stand for the path of the sun traveling across the sky , and the sanctuary for the Duat where it was believed to set and to be reborn at night . The space outside the building was thus equated with the waters of chaos that lay outside the world , while the temple represented the order of the cosmos and the place where that order was continually renewed . Inner chambers ( edit ) The temple 's inner chambers centered on the sanctuary of the temple 's primary god , which typically lay along the axis near the back of the temple building , and in pyramid temples directly against the pyramid base . The sanctuary was the focus of temple ritual , the place where the divine presence manifested most strongly . The form in which it manifested itself varied . In Aten temples and traditional solar shrines , the object of ritual was the sun itself or a benben stone representing the sun , worshipped in a court open to the sky . In many mortuary temples , the inner areas contained statues of the deceased pharaoh , or a false door where his ba was believed to appear to receive offerings . Shrine in the sanctuary of Edfu Temple In most temples , the focus was the cult image : a statue of the temple god which that god 's ba was believed to inhabit while interacting with humans . The sanctuary in these temples contained either a naos , a cabinet - like shrine that housed the divine image , or a model barque containing the image within its cabin , which was used to carry the image during festival processions . In some cases the sanctuary may have housed several cult statues . To emphasize the sanctuary 's sacred nature , it was kept in total darkness . Whereas in earlier times the sanctuary lay at the very back of the building , in the Late and Ptolemaic periods it became a freestanding building inside the temple , further insulated from the outside world by the surrounding corridors and rooms . Subsidiary chapels , dedicated to deities associated with the primary god , lay to the sides of the main one . When the main temple god was male , the secondary chapels were often dedicated to that god 's mythological consort and child . The secondary chapels in mortuary temples were devoted to gods associated with kingship . Several other rooms neighbored the sanctuary . Many of these rooms were used to store ceremonial equipment , ritual texts , or temple valuables ; others had specific ritual functions . The room where offerings were given to the deity was often separate from the sanctuary itself , and in temples without a barque in the sanctuary , there was a separate shrine to store the barque . In late temples the ritual areas could extend to chapels on the roof and crypts below the floor . Finally , in the exterior wall at the back of the temple , there were often niches for laymen to pray to the temple god , as close as they could come to its dwelling place . Halls and courts ( edit ) Hypostyle hall of Esna Temple Hypostyle halls , covered rooms filled with columns , appear in temples throughout Egyptian history . By the New Kingdom they typically lay directly in front of the sanctuary area . These halls were less restricted than the inner rooms , being open to laymen at least in some cases . They were often less dark as well : New Kingdom halls rose into tall central passages over the processional path , allowing a clerestory to provide dim light . The epitome of this style is the Great Hypostyle Hall at Karnak , whose largest columns are 69 feet ( 21 m ) tall . In later periods , the Egyptians favored a different style of hall , where a low screen wall at the front let in the light . The shadowy halls , whose columns were often shaped to imitate plants such as lotus or papyrus , were symbolic of the mythological marsh that surrounded the primeval mound at the time of creation . The columns could also be equated with the pillars that held up the sky in Egyptian cosmology . Beyond the hypostyle hall were one or more peristyle courts open to the sky . These open courts , which had been a part of Egyptian temple design since the Old Kingdom , became transitional areas in the standard plan of the New Kingdom , lying between the public space outside the temple and the more restricted areas within . Here the public met with the priests and assembled during festivals . At the front of each court was usually a pylon , a pair of broad , flat towers flanking the main gateway . The pylon is known from only scattered examples in the Old and Middle Kingdoms , but in the New it quickly became the distinctive and imposing façade common to most Egyptian temples . The pylon served symbolically as a guard tower against the forces of disorder and may also have been meant to resemble the hieroglyph for `` horizon '' , underscoring the temple 's solar symbolism . The front of every pylon held niches for pairs of flagpoles to stand . Unlike pylons , such flags had stood at temple entrances since the earliest Predynastic shrines . They were so closely associated with the presence of a deity that the hieroglyph for them came to stand for the Egyptian word for `` god '' . Enclosure ( edit ) Outside the temple building proper was the temple enclosure , surrounded by a rectangular brick wall that symbolically protected the sacred space from outside disorder . On occasion this function was more than symbolic , especially during the last native dynasties in the fourth century BC , when the walls were fully fortified in case of Persian invasion . In late temples these walls frequently had alternating concave and convex courses of bricks , so that the top of the wall undulated vertically . This pattern may have been meant to evoke the mythological waters of chaos . Brick storehouses at the Ramesseum The walls enclosed many buildings related to the temple 's function . Some enclosures contain satellite chapels dedicated to deities associated with the temple god , including mammisis celebrating the birth of the god 's mythological child . The sacred lakes found in many temple enclosures served as reservoirs for the water used in rituals , as places for the priests to ritually cleanse themselves , and as representations of the water from which the world emerged . Mortuary temples sometimes contain a palace for the spirit of the king to whom the temple was dedicated , built against the temple building proper . The temple of Seti I at Abydos incorporates an unusual underground structure , the Osireion , which may have served as a symbolic tomb for the king . Sanatoria in some temples provided a place for the sick to await healing dreams sent by the god . Other temple buildings included kitchens , workshops , and storehouses to supply the temple 's needs . Especially important was the pr - ˁnḫ or `` house of life '' , where the temple edited , copied , and stored its religious texts , including those used for temple rituals . The house of life also functioned as a general center of learning , containing works on non-religious subjects such as history , geography , astronomy , and medicine . Although these outlying buildings were devoted to more mundane purposes than the temple itself , they still had religious significance ; even granaries might be used for specific ceremonies . Through the enclosure ran the processional path , which led from the temple entrance through the main gate in the enclosure wall . The path was frequently decorated with sphinx statues and punctuated by barque stations , where the priests carrying the festival barque could set it down to rest during the procession . The processional path usually ended in a quay on the Nile , which served as the entrance point for river - borne visitors and the exit point for the festival procession when it travelled by water . In Old Kingdom pyramid temples , the quay adjoined an entire temple ( the valley temple ) , which was linked to the pyramid temple by the processional causeway . Decoration ( edit ) Further information : Art of ancient Egypt Decoration on doorframes and ceilings at Medinet Habu The temple building was elaborately decorated with reliefs and free - standing sculpture , all with religious significance . As with the cult statue , the gods were believed to be present in these images , suffusing the temple with sacred power . Symbols of places in Egypt or parts of the cosmos enhanced the mythical geography already present in the temple 's architecture . Images of rituals served to reinforce the rituals ' magical effect and to perpetuate that effect even if the rituals ceased to be performed . Because of their religious nature , these decorations showed an idealized version of reality , emblematic of the temple 's purpose rather than real events . For instance , the king was shown performing most rituals , while priests , if depicted , were secondary . It was unimportant that he was rarely present for these ceremonies ; it was his broader role as intermediary with the gods that mattered . The most important form of decoration is relief . Relief became more extensive over time , and in late temples , walls , ceilings , columns , and beams were all decorated , as were free - standing stelae erected within the enclosure . Egyptian artists used both bas relief and sunken relief . Bas relief allowed more subtle artistry but involved more carving than sunken relief . Sunken relief was therefore used on harder , more difficult stone and when the builders wanted to finish quickly . It was also appropriate for exterior surfaces , where the shadows it created made the figures stand out in bright sunlight . Finished reliefs were painted using the basic colors black , white , red , yellow , green , and blue , although the artists often mixed pigments to create other colors . In some cases , gilding or inlaid pieces of colored glass or faience substituted for paint . Temple decoration is among the most important sources of information on Ancient Egypt . It includes calendars of festivals , accounts of myths , depictions of rituals , and the texts of hymns . Pharaohs recorded their temple - building activities and their campaigns against the enemies of Egypt . The Ptolemaic temples go further to include information of all kinds taken from temple libraries . The decoration in a given room either depicts the actions performed there or has some symbolic tie to the room 's purpose , providing a great deal of information on temple activities . Interior walls were divided into several registers . The lowest registers were decorated with plants representing the primeval marsh , while the ceilings and tops of walls were decorated with stars and flying birds to represent the sky . Illustrations of rituals , surrounded by text related to the rituals , often filled the middle and upper registers . Courts and exterior walls often recorded the king 's military exploits . The pylon showed the `` smiting scene '' , a motif in which the king strikes down his enemies , symbolizing the defeat of the forces of chaos . The text on the walls was the formal hieroglyphic script . Some texts were written in a `` cryptographic '' form , using symbols in a different way than the normal conventions of hieroglyphic writing . Cryptographic text became more widespread and more complex in Ptolemaic times . Temple walls also frequently bear written or drawn graffiti , both in modern languages and in ancient ones such as Greek , Latin , and Demotic , the form of Egyptian that was commonly used in Greco - Roman times . Although not part of the temple 's formal decoration , graffiti can be an important source of information about its history , both when its cults were functioning and after its abandonment . Ancient graffiti , for instance , often mention the names and titles of priests who worked in the temple , and modern travelers often inscribed their names in temples that they visited . Graffiti left by priests and pilgrims at Philae include the last ancient hieroglyphic text , inscribed in AD 394 , and the last one in Demotic script , from AD 452 . Large , free - standing sculpture included obelisks , tall , pointed pillars that symbolized the sun . The largest of them , the Lateran Obelisk , was more than 118 feet ( 36 m ) high . They were often placed in pairs in front of pylons or elsewhere along the temple axis . Statues of the king , which were similarly placed , also reached colossal size ; the Colossi of Memnon at the mortuary temple of Amenhotep III and the statue of Ramesses II at the Ramesseum are the largest free - standing statues made in ancient Egypt . There were also figures of gods , often in sphinx form , that served as symbolic guardians of the temple . The most numerous statues were votive figures donated to the temple by kings , private individuals , or even towns to gain divine favor . They could depict the god to whom they were dedicated , the people who donated the statue , or both . The most essential temple statues were the cult images , which were usually made of or decorated with precious materials such as gold and lapis lazuli . Personnel ( edit ) A priest burning incense A temple needed many people to perform its rituals and support duties . Priests performed the temple 's essential ritual functions , but in Egyptian religious ideology they were far less important than the king . As temple decoration illustrates , all ceremonies were , in theory , acts by the king , and priests merely stood in his place . The priests were therefore subject to the king 's authority , and he had the right to appoint anyone he wished to the priesthood . In fact , in the Old and Middle Kingdoms most priests were government officials who left their secular duties for part of the year to serve the temple in shifts . Once the priesthood became more professional , the king seems to have used his power over appointments mainly for the highest - ranking positions , usually to reward a favorite official with a job or to intervene for political reasons in the affairs of an important cult . Lesser appointments he delegated to his vizier or to the priests themselves . In the latter case , the holder of an office named his own son as his successor , or the temple clergy conferred to decide who should fill an empty post . Priestly offices were extremely lucrative and tended to be held by the wealthiest and most influential members of Egyptian society , until Roman economic reforms reduced the temples ' resources . The requirements for the priesthood differed over time and among the cults of different gods . Although detailed theological knowledge was involved in priestly offices , little is known about what knowledge or training may have been required of the officeholders . Priests were required to observe strict standards of ritual purity in the sacred space . They shaved their heads and bodies , washed several times a day , and wore only clean linen clothing . They were not required to be celibate , but sexual intercourse rendered them unclean until they underwent further purification . The cults of specific gods might impose further restrictions related to that god 's mythology , such as rules against eating the meat of an animal that represented the god . The acceptance of women into the priesthood was variable . In the Old Kingdom many women served as priests , but their presence in clergies declined drastically in the Middle Kingdom before increasing in the Third Intermediate Period . Lesser positions , such as that of musician in ceremonies , remained open to women in even the most restrictive periods , as did the special role of ceremonial consort of the god . This latter role was highly influential , and the most important of these consorts , the God 's Wife of Amun , even supplanted the High Priest of Amun during the Late Period . At the head of the temple hierarchy was the high priest , who oversaw all the temple 's religious and economic functions and in the largest cults was an important political figure . Beneath him might be as many as three grades of subordinate priests who could substitute for him in ceremonies . While these higher ranks were full - time positions from the New Kingdom onward , the lower grades of priesthood still worked in shifts over the course of the year . Whereas many priests did a variety of menial tasks , the clergy also contained several ritual specialists . Prominent among these specialized roles was that of the lector priest who recited hymns and spells during temple rituals , and who hired out his magical services to laymen . Besides its priests , a large temple employed singers , musicians , and dancers to perform during rituals , plus the farmers , bakers , artisans , builders , and administrators who supplied and managed its practical needs . In the Ptolemaic era , temples could also house people who had sought asylum within the precinct , or recluses who voluntarily dedicated themselves to serving the god and living in its household . A major cult , therefore , could have well over 150 full or part - time priests , with tens of thousands of non-priestly employees working on its lands across the country . These numbers contrast with mid-sized temples , which may have had 10 to 25 priests , and with the smallest provincial temples , which might have only one . Some priests ' duties took them beyond the temple precinct . They formed part of the entourage in festivals that traveled from one temple to another , and clergies from around the country sent representatives to the national sed festival that reinforced the king 's divine power . Some temples , such as those in the neighboring cities of Memphis and Letopolis , were overseen by the same high priest . At certain times there was an administrative office that presided over all temples and clergies . In the Old Kingdom , pharaohs gave this authority first to their relatives and then to their viziers . In the reign of Thutmose III the office passed from the viziers to the High Priests of Amun , who held it for much of the New Kingdom . The Romans established a similar office , that of the high priest for all Egypt , which oversaw the temple cults until their extinction . Religious activities ( edit ) Daily rituals ( edit ) The daily rituals in most temples included two sequences of offering rites : one to clean and dress the god for the day , and one to present it with a meal . The exact order of events in these rituals is uncertain and may have varied somewhat each time they were performed . In addition , the two sequences probably overlapped with each other . At sunrise , the officiating priest entered the sanctuary , carrying a candle to light the room . He opened the doors of the shrine and prostrated himself before the god 's image , reciting hymns in its praise . He removed the god from the shrine , clothed it ( replacing the clothes of the previous day ) , and anointed it with oil and paint . At some point the priest presented the god 's meal , including a variety of meats , fruits , vegetables , and bread . The god was believed to consume only the spiritual essence of this meal . This belief allowed the food to be distributed to others , an act that the Egyptians called the `` reversion of offerings '' . The food passed first to the other statues throughout the temple , then to local funerary chapels for the sustenance of the dead , and finally to the priests who ate it . Temple artwork often shows the king presenting an image of the goddess Maat to the temple deity , an act that represented the purpose of all other offerings . Other offering rituals took place at noon and at sunset , though the sanctuary was not reopened . Some ceremonies other than offerings also took place daily , including rituals specific to a particular god . In the cult of the sun god Ra , for instance , hymns were sung day and night for every hour of the god 's journey across the sky . Many of the ceremonies acted out in ritual the battle against of the forces of chaos . They might , for instance , involve the destruction of models of inimical gods like Apep or Set , acts that were believed to have a real effect through the principle of heka . In fact , the Egyptians believed that all ritual actions achieved their effect through heka . Heka , usually translated as `` magic '' was a fundamental force that rituals were meant to manipulate . Using magic , people , objects , and actions were equated with counterparts in the divine realm and thus were believed to affect events among the gods . In the daily offering , for instance , the cult statue , regardless of which deity it represented , was associated with Osiris , god of the dead . The priest performing the ritual was identified with Horus , the living son of Osiris , who in mythology sustained his father after death through offerings . By magically equating himself with a god in a myth , the priest was able to interact with the temple deity . Festivals ( edit ) On days of particular religious significance , the daily rituals were replaced with festival observances . Different festivals occurred at different intervals , though most were annual . Their timing was based on the Egyptian civil calendar , which most of the time was far out of step with the astronomical year . Thus , while many festivals had a seasonal origin , their timing lost its connection with the seasons . Most festivals took place at a single temple , but others could involve two or more temples or an entire region of Egypt ; a few were celebrated throughout the country . In the New Kingdom and later , the festival calendar at a single temple could include dozens of events , so it is likely that most of these events were observed only by the priests . In those festivals that involved a procession outside the temple , the local population also gathered to watch and to celebrate . These were the most elaborate temple ceremonies , accompanied by the recitation of hymns and the performance of musicians . Priests carrying a festival barque in a relief from the Ramesseum Festival ceremonies entailed reenactment of mythological events or the performance of other symbolic acts , like the cutting of a sheaf of wheat during the harvest - related festival dedicated to the god Min . Many of these ceremonies took place only within the temple building , such as the `` union with the sun disk '' festival practiced in the Late Period and afterwards , when cult statues were carried to the temple roof at the start of the New Year to be enlivened by the rays of the sun . In festivals that involved a procession , priests carried the divine image out from the sanctuary , usually in its model barque , to visit another site . The barque might travel entirely on land or be loaded onto a real boat to travel on the river . The purpose of the god 's visit varied . Some were tied to the ideology of kingship . In the Opet Festival , an extremely important ceremony during the New Kingdom , the image of Amun from Karnak visited the form of Amun worshipped at Luxor Temple , and both acted to reaffirm the king 's divine rule . Still other celebrations had a funerary character , as in the Beautiful Feast of the Valley , when Amun of Karnak visited the mortuary temples of the Theban Necropolis to visit the kings commemorated there , while ordinary people visited the funerary chapels of their own deceased relatives . Some may have centered on ritual marriages between deities , or between deities and their human consorts , although the evidence that ritual marriage was their purpose is ambiguous . A prominent example is a festival in which an image of Hathor from Dendera Temple was brought annually to visit the Edfu , the temple of her mythological consort Horus . These varied ceremonies were united by the broad purpose of renewing life among the gods and in the cosmos . The gods involved in a festival also received various offerings in much larger quantities than in daily ceremonies . The enormous amounts of food listed in festival texts are unlikely to have been divided among the priests alone , so it is likely that the celebrating commoners also participated in the reversion of these offerings . Sacred animals ( edit ) The Apis bull Some temples kept sacred animals , which were believed to be manifestations of the temple god 's ba in the same way that cult images were . Each of these sacred animals was kept in the temple and worshipped for a certain length of time , ranging from a year to the lifetime of the animal . At the end of that time , it was replaced with a new animal of the same species , which was selected by a divine oracle or based on specific markings that were supposed to indicate its sacred nature . Among the most prominent of these animals were the Apis bull , worshipped at Memphis as a manifestation of the Memphite god Ptah , and the falcon at Edfu who represented the falcon god Horus . During the Late Period , a different form of worship involving animals developed . In this case , laymen paid the priests to kill , mummify , and bury an animal of a particular species as an offering to a god . These animals were not regarded as especially sacred , but as a species they were associated with the god because it was depicted in the form of that animal . The god Thoth , for instance , could be depicted as an ibis and as a baboon , and both ibises and baboons were given to him . Although this practice was distinct from the worship of single divine representatives , some temples kept stocks of animals that could be selected for either purpose . These practices produced large cemeteries of mummified animals , such as the catacombs around the Serapeum of Saqqara where the Apis bulls were buried along with millions of animal offerings . Oracles ( edit ) By the beginning of the New Kingdom , and quite possibly earlier , the festival procession had become an opportunity for people to seek oracles from the god . Their questions dealt with subjects ranging from the location of a lost object to the best choice for a government appointment . The motions of the barque as it was carried on the bearers ' shoulders -- making simple gestures to indicate `` yes '' or `` no '' , tipping toward tablets on which possible answers were written , or moving toward a particular person in the crowd -- were taken to indicate the god 's reply . In the Greco - Roman period , and possibly much earlier , oracles were used outside the festival , allowing people to consult them frequently . Priests interpreted the movements of sacred animals or , being asked questions directly , wrote out or spoke answers that they had supposedly received from the god in question . The priests ' claim to speak for the gods or interpret their messages gave them great political influence and provided the means for the High Priests of Amun to dominate Upper Egypt during the Third Intermediate Period . Popular worship ( edit ) Although they were excluded from the formal rituals of the temple , laymen still sought to interact with the gods . There is little evidence of the religious practices of individual people from early Egyptian history , so Egyptologists ' understanding of the subject derives mostly from the New Kingdom or later periods . The evidence from those times indicates that while ordinary Egyptians used many venues to interact with the divine , such as household shrines or community chapels , the official temples with their sequestered gods were a major focus for popular veneration . Votive statue of a man donating a shrine containing a figure of Osiris Unable to address the cult image directly , laymen still attempted to convey their prayers to it . At times they related messages to priests to deliver to the temple deity ; at other times they expressed their piety in the parts of the temple that they could access . Courts , doorways , and hypostyle halls might have spaces designated for public prayer . Sometimes people directed their appeals to the royal colossi , which were believed to act as divine intermediaries . More private areas for devotion were located at the building 's outer wall , where large niches served as `` chapels of the hearing ear '' for individuals to speak to the god . The Egyptians also interacted with deities through the donation of offerings , ranging from simple bits of jewelry to large and finely carved statues and stelae . Among their contributions were statues that sat in temple courts , serving as memorials to the donors after their deaths and receiving portions of the temple offerings to sustain the donors ' spirits . Other statues served as gifts to the temple god , and inscribed stelae conveyed to the resident deity the donors ' prayers and messages of thanks . Over the centuries , so many of these statues accumulated within a temple building that priests sometimes moved them out of the way by burying them in caches beneath the floor . Commoners offered simple wooden or clay models as votives . The form of these models may indicate the reason for their donation . Figurines of women are among the most common types of votive figures , and some are inscribed with a prayer for a woman to bear a child . Festival processions offered a chance for laymen to approach and perhaps even glimpse the cult image in its barque , and for them to receive portions of the god 's food . Because the key rituals of any festival still took place within the temple , out of public sight , Egyptologist Anthony Spalinger has questioned whether the processions inspired genuine `` religious feelings '' or were simply seen as occasions for revelry . In any case , the oracular events during festivals provided an opportunity for people to receive responses from the normally isolated deities , as did the other varieties of oracle that developed late in Egyptian history . Temples eventually became a venue for yet another type of divine contact : dreams . The Egyptians saw dreaming as a means of communion with the divine realm , and by the Ptolemaic period many temples provided buildings for ritual incubation . People slept in these buildings in hopes of contacting the temple god . The petitioners often sought a magical solution to sickness or infertility , but at other times they simply sought an answer to a question , receiving the answer through a dream rather than an oracle . After abandonment ( edit ) After their original religious activities ceased , Egyptian temples suffered slow decay . Many were defaced by Christians trying to erase the remnants of ancient Egyptian religion . Some temple buildings , such as the mammisi at Dendera or the hypostyle hall at Philae , were adapted into churches or other types of buildings . Most commonly the sites were left disused , as at the Temple of Khnum at Elephantine , while locals carried off their stones to serve as material for new buildings . The dismantling of temples for stone continued well into modern times . Limestone was especially useful as a source of lime , so temples built of limestone were almost all dismantled . Sandstone temples , found mostly in Upper Egypt , were more likely to survive . What humans left intact was still subject to natural weathering . Temples in desert areas could be partly covered by drifts of sand , while those near the Nile , particularly in Lower Egypt , were often buried under layers of river - borne silt . Thus , some major temple sites like Memphis were reduced to ruin , while many temples far from the Nile and centers of population remained mostly intact . With understanding of the hieroglyphic script lost , the information about Egyptian culture that was preserved in the surviving temples lay incomprehensible to the world . The situation changed dramatically with the French military expedition to Egypt in 1798 , which brought with it a corps of scholars to examine the surviving ancient monuments . The results of their study inspired a fascination with ancient Egypt throughout Europe . In the early nineteenth century , growing numbers of Europeans traveled to Egypt , both to see the ancient monuments and to collect Egyptian antiquities . Many temple artifacts , from small objects to enormous obelisks , were removed by outside governments and private collectors . This wave of Egyptomania resulted in the rediscovery of temple sites such as Abu Simbel , but artifacts and even whole temples were often treated with great carelessness . The discoveries of the period made possible the decipherment of Egyptian hieroglyphs and the beginnings of Egyptology as a scholarly discipline . Reconstruction work on a pylon at Karnak , from whose interior talatat blocks from the Amarna period are being retrieved Nineteenth - century Egyptologists studied the temples intensively , but their emphasis was on collection of artifacts to send to their own countries , and their slipshod excavation methods often did further harm . Slowly the antique - hunting attitude toward Egyptian monuments gave way to careful study and preservation efforts . The government also took greater control of archaeological activity as Egypt 's independence from foreign powers increased . Yet even in recent times the ancient remains have faced threats . The most severe was the construction of the Aswan High Dam in the 1960s , which threatened to submerge the temples in what had been Lower Nubia beneath the newly formed Lake Nasser . A major effort by the United Nations disassembled some of the threatened monuments and rebuilt them on higher ground , and the Egyptian government gave several of the others , such as Dendur , Taffeh , and Debod , as gifts to nations that had contributed to the preservation effort . Nevertheless , several other temples vanished beneath the lake . Today there are dozens of sites with substantial temple remains , although many more once existed , and none of the major temples in Lower or Middle Egypt are well preserved . Those that are well preserved , such as Karnak , Luxor , and Abu Simbel , draw tourists from around the world and are therefore a key attraction for the Egyptian tourist industry , which is a major sector of the Egyptian economy . Three temple sites -- Ancient Thebes with its Necropolis , Memphis and its Necropolis , and the Nubian Monuments from Abu Simbel to Philae -- have been designated by UNESCO as World Heritage Sites . The Egyptian government is working to balance the demands of tourism against the need to protect ancient monuments from the harmful effects of tourist activity . Archaeological work continues as well , as many temple remains still lie buried and many extant temples are not yet fully studied . Some damaged or destroyed structures , like the temples of Akhenaten , are even being reconstructed . These efforts are improving modern understanding of Egyptian temples , which in turn allow better understanding of ancient Egyptian society as a whole . See also ( edit ) List of ancient Egyptian sites , including sites of temples Notes and citations ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Many Egyptologists , such as Wolfgang Helck and Dietrich Wildung , have argued that the Egyptians did not believe their kings were divine . Nevertheless , the divinity of the king is constantly emphasized in official writings : the products of the royal court and religious establishment . Therefore , regardless of whether ordinary Egyptians believed in it , the king 's divine nature is key to the ideology of the Egyptian temple . Jump up ^ The phrase `` mansion of millions of years '' is often taken as the Egyptian term for a mortuary temple . In several instances the Egyptians used this phrase to refer to sacred buildings that are not generally regarded as `` mortuary '' , such as Luxor Temple and the Festival Hall of Thutmose III at Karnak . Patricia Spencer suggests that the term applied to `` any temple in which the cult of the king was observed , even if the temple was dedicated , in the first instance , to the chief god of the area . '' Jump up ^ Very little construction or decoration took place at Egyptian temples after the second century AD . Many temples were abandoned during or before the third century , although mentions of priests in papyrus texts show that some cults continued to exist until at least the 330s . The Temple of Isis at Philae , at Egypt 's southern frontier with Nubia , was the last fully functioning temple . Scholars have traditionally believed , based on the writings of Procopius , that it was closed in about AD 535 by a military expedition under Justinian I. Jitse Dijkstra has argued that Procopius ' account of the temple closure is inaccurate and that regular religious activity there ceased shortly after the last date inscribed at the temple , in AD 456 or 457 . Eugene Cruz - Uribe suggests instead that during the fifth and early sixth centuries the temple lay empty most of the time , but that Nubians living nearby continued to hold periodic festivals there until well into the sixth century . Jump up ^ Because the axis was aligned at 90 degrees from the river 's generally north -- south flow , irregularities in the Nile 's course meant that the orientation did not always conform to true directions . Jump up ^ In their earliest stone constructions the Egyptians made small blocks shaped like mud bricks . Large blocks of varying shapes were typical of all other periods , except in the Amarna period , when temples to the Aten were built with small , standardized talatat blocks , possibly to speed up construction . Jump up ^ No surviving statues of deities are known for certain to have been cult images , although a few have the right characteristics to have served that purpose . Jump up ^ The quantities even for the daily meal were so large that only a small part of it can have been placed on the offering tables . Most of it must have gone directly to these secondary uses . Jump up ^ The king may have presented a real figurine of Maat to the deity , or the temple reliefs depicting the act may have been purely symbolic . Citations Jump up ^ Spencer 1984 , pp. 22 , 43 Jump up ^ Snape 1996 , p. 9 Jump up ^ Dunand & Zivie - Coche 2004 , pp. 89 -- 91 Jump up ^ Assmann 2001 , p. 4 Jump up ^ Shafer , Byron E. , `` Temples , Priests , and Rituals : An Overview '' , in Shafer 1997 , pp. 1 -- 2 Jump up ^ Haeny , Gerhard , `` New Kingdom ' Mortuary Temples ' and ' Mansions of Millions of Years ' , in Shafer 1997 , pp. 126 , 281 Jump up ^ Shafer , Byron E. , `` Temples , Priests , and Rituals : An Overview '' , in Shafer 1997 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Wilkinson 2000 , pp. 8 , 86 Jump up ^ Dunand & Zivie - Coche 2004 , pp. 103 , 111 -- 112 Jump up ^ Meeks & Favard - Meeks 1996 , pp. 126 -- 128 Jump up ^ Wilkinson 2000 , p. 82 Jump up ^ Teeter , Emily , `` Cults : Divine Cults '' , in Redford 2001 , p. 340 , vol . I Jump up ^ Reymond 1969 , pp. 323 -- 327 Jump up ^ Assmann 2001 , pp. 19 -- 25 ^ Jump up to : Haeny , Gerhard , `` New Kingdom ' Mortuary Temples ' and ' Mansions of Millions of Years ' '' , in Shafer 1997 , pp. 89 -- 102 Jump up ^ Spencer 1984 , p. 25 Jump up ^ Shafer , Byron E. , `` Temples , Priests , and Rituals : An Overview '' , in Shafer 1997 , pp. 3 -- 4 Jump up ^ Quirke , Stephen , `` Gods in the temple of the King : Anubis at Lahun '' , in Quirke 1997 , p. 46 Jump up ^ Haeny , Gerhard , `` New Kingdom ' Mortuary Temples ' and ' Mansions of Millions of Years ' '' , in Shafer 1997 , pp. 123 -- 126 Jump up ^ Shafer , Byron E. , `` Temples , Priests , and Rituals : An Overview '' , in Shafer 1997 , pp. 2 -- 3 Jump up ^ Wilkinson 2000 , pp. 90 -- 93 ^ Jump up to : Spencer 1984 , p. 17 Jump up ^ Sauneron 2000 , pp. 52 -- 53 Jump up ^ Katary , Sally , `` Taxation ( until the End of the Third Intermediate Period ) '' , 2011 , in Wendrich , pp. 7 -- 8 Jump up ^ Haring 1997 , pp. 142 -- 143 Jump up ^ Wilkinson 2000 , p. 88 Jump up ^ Haring 1997 , pp. 372 -- 379 Jump up ^ Wilkinson 2000 , pp. 50 , 75 ^ Jump up to : Kemp , Barry , `` Temple and town in ancient Egypt '' , in Ucko , Tringham & Dimbleby 1973 , pp. 661 , 666 -- 667 ^ Jump up to : Katary , Sally , `` Taxation ( until the End of the Third Intermediate Period ) '' , 2011 , in Wendrich , pp. 4 -- 7 Jump up ^ Haring 1997 , p. 395 Jump up ^ Haring 1997 , pp. 392 -- 395 Jump up ^ Quirke 2001 , p. 168 Jump up ^ Haring 1997 , pp. 389 , 394 -- 396 Jump up ^ Sauneron 2000 , pp. 169 -- 170 , 182 Jump up ^ Kemp 2006 , pp. 297 -- 299 Jump up ^ Monson 2012 , pp. 136 -- 141 Jump up ^ Frankfurter 1998 , pp. 27 , 143 Jump up ^ Bagnall 1993 , pp. 266 -- 267 Jump up ^ Verner 2013 , pp. 511 -- 515 Jump up ^ Snape 1996 , pp. 15 -- 17 Jump up ^ Arnold , Dieter , `` Royal Cult Complexes of the Old and Middle Kingdoms '' , in Shafer 1997 , pp. 32 , 258 Jump up ^ Dunand & Zivie - Coche 2004 , p. 78 Jump up ^ Goedicke , Hans , `` Cult - Temple and ' State ' During the Old Kingdom in Egypt '' , in Lipiński 1978 , pp. 121 -- 124 , vol . I Jump up ^ Quirke 2001 , pp. 84 -- 90 Jump up ^ Kemp 2006 , pp. 113 -- 114 , 134 -- 135 Jump up ^ Quirke 2001 , pp. 118 -- 119 Jump up ^ Lehner 1997 , pp. 18 -- 19 , 230 -- 231 Jump up ^ Lehner 1997 , pp. 228 -- 229 Jump up ^ Lehner 1997 , p. 15 Jump up ^ Wilkinson 2000 , pp. 22 -- 23 Jump up ^ Bell , Lanny , `` The New Kingdom ' Divine ' Temple : The Example of Luxor '' , in Shafer 1997 , p. 144 ^ Jump up to : Wilkinson 2000 , pp. 24 -- 25 Jump up ^ Spalinger 1998 , pp. 245 , 247 -- 249 Jump up ^ Sauneron 2000 , pp. 52 , 174 -- 176 Jump up ^ Snape 1996 , pp. 29 -- 33 , 41 Jump up ^ Sauneron 2000 , pp. 182 -- 183 Jump up ^ Kemp 2006 , pp. 299 -- 300 Jump up ^ Arnold 1999 , p. 28 Jump up ^ Verner 2013 , pp. 334 -- 341 Jump up ^ Gundlach , Rolf , `` Temples '' , in Redford 2001 , p. 379 , vol . III ^ Jump up to : Sauneron 2000 , pp. 183 -- 184 Jump up ^ Arnold 1999 , pp. 46 , 308 Jump up ^ Finnestad , Ragnhild Bjerre , `` Temples of the Ptolemaic and Roman Periods : Ancient Traditions in New Contexts '' , in Shafer 1997 , pp. 188 -- 189 Jump up ^ Arnold 1999 , pp. 65 , 308 Jump up ^ Arnold 1999 , pp. 282 -- 286 , 298 Jump up ^ Arnold 1999 , pp. 143 -- 144 Jump up ^ Wilkinson 2000 , p. 27 Jump up ^ Frankfurter 1998 , pp. 198 -- 199 Jump up ^ Arnold 1999 , p. 226 Jump up ^ Naerebout 2007 , pp. 524 -- 529 , 545 -- 547 Jump up ^ Monson 2012 , p. 227 Jump up ^ Bagnall 1993 , pp. 267 -- 268 Jump up ^ Frankfurter 1998 , pp. 23 -- 28 , 72 -- 76 Jump up ^ Lavan , Luke , `` The End of the Temples : Towards a New Narrative ? '' in Lavan & Mulryan 2011 , pp. xxii -- xxiv Jump up ^ Hahn , Emmel & Gotter 2008 , pp. 3 -- 5 , 344 , 353 Jump up ^ Dijkstra , Jitse , `` The Fate of the Temples in Late Antique Egypt '' , in Lavan & Mulryan 2011 , pp. 398 -- 409 , 423 -- 425 Jump up ^ Bagnall 1993 , pp. 261 -- 267 Jump up ^ Dijkstra , Jitse , `` The Fate of the Temples in Late Antique Egypt '' , in Lavan & Mulryan 2011 , pp. 421 -- 430 Jump up ^ Cruz - Uribe 2010 , pp. 505 -- 506 Jump up ^ Wilkinson 2000 , pp. 100 , 233 , 234 Jump up ^ Wilkinson 2000 , p. 16 ^ Jump up to : Wilkinson 2000 , pp. 36 -- 37 , 226 Jump up ^ Wilkinson 2000 , p. 38 Jump up ^ Arnold 1991 , p. 4 ^ Jump up to : Wilkinson 2000 , pp. 43 -- 44 Jump up ^ Assmann 2001 , p. 30 Jump up ^ Wilkinson 2000 , pp. 19 , 42 Jump up ^ Arnold 1991 , pp. 27 , 36 Jump up ^ Wilkinson 2000 , p. 40 Jump up ^ Arnold 1991 , pp. 109 -- 113 ^ Jump up to : Arnold 1991 , pp. 120 -- 122 Jump up ^ Arnold 1991 , pp. 115 -- 122 Jump up ^ Arnold 1991 , p. 148 Jump up ^ Arnold 1991 , pp. 80 , 213 ^ Jump up to : Robins 1986 , pp. 20 -- 25 ^ Jump up to : Uphill , Eric , `` The concept of the Egyptian palace as a ' ruling machine ' '' , in Ucko , Tringham & Dimbleby 1973 , pp. 730 -- 731 Jump up ^ Dunand & Zivie - Coche 2004 , pp. 77 -- 79 Jump up ^ Arnold , Dieter , `` Architecture '' , in Redford 2001 , pp. 113 -- 114 , vol . I Jump up ^ Arnold 2003 , pp. 28 , 46 ^ Jump up to : Assmann 2001 , pp. 31 -- 33 ^ Jump up to : Dunand & Zivie - Coche 2004 , pp. 79 -- 82 Jump up ^ Snape 1996 , pp. 44 -- 51 , 56 Jump up ^ Wilkinson 2000 , p. 76 Jump up ^ Assmann 2001 , pp. 38 , 43 -- 44 ^ Jump up to : Wilkinson 2000 , pp. 76 -- 79 Jump up ^ Quirke 2001 , pp. 64 -- 65 , 88 , 159 Jump up ^ Arnold , Dieter , `` Royal Cult Complexes of the Old and Middle Kingdoms '' , in Shafer 1997 , pp. 71 -- 72 Jump up ^ Kozloff , Arielle P. , `` Sculpture : Divine Sculpture '' , in Redford 2001 , pp. 242 -- 243 Jump up ^ Dunand & Zivie - Coche 2004 , p. 80 Jump up ^ Eaton 2013 , pp. 26 -- 27 Jump up ^ Dunand & Zivie - Coche 2004 , pp. 86 -- 87 Jump up ^ Wilkinson 2000 , pp. 70 , 82 , 178 -- 179 Jump up ^ Wilkinson 2000 , pp. 69 -- 70 ^ Jump up to : Teeter 2011 , pp. 77 -- 84 ^ Jump up to : Arnold 2003 , pp. 113 , 180 Jump up ^ Wilkinson 2000 , pp. 65 -- 66 ^ Jump up to : Wilkinson 2000 , pp. 60 -- 62 Jump up ^ Shafer , Byron E. , `` Temples , Priests , and Rituals : An Overview '' , in Shafer 1997 , p. 5 Jump up ^ Arnold 1999 , p. 93 Jump up ^ Arnold 2003 , p. 256 Jump up ^ Arnold 2003 , p. 169 Jump up ^ Snape 1996 , p. 47 ^ Jump up to : Wilkinson 2000 , pp. 74 -- 75 Jump up ^ Sauneron 2000 , pp. 132 -- 142 Jump up ^ Wilkinson 2000 , pp. 54 -- 55 Jump up ^ Arnold 2003 , pp. 227 , 252 Jump up ^ Assmann 2001 , p. 43 Jump up ^ Gundlach , Rolf , `` Temples '' , in Redford 2001 , pp. 369 , 371 -- 372 , vol . III Jump up ^ Eaton 2013 , pp. 28 , 121 ^ Jump up to : Gundlach , Rolf , `` Temples '' , in Redford 2001 , p. 371 Jump up ^ Finnestad , Ragnhild Bjerre , `` Temples of the Ptolemaic and Roman Periods : Ancient Traditions in New Contexts '' , in Shafer 1997 , p. 191 Jump up ^ Hölzl , Regina , `` Stelae '' , in Redford 2001 , pp. 320 -- 322 , vol . III Jump up ^ Finnestad , Ragnhild Bjerre , `` Temples of the Ptolemaic and Roman Periods : Ancient Traditions in New Contexts '' , in Shafer 1997 , p. 194 Jump up ^ Arnold 2003 , p. 205 Jump up ^ Eaton 2013 , pp. 16 -- 17 Jump up ^ Wilkinson 2000 , pp. 44 -- 46 Jump up ^ Wilkinson 2000 , pp. 46 -- 47 Jump up ^ Dijkstra , Jitse , `` The Fate of the Temples in Late Antique Egypt '' , in Lavan & Mulryan 2011 , p. 423 Jump up ^ Quirke 2001 , pp. 62 , 134 -- 135 Jump up ^ Wilkinson 2000 , pp. 57 -- 60 Jump up ^ Kozloff , Arielle P. , `` Sculpture : Divine Sculpture '' in Redford 2001 , pp. 242 -- 245 , vol . III Jump up ^ Wilkinson 2000 , p. 70 Jump up ^ Sauneron 2000 , pp. 32 -- 35 Jump up ^ Sauneron 2000 , pp. 43 -- 47 Jump up ^ Johnson 1986 , pp. 81 -- 82 Jump up ^ Monson 2012 , pp. 218 -- 227 Jump up ^ Sauneron 2000 , pp. 35 -- 43 Jump up ^ Doxey , Denise , `` Priesthood '' , in Redford 2001 , pp. 69 -- 70 , vol . III Jump up ^ Teeter 2011 , pp. 25 -- 26 Jump up ^ Doxey , Denise , `` Priesthood '' , in Redford 2001 , pp. 71 -- 72 Jump up ^ Sauneron 2000 , pp. 60 , 70 -- 71 Jump up ^ Ritner 1993 , pp. 220 , 232 Jump up ^ Wilkinson 2000 , p. 92 Jump up ^ Dunand & Zivie - Coche 2004 , pp. 306 -- 310 Jump up ^ Janssen , Jac J. , `` The Role of the Temple in the Egyptian Economy During the New Kingdom '' , in Lipiński 1978 , pp. 121 -- 124 , vol. II Jump up ^ Haring 1997 , p. 175 Jump up ^ Sauneron 2000 , pp. 53 -- 54 Jump up ^ Sauneron 2000 , pp. 105 -- 107 Jump up ^ Sauneron 2000 , pp. 176 -- 177 , 186 Jump up ^ Monson 2012 , p. 220 Jump up ^ Eaton 2013 , pp. 41 -- 49 ^ Jump up to : Dunand & Zivie - Coche 2004 , pp. 90 -- 91 ^ Jump up to : Thompson , Stephen E. , `` Cults : An Overview '' , in Redford 2001 , p. 328 , vol . I Jump up ^ Englund , Gertie , `` Offerings : An Overview '' , in Redford 2001 , p. 566 , vol. II Jump up ^ Janssen , Jac J. , `` The Role of the Temple in the Egyptian Economy During the New Kingdom '' , in Lipiński 1978 , p. 512 , vol. II Jump up ^ Eaton 2013 , pp. 24 -- 25 Jump up ^ Quirke 2001 , p. 54 Jump up ^ Bleeker 1967 , p. 44 ^ Jump up to : Ritner 1993 , pp. 247 -- 249 Jump up ^ Assmann 2001 , pp. 49 -- 51 Jump up ^ Spalinger , Anthony , `` Festivals '' , in Redford 2001 , p. 521 , vol . I Jump up ^ Spalinger 1998 , pp. 257 -- 258 Jump up ^ Wilkinson 2000 , pp. 95 -- 96 Jump up ^ Sauneron 2000 , pp. 92 -- 94 , 96 Jump up ^ Bleeker 1967 , pp. 25 , 40 Jump up ^ Verner 2013 , pp. 17 -- 18 Jump up ^ Bell , Lanny , `` The New Kingdom ' Divine ' Temple : The Example of Luxor '' , in Shafer 1997 , pp. 158 , 174 -- 176 Jump up ^ Teeter 2011 , pp. 66 -- 73 Jump up ^ Stadler , Martin , `` Procession '' , 2008 , in Wendrich , pp. 4 -- 6 Jump up ^ Bleeker 1967 , p. 22 Jump up ^ Janssen , Jac J. , `` The Role of the Temple in the Egyptian Economy During the New Kingdom '' , in Lipiński 1978 , pp. 513 -- 514 , vol. II Jump up ^ Meeks & Favard - Meeks 1996 , pp. 129 -- 130 Jump up ^ Ray , John D. , `` Cults : Animal cults '' , in Redford 2001 , p. 346 , vol . I Jump up ^ Dunand and Zivie - Coche , p. 21 Jump up ^ Davies , Sue , and H.S. Smith , `` Sacred Animal Temples at Saqqara '' , in Quirke 1997 , pp. 116 -- 120 , 123 ^ Jump up to : Kruchten , Jean - Marie , `` Oracles '' , in Redford 2001 , pp. 609 -- 611 , vol. II Jump up ^ Frankfurter 1998 , pp. 148 -- 152 Jump up ^ Dunand & Zivie - Coche 2004 , pp. 107 , 110 ^ Jump up to : Lesko , Barbara S. , `` Cults : Private Cults '' , in Redford 2001 , pp. 337 -- 338 , vol . I Jump up ^ Dunand & Zivie - Coche 2004 , pp. 112 -- 113 Jump up ^ Wilkinson 2000 , pp. 62 -- 64 , 99 Jump up ^ Teeter 2011 , pp. 87 -- 90 Jump up ^ Dunand & Zivie - Coche 2004 , pp. 116 -- 118 Jump up ^ Spalinger 1998 , pp. 245 , 249 -- 250 Jump up ^ Dunand & Zivie - Coche 2004 , pp. 119 -- 120 , 135 -- 136 Jump up ^ Baines , John , `` Temples as symbols , guarantors , and participants in Egyptian civilization '' , in Quirke 1997 , p. 234 Jump up ^ Dijkstra , Jitse , `` The Fate of the Temples in Late Antique Egypt '' , in Lavan & Mulryan 2011 , pp. 405 -- 406 , 427 Jump up ^ Dijkstra , Jitse , `` The Fate of the Temples in Late Antique Egypt '' , in Lavan & Mulryan 2011 , pp. 420 -- 421 Jump up ^ Fagan 2004 , pp. 27 -- 29 , 179 Jump up ^ Quirke , Stephen , `` Editorial foreword '' , in Quirke 1997 , p. ix Jump up ^ Wilkinson 2000 , pp. 29 , 102 , 114 Jump up ^ Fagan 2004 , pp. 55 -- 57 Jump up ^ Fagan 2004 , pp. 103 , 126 , 179 -- 181 Jump up ^ Fagan 2004 , pp. xi , 160 -- 162 ^ Jump up to : Wilkinson 2000 , pp. 7 , 240 -- 242 Jump up ^ Fagan 2004 , pp. 177 -- 181 Jump up ^ Fagan 2004 , pp. 250 -- 251 Jump up ^ Wilkinson 2000 , pp. 219 -- 220 , 230 , 242 Jump up ^ Wilkinson 2000 , Pt . V , passim Jump up ^ Baines , John , `` Temples as symbols , guarantors , and participants in Egyptian civilization '' , in Quirke 1997 , p. 226 Jump up ^ Egypt State Information Service Jump up ^ Fagan 2004 , pp. 252 -- 253 Works cited ( edit ) Arnold , Dieter ( 1991 ) . Building in Egypt : Pharaonic Stone Masonry . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 511374 - 8 . Arnold , Dieter ( 2003 ) ( 1994 ) . The Encyclopedia of Ancient Egyptian Architecture . Translated by Sabine H. Gardiner and Helen Strudwick . Edited by Nigel and Helen Strudwick . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 11488 - 9 . Arnold , Dieter ( 1999 ) . Temples of the Last Pharaohs . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 512633 - 5 . Assmann , Jan ( 2001 ) ( 1984 ) . The Search for God in Ancient Egypt . Translated by David Lorton . Cornell University Press . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 3786 - 5 . Bagnall , Roger S. ( 1993 ) . Egypt in Late Antiquity . Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 06986 - 9 . Bleeker , C.J. ( 1967 ) . Egyptian Festivals : Enactments of Religious Renewal . E.J. Brill . Cruz - Uribe , Eugene ( 2010 ) . `` The Death of Demotic Redux : Pilgrimage , Nubia , and the Preservation of Egyptian Culture '' . In Knuf , Hermann ; Leitz , Christian ; von Recklinghausen , Daniel . Honi soit qui mal y pense : Studien zum pharaonischen , griechisch - römischen und spätantiken Ägypten zu Ehren von Heinz - Josef Thissen . Peeters . ISBN 978 - 90 - 429 - 2323 - 2 . Dunand , Françoise ; Zivie - Coche , Christiane ( 2004 ) ( 1991 ) . Gods and Men in Egypt : 3000 BCE to 395 CE . Translated by David Lorton . Cornell University Press . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 8853 - 2 . Eaton , Katherine ( 2013 ) . Ancient Egyptian Temple Ritual : Performance , Pattern , and Practice . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 83298 - 4 . Egypt State Information Service . `` Tourism : Introduction '' . Retrieved January 6 , 2011 . Fagan , Brian ( 2004 ) . The Rape of the Nile : Tomb Robbers , Tourists , and Archaeologists in Egypt , Revised Edition . Westview Press . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 4061 - 6 . Frankfurter , David ( 1998 ) . Religion in Roman Egypt : Assimilation and Resistance . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 07054 - 7 . Hahn , Johannes ; Emmel , Stephen ; Gotter , Ulrich , eds. ( 2008 ) . From Temple to Church : Destruction and Renewal of Local Cultic Topography in Late Antiquity . Brill . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 13141 - 5 . Haring , B.J.J. ( 1997 ) . Divine Households : Administrative and Economic Aspects of the New Kingdom Royal Memorial Temples in Western Thebes . Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten . ISBN 90 - 6258 - 212 - 5 . Johnson , Janet H. ( 1986 ) . `` The Role of the Egyptian Priesthood in Ptolemaic Egypt '' . In Lesko , Leonard H. Egyptological Studies in Honour of Richard A. Parker . Brown . ISBN 0 - 87451 - 321 - 9 . Kemp , Barry ( 2006 ) . Ancient Egypt : Anatomy of a Civilisation , Second Edition . Routledge . ISBN 0415012813 . Lavan , Luke ; Mulryan , Michael , eds. ( 2011 ) . The Archaeology of Late Antique ' Paganism ' . Brill . ISBN 0 - 7546 - 3603 - 8 . Lehner , Mark ( 1997 ) . The Complete Pyramids : Solving the Ancient Mysteries . Thames and Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 05084 - 8 . Lipiński , Edward , ed. ( 1978 ) . State and Temple Economy in the Ancient Near East . Departement Oriëntalistiek . ISBN 90 - 70192 - 03 - 9 . Meeks , Dimitri ; Favard - Meeks , Christine ( 1996 ) ( 1993 ) . Daily Life of the Egyptian Gods . Translated by G.M. Goshgarian . Cornell University Press . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 8248 - 8 . Monson , Andrew ( 2012 ) . From the Ptolemies to the Romans : Political and Economic Change in Egypt . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 01441 - 1 . Naerebout , Frederick G. ( 2007 ) . `` The Temple at Ras el - Soda . Is It an Isis Temple ? Is It Greek , Roman , Egyptian , or Neither ? And So What ? '' . In Bricault , Laurent ; Versluys , Miguel John . Nile into Tiber : Egypt in the Roman World . Proceedings of the IIIrd International Conference of Isis studies , Faculty of Archaeology , Leiden University , May 11 -- 14 , 2005 . Brill . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 15420 - 9 . Quirke , Stephen , ed. ( 1997 ) . The Temple in Ancient Egypt : New Discoveries and Recent Research . British Museum Press . ISBN 0 - 7141 - 0993 - 2 . Quirke , Stephen ( 2001 ) . The Cult of Ra : Sun Worship in Ancient Egypt . Thames and Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 05107 - 0 . Redford , Donald B. , ed. ( 2001 ) . The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 510234 - 7 . Reymond , E.A.E. ( 1969 ) . The Mythical Origin of the Egyptian Temple . Manchester University Press . ISBN 0 - 7190 - 0311 - 3 . Ritner , Robert Kriech ( 1993 ) . The Mechanics of Ancient Egyptian Magical Practice . The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago . ISBN 0 - 918986 - 75 - 3 . Robins , Gay ( 1986 ) . Egyptian Painting and Relief . Shire Publications . ISBN 0 - 85263 - 789 - 6 . Sauneron , Serge ( 2000 ) ( 1988 ) . The Priests of Ancient Egypt , New Edition . Translated by David Lorton . Cornell University Press . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 8654 - 8 . Shafer , Byron E. , ed. ( 1997 ) . Temples of Ancient Egypt . Cornell University Press . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 3399 - 1 . Snape , Steven ( 1996 ) . Egyptian Temples . Shire Publications . ISBN 0 - 7478 - 0327 - 7 . Spalinger , Anthony J. ( October 1998 ) . `` The Limitations of Formal Ancient Egyptian Religion '' . Journal of Near Eastern Studies . 57 ( 4 ) . JSTOR 545450 . Spencer , Patricia ( 1984 ) . The Egyptian Temple : A Lexicographical Study . Kegan Paul International . ISBN 0 - 7103 - 0065 - 4 . Teeter , Emily ( 2011 ) . Religion and Ritual in Ancient Egypt . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 61300 - 2 . Ucko , Peter J. ; Tringham , Ruth ; Dimbleby , G.W. , eds. ( 1973 ) . Man , Settlement and Urbanism . Duckworth . ISBN 0 - 7156 - 0589 - 5 . Verner , Miroslav ( 2013 ) ( 2010 ) . Temple of the World : Sanctuaries , Cults , and Mysteries of Ancient Egypt . Translated by Anna Bryson - Gustová . The American University in Cairo Press . ISBN 978 - 977 - 416 - 563 - 4 . Wendrich , Willeke ( ed . ) . `` UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology '' . Department of Near Eastern Languages and Cultures , UC Los Angeles . Retrieved January 6 , 2015 . Wilkinson , Richard H. ( 2000 ) . The Complete Temples of Ancient Egypt . Thames and Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 05100 - 3 . Further reading ( edit ) Arnold , Dieter ( 1992 ) . Die Tempel Ägyptens : Götterwohnungen , Kültstatten , Baudenkmäler ( in German ) . Bechtermünz Vlg . ISBN 3 - 86047 - 215 - 1 . Oakes , Lorna ( 2003 ) . Temples and Sacred Centres of Ancient Egypt : A Comprehensive Guide to the Religious Sites of a Fascinating Civilisation . Southwater . ISBN 1 - 84215 - 757 - 4 . Vörös , Győző ( 2007 ) . Egyptian Temple Architecture : 100 Years of Hungarian Excavations in Egypt , 1907 -- 2007 . Translated by David Robert Evans . The American University in Cairo Press . ISBN 963 - 662 - 084 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ancient Egyptian temples . Ancient Egyptian architecture : temples at Digital Egypt for Universities Ancient Egyptian religion Mythology Paganism Pantheism Polytheism Emanationism Soul Neter - khertet Aaru Duat Isfet Numerology Deities Aker Akhty Ammit Amun Amunet Am - heh Anat Andjety Anhur Anput Anti Anubis Anuket Apedemak Apep Apis Apt Aqen Arensnuphis Ash Astarte Aten Atum Babi Banebdjedet Bastet Bat Bata Ba - Pef Bes Buchis Dedun Four sons of Horus Duamutef Hapi Imset Qebehsenuef Geb Ha Hapi Hathor Hatmehit Hedetet Heh Heka Hemen Hemsut Heqet Hermanubis Hesat Horus Heryshaf Hu Iabet Iah Iat Ihy Imentet Imhotep Isis Iunit Iusaaset Kebechet Kek Khensit Khenti - Amentiu Khenti - kheti Khepri Kherty Khnum Khonsu Kothar - wa - Khasis Maahes Ma'at Mandulis Medjed Mafdet Mehen Mehet - Weret Mehit Menhit Meret Meretseger Meskhenet Min Mnevis Montu Mut Nebethetepet Nebtuwi Nefertem Nehebkau Nehmetawy Neith Nekhbet Neper Nephthys Nu Nut Osiris Pakhet Petbe Ptah Qebui Qetesh Ra Raet - Tawy Rem Renenutet Renpet Repyt Resheph Sah Satis Sekhmet Seker Serapis Serket Seshat Set Shai Shed Shesmetet Shezmu Shu Sia Sobek Sopdet Sopdu Souls of Pe and Nekhen Tatenen Taweret Ta - Bitjet Tefnut Tenenet Thoth Hermes Trismegistus Tjenenyet Tutu Unut Wadjet Wadj - wer Weneg Wepset Wepwawet Werethekau Wosret Creatures Aani Abtu Bennu Griffin Hieracosphinx Medjed El Naddaha Serpopard Sha Sphinx Uraeus Symbols Ankh Atef Atet Benben Book of Thoth Cartouche Crook and flail Deshret Djed Egyptian obelisk Egyptian pool Ennead Eye of Horus Eye of Ra Flooding of the Nile Hedjet Heku Hemhem crown Hennu Imiut fetish Khepresh Kneph Land of Manu Maat Kheru Matet boat Menat Mortuary temple Nebu Nemes Neshmet Ogdoad Ouroboros Pschent Pyramid power Scarab Seqtet boat Serekh Shen ring The Indestructibles Tyet Ushabti Was - sceptre Winged sun Writings Amduat Books of Breathing Book of Caverns Book of the Dead Book of the Earth Book of Gates Coffin Texts Enigmatic Book of the Netherworld Litany of the Eye of Horus Litany of Re Pyramid Texts Beliefs Atenism Curse of the Pharaohs Funerals Offering formula Philosophy Temples Book Ancient Egypt portal Ancient Egypt topics Outline Index Major topics Glossary of artifacts Agriculture Architecture ( Egyptian Revival architecture ) Art Astronomy Burial customs Chronology Cities ( list ) Clothing Cuisine Dynasties Geography Great Royal Wives History Language Literature Mathematics Medicine Military Music Mythology People Pharaohs ( list ) Philosophy Religion Sites Technology Trade Writing Egyptology Egyptologists Museums Book Ancient Egypt portal WikiProject Commons LCCN : sh85133759 GND : 4138126 - 9 BNF : cb11937293j ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_temple&oldid=814788239 '' Categories : Egyptian temples Ancient Egyptian architecture Ancient Egyptian religion Temples Ancient Egyptian technology Egyptian inventions Hidden categories : Use American English from September 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Nederlands Occitan Português Русский Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 December 2017 , at 23 : 08 . 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what were statues in a temple called ancient egypt

The most important part of the temple was the sanctuary , which typically contained a cult image , a statue of its god . The rooms outside the sanctuary grew larger and more elaborate over time , so that temples evolved from small shrines in the late Predynastic Period ( late fourth millennium BC ) to large stone edifices in the New Kingdom ( c. 1550 -- 1070 BC ) and later . These edifices are among the largest and most enduring examples of Egyptian architecture , with their elements arranged and decorated according to complex patterns of religious symbolism . Their typical design consisted of a series of enclosed halls , open courts , and entrance pylons aligned along the path used for festival processions . Beyond the temple proper was an outer wall enclosing a wide variety of secondary buildings .

Visa requirements for British citizens - wikipedia Visa requirements for British citizens Jump to : navigation , search A British citizen passport ( 2010 series ) Visa requirements for British citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of the United Kingdom . As of 22 May 2018 , British citizens had visa - free or visa on arrival access to 186 countries and territories , ranking the British passport 4th in terms of travel freedom ( tied with Austrian , Dutch , Luxembourgish , Norwegian , Portuguese and the United States passports ) according to the Henley Passport Index . Additionally , the World Tourism Organization also published a report on 15 January 2016 ranking the British passport 1st in the world ( tied with Denmark , Finland , Germany , Italy , Luxembourg and Singapore ) in terms of travel freedom , with a mobility index of 160 ( out of 215 with no visa weighted by 1 , visa on arrival weighted by 0.7 , eVisa by 0.5 , and traditional visa weighted by 0 ) . Visa requirements for other classes of British nationals such as British Nationals ( Overseas ) , British Overseas Citizens , British Overseas Territories Citizens , British Protected Persons or British Subjects are different . Contents 1 History 2 Visa requirements map 3 Visa requirements 4 British Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories 5 Territories and disputed areas 6 Non-ordinary passports 7 Non-visa restrictions 7.1 Passport validity length 7.2 Blank passport pages 7.3 Vaccination 7.4 Israeli stamps 7.5 Armenian ethnicity 7.6 Persona non grata 7.7 Fingerprinting 7.8 Criminal record 8 Right to consular protection in non-EU countries 9 Travel impact of Brexit 10 Fingerprinting 11 Foreign travel statistics 12 See also 13 References and Notes History ( edit ) Visa requirements for British citizens were lifted by some European nations following World War II . The following list shows when countries abolished visa restrictions for British citizens : France ( 1 January 1947 ) , Belgium ( 15 February 1947 ) , Luxembourg ( 15 February 1947 ) , Norway ( 1 March 1947 ) , Denmark ( 22 March 1947 ) , Sweden ( 1 April 1947 ) , Netherlands ( 15 April 1947 ) , Switzerland ( 24 June 1947 ) , Liechtenstein ( 24 June 1947 ) , Iceland ( 1 July 1947 ) , Italy ( 1 January 1948 ) , Monaco ( 8 November 1948 ) , Austria ( 15 May 1955 ) , Paraguay ( 27 November 1966 ) , United States ( 1 July 1988 ) , Poland ( 1 July 1992 ) , Bulgaria ( March 1997 ) , Romania ( 1 January 2001 ) , Serbia and Montenegro ( 31 May 2003 ) , Ukraine ( 1 May 2005 ) , Georgia ( 1 June 2006 ) , Moldova ( 1 January 2007 ) , Kyrgyzstan ( 27 July 2012 ) , Armenia ( 10 January 2013 ) , Kazakhstan ( 15 July 2014 ) , Indonesia ( 13 June 2015 ) , Vietnam ( 1 July 2015 ) and Belarus ( 12 February 2017 ) . Electronic visas for British citizens were introduced : India ( 15 August 2015 ) and Djibouti ( 18 February 2018 ) . Visas on arrival were discontinued for British citizens by Mali ( March 2015 ) and Malawi ( 1 October 2015 ) . Visa requirements map ( edit ) Visa requirements for British citizens United Kingdom Freedom of movement Visa not required Visa on arrival eVisa Visa available both on arrival or online Visa required prior to arrival Visa requirements ( edit ) Country Visa requirement Allowed stay Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Afghanistan Visa required Albania Visa not required 90 days Algeria Visa required Andorra Visa not required Angola eVisa 30 days Visitors who were granted online pre-visa are then issued with visa on arrival at Luanda International Airport . For a maximum total stay of 90 days within year period . Antigua and Barbuda Visa not required 6 months Argentina Visa not required 90 days Armenia Visa not required 180 days Australia eVisitor 90 days If granted , eVisitor allows British citizens to stay in Australia for 90 days per visit . Issued free of charge and valid for one year . Austria EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Azerbaijan eVisa 30 days Bahamas Visa not required 21 days Extendable up to eight months . Bahrain eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months Visas can be issued on arrival for a stay up to 3 months . eVisa issued for 14 days , extendable once . Bangladesh Visa on arrival 30 days Visa on arrival available at Dhaka International Airport Barbados Visa not required 6 months Belarus Visa not required 5 days Must arrive and leave via Minsk International Airport Visas are also issued on arrival at the Minsk International Airport if the support documents were submitted by inviting organization / person not later than 3 business days before expected date of arrival . Visa and police registration required for stays of more than 5 days . Belgium EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Belize Visa not required 30 days Benin eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days / 8 days Must have an international vaccination certificate . Bhutan Visa required Visa via approved tour operators only Bolivia Visa not required 90 days Bosnia and Herzegovina Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 6 month period . Botswana Visa not required 90 days Brazil Visa not required 90 days Extendable for further 90 days Brunei Visa not required 90 days Bulgaria EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Burkina Faso Visa on arrival 1 month Burundi Visa required Cambodia eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Extendable for another 30 days . Cameroon Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . Canada Visa not required 6 months eTA required if arriving by air . Cape Verde Visa on arrival Central African Republic Visa required Chad Visa required Chile Visa not required 90 days May be extended . China Visa required 72 - hours visa free visit when in transit at , Changsha , Chengdu , Chongqing , Guangzhou , Guilin , Harbin , Kunming , Qingdao , Wuhan , Xi'an and Xiamen . 144 - hours visa free visit when in transit at Beijing ( Beijing Capital International Airport ) , Dalian , Hangzhou , Hebei ( Shijiazhuang Zhengding International Airport ) , Nanjing , Shanghai ( Hongqiao and Pudong international airports , Railway Station and port ) , Shenyang and Tianjin ( Tianjin Binhai International Airport ) Hong Kong , Macau , and Taiwan do count as third countries under the 72 and 144 - hours transit policy . Visiting visas issued to British citizens are generally valid for 2 years Colombia Visa not required 90 days Extendable up to 180 - days stay within a one - year period . Comoros Visa on arrival Republic of the Congo Visa required Democratic Republic of the Congo Visa required Costa Rica Visa not required 3 months Côte d'Ivoire eVisa 3 months eVisa holders must arrive via Port Bouet Airport . Croatia EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Cuba Visa required ! Tourist Card required Cyprus EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Czech Republic EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Denmark EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement ( DK ) Djibouti eVisa 31 days Dominica Visa not required 6 months Dominican Republic Visa not required 30 days Ecuador Visa not required 90 days May be extended . Egypt eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days El Salvador Visa not required 3 months Equatorial Guinea Visa required Eritrea Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . Estonia EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Ethiopia eVisa / Visa on arrival Visa on arrival only at Addis Ababa Bole International Airport . Fiji Visa not required 4 months Finland EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement France EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Gabon eVisa / Visa on arrival 90 days eVisa holders must arrive via Libreville International Airport . Gambia Visa not required 90 days Georgia Visa not required 1 year Germany EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Ghana Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . Greece EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Grenada Visa not required 6 months Guatemala Visa not required 90 days Guinea Visa required Guinea - Bissau eVisa / Visa on arrival 90 days Guyana Visa not required 3 months Haiti Visa not required 90 days Honduras Visa not required 3 months Hungary EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Iceland EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement India e-Visa 60 days e-Visa holders must arrive via 25 designated airports or 3 designated seaports . e-Tourist Visa can be obtained twice in a calendar year . Indonesia Visa not required 30 days Not available at all entry points . Iran Visa required Iraq Visa required Visa on arrival for 30 days at Erbil and Sulaymaniyah airports . Ireland EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Israel Visa not required 3 months Italy EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Jamaica Visa not required 180 days Japan Visa not required 90 days May be extended once . Jordan Visa on arrival ! Free visa on arrival Conditions apply Kazakhstan Visa not required 30 days Kenya eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months Can also be entered on an East Africa Tourist Visa issued by Rwanda or Uganda . Kiribati Visa not required 30 days North Korea Visa required South Korea Visa not required 90 days Kuwait eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months Kyrgyzstan Visa not required 60 days Laos Visa on arrival 30 days Latvia EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Lebanon Visa on arrival 1 month Extendable for 2 additional months ; granted free of charge at Beirut International Airport or any other port of entry if there is no Israeli visa or seal , holding a telephone number , an address in Lebanon , and a non refundable return or circle trip ticket . Lesotho Visa not required 14 days Liberia Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . Libya Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . Liechtenstein EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Lithuania EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Luxembourg EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Macedonia Visa not required 90 days Madagascar Visa on arrival 30 days Malawi Visa on arrival Malaysia Visa not required 3 months Maldives Visa on arrival ! Free visa on arrival 30 days Mali Visa required Malta EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Marshall Islands Visa on arrival ! Free visa on arrival 90 days Free of charge . Mauritania Visa on arrival Available at Nouakchott -- Oumtounsy International Airport . Mauritius Visa not required 90 days Mexico Visa not required 180 days Micronesia Visa not required 30 days Moldova Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period Monaco Visa not required Mongolia Visa required Montenegro Visa not required 90 days Must register with the local police station ( either through a tourist organisation or at hotel reception ) within 24 hours of arrival . Morocco Visa not required 90 days Mozambique Visa on arrival 30 days Myanmar eVisa 28 days eVisa holders must arrive via Yangon , Nay Pyi Taw or Mandalay airports Regular visa for up to three months Namibia Visa not required 3 months 3 months within a calendar year Nauru Visa required Nepal Visa on arrival 90 days Visa - on - arrival is extendable Netherlands EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement ( European Netherlands ) New Zealand Visa not required 6 months Nicaragua Visa not required 90 days Niger Visa required Nigeria Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . Norway EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Oman eVisa 30 days Pakistan Visa required Visa on arrival when travelling on business valid for 30 days . Conditions apply . Visa on arrival when travelling as part of a group through a designated tour operator . Palau Visa on arrival ! Free visa on arrival 30 days Panama Visa not required 180 days Papua New Guinea Visa on arrival ! Free visa on arrival 60 days Issued free of charge . Paraguay Visa not required 90 days Peru Visa not required 183 days Philippines Visa not required 30 days Poland EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Portugal EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Qatar eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Available at Hamad International Airport . eVisa is also available . Romania EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Russia Visa required 72 - hours visa free visit when entering by regular ferry via port of St. Petersburg , provided that a passenger spends the night on - board or in accommodation specifically approved by the travel agency . Rwanda eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Can also be entered on an East Africa Tourist Visa issued by Kenya or Uganda . Saint Kitts and Nevis Visa not required 3 months Saint Lucia Visa not required 6 weeks Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Visa not required 1 month Samoa Visa on arrival ! Free Entry Permit on arrival 60 days Free of charge . San Marino Visa not required São Tomé and Príncipe Visa not required 15 days Saudi Arabia Visa required Senegal Visa not required 90 days Serbia Visa not required 90 days Seychelles Visa on arrival ! Free Visitor 's Permit on arrival 3 months Issued free of charge . Sierra Leone Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . Singapore Visa not required 90 days Slovakia EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Slovenia EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Solomon Islands Visa on arrival ! Free Visitor 's permit on arrival 3 months Issued free of charge . Somalia Visa on arrival Available at Berbera , Borama , Burao , Erigavo and Hargeisa airports . 30 days , available at Bosaso , Galcaio and Mogadishu airports . South Africa Visa not required 90 days South Sudan Visa required Spain EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Sri Lanka eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days British citizens are allowed to extend their stay twice when in the country to a maximum stay of 90 days in total . Sudan Visa required Suriname Visa on arrival ! Tourist Card on arrival 90 days Swaziland Visa not required 30 days Sweden EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Switzerland EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Syria Visa required Visa not required for citizens born in Syria . Tajikistan eVisa 45 days Tanzania Visa on arrival Thailand Visa not required 30 days If not arriving by air , British citizens are only permitted two visits per year . Timor - Leste Visa on arrival 30 days Visa on arrival is only available at the Presidente Nicolau Lobato International Airport or at the Dili Sea Port . Togo Visa on arrival 7 days Tonga Visa on arrival ! Free visa on arrival 31 days Issued free of charge . Trinidad and Tobago Visa not required 90 days Tunisia Visa not required 3 months Turkey eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months Turkmenistan Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . Tuvalu Visa on arrival ! Free visa on arrival 1 month Issued free of charge . Uganda eVisa / Visa on arrival May apply online . Can also be entered on an East Africa Tourist Visa issued by Kenya or Rwanda . Ukraine Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period United Arab Emirates Visa on arrival ! Free visa on arrival 30 days Issued free of charge . United States Visa not required ! Visa Waiver Program 90 days ESTA required if arriving by air or cruise ship , which is valid for 2 years . ESTA is not required for Guam and Northern Mariana Islands . Uruguay Visa not required 90 days Uzbekistan Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . Simplified procedure for British citizens - no requirement for tourist voucher or invitation letter from Uzbekistan . Vanuatu Visa not required 30 days Vatican City Visa not required Venezuela Visa not required 90 days Vietnam Visa not required 15 days A single entry eVisa valid for 30 days is also available . Visa exemption extended until June 2021 . Yemen Visa required Zambia eVisa / Visa on arrival 90 days British citizens are eligible for a universal visa allowing access to Zimbabwe . Zimbabwe eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months British citizens are also eligible for a universal visa allowing access to Zambia . British crown dependencies and Overseas territories ( edit ) British Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories Visitor to Visa requirement Allowed stay Notes Akrotiri and Dhekelia Visa not required Anguilla Visa not required 3 months British citizens with a connection to the territory have right of abode . Bermuda Visa not required 6 months British citizens with a connection to the territory have right of abode . British Antarctic Territory Special permit required British Indian Ocean Territory Special permit required British Virgin Islands Visa not required 1 month Extension of stay possible . British citizens with a connection to the territory have right of abode . Cayman Islands Visa not required 6 months British citizens with a connection to the territory have right of abode . Falkland Islands Visitor 's permit on arrival 4 weeks The initial visitor 's permit is valid for 4 weeks . Visitors who have a connection with the Falkland Islands have right of abode . Guernsey EU ! Right of abode British citizens have right of abode in the Bailiwick of Guernsey . In Guernsey and Sark , a work or employment permit is not required . In Alderney , a work or employment permit is required for persons without Guernsey ( Alderney ) status . Isle of Man EU ! Right of abode Work or employment permit is required for persons without `` Isle of Man worker '' status . Jersey EU ! Right of abode Work or employment permit is not required . Gibraltar EU ! Right of abode British citizens have right of abode in Gibraltar . Montserrat Visa not required 6 months British citizens with a connection to the territory have right of abode . Pitcairn Islands Visa not required 14 days Landing fee applies . Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Ascension Island Visa not required 3 months Entry permit must be obtained minimum 28 days in advance . Saint Helena Entry permit on arrival 183 days The entry permit costs £ 25 and is issued on arrival . Tristan da Cunha Permission required Permission to land required for 15 / 30 pounds sterling ( yacht / ship passenger ) for Tristan da Cunha Island or 20 pounds sterling for Gough Island , Inaccessible Island or Nightingale Islands , unless connection with Tristan da Cunha , in which case right of abode . South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Permit required Pre-arrival permit from the Commissioner required ( 72 hours / 1 month for 110 / 160 pounds sterling ) . Turks and Caicos Islands Visa not required 90 days British citizens with a connection to the territory have right of abode . Territories and disputed areas ( edit ) Europe Visitor to Visa requirement Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Abkhazia Visa required Artsakh Visa required Visa required ( issued for single entry for 21 days / 1 / 2 / 3 months or multiple entry visa for 1 / 2 / 3 months ) . Travellers with Artsakh visa ( expired or valid ) or evidence of travel to Artsakh ( stamps ) will be permanently denied entry to Azerbaijan . Mount Athos Special permit required Special permit required ( 4 days : 25 euro for Orthodox visitors , 35 euro for non-Orthodox visitors , 18 euro for students ) . There is a visitors ' quota : maximum 100 Orthodox and 10 non-Orthodox per day and women are not allowed . Brest and Grodno Visa not required Visa - free for 10 days Crimea Visa required Visa issued by Russia is required . If traveling from mainland Ukraine , special permit issued by Ukrainian authorities is required . Ukraine will deny entry to anyone in case of evidence they have entered occupied Crimea from Russia bypassing mainland Ukraine after March 2014 . Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus Visa not required Visa free access for 3 months . Passport required . UN Buffer Zone in Cyprus Access Permit required Access Permit is required for travelling inside the zone , except Civil Use Areas . Faroe Islands Visa not required Jan Mayen Permit required Permit issued by the local police required for staying for less than 24 hours and permit issued by the Norwegian police for staying for more than 24 hours . Svalbard of Norway Visa not Required Unlimited Stay ( Indefinite Stay ) . Kosovo Visa not required Visa free 90 days Novorossiya Restricted area Crossing from Ukraine requires visit purpose to be explained to Ukrainian passport control on exit and those who entered from Russia are not allowed to proceed further into Ukraine . Russia Special authorization required Several closed cities require special authorization . South Ossetia Visa not required Visa free . Multiple entry visa to Russia and three - day prior notification are required to enter South Ossetia . Transnistria Visa not required Visa free . Registration required after 24h . Africa Visitor to Visa requirement Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Eritrea outside Asmara Travel permit required Visa covers Asmara only ; to travel in the rest of the country , a Travel Permit for Foreigners is required ( 20 Eritrean nakfa ) . Mayotte Freedom of Movement Valid ID or Passport Required . Reunion Freedom of Movement Valid ID or Passport Required . Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Visa not required Visa not required up to 3 months in the Western Sahara controlled territory . Somaliland Visa on arrival Visa issued on arrival ( 30 days for 30 US dollars , payable on arrival ) . Sudan Travel permit required All foreigners traveling more than 25 kilometers outside of Khartoum must obtain a travel permit . Darfur Travel permit required Separate travel permit is required . Asia Visitor to Visa requirement Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Hainan Visa on arrival Visa on arrival for 15 days . Available at Haikou Meilan International Airport and Sanya Phoenix International Airport . Visa not required for 21 days for travelling as part of a tourist group ( 5 or more people ) Hong Kong Visa not required Visa not required for 180 days . Prior to April 1997 , British citizens were allowed to land and remain in Hong Kong for 12 months without being subject to any other condition of stay . India PAP / RAP PAP / RAP required Protected Area Permit ( PAP ) required for whole states of Nagaland and Sikkim and parts of states Manipur , Arunachal Pradesh , Uttaranchal , Jammu and Kashmir , Rajasthan , Himachal Pradesh . Restricted Area Permit ( RAP ) required for all of Andaman and Nicobar Islands and parts of Sikkim . Some of these requirements are occasionally lifted for a year . Iraqi Kurdistan Visa on arrival Visa on arrival for 15 days is available at Erbil and Sulaymaniyah airports . Kazakhstan Special permission required Special permission required for the town of Baikonur and surrounding areas in Kyzylorda Oblast , and the town of Gvardeyskiy near Almaty . Kish Island Visa not required Visitors to Kish Island do not require a visa . Macao Visa not required Visa not required for 6 months Sabah and Sarawak Visa not required These states have their own immigration authorities and passport is required to travel to them , however the same visa applies . Maldives Permission required With the exception of the capital Malé , tourists are generally prohibited from visiting non-resort islands without the express permission of the Government of Maldives . North Korea outside Pyongyang Special permit required People are not allowed to leave the capital city , tourists may only leave the capital with a governmental tourist guide ( no independent moving ) Palestine Visa not required Arrival by sea to Gaza Strip not allowed . Taiwan Visa not required Visa not required for 90 days Gorno - Badakhshan Autonomous Province OIVR permit required OIVR permit required ( 15 + 5 Tajikistani Somoni ) and another special permit ( free of charge ) is required for Lake Sarez . Tibet Autonomous Region TTP required Tibet Travel Permit required ( 10 US Dollars ) . Turkmenistan Special permit required A special permit , issued prior to arrival by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs , is required if visiting the following places : Atamurat , Cheleken , Dashoguz , Serakhs and Serhetabat . Korean Demilitarized Zone Restricted zone . UNDOF Zone and Ghajar Restricted zone . Phú Quốc Visa not required May visit without a visa for up to 30 days . Yemen Special permission required Special permission needed for travel outside Sana'a or Aden . Caribbean and North Atlantic Visitor to Visa requirement Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Aruba Visa not required Visa not required for 30 days , extendable to 180 days . Bonaire , St. Eustatius and Saba Visa not required Visa not required up to 3 months San Andrés and Leticia Tourist Card on arrival Visitors arriving at Gustavo Rojas Pinilla International Airport and Alfredo Vásquez Cobo International Airport must buy tourist cards on arrival . Curaçao Visa not required Visa not required for 3 months . French West Indies Visa not required French West Indies refers to Martinique , Guadeloupe , Saint Martin and Saint Barthélemy . Greenland Visa not required Margarita Island Visa not required All visitors are fingerprinted . Puerto Rico Visa not required Visa not required under the Visa Waiver Program , for 90 days on arrival from overseas for 2 years . ESTA required . Saint Pierre and Miquelon Visa not required Visa not required for 90 days . Sint Maarten Visa not required Visa not required for 3 months . U.S. Virgin Islands Visa not required Visa not required under the Visa Waiver Program , for 90 days on arrival from overseas for 2 years . ESTA required . Oceania Visitor to Visa requirement Notes ( excluding departure fees ) American Samoa Entry Permit required Ashmore and Cartier Islands Special authorisation required Special authorisation required . Clipperton Island Special permit required Special permit required . Cook Islands Visa not required Visa free access for 31 days . Lau Province Special permission required Special permission required . French Polynesia Visa not required Visa not required . Guam Visa not required 45 days New Caledonia Visa not required Visa not required for 3 months . Niue Visa on arrival Visa on arrival valid for 30 days is issued free of charge . Northern Mariana Islands Visa not required 45 days Tokelau Entry Permit required United States Minor Outlying Islands Special permits required Special permits required for Baker Island , Howland Island , Jarvis Island , Johnston Atoll , Kingman Reef , Midway Atoll , Palmyra Atoll and Wake Island . Wallis and Futuna Visa not required Visa not required . South America Visitor to Visa requirement Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Galápagos Pre-registration required Online pre-registration is required . Transit Control Card must also be obtained at the airport prior to departure . South Atlantic and Antarctica Visitor to Visa requirement Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Antarctica Special authorisation required Special permits required for French Southern and Antarctic Lands , Argentine Antarctica , Australian Antarctic Territory , Chilean Antarctic Territory , Heard Island and McDonald Islands , Peter I Island , Queen Maud Land , Ross Dependency . Non-ordinary passports ( edit ) Holders of various categories of official British passports have additional visa - free access to the following countries - China ( diplomatic passports ) , Kuwait ( diplomatic or official passports ) , Mongolia ( diplomatic or official passports ) , Qatar ( diplomatic or official passports and British Diplomatic Messenger or Queen 's Messenger Passports ) and the United Arab Emirates ( diplomatic or official passports ) . Holders of diplomatic or service passports of any country have visa - free access to Cape Verde , Ethiopia , Mali and Zimbabwe . Holders of British official and diplomatic passports require a visa for South Africa . Non-visa restrictions ( edit ) This section is transcluded from Non-visa travel restrictions . ( edit history ) Passport validity length ( edit ) Many countries require passports to be valid for at least 6 months upon arrival . Note that some nations have bilateral agreements with other countries to shorten the passport validity cut - off period for each other 's citizens . Countries requiring passports to be valid at least 6 months on arrival include Afghanistan , Algeria , Anguilla , Bahrain , Bhutan , Botswana , British Virgin Islands , Brunei , Cambodia , Cameroon , Cayman Islands , Central African Republic , Chad , Comoros , Côte d'Ivoire , Curaçao , Ecuador , Egypt , El Salvador , Equatorial Guinea , Fiji , Gabon , Guinea Bissau , Guyana , Indonesia , Iran , Iraq ( except when arriving at Basra and Erbil or Sulaimaniyah ) , Israel , Jordan , Kenya , Kiribati , Laos , Madagascar , Malaysia , Marshall Islands , Micronesia , Myanmar , Namibia , Nicaragua , Nigeria , Oman , Palau , Papua New Guinea , Philippines , Qatar , Rwanda , Saint Lucia , Samoa , Saudi Arabia , Singapore , Solomon Islands , Somalia , Somaliland , Sri Lanka , Sudan , Suriname , Taiwan , Tanzania , Thailand , Timor - Leste , Tokelau , Tonga , Tuvalu , Uganda , United Arab Emirates , Vanuatu , Venezuela , Vietnam , Yemen and Zimbabwe . Countries requiring passports valid for at least 4 months on arrival include Micronesia and Zambia . Countries requiring passports valid for at least 3 months on arrival include European Union countries ( except Denmark , Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom , and always excepting EU / EEA / Swiss nationals ) , Albania , Belarus , Georgia , Honduras , Iceland , Jordan , Kuwait , Lebanon , Liechtenstein , Moldova , Monaco , Nauru , Panama , Saint Barthélemy , San Marino , Switzerland and the United Arab Emirates . Bermuda requires passports to be valid for at least 45 days upon entry . Countries that require a passport validity of at least 1 month on arrival include Eritrea , Hong Kong , Macao , New Zealand and South Africa . Other countries require either a passport valid on arrival or a passport valid throughout the period of the intended stay . Blank passport pages ( edit ) Many countries require a minimum number of blank pages in the passport being presented , generally one or two pages . Endorsement pages which oftentimes appear after the visa pages are not counted . Vaccination ( edit ) Many African countries , including Angola , Benin , Burkina Faso , Cameroon , Central African Republic , Chad , Democratic Republic of the Congo , Republic of the Congo , Côte d'Ivoire , Equatorial Guinea , Gabon , Ghana , Guinea , Liberia , Mali , Mauritania , Niger , Rwanda , São Tomé and Príncipe , Senegal , Sierra Leone , Uganda , and Zambia require all incoming passengers to have a current International Certificate of Vaccination . Some other countries require vaccination only if the passenger is coming from an infected area . Israeli stamps ( edit ) Kuwait , Lebanon , Libya , Saudi Arabia , Sudan , Syria and Yemen do not allow entry to people with passport stamps from Israel or whose passports have either a used or an unused Israeli visa , or where there is evidence of previous travel to Israel such as entry or exit stamps from neighbouring border posts in transit countries such as Jordan and Egypt . To circumvent this Arab League boycott of Israel , the Israeli immigration services have now mostly ceased to stamp foreign nationals ' passports on either entry to or exit from Israel . Since 15 January 2013 , Israel no longer stamps foreign passports at Ben Gurion Airport , giving passengers a card instead : `` Since January 2013 a pilot scheme has been introduced whereby visitors are given an entry card instead of an entry stamp on arrival . You should keep this card with your passport until you leave . This is evidence of your legal entry into Israel and may be required , particularly at any crossing points into the Occupied Palestinian Territories . '' Passports are still ( as of 22 June 2017 ) stamped at Erez when travelling into and out of Gaza . Also , passports are still stamped ( as of 22 June 2017 ) at the Jordan Valley / Sheikh Hussein and Yitzhak Rabin / Arava land borders with Jordan . Iran : Admission is refused for holders of passports containing an Israeli visa / stamp in the last 12 months Armenian ethnicity ( edit ) Due to a state of war existing between Armenia and Azerbaijan , the government of Azerbaijan not only bans entry of citizens from Armenia , but also all citizens and nationals of any other country who are of Armenian descent , to the Republic of Azerbaijan ( although there have been exceptions , notably for Armenia 's participation at the 2015 European Games held in Azerbaijan ) . Azerbaijan also strictly bans any visit by foreign citizens to the separatist region of Nagorno - Karabakh ( the de facto independent Republic of Artsakh ) , its surrounding territories and the Azerbaijani exclaves of Karki , Yuxarı Əskipara , Barxudarlı and Sofulu which are de jure part of Azerbaijan but under control of Armenia , without the prior consent of the government of Azerbaijan . Foreign citizens who enter these occupied territories will be permanently banned from entering the Republic of Azerbaijan and will be included in their `` list of personae non gratae '' . As of late 2017 the list contains 699 persons . Upon request , the Republic of Artsakh authorities may attach their visa and / or stamps to a separate piece of paper in order to avoid detection of travel to their country . Persona non grata ( edit ) The government of a country can declare a diplomat persona non grata , banning their entry into that country . In non-diplomatic use , the authorities of a country may also declare a foreigner persona non grata permanently or temporarily , usually because of unlawful activity . Attempts to enter the Gaza strip by sea may attract a 10 - year ban on entering Israel . Fingerprinting ( edit ) Several countries including Argentina , Brunei , Cambodia , Japan , Malaysia , Saudi Arabia , Singapore , South Korea and the United States demand all travellers , or all foreign travellers , to be fingerprinted on arrival . Criminal record ( edit ) Some countries ( for example , Canada and the United States ) routinely deny entry to non-citizens who have a criminal record . Right to Consular protection in non-EU countries ( edit ) When in a non-EU country where there is no British embassy , British citizens , like all other EU citizens , have the right to get consular protection from the embassy of any other EU country present in that country . See also List of diplomatic missions of the United Kingdom . Diplomatic missions of the United Kingdom Travel impact of Brexit ( edit ) Main article : Brexit On 23 June 2016 , the British electorate voted to leave the European Union in a nationwide referendum in England , Scotland , Wales , Northern Ireland and Gibraltar . The UK sent notification of their intention to leave the EU to the European Council through Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty . After notifying the European Council , the UK has two years to negotiate with other member states until it leaves , and British citizens will only then cease to be citizens of the European Union . British citizens will still have the right of freedom of movement until the UK formally leaves . It has since been suggested that British citizens wishing to travel to EU countries may have to apply for a visa or apply online for an American style ESTA visa waiver and pay a fee in order to enter the country of destination . This issue will be a major topic of discussions taking place between the British government and all leaders of the 27 European Union countries during the two - year - long Brexit negotiations . Fingerprinting ( edit ) Several countries including Argentina , Cambodia , Japan , Malaysia , Saudi Arabia , South Korea and the United States demand all adult passengers ( age varies by country ) to be fingerprinted on arrival . Foreign travel Statistics ( edit ) This section is transcluded from British passport . ( edit history ) According to the Foreign travel advice provided by the British Government ( unless otherwise noted ) these are the numbers of British visitors to various countries per annum in 2015 ( unless otherwise noted ) : Foreign travel statistics Country Number of visitors Albania 80,000 American Samoa 133 Angola 14,267 / 12,319 ? Andorra 150,000 Angola 12,319 Anguilla 5,021 Antarctica 3,915 Antigua and Barbuda 70,701 Aruba 10,447 Australia 731,900 Austria 919,500 Azerbaijan 29,514 Bahamas 28,022 Bangladesh 150,000 Barbados 218,638 Belarus 6,000 Belgium 868,173 Belize 13,342 Bermuda 41,348 Bhutan 3,124 Bolivia 17,528 Bosnia and Herzegovina 12,715 Botswana 41,011 Brazil 202,671 Brunei 18,222 Bulgaria 352,054 Burkina Faso 2,192 Cambodia 159,489 Cameroon 16,008 Canada 819,530 Cape Verde 126,685 Cayman Islands 14,017 Chile 54,714 China 579,600 Colombia 39,715 Congo 6,115 Cook Islands 2,568 Costa Rica 76,173 Croatia 750,675 Cuba 155,802 Curacao 2,806 Cyprus 1,253,839 Czech Republic 470,576 Denmark 150,000 Dominica 4,951 Dominican Republic 177,534 Ecuador 27,126 Egypt 865,000 Ethiopia 20,000 Estonia 58,402 Fiji 16,925 Finland 226,927 France 12,235,713 French Polynesia 2,840 Gambia 60,424 Ghana 90,000 Georgia 26,852 Germany 2,551,061 Greece 2,397,169 Greenland 1,595 Grenada 25,351 Guadeloupe < 1,000 Hong Kong 555,353 Hungary 376,573 Iceland 322,543 Indonesia 352,017 India 941,883 Ireland 3,547,000 Israel 197,100 Italy 4,922,000 Jamaica 217,647 Japan 310,500 Jordan 64,776 Kazakhstan 20,166 Kiribati 60 Kuwait 7,000 Kenya 100,000 Kyrgyzstan 6,600 Laos 39,170 Latvia 95,357 Lebanon 61,994 Lesotho 2,380 Liechtenstein 2,200 Lithuania 58,200 Luxembourg 69,350 Macau 57,121 Macedonia 8,856 Madagascar 3,167 Malaysia 358,818 Malawi 51,145 Maldives 103,977 Malta 560,893 Mali 900 Mauritius 149,807 Mexico 563,099 Moldova 7,820 Mongolia 6,012 Montenegro 37,464 Montserrat 1,380 Morocco 554,000 Myanmar 51,051 Namibia 27,365 Nepal 29,730 Nigeria 117,000 Niue 47 Norway 581,000 Netherlands 2,195,000 New Zealand 249,264 Nicaragua 16,923 Oman 133,529 Pakistan 275,400 Palau 852 Panama 16,338 Papua New Guinea 6,974 Peru 69,302 Philippines 182,708 Poland 796,900 Portugal 2,600,000 Qatar 132,301 Romania 179,265 Russia 193,522 Saba 200 Saint Lucia 68,175 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 17,045 Samoa 1,773 San Marino 5,750 São Tomé and Príncipe 83 Serbia 31,658 Seychelles 21,906 Singapore 518,903 Sint Eustatius 200 Slovakia 77,837 Slovenia 118,508 Solomon Islands 387 South Africa 407,486 South Korea 126,024 Spain 18,779,466 Sri Lanka 201,879 Suriname 1,474 Swaziland 15,503 Switzerland 709,925 Sweden 603,000 Taiwan 104,911 Tanzania 67,742 Thailand 994,468 Timor - Leste 548 Tonga 787 Trinidad and Tobago 37,473 Turkey 1,658,715 Turks and Caicos 6,399 Tuvalu 43 Uganda 43,009 Uruguay 20,000 Ukraine 78,603 United Arab Emirates 1,265,000 United States 5,216,692 Uzbekistan 1,800 Venezuela 20,837 Vietnam 283,537 Zambia 36,997 ^ Data for 2014 ^ Data for 2016 ^ Data for 2015 ^ Data for 2017 ^ Counting only guests in tourist accommodation establishments . ^ Data for 2011 ^ Data for arrivals by air only . ^ Data for 2012 ^ Data for 2013 ^ Data for 2009 ^ Data for 2010 ^ Data for 2005 ^ Total number includes tourists , business travelers , students , exchange visitors , temporary workers and families , diplomats and other representatives and all other classes of nonimmigrant admissions ( I - 94 ) . See also ( edit ) European Union portal United Kingdom portal Visa requirements for the European Union citizens British passport British National ( Overseas ) passport British nationality law Visa requirements for British Nationals ( Overseas ) Visa requirements for British Overseas Citizens Visa requirements for British Overseas Territories Citizens Visa policy of the United Kingdom References and notes ( edit ) References ^ `` Global Ranking - Visa Passport Index 2018 '' . Henley & Partners . Retrieved 22 May 2018 . ^ `` Visa Openness Report 2016 '' ( PDF ) . World Tourism Organization . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 January 2016 . Retrieved 17 January 2016 . ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . ^ Austria abolished the visa requirement for British citizens on 1 August 1927 ( 1 ) but this was reversed after the Anschluss in 1938 . ^ Resolution of the Ministry on Internal Affairs of 28 July 1955 , concerning the abolition of visas for citizens of the United States of America , the French Republic and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ( in German ) ^ `` ACUERDO POR NOTAS REVERSALES PARA LA SUPRESIÓN DE VISAS DE LOS PASAPORTES VÁLIDOS . REINO UNIDO '' . Paraguay Treaties Online ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 25 June 2017 . ^ Robinson , by Richard ( 22 August 1997 ) . `` Bulgaria : How I lost my heart to Sofia '' -- via The Daily Telegraph . ^ `` Foreign & Commonwealth Office - Travel Advice '' . 26 May 2001 . Archived from the original on 26 May 2001 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ `` Serbia and Montenegro Travel Visa Requirements '' . travelvisas.eu . ^ `` AGREEMENT between the European Community and Ukraine on the facilitation of the issuance of visas '' ( PDF ) . 18 December 2007 . Retrieved 18 February 2018 . ^ `` Commission proposes visa - free travel for Georgia '' . ^ Law No. 151 - XVI on 8 June 2006 `` On the abolition of visa regime for citizens of member States of the European Union , the United States Of America , Canada , Swiss Confederation , Kingdom of Norway , the Republic of Iceland and Japan '' ( in Russian ) ^ Law of the Kyrgyz Republic On visa - free regime for citizens of some States within 60 days ( in Russian ) ^ Resolution of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan on 21 January 2012 No. 148 ( in Russian ) ^ `` Finally , visa - free entry to Indonesia ( TTG Asia ) '' . ^ Under Resolution No. 46 / NQ - CP ^ On the introduction of the 5 days visa - free entry to Belarus ^ Porter , Lizzie ( 5 February 2016 ) . `` Indian tourist visas : e-visa scheme extended to British travellers '' -- via The Daily Telegraph . ^ Un e-visa pour Djibouti ^ `` Entry requirements - Afghanistan travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ Visa regime for foreign citizens , Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs of Albania . ^ `` Entry requirements - Algeria travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ Travel to Andorra , Ministry of External Affairs of Andorra . ^ `` Entry requirements - Angola travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ SME E-VISA ^ Angola : Migration Service to Speed Up Visa Exemption Procedure ^ SME cria condições para isenção e simplificação de vistos ^ `` Entry requirements - Antigua and Barbuda travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ `` Entry requirements - Argentina travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ `` Travelling to Argentina Londres '' . Clond.mrecic.gov.ar . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ Visa , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Armenia . ^ `` Visa - Embassy of Armenia to the United Kingdom '' . Uk.mfa.am . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ Visitor visa options , Department of Home Affairs of Australia . ^ Schengen visa , Federal Ministry for Europe , Integration and Foreign Affairs of Austria . ^ Countries with visa - free travel regime , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan ( in Azerbaijani ) . ^ `` Home Page - The Electronic Visa System of Azerbaijan Republic '' . evisa.gov.az . ^ `` Entry requirements - Bahamas travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ `` Consular Information '' . Bahamashclondon.net . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Bahamashclondon.net . Archived from the original on 30 June 2017 . Retrieved 13 July 2017 . ^ `` Entry requirements - Bahrain travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ `` Bahrain Electronic Visa Service '' . Evisa.gov.bh . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ `` Bahrain Electronic Visa Service '' . Evisa.gov.bh . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Bangladesh High Commission , London '' . Bhclondon.org.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 25 February 2015 . Retrieved 2 February 2015 . ^ Visa on arrival ( 2014 - 02 - 14 ) . `` Visa on arrival -- Embassy of Bangladesh '' . Bangladoot.se . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ `` Entry requirements - Barbados travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ `` Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade '' . Foreign.gov.bb . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ `` Entry requirements - Belarus travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ `` Particulars of issuance of entry visas at the `` National Airport Minsk '' - Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Belarus `` . Mfa.gov.by . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ Visa for Belgium , Federal Public Service Foreign Affairs of Belgium . ^ `` Entry requirements - Belize travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ ( 2 ) ^ `` eVisa application of Benin '' . Government of Benin . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 13 . ^ `` Entry requirements - Bhutan travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ `` Association of Bhutanese Tour Operators - ABTO '' . abto.org.bt . ^ `` Tourism Council of Bhutan ( Official Website ) - Tourism Council of Bhutan ( Official Website ) '' . tourism.gov.bt . ^ `` Entry requirements - Bolivia travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Visas , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bosnia and Herzegovina . ^ Requirements for visa application , Government of Botswana . ^ `` Entry requirements - Brazil travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 26 March 2015 . Retrieved 4 February 2015 . ^ `` Entry requirements - Brunei travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ `` Visa Information '' . mofat.gov.bn . ^ Visa for Bulgaria , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Page Not Found '' ( PDF ) . evisa.gov.kh . ^ `` eVisa Kingdom of Cambodia ( Official Government Website ) '' . evisa.gov.kh . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/cameroon/entry requirements ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Electronic Travel Authorization ( eTA ) - Canada.ca '' . canada.ca . ^ Canada , Immigration , Refugees and Citizenship . `` Entry requirements by country - Canada.ca '' . canada.ca . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Central African Republic travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Entry requirements - Chile travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` 144 小时 过境 免 签 政策 '' ^ `` 144 小时 过境 免 签 政策 '' ^ `` 144 小时 过境 免 签 政策 '' ^ `` Chinese Embassy and Consulates in the UK to Issue Two - year Multi-entry Visas to British Nationals '' . chinese-embassy.org.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 27 . ^ `` Entry requirements - Colombia travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ `` - Consulado de Colombia en Londres '' . londres.consulado.gov.co . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Entry requirements - Congo travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Entry requirements - Democratic Republic of the Congo travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ `` Entry requirements - Costa Rica travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ `` Energie -- SNEDAI GROUPE '' . snedai.com . ^ Visa requirements overview , Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of Croatia . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Visa policy , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Cyprus . ^ List of states whose citizens are exempt from visa requirement , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic , 13 July 2017 . ^ Countries with a visa requirement and visa - free countries , Danish Immigration Service , 8 December 2017 . ^ eVisa ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Entry requirements - Ecuador travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Egypt e-Visa Portal '' . Ministry of Interior . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Entry requirements - Equatorial Guinea travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Entry requirements - Eritrea travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Who does not need a visa to visit Estonia ? , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Estonia , 2 November 2017 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Visas '' . ethioembassy.org.uk . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Visa requirement and travel documents accepted by Finland , Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland . ^ Foreign nationals holding ordinary passports exempt from visa requirements , Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs of France , January 2016 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Gabon e-Visa '' . evisa.dgdi.ga . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Overview of visa requirements / exemptions for entry into the Federal Republic of Germany , Federal Foreign Office of Germany . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Entry requirements - Ghana travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Countries requiring or not requiring a visa , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Greece , 13 June 2017 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Entry requirements - Guinea travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Countries that do not need a visa , Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade of Hungary . ^ Who does not need a visa , Directorate of Immigration of Iceland . ^ `` Indian e-Visa '' . Ministry of Home Affairs , Government of India . ^ e-Visa ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Entry requirements - Indonesia travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ `` Visa Exemption - Immigration Checkpoint '' . Ditjen Imigrasi Republik Indonesia . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Countries that need a visa for Ireland , Irish Naturalisation and Immigration Service . ^ Tourist visa table , Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs , 23 May 2017 . ^ Visa for Italy , Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation of Italy . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Jordan axes visa fee to encourage tourists '' . ^ http://www.timaticweb.com/cgi-bin/tim_client.cgi?ExpertMode=TIDFT/JO/VI/IS/ID42022&user=KLMB2C&subuser=KLMB2C ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ eCitizen . `` eCitizen - Gateway to All Government Services '' . immigration.ecitizen.go.ke . ^ `` T12 - East Africa Tourist Visa '' . migration.gov.rw . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Entry requirements - Korea , DPR ( North Korea ) travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Kuwait e-Visa '' . evisa.moi.gov.kw . ^ `` VisaApp10E '' . evisa.moi.gov.kw . ^ `` Entry requirements - Kyrgyzstan travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ `` Visa regulations - Kyrgyz Embassy to the UK '' . ^ `` Entry requirements - Kyrgyzstan travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Countries whose citizens may enter Latvia without a visa , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Latvia , 9 October 2017 . ^ ( 3 ) ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Entry requirements - Liberia travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Visa , Government of Liechtenstein ( in German ) . ^ Do I need a visa ? , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Lithuania , 30 August 2017 . ^ Staying in Luxembourg for less than 90 days , Government of Luxembourg . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ). https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/mali/entry-requirements ^ Who requires a visa ? , Identity Malta . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Tourist VISA '' . consulmex.sre.gob.mx . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Before you leave , Monaco Government Tourist Office . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Entry requirements - Mongolia travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Entry requirements - Montenegro travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Mozambique Government Announces 30 - day Tourist Visas now Available at Borders for all Visitors - Mozambican Hotels '' . mozambicanhotels.com . ^ `` Burma travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ `` Notice to Tourists '' . Mynmar eVisa ( Official Government Website ) . Ministry of Labour , Immigration and Population . Retrieved 18 February 2018 . ^ `` E-visa Information '' . Embassy of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar , London . Retrieved 18 February 2018 . ^ `` Tourist Visa '' . Embassy of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar , London . Retrieved 18 February 2018 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2 February 2015 . Retrieved 2 February 2015 . ^ `` Entry requirements - Namibia travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 26 February 2015 . Retrieved 2 February 2015 . ^ Short - stay Schengen visa ( 90 days or less ) , Government of the Netherlands . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Entry requirements - Niger travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Persons who do not need a visa to visit Norway , Norwegian Directorate of Immigration . ^ Sultanate of Oman - Royal Oman Police - eVisa ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Business Visa . Ministry of Interior of Pakistan '' . ^ `` Group Tourism through Designated Tour Operators '' . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` REVISED MIGRATION SERVICE FEES ( MSF ) '' ( PDF ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Visa - free countries , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Poland . ^ Third countries whose citizens are required to have a visa , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Portugal . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Do I need a visa ? , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Romania . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Постановление Правительства РФ N 397 О порядке пребывания на территории РФ иностранных граждан и лиц без гражданства , прибывающих в Российскую Федерацию в туристических целях на паромах '' . Travel.ru . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 26 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` IREMBO '' . irembo.gov.rw . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Border formalities , San Marino Tourism Board . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Entry requirements - Sierra Leone travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Consular information and travel visa , Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of Slovakia . ^ Visa regimes and visas , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Slovenia . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ http://southafricahouseuk.com/visas/vis_needvis.html ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Entry requirements - South Sudan travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Entry requirements , Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of Spain . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` How To Extend Short Visit Visa '' . eta.gov.lk . 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Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Tajikistan . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Uganda e-Visa '' . visas.immigration.go.ug . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Entry regime to Ukraine for foreign citizens - MFA of Ukraine '' . mfa.gov.ua . ^ `` Visa information - Embassy of Ukraine to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland '' . uk.mfa.gov.ua . ^ `` Entry requirements - Ukraine travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel without a visa , United States Department of State . ^ `` Citizen of Visa Waiver Country , wants to drive into U.S. from Canada or Mexico , or arrive at a port of call in the U.S. by cruise ship '' . help.cbp.gov . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Uzbekistan -- Visa of the Republic of Uzbekistan '' . mfa.uz . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Inicio MPPRE '' . ^ `` Entry requirements - Vietnam travel advice '' . 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Government of the United Kingdom . ^ `` Entry requirements - British Antarctic Territory travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ `` British Indian Ocean Territory travel advice - Government of the United Kingdom '' . ^ `` Entry requirements - British Indian Ocean Territory travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Visas , Tourism Board of the British Virgin Islands . ^ `` Entry requirements - British Virgin Islands ( British Overseas Territory ) travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Visa - free and visa - required countries , Department of Immigration of the Cayman Islands . ^ `` Entry requirements - Cayman Islands ( British Overseas Territory ) travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ `` Visit The Falkland Islands - Falklands '' . falklandislands.com . ^ `` Entry requirements - Falkland Islands ( British Overseas Territory ) travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 11 October 2011 . Retrieved 11 October 2011 . ^ http://www2.gov.gg/ccm/home-department/customs-immigration/immigration-and-nationality-division/employment/those-who-not-require-a-work-permit.en ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 13 June 2012 . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . ^ https://www.gov.im/infocentre/faqs/import.gov?menuid=10167&page=cso/immigrationfaqs.xml Archived 17 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 18 June 2013 . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . ^ Jersey , States of . `` Work permits and working in Jersey '' . gov.je . ^ Countries not requiring a visa , Immigration Department of Montserrat . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 18 October 2013 . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . ^ Haigh , Bill . `` Pitcairn Islands '' . government.pn . ^ http://www.government.pn/immigration%20ordinance.pdf ^ `` Entry requirements - Pitcairn Island travel advice '' . 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Notes Ahmedabad Amritsar Bagdogra Bengaluru Chandigarh Chennai Coimbatore Delhi Gaya Goa Guwahati Hyderabad Jaipur Kochi Kolkata Kozhikode Lucknow Mangaluru Mumbai Nagpur Pune Thiruvananthapuram Tiruchirappalli Varanasi Visakhapatnam Cochin Goa Mangalore Visa policies and requirements in the European Union Schengen Area Common Travel Area Special territories Policy / Requirements Policy / Requirements Policy / Requirements Overseas Visa policy of the British Overseas Territories Visa policy of the French overseas departments and territories Visa policy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in the Caribbean Candidates Albania Macedonia Montenegro Serbia Turkey Visa policy by country Visa Passport Travel document Africa Central Angola Cameroon Central African Republic Chad DR Congo R Congo Equatorial Guinea Gabon São Tomé and Príncipe Eastern Burundi Comoros Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Rwanda Seychelles Somalia ( Somaliland ) South Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Northern Algeria Egypt Libya Morocco Sudan Tunisia Southern Botswana Lesotho Namibia Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha South Africa Swaziland Western Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Liberia Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Americas Caribbean Dutch Caribbean ( Aruba , Caribbean Netherlands , Curaçao , Sint Maarten ) Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Haiti Jamaica Montserrat Puerto Rico St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Central Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama North Bermuda Canada Mexico United States South Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Falkland Islands Guyana Paraguay Peru South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Asia Central & North Afghanistan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan East China Hong Kong Macau Japan North Korea South Korea Mongolia Taiwan ( Republic of China ) South Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Southeast ( ASEAN ) Brunei Cambodia East Timor Indonesia Laos Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam Western Abkhazia Akrotiri and Dhekelia Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Bahrain Cyprus Egypt Georgia Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Northern Cyprus Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia South Ossetia Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen Europe European Union / EFTA Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Cyprus Denmark Faroe Islands Estonia Finland France Overseas Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Overseas Norway Svalbard Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Overseas Other Europe Abkhazia Akrotiri and Dhekelia Albania Andorra Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Georgia Kazakhstan Kosovo Macedonia Moldova Monaco Montenegro Northern Cyprus Russia San Marino Serbia South Ossetia Transnistria Turkey Ukraine Vatican City Oceania American Samoa Australia Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Niue Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Pitcairn Islands Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu British Overseas Territories . Open border with Schengen Area . Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia . The majority of its population ( 80 % ) lives in European Russia , therefore Russia as a whole is included as a European country here . Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe . Has part of its territory ( 3 % ) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace . Azerbaijan ( Artsakh ) and Georgia ( Abkhazia ; South Ossetia ) are transcontinental countries . Both have part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus . Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country . Has part of its territories located west of the Ural River in Eastern Europe . Armenia and Cyprus ( Northern Cyprus ; Akrotiri and Dhekelia ) are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio - political connections with Europe . Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and the Middle East . Has part of its territory in the Middle East called Sinai Peninsula . Part of the Realm of New Zealand . Partially recognized . Unincorporated territory of the United States . Part of Norway , not part of the Schengen Area , special open - border status under Svalbard Treaty Visa requirements Visa Passport Travel document Africa Central Angolan Cameroonian Central African Republic Chadian DR Congo R Congo Equatorial Guinean Gabonese Santomean Eastern Burundian Comorian Djiboutian Eritrean Ethiopian Kenyan Malagasy Malawian Mauritian Mozambican Rwandan Seychellois Somali ( Somaliland ) South Sudanese Tanzanian Ugandan Zambian Zimbabwean Northern Algerian Egyptian Libyan Moroccan Sudanese Tunisian Southern Botswana Lesotho Namibian Saint Helena South African Swazi Western Beninese Burkinabe Cape Verdean Gambian Ghanaian Guinean Guinea - Bissauan Ivorian Liberian Malian Mauritanian Nigerian Nigerien Senegalese Sierra Leonean Togolese Americas Caribbean Anguillan Antigua and Barbuda Bahamian Barbadian British Virgin Islands Caymanian Cuban Dominica Dominican Republic Grenadian Haitian Jamaican Montserratian Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucian Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands Central Belizean Costa Rican El Salvador Guatemalan Honduran Nicaraguan Panamanian North Bermudian Canadian Mexican United States South Argentine Bolivian Brazilian Chilean Colombian Ecuadorian Guyanese Paraguayan Peruvian Surinamese Uruguayan Venezuelan Asia Central & North Afghanistani Kazakhstani Kyrgyzstani Russian Tajik Turkmen Uzbekistani East Chinese Hong Kongese Macanese Japanese North Korean South Korean Mongolian Taiwanese South Bangladeshi Bhutanese Indian Maldivian Nepalese Pakistani Sri Lankan Southeast Bruneian Cambodian East Timorese Indonesian Laotian Malaysian Myanmar Philippine Singaporean Thai Vietnamese Western Abkhaz Armenian Artsakh Azerbaijani Bahraini Cypriot Egyptian Georgian Emirati Iranian Iraqi Israeli Jordanian Kuwaiti Lebanese Northern Cypriot Omani Palestinian Qatari Saudi South Ossetian Syrian Turkish Yemeni Europe European Union Austrian Belgian British ( BOTC BN ( O ) BOC ) Bulgarian Croatian Cypriot Czech Danish Dutch Estonian ( Non-citizens ) Finnish French German Greek Hungarian Irish Italian Latvian ( Non-citizens ) Lithuanian Luxembourg Maltese Polish Portuguese Romanian Slovak Slovenian Spanish Swedish Other Europe Abkhaz Albanian Andorran Armenian Artsakh Azerbaijani Belarusian Bosnian and Herzegovinian Georgian Gibraltar Icelandic Kazakhstani Kosovan Liechtenstein Macedonia Moldovan Monégasque Montenegrin Northern Cypriot Norwegian Russian San Marino Serbian South Ossetian Sovereign Military Order of Malta Swiss Transnistrian Turkish Ukrainian Vatican City Oceania Australian Fijian Kiribati Marshallese Micronesian Nauruan New Zealand Palauan Papua New Guinean Pitcairn Islands Samoan Solomon Islands Tongan Tuvaluan Vanuatuan British Overseas Territories . Open border with Schengen Area . Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia . The vast majority of its population ( 80 % ) lives in European Russia . Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe . Has a small part of its territory ( 3 % ) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace . Abkhazia , Azerbaijan , Georgia , and South Ossetia are often regarded as transcontinental countries . Both have a small part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus . Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country . Has a small part of its territories located west of the Urals in Eastern Europe . Armenia , Artsakh , Cyprus , and Northern Cyprus are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio - political connections with Europe . Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and the Middle East . Has a small part of its territory in the Middle East called Sinai Peninsula . Partially recognized . Immigration law Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visa_requirements_for_British_citizens&oldid=842491752 '' Categories : Visa requirements by nationality Foreign relations of the United Kingdom Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles with Azerbaijani - language external links Articles with German - language external links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Articles with French - language external links CS1 maint : Unrecognized language Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Use dmy dates from January 2016 Use British English from January 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 May 2018 , at 20 : 18 . 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as a uk citizen which countries do i need a visa for

Country Visa requirement Allowed stay Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Afghanistan Visa required Albania Visa not required 90 days Algeria Visa required Andorra Visa not required Angola eVisa 30 days Visitors who were granted online pre-visa are then issued with visa on arrival at Luanda International Airport . For a maximum total stay of 90 days within year period . Antigua and Barbuda Visa not required 6 months Argentina Visa not required 90 days Armenia Visa not required 180 days Australia eVisitor 90 days If granted , eVisitor allows British citizens to stay in Australia for 90 days per visit . Issued free of charge and valid for one year . Austria EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Azerbaijan eVisa 30 days Bahamas Visa not required 21 days Extendable up to eight months . Bahrain eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months Visas can be issued on arrival for a stay up to 3 months . eVisa issued for 14 days , extendable once . Bangladesh Visa on arrival 30 days Visa on arrival available at Dhaka International Airport Barbados Visa not required 6 months Belarus Visa not required 5 days Must arrive and leave via Minsk International Airport Visas are also issued on arrival at the Minsk International Airport if the support documents were submitted by inviting organization / person not later than 3 business days before expected date of arrival . Visa and police registration required for stays of more than 5 days . Belgium EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Belize Visa not required 30 days Benin eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days / 8 days Must have an international vaccination certificate . Bhutan Visa required Visa via approved tour operators only Bolivia Visa not required 90 days Bosnia and Herzegovina Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 6 month period . Botswana Visa not required 90 days Brazil Visa not required 90 days Extendable for further 90 days Brunei Visa not required 90 days Bulgaria EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Burkina Faso Visa on arrival 1 month Burundi Visa required Cambodia eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Extendable for another 30 days . Cameroon Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . Canada Visa not required 6 months eTA required if arriving by air . Cape Verde Visa on arrival Central African Republic Visa required Chad Visa required Chile Visa not required 90 days May be extended . China Visa required 72 - hours visa free visit when in transit at , Changsha , Chengdu , Chongqing , Guangzhou , Guilin , Harbin , Kunming , Qingdao , Wuhan , Xi'an and Xiamen . 144 - hours visa free visit when in transit at Beijing ( Beijing Capital International Airport ) , Dalian , Hangzhou , Hebei ( Shijiazhuang Zhengding International Airport ) , Nanjing , Shanghai ( Hongqiao and Pudong international airports , Railway Station and port ) , Shenyang and Tianjin ( Tianjin Binhai International Airport ) Hong Kong , Macau , and Taiwan do count as third countries under the 72 and 144 - hours transit policy . Visiting visas issued to British citizens are generally valid for 2 years Colombia Visa not required 90 days Extendable up to 180 - days stay within a one - year period . Comoros Visa on arrival Republic of the Congo Visa required Democratic Republic of the Congo Visa required Costa Rica Visa not required 3 months Côte d'Ivoire eVisa 3 months eVisa holders must arrive via Port Bouet Airport . Croatia EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Cuba Visa required ! Tourist Card required Cyprus EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Czech Republic EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Denmark EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement ( DK ) Djibouti eVisa 31 days Dominica Visa not required 6 months Dominican Republic Visa not required 30 days Ecuador Visa not required 90 days May be extended . Egypt eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days El Salvador Visa not required 3 months Equatorial Guinea Visa required Eritrea Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . Estonia EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Ethiopia eVisa / Visa on arrival Visa on arrival only at Addis Ababa Bole International Airport . Fiji Visa not required 4 months Finland EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement France EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Gabon eVisa / Visa on arrival 90 days eVisa holders must arrive via Libreville International Airport . Gambia Visa not required 90 days Georgia Visa not required 1 year Germany EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Ghana Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . Greece EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Grenada Visa not required 6 months Guatemala Visa not required 90 days Guinea Visa required Guinea - Bissau eVisa / Visa on arrival 90 days Guyana Visa not required 3 months Haiti Visa not required 90 days Honduras Visa not required 3 months Hungary EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Iceland EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement India e-Visa 60 days e-Visa holders must arrive via 25 designated airports or 3 designated seaports . e-Tourist Visa can be obtained twice in a calendar year . Indonesia Visa not required 30 days Not available at all entry points . Iran Visa required Iraq Visa required Visa on arrival for 30 days at Erbil and Sulaymaniyah airports . Ireland EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Israel Visa not required 3 months Italy EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Jamaica Visa not required 180 days Japan Visa not required 90 days May be extended once . Jordan Visa on arrival ! Free visa on arrival Conditions apply Kazakhstan Visa not required 30 days Kenya eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months Can also be entered on an East Africa Tourist Visa issued by Rwanda or Uganda . Kiribati Visa not required 30 days North Korea Visa required South Korea Visa not required 90 days Kuwait eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months Kyrgyzstan Visa not required 60 days Laos Visa on arrival 30 days Latvia EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Lebanon Visa on arrival 1 month Extendable for 2 additional months ; granted free of charge at Beirut International Airport or any other port of entry if there is no Israeli visa or seal , holding a telephone number , an address in Lebanon , and a non refundable return or circle trip ticket . Lesotho Visa not required 14 days Liberia Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . Libya Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . Liechtenstein EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Lithuania EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Luxembourg EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Macedonia Visa not required 90 days Madagascar Visa on arrival 30 days Malawi Visa on arrival Malaysia Visa not required 3 months Maldives Visa on arrival ! Free visa on arrival 30 days Mali Visa required Malta EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Marshall Islands Visa on arrival ! Free visa on arrival 90 days Free of charge . Mauritania Visa on arrival Available at Nouakchott -- Oumtounsy International Airport . Mauritius Visa not required 90 days Mexico Visa not required 180 days Micronesia Visa not required 30 days Moldova Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period Monaco Visa not required Mongolia Visa required Montenegro Visa not required 90 days Must register with the local police station ( either through a tourist organisation or at hotel reception ) within 24 hours of arrival . Morocco Visa not required 90 days Mozambique Visa on arrival 30 days Myanmar eVisa 28 days eVisa holders must arrive via Yangon , Nay Pyi Taw or Mandalay airports Regular visa for up to three months Namibia Visa not required 3 months 3 months within a calendar year Nauru Visa required Nepal Visa on arrival 90 days Visa - on - arrival is extendable Netherlands EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement ( European Netherlands ) New Zealand Visa not required 6 months Nicaragua Visa not required 90 days Niger Visa required Nigeria Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . Norway EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Oman eVisa 30 days Pakistan Visa required Visa on arrival when travelling on business valid for 30 days . Conditions apply . Visa on arrival when travelling as part of a group through a designated tour operator . Palau Visa on arrival ! Free visa on arrival 30 days Panama Visa not required 180 days Papua New Guinea Visa on arrival ! Free visa on arrival 60 days Issued free of charge . Paraguay Visa not required 90 days Peru Visa not required 183 days Philippines Visa not required 30 days Poland EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Portugal EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Qatar eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Available at Hamad International Airport . eVisa is also available . Romania EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Russia Visa required 72 - hours visa free visit when entering by regular ferry via port of St. Petersburg , provided that a passenger spends the night on - board or in accommodation specifically approved by the travel agency . Rwanda eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Can also be entered on an East Africa Tourist Visa issued by Kenya or Uganda . Saint Kitts and Nevis Visa not required 3 months Saint Lucia Visa not required 6 weeks Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Visa not required 1 month Samoa Visa on arrival ! Free Entry Permit on arrival 60 days Free of charge . San Marino Visa not required São Tomé and Príncipe Visa not required 15 days Saudi Arabia Visa required Senegal Visa not required 90 days Serbia Visa not required 90 days Seychelles Visa on arrival ! Free Visitor 's Permit on arrival 3 months Issued free of charge . Sierra Leone Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . Singapore Visa not required 90 days Slovakia EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Slovenia EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Solomon Islands Visa on arrival ! Free Visitor 's permit on arrival 3 months Issued free of charge . Somalia Visa on arrival Available at Berbera , Borama , Burao , Erigavo and Hargeisa airports . 30 days , available at Bosaso , Galcaio and Mogadishu airports . South Africa Visa not required 90 days South Sudan Visa required Spain EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Sri Lanka eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days British citizens are allowed to extend their stay twice when in the country to a maximum stay of 90 days in total . Sudan Visa required Suriname Visa on arrival ! Tourist Card on arrival 90 days Swaziland Visa not required 30 days Sweden EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Switzerland EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Syria Visa required Visa not required for citizens born in Syria . Tajikistan eVisa 45 days Tanzania Visa on arrival Thailand Visa not required 30 days If not arriving by air , British citizens are only permitted two visits per year . Timor - Leste Visa on arrival 30 days Visa on arrival is only available at the Presidente Nicolau Lobato International Airport or at the Dili Sea Port . Togo Visa on arrival 7 days Tonga Visa on arrival ! Free visa on arrival 31 days Issued free of charge . Trinidad and Tobago Visa not required 90 days Tunisia Visa not required 3 months Turkey eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months Turkmenistan Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . Tuvalu Visa on arrival ! Free visa on arrival 1 month Issued free of charge . Uganda eVisa / Visa on arrival May apply online . Can also be entered on an East Africa Tourist Visa issued by Kenya or Rwanda . Ukraine Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period United Arab Emirates Visa on arrival ! Free visa on arrival 30 days Issued free of charge . United States Visa not required ! Visa Waiver Program 90 days ESTA required if arriving by air or cruise ship , which is valid for 2 years . ESTA is not required for Guam and Northern Mariana Islands . Uruguay Visa not required 90 days Uzbekistan Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . Simplified procedure for British citizens - no requirement for tourist voucher or invitation letter from Uzbekistan . Vanuatu Visa not required 30 days Vatican City Visa not required Venezuela Visa not required 90 days Vietnam Visa not required 15 days A single entry eVisa valid for 30 days is also available . Visa exemption extended until June 2021 . Yemen Visa required Zambia eVisa / Visa on arrival 90 days British citizens are eligible for a universal visa allowing access to Zimbabwe . Zimbabwe eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months British citizens are also eligible for a universal visa allowing access to Zambia .

Lists of fastest - selling albums - wikipedia Lists of fastest - selling albums Jump to : navigation , search A fast - selling album is defined as one with high sales in its first chart week following release . The highest sales achieved in any country in an album 's debut week are 3.38 million for 25 by Adele in the United States in the week ending 26 November 2015 . This passed the previous record of 3.00 million set by the album Distance by Hikaru Utada in Japan in 2001 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Canada 2 Germany 3 Ireland 4 Japan 5 New Zealand 6 United Kingdom 7 United States 8 See also 9 References Canada ( edit ) This is a list of the fastest - selling albums in Canada since Nielsen SoundScan tracking began in 1995 . Rank Year Title Artist Sales Reference 2015 25 Adele 305,928 1997 Let 's Talk About Love Céline Dion 230,212 1999 Millennium Backstreet Boys 191,791 2003 Star Académie Star Académie 173,000 5 2000 Black & Blue Backstreet Boys 156,307 6 2002 A New Day Has Come Céline Dion 151,600 7 2002 Up ! Shania Twain 150,000 8 2008 Black Ice AC / DC 119,000 9 2006 I Think of You Gregory Charles 109,000 10 2014 1989 Taylor Swift 107,000 Germany ( edit ) This is a list of the fastest - selling albums in Germany Rank Year Title Artist Sales Reference 2007 12 Herbert Grönemeyer More than 263,000 2015 25 Adele 263,000 Ireland ( edit ) The fastest - selling album is The Best of 1980 -- 1990 by U2 in November 1998 . Japan ( edit ) This is a list of the fastest - selling albums in Japan since Oricon was founded in November 1967 . The top two sales records were achieved in the same week , on 28 March 2001 , as both albums were promoted as a direct competition between J - pop singers Hikaru Utada and Ayumi Hamasaki . Rank Year Title Artist Sales Reference 2001 Distance Hikaru Utada 3,002,720 2001 A Best Ayumi Hamasaki 2,874,870 1998 The Best `` Pleasure '' B'z 2,709,530 1998 The Best `` Treasure '' B'z 2,500,120 5 2002 Deep River Hikaru Utada 2,350,170 6 2000 Delicious Way Mai Kuraki 2,218,640 7 1999 First Love Hikaru Utada 2,026,870 8 1997 Review Glay 2,003,150 9 Sweet 19 Blues Namie Amuro 1,921,850 10 2002 I Am ... Ayumi Hamasaki 1,751,360 New Zealand ( edit ) This is a list of the fastest - selling albums in New Zealand since the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand , later renamed as Recorded Music NZ , was founded in 1972 . Rank Year Title Artist Sales Reference 2015 25 Adele 18,766 2009 I Dreamed a Dream Susan Boyle 17,435 United Kingdom ( edit ) This is a list of the fastest - selling albums in the United Kingdom . 25 by Adele is the current fastest - selling album in the UK with over 803,000 copies sold in its first week . Rank Year Title Artist Sales Reference 2015 25 Adele 803,000 1997 Be Here Now Oasis 696,000 2017 ÷ Ed Sheeran 672,000 1963 With The Beatles The Beatles 530,000 5 Progress Take That 518,601 6 2005 X&Y Coldplay 464,471 7 2008 The Circus Take That 432,490 8 2009 I Dreamed a Dream Susan Boyle 411,820 9 2003 Life for Rent Dido 400,351 10 2007 Spirit Leona Lewis 375,872 Notes : ^ I Be Here Now was unconventionally released on a Thursday and debuted at number one based on three - day sales of 695,761 . Sales from its first full week of availability , which went from Thursday to Wednesday were 813,000 . The second week 's sales for 25 were 439,000 . The fifth week 's sales for 25 were 450,000 . United States ( edit ) This is a list of the fastest - selling albums in the United States since Nielsen SoundScan tracking began on March 1 , 1991 . Rank Year Title Artist Sales Reference 2015 25 Adele 3,378,000 2000 No Strings Attached * NSYNC 2,416,000 2001 Celebrity * NSYNC 1,880,000 2000 The Marshall Mathers LP Eminem 1,760,000 5 2000 Black & Blue Backstreet Boys 1,591,000 6 2000 Oops ! ... I Did It Again Britney Spears 1,319,000 7 2014 1989 Taylor Swift 1,287,000 8 2012 Red Taylor Swift 1,208,000 9 2005 The Massacre 50 Cent 1,141,000 10 1999 Millennium Backstreet Boys 1,134,000 11 2011 Born This Way Lady Gaga 1,108,000 12 Confessions Usher 1,096,000 13 1998 Double Live Garth Brooks 1,095,000 14 2000 Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water Limp Bizkit 1,055,000 15 Speak Now Taylor Swift 1,047,000 16 Feels Like Home Norah Jones 1,022,000 17 2008 Tha Carter III Lil Wayne 1,006,000 Notes : ^ I The opening number denotes sales from the first four days of availability as The Massacre was unconventionally released in the middle of the week . John Fitzgerald Kennedy -- A Memorial Album , recorded on the day of John F. Kennedy 's assassination , sold 4 million copies at 99 cents each within six days of its release . The Beatles ' Let it Be allegedly had `` a sale of 3,700,000 in just over 2 weeks '' . Carole King 's Music reportedly sold `` 1,300,000 copies on the day of its release in the U.S. '' Elton John 's Captain Fantastic and the Brown Dirt Cowboy , the first album to debut at number one on the Billboard 200 , sold `` 1,400,000 in the U.S. in the first 4 days on the market '' . The Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band soundtrack reportedly sold `` 4 million double sets '' `` within 2 weeks of release '' . Led Zeppelin 's In Through the Out Door allegedly sold `` 1,700,000 within days of release '' . Prince 's Purple Rain sold 1.5 million copies in its debut week . Although not in its opening week , The Beatles ' compilation 1 moved 1,258,667 units in its sixth week of availability . 25 by Adele sold 1.11 million and 1.16 million copies in its second and fifth weeks of availability , respectively . See also ( edit ) List of best - selling albums List of best - selling albums in Canada List of best - selling albums in Japan List of best - selling albums in the United Kingdom List of best - selling albums in the United States Lists of albums References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Lady Gaga 's ' Born This Way ' headed toward 1 million - plus first week sales , Billboard says '' , LA Times , May 30 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` 50 fastest selling albums ever '' , NME , Apr 27 , 2011 Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( 28 November 2015 ) . `` Adele 's ' 25 ' Official First Week U.S. Sales : 3.38 Million '' . Billboard . Retrieved 28 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ADELE SHATTERS WORLD RECORDS SET BY UTADA HIKARU & AYUMI HAMASAKI '' . Arama Japan . 27 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Chart News ( 25 November 2015 ) . `` Adele 's 25 Sells 260,000 in 5 Days in Canada '' . Chart News . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Toronto Star ( 23 November 1997 ) . `` Dion 's latest CD shatters sales records '' . Retrieved 25 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Williams , John ( 28 November 2007 ) . `` Celine is queen of Cdn . charts '' . Canoe Jam ! . Retrieved 1 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Cantin , Paul ( 29 November 2000 ) . `` Backstreet falls short of record '' . Canoe Jam ! . Retrieved 1 November 2012 . Jump up ^ All Pop ( 29 March 2000 ) . `` * Nsync album smashes sales record '' . Canoe Jam ! . Retrieved 1 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Williams , John ( 9 April 2003 ) . `` Celine ousted from top of charts '' . Canoe Jam ! . Retrieved 1 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Williams , John ( 2 April 2003 ) . `` Celine 's ' One Heart ' debuts at No. 1 '' . Canoe Jam ! . Retrieved 1 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Williams , John ( 27 November 2002 ) . `` Shania debuts at No. 1 '' . Canoe Jam ! . Retrieved 1 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Williams , John ( 29 October 2008 ) . `` AC / DC 's ' Ice ' has rock solid debut '' . Canoe Jam ! . Retrieved 1 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Williams , John ( 25 October 2006 ) . `` Charles beats The Hip , Sarah to No. 1 '' . Canoe Jam ! . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Cross , Alan ( November 5 , 2015 ) . `` Weekly Music Sales and Analysis : 05 November 2014 '' . A Journal of Musical Things . Retrieved 5 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Neues Album `` 25 '' : Adele gelingt das Triple in Deutschland `` '' . Der Spiegel . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 25 to 1 ! '' . GfK Chart - Track. 27 November 2015 . Jump up ^ True , Chris . `` Ayumi Hamasaki '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Oricon ( 9 April 2001 ) . `` Japan 's Top Selling Albums '' ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved 25 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Oricon . 歴代 アルバム 初動 ランキング ( in Japanese ) . Music TV . Retrieved 2 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Oricon ( 1 June 1998 ) . `` Japan 's Top Selling Albums '' ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved 25 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Oricon ( 28 September 1998 ) . `` Japan 's Top Selling Albums '' ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved 25 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Oricon ( 1 July 2002 ) . `` Japan 's Top Selling Albums '' ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved 25 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Oricon ( 10 July 2000 ) . `` Japan 's Top Selling Albums '' ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved 25 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Oricon ( 22 March 1999 ) . `` Japan 's Top Selling Albums '' ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved 25 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Oricon ( 13 October 1997 ) . `` Japan 's Top Selling Albums '' ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved 25 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Oricon ( 5 August 1996 ) . `` Japan 's Top Selling Albums '' ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved 25 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Oricon ( 14 January 2002 ) . `` Japan 's Top Selling Albums '' ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved 25 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : New Zealand Herald ( 27 November 2015 ) . `` Adele breaks NZ record with new album '' . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( 29 November 2015 ) . `` Adele 's ' 25 ' Sells Over Three Million Copies in First Week '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ `` Adele has ( sort of ) scrubbed Oasis 's Be Here Now from UK record books . But it 's complicated . - Music Business Worldwide '' . 27 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( 21 October 2016 ) . `` Oasis ' Be Here Now is Number 1 on the Official Vinyl Albums Chart '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 6 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran smashes Official Chart records as ÷ is the fastest - selling album by a male artist ever '' . Official Charts Company . 10 March 2017 . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Murrells , Joseph ( 1978 ) . The Book of Golden Discs ( 2 , illustrated ed . ) . Barrie & Jenkins . ISBN 0 - 214 - 20480 - 4 . this LP reached advance orders of 270,000 in Great Britain ( a record then ) and sold 530,000 copies within 1 week after release Jump up ^ NME ( 27 April 2011 ) . `` 50 fastest - selling albums ever '' . Retrieved 25 October 2012 . Jump up ^ NME ( 27 April 2011 ) . `` 50 fastest - selling albums ever '' . Retrieved 25 October 2012 . Jump up ^ NME ( 27 April 2011 ) . `` 50 fastest - selling albums ever '' . Retrieved 25 October 2012 . Jump up ^ NME ( 27 April 2011 ) . `` 50 fastest - selling albums ever '' . Retrieved 25 October 2012 . Jump up ^ NME ( 27 April 2011 ) . `` 50 fastest - selling albums ever '' . Retrieved 25 October 2012 . Jump up ^ NME ( 27 April 2011 ) . `` 50 fastest - selling albums ever '' . Retrieved 25 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Ingham , Tim ( 27 November 2015 ) . `` ADELE HAS ( SORT OF ) SCRUBBED OASIS 'S BE HERE NOW FROM UK RECORD BOOKS . BUT IT 'S COMPLICATED . '' . Music Business Worldwide . Retrieved 28 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( 4 December 2015 ) . `` Adele 's 25 logs a second week at Number 1 with bumper sales '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 4 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Adele scores the biggest selling album of Christmas 2015 '' . Official Charts Company . ^ Jump up to : Caulfield , Keith ( November 23 , 2015 ) . `` Adele 's ' 25 ' Is the 20th Album to Sell a Million Copies in a Week : See the Full List '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McWhirter , Alan R. ( 1975 ) . Guinness Book of World Records 1975 . Sterling . p. 241 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Murrells , Joseph ( 1978 ) . The Book of Golden Discs ( 2 , illustrated ed . ) . Barrie & Jenkins . ISBN 0 - 214 - 20480 - 4 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Robert ( July 22 , 1984 ) . `` PRINCE CREATES A WINNER WITH ' PURPLE RAIN ' '' . The New York Times . New York City : The New York Times Company . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Crandall , Bill ( 27 December 2000 ) . `` Beatles Move One Million `` 1 '' s in One Week `` . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 25 October 2012 . ( hide ) Lists of best - selling albums Asia China Indonesia Japan South Korea Philippines Taiwan Europe Austria Finland France Germany Italy Portugal Spain United Kingdom North America Canada Mexico United States Oceania Australia New Zealand South America Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Related topics Remix albums 21st century Fastest - selling albums Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lists_of_fastest-selling_albums&oldid=798813211 '' Categories : Lists of best - selling albums Music industry Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 September 2017 , at 23 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who has the fastest selling album of all time

A fast - selling album is defined as one with high sales in its first chart week following release . The highest sales achieved in any country in an album 's debut week are 3.38 million for 25 by Adele in the United States in the week ending 26 November 2015 . This passed the previous record of 3.00 million set by the album Distance by Hikaru Utada in Japan in 2001 .

Government of Thailand - Wikipedia Government of Thailand hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Parts of this article ( those related to documentation ) need to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( July 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Royal Thai Government Seal of the Royal Thai Government Overview State Thailand Leader Prime Minister Appointed by HM The King of Thailand Main organ Cabinet Responsible to National Legislative Assembly Headquarters Government House of Thailand , Dusit , Bangkok Website www.thaigov.go.th Thailand This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Thailand Constitution ( show ) Constitutional history Human rights LGBT rights Monarchy ( show ) King ( list ) Maha Vajiralongkorn ( Rama X ) Chakri dynasty Privy Council Bureau of the Royal Household Crown Property Bureau Government ( show ) National Council for Peace and Order Prime Minister ( list ) Prayuth Chan - ocha Cabinet Ministries Independent agencies National Legislative Assembly ( show ) President Pornpetch Wichitcholchai First Vice President Surachai Leangboonleodchai Second Vice President Peerasak Phorchit Judiciary Law ( show ) Constitutional Court Administrative Court Supreme Court Elections ( show ) Election Commission Recent elections General : 2011 2014 next Senate : 2006 2008 2014 Political parties Administrative divisions ( show ) Changwat ( provinces ) Bangkok Metropolitan Administration Thesaban ( municipalities ) Foreign relations ( show ) Foreign aid Related topics ( show ) Southern insurgency 2008 political crisis 2010 political protests 2010 military crackdown 2013 -- 14 political crisis Other countries Atlas The Government of Thailand , or formally the Royal Thai Government ( RTG ) ( Thai : รัฐบาล ไทย ; RTGS : Ratthaban Thai ) , is the unitary government of the Kingdom of Thailand . The country emerged as a modern nation state after the foundation of the Chakri Dynasty and the city of Bangkok in 1782 . The Revolution of 1932 brought an end to absolute monarchy and replaced it with a constitutional monarchy . From then on the country was ruled by a succession of military leaders installed after coups d'etat , the most recent in May 2014 , and a few democratic intervals . The 2007 Constitution ( drafted by a military - appointed council , but approved by a referendum ) was annulled by the 2014 coup - makers who run the country as a military dictatorship . Thailand has so far had seventeen Constitutions . Throughout , the basic structure of government has remained the same . The government of Thailand is composed of three branches : the executive , the legislative , and the judiciary . The system of government is modelled after the Westminster system . All branches of government are concentrated in Bangkok , the capital city of Thailand . Since May 2014 Thailand has been ruled by a military junta , the National Council for Peace and Order , which has partially repealed the 2007 constitution , declared martial law and nationwide curfew , banned political gatherings , arrested and detained politicians and anti-coup activists , imposed internet censorship and taken control of the media . Contents ( hide ) 1 The monarchy 2 Executive 2.1 Prime minister 2.2 Cabinet 3 Legislative 3.1 National assembly 3.1. 1 The Senate 3.1. 2 The House of Representatives 4 Judiciary 4.1 Courts of Justice 4.2 Administrative courts 4.3 Constitutional court 5 Legal system 6 Local government 7 Outreach 8 See also 9 References 9.1 Notes 9.2 Bibliography 10 External links The monarchy ( edit ) King Maha Vajiralongkorn has been on the throne since 2016 . Main article : Monarchy of Thailand The King of Thailand , King Vajiralongkorn ( or Rama X ) , is the current monarch , reigning since the death of his father Bhumibol Adulyadej ( Rama IX ) on 13 October 2016 , in actuality he has only exercised the role of monarch since 1 December 2016 . The constitution stipulates that although the sovereignty of the state is vested in the people , the king will exercise such powers through the three branches of the Thai government . Under the constitution the king is given very little power , but remains a figurehead and symbol of the Thai nation . As the head of state , however , he is given some powers and has a role to play in the workings of government . According to the constitution , the king is head of the armed forces . He is required to be Buddhist as well as the defender of all faiths in the country . The king also retained some traditional powers such as the power to appoint his heirs , the power to grant pardons , and the royal assent . The king is aided in his duties by the Privy Council of Thailand . The king is also head of the House of Chakri , the ruling house of Thailand founded by King Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke ( or Rama I ) in 1782 . The monarchy and the royal family continues to command huge respect in Thailand , with its influence peaking especially during the Bhumibol era . The previous monarch wielded a great deal of popular respect and moral authority , which was used at times to resolve political crises . The monarch 's official home is the Grand Palace , however the present king lives primarily in the Chitralada Palace in Bangkok or the Klai Kangwon Palace , in Hua Hin . The monarch 's household was managed by the Bureau of the Royal Household and his finances by the Crown Property Bureau , But are being transferred to direct control by the Monarchy . The heir presumptive to the throne is Prince Dipangkorn Rasmijoti , although it is up to the king 's discretion whether Prince Dipangkorn will be named Crown Prince in the future . Succession to the throne is governed by the 1924 Palace Law of Succession , promulgated by King Vajiravudh . Palace law follows the male agnatic primogeniture , where males only are allowed to succeed and inheritance is passed only from father to son and through the male line only . Executive ( edit ) Government House of Thailand , offices of the prime minister and the cabinet of Thailand Prime minister ( edit ) Main article : Prime Minister of Thailand Since 1932 the head of government of Thailand has been the Prime Minister of Thailand , usually the leader of the largest party or the largest coalition party in the lower house of parliament . The prime minister is , in accordance with the constitution , selected , first by an election in the lower house , then officially appointed by the King . The prime minister , as head of the executive branch , is also the leader of the Cabinet of Thailand . The prime minister therefore retains the prerogative to appoint or remove any minister he or she so chooses . As the most visible member of the government the prime minister represents the country abroad and is the main spokesperson for the government at home . The prime minister 's official residence is Phitsanulok Mansion , a mansion in the Dusit district of Bangkok . The most recent prime minister was Yingluck Shinawatra of the Pheu Thai Party , the first female prime minister of Thailand . She was removed from office by the Constitutional Court of Thailand on 7 May 2014 , on charges of abuse of power . She was replaced briefly by an interim prime minister , Niwatthamrong Boonsongpaisan , and then succeeded by General Prayut Chan - o - cha , leader of the military coup of 22 May 2014 . Cabinet ( edit ) Main article : Cabinet of Thailand The Cabinet of Thailand or the Council of Ministers of Thailand is a council composed of 35 ministers of state and deputy ministers , who run the cabinet ministries of the kingdom . There are currently 20 cabinet ministries , accounting for the main portion of state employees . The cabinet is responsible for the formulation and execution of policies of the government . Members of the cabinet do not necessarily need to be members of the lower house as in other countries , but most often are . The Office of the Prime Minister and the cabinet offices are in a building complex called the Government House of Thailand . Legislative ( edit ) Parliament House of Thailand , the meeting place for both the House and Senate since 1974 . National assembly ( edit ) Main article : National Assembly of Thailand The legislative branch ( also called the Parliament of Thailand ) of the Thai government was first established in the `` temporary '' constitution of 1932 . The assembly first met on 28 June 1932 in the Ananda Samakhom Throne Hall . The National Assembly of Thailand is a bicameral legislature and is composed of two houses : the Senate and the House of Representatives . The legislative branch took its current form in 2007 . The national assembly has 630 members . Both houses of the national assembly meet at the Parliament House of Thailand . The Senate ( edit ) Main article : Senate of Thailand The upper house of the legislative branch was first established in 1946 . However , for most of its history the Senate has been the stronghold of the military and the elite . The current Senate has 150 members . Seventy - six members are elected , one per province from the 75 provinces of Thailand ( Bueng Kan does not have an elected senator yet ) and one from the Bangkok Metropolitan Area . The other 74 are selected by the Senate Selection Commission , made up of both elected and appointed officials . The chamber is strictly a non-partisan , and members may not be a member of a partisan organisation , the House of Representatives , the judiciary , or the cabinet for five years . The Senate has little legislative power , but retains considerable powers of scrutiny and appointment as the Senate is vested with the power to advise on the appointment of members of the judiciary and independent government agencies . The Senate sits for a set six year non-renewable term . The Senate can not be dissolved . The Senate is presided over by a president of the Senate , who is also the Vice-President of the National Assembly . He is assisted by two vice-presidents of the Senate . The last election to the Senate was in 2008 . The Senate and the House of Representatives were abolished after 22 May 2014 coup by the `` National Council for Peace and Order '' ( NCPO ) . Currently , according to the interim Constitution of Thailand imposed by NCPO , there is no Senate . The house of Representatives ( edit ) Main article : House of Representatives of Thailand The lower house of the legislative branch has been in existence in some form since 1932 . The House of Representatives is the primary legislative house of the government of Thailand . The House includes 500 members . Three hundred seventy - five of the MPs are elected directly from single - seat constituencies around the country . The other 125 members are selected using `` proportional representation '' through party - lists . There are eight electoral areas from which the proportionally representative votes are taken and 375 constituencies . This system is called the `` mixed member majoritarian '' in which a voter has two votes , one for the constituency MP , and the other for a party in the voter 's electoral area . The house is a partisan chamber with seven political parties . The house is the primary legislative chamber and the more powerful of the two houses . The house has the power to remove both the prime minister and cabinet ministers through a vote of no confidence . The house sits for a term of four years , however a dissolution of the house can happen anytime before the expiration of the term . The house is led by the Speaker of the House of Representatives , who is also the President of the National Assembly . He is assisted by two deputy speakers . The leader of the largest party or largest coalition party will most likely become prime minister , while the leader of the largest party with no members holding any ministerial positions will become the leader of the opposition . The leader of the opposition is a powerful position with considerable influence . The leader is assisted by a shadow cabinet . The last general election for the house was in 2007 . After the 2007 election the People 's Power party ( PPP ) won the most seats with the Democrats and Chart Thai party trailing behind . However , after the 2008 political crisis and the ruling of the constitutional court on 2 December 2008 , in which the PPP plus the Chart Thai and Neutral Democratic Parties ( coalition partners ) , the prime minister and several party executives were banned from politics for five years , the composition of the house changed . The successor of the PPP still retained most seats , however the remainder of the coalition partners defected and joined a Democrat - led government which was inaugurated on 17 December 2008 , leaving the For Thais Party ( successor of the PPP ) and the Pracharaj Party in opposition . The House of Representatives and the Senate were abolished after 22 May 2014 coup by the NCPO . Currently , according to the interim Constitution of Thailand imposed by NCPO , there is no House of Representatives . Legislative power is vested in the National Legislative Council , appointed by the NCPO . e d Composition of the House of Representatives of Thailand , Since July 2011 Parties Leader Previous seats Changes Current seats Pheu Thai Party ‡ Yingluck Shinawatra 189 ( + 76 ) 265 Democrat Party Abhisit Vejjajiva 172 ( - 13 ) 159 Bhumjaithai Party Chaovarat Chanweerakul 32 ( + 2 ) 34 Chartthaipattana Party ‡ Chumpol Silpa - archa 25 ( - 6 ) 19 Chart Pattana Puea Pandin Party ‡ Dr. Wannarat Channukul 9 ( - 2 ) 7 Phalang Chon Party ‡ Chao Maneewong - ( + 7 ) 7 Rak Thailand Party Chuwit Kamolvisit - ( + 4 ) Matubhum Party Sonthi Boonyaratglin ( - 1 ) Mahachon Party ‡ Apirat Sirinawin - ( + 1 ) Rak Santi Party Thawil Surachejpong - ( + 1 ) New Democracy Party Wimon Saramano - ( + 1 ) Total 500 Source : The Nation.com ‡ Coalition partners Judiciary ( edit ) Main article : Judiciary of Thailand The judiciary of Thailand is composed of four distinct systems : the Military Court ( which has expanded its power since 22 May 2014 ) , the Court of Justice system , the Administrative Court system and the Constitutional Court . Courts of Justice ( edit ) The Courts of Justice of Thailand is the largest of the court system and makes up the majority of courts in the kingdom . The courts as mandated in the constitution are composed of three tiers : the Court of First Instance , the Court of Appeals , and the Supreme Court of Justice of Thailand . There are no verbatim transcripts kept by the trial court . The court record is composed of the courts decision . Research judges assist the sitting judges . Judges must take an examination and two different examinations are given : one exam is for judges trained in Thailand and a different examination is given for judges who graduate from foreign law schools . All judges are formally appointed by the king . The Asian Human Rights Commission called the Thai legal system a `` mess '' and called for a drastic overhaul of Thailand 's criminal procedures . It cited the rampant use of forced confessions , and the fact that even a senior justice ministry official admitted that 30 % of cases went to court with no evidence . It also criticised the judiciary for failing to ensure that trials are conducted speedily , citing the case of four Thai men accused of plotting to kill Supreme Court President Praman Chansue ( Thai : ประมาณ ชัน ซื่อ ) . The accused were present in court 461 times before 91 different judges since proceedings began in 1993 and ended in 2008 . While these proceedings continued , Mr Praman died in 2007 . Administrative courts ( edit ) The administrative court system is made up of two tiers : The Administrative Courts of First Instance and the Supreme Administrative Court . The court system was first created in 1997 . The court 's main jurisdiction is to settle litigation between the state or an organ of state ( government ministries , departments and independent agencies ) and private citizens . Constitutional court ( edit ) Main article : Constitutional Court of Thailand First set up in 1997 , the Constitutional Court of Thailand was created solely as a high court to settle matters pertaining to the constitution . The court has since accumulated huge amounts of power and influence , generating many controversies on the way . This became especially clear during the 2006 and 2008 political crises , settling political deadlocks and social unrest . Legal system ( edit ) Main article : Law of Thailand Thailand 's legal system blends principles of traditional Thai and Western laws . The Western - sourced laws are often misused and corrupted . The traditional `` Thai '' laws are the product of Hindu - Brahmin laws used by the Khmer Empire . There is no discovery in the Thai legal system . Slander and libel are not civil torts in Thailand but criminal offences . Thailand 's legal system has been often criticised by other countries for having penalties of life in prison or even death for crimes such as drug possession or smuggling , while having lenient penalties for crimes such as terrorism and marital abuse resulting in spousal death . The criminally accused are entitled to have a court - appointed certified translator present in court if they can not afford one . Appeals must be filed with the trial court within thirty ( 30 ) days of the judge reading , signing , and issuing the verdict . There are no juries in trials . Only Thai citizens can be admitted to the Bar and can practice before the courts . Attorneys must carry their current , yellow , bar card when in court and may be required to produce it on challenge . In Thailand 's southern border provinces , where Muslims constitute the majority of the population , provincial Islamic committees have limited jurisdiction over probate , family , marriage , and divorce cases . Under Section 44 Thailand 's Interim Constitution of 2014 , the Prime Minister and NCPO leader has complete authority to perform any administrative , legislative , and judicial action as necessary , which then is deemed legal and constitutional . Local government ( edit ) Thailand is divided into 76 provinces ( changwat , singular and plural ) . The Ministry of the Interior appoints governors for all provinces . The metropolis of greater Bangkok is a special administrative area at the same level as a province , but the governor is popularly elected . Outreach ( edit ) In November 2015 the government launched a `` one - stop '' website with information on all government services . The website , referred to as `` GovChannel '' , is at GovChannel . It is operated by the Information and Communication Technology Ministry ( MICT ) and its subsidiary agency , the Electronic Government Agency ( EGA ) . GovChannel links information from four other government websites . See also ( edit ) Independent agencies of the Thai government State agencies of Thailand References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Human rights group slams Thailand 's judicial system '' . M&C. 26 March 2007 . Archived from the original on 14 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Audjarint , Wasamon ( 30 November 2015 ) . `` One - stop website launched with data on all Thai govt services '' . The Nation . Archived from the original on 8 December 2015 . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . Bibliography ( edit ) Damrong Rajanubhab. ( 1927 ) . Thai Government in Ancient Times ... ( in Thai ) . Bangkok : Fine Arts Department . Kittisak Prokati ( 2006 ) . Thai Legal Reform under European Influence ( pdf ) ( in Thai ) . Bangkok : Winyuchon . ISBN 9789742884727 . Manit Jumpa ( 2007 ) . A Comment on Reform of Thai Constitution in 2007 ( pdf ) ( in Thai ) . Bangkok : Chulalongkorn University Press . ISBN 9789740319078 . Noranit Setabutr ( 2007 ) . Constitutions and Thai Politics ( pdf ) ( in Thai ) . Bangkok : Thammasat University Press . ISBN 9789745719996 . Noranit Setabutr ( 2000 ) . The ' Royal Tutors ' Group in Thai Politics ( pdf ) ( in Thai ) ( 2nd ed . ) . Bangkok : Thammasat University Press . ISBN 9745717266 . René Guyon ( 2007 ) . The Work of Codification in Siam ( pdf ) ( in Thai ) . Bangkok : Winyuchon . ISBN 9789742885403 . Sirindhorn ( 2006 ) . Thai Government during Ayutthaya Period and Early Rattanakosin Period ( pdf ) ( in Thai ) . Bangkok : Chulalongkorn University . ISBN 9749940083 . Tej Bunnag ( 2005 ) . Intendancy System of Government in Siam : 1892 -- 1915 ( pdf ) ( in Thai ) ( 2nd ed . ) . Bangkok : Thammasat University Press . ISBN 9745719374 . Yut Saeng - uthai ( 2008 ) . A Legal Treatise on the Provisions of the Constitution governing the King ( pdf ) ( in Thai ) . Bangkok : Winyuchon . ISBN 9789742886332 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Government of Thailand . Royal Thai Government homepage ( in English ) Royal Thai Government homepage Gov Channel ( 18,806 handbooks on how to apply for state services and links to all government agencies ) Royal Thai Government Constitution of Thailand list National Council for Peace and Order Monarchy King of Thailand list Crown Prince Privy Council Executive Prime Minister of Thailand list Council of Ministers of Thailand Legislative National Legislative Assembly Judicial Constitutional Court Courts of Justice Administrative Court Military Court Ministries Office of the Prime Minister Agriculture and Cooperatives Commerce Culture Defence Armed Forces Army Navy Air Force Education Energy Finance Foreign Affairs Digital Economy and Society Industry Interior Justice Labour Natural Resources and Environment Public Health Science and Technology Social Development and Human Security Tourism and Sport Transport Constitutional organizations Office of the Election Commission Office of the Ombudsman National Anti-Corruption Commission Office of the Auditor General Office of the Attorney General Office of the National Human Rights Commission Office of the National Economic and Social Advisory Council Independent departments Office of His Majesty 's Principal Private Secretary Bureau of the Royal Household National Office of Buddhism Office of the Royal Development Projects Board Office of the National Research Council of Thailand Royal Society Royal Thai Police Anti-Money Laundering Office Independent organisations Bank of Thailand Office of the Securities and Exchange Commission Office of Insurance Commission Office of the Energy Regulatory Commission Thai Public Broadcasting Service Deposit Protection Agency Office of the National Broadcasting and Telecommunications Commission Thailand portal WikiProject Commons Category Thailand articles History Prehistory Peopling Tai peoples Early history Initial states Sukhothai Kingdom Ayutthaya Kingdom Thonburi Kingdom Rattanakosin era Siamese Revolution 1932 -- 1973 since 1973 Geography Cities and towns Climate Ecoregions Environmental issues Islands Mountains Protected areas Regions Rivers Volcanoes Wildlife World Heritage Sites Politics Constitution Monarchy ( list ) Elections Parliament Government Prime Minister ( list ) Cabinet Ministries Administrative divisions Foreign relations Human rights Judiciary Law Lèse majesté Localism Military Police Political parties Economy Agriculture Banks central bank Baht ( currency ) Car industry Energy Stock Exchange Telecommunications Internet telephone numbers Tourism Transport Society Crime Demographics Education Ethnic groups Languages Health hospitals Religion Women LGBT Racism Culture Architecture Art Birth Cinema Clothing Cuisine Dance Etiquette Folklore Literature Names Marriage Media television Martial arts Music Public holidays Sports Symbols anthem emblem flag Thai people Time lunar calendar solar calendar Video gaming Outline Index Category Portal Governments of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Government_of_Thailand&oldid=846295862 '' Categories : Government of Thailand Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from May 2015 All articles lacking in - text citations Wikipedia articles in need of updating from July 2014 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles with multiple maintenance issues EngvarB from September 2015 Use dmy dates from September 2015 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing Thai - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 CS1 Thai - language sources ( th ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Deutsch 한국어 Русский ไทย Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 17 June 2018 , at 19 : 56 . 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what type of government does thailand have today

From then on the country was ruled by a succession of military leaders installed after coups d'etat , the most recent in May 2014 , and a few democratic intervals . The 2007 Constitution ( drafted by a military - appointed council , but approved by a referendum ) was annulled by the 2014 coup - makers who run the country as a military dictatorship .

New France - wikipedia New France Jump to : navigation , search For a short - lived monarchy in South America , see Araucania and Patagonia . For the colony claimed by the Marquis de Rays to exist in New Ireland , see De Rays Expedition . For the 2004 film , see Nouvelle - France ( film ) . New France Nouvelle - France Colony of France 1534 -- 1763 Flag Royal Coat of arms Motto Montjoie Saint Denis ! `` Mountjoy Saint Denis ! '' Anthem Marche Henri IV `` March of Henry IV '' New France in 1750 ( blue ) Capital Quebec Languages French Religion Roman Catholic Political structure Autonomous colony King 1534 -- 1547 Francis I ( first ) 1715 -- 1763 Louis XV ( last ) Viceroy 1534 -- 1541 Jacques Cartier ( first ) 1755 -- 1760 Pierre de Rigaud ( last ) Legislature Sovereign Council Historical era Colonial Era Voyage of 1534 24 July 1534 Foundation of Quebec 3 July 1608 Treaty of Utrecht 11 April 1713 Capitulation of Quebec 18 September 1759 Capitulation of Montreal 8 September 1760 Treaty of Paris 10 February 1763 Currency New France livre Succeeded by Province of Quebec Nova Scotia Newfoundland Louisiana Today part of Canada United States France ( as French Overseas collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon ) New France ( French : Nouvelle - France ) was the area colonized by France in North America during a period beginning with the exploration of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence by Jacques Cartier in 1534 and ending with the cession of New France to Great Britain and Spain in 1763 . At its peak in 1712 ( before the Treaty of Utrecht ) , the territory of New France , also sometimes known as the French North American Empire or Royal New France , consisted of five colonies , each with its own administration : Canada , the most developed colony and divided into the districts Québec , Trois - Rivières and Montréal ; Hudson 's Bay , see Anglo - French conflicts on Hudson Bay ; Acadie , in the northeast ; Plaisance , on the island of Newfoundland , and Louisiane . Thus , it extended from Newfoundland to the Canadian prairies and from Hudson Bay to the Gulf of Mexico , including all the Great Lakes of North America . The Treaty of Utrecht resulted in France relinquishing its claims to mainland Acadia , the Hudson Bay and Newfoundland to England . France established the colony of Île Royale , now called Cape Breton Island , where they built the Fortress of Louisbourg . Acadia had a difficult history , with the English causing the Great Upheaval . This has been remembered on July 28 each year since 2003 . Their descendants are dispersed in the Maritime Provinces of Canada , and in Maine and Louisiana in the United States , with small populations in Chéticamp , Nova Scotia and the Magdalen Islands . Some also went to France . In the sixteenth century , the lands were used primarily to draw from the wealth of natural resources . In the seventeenth century , successful settlements began in Acadia , and in Quebec by the efforts of Champlain . By 1765 , the population of the new Province of Quebec reached approximately 70,000 settlers . In 1763 , France had ceded the rest of New France , except the islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon , to Great Britain and Spain at the Treaty of Paris , which ended the Seven Years ' War ( known as the French and Indian War in North America and especially the United States ) . Britain received Canada , Acadia , and the parts of French Louisiana which lay east of the Mississippi River -- except for the Île d'Orléans , which was granted to Spain , along with the territory to the west -- the larger portion of Louisiana . In 1800 , Spain returned its portion of Louisiana to France under the secret Treaty of San Ildefonso . However , French leader Napoleon Bonaparte in turn sold it to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 , permanently ending French colonial efforts on the North American mainland . New France eventually became absorbed within the United States and Canada , with the only vestige remaining under French rule being the tiny islands Saint Pierre and Miquelon . In the United States , the legacy of New France includes numerous placenames as well as small pockets of French - speaking communities . In Canada , institutional bilingualism and strong Francophone identities are arguably the most enduring legacy of New France . The conquest is viewed differently among Francophone Canadians , and between Anglophone and Francophone Canadians . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early exploration ( 1523 -- 1650s ) 1.1 Foundation of Quebec City ( 1608 ) 1.2 Jesuit missions 2 Royal takeover and attempts to settle 2.1 Settlers and their families 2.2 Growth of the settlements 2.3 Settlements in Louisiana 3 Fur trade and economy 3.1 Coureurs des bois and voyageurs 3.2 Indigenous peoples 3.3 Formal entry of England in New France area fur trade 3.4 The economy of La Louisiane 4 Judicial branch of New France 4.1 Early history in New France ( pre-1663 ) 4.2 Legal Reforms 1663 4.2. 1 Royal judges and the Sovereign Council 4.2. 2 The Custom of Paris 4.2. 2.1 Montreal Island : transition from feudal justice to royal justice 4.2. 2.2 Quebec : founding of the Provostry of Quebec 4.3 Criminal Justice 4.4 Special courts 4.4. 1 Ecclesiastical court 4.4. 2 Admiralty court 4.5 Acadia 5 Military conflicts 5.1 Iroquois attacks against Montreal 5.2 King William 's War 5.3 Queen Anne 's War 5.4 Father Rale 's War 5.5 King George 's War 5.6 Father Le Loutre 's War 5.7 French and Indian War 6 Treaties of cession 7 Aftermath 8 Political divisions of New France 9 Historiography 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 13.1 Older classics 13.2 Primary sources 13.3 Historiography 13.4 In French 14 External links Early exploration ( 1523 -- 1650s ) ( edit ) Around 1523 , the Florentine navigator Giovanni da Verrazzano convinced King Francis I , to commission an expedition to find a western route to Cathay ( China ) . Late that year , Verrazzano set sail in Dieppe , crossing the Atlantic on a small caravel with 50 men . After exploring the coast of the present - day Carolinas early the following year , he headed north along the coast , eventually anchoring in the Narrows of New York Bay . The first European to discover the site of present - day New York , he named it Nouvelle - Angoulême in honour of the king , the former count of Angoulême . Verrazzano 's voyage convinced the king to seek to establish a colony in the newly discovered land . Verrazzano gave the names Francesca and Nova Gallia to that land between New Spain ( Mexico ) and English Newfoundland . A map of New France made by Samuel de Champlain in 1612 In 1534 , Jacques Cartier planted a cross in the Gaspé Peninsula and claimed the land in the name of King Francis I. It was the first province of New France . However , initial French attempts at settling the region met with failure . French fishing fleets continued to sail to the Atlantic coast and into the St. Lawrence River , making alliances with First Nations that became important once France began to occupy the land . French merchants soon realized the St. Lawrence region was full of valuable fur - bearing animals , especially the beaver , which were becoming rare in Europe . Eventually , the French crown decided to colonize the territory to secure and expand its influence in America . Another early French attempt at settlement in North America took place in 1564 at Fort Caroline , now Jacksonville , Florida . Intended as a haven for Huguenots , Caroline was founded under the leadership of René Goulaine de Laudonnière and Jean Ribault . It was sacked by the Spanish led by Pedro Menéndez de Avilés who then established the settlement of St. Augustine on 20 September 1565 . Acadia and Canada ( New France ) were inhabited by indigenous nomadic Algonquian peoples and sedentary Iroquoian peoples . These lands were full of unexploited and valuable natural resources , which attracted all of Europe . By the 1580s , French trading companies had been set up , and ships were contracted to bring back furs . Much of what transpired between the natives and their European visitors around that time is not known , for lack of historical records . Early attempts at establishing permanent settlements were failures . In 1598 , a French trading post was established on Sable Island , off the coast of Acadia , but was unsuccessful . In 1600 , a trading post was established at Tadoussac , but only five settlers survived the winter . In 1604 , a settlement was founded at Île - Saint - Croix on Baie François ( Bay of Fundy ) , which was moved to Port - Royal in 1605 . It was abandoned in 1607 , re-established in 1610 , and destroyed in 1613 , after which settlers moved to other nearby locations , creating settlements that were collectively known as Acadia , and the settlers as Acadians . Foundation of Quebec City ( 1608 ) ( edit ) Champlain 's Habitation c. 1608 In 1608 , sponsored by Henry IV , Pierre Dugua , Sieur de Mons and Samuel de Champlain founded the city of Quebec with 28 men , the second permanent French settlement in the colony of Canada . Colonization was slow and difficult . Many settlers died early because of harsh weather and diseases . In 1630 , there were only 103 colonists living in the settlement , but by 1640 , the population had reached 355 . Champlain allied himself as soon as possible with the Algonquin and Montagnais peoples in the area , who were at war with the Iroquois . In 1609 , Champlain , along with two other French companions , accompanied by his Algonquin , Montagnais and Huron allies , travelled south from the St. Lawrence valley to Lake Champlain , where he participated decisively in a battle against the Iroquois , killing two Iroquois chiefs with the first shot of his arquebus . This military engagement against the Iroquois solidified Champlain 's status with New France 's Huron and Algonquin allies , enabling him to maintain bonds that were essential to New France 's interests in the fur trade . A map of western New France , including the Illinois Country , by Vincenzo Coronelli , 1688 Champlain also arranged to have young French men live with the natives , to learn their language and customs and help the French adapt to life in North America . These men , known as coureurs des bois ( runners of the woods ) ( such as Étienne Brûlé ) , extended French influence south and west to the Great Lakes and among the Huron tribes who lived there . For the better part of a century the Iroquois and French clashed in a series of attacks and reprisals . During the first decades of the colony 's existence , the French population numbered only a few hundred , while the English colonies to the south were much more populous and wealthy . Cardinal Richelieu , adviser to Louis XIII , wished to make New France as significant as the English colonies . In 1627 , Richelieu founded the Company of One Hundred Associates to invest in New France , promising land parcels to hundreds of new settlers and to turn Canada into an important mercantile and farming colony . Champlain was named Governor of New France and Richelieu forbade non-Roman Catholics from living there . Protestants were required to renounce their faith prior to settling in New France ; many therefore chose instead to move to the English colonies . The Roman Catholic Church , and missionaries such as the Recollets and the Jesuits , became firmly established in the territory . Richelieu also introduced the seigneurial system , a semi-feudal system of farming that remained a characteristic feature of the St. Lawrence valley until the 19th century . While Richelieu 's efforts did little to increase the French presence in New France , they did pave the way for the success of later efforts . At the same time the English colonies to the south began to raid the St. Lawrence valley and , in 1629 , Quebec itself was captured and held by the English until 1632 . Champlain returned to Canada that year , and requested that Sieur de Laviolette found another trading post at Trois - Rivières , which he did in 1634 . Champlain died in 1635 . Jesuit missions ( edit ) Main article : Jesuit missions in North America The French Catholic Church , which after Champlain 's death was the dominant force in New France , wanted to establish a utopian Christian community in the colony . In 1642 , they sponsored a group of settlers , led by Paul Chomedey de Maisonneuve , who founded Ville - Marie , precursor to present - day Montreal , farther up the St. Lawrence . Throughout the 1640s , Jesuit missionaries penetrated the Great Lakes region and converted many of the Huron natives . The missionaries came into conflict with the Iroquois , who frequently attacked Montreal . Le Grand Voyage du Pays des Hurons , Gabriel Sagard , 1632 The presence of Jesuit missionaries in Huron society was nonnegotiable . The Huron natives relied on French goods to facilitate life and warfare . Because the French would refuse trade to all Native American societies that denied relations with missionaries , the Huron natives had more of a propensity towards Christian conversion . The Huron natives heavily relied on European goods to perform burial ceremonies known as The Huron Feast of the Dead . Trading with the French allowed for larger amounts of decorative goods to be buried during ceremonies as opposed to only a bare minimum . With the growing epidemics and high number of deaths , the Huron natives could not afford to lose relations with the French , fearing to anger their ancestors . Jesuit missionaries explored the Mississippi River , in the territory of the Illinois . Father Jacques Marquette and explorer Louis Jolliet traveled in a small party , starting from Green Bay down the Wisconsin River to the Mississippi River , communicating with the tribes they met en route . Although Spanish trade goods had reached most of the native peoples , these were the first Frenchmen to connect in the area named for the Illinois , including the Kaskaskia . They kept detailed records of what they saw and the people they met , sketching what they could , and mapped the Mississippi River in 1673 . Their travels were described as first contacts with the native tribes , though evidence of contact with Spanish from the south was clear . Subsequent to the arrival of French children in Quebec in 1634 , measles was also brought along with them , which quickly spread among the Native American people . Jesuit priest Jean de Brébeuf described the symptoms as being severe . Brebeuf stated that the Native American 's fearlessness towards death upon this disease made them perfect candidates for conversion to Christianity . The Native Americans believed that if they did not convert to Christianity , they would be exposed to the evil magic of the priests that caused the illness . Jesuit missionaries were troubled by the absence of patriarchy in Native American communities . Native American women were highly regarded within their societies and participated in political and military decisions . Jesuits attempted to eliminate the matriarchy and shift the powers of men and women to accommodate those of European societies . `` In France , women are to be obedient to their masters , their husbands . '' Jesuits would attempt to justify this to the native women in hopes to enlighten them on proper European behavior . In response , Native American women grew worrisome of the presence of these missionaries fearing they would lose power and freedom within their communities . By 1649 , both the Jesuit mission and the Huron society were almost destroyed by Iroquois invasions ( see Canadian Martyrs ) . In 1653 , a peace invitation was extended by the Onondaga Nation to New France and an expedition of Jesuits , led by Simon Le Moyne , established Sainte Marie de Ganentaa in 1656 . The Jesuits were forced to abandon the mission by 1658 , as hostilities with the Iroquois resumed . The transport infrastructure in New France was almost nonexistent , with few roads and canals . The canals would be up to three miles long at times and boats were thin and simple . Thus people used the waterways , especially the St. Lawrence River , as the main form of transportation , by canoes . In the winter , when the lakes froze , both the poor and the rich travelled by sleds pulled by dogs or horses . A land transportation system was not developed in the region until the 1830s , when stretches of road were built along the river , and the Rideau Canal project was not completed until 1840 . Royal takeover and attempts to settle ( edit ) Merchant Ensign of New France In 1650 , New France had seven hundred colonists and Montreal had only a few dozen settlers . Because the First Nations people did most of the work of beaver hunting , the company needed few French employees . The severely underpopulated New France almost fell completely to hostile Iroquois forces . In 1660 , settler Adam Dollard des Ormeaux led a Canadian and Huron militia against a much larger Iroquois force ; none of the Canadians survived , but they succeeded in turning back the Iroquois invasion . In 1627 , Quebec had only eighty - five French colonists and was easily overwhelmed two years later when three English privateers plundered the settlement . In 1663 , New France finally became more secure when Louis XIV made it a royal province , taking control away from the Company of One Hundred Associates . In the same year the Société Notre - Dame de Montréal ceded its possessions to the Seminaire de Saint - Sulpice . The crown stimulated emigration to New France by paying for transatlantic passages and offering other incentives to those willing to move , and the population of New France grew to three thousand . In 1665 , Louis XIV sent a French garrison , the Carignan - Salières Regiment , to Quebec . The government of the colony was reformed along the lines of the government of France , with the Governor General and Intendant subordinate to the Minister of the Marine in France . In 1665 , Jean Talon was sent by Minister of the Marine Jean - Baptiste Colbert to New France as the first Intendant . These reforms limited the power of the Bishop of Quebec , who had held the greatest amount of power after the death of Champlain . The 1666 census of New France was conducted by France 's intendant , Jean Talon , in the winter of 1665 -- 66 . It showed a population of 3,215 habitants in New France , many more than there had been only a few decades earlier , but also a great difference in the number of men ( 2,034 ) and women ( 1,181 ) . Talon tried to reform the seigneurial system , forcing the seigneurs to actually reside on their land , and limiting the size of the seigneuries , in an attempt to make more land available to new settlers . These schemes were ultimately unsuccessful . Very few settlers arrived , and the various industries established by Talon did not surpass the importance of the fur trade . Settlers and their families ( edit ) One group of King 's Daughters arrives at Quebec , 1667 The first settler was brought to Quebec by Champlain -- the apothecary Louis Hébert and his family , of Paris . They came expressly to settle , stay in one place to make the New France settlement function . Waves of recruits came in response to the requests for men with specific skills , like farming , apothecaries , blacksmiths . As couples married , cash incentives to have large families were put in place , and were effective . To strengthen the colony and make it the centre of France 's colonial empire , Louis XIV decided to send single women , aged between 15 and 30 known as the King 's Daughters or in French , les filles du roi , to New France , paying for their passage and granting goods or money as a dowry . Approximately 800 arrived during 1663 -- 1673 . The King 's Daughters found husbands among the male settlers within a year or two , as well as a new life for themselves . They came on their own choice , many because they could not make a favorable marriage in the social hierarchy in France . They were from commoner families in the Paris area , Normandy and the central - western regions of France . By 1672 , the population of New France had risen to 6,700 , from 3,200 in 1663 . At the same time , marriages with the natives were encouraged , and indentured servants , known as engagés , were also sent to New France . The women played a major role in establishing family life , civil society , and enabling rapid demographic growth . There was a high demand for children , for they contributed to the prosperity of the farm from an early age , and there was plenty of food for them . Women bore about 30 % more children than comparable women who remained in France . Landry says , `` Canadians had an exceptional diet for their time . This was due to the natural abundance of meat , fish , and pure water ; the good food conservation conditions during the winter ; and an adequate wheat supply in most years . '' Besides household duties , some women participated in the fur trade , the major source of cash in New France . They worked at home alongside their husbands or fathers as merchants , clerks and provisioners . Some were widows who took over their husband 's roles . A handful were active entrepreneurs in their own right . Growth of the settlements ( edit ) Map of Canada ( New France ) in 1703 After the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 , New France began to prosper . Industries such as fishing and farming , which had failed under Talon , began to flourish . A `` King 's Highway '' ( Chemin du Roy ) was built between Montreal and Quebec to encourage faster trade . The shipping industry also flourished as new ports were built and old ones were upgraded . The number of colonists greatly increased . By 1720 , Canada had become a self - sufficient colony with a population of 24,594 people . The Church , although now less powerful than it had originally been , controlled education and social welfare . These years of peace are often referred to by French Canadians as New France 's `` Golden Age '' . Settlements in Louisiana ( edit ) Main article : Louisiana ( New France ) The French extended their territorial claim to the south and to the west of the American colonies late in the 17th century , naming it for King Louis XIV , as La Louisiane . In 1682 , René - Robert Cavelier , Sieur de La Salle explored the Ohio River Valley and the Mississippi River Valley , and he claimed the entire territory for France as far south as the Gulf of Mexico . La Salle attempted to establish the first southern colony in the new territory in 1685 , but inaccurate maps and navigational issues led him to instead establish his Fort Saint Louis in what is now Texas . The colony was devastated by disease , and the surviving settlers were killed in 1688 , in an attack by the area 's indigenous population . Other parts of Louisiana were settled and developed with success , such as New Orleans and southern Illinois , leaving a strong French influence in these areas long after the Louisiana Purchase . Many strategic forts were built there , under the orders of Governor Louis de Buade de Frontenac . Forts were also built in the older portions of New France that had not yet been settled . Many of these forts were garrisoned by the Troupes de la Marine , the only regular soldiers in New France between 1683 and 1755 . Fur trade and economy ( edit ) Main article : Beaver Wars Further information : North American fur trade See also : List of French forts in North America According to the staples thesis , the economic development of New France was marked by the emergence of successive economies based on staple commodities , each of which dictated the political and cultural settings of the time . During the 16th and early 17th centuries New France 's economy was heavily centered on its Atlantic fisheries . This would change in the later half of the 17th and 18th centuries as French settlement penetrated further into the continental interior . Here French economic interests would shift and concentrate itself on the development of the North American fur trade . It would soon become the new staple good that would strengthen and drive New France 's economy , in particular that of Montreal , for the next century . Map showing the approximate location of major tribes and settlements The trading post of Ville - Marie , established on the current island of Montreal , quickly became the economic hub for the French fur trade . It achieved this in great part due to its particular location along the St. Lawrence River . From here a new economy emerged , one of size and density that provided increased economic opportunities for the inhabitants of New France . In December 1627 the Company of New France was recognized and given commercial rights to the gathering and export of furs from French territories . By trading with native populations and securing the main markets its power grew steadily for the next decade . As a result , it was able to set specific price points for furs and other valuable goods , often doing so to protect its economic hegemony over other trading partners and other areas of the economy . The fur trade itself was based on a commodity of small bulk but yet high value . Because of this it managed to attract increased attention and / or input capital that would otherwise be intended for other areas of the economy . The Montreal area witnessed a stagnant agricultural sector ; it remained for the most part subsistence orientated with little or no trade purposes outside of the French colony . This was a prime example of the handicapping effect the fur trade had on its neighbouring areas of the economy . Nonetheless , by the beginning of the 1700s the economic prosperity the fur trade stimulated slowly transformed Montreal . Economically , it was no longer a town of small traders or of fur fairs but rather a city of merchants and of bright lights . The primary sector of the fur trade , the act of acquiring and the selling of the furs , quickly promoted the growth of complementary second and tertiary sectors of the economy . For instance a small number of tanneries was established in Montreal as well as a larger number of inns , taverns and markets that would support the growing number of inhabitants whose livelihood depended on the fur trade . Already by 1683 there were well over 140 families and there may have been as many as 900 people living in Montreal . The founding of the Compagnie des Indes in 1718 , once again highlighted the economic importance of the fur trade . This merchant association , like its predecessor the Compagnie des Cent Associes , regulated the fur trade to the best of its abilities imposing price points , supporting government sale taxes and combating black market practices . However , by the middle half of the 18th century the fur trade was in a slow decline . The natural abundance of furs had passed and it could no longer meet market demand . This eventually resulted in the repeal of the 25 percent sales tax that had previously aimed at curbing the administrative costs New France had accumulated . In addition , dwindling supply increased black market trading . A greater number of natives and fur traders began circumventing Montreal and New France altogether ; many began trading with either British or Dutch merchants to the south . By the end of French rule in New France in 1763 , the fur trade had significantly lost its importance as the key stable good that supported much of New France 's economy for more than the last century . Even so , it did serve as the fundamental force behind the establishment and vast growth of Montreal and the French colony . Coureurs des bois and voyageurs ( edit ) The arrival of Radisson in an Amerindian camp in 1660 The coureurs des bois were responsible for starting the flow of trade from Montreal , carrying French goods into upper territories while the Indians were bringing down their furs . The coureurs travelled with intermediate trading tribes , and found that they were anxious to prevent French access to the more distant fur - hunting tribes . Still , the coureurs kept thrusting outwards using the Ottawa River as their initial step upon the journey and keeping Montreal as their starting point . The Ottawa River was significant because it offered a route that was practical for Europeans , by taking the traders northward out of the territory dominated by the Iroquois . It was for this reason that Montreal and the Ottawa River was a central location of Indian warfare and rivalry . Montreal faced difficulties by having too many coureurs out in the woods . The furs coming down were causing an oversupply on the markets of Europe . This challenged the coureurs trade because the coureur so easily evaded controls , monopolies , and taxation , and additionally because the coureurs trade was held to debauch both Frenchmen and Indians . The coureur debauched Frenchmen by accustoming them to fully live with Indians , and Indians by trading on their desire for alcohol . The issues caused a great rift in the colony , and in 1678 , it was confirmed by a General Assembly that the trade was to be made in public so as to better assure the safety of Indians . It was also forbidden to take spirits inland to trade with the Indians . However these restrictions on the coureurs , for a variety of reasons , never worked . The fur trade remained dependent on spirits , and increasingly in the hands of the coureurs who journeyed north in search of furs . As time passed , the Coureurs des bois were partially replaced by licensed fur trading endeavors , and the main canoe travel workers of those endeavors were called voyageurs . Indigenous peoples ( edit ) The French were interested in exploiting the land through the fur trade as well as the timber trade later on . Despite having tools and guns , the French settlers were dependent on Indigenous people to survive in the difficult climate in this part of North America . Many settlers did not know how to survive through the winter ; the Indigenous people showed them how to survive in the New World . They showed the settlers how to hunt for food and to use the furs for clothing that would protect them during the winter months . As the fur trade became the dominant economy in the New World , French voyageurs , trappers and hunters often married or formed relationships with Indigenous women . This allowed the French to develop relations with their wives ' Indigenous nations , which in turn provided protection and access to their hunting and trapping grounds . The fur trade benefited Indigenous people as well . They traded furs for metal tools and other European made items that made their lives easier . Knives , pots and kettles , nets , firearms and hatchets made provided improvements in the general welfare . At the same time , while their everyday lives were made easier , some traditional ways of doing things were abandoned or altered , and while Indigenous people embraced many of these implements and tools , they also were exposed to less vital trade goods , such as alcohol and sugar . Formal entry of England in New France area fur trade ( edit ) 1681 French map of the New World above the equator : New France and the Great Lakes in the north , with a dark line as the Mississippi River to the west in the Illinois Country and the mouth of the river ( and future New Orleans ) then terra incognita Since Henry Hudson had claimed Hudson Bay , and the surrounding lands for England in 1611 , English colonists had begun expanding their boundaries across what is now the Canadian north beyond the French - held territory of New France . In 1670 , King Charles II of England issued a charter to Prince Rupert and `` the Company of Adventurers of England trading into Hudson Bay '' for an English monopoly in harvesting furs in Rupert 's Land , a portion of the land draining into Hudson Bay . This is the start of the Hudson 's Bay Company , ironically aided by French coureurs des bois , Pierre - Esprit Radisson and Médard des Groseilliers , frustrated with French license rules . Now both France and England were formally in the Canadian fur trade . The economy of la Louisiane ( edit ) The major commercial importance of the Louisiana Purchase territory was the Mississippi River . New Orleans , the largest and most important city in the territory , was the most commercial city in the United States until the Civil War , with most jobs there being related to trade and shipping ; there was little manufacturing . The first commercial shipment to come down the Mississippi River was of deer and bear hides in 1705 . The area , always loosely defined in those early times of European claims and settlements , extended as far east as the city that is now Mobile , Alabama , begun by French settlers in 1702 . The French ( later Spanish ) Louisiana Territory was owned by France for a number of years before the money - losing territory was transferred to French banker Antoine Crozat in 1713 for 15 years . After losing four times his investment , Crozat gave up his charter in 1717 . Control of Louisiana and its 700 inhabitants was given to the Company of the Indies in 1719 . The company conducted a major settlement program by recruiting European settlers to locate in the territory . Unemployed persons , convicts and prostitutes were also sent to the Louisiana Territory . After the bankruptcy of the company in 1720 , control was returned to the king . Louis XV saw no value in Louisiana , and in order to bring about an end to the Seven Years ' War , he transferred Louisiana to his cousin Charles III of Spain in 1763 . Louisiana remained under the control of Spain until it was demanded to be turned over to France by Napoleon . Although Louisiana was property of France by the Third Treaty of San Ildefonso in 1800 , Louisiana continued to be administered by Spain until the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 . Following the Louisiana purchase , the population of the subsequently divided territory that contained most of present - day Louisiana tripled between 1803 and Louisiana statehood in 1812 . Judicial branch of New France ( edit ) Early History in New France ( pre-1663 ) ( edit ) In the early stage of French settlement , legal matters fell within the Governor of New France 's purview . Under this arrangement , legal disputes were settled in an incoherent fashion due to the Governor 's arbitrariness in issuing verdicts . Since 1640 , a Seneschal ( sénéchal ) , a Judge ( juge d'épée , which literally means ' sword - bearing judge ' ) , and a jurisdiction in Trois - Rivières were created . However , the Seneschal was under the oversight by the Governor , hence the Governor still had rather extensive control over legal matters in New France . In 1651 , the Company of New France made the Great Seneschal ( Grand Sénéchal ) the chief justice . However , the Island of Montreal had its special Governor at that time , who also administered justice on the Island , and had not handed over justice to the Grand Seneschal until 1652 . In practice , though , the Great Seneschal was awarded as an honorary title to the son of Jean de Lauson , then Governor of New France ; judicial functions were in fact carried out by the Seneschal 's deputies . These deputies included such officials as the civil and criminal lieutenant general ( lieutenant général civil et criminel ) , the special lieutenant ( lieutenant particulier , acting as assistant royal judge ) , and the lieutenant fiscal ( lieutenant fiscal , acting as tax magistrate ) . The Civil and Criminal Lieutenant General sat as judge in trials at first instance , whereas appeals would be adjudicated by the Governor , who held the sovereign right to settle final appeals on behalf of the French king . The Great Seneschal also had a magistrate in Trois - Rivières , as well as a bailiff formed by the Society of Priests of Saint Sulpice on the Island of Montreal . Apart from judicial responsibilities , the Great Seneschal was also in charge of convening local nobility in New France , as well as issuing declarations of war if necessary . However , such alternative role of the Great Seneschal was much weakened soon after by having the rights to declare war and to administer finances stripped off from the office because the French crown feared that colonial officers held too much authority . Legal reforms 1663 ( edit ) Royal judges and the Sovereign Council ( edit ) On 13 October 1663 , the royal court replaced the Seneschal Office ( sénéchaussée ) . Canada was divided into three districts : the district of Quebec City , the district of Trois - Rivières , and the district of Montreal . Each district had its own separate jurisdiction with a judge appointed by the Crown , known as the civil and criminal lieutenants general . They were responsible for all legal matters , civil and criminal , in each of the districts . In addition to the royal judges , there were other judicial officers in each district . The clerk of court ( registrar ) was responsible for transcribing all court proceedings as well as other documents relevant to each of the cases . The king 's attorney ( procureur du roi ) was responsible for inquiring into the facts and preparing the case against the accused . In the districts of Quebec City and Montreal , the royal judges had special lieutenants to substitute them whenever they were absent or sick . Feudal courts heard minor cases . The reform also brought the Sovereign Council of New France ( Conseil souverain ) into existence , which was later renamed the Superior Council ( Conseil supérieur ) . The Sovereign Council effectively acted as the functional equivalent of a Council of State ( Conseil d'État ) for New France , having the authority to hand down verdicts on final appeal . Initially , the Council convened once every week , and the quorum of the Sovereign Council was seven for criminal matters , or five for civil cases . The Council 's practices evolved over time . At the Sovereign Council there was a king 's attorney - general ( procureur général du roi ) in charge of the similar tasks as the district king 's attorneys . He was also responsible for supervising the king 's attorneys ' daily operations as well as execution of royal edicts and regulations passed by the Council in their respective districts . The Custom of Paris ( edit ) Main article : The Custom of Paris in New France In 1664 , the Custom of Paris ( coutume de Paris ) was formally set as the main source of law for civil law in France 's overseas empire . All royal judges and king 's attorneys in New France had to be thoroughly familiar with this compilation of rules . The Custom governed various civil aspects of the daily life in New France , including property , marriage , inheritance , and so on . Montreal Island : transition from feudal justice to royal justice ( edit ) The Island of Montreal was a special case because its judiciary had been previously held by the Society of St - Sulpice . In 1663 , Governor - General of New France Augustin de Saffray de Mésy originally considered appointing Paul de Chomedey , Sieur de Maisonneuve the Governor of the Island of Montreal and consolidating a royal jurisdiction on the island , but the plan garnered the St - Sulpicians ' disapproval , who held the Island as its own fiefdom and effectively acted as the island 's governor . In other words , the Sovereign Council had not been able to seize effective control over the legal matters of the Island ; instead , the St - Sulpicians administered justice on the island . It was not until 16 September 1666 , that the St - Sulpicians finally handed over the justice of the Island of Montreal to the Intendant of New France . In 1693 , the French king commanded the replacement of the ecclesiastical courts in Montreal with a royal court composed of one royal judge , with appeals going to the Sovereign Council . The introduction of a royal court on the Montreal Island also resulted in the abolition of the feudal court in the fief of Trois - Rivières ( then held by the Jesuits ) . Quebec : founding of the Provostry of Quebec ( edit ) In the Quebec City district , the lower court ( tribunal antérieur ) was established in 1664 and had jurisdiction to try cases at first instance , but then it was abolished in 1674 . The Sovereign Council appointed trial judges ( juges inférieurs ) to adjudicate cases at first instance until the Provostry of Quebec ( prévôté de Québec ) was created in May 1677 . The Provostry of Quebec was located in the Hall of Justice ( palais de justice ) in Quebec City and had only one royal judge , also known as the civil and criminal lieutenant general of Quebec City , who heard both civil and criminal cases , as well as district police . Additionally , a court clerk and a king 's attorney were appointed to the court ; if either of these two officers could not attend the trials due to illness or other untenable circumstances , the Intendant would appoint a temporary substitute . Criminal justice ( edit ) Main article : Criminal Justice in New France In the early stages of French colonization , the execution of criminal justice in New France were rather arbitrary . The Governor of New France served as the judge to the colonists as well as soldiers . He would announce his verdict at the presence of the chiefs of the Company of One Hundred Associates and that would be final . After the Sovereign Council was established in Quebec in 1663 , the Council carried out criminal justice according to the general ordinances of France . In 1670 , the Criminal Ordinance was enacted in New France by order of the French king as a codification of the previous criminal laws passed by the Sovereign Council . Special courts ( edit ) Ecclesiastical court ( edit ) `` Officialité ( New France ) '' redirects here . For the ecclesiastical court , see Ecclesiastical court . The ecclesiasitical court ( tribunal ecclésiastique , or Officialité ) was a special court for hearing first instance trials on both religious and secular affairs involving members of the Church . It first appeared in around 1660 but was not officially recognized by state authorities for it was not administered by a bishop , until 1684 . Appeals from this court lay with the Sovereign Council . Admiralty court ( edit ) `` Amirauté ( New France ) '' redirects here . For the admiralty , see Admiralty . The court of admiralty was created in 12 January 1717 and was the last judicial body set up in Canada during the French colonial period . The court had a judge ( also known as the lieutenant - general of the court ) appointed by the French admiralty , a king 's attorney , a clerk of court , and one or two bailiffs ( hussiers ) . The admiralty court was located in Quebec City and had jurisdiction over all of New France except Louisiana and Louisbourg . The court heard first instance trials on maritime affairs , including commerce and seamen 's conduct . During wartime , it also commanded maritime police . Before 1717 , the Quebec Provostry performed the duties of the admiralty court . Acadia ( edit ) Unlike Canada , Acadia 's judicial system was somewhat under - developed during the New France period . Prior to 1670 , Acadia was in a state of being torn between various European colonists . None of countries -- France , England , the Netherlands -- were able to put in place a stable jurisdiction there . In 1670 , France regained control of Acadia and appointed Mathieu de Goutin as the Civil and Criminal Lieutenant ( lieutenant civil et criminel ) of Acadia . Simultaneously , the Governor of Acadia was set up and his job was primarily the defense of Acadia from English invasion . The Civil and Criminal Lieutenant was essentially supervised by the Governor , who held superior judicial authority over the Lieutenant , but for most of the time would let the Lieutenant mediate and decide legal affairs . Due to the situation in Acadia as a small settlement of around 399 settlers in 1670 - 71 , vulnerable to foreign invasion , courts were minimal , consisting of only a Civil and Criminal Lieutenant and a king 's attorney . There was not an official court in Acadia , although the king 's attorney of Acadia performed very similar duties as his counterpart in New France . Yet since Acadia never actually had a court , there was no clerk of court ; instead , trials were recorded by a local notary . It is difficult to trace the judicial history of French Acadia as the relevant archives were destroyed in a fire in 1708 . Military conflicts ( edit ) Main articles : French and Indian Wars , Father Rale 's War , and Father Le Loutre 's War Further information : Military of New France The presence of settlers , of businesses from several European countries harvesting furs , along with the interests of the indigenous people in this new competition for North American resources set the scene for significant military conflicts among all parties in New France beginning in 1642 , and ending with the Seven Years ' War , 1756 -- 1763 . Iroquois attacks against Montreal ( edit ) Engraving depicting Adam Dollard with a keg of gunpowder above his head , during the Battle of Long Sault Ville - Marie was a noteworthy site for it was the center of defense against the Iroquois , the point of departure for all western and northern journeys , and the meeting point to which the trading Indians brought their annual furs . This placed Ville - Marie , later known as Montreal , at the forefront against the Iroquois , which resulted in its trade being easily and frequently interrupted . The Iroquois were in alliance with the Dutch and English , which allowed them to interrupt the French fur trade and send the furs down the Hudson River to the Dutch and English traders . This also put the Iroquois at warfare against the Hurons , the Algonquians , and any other tribes that were in alliance with the French . If the Iroquois could destroy New France and its Indian allies , they would be able to trade freely and profitably with the Dutch and English on the Hudson River . The Iroquois formally attacked the settlement at today 's Quebec City in its foundation year of 1642 , and in almost every subsequent year thereafter . A militant theocracy maintained Montreal . In 1653 and 1654 , reinforcements arrived at Montreal , which allowed the Iroquois to be halted . In that year the Iroquois made peace with the French . Adam Dollard des Ormeaux , a colonist and soldier of New France , was a notable figure regarding the Iroquois attacks against Montreal . The Iroquois soon resumed their assaults against Montreal , and the few settlers of Montreal fell almost completely to hostile Iroquois forces . In the spring of 1660 , Adam Dollard des Ormeaux led a small militia consisting of 16 men from Montreal against a much larger Iroquois force at the Battle of Long Sault on the Ottawa River . They succeeded in turning back the Iroquois invasion and are responsible for saving Montreal from destruction . The encounter between Ormeaux and the Iroquois is of significance because it dissuaded the Iroquois from further attacks against Montreal . King William 's War ( edit ) Main article : King William 's War Map of North America in 1702 showing forts , towns and ( in solid colors ) areas occupied by European settlements In 1688 , King William 's War began and the English and Iroquois launched a major assault on New France , after many years of small skirmishes throughout the English and French territories . New France and the Wabanaki Confederacy were able to thwart New England expansion into Acadia , whose border New France defined as the Kennebec River in southern Maine . King William 's War ended in 1697 , but a second war ( Queen Anne 's War ) broke out in 1702 . Quebec survived the English invasions of both these wars , and during the wars France seized many of the English Hudson 's Bay Company fur trading centres on Hudson Bay including York Factory , which the French renamed Fort Bourbon . Queen Anne 's War ( edit ) Main article : Queen Anne 's War While Acadia survived the English invasion during King William 's War , the colony fell during Queen Anne 's War . The final Conquest of Acadia happened in 1710 . In 1713 , peace came to New France with the Treaty of Utrecht . Although the treaty turned Hudson Bay , Newfoundland and part of Acadia ( peninsular Nova Scotia ) over to Great Britain , France remained in control of Île Royale ( Cape Breton Island ) ( which also administered Île Saint - Jean ( Prince Edward Island ) ) . The northern part of Acadia , what is today New Brunswick and Maine , remained contested territory . Construction of Fortress Louisbourg on Île Royale , a French military stronghold intended to protect the approaches to the St. Lawrence River settlements , began in 1719 . Father Rale 's War ( edit ) Main article : Father Rale 's War An 1850s depiction of the death of the French Jesuit priest Sébastien Rale during Father Rale 's War In Acadia , however , war continued . Father Rale 's War ( 1722 -- 1725 ) was a series of battles between New England and the Wabanaki Confederacy , who were allied with New France . New France and the Wabanaki Confederacy defended against the expansion of New England settlements into Acadia , whose border New France defined as the Kennebec River in southern Maine . After the New England Conquest of Acadia in 1710 , mainland Nova Scotia was under the control of New England , but both present - day New Brunswick and virtually all of present - day Maine remained contested territory between New England and New France . To secure New France 's claim to the region , it established Catholic missions among the three largest native villages in the region : one on the Kennebec River ( Norridgewock ) ; one further north on the Penobscot River ( Penobscot ) and one on the Saint John River ( Medoctec ) . The war began on two fronts : when New England pushed its way through Maine and when New England established itself at Canso , Nova Scotia . As a result of the war , Maine fell to the New Englanders with the defeat of Father Sébastien Rale at Norridgewock and the subsequent retreat of the native population from the Kennebec and Penobscot rivers to St. Francis and Becancour , Quebec . King George 's War ( edit ) Main article : King George 's War Peace lasted in Canada until 1744 , when news of the outbreak of the War of the Austrian Succession ( King George 's War in North America ) reached Fort Louisbourg . The French forces went on the attack first in a failed attempt to capture Annapolis Royal , the capital of the British Nova Scotia . In 1745 , William Shirley , governor of Massachusetts , led a counterattack on Louisbourg . Both France and New France were unable to relieve the siege , and Louisbourg fell to the British . With the famed Duc d'Anville Expedition , France attempted to retake Acadia and the fortress in 1746 but failed . The fortress was returned to France under the Treaty of Aix - la - Chapelle , but the peace treaty , which restored all colonial borders to their pre-war status , did little to end the lingering enmity between France , Britain , and their respective colonies , nor did it resolve any territorial disputes . Father Le Loutre 's War ( edit ) Main article : Father Le Loutre 's War Within Acadia and Nova Scotia , Father Le Loutre 's War ( 1749 -- 1755 ) began with the British founding of Halifax . During Father Le Loutre 's War , New France established three forts along the border of present - day New Brunswick to protect it from a New England attack from Nova Scotia . The war continued until British victory at Fort Beausejour , which dislodged Father Le Loutre from the region , thereby ending his alliance with the Maliseet , Acadians and Mi'kmaq . French and Indian War ( edit ) Main article : French and Indian War Map of territorial claims in North America by 1750 , before the French and Indian War , which was part of the greater worldwide conflict known as the Seven Years ' War ( 1756 to 1763 ) . Possessions of Britain ( pink ) , France ( blue ) , and Spain ( orange , California , Pacific Northwest , and Great Basin not indicated ) Fort Duquesne , located at the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers at the site of present - day Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , guarded the most important strategic location in the west at the time of the Seven Years ' War . It was built to ensure that the Ohio River valley remained under French control . A small colonial force from Virginia began a fort here , but a French force under Claude - Pierre Pécaudy de Contrecœur drove them off in April 1754 . New France claimed this as part of their colony , and the French were anxious to keep the British from encroaching on it . The French built Fort Duquesne here to serve as a military stronghold and as a base for developing trade and strengthening military alliances with the Aboriginal peoples of the area . In 1755 , General Edward Braddock led an expedition against Fort Duquesne , and although they were numerically superior to the French militia and their Indian allies , Braddock 's army was routed and Braddock was killed . Later that same year at the Battle of Lake George , the British General William Johnson with a force of 1700 American and Iroquois troops defeated a French force of 2800 French and Canadians and 700 Native Americans led by Baron Dieskau ( Military commander of New France ) . The fight for control over Ohio Country led to the French and Indian War , which began as the North American phase of the Seven Years ' War ( which did not technically begin in Europe until 1756 ) . The war began with the defeat of a Virginia militia contingent led by Colonel George Washington by the French troupes de la marine in the Ohio valley . As a result of that defeat , the British decided to prepare the conquest of Quebec City , the capital of New France . The British defeated France in Acadia in the Battle of Fort Beausejour ( 1755 ) and then Île Royale ( Cape Breton Island ) ( which also administered Île Saint - Jean ( Prince Edward Island ) with the Siege of Louisbourg ( 1758 ) . Throughout the war , the British removed the Acadians from the region , which the Mi'kmaq and Acadian militias resisted . These British military successes were resisted , with successes by the French and Native Americans . In 1756 , a large force of French , Canadians , and their Native American allies led by Marquis de Montcalm launched an attack against the key British post at Fort Oswego on Lake Ontario from Fort Frontenac and forced the garrison to surrender . The following year Montcalm with a huge force of 7200 French and Canadians and 2400 Native Americans laid siege to Fort William Henry on the southern shores of Lake George , and after three weeks of fighting the British commander Monroe surrendered . Montcalm gave him honorable terms to return to England and not to fight for 18 months . But many of the Native Americans were hungry for scalps and loot , so when the British force with civilians were three miles from the fort they massacred about 1100 of the 1500 strong force . The following year the French had one victory and one defeat . The defeat was at the French fortress city of Louisbourg . The victory was at the strip of land between Lake Champlain and Lake George at the French fortress of Fort Carillon . The British force sent to capture Fort Carillon ( held by just 3400 French regulars and marines with almost no militia or Indian support ) was the largest ever seen in America at that time : 16,200 British , American , and Iroquois troops under the command of the dull political General James Abercrombie ( called Mrs. Nabbycrombie by his troops and aunt aubbie by his officers ) . This battle cost the British 2200 troops , several artillery pieces , and most of the morale of that British army ; meanwhile French losses were around 200 killed or wounded . While the British Conquest of Acadia happened in 1710 , the French continued to remain a significant force in the region with Fort Beausejour and Fortress Louisbourg . The dominant population in the region remained Acadian . In 1755 , the British were successful in the Battle of Beausejour and immediately after began the expulsion of the Acadians . The intent of the expulsion , in military terms , was to neutralize the supposed military threat posed by the Acadian people and stop the vital supply lines they maintained for Louisbourg . In the meantime the French continued to explore westwards and expand their trade alliances with indigenous peoples . Fort de la Corne was built in 1753 , by Louis de la Corne , Chevalier de la Corne just east of the Saskatchewan River Forks in what is today the Canadian province of Saskatchewan . This was the furthest westward outpost of the French Empire in North America to be established before its fall . Treaties of cession ( edit ) In 1758 , British forces again captured Louisbourg , allowing them to blockade the entrance to the St. Lawrence River . This proved decisive in the war . In 1759 , the British besieged Quebec by sea , and an army under General James Wolfe defeated the French under General Louis - Joseph de Montcalm at the Battle of the Plains of Abraham in September . The garrison in Quebec surrendered on 18 September , and by the next year New France had been conquered by the British after the attack on Montreal , which had refused to acknowledge the fall of Canada . The last French governor - general of New France , Pierre François de Rigaud , Marquis de Vaudreuil - Cavagnal , surrendered to British Major General Jeffrey Amherst on 8 September 1760 . France formally ceded Canada to the British in the Treaty of Paris , signed 10 February 1763 . Aftermath ( edit ) Main articles : Canada under British Imperial control , Louisiana ( New Spain ) , and Colonial history of the United States Map showing British territorial gains following the Treaty of Paris in pink , and Spanish territorial gains after the Treaty of Fontainebleau in yellow By the mid 1700s the French settlers were well established with a population around 70,000 , mainly due to natural increase . The European population had grown slowly under French rule . The British Thirteen Colonies to the south along the Atlantic coast grew in population from natural increase and more new settlers from Europe . By 1760 , almost 1.6 million people lived in the British colonies , a ratio of approximately twenty - three to one compared to New France . The population of the New England colonies in 1760 , was just shy of 450,000 , a ratio 6.5 to 1 . A chart showing the political organization of New France , c. 1759 French culture and religion remained dominant in most of the former territory of New France until the arrival of British settlers led to the later creation of Upper Canada ( today Ontario ) and New Brunswick . The Louisiana Territory , under Spanish control since the end of the Seven Years ' War , remained off - limits to settlement from the thirteen American colonies . Twelve years after the British defeated the French , the American Revolutionary War broke out in Britain 's lower thirteen colonies . Many Québécois would take part in the war , including Major Clément Gosselin and Admiral Louis - Philippe de Vaudreuil . After the British surrender at Yorktown in 1781 , the Treaty of Versailles gave all former British claims in New France below the Great Lakes into the possession of the nascent United States . A Franco - Spanish alliance treaty returned Louisiana to France in 1801 , but French leader Napoleon Bonaparte sold it to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 , ending French colonial efforts in North America . The portions of the former New France that remained under British rule were administered as Upper Canada and Lower Canada , 1791 -- 1841 , and then those regions were merged as the Province of Canada during 1841 -- 1867 , when the passage of the British North America Act of 1867 instituted home rule for most of British North America and established French - speaking Quebec ( the former Lower Canada ) as one of the original provinces of the Dominion of Canada . The former French colony of Acadia was first designated the Colony of Nova Scotia but shortly thereafter the Colony of New Brunswick , which then included Prince Edward Island , was split off from it . In Canada , institutional bilingualism and strong Francophone identities are arguably the most enduring legacy of New France . The only remnant of the former colonial territory of New France that remains under French control to this day is the French overseas collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon ( French : Collectivité territoriale de Saint - Pierre - et - Miquelon ) , consisting of a group of small islands 25 kilometres ( 16 mi ) off the coast of Newfoundland , Canada . Political divisions of New France ( edit ) The territory of New France was divided into five colonies , each with its own administration : Canada , Hudson 's Bay , Acadia , Newfoundland ( Plaisance ) , and Louisiana . The Treaty of Utrecht resulted in the relinquishing of French claims to mainland Acadia , the Hudson Bay and Newfoundland , and the establishment of the colony of Île Royale , now called Cape Breton Island , where the French built the Fortress of Louisbourg . Acadia had a difficult history , with the Great Upheaval , remembered on July 28 each year since 2003 . The descendants are dispersed in the Maritime Provinces of Canada , in Maine and Louisiana in the United States , with small populations in Chéticamp , Nova Scotia and the Magdalen Islands . In terms of 21st century political divisions and nations , New France included Acadia ( eastern Quebec , the coastal territories , and claims to New England as far as Philadelphia , Canada ( modern eastern Canada and the Canadian plains in central Canada to the edge of modern - day Alberta ) , and Louisiana ( a vast territory stretching across much of the east half of modern Midwestern United States ) . Province of Acadia Canada Illinois Country ( before 1717 ) French Louisiana Illinois Country ( after 1717 ) Historiography ( edit ) The Conquest has always been a central and contested theme of Canadian memory -- as exemplified by an episode in 2009 , when re-enactors were prevented from restaging the decisive 1759 battles in Quebec . Cornelius Jaenen argues that `` The Conquest has remained a difficult subject for French - Canadian historians '' who were divided in viewing it . One group sees it as a highly negative economic , political and ideological disaster that threatened a way of life with materialism and Protestantism . At the other pole are those historians who see the positive benefit of enabling the preservation of language , and religion and traditional customs under British rule . French Canadian debates have escalated since the 1960s , as the conquest is seen as a pivotal moment in the history of Québec 's nationalism . Historian Jocelyn Létourneau suggested in 2009 , that today , `` 1759 does not belong primarily to a past that we might wish to study and understand , but , rather , to a present and a future that we might wish to shape and control . '' Anglophone historians , on the other hand , portray the Conquest as a victory for British military , political and economic superiority that was a permanent benefit to the French . See also ( edit ) History of Canada History of Quebec New England List of French possessions and colonies Jean Talon New France Sovereign Council A few acres of snow French colonization of the Americas French colonial empire Former colonies and territories in Canada Slavery in New France The Jesuit Relations France portal New France portal Kingdom of France portal History of Canada portal Acadia portal Francophonie portal North America portal Codex canadiensis Louisiana ( New France ) Louisiana Purchase Illinois Country French language in the United States French language in Canada Timeline of New France history List of North American cities founded in chronological order List of place names of French origin in the United States Saint - Pierre and Miquelon Kahnawake surnames Voyageurs Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ While New Englanders safely settled the land , not until the treaty of 1752 did Massachusetts officially lay claim to the entire Penobscot watershed , and in 1759 , the Pownall Expedition , led by Governor Thomas Pownall , established Fort Pownall on Cape Jellison in what is now Stockton Springs . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Francis , R. Douglas ; Jones , Richard ; Smith , Donald B. ( 2009 ) . Journeys : A History of Canada . Cengage Learning . p. 51 . ISBN 0 - 17 - 644244 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : `` La Nouvelle France : Le Territoire '' ( New France : The Territory ) ( in French ) . Government of France . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Johnston , Andrew John Bayly ( 2001 ) . Control and Order in French Colonial Louisbourg , 1713 -- 1758 . MSU Press . pp. 8 -- 9 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8701 - 3570 - 5 . JSTOR 10.14321 / j. ctt7zt68f . ^ Jump up to : `` History '' . Fortress of Louisbourg Association . Retrieved 23 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Estimated population of Canada , 1605 to present '' . Statistics Canada . 2009 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : David L. Preston ( 2009 ) . The Texture of Contact : European and Indian Settler Communities on the Frontiers of Iroquoia , 1667 -- 1783 . U of Nebraska Press . p. 43 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 2549 - 7 . Jump up ^ Litalien , Raymonde ( 2004 ) . Champlain : The Birth of French America . McGill - Queen 's Press . p. 115 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 7256 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Cox , Caroline ; Albala , Ken ( 2009 ) . Opening Up North America , 1497 -- 1800 . Infobase Publishing . p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60413 - 196 - 3 . Jump up ^ Pritchard , Evan T. ( 2002 ) . Native New Yorkers : The Legacy of the Algonquin People of New York . Council Oak Books . p. 21 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57178 - 107 - 9 . Jump up ^ Axelrod , Alan ( 2011 ) . A Savage Empire : Trappers , Traders , Tribes , and the Wars That Made America . St. Martin 's Press . p. 50 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4299 - 9070 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Riendeau , Roger E. ( 2007 ) . A Brief History of Canada . Infobase Publishing . p. 36 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 0822 - 3 . Jump up ^ Grenon , Jean - Yves ( 2000 ) . Pierre Dugua De Mons : Founder of Acadie ( 1604 -- 05 ) , Co-Founder of Quebec ( 1608 ) . Translated by Roberts , Phil . Annapolis Royal , Nova Scotia : Peninsular Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9682 - 0162 - 6 . Jump up ^ Liebel , Jean ( 1999 ) . Pierre Dugua , sieur de Mons , fondateur de Québec . Paris : Le Croît vif . ISBN 978 - 2 - 9079 - 6748 - 8 . Jump up ^ Binot , Guy ( 2004 ) . Pierre Dugua de Mons : gentilhomme royannais , premier colonisateur du Canada , lieutenant général de la Nouvelle - France de 1603 à 1612 . ( Vaux - sur - Mer ) : Bonne anse . ISBN 978 - 2 - 9144 - 6313 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Estimated population of Canada , 1605 to present '' . Statistics Canada . 2009 . Retrieved 26 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Hunter , Douglas ( 2007 ) . God 's Mercies : Rivalry , Betrayal and the Dream of Discovery . Random House of Canada . pp. 240 -- 242 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 3856 - 6058 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Knecht , R.J. ( 1991 ) . Richelieu . Essex , England : Pearson Education Limited . p. 165 . ISBN 0 - 582 - 43757 - 1 . Jump up ^ Fry , Michael ( 2001 ) . The Scottish Empire . Tuckwell Press . p. 21 . ISBN 1 - 84158 - 259 - X . Jump up ^ Shenwen , Li ( 2001 ) . Stratégies missionnaires des Jésuites Français en Nouvelle - France et en Chine au XVIIieme siècle . Les Presses de l'Université Laval , L'Harmattan . p. 44 . ISBN 2 - 7475 - 1123 - 5 . Jump up ^ Miquelon , Dale ( 16 December 2013 ) ( 7 February 2006 ) . `` Ville - Marie ( Colony ) '' . The Canadian Encyclopedia ( online ed . ) . Historica Canada . ^ Jump up to : Seeman , Erik R. ( 2011 ) . The Huron - Wendat Feast of the Dead : Indian - European Encounters in Early North America . Baltimore : The Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 95 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 9854 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Stelle , Lenville J. ; et al. ( 2005 ) . `` Inoca Ethnohistory Project : Eye Witness Descriptions of the Contact Generation , 1673 - 1700 '' . Champaign , Illinois : Center For Social Research , Parkland College . Retrieved April 14 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seeman ( 2011 ) , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Smith , Andrea ( 2008 ) . Native Americans and the Christian right : the gendered politics of unlikely alliances . New York : Duke University Press . p. 116 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8223 - 4163 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Randall , Catherine ( 2011 ) . Black Robes and Buckskin : A Selection from the Jesuit Relations . Toronto : Fordham University Press . p. 98 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8232 - 3262 - 8 . Jump up ^ Young , Brian ( 1986 ) . `` Chapter 1 , Holy Housekeeping : The Company and Business Management '' . In Its Corporate Capacity : the Seminary of Montreal as a Business Institution , 1816 -- 76 . Montreal : McGill - Queen 's University Press . pp. 3 -- 37 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 0554 - 4 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Alan ( 2001 ) . American Colonies : The Settling of North America . New York : Penguin Books . pp. 365 -- 366 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 200210 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics for the 1666 Census '' . Library and Archives Canada . 2006 . Retrieved 24 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Le peuplement d'un pays '' . 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The Forts of New France : The Great Lakes , the Plains and the Gulf Coast , 1600 -- 1763 . Osprey Publishing . p. 51 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84603 - 504 - 3 . Jump up ^ Chartrand , René ( 2013 ) . The Forts of New France in Northeast America 1600 -- 1763 . Osprey Publishing . pp. 6 -- 8 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4728 - 0318 - 4 . Jump up ^ Haefeli , Evan ; Sweeney , Kevin ( 2006 ) . Captive Histories : English , French , and Native Narratives of the 1704 Deerfield Raid . University of Massachusetts Press . p. 207 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55849 - 543 - 2 . Jump up ^ Watkins , Melville H. ( May 1963 ) . `` A Staple Theory of Economic Growth '' . The Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science . 29 ( 2 ) : 141 -- 158 . doi : 10.2307 / 139461 . JSTOR 139461 . Jump up ^ Jennings , Francis ( 1984 ) . The Ambiguous Iroquois Empire . W.W. Norton . pp. 15 , 26 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 01719 - 2 . Jump up ^ Adair , E.R. ( 1942 ) . `` The Evolution of Montreal under the French Regime '' ( PDF ) . Report of the Annual Meeting of the Canadian Historical Association . 21 ( 1 ) : 20 -- 41 . doi : 10.7202 / 300228ar . Jump up ^ Innis , H.A. ( 1937 ) . `` Significant Factors in Canadian Economic Development '' . Canadian Historical Review . 18 ( 4 ) : 374 -- 84 . doi : 10.3138 / CHR - 018 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Wien , Thomas ( 1990 ) . `` Selling Beaver Skins in North America and Europe , 1720 -- 1760 : The Uses of Fur - Trade Imperialism '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the Canadian Historical Association . 1 ( 1 ) : 293 -- 317 . doi : 10.7202 / 031021ar . ^ Jump up to : Lunn , Jean ( 1939 ) . `` The Illegal Fur Trade out of New France , 1713 -- 60 '' ( PDF ) . Report of the Annual Meeting of the Canadian Historical Association / Rapports annuels de la Société historique du Canada . 18 ( 1 ) : 61 -- 76 . doi : 10.7202 / 300187ar . ISSN 0317 - 0594 . Retrieved 20 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rich , E.E. ( 1966 ) . Montreal And The Fur Trade . Montreal : McGill University Press . 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Jump up ^ Wilson , Keith ( 1980 ) . Fur Trade In Canada : Focus On Canadian History Series . Toronto : Grolier Limited . ^ Jump up to : Williamson , William Durkee ( 1832 ) . The history of the state of Maine . Vol. II . Glazier , Masters & Co. p. 27 . ^ Jump up to : Griffiths , N.E.S. ( 2005 ) . From Migrant to Acadian . McGill - Queen 's University Press . p. 61 . ISBN 0 - 7735 - 2699 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Campbell , William Edward ( 2005 ) . The Road to Canada : The Grand Communications Route from Saint John to Quebec . Goose Lane Editions and The New Brunswick Heritage Military Project . p. 21 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8649 - 2426 - 1 . Jump up ^ Axelrod , Alan ( 2007 ) . Blooding at Great Meadows : young George Washington and the battle that Shaped the Man . Running Press . p. 62 . ISBN 0 - 7624 - 2769 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` History of Louisbourg '' . The Fortress Louisbourg Association . 2008 . Retrieved 9 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Meductic Indian Village / Fort Meductic National Historic Site of Canada . Canadian Register of Historic Places . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Grenier , John ( 2008 ) . The Far Reaches of Empire : War in Nova Scotia , 1710 -- 1760 . University of Oklahoma Press . p. 51 , 54 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 3876 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` The Battle of the Monongahela '' . World Digital Library . 1755 . Retrieved 22 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez , Junius P. ( 2002 ) . The Louisiana Purchase : A Historical and Geographical Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . p. 272 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 5760 - 7188 - 5 . Jump up ^ John Powell ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of North American Immigration . Infobase Publishing . p. 203 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 1012 - 7 . Jump up ^ Ronald J. Dale ( 2004 ) . The Fall of New France : How the French Lost a North American Empire 1754 -- 1763 . James Lorimer & Company . p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55028 - 840 - 7 . Jump up ^ John E. Findling ; Frank W. Thackeray ( 2011 ) . What Happened ? : An Encyclopedia of Events that Changed America Forever . ABC - CLIO . p. 38 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 621 - 8 . Jump up ^ Bogue , Donald J. ; Anderton , Douglas L. ; Barrett , Richard E. ( 2010 ) . The Population of the United States : 3rd Edition . Simon and Schuster . p. 6 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4516 - 0312 - 5 . Jump up ^ University of Ottawa ( 2004 ) . `` Canada at the Time of New France '' . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jaenen , Cornelius J. ( 1982 ) . Muise , D.A. , ed . Canada during the French regime . A Reader 's Guide to Canadian History : Volume 1 : Beginnings to Confederation . p. 40 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 6442 - 4 . Jump up ^ Létourneau , Jocelyn ( 2012 ) . Buckner , Phillip ; Reid , John G. , eds . What is to be done with 1759 ? . Remembering 1759 : The Conquest of Canada in Historical Memory . University of Toronto Press . p. 279 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4426 - 9924 - 3 . Further reading ( edit ) `` New France '' . Dictionary of Canadian Biography ( online ed . ) . University of Toronto Press . 1979 -- 2016 . scholarly biographies of all major figures in New France Chartrand , René ( 2008 ) . The Forts of New France in Northeast America 1600 -- 1763 . Osprey Pub . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84603 - 255 - 4 . Chartrand , René ( 2008 ) . The forts of New France : the Great Lakes , the Plains and the Gulf Coast , 1600 -- 1763 . Osprey Pub . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84603 - 504 - 3 . Charbonneau , H. ; et al. ( 1993 ) . The First French Canadians : Pioneers in the St. Lawrence Valley . University of Delaware Press . Choquette , Leslie ( 1997 ) . Frenchmen into peasants : modernity and tradition in the peopling of French Canada . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 32315 - 7 . Dale , Ronald J. ( 2004 ) . The Fall of New France : How the French Lost a North American Empire , 1754 -- 1763 . Toronto : James Lorimer and Company , Ltd . Dechêne , Louise ( 1992 ) . Habitants and merchants in seventeenth - century Montreal . Montreal : McGill - Queen 's University Press . Eccles , W.J. ( 1968 ) . Canadian Society during the French Regime . Canadian Historical Association . Eccles , W.J. ( 1969 ) . The Canadian Frontier , 1534 -- 1760 . Toronto : Holt Rinehart Winston . Greer , Allan ( 1997 ) . The people of New France . Toronto : University of Toronto Press . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 7816 - 8 . Harris , Richard Colebrook ( 1966 ) . The Seigneurial System in Early Canada . Montreal : McGill - Queen 's University Press . ISBN 9780773504349 . Landry , Yves ( 1993 ) . `` Fertility in France and New France : The Distinguishing Characteristics of Canadian Behavior in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries '' . Social Science History . 17 ( 4 ) : 577 -- 592 . doi : 10.1017 / s0145553200016928 . JSTOR 1171305 . Munro , William Bennett ( 1906 ) . `` The Office of Intendant in New France '' . American Historical Review . Oxford University Press . 12 ( 1 ) : 15 -- 38 . doi : 10.2307 / 1832882 . JSTOR 1832882 . Moogk , Peter N. ( 2000 ) . La Nouvelle - France : the making of French Canada : a cultural history . East Lansing : Michigan State University Press . ISBN 0 - 87013 - 528 - 7 . Trigger , Bruce ( 1976 ) . The Children of Aataentsic . A history of the Huron People to 1660 . Montreal : McGill - Queens University Press . ISBN 9780773506275 . Older classics ( edit ) Kingsford , William ( 1890 ) . The History of Canada : Canada under French rule . 4 . Roswell & Hutchinson . Parkman , Francis ( 1983 ) . Francis Parkman : France and England in North America , Pioneers of France in the New World , The Jesuits in North America in the Seventeenth Century , La Salle and the Discovery of the Great West , The Old Regime in Canada . Count Frontenac and New France under Louis XIV , A Half - Century of Conflict , Montcalm and Wolfe. 2 . Library of America . Wrong , George M. and Langton , H.H. , eds. ( 1914 ) . The Chronicles of Canada : Volume II -- The Rise of New France ( 2009 reissue ed . ) . Fireship Press . ISBN 1 - 934757 - 45 - 4 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Wrong , George M. ( 1918 ) . The Conquest of New France : A Chronicle of the Colonial Wars . Yale University Press . ISBN 1 - 58057 - 276 - 6 . Retrieved 4 March 2011 . Primary sources ( edit ) Lawn , Katherine , and Claudio Salvucci , eds. ( 2005 ) . Women in New France : Extracts from the Jesuit Relations . Bristol , Penn. : Evolution Publishing . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Historiography ( edit ) Gagnon , Serge ( 1978 ) . `` The Historiography of New France , 1960 -- 1974 : Jean Hamelin to Louise Dechêne '' . Journal of Canadian Studies / Revue d'Études Canadiennes . University of Toronto Press . 13 ( 1 ) : 80 + . doi : 10.3138 / jcs. 13.1. 80 . ISBN 9780887720260 . Greer , Allan ( December 2010 ) . National , Transnational , and Hypernational Historiographies : New France Meets Early American History . Canadian Historical Review . 91 . pp. 695 -- 724 . In French ( edit ) Havard , Gilles ; Vidal , Cécile ( 2003 ) . Histoire de l'Amérique française . Paris : Flammarion . ISBN 2 - 08 - 210045 - 6 . Lahaise , Robert ; Vallerand , Noël ( 1999 ) . La Nouvelle - France 1524 -- 1760 . Outremont , Québec : Lanctôt . ISBN 2 - 89485 - 060 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Electronic New France Internet gateway to everything New France ( archives , heritage sites , etc . ) The Virtual Museum of New France , Canadian Museum of Civilization France In America Bibliothèque nationale de France / Library of Congress site ( click on Themes ) -- text and maps Chronologie de l'histoire du Québec ( French ) ( List of Governors , Intendants , and Bishops ) New France : 1524 -- 1763 Archives Canada - France . Digitisation project of the National Archives of Canada and France Seven Years War timeline World Digital Library presentation of Descripsion des costs , pts. , rades , illes de la Nouuele France faict selon son vray méridien , or Description of the Coasts , Points , Harbours and Islands of New France . Library of Congress . Map of French Empire in 1683 ( hide ) New France ( 1534 -- 1763 ) Subdivisions Acadia ( 1604 -- 1713 ) Canada ( 1608 -- 1763 ) Pays d'en Haut Domaine du roy Louisiana ( 1682 -- 1762 , 1802 -- 1803 ) Illinois Country Ohio Country Newfoundland ( 1662 -- 1713 ) Île Royale ( 1713 -- 1763 ) Towns Acadia ( Port Royal ) Canada Quebec Trois - Rivières Montreal Détroit Île Royale Louisbourg Louisiana Mobile New Orleans Newfoundland Plaisance List of towns Forts Fort Rouillé Fort Michilimackinac Fort de Buade Fort de Chartres Fort Detroit Fort Carillon Fort Condé Fort Duquesne Fortress of Louisbourg Castle Hill Fort St. Louis ( Illinois ) Fort St. Louis ( Texas ) List of Forts Government Canada Governor General Intendant Sovereign Council Bishop of Quebec Governor of Trois - Rivières Governor of Montreal Acadia Governor Lieutenant - General Newfoundland Governor Lieutenant - General Louisiana Governor Intendant Superior Council Île Royale Governor Intendant Superior Council Law Intendancy Superior Council Admiralty court Provostship Officiality Seigneurial court Bailiff Maréchaussée Code Noir Economy Seigneurial system Fur trade Company of 100 Associates Crozat 's Company Mississippi Company Compagnie de l'Occident Chemin du Roy Coureur des bois Voyageurs Society Population 1666 census Habitants King 's Daughters Casquette girls Métis Amerindians Slavery Plaçage Gens de couleur libres Religion Jesuit missions Récollets Grey Nuns Ursulines Sulpicians War and peace Military of New France Intercolonial Wars French and Iroquois Wars Great Upheaval Great Peace of Montreal Schenectady massacre Deerfield massacre Related French colonization of the Americas French colonial empire History of Quebec History of the Acadians History of the French - Americans French West Indies Carib Expulsion Atlantic slave trade Category Portal Commons Articles related to New France Former colonies and territories in Canada Norse Named Territories Vinland Markland Helluland Sites L'Anse aux Meadows Point Rosee French Claims New France Acadia Isle St - Jean Île Royale Canada Domaine du roy Louisiana Pays d'en Haut Terre Neuve Important sites Port Royal Quebec Trois - Rivières Montreal Louisbourg Plaisance List of towns List of Forts Spanish Claims New Spain Important sites Fort San Miguel , Nootka Sound Expeditions Newfoundland Pacific Northwest Scottish Claims Nova Scotia ( 1621 ) Sites Port Royal Colony Russian Claims Russian America American Claims Oregon Country English & British Claims Newfoundland ( 1583 ) New Albion ( ? ) Rupert 's Land Nova Scotia ( 1710 ) Quebec Lower and Upper Canada New Brunswick Prince Edward Island Cape Breton United Canada New Caledonia Columbia District Queen Charlotte Islands Vancouver Island British Columbia ( 1858 -- 66 ) British Columbia ( 1866 -- 71 ) Stickeen North - Western Territory Red River Important sites Cuper 's Cove Avalon ( 1620 ) York Factory Halifax Victoria Fort Langley List of HBC sites Norwegian Claims Sverdrup Islands Related Territorial evolution after 1867 Areas disputed by Canada and the United States Proposed provinces and territories of Canada Population of Canada Category Portal WikiProject History of Canada Year list ( Timeline ) 18000 BCE -- 1500 CE 1534 -- 1763 1763 -- 1867 1867 -- 1914 1914 -- 1945 1945 -- 1960 1960 -- 1981 1982 -- 1992 1992 -- present Topics Canadians - ( Persons of significance ) Constitutional Crown & Aboriginals Cultural Economic Etymology Events of significance Former colonies & territories Heritage Minutes Historic Sites Immigration Military Conflicts Operations Peacekeeping Victories Monarchical Population history Sports Territorial evolution Women Provinces & territories British Columbia Alberta Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Quebec New Brunswick Nova Scotia Prince Edward Island Newfoundland and Labrador Yukon Northwest Territories Nunavut ( Name etymologies ) Cities Brampton Charlottetown Edmonton Fredericton Halifax RM Hamilton Lethbridge Moncton Montreal Northwest Territories capital cities Ottawa Quebec City Regina Saskatoon Toronto Vancouver Winnipeg ( Name etymologies ) Research Bibliography Historiography Category Portal WikiProject French overseas empire Former Former French colonies in Africa and the Indian Ocean French North Africa Algeria Morocco Tunisia French West Africa Côte d'Ivoire Dahomey French Sudan Guinea Mauritania Arguin Island Niger Senegal Upper Volta French Togoland James Island Albreda French Equatorial Africa Chad Gabon Middle Congo Ubangi - Shari French Cameroons French Comoros Anjouan Grande Comore Mohéli French Somaliland ( Djibouti ) Madagascar Isle de France Former French colonies in the Americas New France Acadia Louisiana Canada Terre Neuve French Caribbean Dominica Grenada The Grenadines Saint - Domingue Haïti , Dominican Republic Saint Kitts & Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent Tobago Virgin Islands Equinoctial France Berbice France Antarctique Inini French colonization of the Americas French West India Company Former French colonies in Asia and Oceania French India Chandernagor Coromandel Coast Madras Mahé Pondichéry Karaikal Yanaon Indochinese Union Cambodia Laos Vietnam Cochinchina Annam Tonkin Kouang - Tchéou - Wan , China French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon State of Syria Aleppo Damascus Alawite State Greater Lebanon Jabal al - Druze Sanjak of Alexandretta Oceania New Hebrides Vanuatu Port Louis - Philippe ( Akaroa ) France -- Asia relations French East India Company Present Overseas France ( hide ) Inhabited areas Overseas departments French Guiana Guadeloupe Martinique Mayotte Réunion Overseas collectivities French Polynesia St. Barthélemy St. Martin St. Pierre and Miquelon Wallis and Futuna Sui generis collectivity New Caledonia Uninhabited areas Pacific Ocean Clipperton Island Overseas territory ( French Southern and Antarctic Lands ) Île Amsterdam Île Saint - Paul Crozet Islands Kerguelen Islands Adélie Land Scattered islands in the Indian Ocean Bassas da India Europa Island Glorioso Islands Juan de Nova Island Tromelin Island Also known as overseas regions Claimed by Comoros Claimed by Madagascar Claimed by Mauritius European colonization of North America British Danish Dutch French Norwegian Russian Spanish Swedish Article also discusses colonization in Central and South America and Asia Find out more on Wikipedia 's Sister projects Media from Commons Definitions from Wiktionary Data from Wikidata BNF : cb124694192 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_France&oldid=816218072 '' Categories : Former countries in North America States and territories established in 1534 States and territories disestablished in 1760 New France French colonization of the Americas Former colonies in North America Colonial United States ( French ) Colonization of the Americas Colonization history of the United States History of Canada ( 1534 -- 1763 ) Pre-Confederation Canada 16th century in North America 17th century in North America 18th century in North America States and territories disestablished in 1763 1534 establishments in New France 1763 disestablishments in New France 1534 establishments in North America 1763 disestablishments in North America Colonial settlements in North America Viceroyalties France in the Age of Discovery Hidden categories : CS1 French - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

where was the french colony of new france located

Thus , it extended from Newfoundland to the Canadian prairies and from Hudson Bay to the Gulf of Mexico , including all the Great Lakes of North America .

Simple squamous epithelium - wikipedia Simple squamous epithelium Jump to : navigation , search Simple squamous epithelium Epithelium Schematic view of simple squamous epithelium Identifiers TH H2. 00.02. 0.02002 FMA 45565 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) This article is one of a series on Epithelia Squamous epithelial cell Simple Stratified Columnar epithelial cell Simple Stratified Pseudostratified Cuboidal epithelial cell Simple Stratified Specialised epithelia Olfactory Respiratory Intestinal Transitional Vaginal Germinal female male Other Table of epithelia of human organs A simple squamous epithelium is a single layer of flat cells in contact with the basal lamina ( one of the two layers of the basement membrane ) of the epithelium . This type of epithelium is often permeable and occurs where small molecules need to pass quickly through membranes via filtration or diffusion . Simple squamous epithelia are found in capillaries , alveoli , glomeruli , outer layer of skin and other tissues where rapid diffusion is required . Cells are flat with flattened and oblong nuclei . It is also called pavement epithelium due to its tile - like appearance . This epithelium is associated with filtration and diffusion. This tissue is extremely thin , and forms a delicate lining . It offers very little protection . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jason Yazbek ( 2012 ) , Simple Squamous Epithelium , retrieved 2012 - 09 - 14 Jump up ^ AAMC - 2015 MCAT Question Pack Explanations Epithelial tissue Cells Squamous Cuboidal Columnar Types Simple squamous epithelium Endothelium Mesothelium Simple cuboidal epithelium Simple columnar epithelium Pseudostratified columnar epithelium Respiratory epithelium Stratified squamous epithelium Stratified cuboidal epithelium Stratified columnar epithelium Transitional epithelium Urothelium Glands Types Mechanism Merocrine Eccrine Apocrine Holocrine Sebaceous Meibomian Shape Tubular gland Alveolar gland Secretion Serous glands Mucous glands Components Myoepithelial cell Serous demilune Ducts : Interlobar Interlobular Intralobular Striated Intercalated Acinus / Lobe Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simple_squamous_epithelium&oldid=835161844 '' Categories : Epithelial cells Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Talk About Wikipedia Български 日本 語 සිංහල Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 23 : 03 . About Wikipedia

where do you find simple squamous and what is its function

A simple squamous epithelium is a single layer of flat cells in contact with the basal lamina ( one of the two layers of the basement membrane ) of the epithelium . This type of epithelium is often permeable and occurs where small molecules need to pass quickly through membranes via filtration or diffusion . Simple squamous epithelia are found in capillaries , alveoli , glomeruli , outer layer of skin and other tissues where rapid diffusion is required . Cells are flat with flattened and oblong nuclei . It is also called pavement epithelium due to its tile - like appearance . This epithelium is associated with filtration and diffusion. This tissue is extremely thin , and forms a delicate lining . It offers very little protection .

Visa Requirements for United States Citizens - wikipedia Visa Requirements for United States Citizens Jump to : navigation , search A United States passport with biometric chip . Visa requirements for United States citizens and non-citizen nationals are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of the United States . As of 19 January 2018 , holders of a United States passport could travel to 174 countries and territories without a travel visa , or with visa on arrival , and the United States passport was ranked joint 4th in terms of travel freedom according to the Henley Passport Index . Contents 1 Visa requirements map 2 Visa requirements 2.1 Dependent , Disputed , or Restricted territories 3 Non-visa restrictions 3.1 Passport validity length 3.2 Blank passport pages 3.3 Vaccination 3.4 Israeli stamps 3.5 Armenian ethnicity 3.6 Persona non grata 3.7 Fingerprinting 3.8 Criminal record 4 Passport card 5 APEC Travel Business Card 6 Consular protection of US citizens abroad 7 Foreign travel statistics 8 See also 9 References and Notes 10 External links Visa requirements map ( edit ) Visa requirements for holders of regular United States passports United States Visa free access Visa issued upon arrival Electronic authorization or online payment required / eVisa Both visa on arrival and eVisa available Visa required prior to arrival Travel ban imposed by the U.S. federal government Visa Requirements ( edit ) General visa requirements of sovereign countries towards United States citizens : Country Visa requirement Allowed stay Notes Afghanistan Visa required Visitors born in Afghanistan do not require a visa . Visitors arriving via military air need to legalize their stay if they wish to leave via commercial airline . All visitors are fingerprinted . Albania Visa not required 1 year Algeria Visa required Visas must be issued at the Embassy of Algeria in Washington , D.C. Persons may be denied entry if entering with a passport containing visas or stamps issued by Israel . Andorra Visa not required 3 months Angola Visa required Diplomatic , official and courtesy visas may be obtained online International Certificate of Vaccination required Antigua and Barbuda Visa not required 1 month Stringent application of rules regarding proof of sufficient funds , return ticket and accommodation . Departure tax ( ~ $27 ) applies . Argentina Visa not required 90 days , extendable up to 180 days Visitors are fingerprinted and photographed upon entry . Armenia Visa not required 180 days Australia Electronic Travel Authority 90 days on each visit in 12 - month period if granted May enter using SmartGate . Austria Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Azerbaijan eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days If intending to stay in the Republic of Azerbaijan for more than ten days , the visitor must register at the State Migration Service of the Republic of Azerbaijan within three days upon arrival in Azerbaijan . Applicants of Armenian ancestry or with Armenian visas in their passport may not obtain a visa . Can obtain a 30 days visa on arrival only if arriving on a direct flight of Azerbaijan Airlines from New York City . Bahamas Visa not required 8 months Passport Card or Enhanced Drivers License valid for Sea Travel Bahrain eVisa / Visa on arrival 14 days Visa also obtainable online Bangladesh Visa on arrival 30 days Available at Shahjalal International Airport , Shah Amanat International Airport and Osmani International Airport . Visa is not required by Bangladeshi Americans . Departure tax applies . Barbados Visa not required 28 days , extendable up to 6 months Belarus Visa not required 5 days Must arrive via Minsk International Airport . Visas are issued on arrival at the Minsk International Airport if the support documents were submitted not later than 3 business days before expected date of arrival . Registration upon arrival for stays longer than 7 days is mandatory . Visa - free visits to Belovezhskaya Pushcha National Park for up to 3 days . Visa - free visits to the Grodno and Augustow Canal visa - free zone for up to 5 days . No transit without a visa under any circumstance . Belgium Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Belize Visa not required 1 month , extendable up to 6 months Departure tax ( ~ $40 ) applies . Benin eVisa Single or multiple entry ( ~ $40 ) can be applied International Certificate of Vaccination recommended Bhutan Visa required $250 per day is a non-negotiable minimum daily tariff paid by all visitors to Bhutan . Visas are issued only to tourists booked with a local licensed tour operator . Bolivia Visa on arrival 90 days $160 reciprocal fee must be paid in cash if applying for either a pre-approved visa or a visa on arrival . Visas are issued with 10 year validity . Bosnia and Herzegovina Visa not required 90 days within any 6 - month period Registration with the local police within 24 hours of arrival is mandatory . Botswana Visa not required 90 days within any year period Brazil Visa required Tourist visa ( Cost : $160 required ) . eVisa ( USD $40 ) available from January 25 , 2018 . Brunei Visa not required 90 days Immigration offenses , such as visa overstaying , are punishable by caning . Bulgaria Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period Burkina Faso Visa on arrival 1 month International Certificate of Vaccination required . Burundi Visa required Visitors are fingerprinted Cambodia eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Visa is also obtainable online . All visitors are fingerprinted on arrival and departure . Cameroon Visa required International Certificate of Vaccination and current immunization records required . Canada Visa not required 180 days Anyone with a criminal record ( including misdemeanors or alcohol - related driving offenses in the US ) may not be able to enter Canada without first obtaining an approval for rehabilitation or a Temporary Resident Permit ( TRP ) . Passport Card , NEXUS card , or Enhanced Drivers License valid for Land and Sea Travel Cape Verde Visa on arrival Obtainable at Nelson Mandela International Airport , Cesária Évora Airport , Amílcar Cabral International Airport and Aristides Pereira International Airport . Passengers arriving via Africa must hold an International Certificate of Vaccination . Central African Republic disputed According to the State Department US citizens do not require a visa however according to IATA visa is required . International Certificate of Vaccination required . Chad Visa required International Certificate of Vaccination required . Registration within 72 hours is mandatory prior to arrival . Registration is good for the life of the passport . Chile Visa not required 90 days China Visa required Registration mandatory within 24 hours of arrival ; All visitors are fingerprinted on arrival and departure between the ages of 14 and 70 . 72 - hours visa free visit when in transit at Changsha , Chengdu , Chongqing , Dalian , Guangzhou , Guilin , Harbin , Kunming , Qingdao , Shenyang , Wuhan , Xi'an and Xiamen . 144 - hours visa free visit when in transit at Beijing ( Beijing Capital International Airport ) , Hangzhou , Hebei ( Shijiazhuang Zhengding International Airport ) , Nanjing , Shanghai ( Hongqiao and Pudong international airports , Railway Station and port ) , and Tianjin ( Tianjin Binhai International Airport ) . Hong Kong , Macau , and Taiwan do count as third countries under this policy . Visas for US citizens are valid for up to 10 years . Colombia Visa not required 90 days , extendable up to 180 - days stay within a one - year period Comoros Visa on arrival Democratic Republic of the Congo Visa required International Certificate of Vaccination required . Airport exit fee ( $50 ) must be paid in cash . Registration required . Visas must be issued at the DR Congo embassy in Washington , D.C. Exception : Visa approval may be prearranged along with booking by Virunga National Park ( visitvirunga.org ) for those entering via the Grand Barriere border crossing with Rwanda . Republic of the Congo Visa required International Certificate of Vaccination required . A letter of invitation or written proof of a hotel reservation required . Costa Rica Visa not required 90 days Departure tax of $29 applies . Cote d'Ivoire ! Côte d'Ivoire eVisa eVisa holders must arrive via Port Bouet Airport International Certificate of Vaccination required Croatia Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period Registration with the local police within 24 hours of arrival is mandatory . Cuba Tourist Card required Tourist travel was historically prohibited under U.S. law for U.S. citizens , permanent residents , and others subject to U.S. jurisdiction . Under the Cuban Assets Control Regulations , all persons subject to U.S. jurisdiction are not permitted to travel to Cuba , and must be licensed in order to engage in any travel - related transactions pursuant to travel to , from , and within Cuba . In July 2015 , the United States resumed diplomatic relations with Cuba . Discussions on lifting the travel ban have initiated . On June 16 , 2017 , U.S. President Donald Trump announced new travel restrictions . Cyprus Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period Czech Republic Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Denmark Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Citizens of the United States can freely enter and stay in Denmark for up to 90 days every six months , regardless of whether they have stayed in another Schengen area ( except the other Nordic countries ) country prior to entry into Denmark . Djibouti Visa on arrival Obtainable at Djibouti -- Ambouli International Airport . Dominica Visa not required 6 months Departure tax of $22 applies . Dominican Republic Visa not required 30 days , extendable up to 90 days Passport Card or Enhanced Drivers License valid for Sea Travel Ecuador Visa not required 90 days , extendable for another 90 days , per year Egypt eVisa / Visa on arrival eVisa issued for 30 days . 30 days when arriving by air ; Visa on arrival is issued for $25 . Tourists arriving at Sharm El Sheikh , Saint Catherine or Taba airports and remaining in the Sinai resorts do not require a visa up to 15 days El Salvador Visa not required 3 months Equatorial Guinea Visa not required 90 days International Certificate of Vaccination required if you are traveling from a country with risk of yellow fever . Eritrea Visa required Airport departure tax ( $20 ) applies . Estonia Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Ethiopia eVisa / Visa on arrival Obtainable at Addis Ababa Bole International Airport . Visitors are fingerprinted Fiji Visa on arrival ! Visitor 's Permit on arrival 4 months Finland Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area France Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area ( in Regions of France ) Gabon eVisa / Visa on arrival Electronic visa holders must arrive via Libreville International Airport . International Certificate of Vaccination required . Gambia Visa required International Certificate of Vaccination required . Georgia Visa not required 1 year Germany Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Ghana Visa required International Certificate of Vaccination required . Greece Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Grenada Visa not required 3 months , extensions possible Guatemala Visa not required 90 days An exit tax must be paid when departing by air . Guinea Visa required Single entry valid for 3 months . International Certificate of Vaccination required . Guinea - Bissau eVisa / Visa on arrival 90 days Visitors must apply for a visa on arrival in advance or online . Guyana Visa not required 3 months Haiti Visa not required 3 months Honduras Visa not required 3 months Departing airport tax must be paid in cash . Hungary Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Iceland Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area India e-Visa 60 days e-Visa holders must arrive via 25 designated airports or 3 designated seaports . e-Tourist Visa can be obtained twice in a calendar year . $60 fee Confirmation has to be shown at the border where a visa on arrival is issued . Visitors are fingerprinted . American citizens are eligible for a ten - year , multiple - entry tourist visa . Indonesia Visa not required 30 days Iran Visa required Otherwise Iranian visas must be obtained from the Special Interests section of the Embassy of Pakistan , Washington , D.C. US visitors are fingerprinted and photographed upon entry and are ineligible for visa on arrival available to other tourists . Independent travelers from the USA applying on American , British , or Canadian passports must be accompanied by an authorized guide at all times , regardless of previous nationality , ethnic background , or religion . Iraq Visa required Some U.S. citizens must obtain an exit stamp at a Residency Office before departing the country . Some visitors who plan to stay for more than 10 days must also obtain a residency stamp . Visitors who come as part of a government - sponsored tour , upon presentation of proper paperwork from the government , may receive a visa on arrival at Baghdad International Airport for $80 + 1250 Iraqi dinar . Visitors are not required to obtain any other permits , including for Iraqi Kurdistan , or submit blood tests . Ireland Visa not required 3 months Strict application of immigration rules regarding providing proof of the trip purpose , sufficient funds , return ticket and accommodation . Israel Visa not required 3 months Dual nationals ( of Israel and the United States ) who do n't have an Israeli passport , including infants , may be required to obtain an Israeli passport in order to leave Israel . Italy Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Jamaica Visa not required 6 months There is a departure tax for travelers , which is regularly included in airfare . Japan Visa not required 90 days All visitors are fingerprinted Jordan Visa on arrival 30 days ; conditions apply Visa on arrival obtainable at most international ports of entry and at most international land border crossings ( except King Hussein / Allenby Bridge crossing ) . Visa on arrival is issued for 40 JOD ( about $56 ) . Iris scan is taken on arrival and departure Kazakhstan Visa not required 30 days As part of the no - visa pilot program in period 15 July 2014 -- 15 July 2015 . In June 2015 this program was extended until December 31 , 2017 . Kenya eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months International Certificate of Vaccination is recommended . All visitors are fingerprinted on arrival and departure Kiribati Visa not required 30 days Airport Embarkation Tax of AU $20 is levied on all passengers leaving Kiribati . North Korea Travel restricted US passports holders must obtain a special passport validation from the U.S. federal government before travel . South Korea Visa not required 90 days All visitors are fingerprinted . Kuwait eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months Kyrgyzstan Visa not required 60 days Laos Visa on arrival 30 days , conditions apply , extendable up to 60 days Available at international airports Wattay Vientiane , Pakse Savannakhet and Luang Prabang , and at land borders Friendship Bridge , Vientiane and Savannakhet ; Nam Heuang Friendship Bridge , Sayabouly Province ; and border crossings at Boten - Mohan , Dansavan - Lao Bao , Houaysay - Chiang Khong , Thakhek - Nakhon Phanom , Nong Haet - Nam Kan , Nam Phao - Kao Cheo , Veun Kham - Dong Calor , and Vangtao - Chong Mek as well as Tha Naleng train station in Vientiane , which connects to the train station in Nongkhai , Thailand . Entry points Napao - Chalo , Taichang - Sophoun , Pakxan - Bungkan , and Xiengkok are open only to visa holders . Latvia Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Lebanon Visa on arrival 1 month extendable for 2 additional months Granted free of charge at Beirut International Airport or any other port of entry if there is no Israeli visa or seal , holding a telephone number , an address in Lebanon , and a non refundable return or circle trip ticket Lesotho Visa not required 14 days , extendable up to 180 days Liberia Visa required International Certificate of Vaccination required . Libya Visa required Visitors travelling to Libya for touristic purposes are required to convert USD 1,000 or equivalent on arrival . Holders of passports bearing an Israeli visa or entry / exit stamps from Israel are not allowed to enter Libya . Liechtenstein Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Lithuania Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Mandatory medical insurance . Luxembourg Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Macedonia Visa not required 90 days Registration with the local police within 24 hours of arrival is mandatory Madagascar Visa on arrival 30 days Available at all airports servicing international flights . Visa on arrival is issued free of charge . Visas for 60 or 90 days available for a fee . Malawi Visa on arrival From 1 October 2015 visitors are generally advised to obtain a visa in advance . Malaysia Visa not required 3 months All visitors are fingerprinted on arrival and departure . Immigration offenses , such as visa overstaying , are punishable by caning . Maldives Visa on arrival 30 days , extendable up to 90 days Visa on arrival is issued free of charge . Mali Visa required Letter of invitation required . International Certificate of Vaccination required . Malta Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Marshall Islands Visa not required unlimited Departure fee of $20 applies . U.S. citizens may live and work freely in the Marshall Islands under the Compact of Free Association . Mauritania Visa on arrival Available at Nouakchott -- Oumtounsy International Airport . International Certificate of Vaccination required . Mauritius Visa not required 90 days Mexico Visa not required 180 days All visitors entering by land and traveling farther than 20 kilometers into Mexico or staying longer than 72 hours should obtain a document Forma Migratoria Multiple . Passport Card or Enhanced Drivers License valid for Land and Sea Travel Micronesia Visa not required unlimited All states except Yap have a departure fee . The fees are $10 for Kosrae and $20 for Pohnpei and Chuuk . U.S. citizens may live and work freely in Micronesia under the Compact of Free Association . There is no limit to the length of time U.S. citizens can remain in the FSM . Moldova Visa not required 90 days within any 6 - month period Registration upon arrival is mandatory . Monaco Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period Mongolia Visa not required 90 days Registration required after 30 days . Montenegro Visa not required 90 days Registration with the local police within 24 hours of arrival is mandatory . Morocco Visa not required 3 months Mozambique Visa on arrival 30 days Myanmar eVisa 28 days . eVisa holders must arrive via Yangon , Nay Pyi Taw or Mandalay airports or from three land border crossings : Tachileik , Myawaddy , and Kawthaung Namibia Visa not required 3 months Nauru Visa required Visas are issued with validity of 30 days . Nepal Visa on arrival 90 days Obtainable at Tribhuvan International Airport and certain land borders . Total of no more than 150 aggregate days in any given calendar year . Netherlands Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area ( European Netherlands ) New Zealand Visa not required 90 days May enter using SmartGate . Nicaragua Visa not required 90 days A tourist card must be purchased for $10 upon arrival . Niger Visa required International Certificate of Vaccination required . Nigeria Visa required Visa can be obtained online . Norway Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Oman eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days , extendable for 30 days Holders of a visa or entrance stamp of the Emirate of Dubai that is valid for at least 21 days are visa exempt . Holders of a visa for Qatar that is valid for travel to Oman and valid for at least one month are visa exempt when arriving directly from Qatar . Iris scan is taken on arrival Pakistan Visa required Visa on arrival when travelling on business valid for 30 days . Conditions apply . Visa on arrival when travelling as part of a group through a designated tour operator . Palau Visa not required 1 year U.S. citizens may live and work freely in Palau under the Compact of Free Association . Panama Visa not required 180 days Denial of entry or transit to any person who has a criminal conviction . Papua New Guinea Visa on arrival 60 days , extendable for 30 days Visa on arrival is issued free of charge . Paraguay Visa on arrival 90 days A passport is required to enter Paraguay . U.S. Citizens arriving by air may obtain a `` visa en arribo '' ( visa on arrival ) at Silvio Pettirossi International Airport in Asuncion . This is a multiple entry visa with a validity of up to 10 ( ten ) years . The current fee is $160 , payable in U.S. Currency ( credit cards are not accepted ) . If not arriving at Silvio Pettirossi International Airport , prior to traveling to Paraguay , you must apply for a visa in person or by secure messenger at the Paraguayan Embassy in Washington D.C. or the nearest Paraguayan consulate , and pay the fee . Minors must provide a notarized authorization from parent / guardian with their visa application . Peru Visa not required up to 183 days ; determined on arrival Philippines Visa not required 30 days Visa on arrival valid for 59 days is available for $50 . Poland Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Polish Americans must use Polish passport Portugal Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Qatar eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Available only at Hamad International Airport , for other ports of entry a Free visa as of 20 Oct 2017 that could change ) and can be extended for 1 month . Holders of a valid common visa issued by Oman are exempt from a visa if arriving from Oman directly . Romania Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period Russia Visa required 72 - hour visa - free for international cruise ship / ferry passengers only if travelling with an organized tour and accompanied at all times by a tour operator . Registration required after 7 business days . American citizens may receive multiple entry visas valid for three years . Rwanda eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Visitors are fingerprinted International Certificate of Vaccination required . Saint Kitts and Nevis Visa not required 3 months Saint Lucia Visa not required 6 weeks Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Visa not required 1 month Samoa Visa on arrival ! Entry Permit on arrival 60 days Visa on arrival is issued free of charge . Departure tax of $30 applies . San Marino Visa not required São Tomé and Príncipe Visa not required 15 days International Certificate of Vaccination required . Saudi Arabia Visa required Holders of passports that contain visas or entry / exit stamps for Israel will likely be refused entry . Advance visa is required . No tourist visas available . All visitors are fingerprinted Senegal Visa not required 90 days International Certificate of Vaccination required . Serbia Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period Seychelles Visa on arrival ! Visitor 's Permit on arrival 3 months , extendable up to a year Visa on arrival is issued free of charge . Sierra Leone Visa required International Certificate of Vaccination required . Singapore Visa not required 90 days All visitors are fingerprinted on arrival and departure Immigration offenses , such as visa overstaying , are punishable by caning . Slovakia Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Medical insurance required . Sufficient funds of $50 per person per day required . Registration within 3 working days required . Slovenia Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Registration with the local police within 72 hours of arrival is mandatory . Solomon Islands Visa on arrival ! Visitor 's permit on arrival 3 months within 12 months Visa on arrival is issued free of charge . Somalia Visa required Visa may be obtained on arrival , provided an invitation letter issued by the sponsor has been submitted to the Airport Immigration Department at least 2 days before arrival . South Africa Visa not required 90 days Holders of passports without 2 blank pages may be refused entry . South Sudan Visa required Two blank passport pages required . Spain Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Sri Lanka eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Sudan Visa required Holders of passports that contain visas or entry / exit stamps for Israel will likely be refused entry . Exit visa required . Registration within 3 days mandatory . Suriname Visa on arrival ! Tourist Card on arrival 90 days Obtainable at Johan Adolf Pengel International Airport . Swaziland Visa not required 30 days , extendable up to 60 days Sweden Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Switzerland Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Syria Visa required Registration required within 15 days . Departure tax applies at all borders . Persons with passports bearing Israeli visas or entry / exit stamps are not allowed to enter . Tajikistan Visa on arrival 45 days Visa on arrival available only at Dushanbe International Airport . If arriving from a country that has a Tajik diplomatic mission a visa should be obtained in advance . Visa also available online . E-visa holders can enter through all border points . Tanzania Visa on arrival 3 months Ordinary visa available on arrival for $100 Thailand Visa not required 30 days ( maximum two visits annually if not arriving by air ) Timor - Leste Visa on arrival 30 days for arrivals by air only Togo Visa on arrival 7 days Tonga Visa on arrival 31 days Visa on arrival is issued free of charge . Trinidad and Tobago Visa not required 90 days Tunisia Visa not required 90 days An exit fee of 30 Tunisian Dinars is required for non-residents exiting Tunisia . Turkey e-Visa / Visa on arrival 3 months From 28 December 2017 , eVisa policy for US citizens has been reinstated . Turkmenistan Visa required Departure fee of $25 applies . 10 - day visa on arrival if holding letter of invitation issued by a company registered in Turkmenistan with a prior approval from the Foreign Ministry . Tuvalu Visa on arrival 1 month , extendable up to 3 months Visa on arrival is issued free of charge . Uganda eVisa / Visa on arrival Determined at the port of entry . Must apply online at least 2 business days or more prior to travel . As of March 2017 , airlines were refusing passengers permission to board flights to Uganda if they did not have a print - out of the document showing that they had successfully applied for an eVisa . Ugandan immigration authorities also may require additional documentation , including proof of a return plane ticket and detailed tour itinerary in Uganda . International Certificate of Vaccination required . Ukraine Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period United Arab Emirates Visa on arrival 30 days Visa on arrival is issued free of charge . Iris scan taken on arrival United Kingdom Visa not required 6 months Uruguay Visa not required 3 months Uzbekistan Visa required Registration within 3 days mandatory . Vanuatu Visa not required 30 days , extendable up to 120 days Vatican City Visa not required Venezuela Visa required All visa applications must be made in person , and all applicants will be interviewed at the Venezuelan embassy or consulate . Vietnam eVisa 30 days A single entry eVisa is available . Phú Quốc visa exemption for up to 30 days . Yemen Visa required Registration mandatory . Exit visa required for stays over 30 days . Zambia eVisa / Visa on arrival 90 days ( exact period determined on arrival , later extendable free of charge ) All visitors are fingerprinted . Two blank pages required International Certificate of Vaccination required . Electronic visa also available . Zimbabwe eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months Tourism purposes only . Electronic visa also available . Dependent , disputed , or restricted territories ( edit ) Visa requirements for United States citizens for visits to various territories , disputed areas , partially recognized countries not mentioned in the list above , and restricted zones : Africa Visitor to Visa requirement Allowed stay Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Eritrea outside Asmara Travel permit required To travel in the rest of the country , a Travel Permit for Foreigners is required ( 20 Eritrean nakfa ) . Ascension Island Entry Permit required Entry Permit must be obtained minimum 28 days in advance ( 3 months for 20 / 30 pounds sterling , single / double entry ) . Saint Helena Visitor 's Pass required Visitor 's Pass granted on arrival valid for 4 / 10 / 21 / 60 / 90 days for 12 / 14 / 16 / 20 / 25 pound sterling . Tristan da Cunha Permission required Permission to land required for 15 / 30 pounds sterling ( yacht / ship passenger ) for Tristan da Cunha Island or 20 pounds sterling for Gough Island , Inaccessible Island or Nightingale Islands . Mayotte Visa Not Required 90 days Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Undefined Undefined visa regime in the Western Sahara controlled territory . Somaliland Visa on arrival 30 days 30 US dollars , payable on arrival . Reunion Visa Not Required 90 days Sudan outside Khartoum Travel permit required All foreigners traveling more than 25 kilometers outside of Khartoum must obtain a travel permit . Sudan Darfur Travel permit required Separate travel permit is required . Asia Visitor to Visa requirement Allowed stay Notes ( excluding departure fees ) British Indian Ocean Territory Special permit required Special permit required . Hainan Visa required Visa not required for 15 days for traveling as part of a tourist group ( 2 or more people ) Hong Kong Visa not required 3 months India PAP / RAP PAP / RAP required Protected Area Permit ( PAP ) required for whole states of Nagaland and Sikkim and parts of states Manipur , Arunachal Pradesh , Uttaranchal , Jammu and Kashmir , Rajasthan , Himachal Pradesh . Restricted Area Permit ( RAP ) required for all of Andaman and Nicobar Islands and parts of Sikkim . Some of these requirements are occasionally lifted for a year . Iraqi Kurdistan Visa on arrival Visa on arrival for 15 days is available at Erbil and Sulaymaniyah airports . Baikonur & Priozersk Special permission required Special permission required for the city of Baikonur and surrounding areas in Kyzylorda Oblast , and the town of Priozersk near Almaty . Kish Island Visa not required Visitors to Kish Island do not require a visa . Macau Visa not required 30 days Sabah and Sarawak Visa not required These states have their own immigration authorities and passport is required to travel to them , however the same visa applies . Maldives outside Malé Permission required Tourists are generally prohibited from visiting non-resort islands without the express permission of the Government of the Maldives . Mecca and Medina Special access required Non-Muslims and those following the Ahmadiyya religious movement are strictly prohibited from entry . North Sentinel Island Restricted zone Palestine Visa not required Arrival by sea to Gaza Strip not allowed . Taiwan Visa not required 90 days Gorno - Badakhshan Autonomous Province OIVR permit required OIVR permit required ( 15 + 5 Tajikistani Somoni ) and another special permit ( free of charge ) is required for Lake Sarez . Tibet Autonomous Region TTP required Tibet Travel Permit required ( 10 US Dollars ) . Closed cities of Turkmenistan Special permit required A special permit , issued prior to arrival by Ministry of Foreign Affairs , is required if visiting the following places : Atamurat , Cheleken , Dashoguz , Serakhs and Serhetabat . Korean Demilitarized Zone Restricted zone UNDOF Zone and Ghajar Restricted zone Phú Quốc Visa not required 30 days Yemen outside Sana'a or Aden Special permission required Special permission needed for travel outside Sana'a or Aden . Caribbean and North Atlantic Visitor to Visa requirement Allowed stay Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Anguilla Visa not required 3 months Aruba Visa not required 90 days within any year period * 90 days in Aruba , Caribbean Netherlands , Curaçao and Sint Maarten combined Bermuda Visa not required Up to 6 months , decided on arrival . ( Bonaire , St. Eustatius and Saba ) Visa not required 90 days within any year period * 90 days in Aruba , Caribbean Netherlands , Curaçao and Sint Maarten combined British Virgin Islands Visa not required 30 days , extensions possible Cayman Islands Visa not required 6 months San Andrés and Leticia Tourist Card on arrival Visitors arriving at Gustavo Rojas Pinilla International Airport and Alfredo Vásquez Cobo International Airport must buy tourist cards on arrival . Curacao Visa not required 90 days within any year period * 90 days in Aruba , Caribbean Netherlands , Curaçao and Sint Maarten combined French West Indies Visa not required 3 months ( French West Indies refers to Martinique , Guadeloupe , Saint Martin and Saint Barthélemy ) Greenland Visa not required Margarita Island Visa required All visitors are fingerprinted . Montserrat Visa not required 6 months Puerto Rico Visa not required Unlimited U.S. citizens and American Samoan citizens may live and work freely in Puerto Rico No Passport is required , but a driver 's permit / license is required for entry if flying . Sint Maarten Visa not required 90 days in 1 year * 90 days in Aruba , Caribbean Netherlands , Curaçao and Sint Maarten combined Turks and Caicos Islands Visa not required 90 days U.S. Virgin Islands Visa not required Unlimited U.S. citizens and American Samoan citizens may live and work freely in the U.S. Virgin Islands No Passport is required , but it may be necessary when departing and re-entering . Europe Visitor to Visa requirement Allowed stay Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Abkhazia Visa required Mount Athos Special permit required Special permit required ( 4 days : 25 euro for Orthodox visitors , 35 euro for non-Orthodox visitors , 18 euro for students ) . There is a visitors ' quota : maximum 100 Orthodox and 10 non-Orthodox per day and women are not allowed . ATO zone Special permission required Brest and Grodno Visa not required Visa - free for 10 days Crimea Visa required Visa issued by Russia is required . Donetsk People 's Republic Restricted area Crossing from Ukraine requires visit purpose to be explained to Ukrainian passport control on exit and those who entered from Russia are not allowed to proceed further into Ukraine . Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus Visa not required 3 months UN Buffer Zone in Cyprus Access Permit required Access Permit is required for travelling inside the zone , except Civil Use Areas . Faroe Islands Visa not required Gibraltar Visa not required Guernsey Visa not required Isle of Man Visa not required Jan Mayen Permit required 24 hours Permit issued by the local police required for staying for less than 24 hours and permit issued by the Norwegian police for staying for more than 24 hours . Jersey Visa not required Kosovo Visa not required 90 days Lugansk People 's Republic Restricted area Crossing from Ukraine requires visit purpose to be explained to Ukrainian passport control on exit and those who entered from Russia are not allowed to proceed further into Ukraine . Artsakh Visa required Travellers with Artsakh visa ( expired or valid ) or evidence of travel to Artsakh ( stamps ) will be permanently denied entry to Azerbaijan . Closed cities of Russia Special authorization required Several closed cities and regions in Russia require special authorization . South Ossetia Visa not required Multiple entry visa to Russia and three - day prior notification are required to enter South Ossetia . Svalbard Visa not required Unlimited ( Svalbard Treaty ) Transnistria Visa not required 24 hours Registration required after 24h . Oceania Visitor to Visa requirement Allowed stay Notes ( excluding departure fees ) American Samoa Visa not required Unlimited must have a valid six month passport , a return ticket , or an onward ticket , for entry U.S. citizens may live and work freely in American Samoa . Ashmore and Cartier Islands Special authorisation required Special authorisation required . Clipperton Island Special permit required Special permit required . Cook Islands Visa not required 31 days Lau Province Special permission required Special permission required . French Polynesia Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period Guam Visa not required Unlimited U.S. citizens and American Samoan citizens may live and work freely in Guam . Proof of citizenship is required for entry . Niue Visa on arrival 30 days Northern Mariana Islands Visa not required Unlimited U.S. citizens and American Samoan citizens may live and work freely in the Northern Mariana Islands . Proof of citizenship is required for entry . Pitcairn Islands Visa not required 14 days visa free and landing fee 35 USD or tax of 5 USD if not going ashore . Tokelau Entry permit required United States Minor Outlying Islands Special permits required Special permits required for Baker Island , Howland Island , Jarvis Island , Johnston Atoll , Kingman Reef , Midway Atoll , Palmyra Atoll and Wake Island . South America Visitor to Visa requirement Allowed stay Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Galápagos Pre-registration required Online pre-registration is required . Transit Control Card must also be obtained at the airport prior to departure . French Guiana Visa not required 3 months South Atlantic and Antarctica Visitor to Visa requirement Allowed stay Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Falkland Islands Visa not required Visa is not required . South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Permit required Pre-arrival permit from the Commissioner required ( 72 hours / 1 month for 110 / 160 pounds sterling ) . Antarctica Special permits required Special permits required for Bouvet Island , British Antarctic Territory , French Southern and Antarctic Lands , Argentine Antarctica , Australian Antarctic Territory , Chilean Antarctic Territory , Heard Island and McDonald Islands , Peter I Island , Queen Maud Land , Ross Dependency . Non-visa restrictions ( edit ) This section is transcluded from Non-visa travel restrictions . ( edit history ) Passport validity length ( edit ) Many countries require passports to be valid for at least 6 months upon arrival . Note that some nations have bilateral agreements with other countries to shorten the passport validity cut - off period for each other 's citizens . Countries requiring passports to be valid at least 6 months on arrival include Afghanistan , Algeria , Anguilla , Bahrain , Bhutan , Botswana , British Virgin Islands , Brunei , Cambodia , Cameroon , Cayman Islands , Central African Republic , Chad , Comoros , Côte d'Ivoire , Curaçao , Ecuador , Egypt , El Salvador , Equatorial Guinea , Fiji , Gabon , Guinea Bissau , Guyana , Indonesia , Iran , Iraq ( except when arriving at Basra and Erbil or Sulaimaniyah ) , Israel , Jordan , Kenya , Kiribati , Laos , Madagascar , Malaysia , Marshall Islands , Micronesia , Myanmar , Namibia , Nicaragua , Nigeria , Oman , Palau , Papua New Guinea , Philippines , Qatar , Rwanda , Saint Lucia , Samoa , Saudi Arabia , Singapore , Solomon Islands , Somalia , Somaliland , Sri Lanka , Sudan , Suriname , Taiwan , Tanzania , Thailand , Timor - Leste , Tokelau , Tonga , Tuvalu , Uganda , United Arab Emirates , Vanuatu , Venezuela , Vietnam , Yemen and Zimbabwe . Countries requiring passports valid for at least 4 months on arrival include Micronesia and Zambia . Countries requiring passports valid for at least 3 months on arrival include European Union countries ( except Denmark , Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom , and except for EU / EEA / Swiss citizens ) , Albania , Belarus , Georgia , Honduras , Iceland , Jordan , Kuwait , Lebanon , Liechtenstein , Moldova , Monaco , Nauru , Panama , Saint Barthélemy , San Marino , Switzerland and the United Arab Emirates . Bermuda requires passports to be valid for at least 45 days upon entry . Countries that require a passport validity of at least 1 month on arrival include Eritrea , Hong Kong , Macao , New Zealand and South Africa . Other countries require either a passport valid on arrival or a passport valid throughout the period of the intended stay . Blank passport pages ( edit ) Many countries require a minimum number of blank pages in the passport being presented , generally one or two pages . Vaccination ( edit ) Many African countries , including Angola , Benin , Burkina Faso , Cameroon , Central African Republic , Chad , Democratic Republic of the Congo , Republic of the Congo , Côte d'Ivoire , Equatorial Guinea , Gabon , Ghana , Guinea , Liberia , Mali , Mauritania , Niger , Rwanda , São Tomé and Príncipe , Senegal , Sierra Leone , Uganda , and Zambia require all incoming passengers to have a current International Certificate of Vaccination . Some other countries require vaccination only if the passenger is coming from an infected area . Israeli stamps ( edit ) Kuwait , Lebanon , Libya , Saudi Arabia , Sudan , Syria and Yemen do not allow entry to people with passport stamps from Israel or whose passports have either a used or an unused Israeli visa , or where there is evidence of previous travel to Israel such as entry or exit stamps from neighbouring border posts in transit countries such as Jordan and Egypt . To circumvent this Arab League boycott of Israel , the Israeli immigration services have now mostly ceased to stamp foreign nationals ' passports on either entry to or exit from Israel . Since 15 January 2013 , Israel no longer stamps foreign passports at Ben Gurion Airport , giving passengers a card instead : `` Since January 2013 a pilot scheme has been introduced whereby visitors are given an entry card instead of an entry stamp on arrival . You should keep this card with your passport until you leave . This is evidence of your legal entry into Israel and may be required , particularly at any crossing points into the Occupied Palestinian Territories . '' Passports are still ( as of 22 June 2017 ) stamped at Erez when travelling into and out of Gaza . Also , passports are still stamped ( as of 22 June 2017 ) at the Jordan Valley / Sheikh Hussein and Yitzhak Rabin / Arava land borders with Jordan . Iran : Admission is refused for holders of passports containing an Israeli visa / stamp in the last 12 months Armenian ethnicity ( edit ) Due to a state of war existing between Armenia and Azerbaijan , the government of Azerbaijan not only bans entry of citizens from Armenia , but also all citizens and nationals of any other country who are of Armenian descent , to the Republic of Azerbaijan ( although there have been exceptions , notably for Armenia 's participation at the 2015 European Games held in Azerbaijan ) . Azerbaijan also strictly bans any visit by foreign citizens to the separatist region of Nagorno - Karabakh ( the de facto independent Republic of Artsakh ) , its surrounding territories and the Azerbaijani exclaves of Karki , Yuxarı Əskipara , Barxudarlı and Sofulu which are de jure part of Azerbaijan but under control of Armenia , without the prior consent of the government of Azerbaijan . Foreign citizens who enter these occupied territories , will be permanently banned from entering the Republic of Azerbaijan and will be included in their `` list of personae non gratae '' . As of late 2017 the list contains 699 persons . Upon request , the Republic of Artsakh authorities may attach their visa and / or stamps to a separate piece of paper in order to avoid detection of travel to their country . Persona non grata ( edit ) The government of a country can declare a diplomat persona non grata , banning their entry into that country . In non-diplomatic use , the authorities of a country may also declare a foreigner persona non grata permanently or temporarily , usually because of unlawful activity . Attempts to enter the Gaza strip by sea may attract a 10 - year ban on entering Israel . Fingerprinting ( edit ) Several countries including Argentina , Brunei , Cambodia , Japan , Malaysia , Saudi Arabia , Singapore , South Korea and the United States demand all passengers to be fingerprinted on arrival . Criminal record ( edit ) Some countries ( for example , Canada and United States ) routinely deny entry to foreigners who have a criminal record . Passport Card ( edit ) The United States Passport Card can be used as an alternative to the booklet passport when travelling to and from Canada , Mexico , Bermuda and many Caribbean islands at sea ports - of - entry or land border crossings . APEC travel Business Card ( edit ) The APEC Business Travel Card ( ABTC ) is meant to facilitate travel for U.S. citizens engaged in verified business in the APEC region . The U.S. ABTC will enable access to a dedicated fast - track lane for expedited immigration processing at participating foreign some APEC member airports . U.S. APEC Business Travel Card holders may also use the Global Entry kiosks at participating airports upon their U.S. return . But the U.S. APEC Business Travel Card ca n't be used in lieu of a visa to enter an APEC member country . Other countries ' APEC cards can be used in lieu of visas . But the U.S. has decided not to participate in the visa reciprocity part of the program because the government is unwilling to waive visa interviews . Legislation authorizes the Department of Homeland Security to issue U.S. APEC Business Travel Cards only through Sept. 30 , 2018 , unless the law is amended to extend that date . Consular Protection of U.S. Citizens abroad ( edit ) American diplomatic missions ( in the year 2007 ) , including embassies ( blue ) , interests sections , and other representations ( light blue ) The United States has the most diplomatic missions out of any country in the world . See also List of diplomatic missions of the United States . The Department of State regularly publishes travel warnings or travel alerts . Foreign travel Statistics ( edit ) This section is transcluded from United States passport . ( edit history ) These are the numbers of visits by U.S. nationals to various countries in 2015 ( unless otherwise noted ) : Foreign travel statistics Destination Number of visitors American Samoa 17,053 Angola 17,259 Anguilla 105,189 Antarctica 13,660 Antigua and Barbuda 108,652 Aruba 576,793 Australia 711,400 Austria 702,900 Azerbaijan 12,291 Bahamas 1,146,272 Barbados 148,067 Belgium 299,907 Belize 730,542 Bermuda 182,896 Bhutan 7,292 Bolivia 58,403 Bosnia and Herzegovina 20,985 Botswana 49,451 Brazil 570,350 British Virgin Islands 442,434 Bulgaria 82,465 Burkina Faso 5,984 Cambodia 238,658 Cameroon 13,280 Canada 23,895,385 Cape Verde 4,282 Cayman Islands 300,571 Chile 208,623 China 2,085,800 Colombia 428,927 Congo 5,352 Cook Islands 6,192 Costa Rica 1,233,277 Croatia 317,414 Cuba 91,254 Curacao 59,714 Cyprus 25,388 Czech Republic 511,629 Dominica 17,773 Dominican Republic 2,085,186 Dutch Caribbean : Bonaire Saba Sint Eustatius 5,900 2,000 2,700 1,200 Ecuador 259,406 El Salvador 447,628 Estonia 37,865 Fiji 69,628 Finland 107,745 France 3,622,362 French Polynesia 67,908 Gambia 4,058 Georgia 42,645 Germany 2,558,495 Greece 750,250 Greenland 2,767 Grenada 20,038 Guam 77,701 Guatemala 447,140 Guyana 82,966 Haiti 266,793 Hong Kong 1,211,539 Hungary 275,314 Iceland 576,403 Indonesia 316,782 India 1,296,939 Ireland 1,294,000 Israel 672,100 Italy 3,567,000 Jamaica 1,406,058 Japan 1,375,000 Jordan 166,441 Kazakhstan 26,402 Kiribati 100 Kyrgyzstan 13,900 Laos 58,094 Latvia 41,517 Lebanon 154,095 Lesotho 2,679 Lithuania 35,300 Luxembourg 32,144 Macau 190,885 Macedonia 11,495 Madagascar 4,165 Malaysia 217,075 Maldives 32,589 Malta 26,454 Malawi 36,386 Mali 4,479 Martinique 6,463 Mauritius 8,524 Mexico 9,417,539 Micronesia 6,671 Moldova 18,263 Mongolia 15,859 Montenegro 16,560 Montserrat 1,665 Myanmar 76,502 Namibia 26,339 Nepal 42,687 Netherlands 1,195,000 New Zealand 291,392 Niue 157 Nicaragua 288,538 Oman 53,165 Pakistan 117,500 Panama 338,590 Papua New Guinea 12,181 Paraguay 19,479 Peru 545,212 Philippines 779,217 Poland 474,100 Qatar 102,774 Romania 175,667 Russia 248,990 São Tomé and Príncipe 154 Saint Lucia 152,738 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 22,324 Samoa 10,591 Serbia 27,170 Seychelles 6,038 Singapore 516,276 Sint Maarten 236,379 Slovakia 45,670 Slovenia 81,167 Solomon Islands 1,413 South Africa 297,226 South Korea 866,186 Spain 2,001,214 Sri Lanka 54,254 Suriname 7,543 Swaziland 18,014 Taiwan 577,628 Tanzania 86,860 Thailand 974,632 Timor - Leste 1,666 Tonga 6,718 Trinidad and Tobago 161,539 Tunisia 13,896 Turkey 459,493 Turks and Caicos 315,247 Tuvalu 85 Uganda 56,766 Ukraine 138,006 United Arab Emirates 743,657 United Kingdom 2,949,000 Venezuela 70,457 Vietnam 552,644 Zambia 38,496 Zimbabwe 66,577 ^ Data for 2016 ^ Dats for 2014 ^ Counting only guests in tourist accommodation establishments . ^ Data for 2013 ^ Data for arrivals by air only . ^ Data for 2012 ^ Data for 2017 ^ Excluding an one - day visits ^ Data for 2010 ^ Data for 2007 ^ Data for 2011 ^ Data for 2009 ^ Data for 2005 ^ Data for arrivals by air only . See also ( edit ) United States portal Visa policy of the United States United States passport Bureau of Consular Affairs United States Passport Card List of nationalities forbidden at border References and notes ( edit ) References ^ `` Global Ranking - Passport Index 2018 '' ( PDF ) . Henley & Partners . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . ^ Visa information , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Afghanistan . ^ `` Afghanistan '' . ^ `` Afghanistan Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ^ Visa regime for foreign citizens , Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs of Albania . ^ `` Ministria e Punëve të Jashtme '' ( PDF ) . ^ `` Albania Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 19 October 2014 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Algeria Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ^ Travel to Andorra , Ministry of External Affairs of Andorra . ^ `` Andorra Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ^ `` Turisme d'Andorra . Useful information on the Principality '' . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Angola '' . ^ `` ICAESC ONLINE '' . vistos.icaesc.org . ^ `` Angola Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ^ Countries exempt from visa , Department of Immigration of Antigua and Barbuda . ^ `` Visa Entry Requirements for Antigua and Barbuda '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 12 . ^ `` Antigua and Barbuda Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ^ Visa regime , National Directorate of Migrations of Argentina ( in Spanish ) . ^ `` U.S. visa to be issued for 10 year - period '' . ^ General information , American Samoa Visitors Bureau . ^ `` Australia Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ^ `` Australia opens biometric ' SmartGate ' programme to US citizens - Planet Biometrics News '' . ^ Schengen visa , Federal Ministry for Europe , Integration and Foreign Affairs of Austria . ^ `` Electronic Travel Authority ( Subclass 601 ) '' . Department of Immigration and Border Protection . Retrieved 25 September 2013 . ^ `` Austria Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ^ Countries with visa - free travel regime , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan ( in Azerbaijani ) . ^ `` Home Page - The Electronic Visa System of Azerbaijan Republic '' . evisa.gov.az . ^ `` Important Notice to Foreign Visitors '' . Embassy of Azerbaijan , Washington , D.C. Retrieved 21 May 2017 . ^ `` Azerbaijan Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ^ `` Embassy of the Republic of Azerbaijan - Embassy of Azerbaijan '' . ^ Visa requirements for foreigners travelling to the Bahamas , Government of the Bahamas , 18 February 2014 . ^ `` Bahamas , The Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ Bahrain eVisas , Ministry of Interior of Bahrain . ^ `` Bahrain Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ `` Bahrain Electronic Visa Service '' . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Instruction and Requirement for Visa '' . Embassy of Bangladesh in Washington , D.C. Retrieved 21 May 2017 . ^ `` Bangladesh Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . ^ Visa requirements for foreign nationals entering Barbados , Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade of Barbados , 3 June 2009 . ^ Visa Information , Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade of Barbados ^ `` Barbados Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ Visa - free travel , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Belarus . ^ `` Particulars of issuance of entry visas at the `` National Airport Minsk '' - Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Belarus `` . ^ `` Regulations on visiting Belovezhskaya Pushcha by foreign tourists approved in Belarus '' . 20 May 2015 . ^ `` Belarus allows visiting Augustow Canal without visas '' . ^ `` Belarus Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . ^ Visa for Belgium , Federal Public Service Foreign Affairs of Belgium . ^ `` Belgium Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . ^ Countries not requiring an entry visa , Department of Immigration and Nationality Services of Belize , September 2016 . ^ `` Belize Visa Requirements '' ( PDF ) . ^ `` Belize Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ `` Information for Travelers Belmopan , Belize - Embassy of the United States '' . ^ ( 1 ) ^ Visa , Emigration and Immigration Directorate of Benin . ^ `` Benin Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . ^ Visa , Tourism Council of Bhutan . ^ `` Bhutan Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . ^ Requirements to enter Bolivia , General Directorate of Migration of Bolivia ( in Spanish ) . ^ `` Countries that obtain a visa on arrival to Bolivia '' . ^ `` Bolivia Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . ^ `` Bolivia '' . ^ `` Visas '' . www.boliviawdc.org . ^ Visas , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bosnia and Herzegovina . ^ `` Visas for Bosnia and Herzegovina '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 06 . ^ `` Bosnia - Herzegovina Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . ^ Requirements for visa application , Government of Botswana . ^ `` COUNTRIES THAT DO NOT REQUIRE VISA TO ENTER BOTSWANA '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 27 . ^ `` Botswana Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . ^ Visas to travel to Brazil , Ministry of External Relations of Brazil ( in Portuguese and English ) . ^ `` Brazil Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . ^ Issue of electronic visas starts in November , Ministry of Tourism of Brazil , 25 September 2017 . ( in Portuguese ) ^ `` New Electronic Visa for United States Passport Holders '' . Consulate General of Brazil in San Francisco . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . ^ ( www.mofat.gov.bn/Pages/Visa-Information.aspx Country category for visa application ) , Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade of Brunei . ^ `` Ministry of Foreign Affairs & Trade of Brunei Visa Information '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 27 . ^ `` Brunei Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . ^ Visa for Bulgaria , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria . ^ `` Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Visa for Bulgaria '' . ^ `` Bulgaria Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Burkina Faso Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Kingdom of Cambodia - Ministry of Foreign Affairs & International Cooperation '' . ^ `` Cambodia Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Cameroon Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Branch , Government of Canada , Citizenship and Immigration Canada , Communications . `` Entry requirements by country '' . ^ `` Canada Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . ^ `` Do I Need a Temporary Resident Permit ? '' . AllCleared . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Cabo Verde Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . ^ ( 2 ) ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Central African Republic Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Chad Travel Warning '' . ^ `` Chad Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . ^ `` The Police Station in N'Djamena : Chad , Republic of Chad , Places in N'Djamena , Chad Location , Travel Guide '' . Chad Now . Retrieved 6 January 2016 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Chile Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . ^ `` US Citizens No Longer Required to Pay Chilean Reciprocity for Travel to Chile '' . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` China Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . ^ `` 144 小时 过境 免 签 政策 '' ^ `` 144 小时 过境 免 签 政策 '' ^ `` 144 小时 过境 免 签 政策 '' ^ `` China 's 72 - Hour Visa Waiver Program ( Updated ) - U.S. & China Visa Law Blog '' . Chodorow Law Offices . Retrieved 8 January 2016 . ^ Nelson , Katie . `` China issues first group of 10 - year visas to US citizens '' . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` MINISTERIO DE RELACIONES EXTERIORES COORDINACION DE VISAS E INMIGRACION Visas entre Colombia y los demás países '' ( PDF ) . ^ `` Colombia Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Comoros Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Democratic Republic of the Congo Travel Warning '' . ^ `` Congo , Democratic Republic of the Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 6 November 2015 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Congo , Republic of '' . ^ `` Congo , Republic of the Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 6 November 2015 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Costa Rica Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . ^ Email : marcel_bessin@yahoo.fr , BESSIN Effi Marcel . `` : : : SNEDAI : : : '' . ^ `` Cote d'Ivoire Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . ^ Visa requirements overview , Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of Croatia . ^ `` MVEP Visa requirements overview '' . ^ `` Croatia Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Cuba '' . ^ `` A Rundown of Obama 's New Loosened Travel Restrictions to Cuba '' . Newsmax . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 27 . ^ Davis , Julie Hirschfeld ( 2015 - 09 - 18 ) . `` U.S. Eases Some Limits on Cuban Travel and Commerce '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 27 . ^ Visa policy , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Cyprus . ^ `` Travel Information for Foreign Visitors to Cyprus '' . ^ `` Cyprus Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ List of states whose citizens are exempt from visa requirement , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic , 13 July 2017 . ^ `` General visa information for Czech Republic '' . ^ `` Czech Republic Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ Countries with a visa requirement and visa - free countries , Danish Immigration Service , 8 December 2017 . ^ UM . `` Danish visa rules '' . ^ Citizens of certain countries are entitled to stay in Denmark for 90 days , regardless of stays in other Schengen countries , The Danish Immigration Service ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Djibouti Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ ENTRY REQUIREMENTS , Discover Dominica Authority ^ `` Dominica Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Portal de Servicios Consulares de la República Dominicana '' . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Ecuador Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Egypt e-Visa Portal '' . Ministry of Interior ( Egypt ) . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . ^ `` Egypt Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 6 November 2015 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` El Salvador Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 6 November 2015 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Equatorial Guinea Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 6 November 2015 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Eritrea Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . ^ Who does not need a visa to visit Estonia ? , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Estonia , 2 November 2017 . ^ Visiting Estonia ^ `` Estonia Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Ethiopia Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Fiji Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ Visa requirement and travel documents accepted by Finland , Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland . ^ `` Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland : Entering Finland and travelling abroad : Visa requirement and travel documents accepted by Finland '' . ^ `` Finland Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ Foreign nationals holding ordinary passports exempt from visa requirements , Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs of France , January 2016 . ^ affairs , The French Ministry of Foreign . `` Foreign nationals holding ordinary passports exempt from visa requirements '' . ^ `` France Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Gabon e-Visa ^ `` Gabon Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` ENTRY INTO THE GAMBIA . GAMBIA IMMIGRATION DEPARTMENT '' . gid.gov.gm. 2017 - 12 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . ^ `` Gambia , The Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Overview of visa requirements / exemptions for entry into the Federal Republic of Germany , Federal Foreign Office of Germany . ^ `` Germany Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Ghana '' . ^ `` Ghana Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ Countries requiring or not requiring a visa , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Greece , 13 June 2017 . ^ `` Visas - Hellenic Republic - Ministry of Foreign Affairs '' . www.mfa.gr . ^ `` Greece Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Grenada Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Guatemala Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Guinea Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Guinea - Bissau Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . ^ `` Republic of Guinea - Bissau Electronic Visa Application Form '' . Republic of Guinea - Bissau . Retrieved 8 January 2016 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Guyana Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Haiti Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Honduras Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ Countries that do not need a visa , Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade of Hungary . ^ `` Consular Services '' . ^ `` Hungary Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ Who does not need a visa , Directorate of Immigration of Iceland . ^ `` UTL '' . ^ `` Iceland Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ `` Indian e-Visa '' . Ministry of Home Affairs , Government of India . ^ e-Visa ^ `` India Now Offering US Citizens 10 Year Visas '' . The Points Guy . Retrieved 8 January 2016 . ^ `` Embassy of Republic of Indonesia in Washington , DC '' . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Iran '' . travel.state.gov . ^ `` Iran Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Embassy of Pakistan . Retrieved 8 January 2016 . ^ `` Interests Section of the Islamic Republic of Iran '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Iraq Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 6 January 2016 . ^ `` Hinterland Travel . - Iraq , Middle East forum - Lonely Planet '' . Lonely Planet . Retrieved 6 January 2016 . ^ Countries that need a visa for Ireland , Irish Naturalisation and Immigration Service . ^ inispagemaster@justice.ie . `` Visas '' . ^ `` Ireland Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ^ Tourist visa table , Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs , 23 May 2017 . ^ `` Israel Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. * Arab - Americans may be subject to questioning or denied entry . Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ Visa for Italy , Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation of Italy . ^ `` Visa for Italy '' . ^ `` Italy Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Jamaica Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 6 November 2015 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Japan Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 September 2015 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Visa Information '' . Timatic . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Jordan Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 6 November 2015 . ^ ( 3 ) ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Kazakhstan Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ `` Kazakhstan '' . ^ Kazakhstan Dropping Visa Requirements For Citizens Of 10 Countries ç ^ eCitizen . `` eCitizen - Gateway to All Government Services '' . ^ `` Kenya Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 6 November 2015 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Kiribati Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 6 November 2015 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Korea , Democratic People 's Republic of Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . ^ `` U.S. to ban travel to North Korea from September 1 , says Americans should leave '' . Reuters . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Korea , Republic of Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . ^ `` Kuwait e-Visa '' . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Kyrgyzstan Country Specific Information - Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Visa Information '' . Timatic . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Laos Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ Countries whose citizens may enter Latvia without a visa , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Latvia , 9 October 2017 . ^ `` Consular information '' . ^ `` Latvia Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Lesotho Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Liberia Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 6 November 2015 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Libya Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 6 November 2015 . ^ Visa , Government of Liechtenstein ( in German ) . ^ `` Liechtenstein Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ Do I need a visa ? , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Lithuania , 30 August 2017 . ^ `` Consular information for Lithuania '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 26 . ^ `` Lithuania Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ Staying in Luxembourg for less than 90 days , Government of Luxembourg . ^ `` VISAS & Immigration for Luxembourg '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 06 . ^ `` Luxembourg Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Macedonia Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . 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Statistics Iceland . ^ ( 31 ) ^ ( 32 ) ^ `` Overseas Visitors to Ireland January - December 2013 - 2016 '' ( PDF ) . ^ VISITOR ARRIVALS ( 1 ) , BY COUNTRY OF CITIZENSHIP , Central Bureau of Statistics ^ Iaggiatori Stranieri Numero di Viaggiatori ^ Monthly Statistical Report December 2016 Vol xxvi No 12 ^ 2017 Foreign Visitors & Japanese Departures , Japan National Tourism Organization ^ Tourist Overnight and Same Day Visitors By Nationality during ^ Туризм Казахстана . 2.4 Количество посетителей по въездному туризму ^ Visitor Arrivals by Country of Residence - Tarawa only Archived March 19 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Tourism in Kyrgyzstan ^ ( 33 ) ^ `` PX - Web - Select variable and values '' . PX - Web . ^ Arrivals according to nationality during year 2016 ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 5 , 2015 . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . ^ Number of guests and overnights in Lithuanian accommodation establishments . ' 000 . 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Archived from the original on April 24 , 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 12 . ^ ( 48 ) ^ ( 49 ) ^ Tourist turnover in the Republic of Serbia - December 2016 ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2016 . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . ^ ( 50 ) ^ Tourist arrivals by country of nationality ^ ( 51 ) ^ Table 1 : Tourist arrivals and overnight stays by countries , Slovenia , 2016 -- final data ^ statistics / visitor - arrivals ^ ( 52 ) ^ `` Korea , Monthly Statistics of Tourism - key facts on tourism - Tourism Statistics '' . ^ Entradas de turistas según País de Residencia ^ Tourist Arrivals by Country of Residence 2016 ^ Tourist Arrivals By Country Of Residence 2015 ^ Swaziland Tourism Statistics - Arrivals by country ^ Visitor Arrivals by Nationality ^ `` The 2016 International Visitors ' Exit Survey Report . International Tourist Arrivals . p. 73 - 77 '' ( PDF ) . nbs.go.tz/ . NBS Tanzania . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . ^ International Tourist Arrivals to Thailand By Nationality 2016 Archived February 18 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ ( 53 ) ^ ( 54 ) ^ T&T -- Stopover Arrivals By Main Markets 1995 - YTD ^ ( 55 ) ^ ( 56 ) ^ ( 57 ) ^ Migration - Visitors by nationalities ^ Ministry of Tourism , Wildlife and Antiquities Sector Statistical Abstract , 2014 ^ `` Foreign citizens who visited Ukraine in 2016 year , by countries '' . ^ General statistics for the Emirates of Abu Dhabi and Dubai ^ Abu Dhabi Statistics ^ Dubai Statistics , Visitor by Nationality ^ Overseas Residents Visits to the UK 2016 ^ ( 58 ) ^ International visitors to Viet Nam in December and 12 months of 2016 ^ Tourism Statistical Digests ^ Tourism Trends and Statistics Annual Report 2015 Notes Ahmedabad Amritsar Bagdogra Bengaluru Chandigarh Chennai Coimbatore Delhi Gaya Goa Guwahati Hyderabad Jaipur Kochi Kolkata Kozhikode Lucknow Mangaluru Mumbai Nagpur Pune Thiruvananthapuram Tiruchirappalli Varanasi Visakhapatnam Cochin Goa Mangalore External links ( edit ) Official U.S. Government database , Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State Visa requirements Visa Passport Travel document Africa Central Angolan Cameroonian Central African Republic Chadian DR Congo R Congo Equatorial Guinean Gabonese Santomean Eastern Burundian Comorian Djiboutian Eritrean Ethiopian Kenyan Malagasy Malawian Mauritian Mozambican Rwandan Seychellois Somali ( Somaliland ) South Sudanese Tanzanian Ugandan Zambian Zimbabwean Northern Algerian Egyptian Libyan Moroccan Sudanese Tunisian Southern Botswana Lesotho Namibian Saint Helena South African Swazi Western Beninese Burkinabe Cape Verdean Gambian Ghanaian Guinean Guinea - Bissauan Ivorian Liberian Malian Mauritanian Nigerian Nigerien Senegalese Sierra Leonean Togolese Americas Caribbean Anguillan Antigua and Barbuda Bahamian Barbadian British Virgin Islands Caymanian Cuban Dominica Dominican Republic Grenadian Haitian Jamaican Montserratian Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucian Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands Central Belizean Costa Rican El Salvador Guatemalan Honduran Nicaraguan Panamanian North Bermudian Canadian Mexican United States South Argentine Bolivian Brazilian Chilean Colombian Ecuadorian Guyanese Paraguayan Peruvian Surinamese Uruguayan Venezuelan Asia Central & North Afghanistani Kazakhstani Kyrgyzstani Russian Tajik Turkmen Uzbekistani East Chinese Hong Kongese Macanese Japanese North Korean South Korean Mongolian Taiwanese South Bangladeshi Bhutanese Indian Maldivian Nepalese Pakistani Sri Lankan Southeast Bruneian Cambodian East Timorese Indonesian Laotian Malaysian Myanmar Philippine Singaporean Thai Vietnamese Western Abkhaz Armenian Artsakh Azerbaijani Bahraini Cypriot Egyptian Georgian Emirati Iranian Iraqi Israeli Jordanian Kuwaiti Lebanese Northern Cypriot Omani Palestinian Qatari Saudi South Ossetian Syrian Turkish Yemeni Europe European Union Austrian Belgian British ( BOTC BN ( O ) BOC ) Bulgarian Croatian Cypriot Czech Danish Dutch Estonian ( Non-citizens ) Finnish French German Greek Hungarian Irish Italian Latvian ( Non-citizens ) Lithuanian Luxembourg Maltese Polish Portuguese Romanian Slovak Slovenian Spanish Swedish Other Europe Abkhaz Albanian Andorran Armenian Artsakh Azerbaijani Belarusian Bosnian and Herzegovinian Georgian Gibraltar Icelandic Kazakhstani Kosovan Liechtenstein Macedonia Moldovan Monégasque Montenegrin Northern Cypriot Norwegian Russian San Marino Serbian South Ossetian Sovereign Military Order of Malta Swiss Transnistrian Turkish Ukrainian Vatican City Oceania Australian Fijian Kiribati Marshallese Micronesian Nauruan New Zealand Palauan Papua New Guinean Pitcairn Islands Samoan Solomon Islands Tongan Tuvaluan Vanuatuan British Overseas Territories . Open border with Schengen Area . Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia . The vast majority of its population ( 80 % ) lives in European Russia . Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe . Has a small part of its territory ( 3 % ) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace . Azerbaijan and Georgia ( Abkhazia ; South Ossetia ) are transcontinental countries . Both have a small part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus . Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country . Has a small part of its territories located west of the Urals in Eastern Europe . Armenia ( Artsakh ) and Cyprus ( Northern Cyprus ) are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio - political connections with Europe . Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and the Middle East . Has a small part of its territory in the Middle East called Sinai peninsula . Partially recognized . Immigration law Visa policy by country Visa Passport Travel document Africa Central Angola Cameroon Central African Republic Chad DR Congo R Congo Equatorial Guinea Gabon São Tomé and Príncipe Eastern Burundi Comoros Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Rwanda Seychelles Somalia ( Somaliland ) South Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Northern Algeria Egypt Libya Morocco Sudan Tunisia Southern Botswana Lesotho Namibia Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha South Africa Swaziland Western Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Liberia Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Americas Caribbean Dutch Caribbean ( Aruba , Caribbean Netherlands , Curaçao , Sint Maarten ) Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Haiti Jamaica Montserrat Puerto Rico St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Central Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama North Bermuda Canada Mexico United States South Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Falkland Islands Guyana Paraguay Peru South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Asia Central & North Afghanistan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan East China Hong Kong Macau Japan North Korea South Korea Mongolia Taiwan ( Republic of China ) South Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Southeast ( ASEAN ) Brunei Cambodia East Timor Indonesia Laos Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam Western Abkhazia Akrotiri and Dhekelia Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Bahrain Cyprus Egypt Georgia Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Northern Cyprus Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia South Ossetia Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen Europe European Union / EFTA Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Cyprus Denmark Faroe Islands Estonia Finland France Overseas Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Overseas Norway Svalbard Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Overseas Other Europe Abkhazia Akrotiri and Dhekelia Albania Andorra Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Georgia Kazakhstan Kosovo Macedonia Moldova Monaco Montenegro Northern Cyprus Russia San Marino Serbia South Ossetia Transnistria Turkey Ukraine Vatican City Oceania American Samoa Australia Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Niue Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Pitcairn Islands Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu British Overseas Territories . Open border with Schengen Area . Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia . The majority of its population ( 80 % ) lives in European Russia , therefore Russia as a whole is included as a European country here . Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe . Has part of its territory ( 3 % ) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace . Azerbaijan ( Artsakh ) and Georgia ( Abkhazia ; South Ossetia ) are transcontinental countries . Both have part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus . Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country . Has part of its territories located west of the Urals in Eastern Europe . Armenia and Cyprus ( Northern Cyprus ; Akrotiri and Dhekelia ) are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio - political connections with Europe . Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and the Middle East . Has part of its territory in the Middle East called Sinai Peninsula . Part of the Realm of New Zealand . Partially recognized . Unincorporated territory of the United States . Part of Norway , not part of the Schengen Area , special open - border status under Svalbard Treaty Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visa_requirements_for_United_States_citizens&oldid=821703238 '' Categories : Visa requirements by nationality Foreign relations of the United States Hidden categories : Articles with Spanish - language external links Articles with Azerbaijani - language external links Articles with Portuguese - language external links Articles with German - language external links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2016 Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with French - language external links Webarchive template wayback links Articles with dead external links from March 2017 Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Română Русский Türkçe اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 03 : 24 . 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countries that require us citizens to have a travel visa

Country Visa requirement Allowed stay Notes Afghanistan Visa required Visitors born in Afghanistan do not require a visa . Visitors arriving via military air need to legalize their stay if they wish to leave via commercial airline . All visitors are fingerprinted . Albania Visa not required 1 year Algeria Visa required Visas must be issued at the Embassy of Algeria in Washington , D.C. Persons may be denied entry if entering with a passport containing visas or stamps issued by Israel . Andorra Visa not required 3 months Angola Visa required Diplomatic , official and courtesy visas may be obtained online International Certificate of Vaccination required Antigua and Barbuda Visa not required 1 month Stringent application of rules regarding proof of sufficient funds , return ticket and accommodation . Departure tax ( ~ $27 ) applies . Argentina Visa not required 90 days , extendable up to 180 days Visitors are fingerprinted and photographed upon entry . Armenia Visa not required 180 days Australia Electronic Travel Authority 90 days on each visit in 12 - month period if granted May enter using SmartGate . Austria Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Azerbaijan eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days If intending to stay in the Republic of Azerbaijan for more than ten days , the visitor must register at the State Migration Service of the Republic of Azerbaijan within three days upon arrival in Azerbaijan . Applicants of Armenian ancestry or with Armenian visas in their passport may not obtain a visa . Can obtain a 30 days visa on arrival only if arriving on a direct flight of Azerbaijan Airlines from New York City . Bahamas Visa not required 8 months Passport Card or Enhanced Drivers License valid for Sea Travel Bahrain eVisa / Visa on arrival 14 days Visa also obtainable online Bangladesh Visa on arrival 30 days Available at Shahjalal International Airport , Shah Amanat International Airport and Osmani International Airport . Visa is not required by Bangladeshi Americans . Departure tax applies . Barbados Visa not required 28 days , extendable up to 6 months Belarus Visa not required 5 days Must arrive via Minsk International Airport . Visas are issued on arrival at the Minsk International Airport if the support documents were submitted not later than 3 business days before expected date of arrival . Registration upon arrival for stays longer than 7 days is mandatory . Visa - free visits to Belovezhskaya Pushcha National Park for up to 3 days . Visa - free visits to the Grodno and Augustow Canal visa - free zone for up to 5 days . No transit without a visa under any circumstance . Belgium Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Belize Visa not required 1 month , extendable up to 6 months Departure tax ( ~ $40 ) applies . Benin eVisa Single or multiple entry ( ~ $40 ) can be applied International Certificate of Vaccination recommended Bhutan Visa required $250 per day is a non-negotiable minimum daily tariff paid by all visitors to Bhutan . Visas are issued only to tourists booked with a local licensed tour operator . Bolivia Visa on arrival 90 days $160 reciprocal fee must be paid in cash if applying for either a pre-approved visa or a visa on arrival . Visas are issued with 10 year validity . Bosnia and Herzegovina Visa not required 90 days within any 6 - month period Registration with the local police within 24 hours of arrival is mandatory . Botswana Visa not required 90 days within any year period Brazil Visa required Tourist visa ( Cost : $160 required ) . eVisa ( USD $40 ) available from January 25 , 2018 . Brunei Visa not required 90 days Immigration offenses , such as visa overstaying , are punishable by caning . Bulgaria Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period Burkina Faso Visa on arrival 1 month International Certificate of Vaccination required . Burundi Visa required Visitors are fingerprinted Cambodia eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Visa is also obtainable online . All visitors are fingerprinted on arrival and departure . Cameroon Visa required International Certificate of Vaccination and current immunization records required . Canada Visa not required 180 days Anyone with a criminal record ( including misdemeanors or alcohol - related driving offenses in the US ) may not be able to enter Canada without first obtaining an approval for rehabilitation or a Temporary Resident Permit ( TRP ) . Passport Card , NEXUS card , or Enhanced Drivers License valid for Land and Sea Travel Cape Verde Visa on arrival Obtainable at Nelson Mandela International Airport , Cesária Évora Airport , Amílcar Cabral International Airport and Aristides Pereira International Airport . Passengers arriving via Africa must hold an International Certificate of Vaccination . Central African Republic disputed According to the State Department US citizens do not require a visa however according to IATA visa is required . International Certificate of Vaccination required . Chad Visa required International Certificate of Vaccination required . Registration within 72 hours is mandatory prior to arrival . Registration is good for the life of the passport . Chile Visa not required 90 days China Visa required Registration mandatory within 24 hours of arrival ; All visitors are fingerprinted on arrival and departure between the ages of 14 and 70 . 72 - hours visa free visit when in transit at Changsha , Chengdu , Chongqing , Dalian , Guangzhou , Guilin , Harbin , Kunming , Qingdao , Shenyang , Wuhan , Xi'an and Xiamen . 144 - hours visa free visit when in transit at Beijing ( Beijing Capital International Airport ) , Hangzhou , Hebei ( Shijiazhuang Zhengding International Airport ) , Nanjing , Shanghai ( Hongqiao and Pudong international airports , Railway Station and port ) , and Tianjin ( Tianjin Binhai International Airport ) . Hong Kong , Macau , and Taiwan do count as third countries under this policy . Visas for US citizens are valid for up to 10 years . Colombia Visa not required 90 days , extendable up to 180 - days stay within a one - year period Comoros Visa on arrival Democratic Republic of the Congo Visa required International Certificate of Vaccination required . Airport exit fee ( $50 ) must be paid in cash . Registration required . Visas must be issued at the DR Congo embassy in Washington , D.C. Exception : Visa approval may be prearranged along with booking by Virunga National Park ( visitvirunga.org ) for those entering via the Grand Barriere border crossing with Rwanda . Republic of the Congo Visa required International Certificate of Vaccination required . A letter of invitation or written proof of a hotel reservation required . Costa Rica Visa not required 90 days Departure tax of $29 applies . Cote d'Ivoire ! Côte d'Ivoire eVisa eVisa holders must arrive via Port Bouet Airport International Certificate of Vaccination required Croatia Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period Registration with the local police within 24 hours of arrival is mandatory . Cuba Tourist Card required Tourist travel was historically prohibited under U.S. law for U.S. citizens , permanent residents , and others subject to U.S. jurisdiction . Under the Cuban Assets Control Regulations , all persons subject to U.S. jurisdiction are not permitted to travel to Cuba , and must be licensed in order to engage in any travel - related transactions pursuant to travel to , from , and within Cuba . In July 2015 , the United States resumed diplomatic relations with Cuba . Discussions on lifting the travel ban have initiated . On June 16 , 2017 , U.S. President Donald Trump announced new travel restrictions . Cyprus Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period Czech Republic Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Denmark Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Citizens of the United States can freely enter and stay in Denmark for up to 90 days every six months , regardless of whether they have stayed in another Schengen area ( except the other Nordic countries ) country prior to entry into Denmark . Djibouti Visa on arrival Obtainable at Djibouti -- Ambouli International Airport . Dominica Visa not required 6 months Departure tax of $22 applies . Dominican Republic Visa not required 30 days , extendable up to 90 days Passport Card or Enhanced Drivers License valid for Sea Travel Ecuador Visa not required 90 days , extendable for another 90 days , per year Egypt eVisa / Visa on arrival eVisa issued for 30 days . 30 days when arriving by air ; Visa on arrival is issued for $25 . Tourists arriving at Sharm El Sheikh , Saint Catherine or Taba airports and remaining in the Sinai resorts do not require a visa up to 15 days El Salvador Visa not required 3 months Equatorial Guinea Visa not required 90 days International Certificate of Vaccination required if you are traveling from a country with risk of yellow fever . Eritrea Visa required Airport departure tax ( $20 ) applies . Estonia Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Ethiopia eVisa / Visa on arrival Obtainable at Addis Ababa Bole International Airport . Visitors are fingerprinted Fiji Visa on arrival ! Visitor 's Permit on arrival 4 months Finland Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area France Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area ( in Regions of France ) Gabon eVisa / Visa on arrival Electronic visa holders must arrive via Libreville International Airport . International Certificate of Vaccination required . Gambia Visa required International Certificate of Vaccination required . Georgia Visa not required 1 year Germany Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Ghana Visa required International Certificate of Vaccination required . Greece Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Grenada Visa not required 3 months , extensions possible Guatemala Visa not required 90 days An exit tax must be paid when departing by air . Guinea Visa required Single entry valid for 3 months . International Certificate of Vaccination required . Guinea - Bissau eVisa / Visa on arrival 90 days Visitors must apply for a visa on arrival in advance or online . Guyana Visa not required 3 months Haiti Visa not required 3 months Honduras Visa not required 3 months Departing airport tax must be paid in cash . Hungary Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Iceland Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area India e-Visa 60 days e-Visa holders must arrive via 25 designated airports or 3 designated seaports . e-Tourist Visa can be obtained twice in a calendar year . $60 fee Confirmation has to be shown at the border where a visa on arrival is issued . Visitors are fingerprinted . American citizens are eligible for a ten - year , multiple - entry tourist visa . Indonesia Visa not required 30 days Iran Visa required Otherwise Iranian visas must be obtained from the Special Interests section of the Embassy of Pakistan , Washington , D.C. US visitors are fingerprinted and photographed upon entry and are ineligible for visa on arrival available to other tourists . Independent travelers from the USA applying on American , British , or Canadian passports must be accompanied by an authorized guide at all times , regardless of previous nationality , ethnic background , or religion . Iraq Visa required Some U.S. citizens must obtain an exit stamp at a Residency Office before departing the country . Some visitors who plan to stay for more than 10 days must also obtain a residency stamp . Visitors who come as part of a government - sponsored tour , upon presentation of proper paperwork from the government , may receive a visa on arrival at Baghdad International Airport for $80 + 1250 Iraqi dinar . Visitors are not required to obtain any other permits , including for Iraqi Kurdistan , or submit blood tests . Ireland Visa not required 3 months Strict application of immigration rules regarding providing proof of the trip purpose , sufficient funds , return ticket and accommodation . Israel Visa not required 3 months Dual nationals ( of Israel and the United States ) who do n't have an Israeli passport , including infants , may be required to obtain an Israeli passport in order to leave Israel . Italy Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Jamaica Visa not required 6 months There is a departure tax for travelers , which is regularly included in airfare . Japan Visa not required 90 days All visitors are fingerprinted Jordan Visa on arrival 30 days ; conditions apply Visa on arrival obtainable at most international ports of entry and at most international land border crossings ( except King Hussein / Allenby Bridge crossing ) . Visa on arrival is issued for 40 JOD ( about $56 ) . Iris scan is taken on arrival and departure Kazakhstan Visa not required 30 days As part of the no - visa pilot program in period 15 July 2014 -- 15 July 2015 . In June 2015 this program was extended until December 31 , 2017 . Kenya eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months International Certificate of Vaccination is recommended . All visitors are fingerprinted on arrival and departure Kiribati Visa not required 30 days Airport Embarkation Tax of AU $20 is levied on all passengers leaving Kiribati . North Korea Travel restricted US passports holders must obtain a special passport validation from the U.S. federal government before travel . South Korea Visa not required 90 days All visitors are fingerprinted . Kuwait eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months Kyrgyzstan Visa not required 60 days Laos Visa on arrival 30 days , conditions apply , extendable up to 60 days Available at international airports Wattay Vientiane , Pakse Savannakhet and Luang Prabang , and at land borders Friendship Bridge , Vientiane and Savannakhet ; Nam Heuang Friendship Bridge , Sayabouly Province ; and border crossings at Boten - Mohan , Dansavan - Lao Bao , Houaysay - Chiang Khong , Thakhek - Nakhon Phanom , Nong Haet - Nam Kan , Nam Phao - Kao Cheo , Veun Kham - Dong Calor , and Vangtao - Chong Mek as well as Tha Naleng train station in Vientiane , which connects to the train station in Nongkhai , Thailand . Entry points Napao - Chalo , Taichang - Sophoun , Pakxan - Bungkan , and Xiengkok are open only to visa holders . Latvia Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Lebanon Visa on arrival 1 month extendable for 2 additional months Granted free of charge at Beirut International Airport or any other port of entry if there is no Israeli visa or seal , holding a telephone number , an address in Lebanon , and a non refundable return or circle trip ticket Lesotho Visa not required 14 days , extendable up to 180 days Liberia Visa required International Certificate of Vaccination required . Libya Visa required Visitors travelling to Libya for touristic purposes are required to convert USD 1,000 or equivalent on arrival . Holders of passports bearing an Israeli visa or entry / exit stamps from Israel are not allowed to enter Libya . Liechtenstein Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Lithuania Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Mandatory medical insurance . Luxembourg Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Macedonia Visa not required 90 days Registration with the local police within 24 hours of arrival is mandatory Madagascar Visa on arrival 30 days Available at all airports servicing international flights . Visa on arrival is issued free of charge . Visas for 60 or 90 days available for a fee . Malawi Visa on arrival From 1 October 2015 visitors are generally advised to obtain a visa in advance . Malaysia Visa not required 3 months All visitors are fingerprinted on arrival and departure . Immigration offenses , such as visa overstaying , are punishable by caning . Maldives Visa on arrival 30 days , extendable up to 90 days Visa on arrival is issued free of charge . Mali Visa required Letter of invitation required . International Certificate of Vaccination required . Malta Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Marshall Islands Visa not required unlimited Departure fee of $20 applies . U.S. citizens may live and work freely in the Marshall Islands under the Compact of Free Association . Mauritania Visa on arrival Available at Nouakchott -- Oumtounsy International Airport . International Certificate of Vaccination required . Mauritius Visa not required 90 days Mexico Visa not required 180 days All visitors entering by land and traveling farther than 20 kilometers into Mexico or staying longer than 72 hours should obtain a document Forma Migratoria Multiple . Passport Card or Enhanced Drivers License valid for Land and Sea Travel Micronesia Visa not required unlimited All states except Yap have a departure fee . The fees are $10 for Kosrae and $20 for Pohnpei and Chuuk . U.S. citizens may live and work freely in Micronesia under the Compact of Free Association . There is no limit to the length of time U.S. citizens can remain in the FSM . Moldova Visa not required 90 days within any 6 - month period Registration upon arrival is mandatory . Monaco Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period Mongolia Visa not required 90 days Registration required after 30 days . Montenegro Visa not required 90 days Registration with the local police within 24 hours of arrival is mandatory . Morocco Visa not required 3 months Mozambique Visa on arrival 30 days Myanmar eVisa 28 days . eVisa holders must arrive via Yangon , Nay Pyi Taw or Mandalay airports or from three land border crossings : Tachileik , Myawaddy , and Kawthaung Namibia Visa not required 3 months Nauru Visa required Visas are issued with validity of 30 days . Nepal Visa on arrival 90 days Obtainable at Tribhuvan International Airport and certain land borders . Total of no more than 150 aggregate days in any given calendar year . Netherlands Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area ( European Netherlands ) New Zealand Visa not required 90 days May enter using SmartGate . Nicaragua Visa not required 90 days A tourist card must be purchased for $10 upon arrival . Niger Visa required International Certificate of Vaccination required . Nigeria Visa required Visa can be obtained online . Norway Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Oman eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days , extendable for 30 days Holders of a visa or entrance stamp of the Emirate of Dubai that is valid for at least 21 days are visa exempt . Holders of a visa for Qatar that is valid for travel to Oman and valid for at least one month are visa exempt when arriving directly from Qatar . Iris scan is taken on arrival Pakistan Visa required Visa on arrival when travelling on business valid for 30 days . Conditions apply . Visa on arrival when travelling as part of a group through a designated tour operator . Palau Visa not required 1 year U.S. citizens may live and work freely in Palau under the Compact of Free Association . Panama Visa not required 180 days Denial of entry or transit to any person who has a criminal conviction . Papua New Guinea Visa on arrival 60 days , extendable for 30 days Visa on arrival is issued free of charge . Paraguay Visa on arrival 90 days A passport is required to enter Paraguay . U.S. Citizens arriving by air may obtain a `` visa en arribo '' ( visa on arrival ) at Silvio Pettirossi International Airport in Asuncion . This is a multiple entry visa with a validity of up to 10 ( ten ) years . The current fee is $160 , payable in U.S. Currency ( credit cards are not accepted ) . If not arriving at Silvio Pettirossi International Airport , prior to traveling to Paraguay , you must apply for a visa in person or by secure messenger at the Paraguayan Embassy in Washington D.C. or the nearest Paraguayan consulate , and pay the fee . Minors must provide a notarized authorization from parent / guardian with their visa application . Peru Visa not required up to 183 days ; determined on arrival Philippines Visa not required 30 days Visa on arrival valid for 59 days is available for $50 . Poland Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Polish Americans must use Polish passport Portugal Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Qatar eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Available only at Hamad International Airport , for other ports of entry a Free visa as of 20 Oct 2017 that could change ) and can be extended for 1 month . Holders of a valid common visa issued by Oman are exempt from a visa if arriving from Oman directly . Romania Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period Russia Visa required 72 - hour visa - free for international cruise ship / ferry passengers only if travelling with an organized tour and accompanied at all times by a tour operator . Registration required after 7 business days . American citizens may receive multiple entry visas valid for three years . Rwanda eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Visitors are fingerprinted International Certificate of Vaccination required . Saint Kitts and Nevis Visa not required 3 months Saint Lucia Visa not required 6 weeks Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Visa not required 1 month Samoa Visa on arrival ! Entry Permit on arrival 60 days Visa on arrival is issued free of charge . Departure tax of $30 applies . San Marino Visa not required São Tomé and Príncipe Visa not required 15 days International Certificate of Vaccination required . Saudi Arabia Visa required Holders of passports that contain visas or entry / exit stamps for Israel will likely be refused entry . Advance visa is required . No tourist visas available . All visitors are fingerprinted Senegal Visa not required 90 days International Certificate of Vaccination required . Serbia Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period Seychelles Visa on arrival ! Visitor 's Permit on arrival 3 months , extendable up to a year Visa on arrival is issued free of charge . Sierra Leone Visa required International Certificate of Vaccination required . Singapore Visa not required 90 days All visitors are fingerprinted on arrival and departure Immigration offenses , such as visa overstaying , are punishable by caning . Slovakia Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Medical insurance required . Sufficient funds of $50 per person per day required . Registration within 3 working days required . Slovenia Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Registration with the local police within 72 hours of arrival is mandatory . Solomon Islands Visa on arrival ! Visitor 's permit on arrival 3 months within 12 months Visa on arrival is issued free of charge . Somalia Visa required Visa may be obtained on arrival , provided an invitation letter issued by the sponsor has been submitted to the Airport Immigration Department at least 2 days before arrival . South Africa Visa not required 90 days Holders of passports without 2 blank pages may be refused entry . South Sudan Visa required Two blank passport pages required . Spain Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Sri Lanka eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Sudan Visa required Holders of passports that contain visas or entry / exit stamps for Israel will likely be refused entry . Exit visa required . Registration within 3 days mandatory . Suriname Visa on arrival ! 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Tanzania Visa on arrival 3 months Ordinary visa available on arrival for $100 Thailand Visa not required 30 days ( maximum two visits annually if not arriving by air ) Timor - Leste Visa on arrival 30 days for arrivals by air only Togo Visa on arrival 7 days Tonga Visa on arrival 31 days Visa on arrival is issued free of charge . Trinidad and Tobago Visa not required 90 days Tunisia Visa not required 90 days An exit fee of 30 Tunisian Dinars is required for non-residents exiting Tunisia . Turkey e-Visa / Visa on arrival 3 months From 28 December 2017 , eVisa policy for US citizens has been reinstated . Turkmenistan Visa required Departure fee of $25 applies . 10 - day visa on arrival if holding letter of invitation issued by a company registered in Turkmenistan with a prior approval from the Foreign Ministry . Tuvalu Visa on arrival 1 month , extendable up to 3 months Visa on arrival is issued free of charge . Uganda eVisa / Visa on arrival Determined at the port of entry . Must apply online at least 2 business days or more prior to travel . As of March 2017 , airlines were refusing passengers permission to board flights to Uganda if they did not have a print - out of the document showing that they had successfully applied for an eVisa . Ugandan immigration authorities also may require additional documentation , including proof of a return plane ticket and detailed tour itinerary in Uganda . International Certificate of Vaccination required . Ukraine Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period United Arab Emirates Visa on arrival 30 days Visa on arrival is issued free of charge . Iris scan taken on arrival United Kingdom Visa not required 6 months Uruguay Visa not required 3 months Uzbekistan Visa required Registration within 3 days mandatory . Vanuatu Visa not required 30 days , extendable up to 120 days Vatican City Visa not required Venezuela Visa required All visa applications must be made in person , and all applicants will be interviewed at the Venezuelan embassy or consulate . Vietnam eVisa 30 days A single entry eVisa is available . Phú Quốc visa exemption for up to 30 days . Yemen Visa required Registration mandatory . Exit visa required for stays over 30 days . Zambia eVisa / Visa on arrival 90 days ( exact period determined on arrival , later extendable free of charge ) All visitors are fingerprinted . Two blank pages required International Certificate of Vaccination required . Electronic visa also available . Zimbabwe eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months Tourism purposes only . Electronic visa also available .

World war I - wikipedia World war I This is an old revision of this page , as edited by Picuslor ( talk contribs ) at 18 : 10 , 27 August 2017 ( → ‎ Armistices and capitulations ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this revision , which may differ significantly from the current revision . Revision as of 18 : 10 , 27 August 2017 by Picuslor ( talk contribs ) ( → ‎ Armistices and capitulations ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search `` World War One '' , `` Great War '' , and `` WW1 '' redirect here . For other uses , see World War One ( disambiguation ) , Great War ( disambiguation ) , and WW1 ( album ) . World War I Clockwise from the top : The aftermath of shelling during the Battle of the Somme , Mark V tanks cross the Hindenburg Line , HMS Irresistible sinks after hitting a mine in the Dardanelles , a British Vickers machine gun crew wears gas masks during the Battle of the Somme , Albatros D. III fighters of Jagdstaffel 11 Date 28 July 1914 -- 11 November 1918 ( 1914 - 07 - 28 -- 1918 - 11 - 11 ) ( 4 years , 3 months and 2 weeks ) Peace treaties ( show ) Treaty of Versailles Signed 28 June 1919 ( 4 years and 11 months ) Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye Signed 10 September 1919 ( 5 years , 1 month , 1 week and 6 days ) Treaty of Neuilly - sur - Seine Signed 27 November 1919 ( 4 years , 1 month , 1 week and 6 days ) Treaty of Trianon Signed 4 June 1920 ( 5 years , 10 months and 1 week ) Treaty of Sèvres Signed 10 August 1920 ( 6 years , 1 week and 6 days ) United States -- Austria Peace Treaty Signed 24 August 1921 ( 3 years , 8 months , 2 weeks and 3 days ) United States -- Germany Peace Treaty Signed 25 August 1921 ( 4 years , 4 months , 2 weeks and 5 days ) United States -- Hungary Peace Treaty Signed 29 August 1921 ( 3 years , 8 months , 3 weeks and 1 day ) Treaty of Lausanne Signed 24 July 1923 ( 8 years , 8 months , 3 weeks and 4 days ) Location Europe , Africa , the Middle East , the Pacific Islands , China , Indian Ocean , and off the coast of South and North America Result Allied victory ( Exception : Russian defeat ) Central Powers ' victory on the Eastern Front nullified by defeat on the Western Front Fall of the German , Russian , Ottoman , and Austro - Hungarian empires Russian Civil War and foundation of Soviet Union Formation of new countries in Europe and the Middle East Transfer of German colonies and regions of the former Ottoman Empire to other powers Establishment of the League of Nations . ( more ... ) Belligerents Allied Powers France British Empire Russia ( until 1917 ) Serbia Montenegro Belgium Japan Italy ( 1915 -- 18 ) Portugal ( 1916 -- 18 ) Romania ( 1916 -- 18 ) Hejaz ( 1916 -- 18 ) United States ( 1917 -- 18 ) Greece ( 1917 -- 18 ) Siam ( 1917 -- 18 ) ... and others Central Powers German Empire Austria - Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria ( 1915 -- 18 ) ... and co-belligerents Commanders and leaders Allied leaders Georges Clemenceau Raymond Poincaré H.H. Asquith David Lloyd George Nicholas II Vittorio Orlando Victor Emmanuel III Woodrow Wilson Yoshihito Peter I Ferdinand I ... and others Central Powers leaders Wilhelm II Franz Joseph I † Karl I Mehmed V † Three Pashas Ferdinand I ... and others Strength 12,000,000 8,841,541 8,660,000 5,615,140 4,743,826 1,234,000 800,000 707,343 380,000 250,000 50,000 Total : 42,959,850 13,250,000 7,800,000 2,998,321 1,200,000 Total : 25,248,321 Casualties and losses Military dead : 5,525,000 Military wounded : 12,831,500 Military missing : 4,121,000 Total : 22,477,500 KIA , WIA or MIA ... further details . Military dead : 4,386,000 Military wounded : 8,388,000 Military missing : 3,629,000 Total : 16,403,000 KIA , WIA or MIA ... further details . ( show ) Theatres of World War I European Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Balkans Middle Eastern Caucasus Persia Gallipoli Mesopotamia Sinai and Palestine Arab Revolt South Arabia African South - West Africa Togoland Cameroon East Africa North Africa Asian and Pacific theatre Naval theaters U-boat Atlantic Ocean Mediterranean Events leading to World War I Triple Alliance 1882 Franco - Russian Alliance 1894 Anglo - German naval arms race 1898 -- 1912 Venezuela Naval Blockade 1902 - 1903 Entente Cordiale 1904 Russo - Japanese War 1904 -- 1905 First Moroccan Crisis 1905 -- 1906 Anglo - Russian Entente 1907 Bosnian crisis 1908 -- 1909 Agadir Crisis 1911 Italo - Turkish War 1911 -- 1912 Balkan Wars 1912 -- 1913 Assassination of Franz Ferdinand 1914 July Crisis 1914 World War I ( WWI or WW1 ) , also known as the First World War , the Great War , or the War to End All Wars , was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918 . More than 70 million military personnel , including 60 million Europeans , were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history . Over nine million combatants and seven million civilians died as a result of the war ( including the victims of a number of genocides ) , a casualty rate exacerbated by the belligerents ' technological and industrial sophistication , and the tactical stalemate caused by gruelling trench warfare . It was one of the deadliest conflicts in history , and paved the way for major political changes , including revolutions in many of the nations involved . Unresolved rivalries still extant at the end of the conflict contributed to the start of the Second World War only twenty - one years later . The war drew in all the world 's economic great powers , assembled in two opposing alliances : the Allies ( based on the Triple Entente of the Russian Empire , the French Third Republic , and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ) versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria - Hungary . Although Italy was a member of the Triple Alliance alongside Germany and Austria - Hungary , it did not join the Central Powers , as Austria - Hungary had taken the offensive against the terms of the alliance . These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war : Italy , Japan and the United States joined the Allies , while the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers . The trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria , heir to the throne of Austria - Hungary , by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914 . This set off a diplomatic crisis when Austria - Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia , and entangled international alliances formed over the previous decades were invoked . Within weeks , the major powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world . On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July the Austro - Hungarians declared war on Serbia . Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise , and when this was refused , declared war on Russia on 1 August . Being outnumbered on the Eastern Front , Russia urged its Triple Entente ally France to open up a second front in the west . Over forty years earlier in 1870 , the Franco - Prussian War had ended the Second French Empire and France had ceded the provinces of Alsace - Lorraine to a unified Germany . Bitterness over that defeat and the determination to retake Alsace - Lorraine made the acceptance of Russia 's plea for help an easy choice , so France began full mobilisation on 1 August and , on 3 August , Germany declared war on France . The border between France and Germany was heavily fortified on both sides so , according to the Schlieffen Plan , Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France from the north , leading the United Kingdom to declare war on Germany on 4 August due to their violation of Belgian neutrality . After the German march on Paris was halted in the Battle of the Marne , what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition , with a trench line that changed little until 1917 . On the Eastern Front , the Russian army led a successful campaign against the Austro - Hungarians , but the Germans stopped its invasion of East Prussia in the battles of Tannenberg and the Masurian Lakes . In November 1914 , the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers , opening fronts in the Caucasus , Mesopotamia and the Sinai . In 1915 , Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers ; Romania joined the Allies in 1916 , as did the United States in 1917 . The Russian government collapsed in March 1917 , and a revolution in November followed by a further military defeat brought the Russians to terms with the Central Powers via the Treaty of Brest Litovsk , which granted the Germans a significant victory . After a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918 , the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives . On 4 November 1918 , the Austro - Hungarian empire agreed to an armistice , and Germany , which had its own trouble with revolutionaries , agreed to an armistice on 11 November 1918 , ending the war in victory for the Allies . By the end of the war or soon after , the German Empire , Russian Empire , Austro - Hungarian Empire and the Ottoman Empire ceased to exist . National borders were redrawn , with several independent nations restored or created , and Germany 's colonies were parceled out among the victors . During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 , the Big Four ( Britain , France , the United States and Italy ) imposed their terms in a series of treaties . The League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict . This effort failed , and economic depression , renewed nationalism , weakened successor states , and feelings of humiliation ( particularly in Germany ) eventually contributed to the start of World War II . Contents ( hide ) 1 Names 2 Background 2.1 Political and military alliances 2.2 Arms race 2.3 Conflicts in the Balkans 3 Prelude 3.1 Sarajevo assassination 3.2 July Crisis 4 Progress of the war 4.1 Opening hostilities 4.1. 1 Confusion among the Central Powers 4.1. 2 Serbian campaign 4.1. 3 German forces in Belgium and France 4.1. 4 Asia and the Pacific 4.1. 5 African campaigns 4.1. 6 Indian support for the Allies 4.2 Western Front 4.2. 1 Trench warfare begins 4.2. 2 Continuation of trench warfare 4.3 Naval war 4.4 Southern theatres 4.4. 1 War in the Balkans 4.4. 2 Ottoman Empire 4.4. 3 Italian participation 4.4. 4 Romanian participation 4.5 Eastern Front 4.5. 1 Initial actions 4.5. 2 Russian Revolution 4.5. 3 Czechoslovak Legion 4.6 Central Powers peace overtures 4.7 1917 -- 1918 4.7. 1 Developments in 1917 4.7. 2 Ottoman Empire conflict , 1917 -- 1918 4.7. 3 15 August 1917 : peace offer by the Pope 4.7. 4 Entry of the United States 4.7. 5 German Spring Offensive of 1918 4.7. 6 New states under war zone 4.8 Allied victory : summer 1918 onwards 4.8. 1 Hundred Days Offensive 4.8. 2 Armistices and capitulations 5 Aftermath 5.1 Formal end of the war 5.2 Peace treaties and national boundaries 5.3 National identities 5.4 Health effects 6 Technology 6.1 Ground warfare 6.2 Naval 6.3 Aviation 7 War crimes 7.1 Baralong incidents 7.2 Torpedoing of HMHS Llandovery Castle 7.3 Chemical weapons in warfare 7.4 Genocide and ethnic cleansing 7.4. 1 Russian Empire 7.5 Rape of Belgium 8 Soldiers ' experiences 8.1 Prisoners of war 8.2 Military attachés and war correspondents 9 Support and opposition to the war 9.1 Support 9.2 Opposition 9.2. 1 Conscription 9.2. 2 Conscription in Canada 9.2. 3 Conscription in Australia 9.2. 4 Conscription in Britain 9.3 Diplomacy 10 Legacy and memory 10.1 Historiography 10.2 Memorials 10.3 Cultural memory 10.4 Social trauma 10.5 Discontent in Germany 10.6 Economic effects 11 See also 12 Footnotes 13 References 14 Bibliography 14.1 Primary sources 14.2 Historiography and memory 15 External links 15.1 Animated maps 15.2 Library guides Names From the time of its start until the approach of World War II , the First World War was called simply the World War or the Great War and thereafter the First World War or World War I . At the time , it was also sometimes called `` the war to end war '' or `` the war to end all wars '' due to its then - unparalleled scale and devastation . In Canada , Maclean 's magazine in October 1914 wrote , `` Some wars name themselves . This is the Great War . '' During the interwar period ( 1918 -- 1939 ) , the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English - speaking countries . The term `` First World War '' was first used in September 1914 by the German biologist and philosopher Ernst Haeckel , who claimed that `` there is no doubt that the course and character of the feared ' European War ' ... will become the first world war in the full sense of the word , '' citing a wire service report in The Indianapolis Star on 20 September 1914 . After the onset of the Second World War in 1939 , the terms World War I or the First World War became standard , with British and Canadian historians favouring the First World War , and Americans World War I . Background Main article : Causes of World War I Rival military coalitions in 1914 ; Triple Entente in green ; Triple Alliance in brown . Only the Triple Alliance was a formal `` alliance '' ; the others listed were informal patterns of support . Political and military alliances During the 19th century , the major European powers went to great lengths to maintain a balance of power throughout Europe , resulting in the existence of a complex network of political and military alliances throughout the continent by 1900 . These began in 1815 , with the Holy Alliance between Prussia , Russia , and Austria . When Germany was united in 1871 , Prussia became part of the new German nation . Soon after , in October 1873 , German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors ( German : Dreikaiserbund ) between the monarchs of Austria - Hungary , Russia and Germany . This agreement failed because Austria - Hungary and Russia could not agree over Balkan policy , leaving Germany and Austria - Hungary in an alliance formed in 1879 , called the Dual Alliance . This was seen as a method of countering Russian influence in the Balkans as the Ottoman Empire continued to weaken . This alliance expanded in 1882 to include Italy , in what became the Triple Alliance . Bismarck had especially worked to hold Russia at Germany 's side in an effort to avoid a two - front war with France and Russia . When Wilhelm II ascended to the throne as German Emperor ( Kaiser ) , Bismarck was compelled to retire and his system of alliances was gradually de-emphasised . For example , the Kaiser refused , in 1890 , to renew the Reinsurance Treaty with Russia . Two years later , the Franco - Russian Alliance was signed to counteract the force of the Triple Alliance . In 1904 , Britain signed a series of agreements with France , the Entente Cordiale , and in 1907 , Britain and Russia signed the Anglo - Russian Convention . While these agreements did not formally ally Britain with France or Russia , they made British entry into any future conflict involving France or Russia a possibility , and the system of interlocking bilateral agreements became known as the Triple Entente . SMS Rheinland , a Nassau - class battleship , Germany 's first response to Dreadnought . Arms race German industrial and economic power had grown greatly after unification and the foundation of the Empire in 1871 following the Franco - Prussian War . From the mid-1890s on , the government of Wilhelm II used this base to devote significant economic resources for building up the Kaiserliche Marine ( Imperial German Navy ) , established by Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz , in rivalry with the British Royal Navy for world naval supremacy . As a result , each nation strove to out - build the other in capital ships . With the launch of HMS Dreadnought in 1906 , the British Empire expanded on its significant advantage over its German rival . The arms race between Britain and Germany eventually extended to the rest of Europe , with all the major powers devoting their industrial base to producing the equipment and weapons necessary for a pan-European conflict . Between 1908 and 1913 , the military spending of the European powers increased by 50 % . Sarajevo citizens reading a poster with the proclamation of the Austrian annexation in 1908 Conflicts in the Balkans Austria - Hungary precipitated the Bosnian crisis of 1908 -- 1909 by officially annexing the former Ottoman territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina , which it had occupied since 1878 . This angered the Kingdom of Serbia and its patron , the Pan-Slavic and Orthodox Russian Empire . Russian political manoeuvring in the region destabilised peace accords that were already fracturing in the Balkans , which came to be known as the `` powder keg of Europe . '' In 1912 and 1913 , the First Balkan War was fought between the Balkan League and the fracturing Ottoman Empire . The resulting Treaty of London further shrank the Ottoman Empire , creating an independent Albanian state while enlarging the territorial holdings of Bulgaria , Serbia , Montenegro , and Greece . When Bulgaria attacked Serbia and Greece on 16 June 1913 , it lost most of Macedonia to Serbia and Greece , and Southern Dobruja to Romania in the 33 - day Second Balkan War , further destabilising the region . The Great Powers were able to keep these Balkan conflicts contained , but the next one would spread throughout Europe and beyond . Prelude Sarajevo assassination Main article : Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria This picture is usually associated with the arrest of Gavrilo Princip , although some believe it depicts Ferdinand Behr , a bystander . On 28 June 1914 , Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand visited the Bosnian capital , Sarajevo . A group of six assassins ( Cvjetko Popović , Gavrilo Princip , Muhamed Mehmedbašić , Nedeljko Čabrinović , Trifko Grabež , Vaso Čubrilović ) from the Yugoslavist group Mlada Bosna , supplied by the Serbian Black Hand , had gathered on the street where the Archduke 's motorcade would pass , with the intention of assassinating him . Čabrinović threw a grenade at the car , but missed . Some nearby were injured by the blast , but Ferdinand 's convoy carried on . The other assassins failed to act as the cars drove past them . About an hour later , when Ferdinand was returning from a visit at the Sarajevo Hospital with those wounded in the assassination attempt , the convoy took a wrong turn into a street where , by coincidence , Princip stood . With a pistol , Princip shot and killed Ferdinand and his wife Sophie . The reaction among the people in Austria was mild , almost indifferent . As historian Zbyněk Zeman later wrote , `` the event almost failed to make any impression whatsoever . On Sunday and Monday ( 28 and 29 June ) , the crowds in Vienna listened to music and drank wine , as if nothing had happened . '' . Nevertheless , the political impact of the murder of the heir to the throne was significant and has been described as a `` 9 / 11 effect , a terrorist event charged with historic meaning , transforming the political chemistry in Vienna . And although they were not personally close , the Emperor Franz Joseph was profoundly shocked and upset . The Austro - Hungarian authorities encouraged the subsequent anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo , in which Bosnian Croats and Bosniaks killed two Bosnian Serbs and damaged numerous Serb - owned buildings . Violent actions against ethnic Serbs were also organized outside Sarajevo , in other cities in Austro - Hungarian - controlled Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia and Slovenia . Austro - Hungarian authorities in Bosnia and Herzegovina imprisoned and extradited approximately 5,500 prominent Serbs , 700 to 2,200 of whom died in prison . A further 460 Serbs were sentenced to death . A predominantly Bosniak special militia known as the Schutzkorps was established and carried out the persecution of Serbs . July crisis Main article : July Crisis Crowds on the streets in the aftermath of the anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo , 29 June 1914 Ethno - linguistic map of Austria - Hungary , 1910 . Bosnia - Herzegovina was annexed in 1908 . The assassination led to a month of diplomatic manoeuvring between Austria - Hungary , Germany , Russia , France and Britain , called the July Crisis . Believing correctly that Serbian officials ( especially the officers of the Black Hand ) were involved in the plot to murder the Archduke , and wanting to finally end Serbian interference in Bosnia , Austria - Hungary delivered to Serbia on 23 July the July Ultimatum , a series of ten demands that were made intentionally unacceptable , in an effort to provoke a war with Serbia . The next day , after the Council of Ministers of Russia was held under the chairmanship of the Tsar at Krasnoe Selo , Russia ordered general mobilization for Odessa , Kiev , Kazan and Moscow military districts , and fleets of the Baltic and the Black Sea . They also asked other regions to accelerate preparations for general mobilization . Serbia decreed general mobilization on the 25th . The Serbs drafted their reply to the ultimatum in such a way as to give the impression of making significant concessions but , as Christopher Clark states , `` this was a highly perfumed rejection on most points '' . This included article six , which demanded that Austrian delegates be allowed in Serbia for the purpose of participation in the investigation into the assassination . Following this , Austria broke off diplomatic relations with Serbia and , the next day ordered a partial mobilization . Finally , on 28 July 1914 , Austria - Hungary declared war on Serbia . On 25 July , Russia , in support of its Serb protégé , unilaterally declared -- outside of the conciliation procedure provided by the Franco - Russian military agreements -- partial mobilization against Austria - Hungary . On the 30th , Russia ordered general mobilization against Germany . German Chancellor Bethmann - Hollweg waited until the 31st for an appropriate response , when Germany declared a `` state of danger of war '' . Kaiser Wilhelm II asked his cousin , Tsar Nicolas II , to suspend the Russian general mobilization . When he refused , Germany issued an ultimatum demanding its mobilization be stopped , and a commitment not to support Serbia . Another was sent to France , asking her not to support Russia if it were to come to the defence of Serbia . On 1 August , after the Russian response , Germany mobilized and declared war on Russia . This also led to the general mobilization in Austria - Hungary on 4 August . The German government issued demands to France that it remain neutral as they had to decide which deployment plan to implement , it being difficult if not impossible to change the deployment whilst it was underway . The modified German Schlieffen Plan , Aufmarsch II West , would deploy 80 % of the army in the west , and Aufmarsch I Ost and Aufmarsch II Ost would deploy 60 % in the west and 40 % in the east as this was the maximum that the East Prussian railway infrastructure could carry . The French did not respond , but sent a mixed message by ordering their troops to withdraw 10 km ( 6 mi ) from the border to avoid any incidents , and at the same time ordered the mobilisation of her reserves . Germany responded by mobilising its own reserves and implementing Aufmarsch II West . On 1 August Wilhelm ordered General Moltke to `` march the whole of the ... army to the East '' after he had been wrongly informed that the British would remain neutral as long as France was not attacked . The General convinced the Kaiser that improvising the redeployment of a million men was unthinkable and that making it possible for the French to attack the Germans `` in the rear '' might prove disastrous . Yet Wilhelm insisted that the German army should not march into Luxembourg until he received a telegram sent by his cousin George V , who made it clear that there had been a misunderstanding . Eventually the Kaiser told Molkte , `` Now you can do what you want . '' Germany attacked Luxembourg on 2 August , and on 3 August declared war on France . On 4 August , after Belgium refused to permit German troops to cross its borders into France , Germany declared war on Belgium as well . Britain declared war on Germany at 19 : 00 UTC on 4 August 1914 ( effective from 11 pm ) , following an `` unsatisfactory reply '' to the British ultimatum that Belgium must be kept neutral . Progress of the war Further information : Diplomatic history of World War I Opening hostilities Confusion among the Central Powers The strategy of the Central Powers suffered from miscommunication . Germany had promised to support Austria - Hungary 's invasion of Serbia , but interpretations of what this meant differed . Previously tested deployment plans had been replaced early in 1914 , but those had never been tested in exercises . Austro - Hungarian leaders believed Germany would cover its northern flank against Russia . Germany , however , envisioned Austria - Hungary directing most of its troops against Russia , while Germany dealt with France . This confusion forced the Austro - Hungarian Army to divide its forces between the Russian and Serbian fronts . Serbian campaign Serbian Army Blériot XI `` Oluj '' , 1915 Main article : Serbian Campaign of World War I Austria invaded and fought the Serbian army at the Battle of Cer and Battle of Kolubara beginning on 12 August . Over the next two weeks , Austrian attacks were thrown back with heavy losses , which marked the first major Allied victories of the war and dashed Austro - Hungarian hopes of a swift victory . As a result , Austria had to keep sizable forces on the Serbian front , weakening its efforts against Russia . Serbia 's defeat of the Austro - Hungarian invasion of 1914 counts among the major upset victories of the twentieth century . German forces in Belgium and France Main article : Western Front ( World War I ) German soldiers in a railway goods wagon on the way to the front in 1914 . Early in the war , all sides expected the conflict to be a short one . At the outbreak of World War I , 80 % of the German army was deployed as seven field armies in the west according to the plan Aufmarsch II West . However , they were then assigned to execute the retired deployment plan Aufmarsch I West , also known as the Schlieffen Plan . This would march German armies through northern Belgium and into France , in an attempt to encircle the French army and then breach the ' second defensive area ' of the fortresses of Verdun and Paris and the Marne river . Aufmarsch I West was one of four deployment plans available to the German General Staff in 1914 . Each plan favoured certain operations , but did not specify exactly how those operations were to be carried out , leaving the commanding officers to carry those out at their own initiative and with minimal oversight . Aufmarsch I West , designed for a one - front war with France , had been retired once it became clear it was irrelevant to the wars Germany could expect to face ; both Russia and Britain were expected to help France , and there was no possibility of Italian nor Austro - Hungarian troops being available for operations against France . But despite its unsuitability , and the availability of more sensible and decisive options , it retained a certain allure due to its offensive nature and the pessimism of pre-war thinking , which expected offensive operations to be short - lived , costly in casualties , and unlikely to be decisive . Accordingly , the Aufmarsch II West deployment was changed for the offensive of 1914 , despite its unrealistic goals and the insufficient forces Germany had available for decisive success . Moltke took Schlieffen 's plan and modified the deployment of forces on the western front by reducing the right wing , the one to advance through Belgium , from 85 % to 70 % . In the end , the Schlieffen plan was so radically modified by Moltke , that it could be more properly called the Moltke Plan . The plan called for the right flank of the German advance to bypass the French armies concentrated on the Franco - German border , defeat the French forces closer to Luxembourg and Belgium and move south to Paris . Initially the Germans were successful , particularly in the Battle of the Frontiers ( 14 -- 24 August ) . By 12 September , the French , with assistance from the British Expeditionary Force ( BEF ) , halted the German advance east of Paris at the First Battle of the Marne ( 5 -- 12 September ) and pushed the German forces back some 50 km ( 31 mi ) . The French offensive into southern Alsace , launched on 20 August with the Battle of Mulhouse , had limited success . In the east , Russia invaded with two armies . In response , Germany rapidly moved the 8th Field Army from its previous role as reserve for the invasion of France to East Prussia by rail across the German Empire . This army , led by general Paul von Hindenburg , defeated Russia in a series of battles collectively known as the First Battle of Tannenberg ( 17 August -- 2 September ) . While the Russian invasion failed , it caused the diversion of German troops to the east , allowing the Allied victory at the First Battle of the Marne . This meant Germany failed to achieve its objective of avoiding a long , two - front war . However , the German army had fought its way into a good defensive position inside France and effectively halved France 's supply of coal . It had also killed or permanently crippled 230,000 more French and British troops than it itself had lost . Despite this , communications problems and questionable command decisions cost Germany the chance of a more decisive outcome . Asia and the Pacific Main article : Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I Military recruitment in Melbourne , Australia , 1914 New Zealand occupied German Samoa ( later Western Samoa ) on 30 August 1914 . On 11 September , the Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force landed on the island of Neu Pommern ( later New Britain ) , which formed part of German New Guinea . On 28 October , the German cruiser SMS Emden sank the Russian cruiser Zhemchug in the Battle of Penang . Japan seized Germany 's Micronesian colonies and , after the Siege of Tsingtao , the German coaling port of Qingdao on the Chinese Shandong peninsula . As Vienna refused to withdraw the Austro - Hungarian cruiser SMS Kaiserin Elisabeth from Tsingtao , Japan declared war not only on Germany , but also on Austria - Hungary ; the ship participated in the defense of Tsingtao where it was sunk in November 1914 . Within a few months , the Allied forces had seized all the German territories in the Pacific ; only isolated commerce raiders and a few holdouts in New Guinea remained . African campaigns Main article : African theatre of World War I Military recruitment near Tiberias , Ottoman Empire , 1914 Some of the first clashes of the war involved British , French , and German colonial forces in Africa . On 6 -- 7 August , French and British troops invaded the German protectorate of Togoland and Kamerun . On 10 August , German forces in South - West Africa attacked South Africa ; sporadic and fierce fighting continued for the rest of the war . The German colonial forces in German East Africa , led by Colonel Paul von Lettow - Vorbeck , fought a guerrilla warfare campaign during World War I and only surrendered two weeks after the armistice took effect in Europe . Indian support for the Allies Further information : Hindu -- German Conspiracy , Niedermayer -- Hentig Expedition , and Third Anglo - Afghan War Germany attempted to use Indian nationalism and pan-Islamism to its advantage , instigating uprisings in India , and sending a mission that urged Afghanistan to join the war on the side of Central powers . However , contrary to British fears of a revolt in India , the outbreak of the war saw an unprecedented outpouring of loyalty and goodwill towards Britain . Indian political leaders from the Indian National Congress and other groups were eager to support the British war effort , since they believed that strong support for the war effort would further the cause of Indian Home Rule . The Indian Army in fact outnumbered the British Army at the beginning of the war ; about 1.3 million Indian soldiers and labourers served in Europe , Africa , and the Middle East , while the central government and the princely states sent large supplies of food , money , and ammunition . In all , 140,000 men served on the Western Front and nearly 700,000 in the Middle East . Casualties of Indian soldiers totalled 47,746 killed and 65,126 wounded during World War I . The suffering engendered by the war , as well as the failure of the British government to grant self - government to India after the end of hostilities , bred disillusionment and fuelled the campaign for full independence that would be led by Mohandas K. Gandhi and others . Western front Main article : Western Front ( World War I ) Trench warfare begins Royal Irish Rifles in a communications trench , first day on the Somme , 1916 Military tactics developed before World War I failed to keep pace with advances in technology and had become obsolete . These advances had allowed the creation of strong defensive systems , which out - of - date military tactics could not break through for most of the war . Barbed wire was a significant hindrance to massed infantry advances , while artillery , vastly more lethal than in the 1870s , coupled with machine guns , made crossing open ground extremely difficult . Commanders on both sides failed to develop tactics for breaching entrenched positions without heavy casualties . In time , however , technology began to produce new offensive weapons , such as gas warfare and the tank . Just after the First Battle of the Marne ( 5 -- 12 September 1914 ) , Entente and German forces repeatedly attempted manoeuvring to the north in an effort to outflank each other : this series of manoeuvres became known as the `` Race to the Sea '' . When these outflanking efforts failed , the opposing forces soon found themselves facing an uninterrupted line of entrenched positions from Lorraine to Belgium 's coast . Britain and France sought to take the offensive , while Germany defended the occupied territories . Consequently , German trenches were much better constructed than those of their enemy ; Anglo - French trenches were only intended to be `` temporary '' before their forces broke through the German defences . Both sides tried to break the stalemate using scientific and technological advances . On 22 April 1915 , at the Second Battle of Ypres , the Germans ( violating the Hague Convention ) used chlorine gas for the first time on the Western Front . Several types of gas soon became widely used by both sides , and though it never proved a decisive , battle - winning weapon , poison gas became one of the most - feared and best - remembered horrors of the war . Tanks were developed by Britain and France , and were first used in combat by the British during the Battle of Flers -- Courcelette ( part of the Battle of the Somme ) on 15 September 1916 , with only partial success . However , their effectiveness would grow as the war progressed ; the Allies built tanks in large numbers , whilst the Germans employed only a few of their own design , supplemented by captured Allied tanks . Continuation of trench warfare French 87th regiment near Verdun , 1916 King George V ( front left ) and a group of officials inspect a British munitions factory in 1917 Canadian troops advancing with a British Mark II tank at the Battle of Vimy Ridge , 1917 Neither side proved able to deliver a decisive blow for the next two years . Throughout 1915 -- 17 , the British Empire and France suffered more casualties than Germany , because of both the strategic and tactical stances chosen by the sides . Strategically , while the Germans only mounted one major offensive , the Allies made several attempts to break through the German lines . In February 1916 the Germans attacked the French defensive positions at Verdun . Lasting until December 1916 , the battle saw initial German gains , before French counter-attacks returned matters to near their starting point . Casualties were greater for the French , but the Germans bled heavily as well , with anywhere from 700,000 to 975,000 casualties suffered between the two combatants . Verdun became a symbol of French determination and self - sacrifice . The Battle of the Somme was an Anglo - French offensive of July to November 1916 . The opening of this offensive ( 1 July 1916 ) saw the British Army endure the bloodiest day in its history , suffering 57,470 casualties , including 19,240 dead , on the first day alone . The entire Somme offensive cost the British Army some 420,000 casualties . The French suffered another estimated 200,000 casualties and the Germans an estimated 500,000 . Protracted action at Verdun throughout 1916 , combined with the bloodletting at the Somme , brought the exhausted French army to the brink of collapse . Futile attempts using frontal assault came at a high price for both the British and the French and led to the widespread French Army Mutinies , after the failure of the costly Nivelle Offensive of April -- May 1917 . The concurrent British Battle of Arras was more limited in scope , and more successful , although ultimately of little strategic value . A smaller part of the Arras offensive , the capture of Vimy Ridge by the Canadian Corps , became highly significant to that country : the idea that Canada 's national identity was born out of the battle is an opinion widely held in military and general histories of Canada . The last large - scale offensive of this period was a British attack ( with French support ) at Passchendaele ( July -- November 1917 ) . This offensive opened with great promise for the Allies , before bogging down in the October mud . Casualties , though disputed , were roughly equal , at some 200,000 -- 400,000 per side . These years of trench warfare in the West saw no major exchanges of territory and , as a result , are often thought of as static and unchanging . However , throughout this period , British , French , and German tactics constantly evolved to meet new battlefield challenges . Naval war Main article : Naval warfare of World War I Battleships of the Hochseeflotte , 1917 At the start of the war , the German Empire had cruisers scattered across the globe , some of which were subsequently used to attack Allied merchant shipping . The British Royal Navy systematically hunted them down , though not without some embarrassment from its inability to protect Allied shipping . For example , the German detached light cruiser SMS Emden , part of the East - Asia squadron stationed at Qingdao , seized or destroyed 15 merchantmen , as well as sinking a Russian cruiser and a French destroyer . However , most of the German East - Asia squadron -- consisting of the armoured cruisers SMS Scharnhorst and Gneisenau , light cruisers Nürnberg and Leipzig and two transport ships -- did not have orders to raid shipping and was instead underway to Germany when it met British warships . The German flotilla and Dresden sank two armoured cruisers at the Battle of Coronel , but was virtually destroyed at the Battle of the Falkland Islands in December 1914 , with only Dresden and a few auxiliaries escaping , but after the Battle of Más a Tierra these too had been destroyed or interned . Soon after the outbreak of hostilities , Britain began a naval blockade of Germany . The strategy proved effective , cutting off vital military and civilian supplies , although this blockade violated accepted international law codified by several international agreements of the past two centuries . Britain mined international waters to prevent any ships from entering entire sections of ocean , causing danger to even neutral ships . Since there was limited response to this tactic of the British , Germany expected a similar response to its unrestricted submarine warfare . The Battle of Jutland ( German : Skagerrakschlacht , or `` Battle of the Skagerrak '' ) developed into the largest naval battle of the war . It was the only full - scale clash of battleships during the war , and one of the largest in history . The Kaiserliche Marine 's High Seas Fleet , commanded by Vice Admiral Reinhard Scheer , fought the Royal Navy 's Grand Fleet , led by Admiral Sir John Jellicoe . The engagement was a stand off , as the Germans were outmanoeuvred by the larger British fleet , but managed to escape and inflicted more damage to the British fleet than they received . Strategically , however , the British asserted their control of the sea , and the bulk of the German surface fleet remained confined to port for the duration of the war . U-155 exhibited near Tower Bridge in London , after the 1918 Armistice . German U-boats attempted to cut the supply lines between North America and Britain . The nature of submarine warfare meant that attacks often came without warning , giving the crews of the merchant ships little hope of survival . The United States launched a protest , and Germany changed its rules of engagement . After the sinking of the passenger ship RMS Lusitania in 1915 , Germany promised not to target passenger liners , while Britain armed its merchant ships , placing them beyond the protection of the `` cruiser rules '' , which demanded warning and movement of crews to `` a place of safety '' ( a standard that lifeboats did not meet ) . Finally , in early 1917 , Germany adopted a policy of unrestricted submarine warfare , realising that the Americans would eventually enter the war . Germany sought to strangle Allied sea lanes before the United States could transport a large army overseas , but after initial successes eventually failed to do so . The U-boat threat lessened in 1917 , when merchant ships began travelling in convoys , escorted by destroyers . This tactic made it difficult for U-boats to find targets , which significantly lessened losses ; after the hydrophone and depth charges were introduced , accompanying destroyers could attack a submerged submarine with some hope of success . Convoys slowed the flow of supplies , since ships had to wait as convoys were assembled . The solution to the delays was an extensive program of building new freighters . Troopships were too fast for the submarines and did not travel the North Atlantic in convoys . The U-boats had sunk more than 5,000 Allied ships , at a cost of 199 submarines . World War I also saw the first use of aircraft carriers in combat , with HMS Furious launching Sopwith Camels in a successful raid against the Zeppelin hangars at Tondern in July 1918 , as well as blimps for antisubmarine patrol . Southern theatres War in the Balkans Main articles : Balkans Campaign ( World War I ) , Bulgaria during World War I , Serbian Campaign ( World War I ) , and Macedonian Front Austro - Hungarian troops executing captured Serbians , 1917 . Serbia lost about 850,000 people during the war , a quarter of its pre-war population . Bulgarian soldiers in a trench , preparing to fire against an incoming airplane . Refugee transport from Serbia in Leibnitz , Styria , 1914 Faced with Russia , Austria - Hungary could spare only one - third of its army to attack Serbia . After suffering heavy losses , the Austrians briefly occupied the Serbian capital , Belgrade . A Serbian counter-attack in the Battle of Kolubara succeeded in driving them from the country by the end of 1914 . For the first ten months of 1915 , Austria - Hungary used most of its military reserves to fight Italy . German and Austro - Hungarian diplomats , however , scored a coup by persuading Bulgaria to join the attack on Serbia . The Austro - Hungarian provinces of Slovenia , Croatia and Bosnia provided troops for Austria - Hungary , in the fight with Serbia , Russia and Italy . Montenegro allied itself with Serbia . Bulgaria declared war on Serbia , 12 October and joined in the attack by the Austro - Hungarian army under Mackensen 's army of 250,000 that was already underway . Serbia was conquered in a little more than a month , as the Central Powers , now including Bulgaria , sent in 600,000 troops total . The Serbian army , fighting on two fronts and facing certain defeat , retreated into northern Albania . The Serbs suffered defeat in the Battle of Kosovo . Montenegro covered the Serbian retreat towards the Adriatic coast in the Battle of Mojkovac in 6 -- 7 January 1916 , but ultimately the Austrians also conquered Montenegro . The surviving Serbian soldiers were evacuated by ship to Greece . After conquest , Serbia was divided between Austro - Hungary and Bulgaria . In late 1915 , a Franco - British force landed at Salonica in Greece , to offer assistance and to pressure its government to declare war against the Central Powers . However , the pro-German King Constantine I dismissed the pro-Allied government of Eleftherios Venizelos before the Allied expeditionary force arrived . The friction between the King of Greece and the Allies continued to accumulate with the National Schism , which effectively divided Greece between regions still loyal to the king and the new provisional government of Venizelos in Salonica . After intense negotiations and an armed confrontation in Athens between Allied and royalist forces ( an incident known as Noemvriana ) , the King of Greece resigned and his second son Alexander took his place ; Greece then officially joined the war on the side of the Allies . In the beginning , the Macedonian Front was mostly static . French and Serbian forces retook limited areas of Macedonia by recapturing Bitola on 19 November 1916 following the costly Monastir Offensive , which brought stabilization of the front . Serbian and French troops finally made a breakthrough in September 1918 , after most of the German and Austro - Hungarian troops had been withdrawn . The Bulgarians suffered their only defeat of the war at the Battle of Dobro Pole . Bulgaria capitulated two weeks later , on 29 September 1918 . The German high command responded by despatching troops to hold the line , but these forces were far too weak to reestablish a front . The disappearance of the Macedonian Front meant that the road to Budapest and Vienna was now opened to Allied forces . Hindenburg and Ludendorff concluded that the strategic and operational balance had now shifted decidedly against the Central Powers and , a day after the Bulgarian collapse , insisted on an immediate peace settlement . Ottoman Empire Main article : History of the Ottoman Empire during World War I See also : Middle Eastern theatre of World War I Australian troops charging near a Turkish trench during the Gallipoli Campaign Mehmed V greeting Wilhelm II on his arrival at Constantinople Kaiser Wilhelm II inspecting Turkish troops of the 15th Corps in East Galicia , Poland . Prince Leopold of Bavaria , the Supreme Commander of the German Army on the Eastern Front , is second from the left . Russian forest trench at the Battle of Sarikamish , 1914 -- 1915 The Ottomans threatened Russia 's Caucasian territories and Britain 's communications with India via the Suez Canal . As the conflict progressed , the Ottoman Empire took advantage of the European powers ' preoccupation with the war and conducted large - scale ethnic cleansing of the indigenous Armenian , Greek , and Assyrian Christian populations , known as the Armenian Genocide , Greek Genocide , and Assyrian Genocide . The British and French opened overseas fronts with the Gallipoli ( 1915 ) and Mesopotamian campaigns ( 1914 ) . In Gallipoli , the Ottoman Empire successfully repelled the British , French , and Australian and New Zealand Army Corps ( ANZACs ) . In Mesopotamia , by contrast , after the defeat of the British defenders in the Siege of Kut by the Ottomans ( 1915 -- 16 ) , British Imperial forces reorganised and captured Baghdad in March 1917 . The British were aided in Mesopotamia by local Arab and Assyrian tribesmen , while the Ottomans employed local Kurdish and Turcoman tribes . Further to the west , the Suez Canal was defended from Ottoman attacks in 1915 and 1916 ; in August , a German and Ottoman force was defeated at the Battle of Romani by the ANZAC Mounted Division and the 52nd ( Lowland ) Infantry Division . Following this victory , an Egyptian Expeditionary Force advanced across the Sinai Peninsula , pushing Ottoman forces back in the Battle of Magdhaba in December and the Battle of Rafa on the border between the Egyptian Sinai and Ottoman Palestine in January 1917 . Russian armies generally saw success in the Caucasus . Enver Pasha , supreme commander of the Ottoman armed forces , was ambitious and dreamed of re-conquering central Asia and areas that had been lost to Russia previously . He was , however , a poor commander . He launched an offensive against the Russians in the Caucasus in December 1914 with 100,000 troops , insisting on a frontal attack against mountainous Russian positions in winter . He lost 86 % of his force at the Battle of Sarikamish . The Ottoman Empire , with German support , invaded Persia ( modern Iran ) in December 1914 in an effort to cut off British and Russian access to petroleum reservoirs around Baku near the Caspian Sea . Persia , ostensibly neutral , had long been under the spheres of British and Russian influence . The Ottomans and Germans were aided by Kurdish and Azeri forces , together with a large number of major Iranian tribes , such as the Qashqai , Tangistanis , Luristanis , and Khamseh , while the Russians and British had the support of Armenian and Assyrian forces . The Persian Campaign was to last until 1918 and end in failure for the Ottomans and their allies . However the Russian withdrawal from the war in 1917 led to Armenian and Assyrian forces , who had hitherto inflicted a series of defeats upon the forces of the Ottomans and their allies , being cut off from supply lines , outnumbered , outgunned and isolated , forcing them to fight and flee towards British lines in northern Mesopotamia . General Yudenich , the Russian commander from 1915 to 1916 , drove the Turks out of most of the southern Caucasus with a string of victories . In 1917 , Russian Grand Duke Nicholas assumed command of the Caucasus front . Nicholas planned a railway from Russian Georgia to the conquered territories , so that fresh supplies could be brought up for a new offensive in 1917 . However , in March 1917 ( February in the pre-revolutionary Russian calendar ) , the Czar abdicated in the course of the February Revolution and the Russian Caucasus Army began to fall apart . The Arab Revolt , instigated by the Arab bureau of the British Foreign Office , started June 1916 with the Battle of Mecca , led by Sherif Hussein of Mecca , and ended with the Ottoman surrender of Damascus . Fakhri Pasha , the Ottoman commander of Medina , resisted for more than two and half years during the Siege of Medina before surrendering . The Senussi tribe , along the border of Italian Libya and British Egypt , incited and armed by the Turks , waged a small - scale guerrilla war against Allied troops . The British were forced to dispatch 12,000 troops to oppose them in the Senussi Campaign . Their rebellion was finally crushed in mid-1916 . Total Allied casualties on the Ottoman fronts amounted 650,000 men . Total Ottoman casualties were 725,000 ( 325,000 dead and 400,000 wounded ) . Italian participation Main articles : Italian Front ( World War I ) and Albania during World War I Further information : Battles of the Isonzo A pro-war demonstration in Bologna , 1914 . Italy had been allied with the German and Austro - Hungarian Empires since 1882 as part of the Triple Alliance . However , the nation had its own designs on Austrian territory in Trentino , the Austrian Littoral , Fiume ( Rijeka ) and Dalmatia . Rome had a secret 1902 pact with France , effectively nullifying its part in the Triple Alliance . At the start of hostilities , Italy refused to commit troops , arguing that the Triple Alliance was defensive and that Austria - Hungary was an aggressor . The Austro - Hungarian government began negotiations to secure Italian neutrality , offering the French colony of Tunisia in return . The Allies made a counter-offer in which Italy would receive the Southern Tyrol , Austrian Littoral and territory on the Dalmatian coast after the defeat of Austria - Hungary . This was formalised by the Treaty of London . Further encouraged by the Allied invasion of Turkey in April 1915 , Italy joined the Triple Entente and declared war on Austria - Hungary on 23 May . Fifteen months later , Italy declared war on Germany . Austro - Hungarian troops , Tyrol . The Italians had numerical superiority but this advantage was lost , not only because of the difficult terrain in which the fighting took place , but also because of the strategies and tactics employed . Field Marshal Luigi Cadorna , a staunch proponent of the frontal assault , had dreams of breaking into the Slovenian plateau , taking Ljubljana and threatening Vienna . On the Trentino front , the Austro - Hungarians took advantage of the mountainous terrain , which favoured the defender . After an initial strategic retreat , the front remained largely unchanged , while Austrian Kaiserschützen and Standschützen engaged Italian Alpini in bitter hand - to - hand combat throughout the summer . The Austro - Hungarians counterattacked in the Altopiano of Asiago , towards Verona and Padua , in the spring of 1916 ( Strafexpedition ) , but made little progress . Beginning in 1915 , the Italians under Cadorna mounted eleven offensives on the Isonzo front along the Isonzo ( Soča ) River , northeast of Trieste . All eleven offensives were repelled by the Austro - Hungarians , who held the higher ground . In the summer of 1916 , after the Battle of Doberdò , the Italians captured the town of Gorizia . After this minor victory , the front remained static for over a year , despite several Italian offensives , centred on the Banjšice and Karst Plateau east of Gorizia . Depiction of the Battle of Doberdò , fought in August 1916 between the Italian and the Austro - Hungarian armies The Central Powers launched a crushing offensive on 26 October 1917 , spearheaded by the Germans . They achieved a victory at Caporetto ( Kobarid ) . The Italian Army was routed and retreated more than 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) to reorganise , stabilising the front at the Piave River . Since the Italian Army had suffered heavy losses in the Battle of Caporetto , the Italian Government called to arms the so - called ' 99 Boys ( Ragazzi del ' 99 ) : that is , all males born 1899 and prior , and so were 18 years old or older . In 1918 , the Austro - Hungarians failed to break through in a series of battles on the Piave and were finally decisively defeated in the Battle of Vittorio Veneto in October of that year . On 1 November , the Italian Navy destroyed much of the Austro - Hungarian fleet stationed in Pula , preventing it from being handed over to the new State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs . On 3 November , the Italians invaded Trieste from the sea . On the same day , the Armistice of Villa Giusti was signed . By mid-November 1918 , the Italian military occupied the entire former Austrian Littoral and had seized control of the portion of Dalmatia that had been guaranteed to Italy by the London Pact . By the end of hostilities in November 1918 , Admiral Enrico Millo declared himself Italy 's Governor of Dalmatia . Austria - Hungary surrendered on 11 November 1918 . Romanian participation Main article : Romania during World War I Marshal Joffre inspecting Romanian troops , 1916 Romanian troops during the Battle of Mărăşeşti , 1917 Romania had been allied with the Central Powers since 1882 . When the war began , however , it declared its neutrality , arguing that because Austria - Hungary had itself declared war on Serbia , Romania was under no obligation to join the war . When the Entente Powers promised Romania Transylvania and Banat , large territories of eastern Hungary , in exchange for Romania 's declaring war on the Central Powers , the Romanian government renounced its neutrality . On 27 August 1916 , the Romanian Army launched an attack against Austria - Hungary , with limited Russian support . The Romanian offensive was initially successful , against the Austro - Hungarian troops in Transylvania , but a counterattack by the forces of the Central Powers drove them back . As a result of the Battle of Bucharest , the Central Powers occupied Bucharest on 6 December 1916 . Fighting in Moldova continued in 1917 , resulting in a costly stalemate for the Central Powers . Russian withdrawal from the war in late 1917 as a result of the October Revolution meant that Romania was forced to sign an armistice with the Central Powers on 9 December 1917 . In January 1918 , Romanian forces established control over Bessarabia as the Russian Army abandoned the province . Although a treaty was signed by the Romanian and the Bolshevik Russian governments following talks between 5 and 9 March 1918 on the withdrawal of Romanian forces from Bessarabia within two months , on 27 March 1918 Romania attached Bessarabia to its territory , formally based on a resolution passed by the local assembly of that territory on its unification with Romania . Romania officially made peace with the Central Powers by signing the Treaty of Bucharest on 7 May 1918 . Under that treaty , Romania was obliged to end the war with the Central Powers and make small territorial concessions to Austria - Hungary , ceding control of some passes in the Carpathian Mountains , and to grant oil concessions to Germany . In exchange , the Central Powers recognised the sovereignty of Romania over Bessarabia . The treaty was renounced in October 1918 by the Alexandru Marghiloman government , and Romania nominally re-entered the war on 10 November 1918 . The next day , the Treaty of Bucharest was nullified by the terms of the Armistice of Compiègne . Total Romanian deaths from 1914 to 1918 , military and civilian , within contemporary borders , were estimated at 748,000 . Eastern front Main article : Eastern Front ( World War I ) Heir presumptive Karl visiting the fortress of Przemyśl after the first siege . The Russian Siege of Przemyśl was the longest siege of the war . Initial actions While the Western Front had reached stalemate , the war continued in East Europe . Initial Russian plans called for simultaneous invasions of Austrian Galicia and East Prussia . Although Russia 's initial advance into Galicia was largely successful , it was driven back from East Prussia by Hindenburg and Ludendorff at the Battle of Tannenberg and the Masurian Lakes in August and September 1914 . Russia 's less developed industrial base and ineffective military leadership were instrumental in the events that unfolded . By the spring of 1915 , the Russians had retreated to Galicia , and , in May , the Central Powers achieved a remarkable breakthrough on Poland 's southern frontiers . On 5 August , they captured Warsaw and forced the Russians to withdraw from Poland . Russian Revolution Main article : Russian Revolution Allied troops parade through Vladivostok in armed support of the anti-communist White Army , September 1918 Treaty of Brest - Litovsk , 1918 . Count Ottokar von Czernin Richard von Kühlmann Vasil Radoslavov Despite Russia 's success with the June 1916 Brusilov Offensive in eastern Galicia , dissatisfaction with the Russian government 's conduct of the war grew . The offensive 's success was undermined by the reluctance of other generals to commit their forces to support the victory . Allied and Russian forces were revived only temporarily by Romania 's entry into the war on 27 August . German forces came to the aid of embattled Austro - Hungarian units in Transylvania while a German - Bulgarian force attacked from the south , and Bucharest was retaken by the Central Powers on 6 December . Meanwhile , unrest grew in Russia , as the Tsar remained at the front . Empress Alexandra 's increasingly incompetent rule drew protests and resulted in the murder of her favourite , Rasputin , at the end of 1916 . In March 1917 , demonstrations in Petrograd culminated in the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II and the appointment of a weak Provisional Government , which shared power with the Petrograd Soviet socialists . This arrangement led to confusion and chaos both at the front and at home . The army became increasingly ineffective . Following the Tsar 's abdication , Vladimir Lenin was ushered by train from Switzerland into Russia 16 April 1917 . He was financed by Jacob Schiff . Discontent and the weaknesses of the Provisional Government led to a rise in the popularity of the Bolshevik Party , led by Lenin , which demanded an immediate end to the war . The Revolution of November was followed in December by an armistice and negotiations with Germany . At first , the Bolsheviks refused the German terms , but when German troops began marching across Ukraine unopposed , the new government acceded to the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk on 3 March 1918 . The treaty ceded vast territories , including Finland , the Baltic provinces , parts of Poland and Ukraine to the Central Powers . Despite this enormous apparent German success , the manpower required for German occupation of former Russian territory may have contributed to the failure of the Spring Offensive and secured relatively little food or other materiel for the Central Powers war effort . With the adoption of the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk , the Entente no longer existed . The Allied powers led a small - scale invasion of Russia , partly to stop Germany from exploiting Russian resources , and to a lesser extent , to support the `` Whites '' ( as opposed to the `` Reds '' ) in the Russian Civil War . Allied troops landed in Arkhangelsk and in Vladivostok as part of the North Russia Intervention . Czechoslovak Legion Czechoslovak Legion , Vladivostok , 1918 . Main article : Czechoslovak Legion The Czechoslovak Legion fought with the Entente ; their goal was to win support for the independence of Czechoslovakia . The Legion in Russia was established in September 1914 , in December 1917 in France ( including volunteers from America ) and in April 1918 in Italy . Czechoslovak Legion troops defeated the Austro - Hungarian army at the Ukrainian village of Zborov , in July 1917 . After this success , the number of Czechoslovak legionaries increased , as well as Czechoslovak military power . In the Battle of Bakhmach , the Legion defeated the Germans and forced them to make a truce . In Russia , they were heavily involved in the Russian Civil War , siding with the Whites against the Bolsheviks , at times controlling most of the Trans - Siberian railway and conquering all the major cities of Siberia . The presence of the Czechoslovak Legion near Yekaterinburg appears to have been one of the motivations for the Bolshevik execution of the Tsar and his family in July 1918 . Legionaries arrived less than a week afterwards and captured the city . Because Russia 's European ports were not safe , the corps was evacuated by a long detour via the port of Vladivostok . The last transport was the American ship Heffron in September 1920 . Central Powers peace overtures `` They shall not pass '' , a phrase typically associated with the defense of Verdun . In December 1916 , after ten brutal months of the Battle of Verdun and a successful offensive against Romania , the Germans attempted to negotiate a peace with the Allies . Soon after , the U.S. President , Woodrow Wilson , attempted to intervene as a peacemaker , asking in a note for both sides to state their demands . Lloyd George 's War Cabinet considered the German offer to be a ploy to create divisions amongst the Allies . After initial outrage and much deliberation , they took Wilson 's note as a separate effort , signalling that the United States was on the verge of entering the war against Germany following the `` submarine outrages '' . While the Allies debated a response to Wilson 's offer , the Germans chose to rebuff it in favour of `` a direct exchange of views '' . Learning of the German response , the Allied governments were free to make clear demands in their response of 14 January . They sought restoration of damages , the evacuation of occupied territories , reparations for France , Russia and Romania , and a recognition of the principle of nationalities . This included the liberation of Italians , Slavs , Romanians , Czecho - Slovaks , and the creation of a `` free and united Poland '' . On the question of security , the Allies sought guarantees that would prevent or limit future wars , complete with sanctions , as a condition of any peace settlement . The negotiations failed and the Entente powers rejected the German offer , because Germany did not state any specific proposals . The Entente powers stated to Wilson that they would not start peace negotiations until the Central powers evacuated all occupied Allied territories and provided indemnities for all damage which had been done . 1917 -- 1918 Developments in 1917 French Army lookout at his observation post , Haut - Rhin , France , 1917 . German film crew recording the action . Events of 1917 proved decisive in ending the war , although their effects were not fully felt until 1918 . The British naval blockade began to have a serious impact on Germany . In response , in February 1917 , the German General Staff convinced Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann - Hollweg to declare unrestricted submarine warfare , with the goal of starving Britain out of the war . German planners estimated that unrestricted submarine warfare would cost Britain a monthly shipping loss of 600,000 tons . The General Staff acknowledged that the policy would almost certainly bring the United States into the conflict , but calculated that British shipping losses would be so high that they would be forced to sue for peace after 5 to 6 months , before American intervention could make an impact . In reality , tonnage sunk rose above 500,000 tons per month from February to July . It peaked at 860,000 tons in April . After July , the newly re-introduced convoy system became effective in reducing the U-boat threat . Britain was safe from starvation , while German industrial output fell and the United States joined the war far earlier than Germany had anticipated . On 3 May 1917 , during the Nivelle Offensive , the French 2nd Colonial Division , veterans of the Battle of Verdun , refused orders , arriving drunk and without their weapons . Their officers lacked the means to punish an entire division , and harsh measures were not immediately implemented . The French Army Mutinies eventually spread to a further 54 French divisions and saw 20,000 men desert . However , appeals to patriotism and duty , as well as mass arrests and trials , encouraged the soldiers to return to defend their trenches , although the French soldiers refused to participate in further offensive action . Robert Nivelle was removed from command by 15 May , replaced by General Philippe Pétain , who suspended bloody large - scale attacks . The victory of the Central Powers at the Battle of Caporetto led the Allies to convene the Rapallo Conference at which they formed the Supreme War Council to coordinate planning . Previously , British and French armies had operated under separate commands . In December , the Central Powers signed an armistice with Russia , thus freeing large numbers of German troops for use in the west . With German reinforcements and new American troops pouring in , the outcome was to be decided on the Western Front . The Central Powers knew that they could not win a protracted war , but they held high hopes for success based on a final quick offensive . Furthermore , both sides became increasingly fearful of social unrest and revolution in Europe . Thus , both sides urgently sought a decisive victory . In 1917 , Emperor Charles I of Austria secretly attempted separate peace negotiations with Clemenceau , through his wife 's brother Sixtus in Belgium as an intermediary , without the knowledge of Germany . Italy opposed the proposals . When the negotiations failed , his attempt was revealed to Germany , resulting in a diplomatic catastrophe . Ottoman Empire conflict , 1917 -- 1918 Main article : Sinai and Palestine Campaign 10.5 cm Feldhaubitze 98 / 09 and Ottoman artillerymen at Hareira in 1917 before the Southern Palestine offensive . Ottoman troops during Mesopotamian campaign . British artillery battery on Mount Scopus in the Battle of Jerusalem , 1917 . British troops on the march during Mesopotamian campaign , 1917 In March and April 1917 , at the First and Second Battles of Gaza , German and Ottoman forces stopped the advance of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force , which had begun in August 1916 at the Battle of Romani . At the end of October , the Sinai and Palestine Campaign resumed , when General Edmund Allenby 's XXth Corps , XXI Corps and Desert Mounted Corps won the Battle of Beersheba . Two Ottoman armies were defeated a few weeks later at the Battle of Mughar Ridge and , early in December , Jerusalem was captured following another Ottoman defeat at the Battle of Jerusalem ( 1917 ) . About this time , Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein was relieved of his duties as the Eighth Army 's commander , replaced by Djevad Pasha , and a few months later the commander of the Ottoman Army in Palestine , Erich von Falkenhayn , was replaced by Otto Liman von Sanders . In early 1918 , the front line was extended and the Jordan Valley was occupied , following the First Transjordan and the Second Transjordan attack by British Empire forces in March and April 1918 . In March , most of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force 's British infantry and Yeomanry cavalry were sent to the Western Front as a consequence of the Spring Offensive . They were replaced by Indian Army units . During several months of reorganisation and training of the summer , a number of attacks were carried out on sections of the Ottoman front line . These pushed the front line north to more advantageous positions for the Entente in preparation for an attack and to acclimatise the newly arrived Indian Army infantry . It was not until the middle of September that the integrated force was ready for large - scale operations . The reorganised Egyptian Expeditionary Force , with an additional mounted division , broke Ottoman forces at the Battle of Megiddo in September 1918 . In two days the British and Indian infantry , supported by a creeping barrage , broke the Ottoman front line and captured the headquarters of the Eighth Army ( Ottoman Empire ) at Tulkarm , the continuous trench lines at Tabsor , Arara and the Seventh Army ( Ottoman Empire ) headquarters at Nablus . The Desert Mounted Corps rode through the break in the front line created by the infantry and , during virtually continuous operations by Australian Light Horse , British mounted Yeomanry , Indian Lancers and New Zealand Mounted Rifle brigades in the Jezreel Valley , they captured Nazareth , Afulah and Beisan , Jenin , along with Haifa on the Mediterranean coast and Daraa east of the Jordan River on the Hejaz railway . Samakh and Tiberias on the Sea of Galilee , were captured on the way northwards to Damascus . Meanwhile , Chaytor 's Force of Australian light horse , New Zealand mounted rifles , Indian , British West Indies and Jewish infantry captured the crossings of the Jordan River , Es Salt , Amman and at Ziza most of the Fourth Army ( Ottoman Empire ) . The Armistice of Mudros , signed at the end of October , ended hostilities with the Ottoman Empire when fighting was continuing north of Aleppo . 15 August 1917 : peace offer by the Pope See also : Pope Benedict XV § Peace efforts On or shortly before 15 August 1917 Pope Benedict XV made a peace proposal suggesting : No annexations No indemnities , except to compensate for severe war damage in Belgium and parts of France and of Serbia . A solution to the problems of Alsace - Lorraine and Trentino and Trieste Restoration of the Kingdom of Poland Germany to pull out of Belgium and France Germany 's overseas colonies to be returned to Germany General disarmament A Supreme Court of arbitration to settle future disputes between nations The freedom of the seas Abolish all retaliatory economic conflicts No point in ordering reparations , because so much damage had been caused to all belligerents Entry of the United States Main article : American entry into World War I President Wilson before Congress , announcing the break in official relations with Germany on 3 February 1917 At the outbreak of the war , the United States pursued a policy of non-intervention , avoiding conflict while trying to broker a peace . When the German U-boat U-20 sank the British liner RMS Lusitania on 7 May 1915 with 128 Americans among the dead , President Woodrow Wilson insisted that `` America is too proud to fight '' but demanded an end to attacks on passenger ships . Germany complied . Wilson unsuccessfully tried to mediate a settlement . However , he also repeatedly warned that the United States would not tolerate unrestricted submarine warfare , in violation of international law . Former president Theodore Roosevelt denounced German acts as `` piracy '' . Wilson was narrowly reelected in 1916 as his supporters emphasized `` he kept us out of war '' . In January 1917 , Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare , realizing it would mean American entry . The German Foreign Minister , in the Zimmermann Telegram , invited Mexico to join the war as Germany 's ally against the United States . In return , the Germans would finance Mexico 's war and help it recover the territories of Texas , New Mexico , and Arizona . The United Kingdom intercepted the message and presented it to the U.S. embassy in the U.K. From there it made its way to President Wilson who released the Zimmermann note to the public , and Americans saw it as casus belli . Wilson called on antiwar elements to end all wars , by winning this one and eliminating militarism from the globe . He argued that the war was so important that the U.S. had to have a voice in the peace conference . After the sinking of seven U.S. merchant ships by submarines and the publication of the Zimmermann telegram , Wilson called for war on Germany , which the U.S. Congress declared on 6 April 1917 . The United States was never formally a member of the Allies but became a self - styled `` Associated Power '' . The United States had a small army , but , after the passage of the Selective Service Act , it drafted 2.8 million men , and , by summer 1918 , was sending 10,000 fresh soldiers to France every day . In 1917 , the U.S. Congress granted U.S. citizenship to Puerto Ricans to allow them to be drafted to participate in World War I , as part of the Jones -- Shafroth Act . If Germany believed it would be many more months before American soldiers would arrive and that their arrival could be stopped by U-boats , it had miscalculated . The United States Navy sent a battleship group to Scapa Flow to join with the British Grand Fleet , destroyers to Queenstown , Ireland , and submarines to help guard convoys . Several regiments of U.S. Marines were also dispatched to France . The British and French wanted American units used to reinforce their troops already on the battle lines and not waste scarce shipping on bringing over supplies . General John J. Pershing , American Expeditionary Forces ( AEF ) commander , refused to break up American units to be used as filler material . As an exception , he did allow African - American combat regiments to be used in French divisions . The Harlem Hellfighters fought as part of the French 16th Division , and earned a unit Croix de Guerre for their actions at Château - Thierry , Belleau Wood , and Sechault . AEF doctrine called for the use of frontal assaults , which had long since been discarded by British Empire and French commanders due to the large loss of life that resulted . German spring offensive of 1918 Main article : Spring Offensive British 55th Division soldiers , blinded by tear gas during the Battle of Estaires , 10 April 1918 French soldiers under General Gouraud , with machine guns amongst the ruins of a cathedral near the Marne , 1918 . Ludendorff drew up plans ( codenamed Operation Michael ) for the 1918 offensive on the Western Front . The Spring Offensive sought to divide the British and French forces with a series of feints and advances . The German leadership hoped to end the war before significant U.S. forces arrived . The operation commenced on 21 March 1918 , with an attack on British forces near Saint - Quentin . German forces achieved an unprecedented advance of 60 kilometres ( 37 mi ) . British and French trenches were penetrated using novel infiltration tactics , also named Hutier tactics , after General Oskar von Hutier , by specially trained units called stormtroopers . Previously , attacks had been characterised by long artillery bombardments and massed assaults . However , in the Spring Offensive of 1918 , Ludendorff used artillery only briefly and infiltrated small groups of infantry at weak points . They attacked command and logistics areas and bypassed points of serious resistance . More heavily armed infantry then destroyed these isolated positions . This German success relied greatly on the element of surprise . The front moved to within 120 kilometres ( 75 mi ) of Paris . Three heavy Krupp railway guns fired 183 shells on the capital , causing many Parisians to flee . The initial offensive was so successful that Kaiser Wilhelm II declared 24 March a national holiday . Many Germans thought victory was near . After heavy fighting , however , the offensive was halted . Lacking tanks or motorised artillery , the Germans were unable to consolidate their gains . The problems of re-supply were also exacerbated by increasing distances that now stretched over terrain that was shell - torn and often impassable to traffic . General Foch pressed to use the arriving American troops as individual replacements , whereas Pershing sought to field American units as an independent force . These units were assigned to the depleted French and British Empire commands on 28 March . A Supreme War Council of Allied forces was created at the Doullens Conference on 5 November 1917 . General Foch was appointed as supreme commander of the Allied forces . Haig , Petain , and Pershing retained tactical control of their respective armies ; Foch assumed a coordinating rather than a directing role , and the British , French , and U.S. commands operated largely independently . Following Operation Michael , Germany launched Operation Georgette against the northern English Channel ports . The Allies halted the drive after limited territorial gains by Germany . The German Army to the south then conducted Operations Blücher and Yorck , pushing broadly towards Paris . Germany launched Operation Marne ( Second Battle of the Marne ) 15 July , in an attempt to encircle Reims . The resulting counterattack , which started the Hundred Days Offensive , marked the first successful Allied offensive of the war . By 20 July , the Germans had retreated across the Marne to their starting lines , having achieved little , and the German Army never regained the initiative . German casualties between March and April 1918 were 270,000 , including many highly trained storm troopers . Meanwhile , Germany was falling apart at home . Anti-war marches became frequent and morale in the army fell . Industrial output was half the 1913 levels . New States under war zone In the late spring of 1918 , three new states were formed in the South Caucasus : the First Republic of Armenia , the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic , and the Democratic Republic of Georgia , which declared their independence from the Russian Empire . Two other minor entities were established , the Centrocaspian Dictatorship and South West Caucasian Republic ( the former was liquidated by Azerbaijan in the autumn of 1918 and the latter by a joint Armenian - British task force in early 1919 ) . With the withdrawal of the Russian armies from the Caucasus front in the winter of 1917 -- 18 , the three major republics braced for an imminent Ottoman advance , which commenced in the early months of 1918 . Solidarity was briefly maintained when the Transcaucasian Federative Republic was created in the spring of 1918 , but this collapsed in May , when the Georgians asked for and received protection from Germany and the Azerbaijanis concluded a treaty with the Ottoman Empire that was more akin to a military alliance . Armenia was left to fend for itself and struggled for five months against the threat of a full - fledged occupation by the Ottoman Turks before defeating them at the Battle of Sardarabad . Allied victory : summer 1918 onwards Between April and November 1918 , the Allies increased their front - line rifle strength while German strength fell by half . Hundred days offensive Main articles : Hundred Days Offensive and Weimar Republic Aerial view of ruins of Vaux - devant - Damloup , France , 1918 The Allied counteroffensive , known as the Hundred Days Offensive , began on 8 August 1918 , with the Battle of Amiens . The battle involved over 400 tanks and 120,000 British , Dominion , and French troops , and by the end of its first day a gap 24 kilometres ( 15 mi ) long had been created in the German lines . The defenders displayed a marked collapse in morale , causing Ludendorff to refer to this day as the `` Black Day of the German army '' . After an advance as far as 23 kilometres ( 14 mi ) , German resistance stiffened , and the battle was concluded on 12 August . Rather than continuing the Amiens battle past the point of initial success , as had been done so many times in the past , the Allies shifted their attention elsewhere . Allied leaders had now realised that to continue an attack after resistance had hardened was a waste of lives , and it was better to turn a line than to try to roll over it . They began to undertake attacks in quick order to take advantage of successful advances on the flanks , then broke them off when each attack lost its initial impetus . Canadian Scottish , advancing during the Battle of the Canal du Nord , 1918 British and Dominion forces launched the next phase of the campaign with the Battle of Albert on 21 August . The assault was widened by French and then further British forces in the following days . During the last week of August the Allied pressure along a 110 - kilometre ( 68 mi ) front against the enemy was heavy and unrelenting . From German accounts , `` Each day was spent in bloody fighting against an ever and again on - storming enemy , and nights passed without sleep in retirements to new lines . '' Faced with these advances , on 2 September the German Supreme Army Command issued orders to withdraw to the Hindenburg Line in the south . This ceded without a fight the salient seized the previous April . According to Ludendorff `` We had to admit the necessity ... to withdraw the entire front from the Scarpe to the Vesle . September saw the Allies advance to the Hindenburg Line in the north and centre . The Germans continued to fight strong rear - guard actions and launched numerous counterattacks on lost positions , but only a few succeeded , and those only temporarily . Contested towns , villages , heights , and trenches in the screening positions and outposts of the Hindenburg Line continued to fall to the Allies , with the BEF alone taking 30,441 prisoners in the last week of September . On 24 September an assault by both the British and French came within 3 kilometres ( 2 mi ) of St. Quentin . The Germans had now retreated to positions along or behind the Hindenburg Line . An American major , piloting an observation balloon near the front , 1918 In nearly four weeks of fighting beginning on 8 August , over 100,000 German prisoners were taken . As of `` The Black Day of the German Army '' , the German High Command realised that the war was lost and made attempts to reach a satisfactory end . The day after that battle , Ludendorff said : `` We can not win the war any more , but we must not lose it either . '' On 11 August he offered his resignation to the Kaiser , who refused it , replying , `` I see that we must strike a balance . We have nearly reached the limit of our powers of resistance . The war must be ended . '' On 13 August , at Spa , Hindenburg , Ludendorff , the Chancellor , and Foreign Minister Hintz agreed that the war could not be ended militarily and , on the following day , the German Crown Council decided that victory in the field was now most improbable . Austria and Hungary warned that they could only continue the war until December , and Ludendorff recommended immediate peace negotiations . Prince Rupprecht warned Prince Max of Baden : `` Our military situation has deteriorated so rapidly that I no longer believe we can hold out over the winter ; it is even possible that a catastrophe will come earlier . '' On 10 September Hindenburg urged peace moves to Emperor Charles of Austria , and Germany appealed to the Netherlands for mediation . On 14 September Austria sent a note to all belligerents and neutrals suggesting a meeting for peace talks on neutral soil , and on 15 September Germany made a peace offer to Belgium . Both peace offers were rejected , and on 24 September Supreme Army Command informed the leaders in Berlin that armistice talks were inevitable . The final assault on the Hindenburg Line began with the Meuse - Argonne Offensive , launched by French and American troops on 26 September . The following week , cooperating French and American units broke through in Champagne at the Battle of Blanc Mont Ridge , forcing the Germans off the commanding heights , and closing towards the Belgian frontier . On 8 October the line was pierced again by British and Dominion troops at the Battle of Cambrai . The German army had to shorten its front and use the Dutch frontier as an anchor to fight rear - guard actions as it fell back towards Germany . When Bulgaria signed a separate armistice on 29 September , Ludendorff , having been under great stress for months , suffered something similar to a breakdown . It was evident that Germany could no longer mount a successful defence . Men of U.S. 64th Regiment , 7th Infantry Division , celebrate the news of the Armistice , 11 November 1918 . News of Germany 's impending military defeat spread throughout the German armed forces . The threat of mutiny was rife . Admiral Reinhard Scheer and Ludendorff decided to launch a last attempt to restore the `` valour '' of the German Navy . Knowing the government of Prince Maximilian of Baden would veto any such action , Ludendorff decided not to inform him . Nonetheless , word of the impending assault reached sailors at Kiel . Many , refusing to be part of a naval offensive , which they believed to be suicidal , rebelled and were arrested . Ludendorff took the blame ; the Kaiser dismissed him on 26 October . The collapse of the Balkans meant that Germany was about to lose its main supplies of oil and food . Its reserves had been used up , even as U.S. troops kept arriving at the rate of 10,000 per day . The Americans supplied more than 80 % of Allied oil during the war , and there was no shortage . With the military faltering and with widespread loss of confidence in the Kaiser , Germany moved towards surrender . Prince Maximilian of Baden took charge of a new government as Chancellor of Germany to negotiate with the Allies . Negotiations with President Wilson began immediately , in the hope that he would offer better terms than the British and French . Wilson demanded a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary control over the German military . There was no resistance when the Social Democrat Philipp Scheidemann on 9 November declared Germany to be a republic . The Kaiser , kings and other hereditary rulers all were removed from power and Wilhelm fled to exile in the Netherlands . Imperial Germany was dead ; a new Germany had been born as the Weimar Republic . Armistices and capitulations Main article : Armistice of 11 November 1918 The New York Times of 11 November 1918 Ferdinand Foch , second from right , pictured outside the carriage in Compiègne after agreeing to the armistice that ended the war there . The carriage was later chosen by Nazi Germany as the symbolic setting of Pétain 's June 1940 armistice . The collapse of the Central Powers came swiftly . Bulgaria was the first to sign an armistice , on 29 September 1918 at Saloniki . On 30 October , the Ottoman Empire capitulated , signing the Armistice of Mudros . On 24 October , the Italians began a push that rapidly recovered territory lost after the Battle of Caporetto . This culminated in the Battle of Vittorio Veneto , which marked the end of the Austro - Hungarian Army as an effective fighting force . The offensive also triggered the disintegration of the Austro - Hungarian Empire . During the last week of October , declarations of independence were made in Budapest , Prague , and Zagreb . On 29 October , the imperial authorities asked Italy for an armistice , but the Italians continued advancing , reaching Trento , Udine , and Trieste . On 3 November , Austria - Hungary sent a flag of truce to ask for an armistice ( Armistice of Villa Giusti ) . The terms , arranged by telegraph with the Allied Authorities in Paris , were communicated to the Austrian commander and accepted . The Armistice with Austria was signed in the Villa Giusti , near Padua , on 3 November . Austria and Hungary signed separate armistices following the overthrow of the Habsburg Monarchy . In the following days the Italian Army occupied Innsbruck and all Tyrol with 20 - 22000 soldiers . On 11 November , at 5 : 00 am , an armistice with Germany was signed in a railroad carriage at Compiègne . At 11 am on 11 November 1918 -- `` the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month '' -- a ceasefire came into effect . During the six hours between the signing of the armistice and its taking effect , opposing armies on the Western Front began to withdraw from their positions , but fighting continued along many areas of the front , as commanders wanted to capture territory before the war ended . The occupation of the Rhineland took place following the Armistice . The occupying armies consisted of American , Belgian , British and French forces . In November 1918 , the Allies had ample supplies of men and materiel to invade Germany . Yet at the time of the armistice , no Allied force had crossed the German frontier ; the Western Front was still some 720 kilometres ( 450 mi ) from Berlin ; and the Kaiser 's armies had retreated from the battlefield in good order . These factors enabled Hindenburg and other senior German leaders to spread the story that their armies had not really been defeated . This resulted in the stab - in - the - back legend , which attributed Germany 's defeat not to its inability to continue fighting ( even though up to a million soldiers were suffering from the 1918 flu pandemic and unfit to fight ) , but to the public 's failure to respond to its `` patriotic calling '' and the supposed intentional sabotage of the war effort , particularly by Jews , Socialists , and Bolsheviks . The Allies had much more potential wealth they could spend on the war . One estimate ( using 1913 U.S. dollars ) is that the Allies spent $58 billion on the war and the Central Powers only $25 billion . Among the Allies , the UK spent $21 billion and the U.S. $17 billion ; among the Central Powers Germany spent $20 billion . Aftermath Main article : Aftermath of World War I The French military cemetery at the Douaumont ossuary , which contains the remains of more than 130,000 unknown soldiers In the aftermath of the war , four empires disappeared : the German , Austro - Hungarian , Ottoman , and Russian . Numerous nations regained their former independence , and new ones were created . Four dynasties , together with their ancillary aristocracies , all fell as a result of the war : the Romanovs , the Hohenzollerns , the Habsburgs , and the Ottomans . Belgium and Serbia were badly damaged , as was France , with 1.4 million soldiers dead , not counting other casualties . Germany and Russia were similarly affected . Formal end of the war A formal state of war between the two sides persisted for another seven months , until the signing of the Treaty of Versailles with Germany on 28 June 1919 . The United States Senate did not ratify the treaty despite public support for it , and did not formally end its involvement in the war until the Knox -- Porter Resolution was signed on 2 July 1921 by President Warren G. Harding . For the United Kingdom and the British Empire , the state of war ceased under the provisions of the Termination of the Present War ( Definition ) Act 1918 with respect to : Germany on 10 January 1920 . Austria on 16 July 1920 . Bulgaria on 9 August 1920 . Hungary on 26 July 1921 . Turkey on 6 August 1924 . After the Treaty of Versailles , treaties with Austria , Hungary , Bulgaria , and the Ottoman Empire were signed . However , the negotiation of the latter treaty with the Ottoman Empire was followed by strife , and a final peace treaty between the Allied Powers and the country that would shortly become the Republic of Turkey was not signed until 24 July 1923 , at Lausanne . Some war memorials date the end of the war as being when the Versailles Treaty was signed in 1919 , which was when many of the troops serving abroad finally returned to their home countries ; by contrast , most commemorations of the war 's end concentrate on the armistice of 11 November 1918 . Legally , the formal peace treaties were not complete until the last , the Treaty of Lausanne , was signed . Under its terms , the Allied forces left Constantinople on 23 August 1923 . Peace treaties and national boundaries Greek prime minister Eleftherios Venizelos signing the Treaty of Sèvres The signing of peace in the Hall of Mirrors , Versailles , 28 June 1919 After the war , the Paris Peace Conference imposed a series of peace treaties on the Central Powers officially ending the war . The 1919 Treaty of Versailles dealt with Germany and , building on Wilson 's 14th point , brought into being the League of Nations on 28 June 1919 . The Central Powers had to acknowledge responsibility for `` all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by '' their aggression . In the Treaty of Versailles , this statement was Article 231 . This article became known as the War Guilt clause as the majority of Germans felt humiliated and resentful . Overall the Germans felt they had been unjustly dealt with by what they called the `` diktat of Versailles '' . Schulze said the Treaty placed Germany `` under legal sanctions , deprived of military power , economically ruined , and politically humiliated . '' Belgian historian Laurence Van Ypersele emphasizes the central role played by memory of the war and the Versailles Treaty in German politics in the 1920s and 1930s : Active denial of war guilt in Germany and German resentment at both reparations and continued Allied occupation of the Rhineland made widespread revision of the meaning and memory of the war problematic . The legend of the `` stab in the back '' and the wish to revise the `` Versailles diktat '' , and the belief in an international threat aimed at the elimination of the German nation persisted at the heart of German politics . Even a man of peace such as ( Gustav ) Stresemann publicly rejected German guilt . As for the Nazis , they waved the banners of domestic treason and international conspiracy in an attempt to galvanize the German nation into a spirit of revenge . Like a Fascist Italy , Nazi Germany sought to redirect the memory of the war to the benefit of its own policies . Meanwhile , new nations liberated from German rule viewed the treaty as recognition of wrongs committed against small nations by much larger aggressive neighbors . The Peace Conference required all the defeated powers to pay reparations for all the damage done to civilians . However , owing to economic difficulties and Germany being the only defeated power with an intact economy , the burden fell largely on Germany . Austria - Hungary was partitioned into several successor states , including Austria , Hungary , Czechoslovakia , and Yugoslavia , largely but not entirely along ethnic lines . Transylvania was shifted from Hungary to Greater Romania . The details were contained in the Treaty of Saint - Germain and the Treaty of Trianon . As a result of the Treaty of Trianon , 3.3 million Hungarians came under foreign rule . Although the Hungarians made up 54 % of the population of the pre-war Kingdom of Hungary , only 32 % of its territory was left to Hungary . Between 1920 and 1924 , 354,000 Hungarians fled former Hungarian territories attached to Romania , Czechoslovakia , and Yugoslavia . The Russian Empire , which had withdrawn from the war in 1917 after the October Revolution , lost much of its western frontier as the newly independent nations of Estonia , Finland , Latvia , Lithuania , and Poland were carved from it . Romania took control of Bessarabia in April 1918 . The Ottoman Empire disintegrated , with much of its Levant territory awarded to various Allied powers as protectorates . The Turkish core in Anatolia was reorganised as the Republic of Turkey . The Ottoman Empire was to be partitioned by the Treaty of Sèvres of 1920 . This treaty was never ratified by the Sultan and was rejected by the Turkish National Movement , leading to the victorious Turkish War of Independence and the much less stringent 1923 Treaty of Lausanne . National identities Further information : Sykes -- Picot Agreement Map of territorial changes in Europe after World War I ( as of 1923 ) Poland reemerged as an independent country , after more than a century . The Kingdom of Serbia and its dynasty , as a `` minor Entente nation '' and the country with the most casualties per capita , became the backbone of a new multinational state , the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes , later renamed Yugoslavia . Czechoslovakia , combining the Kingdom of Bohemia with parts of the Kingdom of Hungary , became a new nation . Russia became the Soviet Union and lost Finland , Estonia , Lithuania , and Latvia , which became independent countries . The Ottoman Empire was soon replaced by Turkey and several other countries in the Middle East . In the British Empire , the war unleashed new forms of nationalism . In Australia and New Zealand the Battle of Gallipoli became known as those nations ' `` Baptism of Fire '' . It was the first major war in which the newly established countries fought , and it was one of the first times that Australian troops fought as Australians , not just subjects of the British Crown . Anzac Day , commemorating the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps , celebrates this defining moment . After the Battle of Vimy Ridge , where the Canadian divisions fought together for the first time as a single corps , Canadians began to refer to theirs as a nation `` forged from fire '' . Having succeeded on the same battleground where the `` mother countries '' had previously faltered , they were for the first time respected internationally for their own accomplishments . Canada entered the war as a Dominion of the British Empire and remained so , although it emerged with a greater measure of independence . When Britain declared war in 1914 , the dominions were automatically at war ; at the conclusion , Canada , Australia , New Zealand , and South Africa were individual signatories of the Treaty of Versailles . The establishment of the modern state of Israel and the roots of the continuing Israeli -- Palestinian conflict are partially found in the unstable power dynamics of the Middle East that resulted from World War I. Before the end of the war , the Ottoman Empire had maintained a modest level of peace and stability throughout the Middle East . With the fall of the Ottoman government , power vacuums developed and conflicting claims to land and nationhood began to emerge . The political boundaries drawn by the victors of World War I were quickly imposed , sometimes after only cursory consultation with the local population . These continue to be problematic in the 21st - century struggles for national identity . While the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire at the end of World War I was pivotal in contributing to the modern political situation of the Middle East , including the Arab - Israeli conflict , the end of Ottoman rule also spawned lesser known disputes over water and other natural resources . Health effects Transporting Ottoman wounded at Sirkeci Emergency military hospital during the Spanish flu pandemic , which killed about 675,000 people in the United States alone . Camp Funston , Kansas , 1918 . The war had profound consequences on the health of soldiers . Of the 60 million European military personnel who were mobilized from 1914 to 1918 , 8 million were killed , 7 million were permanently disabled , and 15 million were seriously injured . Germany lost 15.1 % of its active male population , Austria - Hungary lost 17.1 % , and France lost 10.5 % . In Germany , civilian deaths were 474,000 higher than in peacetime , due in large part to food shortages and malnutrition that weakened resistance to disease . By the end of the war , starvation caused by famine had killed approximately 100,000 people in Lebanon . Between 5 and 10 million people died in the Russian famine of 1921 . By 1922 , there were between 4.5 million and 7 million homeless children in Russia as a result of nearly a decade of devastation from World War I , the Russian Civil War , and the subsequent famine of 1920 -- 1922 . Numerous anti-Soviet Russians fled the country after the Revolution ; by the 1930s , the northern Chinese city of Harbin had 100,000 Russians . Thousands more emigrated to France , England , and the United States . In Australia , the effects of the war on the economy were no less severe . The Australian prime minister , Billy Hughes , wrote to the British prime minister , Lloyd George , `` You have assured us that you can not get better terms . I much regret it , and hope even now that some way may be found of securing agreement for demanding reparation commensurate with the tremendous sacrifices made by the British Empire and her Allies . '' Australia received ₤ 5,571,720 war reparations , but the direct cost of the war to Australia had been ₤ 376,993,052 , and , by the mid-1930s , repatriation pensions , war gratuities , interest and sinking fund charges were ₤ 831,280,947 . Of about 416,000 Australians who served , about 60,000 were killed and another 152,000 were wounded . Diseases flourished in the chaotic wartime conditions . In 1914 alone , louse - borne epidemic typhus killed 200,000 in Serbia . From 1918 to 1922 , Russia had about 25 million infections and 3 million deaths from epidemic typhus . In 1923 , 13 million Russians contracted malaria , a sharp increase from the pre-war years . In addition , a major influenza epidemic spread around the world . Overall , the 1918 flu pandemic killed at least 50 million people . Lobbying by Chaim Weizmann and fear that American Jews would encourage the United States to support Germany culminated in the British government 's Balfour Declaration of 1917 , endorsing creation of a Jewish homeland in Palestine . A total of more than 1,172,000 Jewish soldiers served in the Allied and Central Power forces in World War I , including 275,000 in Austria - Hungary and 450,000 in Tsarist Russia . The social disruption and widespread violence of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the ensuing Russian Civil War sparked more than 2,000 pogroms in the former Russian Empire , mostly in Ukraine . An estimated 60,000 -- 200,000 civilian Jews were killed in the atrocities . In the aftermath of World War I , Greece fought against Turkish nationalists led by Mustafa Kemal , a war which eventually resulted in a massive population exchange between the two countries under the Treaty of Lausanne . According to various sources , several hundred thousand Greeks died during this period , which was tied in with the Greek Genocide . Technology See also : Technology during World War I and Weapons of World War I Ground warfare See also : Tanks in World War I Tanks on parade in London at the end of World War I A Russian armoured car , 1919 World War I began as a clash of 20th - century technology and 19th - century tactics , with the inevitably large ensuing casualties . By the end of 1917 , however , the major armies , now numbering millions of men , had modernised and were making use of telephone , wireless communication , armoured cars , tanks , and aircraft . Infantry formations were reorganised , so that 100 - man companies were no longer the main unit of manoeuvre ; instead , squads of 10 or so men , under the command of a junior NCO , were favoured . Artillery also underwent a revolution . In 1914 , cannons were positioned in the front line and fired directly at their targets . By 1917 , indirect fire with guns ( as well as mortars and even machine guns ) was commonplace , using new techniques for spotting and ranging , notably aircraft and the often overlooked field telephone . Counter-battery missions became commonplace , also , and sound detection was used to locate enemy batteries . Germany was far ahead of the Allies in utilising heavy indirect fire . The German Army employed 150 mm ( 6 in ) and 210 mm ( 8 in ) howitzers in 1914 , when typical French and British guns were only 75 mm ( 3 in ) and 105 mm ( 4 in ) . The British had a 6 - inch ( 152 mm ) howitzer , but it was so heavy it had to be hauled to the field in pieces and assembled . The Germans also fielded Austrian 305 mm ( 12 in ) and 420 mm ( 17 in ) guns and , even at the beginning of the war , had inventories of various calibers of Minenwerfer , which were ideally suited for trench warfare . 38 - cm `` Lange Max `` of Koekelare ( Leugenboom ) , biggest gun of the world in 1917 . In 1917 , on 27 June the Germans used their biggest gun of the world Batterie Pommern , nicknamed `` Lange Max '' . This gun from Krupp was able to shoot 750 kg shells from Koekelare to Dunkirk which is ± 50 km away . Much of the combat involved trench warfare , in which hundreds often died for each metre gained . Many of the deadliest battles in history occurred during World War I. Such battles include Ypres , the Marne , Cambrai , the Somme , Verdun , and Gallipoli . The Germans employed the Haber process of nitrogen fixation to provide their forces with a constant supply of gunpowder despite the British naval blockade . Artillery was responsible for the largest number of casualties and consumed vast quantities of explosives . The large number of head wounds caused by exploding shells and fragmentation forced the combatant nations to develop the modern steel helmet , led by the French , who introduced the Adrian helmet in 1915 . It was quickly followed by the Brodie helmet , worn by British Imperial and US troops , and in 1916 by the distinctive German Stahlhelm , a design , with improvements , still in use today . Gas ! GAS ! Quick , boys ! -- An ecstasy of fumbling , Fitting the clumsy helmets just in time ; But someone still was yelling out and stumbling , And flound'ring like a man in fire or lime ... Dim , through the misty panes and thick green light , As under a green sea , I saw him drowning . -- Wilfred Owen , Dulce et Decorum est , 1917 A Canadian soldier with mustard gas burns , c. 1917 -- 1918 The widespread use of chemical warfare was a distinguishing feature of the conflict . Gases used included chlorine , mustard gas and phosgene . Few war casualties were caused by gas , as effective countermeasures to gas attacks were quickly created , such as gas masks . The use of chemical warfare and small - scale strategic bombing were both outlawed by the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 , and both proved to be of limited effectiveness , though they captured the public imagination . The most powerful land - based weapons were railway guns , weighing dozens of tons apiece . The German ones were nicknamed Big Berthas , even though the namesake was not a railway gun . Germany developed the Paris Gun , able to bombard Paris from over 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) , though shells were relatively light at 94 kilograms ( 210 lb ) . British Vickers machine gun , 1917 Trenches , machine guns , air reconnaissance , barbed wire , and modern artillery with fragmentation shells helped bring the battle lines of World War I to a stalemate . The British and the French sought a solution with the creation of the tank and mechanised warfare . The British first tanks were used during the Battle of the Somme on 15 September 1916 . Mechanical reliability was an issue , but the experiment proved its worth . Within a year , the British were fielding tanks by the hundreds , and they showed their potential during the Battle of Cambrai in November 1917 , by breaking the Hindenburg Line , while combined arms teams captured 8,000 enemy soldiers and 100 guns . Meanwhile , the French introduced the first tanks with a rotating turret , the Renault FT , which became a decisive tool of the victory . The conflict also saw the introduction of light automatic weapons and submachine guns , such as the Lewis Gun , the Browning automatic rifle , and the Bergmann MP18 . Another new weapon , the flamethrower , was first used by the German army and later adopted by other forces . Although not of high tactical value , the flamethrower was a powerful , demoralising weapon that caused terror on the battlefield . Trench railways evolved to supply the enormous quantities of food , water , and ammunition required to support large numbers of soldiers in areas where conventional transportation systems had been destroyed . Internal combustion engines and improved traction systems for automobiles and trucks / lorries eventually rendered trench railways obsolete . Naval The Moltke - class Ottoman battlecruiser Yavûz Sultân Selîm Germany deployed U-boats ( submarines ) after the war began . Alternating between restricted and unrestricted submarine warfare in the Atlantic , the Kaiserliche Marine employed them to deprive the British Isles of vital supplies . The deaths of British merchant sailors and the seeming invulnerability of U-boats led to the development of depth charges ( 1916 ) , hydrophones ( passive sonar , 1917 ) , blimps , hunter - killer submarines ( HMS R - 1 , 1917 ) , forward - throwing anti-submarine weapons , and dipping hydrophones ( the latter two both abandoned in 1918 ) . To extend their operations , the Germans proposed supply submarines ( 1916 ) . Most of these would be forgotten in the interwar period until World War II revived the need . Aviation Main article : Aviation in World War I RAF Sopwith Camel . In April 1917 , the average life expectancy of a British pilot on the Western Front was 93 flying hours . Fixed - wing aircraft were first used militarily by the Italians in Libya on 23 October 1911 during the Italo - Turkish War for reconnaissance , soon followed by the dropping of grenades and aerial photography the next year . By 1914 , their military utility was obvious . They were initially used for reconnaissance and ground attack . To shoot down enemy planes , anti-aircraft guns and fighter aircraft were developed . Strategic bombers were created , principally by the Germans and British , though the former used Zeppelins as well . Towards the end of the conflict , aircraft carriers were used for the first time , with HMS Furious launching Sopwith Camels in a raid to destroy the Zeppelin hangars at Tondern in 1918 . Manned observation balloons , floating high above the trenches , were used as stationary reconnaissance platforms , reporting enemy movements and directing artillery . Balloons commonly had a crew of two , equipped with parachutes , so that if there was an enemy air attack the crew could parachute to safety . At the time , parachutes were too heavy to be used by pilots of aircraft ( with their marginal power output ) , and smaller versions were not developed until the end of the war ; they were also opposed by the British leadership , who feared they might promote cowardice . Recognised for their value as observation platforms , balloons were important targets for enemy aircraft . To defend them against air attack , they were heavily protected by antiaircraft guns and patrolled by friendly aircraft ; to attack them , unusual weapons such as air - to - air rockets were tried . Thus , the reconnaissance value of blimps and balloons contributed to the development of air - to - air combat between all types of aircraft , and to the trench stalemate , because it was impossible to move large numbers of troops undetected . The Germans conducted air raids on England during 1915 and 1916 with airships , hoping to damage British morale and cause aircraft to be diverted from the front lines , and indeed the resulting panic led to the diversion of several squadrons of fighters from France . War crimes Baralong incidents Main article : Baralong incidents HMS Baralong . On 19 August 1915 , the German submarine U-27 was sunk by the British Q - ship HMS Baralong . All German survivors were summarily executed by Baralong 's crew on the orders of Lieutenant Godfrey Herbert , the captain of the ship . The shooting was reported to the media by American citizens who were on board the Nicosia , a British freighter loaded with war supplies , which was stopped by U-27 just minutes before the incident . On 24 September , Baralong destroyed U-41 , which was in the process of sinking the cargo ship Urbino . According to Karl Goetz , the submarine 's commander , Baralong continued to fly the U.S. flag after firing on U-41 and then rammed the lifeboat -- carrying the German survivors -- sinking it . Torpedoing of HMHS Llandovery Castle The Canadian hospital ship HMHS Llandovery Castle was torpedoed by the German submarine SM U-86 on 27 June 1918 in violation of international law . Only 24 of the 258 medical personnel , patients , and crew survived . Survivors reported that the U-boat surfaced and ran down the lifeboats , machine - gunning survivors in the water . The U-boat captain , Helmut Patzig , was charged with war crimes in Germany following the war , but escaped prosecution by going to the Free City of Danzig , beyond the jurisdiction of German courts . Chemical weapons in warfare Main article : Chemical weapons in World War I French soldiers making a gas and flame attack on German trenches in Flanders The first successful use of poison gas as a weapon of warfare occurred during the Second Battle of Ypres ( 22 April -- 25 May 1915 ) . Gas was soon used by all major belligerents throughout the war . It is estimated that the use of chemical weapons employed by both sides throughout the war had inflicted 1.3 million casualties . For example , the British had over 180,000 chemical weapons casualties during the war , and up to one - third of American casualties were caused by them . The Russian Army reportedly suffered roughly 500,000 chemical weapon casualties in World War I . The use of chemical weapons in warfare was in direct violation of the 1899 Hague Declaration Concerning Asphyxiating Gases and the 1907 Hague Convention on Land Warfare , which prohibited their use . The effect of poison gas was not limited to combatants . Civilians were at risk from the gases as winds blew the poison gases through their towns , and rarely received warnings or alerts of potential danger . In addition to absent warning systems , civilians often did not have access to effective gas masks . An estimated 100,000 -- 260,000 civilian casualties were caused by chemical weapons during the conflict and tens of thousands more ( along with military personnel ) died from scarring of the lungs , skin damage , and cerebral damage in the years after the conflict ended . Many commanders on both sides knew such weapons would cause major harm to civilians but nonetheless continued to use them . British Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig wrote in his diary , `` My officers and I were aware that such weapons would cause harm to women and children living in nearby towns , as strong winds were common in the battlefront . However , because the weapon was to be directed against the enemy , none of us were overly concerned at all . '' Genocide and ethnic cleansing See also : Armenian Genocide , Assyrian genocide , Greek genocide , and Genocide denial Armenians killed during the Armenian Genocide . Image taken from Ambassador Morgenthau 's Story , written by Henry Morgenthau , Sr. and published in 1918 . Austro - Hungarian soldiers executing men and women in Serbia , 1916 The ethnic cleansing of the Ottoman Empire 's Armenian population , including mass deportations and executions , during the final years of the Ottoman Empire is considered genocide . The Ottomans carried out organized and systematic massacres of the Armenian population at the beginning of the war and portrayed deliberately provoked acts of Armenian resistance as rebellions to justify further extermination . In early 1915 , a number of Armenians volunteered to join the Russian forces and the Ottoman government used this as a pretext to issue the Tehcir Law ( Law on Deportation ) , which authorized the deportation of Armenians from the Empire 's eastern provinces to Syria between 1915 and 1918 . The Armenians were intentionally marched to death and a number were attacked by Ottoman brigands . While an exact number of deaths is unknown , the International Association of Genocide Scholars estimates 1.5 million . The government of Turkey has consistently denied the genocide , arguing that those who died were victims of inter-ethnic fighting , famine , or disease during World War I ; these claims are rejected by most historians . Other ethnic groups were similarly attacked by the Ottoman Empire during this period , including Assyrians and Greeks , and some scholars consider those events to be part of the same policy of extermination . Russian Empire Main article : Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire See also : Russian occupation of Eastern Galicia , 1914 -- 1915 ; Volhynia ; and Volga Germans Many pogroms accompanied the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the ensuing Russian Civil War . 60,000 -- 200,000 civilian Jews were killed in the atrocities throughout the former Russian Empire ( mostly within the Pale of Settlement in present - day Ukraine ) . Rape of Belgium Main article : Rape of Belgium The German invaders treated any resistance -- such as sabotaging rail lines -- as illegal and immoral , and shot the offenders and burned buildings in retaliation . In addition , they tended to suspect that most civilians were potential francs - tireurs ( guerrillas ) and , accordingly , took and sometimes killed hostages from among the civilian population . The German army executed over 6,500 French and Belgian civilians between August and November 1914 , usually in near - random large - scale shootings of civilians ordered by junior German officers . The German Army destroyed 15,000 -- 20,000 buildings -- most famously the university library at Louvain -- and generated a wave of refugees of over a million people . Over half the German regiments in Belgium were involved in major incidents . Thousands of workers were shipped to Germany to work in factories . British propaganda dramatizing the Rape of Belgium attracted much attention in the United States , while Berlin said it was both lawful and necessary because of the threat of franc - tireurs like those in France in 1870 . The British and French magnified the reports and disseminated them at home and in the United States , where they played a major role in dissolving support for Germany . Soldiers ' experiences Main articles : List of last surviving World War I veterans by country , World War I casualties , Commonwealth War Graves Commission , and American Battle Monuments Commission The First Contingent of the Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps to the 1 Lincolns , training in Bermuda for the Western Front , winter 1914 -- 1915 . The two BVRC contingents suffered 75 % casualties . The British soldiers of the war were initially volunteers but increasingly were conscripted into service . Surviving veterans , returning home , often found that they could only discuss their experiences amongst themselves . Grouping together , they formed `` veterans ' associations '' or `` Legions '' . A small number of personal accounts of American veterans have been collected by the Library of Congress Veterans History Project . Prisoners of war Main article : World War I prisoners of war in Germany German prisoners in a French prison camp during the later part of the war About eight million men surrendered and were held in POW camps during the war . All nations pledged to follow the Hague Conventions on fair treatment of prisoners of war , and the survival rate for POWs was generally much higher than that of their peers at the front . Individual surrenders were uncommon ; large units usually surrendered en masse . At the siege of Maubeuge about 40,000 French soldiers surrendered , at the battle of Galicia Russians took about 100,000 to 120,000 Austrian captives , at the Brusilov Offensive about 325,000 to 417,000 Germans and Austrians surrendered to Russians , and at the Battle of Tannenberg 92,000 Russians surrendered . When the besieged garrison of Kaunas surrendered in 1915 , some 20,000 Russians became prisoners , at the battle near Przasnysz ( February -- March 1915 ) 14,000 Germans surrendered to Russians , and at the First Battle of the Marne about 12,000 Germans surrendered to the Allies. 25 -- 31 % of Russian losses ( as a proportion of those captured , wounded , or killed ) were to prisoner status ; for Austria - Hungary 32 % , for Italy 26 % , for France 12 % , for Germany 9 % ; for Britain 7 % . Prisoners from the Allied armies totalled about 1.4 million ( not including Russia , which lost 2.5 -- 3.5 million men as prisoners ) . From the Central Powers about 3.3 million men became prisoners ; most of them surrendered to Russians . Germany held 2.5 million prisoners ; Russia held 2.2 -- 2.9 million ; while Britain and France held about 720,000 . Most were captured just before the Armistice . The United States held 48,000 . The most dangerous moment was the act of surrender , when helpless soldiers were sometimes gunned down . Once prisoners reached a camp , conditions were , in general , satisfactory ( and much better than in World War II ) , thanks in part to the efforts of the International Red Cross and inspections by neutral nations . However , conditions were terrible in Russia : starvation was common for prisoners and civilians alike ; about 15 -- 20 % of the prisoners in Russia died and in Central Powers imprisonment -- 8 % of Russians . In Germany , food was scarce , but only 5 % died . British prisoners guarded by Ottoman forces after the First Battle of Gaza in 1917 . The Ottoman Empire often treated POWs poorly . Some 11,800 British Empire soldiers , most of them Indians , became prisoners after the Siege of Kut in Mesopotamia in April 1916 ; 4,250 died in captivity . Although many were in a poor condition when captured , Ottoman officers forced them to march 1,100 kilometres ( 684 mi ) to Anatolia . A survivor said : `` We were driven along like beasts ; to drop out was to die . '' The survivors were then forced to build a railway through the Taurus Mountains . In Russia , when the prisoners from the Czech Legion of the Austro - Hungarian army were released in 1917 , they re-armed themselves and briefly became a military and diplomatic force during the Russian Civil War . While the Allied prisoners of the Central Powers were quickly sent home at the end of active hostilities , the same treatment was not granted to Central Power prisoners of the Allies and Russia , many of whom served as forced labor , e.g. , in France until 1920 . They were released only after many approaches by the Red Cross to the Allied Supreme Council . German prisoners were still being held in Russia as late as 1924 . Military attachés and war correspondents Main article : Military attachés and war correspondents in the First World War Military and civilian observers from every major power closely followed the course of the war . Many were able to report on events from a perspective somewhat akin to modern `` embedded '' positions within the opposing land and naval forces . Support and opposition to the war Support Poster urging women to join the British war effort , published by the Young Women 's Christian Association In the Balkans , Yugoslav nationalists such as the leader , Ante Trumbić , strongly supported the war , desiring the freedom of Yugoslavs from Austria - Hungary and other foreign powers and the creation of an independent Yugoslavia . The Yugoslav Committee was formed in Paris on 30 April 1915 but shortly moved its office to London ; Trumbić led the Committee . In April 1918 , the Rome Congress of Oppressed Nationalities met , including Czechoslovak , Italian , Polish , Transylvanian , and Yugoslav representatives who urged the Allies to support national self - determination for the peoples residing within Austria - Hungary . In the Middle East , Arab nationalism soared in Ottoman territories in response to the rise of Turkish nationalism during the war , with Arab nationalist leaders advocating the creation of a pan-Arab state . In 1916 , the Arab Revolt began in Ottoman - controlled territories of the Middle East in an effort to achieve independence . In East Africa , Iyasu V of Ethiopia was supporting the Dervish state who were at war with the British in the Somaliland Campaign . Von Syburg , the German envoy in Addis Ababa , said , `` now the time has come for Ethiopia to regain the coast of the Red Sea driving the Italians home , to restore the Empire to its ancient size . '' The Ethiopian Empire was on the verge of entering World War I on the side of the Central Powers before Iyasu 's overthrow due to Allied pressure on the Ethiopian aristocracy . A number of socialist parties initially supported the war when it began in August 1914 . But European socialists split on national lines , with the concept of class conflict held by radical socialists such as Marxists and syndicalists being overborne by their patriotic support for war . Once the war began , Austrian , British , French , German , and Russian socialists followed the rising nationalist current by supporting their countries ' intervention in the war . Italian nationalism was stirred by the outbreak of the war and was initially strongly supported by a variety of political factions . One of the most prominent and popular Italian nationalist supporters of the war was Gabriele d'Annunzio , who promoted Italian irredentism and helped sway the Italian public to support intervention in the war . The Italian Liberal Party , under the leadership of Paolo Boselli , promoted intervention in the war on the side of the Allies and utilised the Dante Alighieri Society to promote Italian nationalism . Italian socialists were divided on whether to support the war or oppose it ; some were militant supporters of the war , including Benito Mussolini and Leonida Bissolati . However , the Italian Socialist Party decided to oppose the war after anti-militarist protestors were killed , resulting in a general strike called Red Week . The Italian Socialist Party purged itself of pro-war nationalist members , including Mussolini . Mussolini , a syndicalist who supported the war on grounds of irredentist claims on Italian - populated regions of Austria - Hungary , formed the pro-interventionist Il Popolo d'Italia and the Fasci Rivoluzionario d'Azione Internazionalista ( `` Revolutionary Fasci for International Action '' ) in October 1914 that later developed into the Fasci di Combattimento in 1919 , the origin of fascism . Mussolini 's nationalism enabled him to raise funds from Ansaldo ( an armaments firm ) and other companies to create Il Popolo d'Italia to convince socialists and revolutionaries to support the war . Opposition Main articles : Opposition to World War I and French Army Mutinies Sackville Street ( now O'Connell Street ) after the 1916 Easter Rising in Dublin The Deserter , 1916 . Anti-war cartoon depicting Jesus facing a firing squad with soldiers from five European countries . Once war was declared , many socialists and trade unions backed their governments . Among the exceptions were the Bolsheviks , the Socialist Party of America , and the Italian Socialist Party , and individuals such as Karl Liebknecht , Rosa Luxemburg , and their followers in Germany . Benedict XV , elected to the papacy less than three months into World War I , made the war and its consequences the main focus of his early pontificate . In stark contrast to his predecessor , five days after his election he spoke of his determination to do what he could to bring peace . His first encyclical , Ad beatissimi Apostolorum , given 1 November 1914 , was concerned with this subject . Benedict XV found his abilities and unique position as a religious emissary of peace ignored by the belligerent powers . The 1915 Treaty of London between Italy and the Triple Entente included secret provisions whereby the Allies agreed with Italy to ignore papal peace moves towards the Central Powers . Consequently , the publication of Benedict 's proposed seven - point Peace Note of August 1917 was roundly ignored by all parties except Austria - Hungary . In Britain , in 1914 , the Public Schools Officers ' Training Corps annual camp was held at Tidworth Pennings , near Salisbury Plain . Head of the British Army , Lord Kitchener , was to review the cadets , but the imminence of the war prevented him . General Horace Smith - Dorrien was sent instead . He surprised the two - or - three thousand cadets by declaring ( in the words of Donald Christopher Smith , a Bermudian cadet who was present ) , that war should be avoided at almost any cost , that war would solve nothing , that the whole of Europe and more besides would be reduced to ruin , and that the loss of life would be so large that whole populations would be decimated . In our ignorance I , and many of us , felt almost ashamed of a British General who uttered such depressing and unpatriotic sentiments , but during the next four years , those of us who survived the holocaust -- probably not more than one - quarter of us -- learned how right the General 's prognosis was and how courageous he had been to utter it . Voicing these sentiments did not hinder Smith - Dorrien 's career , or prevent him from doing his duty in World War I to the best of his abilities . Possible execution at Verdun at the time of the mutinies in 1917 . The original French text accompanying this photograph notes however that the uniforms are those of 1914 / 15 and that the execution may be that of a spy at the beginning of the war . Many countries jailed those who spoke out against the conflict . These included Eugene Debs in the United States and Bertrand Russell in Britain . In the US , the Espionage Act of 1917 and Sedition Act of 1918 made it a federal crime to oppose military recruitment or make any statements deemed `` disloyal '' . Publications at all critical of the government were removed from circulation by postal censors , and many served long prison sentences for statements of fact deemed unpatriotic . A number of nationalists opposed intervention , particularly within states that the nationalists were hostile to . Although the vast majority of Irish people consented to participate in the war in 1914 and 1915 , a minority of advanced Irish nationalists staunchly opposed taking part . The war began amid the Home Rule crisis in Ireland that had resurfaced in 1912 and , by July 1914 , there was a serious possibility of an outbreak of civil war in Ireland . Irish nationalists and Marxists attempted to pursue Irish independence , culminating in the Easter Rising of 1916 , with Germany sending 20,000 rifles to Ireland to stir unrest in Britain . The UK government placed Ireland under martial law in response to the Easter Rising ; although , once the immediate threat of revolution had dissipated , the authorities did try to make concessions to nationalist feeling . However , opposition to involvement in the war increased in Ireland , resulting in the Conscription Crisis of 1918 . Other opposition came from conscientious objectors -- some socialist , some religious -- who refused to fight . In Britain , 16,000 people asked for conscientious objector status . Some of them , most notably prominent peace activist Stephen Henry Hobhouse , refused both military and alternative service . Many suffered years of prison , including solitary confinement and bread and water diets . Even after the war , in Britain many job advertisements were marked `` No conscientious objectors need apply '' . The Central Asian Revolt started in the summer of 1916 , when the Russian Empire government ended its exemption of Muslims from military service . In 1917 , a series of French Army Mutinies led to dozens of soldiers being executed and many more imprisoned . German Revolution , Kiel , 1918 In Milan , in May 1917 , Bolshevik revolutionaries organised and engaged in rioting calling for an end to the war , and managed to close down factories and stop public transportation . The Italian army was forced to enter Milan with tanks and machine guns to face Bolsheviks and anarchists , who fought violently until 23 May when the army gained control of the city . Almost 50 people ( including three Italian soldiers ) were killed and over 800 people arrested . In September 1917 , Russian soldiers in France began questioning why they were fighting for the French at all and mutinied . In Russia , opposition to the war led to soldiers also establishing their own revolutionary committees , which helped foment the October Revolution of 1917 , with the call going up for `` bread , land , and peace '' . The Bolsheviks agreed to a peace treaty with Germany , the peace of Brest - Litovsk , despite its harsh conditions . In northern Germany , the end of October 1918 saw the beginning of the German Revolution of 1918 -- 1919 . Units of the German Navy refused to set sail for a last , large - scale operation in a war which they saw as good as lost ; this initiated the uprising . The sailors ' revolt which then ensued in the naval ports of Wilhelmshaven and Kiel spread across the whole country within days and led to the proclamation of a republic on 9 November 1918 and shortly thereafter to the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II . Conscription Young men registering for conscription , New York City , 5 June 1917 Conscription was common in most European countries . However it was controversial in English speaking countries . It was especially unpopular among minority ethnic groups -- especially the Irish Catholics in Ireland and Australia , and the French Catholics in Canada . Conscription in Canada Main article : Conscription Crisis of 1917 In Canada the issue produced a major political crisis that permanently alienated the Francophiles . It opened a political gap between French Canadians , who believed their true loyalty was to Canada and not to the British Empire , and members of the Anglophone majority , who saw the war as a duty to their British heritage . Conscription in Australia Main article : Conscription in Australia In Australia , a sustained pro-conscription campaign by Billy Hughes , the Prime Minister , caused a split in the Australian Labor Party , so Hughes formed the Nationalist Party of Australia in 1917 to pursue the matter . Farmers , the labour movement , the Catholic Church , and the Irish Catholics successfully opposed Hughes ' push , which was rejected in two plebiscites . Conscription in Britain Main article : Conscription in the United Kingdom In Britain , conscription resulted in the calling up of nearly every physically fit man in Britain -- six of ten million eligible . Of these , about 750,000 lost their lives . Most deaths were to young unmarried men ; however , 160,000 wives lost husbands and 300,000 children lost fathers . In the United States , conscription began in 1917 and was generally well received , with a few pockets of opposition in isolated rural areas . Diplomacy Main article : Diplomatic history of World War I The non-military diplomatic and propaganda interactions among the nations were designed to build support for the cause , or to undermine support for the enemy . For the most part , wartime diplomacy focused on five issues : propaganda campaigns ; defining and redefining the war goals , which became harsher as the war went on ; luring neutral nations ( Italy , Ottoman Empire , Bulgaria , Romania ) into the coalition by offering slices of enemy territory ; and encouragement by the Allies of nationalistic minority movements inside the Central Powers , especially among Czechs , Poles , and Arabs . In addition , there were multiple peace proposals coming from neutrals , or one side or the other ; none of them progressed very far . Legacy and memory ... `` Strange , friend , '' I said , `` Here is no cause to mourn . '' `` None , '' said the other , `` Save the undone years '' ... -- Wilfred Owen , Strange Meeting , 1918 The War was an unprecedented triumph for natural science . ( Francis ) Bacon had promised that knowledge would be power , and power it was : power to destroy the bodies and souls of men more rapidly than had ever been done by human agency before . This triumph paved the way to other triumphs : improvements in transport , in sanitation , in surgery , medicine , and psychiatry , in commerce and industry , and , above all , in preparations for the next war . -- R.G. Collingwood , writing in 1939 . The first tentative efforts to comprehend the meaning and consequences of modern warfare began during the initial phases of the war , and this process continued throughout and after the end of hostilities , and is still underway , more than a century later . Historiography Historian Heather Jones argues that the historiography has been reinvigorated by the cultural turn in recent years . Scholars have raised entirely new questions regarding military occupation , radicalization of politics , race , and the male body . Furthermore , new research has revised our understanding of five major topics that historians have long debated . These are : Why did the war begin ? Why did the Allies win ? Were the generals to blame for the high casualty rates ? How did the soldiers endure the horrors of trench warfare ? To what extent did the civilian homefront accept and endorse the war effort ? Memorials A typical village war memorial to soldiers killed in World War I Main article : World War I memorials Memorials were erected in thousands of villages and towns . Close to battlefields , those buried in improvised burial grounds were gradually moved to formal graveyards under the care of organisations such as the Commonwealth War Graves Commission , the American Battle Monuments Commission , the German War Graves Commission , and Le Souvenir français . Many of these graveyards also have central monuments to the missing or unidentified dead , such as the Menin Gate memorial and the Thiepval Memorial to the Missing of the Somme . In 1915 John McCrae , a Canadian army doctor , wrote the poem In Flanders Fields as a salute to those who perished in the Great War . Published in Punch on 8 December 1915 , it is still recited today , especially on Remembrance Day and Memorial Day . National World War I Museum and Memorial in Kansas City , Missouri , is a memorial dedicated to all Americans who served in World War I . The Liberty Memorial was dedicated on 1 November 1921 , when the supreme Allied commanders spoke to a crowd of more than 100,000 people . The UK Government has budgeted substantial resources to the commemoration of the war during the period 2014 to 2018 . The lead body is the Imperial War Museum . On 3 August 2014 , French President Francois Hollande and German President Joachim Gauck together marked the centenary of Germany 's declaration of war on France by laying the first stone of a memorial in Vieil Armand , known in German as Hartmannswillerkopf , for French and German soldiers killed in the war . Cultural memory The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with Britain and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Further information : World War I in popular culture Left : John McCrae , author of In Flanders Fields . Right : Siegfried Sassoon World War I had a lasting impact on social memory . It was seen by many in Britain as signalling the end of an era of stability stretching back to the Victorian period , and across Europe many regarded it as a watershed . Historian Samuel Hynes explained : A generation of innocent young men , their heads full of high abstractions like Honour , Glory and England , went off to war to make the world safe for democracy . They were slaughtered in stupid battles planned by stupid generals . Those who survived were shocked , disillusioned and embittered by their war experiences , and saw that their real enemies were not the Germans , but the old men at home who had lied to them . They rejected the values of the society that had sent them to war , and in doing so separated their own generation from the past and from their cultural inheritance . This has become the most common perception of World War I , perpetuated by the art , cinema , poems , and stories published subsequently . Films such as All Quiet on the Western Front , Paths of Glory and King & Country have perpetuated the idea , while war - time films including Camrades , Poppies of Flanders , and Shoulder Arms indicate that the most contemporary views of the war were overall far more positive . Likewise , the art of Paul Nash , John Nash , Christopher Nevinson , and Henry Tonks in Britain painted a negative view of the conflict in keeping with the growing perception , while popular war - time artists such as Muirhead Bone painted more serene and pleasant interpretations subsequently rejected as inaccurate . Several historians like John Terraine , Niall Ferguson and Gary Sheffield have challenged these interpretations as partial and polemical views : These beliefs did not become widely shared because they offered the only accurate interpretation of wartime events . In every respect , the war was much more complicated than they suggest . In recent years , historians have argued persuasively against almost every popular cliché of World War I. It has been pointed out that , although the losses were devastating , their greatest impact was socially and geographically limited . The many emotions other than horror experienced by soldiers in and out of the front line , including comradeship , boredom , and even enjoyment , have been recognised . The war is not now seen as a ' fight about nothing ' , but as a war of ideals , a struggle between aggressive militarism and more or less liberal democracy . It has been acknowledged that British generals were often capable men facing difficult challenges , and that it was under their command that the British army played a major part in the defeat of the Germans in 1918 : a great forgotten victory . Though these views have been discounted as `` myths '' , they are common . They have dynamically changed according to contemporary influences , reflecting in the 1950s perceptions of the war as `` aimless '' following the contrasting Second World War and emphasising conflict within the ranks during times of class conflict in the 1960s . The majority of additions to the contrary are often rejected . Social trauma A 1919 book for veterans , from the US War Department The social trauma caused by unprecedented rates of casualties manifested itself in different ways , which have been the subject of subsequent historical debate . The optimism of la belle époque was destroyed , and those who had fought in the war were referred to as the Lost Generation . For years afterwards , people mourned the dead , the missing , and the many disabled . Many soldiers returned with severe trauma , suffering from shell shock ( also called neurasthenia , a condition related to posttraumatic stress disorder ) . Many more returned home with few after - effects ; however , their silence about the war contributed to the conflict 's growing mythological status . Though many participants did not share in the experiences of combat or spend any significant time at the front , or had positive memories of their service , the images of suffering and trauma became the widely shared perception . Such historians as Dan Todman , Paul Fussell , and Samuel Heyns have all published works since the 1990s arguing that these common perceptions of the war are factually incorrect . Discontent in Germany The rise of Nazism and Fascism included a revival of the nationalist spirit and a rejection of many post-war changes . Similarly , the popularity of the stab - in - the - back legend ( German : Dolchstoßlegende ) was a testament to the psychological state of defeated Germany and was a rejection of responsibility for the conflict . This conspiracy theory of betrayal became common , and the German populace came to see themselves as victims . The widespread acceptance of the `` stab - in - the - back '' theory delegitimized the Weimar government and destabilized the system , opening it to extremes of right and left . Communist and fascist movements around Europe drew strength from this theory and enjoyed a new level of popularity . These feelings were most pronounced in areas directly or harshly affected by the war . Adolf Hitler was able to gain popularity by utilising German discontent with the still controversial Treaty of Versailles . World War II was in part a continuation of the power struggle never fully resolved by World War I. Furthermore , it was common for Germans in the 1930s to justify acts of aggression due to perceived injustices imposed by the victors of World War I. American historian William Rubinstein wrote that : The ' Age of Totalitarianism ' included nearly all of the infamous examples of genocide in modern history , headed by the Jewish Holocaust , but also comprising the mass murders and purges of the Communist world , other mass killings carried out by Nazi Germany and its allies , and also the Armenian Genocide of 1915 . All these slaughters , it is argued here , had a common origin , the collapse of the elite structure and normal modes of government of much of central , eastern and southern Europe as a result of World War I , without which surely neither Communism nor Fascism would have existed except in the minds of unknown agitators and crackpots . Economic effects See also : Economic history of World War I Poster showing women workers , 1915 One of the most dramatic effects of the war was the expansion of governmental powers and responsibilities in Britain , France , the United States , and the Dominions of the British Empire . To harness all the power of their societies , governments created new ministries and powers . New taxes were levied and laws enacted , all designed to bolster the war effort ; many have lasted to this day . Similarly , the war strained the abilities of some formerly large and bureaucratised governments , such as in Austria - Hungary and Germany . Gross domestic product ( GDP ) increased for three Allies ( Britain , Italy , and the United States ) , but decreased in France and Russia , in neutral Netherlands , and in the three main Central Powers . The shrinkage in GDP in Austria , Russia , France , and the Ottoman Empire ranged between 30 % and 40 % . In Austria , for example , most pigs were slaughtered , so at war 's end there was no meat . In all nations , the government 's share of GDP increased , surpassing 50 % in both Germany and France and nearly reaching that level in Britain . To pay for purchases in the United States , Britain cashed in its extensive investments in American railroads and then began borrowing heavily on Wall Street . President Wilson was on the verge of cutting off the loans in late 1916 , but allowed a great increase in U.S. government lending to the Allies . After 1919 , the U.S. demanded repayment of these loans . The repayments were , in part , funded by German reparations which , in turn , were supported by American loans to Germany . This circular system collapsed in 1931 and the loans were never repaid . Britain still owed the United States $4.4 billion of World War I debt in 1934 , and this money was never repaid . Macro - and micro-economic consequences devolved from the war . Families were altered by the departure of many men . With the death or absence of the primary wage earner , women were forced into the workforce in unprecedented numbers . At the same time , industry needed to replace the lost labourers sent to war . This aided the struggle for voting rights for women . World War I further compounded the gender imbalance , adding to the phenomenon of surplus women . The deaths of nearly one million men during the war in Britain increased the gender gap by almost a million : from 670,000 to 1,700,000 . The number of unmarried women seeking economic means grew dramatically . In addition , demobilisation and economic decline following the war caused high unemployment . The war increased female employment ; however , the return of demobilised men displaced many from the workforce , as did the closure of many of the wartime factories . In Britain , rationing was finally imposed in early 1918 , limited to meat , sugar , and fats ( butter and margarine ) , but not bread . The new system worked smoothly . From 1914 to 1918 , trade union membership doubled , from a little over four million to a little over eight million . Britain turned to her colonies for help in obtaining essential war materials whose supply from traditional sources had become difficult . Geologists such as Albert Ernest Kitson were called on to find new resources of precious minerals in the African colonies . Kitson discovered important new deposits of manganese , used in munitions production , in the Gold Coast . Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles ( the so - called `` war guilt '' clause ) stated Germany accepted responsibility for `` all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her allies . '' It was worded as such to lay a legal basis for reparations , and a similar clause was inserted in the treaties with Austria and Hungary . However neither of them interpreted it as an admission of war guilt . '' In 1921 , the total reparation sum was placed at 132 billion gold marks . However , `` Allied experts knew that Germany could not pay '' this sum . The total sum was divided into three categories , with the third being `` deliberately designed to be chimerical '' and its `` primary function was to mislead public opinion ... into believing the `` total sum was being maintained . '' Thus , 50 billion gold marks ( 12.5 billion dollars ) `` represented the actual Allied assessment of German capacity to pay '' and `` therefore ... represented the total German reparations '' figure that had to be paid . This figure could be paid in cash or in kind ( coal , timber , chemical dyes , etc . ) . In addition , some of the territory lost -- via the treaty of Versailles -- was credited towards the reparation figure as were other acts such as helping to restore the Library of Louvain . By 1929 , the Great Depression arrived , causing political chaos throughout the world . In 1932 the payment of reparations was suspended by the international community , by which point Germany had only paid the equivalent of 20.598 billion gold marks in reparations . With the rise of Adolf Hitler , all bonds and loans that had been issued and taken out during the 1920s and early 1930s were cancelled . David Andelman notes `` refusing to pay does n't make an agreement null and void . The bonds , the agreement , still exist . '' Thus , following the Second World War , at the London Conference in 1953 , Germany agreed to resume payment on the money borrowed . On 3 October 2010 , Germany made the final payment on these bonds . The war contributed to the evolution of the wristwatch from women 's jewelry to a practical everyday item , replacing the pocketwatch which requires a free hand to operate . Military funding of advancements in radio contributed to the postwar popularity of the medium . See also Outline of World War I Death rates in the 20th century Diplomatic history of World War I European Civil War List of people associated with World War I Lists of wars List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll Lists of World War I topics Timeline of World War I World War I casualties World War I medal abbreviations Footnotes Jump up ^ The United States did not ratify any of the treaties agreed to at the Paris Peace Conference . Jump up ^ Bulgaria joined the Central Powers on 14 October 1915 . Jump up ^ The Ottoman Empire agreed to a secret alliance with Germany on 2 August 1914 . It joined the war on the side of the Central Powers on 29 October 1914 . Jump up ^ The United States declared war on Austria - Hungary on 7 December 1917 . Jump up ^ Austria was considered one of the successor states to Austria - Hungary . Jump up ^ The United States declared war on Germany on 6 April 1917 . Jump up ^ Hungary was considered one of the successor states to Austria - Hungary . Jump up ^ Although the Treaty of Sèvres was intended to end the war between the Allies and the Ottoman Empire , the Allies and the Republic of Turkey , the successor state of the Ottoman Empire , agreed to the Treaty of Lausanne . Jump up ^ The World War I officially ended when Germany paid off the final amount of reparations imposed on it by the Allies . References Jump up ^ `` British Army statistics of the Great War '' . 1914-1918.net . Retrieved 13 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Figures are for the British Empire Jump up ^ Figures are for Metropolitan France and its colonies ^ Jump up to : Tucker & Roberts 2005 , p. 273 Jump up ^ Keegan 1998 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Bade & Brown 2003 , pp. 167 -- 168 . Jump up ^ Willmott 2003 , p. 307 . Jump up ^ Willmott 2003 , pp. 10 -- 11 . ^ Jump up to : Willmott 2003 , p. 15 ^ Jump up to : Taylor 1998 , pp. 80 -- 93 Jump up ^ Djokić 2003 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Evans 2004 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Martel 2003 , p. xii ff . Jump up ^ `` Were they always called World War I and World War II ? '' . Ask History . Retrieved 24 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Braybon 2004 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` The war to end all wars '' . BBC . 10 November 1998 . Retrieved 15 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` great , adj. , adv. , and n . '' . Oxford English Dictionary . Jump up ^ Shapiro & Epstein 2006 , p. 329 . Jump up ^ Margery Fee and Janice McAlpine , Guide to Canadian English Usage ( Oxford UP , 1997 ) p 210 . Jump up ^ Clark 2014 , pp. 121 -- 152 . Jump up ^ Keegan 1998 , p. 52 . ^ Jump up to : Willmott 2003 , p. 21 Jump up ^ Prior 1999 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Fromkin 2004 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Keegan 1998 , pp. 48 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Willmott 2003 , pp. 2 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Finestone , Jeffrey ; Massie , Robert K. ( 1981 ) . The last courts of Europe . Dent . p. 247 . Jump up ^ Smith 2010 . Jump up ^ `` European powers maintain focus despite killings in Sarajevo -- History.com This Day in History '' . History.com. 30 June 1914 . Retrieved 26 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Willmott 2003 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Clark , Christopher ( 25 June 2014 ) . Month of Madness . BBC Radio 4 . Jump up ^ Djordjević , Dimitrije ; Spence , Richard B. ( 1992 ) . Scholar , patriot , mentor : historical essays in honor of Dimitrije Djordjević . East European Monographs . p. 313 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88033 - 217 - 0 . Following the assassination of Franz Ferdinand in June 1914 , Croats and Muslims in Sarajevo joined forces in an anti-Serb pogrom . Jump up ^ Reports Service : Southeast Europe series . American Universities Field Staff . 1964 . p. 44 . Retrieved 7 December 2013 ... the assassination was followed by officially encouraged anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo ... Jump up ^ Kröll , Herbert ( 28 February 2008 ) . Austrian - Greek encounters over the centuries : history , diplomacy , politics , arts , economics . Studienverlag . p. 55 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 7065 - 4526 - 6 . Retrieved 1 September 2013 ... arrested and interned some 5.500 prominent Serbs and sentenced to death some 460 persons , a new Schutzkorps , an auxiliary militia , widened the anti-Serb repression . Jump up ^ Tomasevich 2001 , p. 485 . Jump up ^ Schindler , John R. ( 2007 ) . Unholy Terror : Bosnia , Al - Qa'ida , and the Rise of Global Jihad . Zenith Imprint . p. 29 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61673 - 964 - 5 . Jump up ^ Velikonja 2003 , p. 141 . Jump up ^ Stevenson 1996 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Willmott 2003 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Clark 2013 , p. 466 . Jump up ^ The Telegraph , First World War centenary : how the events of 1 August 1914 unfolded , http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-one/11002644/First-World-War-centenary-how-events-unfolded-on-August-1-1914.html Jump up ^ McMeekin , Sean , July 1914 : Countdown to War , Basic Books , 2014 , 480 p. , ISBN 978 - 0465060740 , pp. 342,349 Jump up ^ Crowe 2001 , p. 4 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Dell , Pamela ( 2013 ) . 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( 28 February 1999 ) . Future War and Counterproliferation : US Military Responses to NBC . Praeger , p. 84 ; ISBN 0 - 275 - 96278 - 4 Jump up ^ Taylor , Telford ( 1 November 1993 ) . The Anatomy of the Nuremberg Trials : A Personal Memoir. Little , Brown and Company . ISBN 0 - 316 - 83400 - 9 . Retrieved 20 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Graham , Thomas ; Lavera , Damien J. ( May 2003 ) . Cornerstones of Security : Arms Control Treaties in the Nuclear Era . University of Washington Press . pp. 7 -- 9 . ISBN 0 - 295 - 98296 - 9 . Retrieved 5 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Haber , L.F. ( 20 February 1986 ) . The Poisonous Cloud : Chemical Warfare in the First World War . Clarendon Press . pp. 106 -- 108 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 858142 - 4 . Jump up ^ Vilensky , Joel A. ( 20 February 1986 ) . Dew of Death : The Story of Lewisite , America 's World War I Weapon of Mass destruction . Indiana University Press . pp. 78 -- 80 . ISBN 0 - 253 - 34612 - 6 . Jump up ^ Ellison , D. Hank ( 24 August 2007 ) . 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A German officer during the Armenian genocide : a biography of Max von Scheubner - Richter . translated by Alasdair Lean ; with a preface by Jorge and a historical introduction by Hilmar . London : Taderon Press for the Gomidas Institute . ISBN 1 - 903656 - 81 - 8 . Jump up ^ Ferguson 2006 , p. 177 . Jump up ^ `` International Association Of Genocide Scholars '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Fromkin 1989 , pp. 212 -- 215 . Jump up ^ International Association of Genocide Scholars . `` Resolution on genocides committed by the Ottoman empire '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Gaunt , David ( 2006 ) . Massacres , Resistance , Protectors : Muslim - Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia during World War I. Piscataway , New Jersey : Gorgias Press . 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Retrieved 13 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Seton - Watson , Christopher . 1967 . Italy from Liberalism to Fascism : 1870 to 1925 . London : Methuen & Co. Ltd . Pp. 471 Jump up ^ Cockfield 1997 , pp. 171 -- 237 . Jump up ^ Alan J. Ward , `` Lloyd George and the 1918 Irish conscription crisis . '' Historical Journal ( 1974 ) 17 # 1 pp : 107 -- 129 . Jump up ^ `` The Conscription Crisis '' . CBC. 2001 . Jump up ^ J.M. Main , Conscription : the Australian debate , 1901 -- 1970 ( 1970 ) abstract Archived 7 July 2015 at Archive.is Jump up ^ Havighurst 1985 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ John Whiteclay Chambers , To raise an army : The draft comes to modern America ( 1987 ) . Jump up ^ David Stevenson , The First World War and International Politics ( 1988 ) . Jump up ^ Z.A.B. Zeman , Diplomatic History of the First World War ( 1971 ) Jump up ^ See * Carnegie Endowment for International Peace . Official Statements of War Aims and Peace Proposals : December 1916 to November 1918 , edited by James Brown Scott . ( 1921 ) 515pp online free Jump up ^ R.G. Collingwood An Autobiography , 1939 , page 90 . Jump up ^ Heather Jones , `` As the centenary approaches : the regeneration of First World War historiography . '' Historical Journal ( 2013 ) 56 # 3 pp : 857 -- 878 , esp . p. 858 Jump up ^ `` John McCrae '' . Historica . Archived from the original on 9 June 2011 . Jump up ^ David , Evans . `` John McCrae '' . Canadian Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ `` Monumental Undertaking '' . kclibrary.org . Jump up ^ `` Commemoration website '' . 1914.org . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` French , German Presidents Mark World War I Anniversary '' . France News.Net . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Sheftall , Mark David ( 2010 ) , Altered Memories of the Great War : Divergent Narratives of Britain , Australia , New Zealand , and Canada ^ Jump up to : Hynes , Samuel Lynn ( 1991 ) , A war imagined : the First World War and English culture , Atheneum , pp. i -- xii , ISBN 978 - 0 - 689 - 12128 - 9 ^ Jump up to : Todman 2005 , p. 153 - 221 . Jump up ^ Fussell , Paul ( 2000 ) , The Great War and modern memory , Oxford University Press , pp. 1 -- 78 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 513332 - 5 , retrieved 18 May 2010 ^ Jump up to : Todman 2005 , p. xi -- xv . Jump up ^ Roden . Jump up ^ Wohl 1979 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2005 , pp. 108 -- 1086 . Jump up ^ Kitchen , Martin , The Ending of World War One , and the Legacy of Peace , BBC Jump up ^ `` World War II '' , Britannica Online Encyclopedia , Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc. , archived from the original on 24 June 2008 , retrieved 12 November 2009 Jump up ^ Baker , Kevin ( June 2006 ) , `` Stabbed in the Back ! The past and future of a right - wing myth '' , Harper 's Magazine , archived from the original on 15 July 2006 Jump up ^ Chickering 2004 . Jump up ^ Rubinstein , W.D. ( 2004 ) , Genocide : a history , Pearson Education , p. 7 , ISBN 0 - 582 - 50601 - 8 Jump up ^ 10 in this context -- see Long and short scales Jump up ^ `` What 's a little debt between friends ? Archived 10 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine . '' . BBC News . 10 May 2006 . Jump up ^ Noakes , Lucy ( 2006 ) . Women in the British Army : War and the Gentle Sex , 1907 -- 1948 . Abingdon , England : Routledge . p. 48 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 39056 - 7 . Jump up ^ Green 1938 , pp. CXXVI . Jump up ^ Anton Kaes et al. , eds. ( 1994 ) . The Weimar Republic Sourcebook . U of California Press . p. 8 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Marls , The Myths of Reparations , pp. 231 -- 2 ^ Jump up to : Marks , p. 237 Jump up ^ Marks , pp. 223 -- 234 Jump up ^ World War One : A Short History By Norman Stone Jump up ^ Marks , p. 233 Jump up ^ Hall , Allan ( 28 September 2010 ) . `` First World War officially ends '' . The Telegraph . Berlin . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . The final payment of £ 59.5 million , writes off the crippling debt that was the price for one world war and laid the foundations for another . Jump up ^ Suddath , Claire ( 4 October 2010 ) . `` Why Did World War I Just End ? '' . Time . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . World War I ended over the weekend . Germany made its final reparations - related payment for the Great War on Oct. 3 , nearly 92 years after the country 's defeat by the Allies . Jump up ^ `` World War I to finally end for Germany this weekend '' . CNN . 30 September 2010 . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . Germany and the Allies can call it even on World War I this weekend . Jump up ^ MacMillan , Margaret ( 25 December 2010 ) . `` Ending the War to End All Wars '' . The New York Times . New York . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . NOT many people noticed at the time , but World War I ended this year . ^ Jump up to : `` From Wristwatches To Radio , How World War I Ushered In The Modern World '' . npr.org . Bibliography For a comprehensive bibliography see List of books about World War I American Battle Monuments Commission ( 1938 ) , American Armies and Battlefields in Europe : A History , Guide , and Reference Book , US Government Printing Office , OCLC 59803706 Army Art of World War I , United States Army Center of Military History : Smithsonian Institution , National Museum of American History , 1993 , OCLC 28608539 Ayers , Leonard Porter ( 1919 ) . The War with Germany : A Statistical Summary . Government Printing Office . Bade , Klaus J ; Brown , Allison ( tr . ) ( 2003 ) , Migration in European History , The making of Europe , Oxford : Blackwell , ISBN 0 - 631 - 18939 - 4 , OCLC 52695573 ( translated from the German ) Balakian , Peter ( 2003 ) , The Burning Tigris : The Armenian Genocide and America 's Response , New York : HarperCollins , ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 019840 - 4 , OCLC 56822108 Ball , Alan M ( 1996 ) , And Now My Soul Is Hardened : Abandoned Children in Soviet Russia , 1918 -- 1930 , Berkeley : University of California Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 20694 - 6 , reviewed in Hegarty , Thomas J ( March -- June 1998 ) . `` And Now My Soul Is Hardened : Abandoned Children in Soviet Russia , 1918 -- 1930 '' . Canadian Slavonic Papers . ( via Highbeam.com ) Bass , Gary Jonathan ( 2002 ) , Stay the Hand of Vengeance : The Politics of War Crimes Tribunals , Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press , pp. 424pp , ISBN 0 - 691 - 09278 - 8 , OCLC 248021790 Blair , Dale ( 2005 ) , No Quarter : Unlawful Killing and Surrender in the Australian War Experience , 1915 -- 1918 , Charnwood , Australia : Ginninderra Press , ISBN 1 - 74027 - 291 - 9 , OCLC 62514621 Brands , Henry William ( 1997 ) , T.R. : The Last Romantic , New York : Basic Books , ISBN 0 - 465 - 06958 - 4 , OCLC 36954615 Braybon , Gail ( 2004 ) . Evidence , History , and the Great War : Historians and the Impact of 1914 -- 18 . Berghahn Books . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57181 - 801 - 0 . Brown , Judith M. ( 1994 ) , Modern India : The Origins of an Asian Democracy , Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press , ISBN 0 - 19 - 873113 - 2 Chickering , Rodger ( 2004 ) , Imperial Germany and the Great War , 1914 -- 1918 , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 83908 - 4 , OCLC 55523473 Clark , Charles Upson ( 1927 ) , Bessarabia , Russia and Roumania on the Black Sea , New York : Dodd , Mead , OCLC 150789848 Clark , Christopher ( 2013 ) . The Sleepwalkers : How Europe Went to War in 1914 . HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 219922 - 5 . 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Cambridge University Press , 2014 ) External links Listen to this article ( 3 parts ) ( info ) Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 This audio file was created from a revision of the `` World War I '' article dated 2006 - 06 - 24 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles 1914 -- 1918 - online International Encyclopedia of the First World War The Heritage of the Great War / First World War . 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West East Kamerun Togoland North Asian and Pacific Tsingtao German New Guinea and Samoa At sea North Atlantic U-boat campaign Mediterranean North Sea Baltic Indian , Pacific and South Atlantic Oceans Papeete Madras Penang Cocos Coronel Falkland Islands Más a Tierra Principal participants ( people ) Entente powers China French Empire Belgium British Empire Greece Italy Japan Montenegro Portuguese Empire Romania Russia Russian Empire Russian Republic Serbia United States Brazil Central Powers Germany Austria - Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Timeline Pre-War conflicts Scramble for Africa ( 1880 -- 1914 ) Russo - Japanese War ( 1905 ) First Moroccan ( Tangier ) Crisis ( 1905 -- 06 ) Agadir Crisis ( 1911 ) Italo - Turkish War ( 1911 -- 12 ) French conquest of Morocco ( 1911 -- 12 ) First Balkan War ( 1912 -- 13 ) Second Balkan War ( 1913 ) Prelude Origins Sarajevo assassination Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo July Crisis Autumn 1914 Battle of the Frontiers Battle of Cer First Battle of the Marne Siege of Tsingtao Battle of Tannenberg Battle of Galicia Battle of the Masurian Lakes Battle of Kolubara Battle of Sarikamish Race to the Sea First Battle of Ypres 1915 Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes Second Battle of Ypres Battle of Gallipoli Second Battle of Artois Battles of the Isonzo Great Retreat Second Battle of Champagne Kosovo Offensive Siege of Kut Battle of Loos 1916 Erzurum Offensive Battle of Verdun Lake Naroch Offensive Battle of Asiago Battle of Jutland Battle of the Somme first day Brusilov Offensive Baranovichi Offensive Battle of Romani Monastir Offensive Battle of Transylvania 1917 Capture of Baghdad First Battle of Gaza Zimmermann Telegram Second Battle of Arras Second Battle of the Aisne Kerensky Offensive Third Battle of Ypres ( Passchendaele ) Battle of Mărășești Battle of Caporetto Southern Palestine Offensive Battle of Cambrai Armistice of Erzincan 1918 Operation Faustschlag Treaty of Brest - 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Date 28 July 1914 -- 11 November 1918 ( 1914 - 07 - 28 -- 1918 - 11 - 11 ) ( 4 years , 3 months and 2 weeks ) Peace treaties ( show ) Treaty of Versailles Signed 28 June 1919 ( 4 years and 11 months ) Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye Signed 10 September 1919 ( 5 years , 1 month , 1 week and 6 days ) Treaty of Neuilly - sur - Seine Signed 27 November 1919 ( 4 years , 1 month , 1 week and 6 days ) Treaty of Trianon Signed 4 June 1920 ( 5 years , 10 months and 1 week ) Treaty of Sèvres Signed 10 August 1920 ( 6 years , 1 week and 6 days ) United States -- Austria Peace Treaty Signed 24 August 1921 ( 3 years , 8 months , 2 weeks and 3 days ) United States -- Germany Peace Treaty Signed 25 August 1921 ( 4 years , 4 months , 2 weeks and 5 days ) United States -- Hungary Peace Treaty Signed 29 August 1921 ( 3 years , 8 months , 3 weeks and 1 day ) Treaty of Lausanne Signed 24 July 1923 ( 8 years , 8 months , 3 weeks and 4 days )

History of Science and Technology in China - wikipedia History of Science and Technology in China Jump to : navigation , search For the history of science and technology of modern China , see History of science and technology in the People 's Republic of China . For the science and technology of modern China , see Science and technology in the People 's Republic of China . For the science and technology of modern Taiwan , see Ministry of Science and Technology ( Republic of China ) . History of science and technology in China Inventions Four Great Inventions Discoveries By subject Mathematics Astronomy Calendar Units of measurement Cartography Geography Printing Ceramics Metallurgy Coinage Chinese Alchemy Traditional medicine herbology Agriculture Sericulture Silk industry Architecture Classic gardens Bridges Transport Navigation Military Navy By era Han Tang Song Yuan People 's Republic Agriculture History of China ANCIENT Neolithic c. 8500 -- c. 2070 BC Xia dynasty c. 2070 -- c. 1600 BC Shang dynasty c. 1600 -- c. 1046 BC Zhou dynasty c. 1046 -- 256 BC Western Zhou Eastern Zhou Spring and Autumn Warring States IMPERIAL Qin dynasty 221 -- 206 BC Han dynasty 206 BC -- 220 AD Western Han Xin dynasty Eastern Han Three Kingdoms 220 -- 280 Wei , Shu and Wu Jin dynasty 265 -- 420 Western Jin Eastern Jin Sixteen Kingdoms Northern and Southern dynasties 420 -- 589 Sui dynasty 581 -- 618 Tang dynasty 618 -- 907 ( Second Zhou dynasty 690 -- 705 ) Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 907 -- 960 Liao dynasty 907 -- 1125 Song dynasty 960 -- 1279 Northern Song Western Xia Southern Song Jin Yuan dynasty 1271 -- 1368 Ming dynasty 1368 -- 1644 Qing dynasty 1644 -- 1912 MODERN Republic of China 1912 -- 1949 People 's Republic of China 1949 -- present Related articles Chinese historiography Timeline of Chinese history Dynasties in Chinese history Linguistic history Art history Economic history Education history Science and technology history Legal history Media history Military history Naval history view talk Instructions for making astronomical instruments from the time of the Qing Dynasty . Ancient Chinese scientists and engineers made significant scientific innovations , findings and technological advances across various scientific disciplines including the natural sciences , engineering , medicine , military technology , mathematics , geology and astronomy . Among the earliest inventions were the abacus , the `` shadow clock , '' and the first items such as Kongming lanterns . The Four Great Inventions -- the compass , gunpowder , papermaking , and printing -- were among the most important technological advances , only known to Europe by the end of the Middle Ages 1000 years later . The Tang Dynasty ( AD 618 -- 906 ) in particular was a time of great innovation . A good deal of exchange occurred between Western and Chinese discoveries up to the Qing Dynasty . The Jesuit China missions of the 16th and 17th centuries introduced Western science and astronomy , then undergoing its own revolution , to China , and knowledge of Chinese technology was brought to Europe . In the 19th and 20th centuries the introduction of Western technology was a major factor in the modernization of China . Much of the early Western work in the history of science in China was done by Joseph Needham . Contents ( hide ) 1 Mo Di and the School of Names 2 Han Dynasty 3 `` Four Great Inventions '' 4 China 's scientific revolution 4.1 Song Dynasty 4.1. 1 Archaeology 4.1. 2 Geology and climatology 4.2 Mongol transmission 4.3 Theory and hypothesis 4.4 Pharmacology 4.5 Horology and clockworks 4.6 Magnetism and metallurgy 4.7 Mathematics 4.8 Alchemy and Taoism 4.9 Gunpowder warfare 5 Jesuit activity in China 6 Scientific and technological stagnation 7 The Republic of China ( 1912 -- 49 ) 8 People 's Republic of China 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Citations 10.2 Sources 11 External links Mo Di and the school of Names ( edit ) The Warring States period began 2500 years ago at the time of the invention of the crossbow . Needham notes that the invention of the crossbow `` far outstripped the progress in defensive armor '' , which made the wearing of armor useless to the princes and dukes of the states . At this time , there were also many nascent schools of thought in China -- the Hundred Schools of Thought ( 諸子 百 家 ) , scattered among many polities . The schools served as communities which advised the rulers of these states . Mo Di ( 墨 翟 Mozi , 470 BCE -- ca . 391 BCE ) introduced concepts useful to one of those rulers , such as defensive fortification . One of these concepts , fa ( 法 principle or method ) was extended by the School of Names ( 名家 Ming jia , ming = name ) , which began a systematic exploration of logic . The development of a school of logic was cut short by the defeat of Mohism 's political sponsors by the Qin Dynasty , and the subsumption of fa as law rather than method by the Legalists ( 法 家 Fa jia ) . Needham further notes that the Han Dynasty , which conquered the short - lived Qin , were made aware of the need for law by Lu Chia and by Shu - Sun Thung , as defined by the scholars , rather than the generals . You conquered the empire on horseback , but from horseback you will never succeed in ruling it. he made pankakes . -- Lu Chia , Derived from Taoist philosophy , one of the newest longstanding contributions of the ancient Chinese are in Traditional Chinese medicine , including acupuncture and herbal medicine . The practice of acupuncture can be traced back as far as the 1st millennium BC and some scientists believe that there is evidence that practices similar to acupuncture were used in Eurasia during the early Bronze Age . Using shadow clocks and the abacus ( both invented in the ancient Near East before spreading to China ) , the Chinese were able to record observations , documenting the first recorded solar eclipse in 2137 BC , and making the first recording of any planetary grouping in 500 BC . These claims , however , are highly disputed and rely on much supposition . The Book of Silk was the first definitive atlas of comets , written c. 400 BC . It listed 29 comets ( referred to as sweeping stars ) that appeared over a period of about 300 years , with renderings of comets describing an event its appearance corresponded to . In architecture , the pinnacle of Chinese technology manifested itself in the Great Wall of China , under the first Chinese Emperor Qin Shi Huang between 220 and 200 BC . Typical Chinese architecture changed little from the succeeding Han Dynasty until the 19th century . The Qin Dynasty also developed the crossbow , which later became the mainstream weapon in Europe . Several remains of crossbows have been found among the soldiers of the Terracotta Army in the tomb of Qin Shi Huang . Han Dynasty ( edit ) Remains of a Chinese crossbow , 2nd century BC . Main article : Science and technology of the Han Dynasty The Eastern Han Dynasty scholar and astronomer Zhang Heng ( 78 -- 139 AD ) invented the first water - powered rotating armillary sphere ( the first armillary sphere having been invented by the Greek Eratosthenes ) , and catalogued 2,500 stars and over 100 constellations . In 132 , he invented the first seismological detector , called the `` Houfeng Didong Yi '' ( `` Instrument for inquiring into the wind and the shaking of the earth '' ) . According to the History of Later Han Dynasty ( 25 -- 220 AD ) , this seismograph was an urn - like instrument , which would drop one of eight balls to indicate when and in which direction an earthquake had occurred . On June 13 , 2005 , Chinese seismologists announced that they had created a replica of the instrument . The mechanical engineer Ma Jun ( c. 200 -- 265 AD ) was another impressive figure from ancient China . Ma Jun improved the design of the silk loom , designed mechanical chain pumps to irrigate palatial gardens , and created a large and intricate mechanical puppet theatre for Emperor Ming of Wei , which was operated by a large hidden waterwheel . However , Ma Jun 's most impressive invention was the south - pointing chariot , a complex mechanical device that acted as a mechanical compass vehicle . It incorporated the use of a differential gear in order to apply equal amount of torque to wheels rotating at different speeds , a device that is found in all modern automobiles . Sliding calipers were invented in China almost 2,000 years ago . The Chinese civilization was the earliest civilization to experiment successfully with aviation , with the kite and Kongming lantern ( proto Hot air balloon ) being the first flying machines . `` Four great inventions '' ( edit ) The intricate frontispiece of the Diamond Sutra from Tang Dynasty China , 868 AD ( British Library ) Main article : Four Great Inventions The `` Four Great Inventions '' ( simplified Chinese : 四 大 发明 ; traditional Chinese : 四 大 發明 ; pinyin : sì dà fāmíng ) are the compass , gunpowder , papermaking and printing . Paper and printing were developed first . Printing was recorded in China in the Tang Dynasty , although the earliest surviving examples of printed cloth patterns date to before 220 . Pin - pointing the development of the compass can be difficult : the magnetic attraction of a needle is attested by the Louen - heng , composed between AD 20 and 100 , although the first undisputed magnetized needles in Chinese literature appear in 1086 . By AD 300 , Ge Hong , an alchemist of the Jin Dynasty , conclusively recorded the chemical reactions caused when saltpetre , pine resin and charcoal were heated together , in Book of the Master of the Preservations of Solidarity . Another early record of gunpowder , a Chinese book from c. 850 AD , indicates : `` Some have heated together sulfur , realgar and saltpeter with honey ; smoke and flames result , so that their hands and faces have been burnt , and even the whole house where they were working burned down . '' These four discoveries had an enormous impact on the development of Chinese civilization and a far - ranging global impact . Gunpowder , for example , spread to the Arabs in the 13th century and thence to Europe . According to English philosopher Francis Bacon , writing in Novum Organum : Printing , gunpowder and the compass : These three have changed the whole face and state of things throughout the world ; the first in literature , the second in warfare , the third in navigation ; whence have followed innumerable changes , in so much that no empire , no sect , no star seems to have exerted greater power and influence in human affairs than these mechanical discoveries . -- One of the most important military treatises of all Chinese history was the Huo Long Jing written by Jiao Yu in the 14th century . For gunpowder weapons , it outlined the use of fire arrows and rockets , fire lances and firearms , land mines and naval mines , bombards and cannons , two stage rockets , along with different compositions of gunpowder , including ' magic gunpowder ' , ' poisonous gunpowder ' , and ' blinding and burning gunpowder ' ( refer to his article ) . For the 11th century invention of ceramic movable type printing by Bi Sheng ( 990 - 1051 ) , it was enhanced by the wooden movable type of Wang Zhen in 1298 and the bronze metal movable type of Hua Sui in 1490 . China 's scientific revolution ( edit ) Ships of the world in 1460 ( Fra Mauro map ) . Chinese junks are described as very large , three or four - masted ships . Among the engineering accomplishments of early China were matches , dry docks , the double - action piston pump , cast iron , the iron plough , the horse collar , the multi-tube seed drill , the wheelbarrow , the suspension bridge , the parachute , natural gas as fuel , the raised - relief map , the propeller , the sluice gate , and the pound lock . The Tang Dynasty ( AD 618 -- 906 ) and Song Dynasty ( AD 960 -- 1279 ) in particular were periods of great innovation . In the 7th century , book - printing was developed in China , Korea and Japan , using delicate hand - carved wooden blocks to print individual pages . The 9th century Diamond Sutra is the earliest known printed document . Movable type was also used in China for a time , but was abandoned because of the number of characters needed ; it would not be until Johannes Gutenberg that the technique was reinvented in a suitable environment . In addition to gunpowder , the Chinese also developed improved delivery systems for the Byzantine weapon of Greek fire , Meng Huo You and Pen Huo Qi first used in China c. 900 . Chinese illustrations were more realistic than in Byzantine manuscripts , and detailed accounts from 1044 recommending its use on city walls and ramparts show the brass container as fitted with a horizontal pump , and a nozzle of small diameter . The records of a battle on the Yangtze near Nanjing in 975 offer an insight into the dangers of the weapon , as a change of wind direction blew the fire back onto the Song forces . Song Dynasty ( edit ) Main article : Technology of the Song Dynasty The Song Dynasty ( 960 -- 1279 ) brought a new stability for China after a century of civil war , and started a new area of modernisation by encouraging examinations and meritocracy . The first Song Emperor created political institutions that allowed a great deal of freedom of discourse and thought , which facilitated the growth of scientific advance , economic reforms , and achievements in arts and literature . Trade flourished both within China and overseas , and the encouragement of technology allowed the mints at Kaifeng and Hangzhou to gradually increase in production . In 1080 , the mints of Emperor Shenzong had produced 5 billion coins ( roughly 50 per Chinese citizen ) , and the first banknotes were produced in 1023 . These coins were so durable that they would still be in use 700 years later , in the 18th century . There were many famous inventors and early scientists in the Song Dynasty period . The statesman Shen Kuo is best known for his book known as the Dream Pool Essays ( 1088 AD ) . In it , he wrote of use for a drydock to repair boats , the navigational magnetic compass , and the discovery of the concept of true north ( with magnetic declination towards the North Pole ) . Shen Kuo also devised a geological theory for land formation , or geomorphology , and theorized that there was climate change in geological regions over an enormous span of time . The equally talented statesman Su Song was best known for his engineering project of the Astronomical Clock Tower of Kaifeng , by 1088 AD . The clock tower was driven by a rotating waterwheel and escapement mechanism . Crowning the top of the clock tower was the large bronze , mechanically - driven , rotating armillary sphere . In 1070 , Su Song also compiled the Ben Cao Tu Jing ( Illustrated Pharmacopoeia , original source material from 1058 -- 1061 AD ) with a team of scholars . This pharmaceutical treatise covered a wide range of other related subjects , including botany , zoology , mineralogy , and metallurgy . Chinese astronomers were the first to record observations of a supernova , the first being the SN 185 , recorded during the Han Dynasty . Chinese astronomers made two more notable supernova observations during the Song Dynasty : the SN 1006 , the brightest recorded supernova in history ; and the SN 1054 , making the Crab Nebula the first astronomical object recognized as being connected to a supernova explosion . Archaeology ( edit ) During the early half of the Song Dynasty ( 960 -- 1279 ) , the study of archaeology developed out of the antiquarian interests of the educated gentry and their desire to revive the use of ancient vessels in state rituals and ceremonies . This and the belief that ancient vessels were products of ' sages ' and not common people was criticized by Shen Kuo , who took an interdisciplinary approach to archaeology , incorporating his archaeological findings into studies on metallurgy , optics , astronomy , geometry , and ancient music measures . His contemporary Ouyang Xiu ( 1007 -- 1072 ) compiled an analytical catalogue of ancient rubbings on stone and bronze , which Patricia B. Ebrey says pioneered ideas in early epigraphy and archaeology . In accordance with the beliefs of the later Leopold von Ranke ( 1795 -- 1886 ) , some Song gentry -- such as Zhao Mingcheng ( 1081 -- 1129 ) -- supported the primacy of contemporaneous archaeological finds of ancient inscriptions over historical works written after the fact , which they contested to be unreliable in regard to the former evidence . Hong Mai ( 1123 -- 1202 ) used ancient Han Dynasty era vessels to debunk what he found to be fallacious descriptions of Han vessels in the Bogutu archaeological catalogue compiled during the latter half of Huizong 's reign ( 1100 -- 1125 ) . Geology and climatology ( edit ) In addition to his studies in meteorology , astronomy , and archaeology mentioned above , Shen Kuo also made hypotheses in regards to geology and climatology in his Dream Pool Essays of 1088 , specifically his claims regarding geomorphology and climate change . Shen believed that land was reshaped over time due to perpetual erosion , uplift , and deposition of silt , and cited his observance of horizontal strata of fossils embedded in a cliffside at Taihang as evidence that the area was once the location of an ancient seashore that had shifted hundreds of miles east over an enormous span of time . Shen also wrote that since petrified bamboos were found underground in a dry northern climate zone where they had never been known to grow , climates naturally shifted geographically over time . Mongol transmission ( edit ) Mongol rule under the Yuan Dynasty saw technological advances from an economic perspective , with the first mass production of paper banknotes by Kublai Khan in the 13th century . Numerous contacts between Europe and the Mongols occurred in the 13th century , particularly through the unstable Franco - Mongol alliance . Chinese corps , expert in siege warfare , formed an integral part of the Mongol armies campaigning in the West . In 1259 - 1260 military alliance of the Franks knights of the ruler of Antioch , Bohemond VI and his father - in - law Hetoum I with the Mongols under Hulagu , in which they fought together for the conquests of Muslim Syria , taking together the city of Aleppo , and later Damascus . William of Rubruck , an ambassador to the Mongols in 1254 - 1255 , a personal friend of Roger Bacon , is also often designated as a possible intermediary in the transmission of gunpowder know - how between the East and the West . The compass is often said to have been introduced by the Master of the Knights Templar Pierre de Montaigu between 1219 and 1223 , from one of his travels to visit the Mongols in Persia . Chinese and Arabic astronomy intermingled under Mongol rule . Muslim astronomers worked in the Chinese Astronomical Bureau established by Kublai Khan , while some Chinese astronomers also worked at the Persian Maragha observatory . Before this , in ancient times , Indian astronomers had lent their expertise to the Chinese court . Theory and hypothesis ( edit ) A 1726 illustration of Haidao Suanjing , written by Liu Hui in the 3rd century . As Toby E. Huff notes , pre-modern Chinese science developed precariously without solid scientific theory , while there was a lacking of consistent systemic treatment in comparison to contemporaneous European works such as the Concordance and Discordant Canons by Gratian of Bologna ( fl . 12th century ) . This drawback to Chinese science was lamented even by the mathematician Yang Hui ( 1238 -- 1298 ) , who criticized earlier mathematicians such as Li Chunfeng ( 602 -- 670 ) who were content with using methods without working out their theoretical origins or principle , stating : The men of old changed the name of their methods from problem to problem , so that as no specific explanation was given , there is no way of telling their theoretical origin or basis . -- Despite this , Chinese thinkers of the Middle Ages proposed some hypotheses which are in accordance with modern principles of science . Yang Hui provided theoretical proof for the proposition that the complements of the parallelograms which are about the diameter of any given parallelogram are equal to one another . Sun Sikong ( 1015 -- 1076 ) proposed the idea that rainbows were the result of the contact between sunlight and moisture in the air , while Shen Kuo ( 1031 -- 1095 ) expanded upon this with description of atmospheric refraction . Shen believed that rays of sunlight refracted before reaching the surface of the earth , hence the appearance of the observed sun from earth did not match its exact location . Coinciding with the astronomical work of his colleague Wei Pu , Shen and Wei realized that the old calculation technique for the mean sun was inaccurate compared to the apparent sun , since the latter was ahead of it in the accelerated phase of motion , and behind it in the retarded phase . Shen supported and expanded upon beliefs earlier proposed by Han Dynasty ( 202 BCE -- 202 CE ) scholars such as Jing Fang ( 78 -- 37 BCE ) and Zhang Heng ( 78 -- 139 CE ) that lunar eclipse occurs when the earth obstructs the sunlight traveling towards the moon , a solar eclipse is the moon 's obstruction of sunlight reaching earth , the moon is spherical like a ball and not flat like a disc , and moonlight is merely sunlight reflected from the moon 's surface . Shen also explained that the observance of a full moon occurred when the sun 's light was slanting at a certain degree and that crescent phases of the moon proved that the moon was spherical , using a metaphor of observing different angles of a silver ball with white powder thrown onto one side . Although the Chinese accepted the idea of spherical - shaped heavenly bodies , the concept of a spherical earth ( as opposed to a flat earth ) was not accepted in Chinese thought until the works of Italian Jesuit Matteo Ricci ( 1552 -- 1610 ) and Chinese astronomer Xu Guangqi ( 1562 -- 1633 ) in the early 17th century . Pharmacology ( edit ) Main article : Traditional Chinese medicine There were noted advances in traditional Chinese medicine during the Middle Ages . Emperor Gaozong ( reigned 649 -- 683 ) of the Tang Dynasty ( 618 -- 907 ) commissioned the scholarly compilation of a materia medica in 657 that documented 833 medicinal substances taken from stones , minerals , metals , plants , herbs , animals , vegetables , fruits , and cereal crops . In his Bencao Tujing ( ' Illustrated Pharmacopoeia ' ) , the scholar - official Su Song ( 1020 -- 1101 ) not only systematically categorized herbs and minerals according to their pharmaceutical uses , but he also took an interest in zoology . For example , Su made systematic descriptions of animal species and the environmental regions they could be found , such as the freshwater crab Eriocher sinensis found in the Huai River running through Anhui , in waterways near the capital city , as well as reservoirs and marshes of Hebei . Muhammad ibn Zakariya al - Razi in 896 , mentions the popular introduction of various Chinese herbs and aloes in Baghdad . Horology and clockworks ( edit ) Although the Bencao Tujing was an important pharmaceutical work of the age , Su Song is perhaps better known for his work in horology . His book Xinyi Xiangfayao ( 新 儀 象 法要 ; lit . ' Essentials of a New Method for Mechanizing the Rotation of an Armillary Sphere and a Celestial Globe ' ) documented the intricate mechanics of his astronomical clock tower in Kaifeng . This included the use of an escapement mechanism and world 's first known chain drive to power the rotating armillary sphere crowning the top as well as the 133 clock jack figurines positioned on a rotating wheel that sounded the hours by banging drums , clashing gongs , striking bells , and holding plaques with special announcements appearing from open - and - close shutter windows . While it had been Zhang Heng who applied the first motive power to the armillary sphere via hydraulics in 125 CE , it was Yi Xing ( 683 -- 727 ) in 725 CE who first applied an escapement mechanism to a water - powered celestial globe and striking clock . The early Song Dynasty horologist Zhang Sixun ( fl . late 10th century ) employed liquid mercury in his astronomical clock because there were complaints that water would freeze too easily in the clepsydra tanks during winter . The elephant clock in a manuscript by Al - Jazari ( 1206 AD ) from The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices . Al - Jazari ( 1136 -- 1206 ) , a Muslim engineer and inventor of various clocks , including the Elephant clock , wrote : `` ( T ) he elephant represents the Indian and African cultures , the two dragons represents Chinese culture , the phoenix represents Persian culture , the water work represents ancient Greek culture , and the turban represents Islamic culture '' . Magnetism and metallurgy ( edit ) Shen Kuo 's written work of 1088 also contains the first written description of the magnetic needle compass , the first description in China of experiments with camera obscura , the invention of movable type printing by the artisan Bi Sheng ( 990 -- 1051 ) , a method of repeated forging of cast iron under a cold blast similar to the modern Bessemer process , and the mathematical basis for spherical trigonometry that would later be mastered by the astronomer and engineer Guo Shoujing ( 1231 -- 1316 ) . While using a sighting tube of improved width to correct the position of the pole star ( which had shifted over the centuries ) , Shen discovered the concept of true north and magnetic declination towards the North Magnetic Pole , a concept which would aid navigators in the years to come . In addition to the method similar to the Bessemer process mentioned above , there were other notable advancements in Chinese metallurgy during the Middle Ages . During the 11th century , the growth of the iron industry caused vast deforestation due to the use of charcoal in the smelting process . To remedy the problem of deforestation , the Song Chinese discovered how to produce coke from bituminous coal as a substitute for charcoal . Although hydraulic - powered bellows for heating the blast furnace had been written of since Du Shi 's ( d . 38 ) invention of the 1st century CE , the first known drawn and printed illustration of it in operation is found in a book written in 1313 by Wang Zhen ( fl. 1290 -- 1333 ) . Mathematics ( edit ) Main article : Chinese mathematics Qin Jiushao ( c. 1202 -- 1261 ) was the first to introduce the zero symbol into Chinese mathematics . Before this innovation , blank spaces were used instead of zeros in the system of counting rods . Pascal 's triangle was first illustrated in China by Yang Hui in his book Xiangjie Jiuzhang Suanfa ( 详解 九 章 算法 ) , although it was described earlier around 1100 by Jia Xian . Although the Introduction to Computational Studies ( 算学 启蒙 ) written by Zhu Shijie ( fl . 13th century ) in 1299 contained nothing new in Chinese algebra , it had a great impact on the development of Japanese mathematics . Alchemy and Taoism ( edit ) Stoneware bombs , known in Japanese as Tetsuhau ( iron bomb ) , or in Chinese as Zhentianlei ( thunder crash bomb ) , excavated from the Takashima shipwreck , October 2011 . Excavated bombs contain a 3 - 6cm opening at the top where the fuse was placed . Once the fuse was lit , the bomb was thrown either by hand or catapult . According to the Mōko Shūrai Ekotoba scroll , these bombs made a large noise and emitted bright fire upon explosion . Prior to the shipwreck 's discovery , observers believed the bombs depicted in the scroll were a later addition . Main article : Chinese alchemy In their pursuit for an elixir of life and desire to create gold from various mixtures of materials , Taoists became heavily associated with alchemy . Joseph Needham labeled their pursuits as proto - scientific rather than merely pseudoscience . Fairbank and Goldman write that the futile experiments of Chinese alchemists did lead to the discovery of new metal alloys , porcelain types , and dyes . However , Nathan Sivin discounts such a close connection between Taoism and alchemy , which some sinologists have asserted , stating that alchemy was more prevalent in the secular sphere and practiced by laymen . Experimentation with various materials and ingredients in China during the middle period led to the discovery of many ointments , creams , and other mixtures with practical uses . In a 9th - century Arab work Kitāb al - Khawāss al Kabīr , there are numerous products listed that were native to China , including waterproof and dust - repelling cream or varnish for clothes and weapons , a Chinese lacquer , varnish , or cream that protected leather items , a completely fire - proof cement for glass and porcelain , recipes for Chinese and Indian ink , a waterproof cream for the silk garments of underwater divers , and a cream specifically used for polishing mirrors . Gunpowder warfare ( edit ) The significant change that distinguished Medieval warfare to early Modern warfare was the use of gunpowder weaponry in battle . A 10th - century silken banner from Dunhuang portrays the first artistic depiction of a fire lance , a prototype of the gun . The Wujing Zongyao military manuscript of 1044 listed the first known written formulas for gunpowder , meant for light - weight bombs lobbed from catapults or thrown down from defenders behind city walls . By the 13th century , the iron - cased bomb shell , hand cannon , land mine , and rocket were developed . As evidenced by the Huolongjing of Jiao Yu and Liu Bowen , by the 14th century the Chinese had developed the heavy cannon , hollow and gunpowder - packed exploding cannonballs , the two - stage rocket with a booster rocket , the naval mine and wheellock mechanism to ignite trains of fuses . Jesuit activity in China ( edit ) Jesuits in China . The Jesuit China missions of the 16th and 17th centuries introduced Western science and astronomy , then undergoing its own revolution , to China . One modern historian writes that in late Ming courts , the Jesuits were `` regarded as impressive especially for their knowledge of astronomy , calendar - making , mathematics , hydraulics , and geography . '' The Society of Jesus introduced , according to Thomas Woods , `` a substantial body of scientific knowledge and a vast array of mental tools for understanding the physical universe , including the Euclidean geometry that made planetary motion comprehensible . '' Another expert quoted by Woods said the scientific revolution brought by the Jesuits coincided with a time when science was at a very low level in China : ( The Jesuits ) made efforts to translate western mathematical and astronomical works into Chinese and aroused the interest of Chinese scholars in these sciences . They made very extensive astronomical observation and carried out the first modern cartographic work in China . They also learned to appreciate the scientific achievements of this ancient culture and made them known in Europe . Through their correspondence European scientists first learned about the Chinese science and culture . -- Conversely , the Jesuits were very active in transmitting Chinese knowledge to Europe . Confucius 's works were translated into European languages through the agency of Jesuit scholars stationned in China . Matteo Ricci started to report on the thoughts of Confucius , and Father Prospero Intorcetta published the life and works of Confucius into Latin in 1687 . It is thought that such works had considerable importance on European thinkers of the period , particularly among the Deists and other philosophical groups of the Enlightenment who were interested by the integration of the system of morality of Confucius into Christianity . The followers of the French physiocrat François Quesnay habitually referred to him as `` the Confucius of Europe '' , and he personally identified himself with the Chinese sage . The doctrine and even the name of `` Laissez - faire '' may have been inspired by the Chinese concept of Wu wei . However , the economic insights of ancient Chinese political thought had otherwise little impact outside China in later centuries . Goethe , was known as `` the Confucius of Weimar '' . Scientific and technological stagnation ( edit ) Further information : Great Divergence One question that has been the subject of debate among historians has been why China did not develop a scientific revolution and why Chinese technology fell behind that of Europe . Many hypotheses have been proposed ranging from the cultural to the political and economic . John K. Fairbank , for example , argued that the Chinese political system was hostile to scientific progress . As for Needham , he wrote that cultural factors prevented traditional Chinese achievements from developing into what could be called `` science . '' It was the religious and philosophical framework of the Chinese intellectuals which made them unable to believe in the ideas of laws of nature : It was not that there was no order in nature for the Chinese , but rather that it was not an order ordained by a rational personal being , and hence there was no conviction that rational personal beings would be able to spell out in their lesser earthly languages the divine code of laws which he had decreed aforetime . The Taoists , indeed , would have scorned such an idea as being too naïve for the subtlety and complexity of the universe as they intuited it . -- Another prominent historian of science , Nathan Sivin , has argued that China indeed had a scientific revolution in the 17th century but it 's just that we are still not able to really understand the scientific revolution that took place in China . Sivin suggests that we need to look at the scientific development in China on its own terms . There are also questions about the philosophy behind traditional Chinese medicine , which , derived partly from Taoist philosophy , reflects the classical Chinese belief that individual human experiences express causative principles effective in the environment at all scales . Because its theory predates use of the scientific method , it has received various criticisms based on scientific thinking . Philosopher Robert Todd Carroll , a member of the Skeptics Society , deemed acupuncture a pseudoscience because it `` confuse ( s ) metaphysical claims with empirical claims ''. : More recent historians have questioned political and cultural explanations and have put greater focus on economic causes . Mark Elvin 's high level equilibrium trap is one well - known example of this line of thought . It argues that the Chinese population was large enough , workers cheap enough , and agrarian productivity high enough to not require mechanization : thousands of Chinese workers were perfectly able to quickly perform any needed task . Other events such as Haijin , the Opium Wars and the resulting hate of European influence prevented China from undergoing an Industrial Revolution ; copying Europe 's progress on a large scale would be impossible for a lengthy period of time . Political instability under Cixi rule ( opposition and frequent oscillation between modernists and conservatives ) , the Republican wars ( 1911 -- 1933 ) , the Sino - Japanese War ( 1933 -- 1945 ) , the Communist / Nationalist War ( 1945 -- 1949 ) as well as the later Cultural Revolution isolated China at the most critical times . Kenneth Pomeranz has made the argument that the substantial resources taken from the New World to Europe made the crucial difference between European and Chinese development . In his book Guns , Germs , and Steel , Jared Diamond postulates that the lack of geographic barriers within much of China -- essentially a wide plain with two large navigable rivers and a relatively smooth coastline -- led to a single government without competition . At the whim of a ruler who disliked new inventions , technology could be stifled for half a century or more . In contrast , Europe 's barriers of the Pyrenees , the Alps , and the various defensible peninsulas ( Denmark , Scandinavia , Italy , Greece , etc . ) and islands ( Britain , Ireland , Sicily , etc . ) led to smaller countries in constant competition with each other . If a ruler chose to ignore a scientific advancement ( especially a military or economic one ) , his more - advanced neighbors would soon usurp his throne . This explanation , however , ignores the fact that China had been politically fragmented in the past , and was thus not inherently disposed to political unification . The Republic of China ( 1912 -- 49 ) ( edit ) The Republican period ( 1911 - 1949 ) saw the introduction in earnest of modern science to China . Large numbers of Chinese students studied abroad in Japan and in Europe and the US . Many returned to help teach and to found numerous schools and universities . Among them were numerous outstanding figures , including Cai Yuanpei , Hu Shi , Weng Wenhao , Ding Wenjiang , Fu Ssu - nien , and many others . As a result , there was a tremendous growth of modern science in China . As the Communist Party took over China 's mainland in 1949 , some of these Chinese scientists and institutions moved to Taiwan . The central science academy , Academia Sinica , also moved there . People 's Republic of China ( edit ) Main article : History of science and technology in the People 's Republic of China See also : Science and technology in the People 's Republic of China After the establishment of the People 's Republic in 1949 , China reorganized its science establishment along Soviet lines . Although the country regressed scientifically as a result of government policies which led to famine during the Great Leap Forward and political chaos during the Cultural Revolution , scientific research in nuclear weapons and satellite launching still gained great success . From 1975 , science and technology was one of the Four Modernizations , and its high - speed development was declared essential to all national economic development by Deng Xiaoping . Other civilian technologies such as superconductivity and high - yield hybrid rice led to new developments due to the application of science to industry and foreign technology transfer . As the People 's Republic of China becomes better connected to the global economy , the government has placed more emphasis on science and technology . This has led to increases in funding , improved scientific structure , and more money for research . These factors have led to advancements in agriculture , medicine , genetics , and global change . In 2003 , the Chinese space program allowed China to become the third country to send humans into space , and ambition to put a man on mars by 2030 . In the 2000s and 2010s , China became a top scientific and industrial power in more advanced fields such as super computing , artificial intelligence , bullet trains , aeronautics , nuclear physics researches and other fields . In 2016 , China became the country with the highest science output , as measured in publications . While the US had been the biggest producer of scientific studies until then , China published 426,000 studies in 2016 while the US published 409,000 . However , the numbers are somewhat relative , as it also depends how authorship on international collaborations is counted ( e.g. if one paper is counted per person or whether authorship is split among authors ) . See also ( edit ) China portal History of Imperial China portal Science portal Technology portal Chinese astronomy Chinese mathematics History of Chinese archaeology List of Chinese discoveries List of Chinese inventions Military history of China History of canals in China Science and Civilization in China Traditional Chinese medicine Yongle Encyclopedia References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Inventions ( Pocket Guides ) . ^ Jump up to : Thomas Woods , How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization ( Washington , DC : Regenery , 2005 ) ^ Jump up to : Agustín Udías , p. 53 Jump up ^ Needham , Robinson & Huang 2004 , p. 218 ^ Jump up to : Needham , Robinson & Huang 2004 , p. 10 Jump up ^ Needham 1956 p. 185 Jump up ^ Lu Chia ( 196 BCE , 前 漢書 ( Chi'en Han Shu ) ( History of the former Han dynasty ) ch. 43 , p. 6b and Tung Chien Kang Mu ( Essential Mirror of Universal History ) ch. 3 , p. 46b ) as referenced in Needham , Robinson & Huang 2004 , p. 10 . 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Needham , Joseph ; Robinson , Kenneth G. ; Huang , Jen - Yü ( 2004 ) . `` Science and Civilisation in China '' . 7 , part II General Conclusions and Reflections . Cambridge University Press . Li Shu - hua , `` Origine de la Boussole 11 . Aimant et Boussole , '' Isis , Vol. 45 , No. 2 . ( Jul. , 1954 ) Rothbard , Murray N. ( 2006 ) . Economic thought before Adam Smith : An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought . Cheltnam , UK : Edward Elgar . ISBN 0 - 945466 - 48 - X . Stephen Turnbull , The Walls of Constantinople , AD 324 -- 1453 , Osprey Publishing , ISBN 1 - 84176 - 759 - X Agustín Udías , Searching the Heavens and the Earth : The History of Jesuit Observatories ( Dordrecht , The Netherlands : Kluwer Academic Publishers , 2003 ) Shelagh Vainker in Anne Farrer ( ed ) , `` Caves of the Thousand Buddhas '' , 1990 , British Museum publications , ISBN 0 - 7141 - 1447 - 2 Sivin , Nathan . 2005 . `` A Multi-dimensional Approach to Research on Ancient Science '' . East Asian Science , Technology , and Medicine , no . 23 . Temporary Publisher : 10 -- 25 . JSTOR 43150669 . Thomas Woods , How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization , ( Washington , DC : Regenery , 2005 ) , ISBN 0 - 89526 - 038 - 7 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to History of science and technology in China . Institute for the History of Natural Science , Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Society for the History of Science and Technology Popular Science Alliance Network , Internet Society of China China Association for Science and Technology China International Association for Promotion of Science and Technology ( CIAPST ) China Popular Science Network China Research Institute for Science Popularization Science Education Network China Association of Children 's Science Instructors China Science China Statistical Yearbook on Science and Technology 1991 - 2015 Science and technology in China Architecture Astronomy Automotive industry Biotechnology Internet Software Space program Logic Mathematics Media Mining Nuclear power Railways Supercomputing Telecommunications Cyberwarfare History Inventions Discoveries History of measurement systems Calendar History of metallurgy Ancient coinage Printing Early cartography Maritime history Military history Education Academic grading Higher education Research institutes Science museums People Biologists Chemists Computer programmers Computer scientists Engineers Inventors Mathematicians Nobel laureates Pharmacologists Physicians Physicists Science writers Institutes and programs 863 Program Research institutes Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Engineering Chinese Academy of Social Sciences National Natural Science Foundation of China History of science Background Theories and sociology Historiography Pseudoscience By era Early cultures Classical Antiquity The Golden Age of Islam Renaissance Scientific Revolution Romanticism By culture African Byzantine Medieval European Chinese Indian Medieval Islamic Natural sciences Astronomy Biology Botany Chemistry Ecology Evolution Geology Geophysics Paleontology Physics Mathematics Algebra Calculus Combinatorics Geometry Logic Probability Statistics Trigonometry Social sciences Anthropology Economics Geography Linguistics Political science Psychology Sociology Sustainability Technology Agricultural science Computer science Materials science Engineering Medicine Human medicine Veterinary medicine Anatomy Neuroscience Neurology Nutrition Pathology Pharmacy Timelines Portal History of technology History of technology cultures Prehistoric technology Neolithic Ancient Egypt Mayan Ancient Greek Roman Chinese Indian Byzantine Medieval Islam Medieval Europe Renaissance Ottoman Great Divergence Industrial Revolution Modern History of technology domains History of biotechnology History of communication History of computing hardware History of electrical engineering History of materials science History of measurement History of medicine History of nuclear technology History of transport Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_science_and_technology_in_China&oldid=831135830 '' Categories : Chinese inventions History of science and technology in China Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing simplified Chinese - language text Articles containing traditional Chinese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from March 2018 Talk Navigation Contents About Wikipedia Español Français हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia 日本 語 Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi ไทย Українська 文言 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 March 2018 , at 23 : 10 . 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many inventions were first developed under the rule of chinese dynasties including

Among the earliest inventions were the abacus , the `` shadow clock , '' and the first items such as Kongming lanterns . The Four Great Inventions -- the compass , gunpowder , papermaking , and printing -- were among the most important technological advances , only known to Europe by the end of the Middle Ages 1000 years later . The Tang Dynasty ( AD 618 -- 906 ) in particular was a time of great innovation . A good deal of exchange occurred between Western and Chinese discoveries up to the Qing Dynasty .

Prison Break : the final Break - Wikipedia Prison Break : the final Break Jump to : navigation , search Prison Break : The Final Break DVD cover Screenplay by Nick Santora & Seth Hoffman ( Part 1 ) Zack Estrin & Karyn Usher ( Part 2 ) Story by Christian Trokey ( Part 1 ) Kalinda Vazquez ( Part 2 ) Directed by Brad Turner ( Part 1 ) Kevin Hooks ( Part 2 ) Starring Dominic Purcell Wentworth Miller Amaury Nolasco Robert Knepper Jodi Lyn O'Keefe Sarah Wayne Callies William Fichtner Composer ( s ) Ramin Djawadi Original language ( s ) English Production Running time 89 minutes Distributor FOX Entertainment Release Original release May 27 , 2009 ( United Kingdom ) July 21 , 2009 ( United States ) February 5 , 2010 ( Japan ) ( NTV ) Chronology Preceded by `` Killing Your Number '' Prison Break : The Final Break is a 2009 television movie of the Prison Break franchise . The movie aired May 27 in the United Kingdom on Sky1 . In the United States and Canada , the movie was first released on DVD and Blu - ray on July 21 , 2009 . The movie covers the events which occurred in between the downfall of The Company , and the revelation of Michael Scofield 's ( Wentworth Miller ) death . It details the manipulated arrest and incarceration of Sara Tancredi ( Sarah Wayne Callies ) for the murder of Christina Scofield ( Kathleen Quinlan ) , the final escape plan which Michael devises for Sara , and the details surrounding Michael 's death . It also reveals the ultimate fate of Gretchen Morgan ( Jodi Lyn O'Keefe ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Starring 2.2 Guest starring 3 References Plot ( edit ) This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The story starts off with Sara being arrested for the murder of Christina ( Scofield ) Hampton , during her and Michael 's wedding reception . It is implied that surveillance video was altered by agents loyal to the General ( Jonathan Krantz ) ( Leon Russom ) by removing Christina 's gun to make it look as if Sara shot Christina in cold blood rather than self - defence . She is held in the Miami - Dade State Penitentiary , where overcrowding necessitates that the female prison and jail inmates are housed in the same building . Gretchen Morgan watches from a distance , having been imprisoned after the events in `` The Sunshine State '' . Sara is attacked as revenge by the Miami - Dade COs for having left the infirmary door unlocked , allowing the `` Fox River Eight '' to escape and eventual dismissal or suspension of several staff members of Fox River . Across the yard is the neighboring men 's jail and prison , where Krantz and Theodore `` T - Bag '' Bagwell ( Robert Knepper ) are being held . T - Bag continues to help the general , even though the General claims poverty when asked to pay for contraband T - Bag gets him . The General contacts Gretchen and offers her $100,000 to kill Sara . When Gretchen does not get the job done immediately , it is offered as a bounty for whoever kills Sara . Sara is quickly poisoned with strychnine , but is given medical treatment in the infirmary that saves her life and pregnancy . The correctional physician informs her that she will have thirty minutes with her baby when she gives birth before the baby is taken away from her . His advice is to consider herself to be a surrogate mother to her own fetus so as to avoid crippling depression due to the inevitable separation . Michael learns of the attacks from Sara 's lawyer , and asks the warden to protect her , which she declines to do . She also denies Sara visits from anyone except her lawyer . After learning about the bounty on her head , Michael decides the only way to keep her alive is to break her out . He once again enlists Lincoln Burrows ( Dominic Purcell ) and Fernando Sucre 's ( Amaury Nolasco ) help . Lincoln and Sucre scope out the prison , taking measurements and photographs to create a map of the prison . Gretchen sees Lincoln and Sucre , and demands Sara include her in any escape plan that may be developing . After analyzing the photographs and plans of the prison , Michael finds a fault in the security system : a blind spot the cameras can not see . Alexander Mahone ( William Fichtner ) then arrives and offers his aid , although his true intentions are unclear . He has just been offered reinstatement with the FBI if he finds and reports any evidence incriminating Michael . Michael develops an escape plan which he relays to Sara using a hidden message in a letter . While he is out however , FBI Agent Todd Wheatley ( Chris Bruno ) breaks into Michael 's apartment , and sees the plans laid out on table . When Michael arrives , he points out that while the plans may look incriminating , he was merely looking for weaknesses to report to the prison warden ( Amy Aquino ) in the hopes that she may grant him visitation rights . Sara 's attorney secures a court order allowing Michael to visit her . Because the visit is supervised , he subtly asks her if she understood the hidden message , and she indicates she did . As he is leaving the prison , however , Michael sees the camera system being adjusted to eliminate the blind spot he planned to exploit . Special Agent Wheatley apparently discovered it while looking at the documents he had seen in Michael 's apartment . Meanwhile , Sara joins the `` Family '' of the leader of the prisoners , an inmate who goes by the name of `` Daddy '' ( Lori Petty ) . Daddy helps her get work in the motor pool , which makes Wife jealous and other Family members suspicious . Michael comes up with a new plan to parachute into the prison and rescue Sara . Lincoln is sent to offer T - Bag $5,000 to light a fire and set off the fire alarm at 7 : 00 the night of the escape . T - Bag demands $100,000 , and suggests they can get it by robbing the General of the money he has to pay the bounty on Sara . T - Bag did this to settle grudges with the General , including the General 's refusal to pay T - Bag for favors in jail . T - Bag provides Lincoln with the name and phone number of Joe Daniels , ( Richmond Arquette ) the General 's agent . Lincoln agrees to steal the money and put it in T - Bag 's account by 7 : 00 . Lincoln and Sucre then steal the $100,000 from Daniels . Wanting to get to Sara away from the Family , Gretchen persuades one of the guards to search Daddy 's room . The guards do so , and take Daddy to solitary confinement after finding drugs in her cell . Sara is attacked by a fellow Family member ( Alicia Lagano ) but Gretchen comes to her rescue , killing the attacker in the process . Gretchen again demands Sara include her in the escape because she wishes to see her daughter , Emily , and give her a gift . When one of the guards tells Daddy of the death of her family member , and mentions that Sara and Gretchen are thought to be behind her killing , Daddy becomes infuriated . Following several phone calls with Agent Wheatley in which Mahone divulged Michael 's parachute plot , it appears that Mahone has betrayed Michael . But Michael continues to trust him , and gives him a piece of paper and a DVD which he asks Mahone to give to Sara in the event of his death . Michael then visits Sara once more , telling her that the previous escape plan was now impossible . He cryptically tells her of the new plan , in which she must get to the chapel . Michael has discovered they can get from the chapel to an administrative building that has an emergency escape tunnel . Daddy is eventually freed from lockup , and appears to be stalking Sara and Gretchen . Just before the escape begins , Gretchen distracts a guard , and Sara confronts Daddy . Sara picks a fight with Daddy and purposely pushes her into a powerful and frightening inmate Skittlez ( Dot Marie Jones ) , who then retaliates by attacking Daddy . At the same time , Gretchen punches the guard and knocks her to the ground , but gets stabbed in the leg during the altercation . Sara quickly grabs the guard 's keys , and the two of them hide in the kitchen amidst the chaos . Michael then begins the escape . Knowing of the plan thanks to Mahone 's information , agent Wheatley orders all lights shut off , and positions armed officers near Michael 's expected landing site . When the parachute comes down , it is riddled with bullets . Upon inspection , Wheatley discovers the parachute is attached to a dummy . Michael is then seen sneaking out from under Wheatley 's car and running into the prison . With the escape underway , Gretchen admits to Sara that she can not continue on without help due to her injuries . Gretchen then asks her to choose , either to leave her behind or help her . Sara chooses to help Gretchen , however , as they run to the chapel , Gretchen is spotted by guards . She is asked if she 's alone but Gretchen covers Sara 's presence and stalls the guards . Though Sara is almost spotted by a guard , she manages to unlock the door and get into the chapel undetected . The guards are recalled and they take Gretchen . Sara picks up the necklace that Gretchen made for her daughter , Emily , presumably so she may pass it on to Emily later . Michael meets Sara in the chapel , and they wait for 7 : 00 when T - Bag was to start the fire to trip the fire alarm . We see Sucre racing to a money transfer store to transfer the $100,000 , but he gets there after the shop is closed . When T - Bag finds out that the transfer did not take place by 7 : 00 as promised , he angrily reveals the plot to the warden , and tells her that he was instructed to set off the fire alarm . Special Agent Wheatley responds by demanding the fire alarm and other systems that would cover other noises be turned off . This however , turns out to be part of Michael 's plan , as he assumed that T - Bag would double - cross them . With the alarms off , he burns through a locked door with a blowtorch . However , the electronic lock on the next door does not open with the device Michael brought . He needs to cause a power surge from a fuse panel to unlock the door , so he instructs Sara to leave him behind . Sara refuses to leave if Michael can not go with her , but he emphasizes that there is no other way , touching her stomach and saying that he will be going with her . In one final act of sacrifice , Michael causes the surge , and sparks are shown coming from the fuse box . Sara runs , meeting Lincoln , Sucre , and Mahone just outside the fence . Stunned , Sara is unable to describe to Lincoln what just happened . Mahone revealed that he knew of Michael 's plan from a previous discussion and tells Lincoln , `` He 's gone . '' They get into the van and drive away , still shocked over Michael 's fate . Back at the prison , T - Bag is put into solitary confinement for aiding Sara 's escape . The next day , just before Lincoln and Sara board a boat to escape to the Dominican Republic , Sucre gives Sara the $100,000 they stole from the General , apologizing for not being able to wire the money to them the night before as planned . Mahone gives Sara the paper Michael asked him to deliver , the results of a medical exam revealing that his brain tumor had returned and his condition was terminal . Mahone also gives the DVD to Lincoln who watches it with Sara while they escape on the boat . In the video , Michael tells Sara and Lincoln that he would n't have had much time to live because of his tumor , and that he does n't regret his choice . He asks Lincoln to promise that he will always be there for his child ( which turns out to be a son ) no matter what , and he asks Sara to watch out for Lincoln . He says that life is wasted on what people want to , but do n't ever , say . He then says what he wants to say is that he loves them both , very much . He tells them to make sure his child is told every day how much he is loved and how lucky he is to be free . The video , and the entire series , ends with Michael 's message that they are finally free : `` Well , if you 're watching this , I 'm glad , because it means you 're safe . And that 's all I ever wanted . I wish I could be there with you , but as you probably know now , I would n't have had much time anyway . So I made my choice , and I do n't regret it . Anyway , not too long from now there 's going to be another little Scofield running around . And Linc -- I want you to promise me , no matter what , they 're going to grow up knowing their uncle is never far away . And Sara , I want you to promise me that you 're going to keep an eye on Linc . As you may have noticed , he has a tendency to get in trouble . You know , we spend so much of our lives not saying the things we want to say . The things we should say . We speak in code and we send little messages , origami . So now , plainly , simply ... I want to say that I love you both ... very much . And I want you to promise me that you 're going to tell my child ... that you 're going to tell my child how much they 're loved every day . And remind them how lucky they are to be free . Because we are . We 're free now . Finally . We 're free . '' Cast ( edit ) Starring ( edit ) Dominic Purcell as Lincoln Burrows Wentworth Miller as Michael Scofield Amaury Nolasco as Fernando Sucre Robert Knepper as Theodore `` T - Bag '' Bagwell Jodi Lyn O'Keefe as Gretchen Morgan Sarah Wayne Callies as Sara Tancredi William Fichtner as Alexander Mahone Guest starring ( edit ) Leon Russom as General Jonathan Krantz Chris Bruno as FBI Agent Todd Wheatley Barbara Eve Harris as FBI Agent Felicia Lang Kim Coates as Richard Sullins Lori Petty as `` Daddy '' Aisha Hinds as Guard Cowler David Starzyk as Blue Phillips Amy Aquino as Warden Alice Simms Dendrie Taylor as Guard Richmond Arquette as Attorney Joe Daniels Damien Leake as Detective Marlin Alicia Lagano as Agatha Warren Joseph Will as Doctor Sufe Bradshaw as Wife Dot Marie Jones as Skittlez Rainbow Borden as Seags Livia Trivino as Hucks Ian Patrick Williams as Bearded man Peggy Dunne as Guard References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.prisonbreakmanhunt.com/news/383/83/Prison-Break-The-Final-Break-Air-Dates/ Jump up ^ `` The Sunshine State '' , Prison Break season 4 episode 16 . Jump up ^ `` Go '' , Prison Break season 1 episode 21 . Prison Break Seasons Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Episodes `` Pilot '' `` Allen '' `` Cute Poison '' `` English , Fitz or Percy '' `` Riots , Drills and the Devil '' `` Manhunt '' `` Rendezvous '' `` Bolshoi Booze '' `` Disconnect '' `` The Killing Box '' `` John Doe '' `` The Message '' `` Chicago '' `` Panama '' `` Fin Del Camino '' `` Scylla '' `` Breaking & Entering '' `` Shut Down '' `` Eagles & Angels '' `` Safe & Sound '' `` Blow Out '' `` Five the Hard Way '' `` The Price '' `` Greatness Achieved '' `` The Legend '' `` Quiet Riot '' `` Selfless '' `` Ogygia '' `` Kaniel Outis '' `` The Liar '' `` The Prisoner 's Dilemma Characters Theodore `` T - Bag '' Bagwell Brad Bellick Lincoln Burrows Benjamin Miles `` C - Note '' Franklin Paul Kellerman Alexander Mahone Michael Scofield Fernando Sucre Sara Tancredi Minor characters Cast members Universe Fox River State Penitentiary Penitenciaría Federal de Sona The Company Other media The Final Break ( movie ) Proof of Innocence The Conspiracy Soundtracks Seasons 1 & 2 Seasons 3 & 4 Related Awards and nominations Films directed by Kevin Hooks Roots : The Gift ( 1988 ) Heat Wave ( 1990 ) Strictly Business ( 1991 ) Passenger 57 ( 1992 ) Irresistible Force ( 1993 ) Fled ( 1996 ) Glory & Honor ( 1998 ) Black Dog ( 1998 ) Mutiny ( 1999 ) The Color of Friendship ( 2000 ) Prison Break : The Final Break ( 2009 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prison_Break:_The_Final_Break&oldid=812314169 '' Categories : 2009 television films Films directed by Kevin Hooks Films directed by Brad Turner Films set in Florida Prison Break episodes Films scored by Ramin Djawadi Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from April 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Română Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 November 2017 , at 05 : 43 . 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who ends up with the money in prison break

The next day , just before Lincoln and Sara board a boat to escape to the Dominican Republic , Sucre gives Sara the $100,000 they stole from the General , apologizing for not being able to wire the money to them the night before as planned . Mahone gives Sara the paper Michael asked him to deliver , the results of a medical exam revealing that his brain tumor had returned and his condition was terminal . Mahone also gives the DVD to Lincoln who watches it with Sara while they escape on the boat . In the video , Michael tells Sara and Lincoln that he would n't have had much time to live because of his tumor , and that he does n't regret his choice . He asks Lincoln to promise that he will always be there for his child ( which turns out to be a son ) no matter what , and he asks Sara to watch out for Lincoln . He says that life is wasted on what people want to , but do n't ever , say . He then says what he wants to say is that he loves them both , very much . He tells them to make sure his child is told every day how much he is loved and how lucky he is to be free . The video , and the entire series , ends with Michael 's message that they are finally free :

Stresa Front - wikipedia Stresa Front Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Coordinates : 45 ° 53 ′ 47.1 '' N 8 ° 31 ′ 33.6 '' E  /  45.896417 ° N 8.526000 ° E  / 45.896417 ; 8.526000 The Stresa Front was an agreement made in Stresa , a town on the banks of Lake Maggiore in Italy , between French prime minister Pierre Laval , British prime minister Ramsay MacDonald , and Italian prime minister Benito Mussolini on April 14 , 1935 . Formally called the Final Declaration of the Stresa Conference , its aim was to reaffirm the Locarno Treaties and to declare that the independence of Austria `` would continue to inspire their common policy '' . The signatories also agreed to resist any future attempt by the Germans to change the Treaty of Versailles . The Stresa Front broke down between the signatories after the Italian invasion of Abyssinia , within two months of the initial agreement . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Conference 3 Assessment 4 Dissolution 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) The Stresa Front was triggered by Germany 's declaration of its intention to build up an air force , increase the size of the army to 36 divisions ( 500,000 men ) and introduce conscription , in March 1935 . All of these actions were direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles , which limited the size of the German Army to 100,000 men , forbade conscription in Germany and prohibited a German air force . Mussolini thought that the signing of the Stresa Front would mean that the United Kingdom and France would not interfere in the Abyssinian crisis . Conference ( edit ) Even though the increasingly belligerent Germany dominated discussions within the conference room , Mussolini was most clever outside . With Britain , he discussed plans to pursue his aim of making Italy ' great , respected and feared ' through the invasion and conquest of Abyssinia and create an all - powerful empire . Mussolini made sure not to discuss his expansionist plans within the confines of the conference itself , as he knew of the risk of the Western democracies issuing a veto over it . Furthermore , Mussolini could not risk the conference being sidetracked from its main aims : reaffirming Locarno and opposing any more breaches of international agreements . Mussolini got his way , and his plans to invade Abyssinia were not brought up . He took that silence as acquiescence to his colonial war , and so he launched his invasion of Abyssinia in October 1935 . That was the turning point for Mussolini , as he drifted away from Britain and France and toward Germany . Assessment ( edit ) The Stresa Front could be seen as a failure because it had vague terms and it was not clear how its aims should be upheld . It ignored all referring to Germany , as Britain was adopting a dual policy and did not want to antagonize Hitler . The hard line was provided by Mussolini , but Britain ' kept the door open ' with Germany to obtain agreements . Hitler had used tactics that made Britain and France guess his next move . However , the vague terms of the agreement kept Hitler guessing at what Britain would do . Britain failed to realise its advantage over Germany and then lost it by the Anglo - German Naval Agreement . Another reason for the agreement 's failure was that Britain , France and Italy all did not want to invade Germany , but a full - scale invasion of Germany was necessary to cease its rearmament . The British government was unwilling to so because the British public was strongly antiwar . The Anglo - German Naval Agreement , soon allowed Germany to increase the size of its navy to 35 % ( by tonnage ) of the Royal Navy and also to build submarines . The British government had not discussed that with its Stresa partners . The members of the Stresa Front were pulling in different directions . Dissolution ( edit ) The front collapsed completely with the Italian invasion of Abyssinia . Mussolini had long had ambitions of controlling Abyssinia and was enraged by the signing of the Anglo - German Naval Agreement without being informed beforehand . Mussolini had held back on his invasion plans to avoid alienating his allies , especially since Ethiopia bordered French Somaliland and British Somaliland . However , he felt betrayed by Britain and so decided that there was no reason against the invasion . He also believed that the agreement violated the Stresa Front . On January 6 , 1936 , Mussolini told German Ambassador Ulrich von Hassell that he would not object to Germany taking Austria as a satellite state if it maintained its independence . On 22 February , Mussolini then agreed to Hitler 's remilitarization of the Rhineland and stated that Italy would not honour the Locarno Treaty if the remilitarization occurred . See also ( edit ) Anschluss annexation of Austria by Germany in 1938 ( 1 ) 80 Years anniversary . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Richard Lamb . Mussolini as Diplomat : Il Duce 's Italy on the World Stage , pg. 114 Jump up ^ Peter Neville . Mussolini , pg. 135 External links ( edit ) Text of the agreement Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stresa_Front&oldid=828955696 '' Categories : French Third Republic Modern history of Italy 1935 in Italy 1935 in France 1935 in the United Kingdom 1935 in international relations Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2007 All articles needing additional references Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский ไทย Українська 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 March 2018 , at 19 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

what was the purpose of the stresa front

Coordinates : 45 ° 53 ′ 47.1 '' N 8 ° 31 ′ 33.6 '' E  /  45.896417 ° N 8.526000 ° E  / 45.896417 ; 8.526000 The Stresa Front was an agreement made in Stresa , a town on the banks of Lake Maggiore in Italy , between French prime minister Pierre Laval , British prime minister Ramsay MacDonald , and Italian prime minister Benito Mussolini on April 14 , 1935 . Formally called the Final Declaration of the Stresa Conference , its aim was to reaffirm the Locarno Treaties and to declare that the independence of Austria `` would continue to inspire their common policy '' . The signatories also agreed to resist any future attempt by the Germans to change the Treaty of Versailles . The Stresa Front broke down between the signatories after the Italian invasion of Abyssinia , within two months of the initial agreement .

Roman Forum - wikipedia Roman Forum Jump to : navigation , search Coordinates : 41 ° 53 ′ 32 '' N 12 ° 29 ′ 07 '' E  /  41.8922 ° N 12.4852 ° E  / 41.8922 ; 12.4852 This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Roman Forum Forum Romanum ( Latin ) Surviving structures Tabularium , Gemonian stairs , Temple of Saturn , Temple of Vespasian and Titus , Arch of Septimius Severus , Curia Julia , Rostra , Basilica Aemilia , Forum Main Square , Basilica Iulia , Temple of Caesar , Regia , Temple of Castor and Pollux , Temple of Vesta Imperial comitium Curia Julia , Rostra Augusti , Umbilicus Urbi , Milliarium Aureum , Lapis Niger , Basilica of Maxentius Part of a series on Ancient Rome and the fall of the Republic Mark Antony Cleopatra VII Assassination of Julius Caesar Pompey Theatre of Pompey Cicero First Triumvirate Roman Forum Comitium Rostra Curia Julia Curia Hostilia The Roman Forum , also known by its Latin name Forum Romanum ( Italian : Foro Romano ) , is a rectangular forum ( plaza ) surrounded by the ruins of several important ancient government buildings at the center of the city of Rome . Citizens of the ancient city referred to this space , originally a marketplace , as the Forum Magnum , or simply the Forum . For centuries the Forum was the center of day - to - day life in Rome : the site of triumphal processions and elections ; the venue for public speeches , criminal trials , and gladiatorial matches ; and the nucleus of commercial affairs . Here statues and monuments commemorated the city 's great men . The teeming heart of ancient Rome , it has been called the most celebrated meeting place in the world , and in all history . Located in the small valley between the Palatine and Capitoline Hills , the Forum today is a sprawling ruin of architectural fragments and intermittent archaeological excavations attracting 4.5 million sightseers yearly . Many of the oldest and most important structures of the ancient city were located on or near the Forum . The Roman Kingdom 's earliest shrines and temples were located on the southeastern edge . These included the ancient former royal residence , the Regia ( 8th century BC ) , and the Temple of Vesta ( 7th century BC ) , as well as the surrounding complex of the Vestal Virgins , all of which were rebuilt after the rise of imperial Rome . Other archaic shrines to the northwest , such as the Umbilicus Urbis and the Vulcanal ( Shrine of Vulcan ) , developed into the Republic 's formal Comitium ( assembly area ) . This is where the Senate -- as well as Republican government itself -- began . The Senate House , government offices , tribunals , temples , memorials and statues gradually cluttered the area . Over time the archaic Comitium was replaced by the larger adjacent Forum and the focus of judicial activity moved to the new Basilica Aemilia ( 179 BC ) . Some 130 years later , Julius Caesar built the Basilica Julia , along with the new Curia Julia , refocusing both the judicial offices and the Senate itself . This new Forum , in what proved to be its final form , then served as a revitalized city square where the people of Rome could gather for commercial , political , judicial and religious pursuits in ever greater numbers . Eventually much economic and judicial business would transfer away from the Forum Romanum to the larger and more extravagant structures ( Trajan 's Forum and the Basilica Ulpia ) to the north . The reign of Constantine the Great saw the construction of the last major expansion of the Forum complex -- the Basilica of Maxentius ( 312 AD ) . This returned the political center to the Forum until the fall of the Western Roman Empire almost two centuries later . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 History 2.1 Roman Kingdom 2.2 Roman Republic 2.3 Roman Empire 2.4 Medieval 2.5 Excavation and preservation 3 Monuments 3.1 Temple of Saturn 4 Other fora in Rome 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Description ( edit ) Unlike the later imperial fora in Rome -- which were self - consciously modelled on the ancient Greek plateia ( πλατεῖα ) public plaza or town square -- the Roman Forum developed gradually , organically , and piecemeal over many centuries . This is the case despite attempts , with some success , to impose some order there , by Sulla , Julius Caesar , Augustus and others . By the Imperial period , the large public buildings that crowded around the central square had reduced the open area to a rectangle of about 130 by 50 metres . Its long dimension was oriented northwest to southeast and extended from the foot of the Capitoline Hill to that of the Velian Hill . The Forum 's basilicas during the Imperial period -- the Basilica Aemilia on the north and the Basilica Julia on the south -- defined its long sides and its final form . The Forum proper included this square , the buildings facing it and , sometimes , an additional area ( the Forum Adjectum ) extending southeast as far as the Arch of Titus . Originally , the site of the Forum had been a marshy lake where waters from the surrounding hills drained . This was drained by the Tarquins with the Cloaca Maxima . Because of its location , sediments from both the flooding of the Tiber and the erosion of the surrounding hills have been raising the level of the Forum floor for centuries . Excavated sequences of remains of paving show that sediment eroded from the surrounding hills was already raising the level in early Republican times . As the ground around buildings rose , residents simply paved over the debris that was too much to remove . Its final travertine paving , still visible , dates from the reign of Augustus . Excavations in the 19th century revealed one layer on top of another . The deepest level excavated was 3.60 metres above sea level . Archaeological finds show human activity at that level with the discovery of carbonised wood . An important function of the Forum , during both Republican and Imperial times , was to serve as the culminating venue for the celebratory military processions known as Triumphs . Victorious generals entered the city by the western Triumphal Gate ( Porta Triumphalis ) and circumnavigated the Palatine Hill ( counterclockwise ) before proceeding from the Velian Hill down the Via Sacra and into the Forum . From here they would mount the Capitoline Rise ( Clivus Capitolinus ) up to the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus on the summit of the Capitol . Lavish public banquets ensued back down on the Forum . ( In addition to the Via Sacra , the Forum was accessed by a number of storied roads and streets , including the Vicus Jugarius , Vicus Tuscus , Argiletum , and Via Nova . ) The Forum Romanum . View facing north east from above the Portico Dii Consentes . History ( edit ) Roman Kingdom ( edit ) A speculative map of Rome c. 753 BC showing the swampy situation of the early Forum between the Arx and Velia . The original , low - lying , grassy wetland of the Forum was drained in the 7th century BC with the building of the Cloaca Maxima , a large covered sewer system that emptied into the Tiber , as more people began to settle between the two hills . According to tradition , the Forum 's beginnings are connected with the alliance between Romulus , the first king of Rome controlling the Palatine Hill , and his rival , Titus Tatius , who occupied the Capitoline Hill . An alliance formed after combat had been halted by the prayers and cries of the Sabine women . Because the valley lay between the two settlements , it was the designated place for the two peoples to meet . Since the early Forum area included pools of stagnant water , the most easily accessible area was the northern part of the valley which was designated as the Comitium . It was here at the Vulcanal that , according to the story , the two parties laid down their weapons and formed an alliance . The Forum was outside the walls of the original Sabine fortress , which was entered through the Porta Saturni . These walls were mostly destroyed when the two hills were joined . The original Forum functioned as an open - air market abutting on the Comitium , but eventually outgrew its day - to - day shopping and marketplace role . As political speeches , civil trials , and other public affairs began to take up more and more space in the Forum , additional fora throughout the city began to emerge to expand on specific needs of the growing population . Fora for cattle , pork , vegetables and wine specialised in their niche products and the associated deities around them . Rome 's second king , Numa Pompilius ( r . 715 -- 673 BC ) , is said to have begun the cult of Vesta , building its house and temple as well as the Regia as the city 's first royal palace . Later Tullus Hostilius ( r . 673 -- 642 BC ) enclosed the Comitium around the old Etruscan temple where the senate would meet at the site of the Sabine conflict . He is said to have converted that temple into the Curia Hostilia close to where the Senate originally met in an old Etruscan hut . In 600 BC Tarquinius Priscus had the area paved for the first time . Roman Republic ( edit ) Map of the Roman Forum . Structures of Republican Rome are shown in red , those of Imperial Rome in black . From Platner 's Topography and Monuments of Ancient Rome , 1904 . ( Adjusted ) During the Republican period the Comitium continued to be the central location for all judicial and political life in the city . However , in order to create a larger gathering place , the Senate began expanding the open area between the Comitium and the Temple of Vesta by purchasing existing private homes and removing them for public use . Building projects of several consuls repaved and built onto both the Comitium and the adjacent central plaza that was becoming the Forum . The 5th century BC witnessed the earliest Forum temples with known dates of construction : the Temple of Saturn ( 497 BC ) and the Temple of Castor and Pollux ( 484 BC ) . The Temple of Concord was added in the following century , possibly by the soldier and statesman Marcus Furius Camillus . A long held tradition of speaking from the elevated speakers ' Rostra -- originally facing north towards the Senate House to the assembled politicians and elites -- put the orator 's back to the people assembled in the Forum . A tribune known as Caius Licinius ( consul in 361 BC ) is said to have been the first to turn away from the elite towards the Forum , an act symbolically repeated two centuries later by Gaius Gracchus . This began the tradition of locus popularis , in which even young nobles were expected to speak to the people from the Rostra . Gracchus was thus credited with ( or accused of ) disturbing the mos maiorum ( `` custom of the fathers / ancestors '' ) in ancient Rome . When Censor in 318 BC , Gaius Maenius provided buildings in the Forum neighborhood with balconies , which were called after him maeniana , in order that the spectators might better view the games put on within the temporary wooden arenas set up there . The Tribune benches were placed on the Forum Romanum , as well . First , they stood next to the senate house ; during the late Roman Republic they were placed in front of the Basilica Porcia . The earliest basilicas ( large , aisled halls ) were introduced to the Forum in 184 BC by Marcus Porcius Cato , which began the process of `` monumentalizing '' the site . The Basilica Fulvia was dedicated on the north side of the Forum square in 179 BC . ( It was rebuilt and renamed several times , as Basilica Fulvia et Aemilia , Basilica Paulli , Basilica Aemilia ) . Nine years later , the Basilica Sempronia was dedicated on the south side . Many of the traditions from the Comitium , such as the popular assemblies , funerals nobles and games , were transferred to the Forum as it developed . Especially notable was the move of the comitia tributa , then the focus of popular politics , in 145 BC . Particularly important and unprecedented political events took place in 133 BC when , in the midst of riots in and around the Forum , the Tribune Tiberius Gracchus was lynched there by a group of Senators . In the 80s BC , during the dictatorship of Sulla , major work was done on the Forum including the raising of the plaza level by almost a meter and the laying of permanent marble paving stones . ( Remarkably , this level of the paving was maintained more or less intact for over a millennium : at least until the sack of Rome by Robert Guiscard and his Normans in 1084 , when neglect finally allowed debris to begin to accumulate unabated . ) In 78 BC , the immense Tabularium ( Records Hall ) was built at the Capitoline Hill end of the Forum by order of the consuls for that year , M. Aemilius Lepidus and Q. Lutatius Catulus . In 63 BC , Cicero delivered his famous speech denouncing the companions of the conspirator Catiline at the Forum ( in the Temple of Concord , whose spacious hall was sometimes used as a meeting place by the Senators ) . After the verdict , they were led to their deaths at the Tullianum , the nearby dungeon which was the only known state prison of the ancient Romans . Over time , the Comitium was lost to the ever - growing Curia and to Julius Caesar 's rearrangements before his assassination in 44 BC . That year , two supremely dramatic events were witnessed by the Forum , perhaps the most famous ever to transpire there : Marc Antony 's funeral oration for Caesar ( immortalized in Shakespeare 's famous play ) was delivered from the partially completed speaker 's platform known as the New Rostra and the public burning of Caesar 's body occurred on a site directly across from the Rostra around which the Temple to the Deified Caesar was subsequently built by his great - nephew Octavius ( Augustus ) . Almost two years later , Marc Antony added to the notoriety of the Rostra by publicly displaying the severed head and right hand of his enemy Cicero there . Roman Empire ( edit ) Rendering of the Roman Forum as it may have appeared during the Late Empire After Julius Caesar 's death , and the end of the subsequent Civil Wars , Augustus would finish his great - uncle 's work , giving the Forum its final form . This included the southeastern end of the plaza where he constructed the Temple of Divus Iulius and the Arch of Augustus there ( both in 29 BC ) . The Forum was witness to the assassination of a Roman Emperor in 69 AD : Galba had set out from the palace to meet rebels but was so feeble that he had to be carried in a litter . He was immediately met by a troop of his rival Otho 's cavalry near the Lacus Curtius in the Forum , where he was killed . During these early Imperial times , much economic and judicial business transferred away from the Forum to larger and more extravagant structures to the north . After the building of Trajan 's Forum ( 110 AD ) , these activities transferred to the Basilica Ulpia . The white marble Arch of Septimius Severus was added at the northwest end of the Forum close to the foot of the Capitoline Hill and adjacent to the old , vanishing Comitium . It was dedicated in 203 AD to commemorate the Parthian victories of Emperor Septimius Severus and his two sons , and is one of the most visible landmarks there today . The Emperor Diocletian ( r . 284 - 305 ) was the last of the great builders of Rome 's city infrastructure and he did not omit the Forum from his program . By his day it had become highly cluttered with honorific memorials . He refurbished and reorganized it , building anew the Temple of Saturn , Temple of Vesta and the Curia . The last had recently burned and Diocletian 's version is the one that can still be visited today . The reign of Constantine the Great saw the completion of the construction of the Basilica of Maxentius ( 312 AD ) , the last significant expansion of the Forum complex . This restored much of the political focus to the Forum until the fall of the Western Roman Empire almost two centuries later . Medieval ( edit ) The city 's estimated population fell 750 - 800,000 to 450,000 in 450 to 250,000 by 500 A.D. The populated areas contracted to the river . Strenuous efforts were made to keep the Forum ( and the palatine structures ) intact , not without some success . In the 6th century some of the old edifices within the Forum began to be transformed into Christian churches . On 1 August 608 , the Column of Phocas , a Roman monumental column , was erected before the Rostra and dedicated or rededicated in honour of the Eastern Roman Emperor Phocas . This proved to be the last monumental addition made to the Forum . The emperor Constans who visited the city in 665 A.D. stripped the lead roofs which exposed the monumental buildings to the weather and hastened deterioration . By the 8th century the whole space was surrounded by Christian churches taking the place of the abandoned and ruined temples . An anonymous 8th - century traveller from Einsiedeln ( now in Switzerland ) reported that the Forum was already falling apart in his time . During the Middle Ages , though the memory of the Forum Romanum persisted , its monuments were for the most part buried under debris , and its location was designated the `` Campo Vaccino '' or `` cattle field , '' located between the Capitoline Hill and the Colosseum . After the 8th century the structures of the Forum were dismantled , re-arranged and used to build feudal towers and castles within the local area . In the 13th century these rearranged structures were torn down and the site became a dumping ground . This , along with the debris from the dismantled medieval buildings and ancient structures , helped contribute to the rising ground level . The return of Pope Urban V from Avignon in 1367 led to an increased interest in ancient monuments , partly for their moral lesson and partly as a quarry for new buildings being undertaken in Rome after a long lapse . Excavation and preservation ( edit ) A detailed archeological layout of the Forum . ( From Platner , 1904 . ) The Roman Forum was a site for many artists and architects studying in Rome to sketch during the 17th through the 19th century . The focus of many of these works produced by visiting Northern artists was on current state of the Roman Forum , known locally as the `` Campo Vaccino '' , or `` cow field '' , due to the livestock who grazed on the largely ignored section of the city . Claude Lorrain 's 1636 `` Campo Vaccino '' shows the extent to which the building in the forum were buried under sediment . From about 1740 to his death in 1772 , the artist Giovanni Battista Piranesi worked on a series of 135 etchings depicting 18th century Rome . Renowned British artist J.M.W. Turner painted `` Modern Rome - Campo Vaccino '' in 1839 , following his final trip to the city . Claude Lorrain 's 1636 `` Campo Vaccino '' ( Louvre , Paris ) J.M.W. Turner ' s 1839 `` Modern Rome - Campo Vacino '' ( Royal Academy , London ) The excavation by Carlo Fea , who began clearing the debris from the Arch of Septimius Severus in 1803 marked the beginning of clearing the Forum . Excavations were officially begun in 1898 by the Italian government under the Minister of Public Instruction , Dr. Baccelli . The 1898 restoration had three main objectives : restore fragmented pieces of columns , bases , and cornices to their original locations in the Forum , reach the lowest possible level of the Forum without damaging existing structures , and to identify already half - excavated structures , along with the senate house and Basilica Aemilia . These state - funded excavations were led by Dr. Giacomo Boni until he died in 1925 , stopping briefly during World War I . Today , the Forum is open as a tourist destination along with the Palatine Hill and Colosseum . The excavations are open to the imperial street level , and guided tours are given in multiple languages . The Forum Museum ( Antiquarium Forense ) is found at the Colosseum end of a modern road , the Via dei Fori Imperiali . It has a significant collection of sculpture and architectural fragments . There are also reconstructions of the Forum and the nearby Imperial Fora as well as a short video in several languages . It is entered from the Forum by the side of Santa Francesca Romana ( No. 53 Piazza S. Maria Nova ) and is open from 08 : 30 to one hour before sunset . Admission is 12 euro . In 2008 heavy rains caused structural damage to the modern concrete covering holding the `` Black Stone '' marble together over the Lapis Niger in Rome . Excavations in the forum continue , with new discoveries by archeologists working in the forum since 2009 leading to questions about Rome 's exact age . One of these recent discoveries includes a tufa wall near the Lapis Niger used to channel water from nearby aquifers . Around the wall , pottery remains and food scraps allowed archeologists to date the likely construction of the wall to the 8th or 9th century BC , over a century before the traditional date of Rome 's founding . View of the Roman Forum from Palatine Hill with the Arco de Settimio Severo to the west ( left ) and the Colosseum to the east ( right ) . Monuments ( edit ) Main article : List of monuments of the Roman Forum Rome : Ruins of the Forum , Looking towards the Capitol ( 1742 ) by Canaletto The Roman Forum has been a source of inspiration for visual artists for centuries . Especially notable is Giambattista Piranesi who created ( 1748 -- 76 ) a set of 135 etchings -- the Vedute di Roma ( Views of Rome ) -- in which the Forum figured significantly . ( Many of the features documented in Piranesi 's views have now vanished . ) Notable artists of the Forum include Maerten van Heemskerck , Pirro Ligorio , Canaletto , Claude Lorrain , Giovanni Paolo Panini , Hubert Robert , J.M.W. Turner and many others . Temple of Saturn ( edit ) The Temple of Saturn was one of the more special buildings located in the Roman Forum . It is believed to have been built in 497BCE and located in Regione VIII Forum Romanum . Little is known about when the Temple was built , as the original temple is believed to have been burnt down by the Gauls early in the fourth century . However it is understood that it was also rebuilt by Munatius Plancus in 42 BC . The eight remaining columns are all that is left of the illustrious temple . Though its exact date of completion is not known , it stands as one of the oldest buildings in the Forum Romanum . The temple originally was to be built to the God Jupiter but was replaced with Saturn however , historians are unsure for what reason ( s ) . Interestingly there are multiple theories regarding the actual reason for the building of the temple . The use of the building however , was not only for religious practice ; but the temple also functioned as a bank for the Roman Society . What remains of the Temple of Saturn The Temple stood in the forum along with four other Temples . It stood with the Temple of Concord , Vesta , Castor and Pullox . At each Temple , animal sacrifices and rituals were done in front of the religious sights . These acts took place to provide good fortune to those entering the Temple and regarding the use of the specific Temple . Specifically the sacrifices were to the God of Saturn as that was the God of the Golden Age . As the Temple of Saturn also functioned as a bank the rituals and sacrifices were made in hope of fiscal improvements . The sacrifices were made in hopes that the people would be guided to similar success as was found in that time period . This provides an understanding of the cultural significance of the Temple , as in any society a building is needed to control the flow of currency . Regarding the inside of the Temple there were multiple vaults for the public and private ones for individuals . There were also sections of the Temple for public speaking events and feasts which often followed the sacrifices . Other fora in Rome ( edit ) Other fora existed in other areas of the city ; remains of most of them , sometimes substantial , still exist . The most important of these are a number of large imperial fora forming a complex with the Forum Romanum : the Forum Iulium , Forum Augustum , the Forum Transitorium ( also : Forum Nerva ) , and Trajan 's Forum . The planners of the Mussolini era removed most of the Medieval and Baroque strata and built the Via dei Fori Imperiali road between the Imperial Fora and the Forum . There are also : The Forum Boarium , dedicated to the commerce of cattle , between the Palatine Hill and the river Tiber , The Forum Holitorium , dedicated to the commerce of herbs and vegetables , between the Capitoline Hill and the Servian walls , The Forum Piscarium , dedicated to the commerce of fish , between the Capitoline hill and the Tiber , in the area of the current Roman Ghetto , The Forum Suarium , dedicated to the commerce of pork , near the barracks of the cohortes urbanae in the northern part of the Campus Martius , The Forum Vinarium , dedicated to the commerce of wine , in the area now of the `` quartiere '' Testaccio , between Aventine Hill and the Tiber . Other markets were known but remain unidentifiable due to a lack of precise information on each site 's function . See also ( edit ) Ancient Rome portal Colossus of Constantine , colossal statue formerly in the west apse of the Basilica of Maxentius Farnese Gardens ( 1550 ) , immediately overlooking the Forum Tarpeian Rock , a traditional execution site overlooking the Forum Veduta References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Grant , Michael ( 1970 ) , The Roman Forum , London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson ; Photos by Werner Forman , pg 11 . Jump up ^ `` La Stampa - La top ten dei monumenti più visti Primo il Colosseo , seconda Pompei '' . Lastampa.it . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Watkin , David ( 2009 ) . The Roman Forum . Harvard University Press , Cambridge , Massachusetts . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 03341 - 2 . Retrieved 6 March 2010 . , pg 22 . Jump up ^ A more generous estimate , including the surrounding buildings , would be about 200 by 75 metres . Jump up ^ Grant , Op . cit. , pg 43 . Jump up ^ Lovell , Isabel ( 1904 ) . Stories in Stone from the Roman Forum . pp. 8 -- 9 . ^ Jump up to : Grant , Op . cit. , pg 16 . Jump up ^ Marucchi , Horace ( 1906 ) . The Roman Forum and the Palatine According to the Latest Discoveries . Paris : Lefebvre . pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Parker , John Henry ( 1881 ) . The Architectural History of the City of Rome . Oxford : Parker and Company . p. 122 . Jump up ^ Vasaly , Ann ( 1996 ) . Representations : Images of the World in Ciceronian Oratory . Berkeley : University of California Press . p. 61 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 07755 - 5 . Jump up ^ Young , Norwood , ed. ( 1908 ) . Handbook for Rome and the Campagna . London : John Murray . p. 95 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Richmond , Ian Archibald , et al. ( 1996 ) , Entry , `` Forum Romanum '' , In : Hornblower , Simon and Antony Spawforth ( eds . ) , The Oxford Classical Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) , Oxford University Press , pg 607 . Jump up ^ Beard , Mary ; North , John A. ; Price , Simon ( 1998 ) . Religions of Rome : A History . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 109 ( note 139 ) . ISBN 0 - 521 - 30401 - 6 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Baedeker , Karl ( 1903 ) . Italy : Handbook for Travellers . Leipzig : Karl Baedeker . p. 251 . Jump up ^ Connolly , Peter and Hazel Dodge ( 1998 ) , The Ancient City : Life in Classical Athens & Rome , Oxford University Press , pp 109 . Jump up ^ Watkin , Op . cit. , pg 106 . Jump up ^ Watkin , Op . cit. , pg 79 . Jump up ^ The close relationship between the Comitium and the Forum Romanum eventually faded from the writings of the ancients . The former is last mentioned in the reign of Septimius Severus ( c. 200 AD ) . Jump up ^ Grant , Op . cit. , pp 111 - 112 . Jump up ^ Connolly , Op . cit. , pp 250 - 251 . Jump up ^ Marucchi , Op . cit. , pg 9 . Jump up ^ Goodyear , W.H. ( 1899 ) . Roman and Medieval Art . New York : Macmillan . p. 109 . Jump up ^ http://www.getty.edu/art/collection/objects/251762/joseph-mallord-william-turner-modern-rome-campo-vaccino-british-1839/ . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Carter , Jesse Benedict ( March 1910 ) . `` A Decade of Forum Excavation and the Results for Roman History '' . The Classical Journal . 5 ( 5 ) : 202 . JSTOR 3286845 . Jump up ^ Gray , Mason D. ( March 1901 ) . `` Recent Excavations in the Roman Forum '' . The Biblical World . 17 ( 3 ) : 199 . JSTOR 3136821 . Jump up ^ Pruitt , Sarah . `` Forum Excavations Reveal Rome 's Advanced Age '' . Jump up ^ Richardson , L. ( 1980 - 01 - 01 ) . `` The Approach to the Temple of Saturn in Rome '' . American Journal of Archaeology. 84 ( 1 ) : 55 . doi : 10.2307 / 504394 . JSTOR 504394 . Jump up ^ Richardson , L. ( 1980 - 01 - 01 ) . `` The Approach to the Temple of Saturn in Rome '' . American Journal of Archaeology. 84 ( 1 ) : 52 . doi : 10.2307 / 504394 . JSTOR 504394 . Jump up ^ Richardson , L. ( 1980 - 01 - 01 ) . `` The Approach to the Temple of Saturn in Rome '' . American Journal of Archaeology. 84 ( 1 ) : 51 . doi : 10.2307 / 504394 . JSTOR 504394 . Jump up ^ Watkin , David , and Watkin , David . Wonders of the World Ser . : The Roman Forum . Cumberland , US : Harvard University Press , 2009 . ProQuest ebrary . Jump up ^ Kalas , Gregor ( 2015 ) . Ashley and Peter Larkin Series in Greek and Roman Culture : Restoration of the Roman Forum in Late Antiquity : Transforming Public Space . Austin : University of Texas Press . p. 16 . Jump up ^ Kalas , Gregor ( 2015 ) . Ashley and Peter Larkin Series in Greek and Roman Culture : Restoration of the Roman Forum in Late Antiquity : Transforming Public Space . Austin : University of Texas Press . p. 17 . Jump up ^ Richardson , L. , Jr. ( 1992 ) . A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome . JHU Press . ISBN 9780801843006 . 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Reconstruction in 3D of the Roman Forum , Circus Maximus , and the Tiber Island - www.italyrome.info Digital Roman Forum , 3D reconstructions of the Roman Forum in ca . 400 Christian Hülsen : The Roman Forum ( at LacusCurtius ; Hülsen was one of the principal excavators of the Forum ) Forum Romanum ( photo archive ) Map of the Forum in AD 100 , blank or labelled Roman Forum Basilicas Basilica Aemilia Basilica Julia Basilica of Maxentius Arches Arch of Tiberius Arch of Titus Arch of Septimius Severus Arch of Constantine Arch of Augustus Columns Column Maenia Column of Phocas Milliarium Aureum Temples Temple of Antoninus and Faustina Temple of Divus Augustus Temple of Concord Temple of Castor and Pollux Temple of Caesar Temple of Janus ( Roman Forum ) Temple of Jupiter Stator ( 8th century BC ) Temple of Saturn Shrine of Venus Cloacina Temple of Venus and Roma Temple of Vespasian and Titus Temple of Vesta Other List of monuments of the Roman Forum House of the Vestals Mamertine Prison Cloaca Maxima Comitium Curia Curia Hostilia Curia Julia Ficus Ruminalis Lacus Juturnae Lacus Curtius Lapis Niger Portico Dii Consentes Regia Rostra Gemonian stairs Tabularium Umbilicus urbis Romae Velian Hill Via Sacra Vicus Jugarius Vicus Tuscus Vulcanal Landmarks of Rome Bridges Pons Cestius Pons Fabricius Ponte Milvio Ponte Sant'Angelo Ponte Sisto Basilicas and churches St. Peter 's Basilica Sistine Chapel Archbasilica of St. John Lateran Basilica of San Clemente al Laterano Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore Basilica of Santa Maria in Ara Coeli Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls Catacombs Church of the Gesù San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane Santa Croce in Gerusalemme Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri Santa Maria in Cosmedin Santa Maria in Trastevere Santa Prassede Santa Sabina Sant'Ivo alla Sapienza Santa Maria della Vittoria Santa Maria del Popolo San Pietro in Vincoli Roman architecture Villas Villa Farnese Villa of Livia Villa of the Quintilii Villa of the sette bassi Temples Pantheon Temple of Castor and Pollux Temple of Hercules Victor Temple of Portunus Temple of Saturn Temple of Vesta Architecture Altare della Patria Ara Pacis Aurelian Walls Baths of Caracalla Castel Sant'Angelo Circus Maximus Colosseum Column of Marcus Aurelius Comitium Imperial fora Largo di Torre Argentina Mausoleum of Augustus Obelisks Palazzo Barberini Palazzo Farnese Piazza Navona Pyramid of Cestius Roman Forum Servian Wall Spanish Steps Theatre of Marcellus Theatre of Pompey Tiber Island Torre dei Capocci Torre delle Milizie Trajan 's Column Trajan 's Market Trevi Fountain Art Apollo Belvedere Augustus of Prima Porta La Bocca della Verità Laocoön and His Sons Ecstasy of Saint Teresa Seven Hills Aventine Caelian Capitoline Esquiline Palatine Quirinal Viminal Parks and gardens Villa Ada Villa Borghese gardens Villa Doria Pamphili Villa Medici Villa Torlonia Parco degli Acquedotti Piazzas and public spaces Campo de ' Fiori Piazza Colonna Piazza d'Aracoeli Piazza del Popolo Piazza della Minerva Piazza della Repubblica Piazza Farnese Piazza Navona Piazza di Spagna Piazza Venezia Streets Appian Way Clivus Capitolinus Via del Corso Via della Conciliazione Via dei Fori Imperiali Via Sacra Via Veneto Museums Vatican Museums Galleria Borghese Doria Pamphilj Gallery Museum of Roman Civilization Capitoline Museums National Roman Museum National Museum of Oriental Art Palaces Palazzo Farnese Palazzo Colonna Palazzo Chigi Palazzo Barberini Palazzo Riario Palazzo Pamphilj Quirinal Palace Related Vatican City St. Peter 's Square VIAF : 122726162 GND : 4076810 - 7 SUDOC : 115566007 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_Forum&oldid=819118077 '' Categories : Archaeological sites in Rome Roman archaeology Roman sites in Lazio Roman Forum Ruins in Italy Archaeological parks Archaeological museums in Italy Tourist attractions in Rome Rome R. 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the roman forum was the central area where

For centuries the Forum was the center of day - to - day life in Rome : the site of triumphal processions and elections ; the venue for public speeches , criminal trials , and gladiatorial matches ; and the nucleus of commercial affairs . Here statues and monuments commemorated the city 's great men . The teeming heart of ancient Rome , it has been called the most celebrated meeting place in the world , and in all history . Located in the small valley between the Palatine and Capitoline Hills , the Forum today is a sprawling ruin of architectural fragments and intermittent archaeological excavations attracting 4.5 million sightseers yearly .

Whitney Dean - wikipedia Whitney Dean Jump to : navigation , search Whitney Dean Whitney as she first appeared in 2008 . EastEnders character Portrayed by Shona McGarty Duration 2008 -- First appearance 1 April 2008 Introduced by Diederick Santer Spin - off appearances Last Tango in Walford ( 2010 ) EastEnders : E20 ( 2010 ) `` East Street '' ( 2010 ) Classification Present ; regular Profile Other names Whitney Carter Occupation Taxicab controller Market trader Teaching assistant Waitress Barmaid ( show ) Family Family Beale / Jackson Carter Father Nathan Dean Mother Debra Dean Adoptive mother Bianca Jackson Stepfather Ricky Butcher ( adoptive ) Half - brothers Ryan Malloy Liam Butcher ( adoptive ) Morgan Butcher ( adoptive ) Half - sisters Natasha Butcher ( adoptive ) Tiffany Butcher ( adoptive ) Husband Lee Carter ( 2016 -- ) Nieces Lily Branning Whitney Carter ( also Dean ) is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera EastEnders , played by Shona McGarty . The character is the adoptive daughter of long - running character Bianca Jackson ( Patsy Palmer ) , and was introduced in April when Palmer returned to the series after a six - year absence . Whitney is described by executive producer Diederick Santer as both an equal to , and younger version of Bianca , and is the oldest of Bianca 's four children . Her storylines have revolved around her fractured family life , her sexual abuse by Bianca 's partner Tony King ( Chris Coghill ) , her sexual exploitation by Rob Grayson ( Jody Latham ) , her marriage to Lee Carter ( Danny - Boy Hatchard ) and miscarrying his baby , surviving a bus crash , falling in love with her father - in - law Mick Carter ( Danny Dyer ) and becoming engaged to Woody Woodward ( Lee Ryan ) . McGarty was temporarily written out of EastEnders for four weeks in July 2012 because of her repeated lateness to work . McGarty took an extended break from the show in 2017 , with Whitney departing on 29 May , she returned on 31 July . The child sexual abuse storyline marks the first time the subject matter has been broached in a UK soap opera , and was researched and developed with advice and approval from the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children . The inappropriate nature of Tony and Whitney 's relationship resulted in over 200 complaints being made to the BBC and television regulatory body Ofcom by members of the public , with the storyline deemed `` horrifying '' by the Daily Mail 's Lizzie Smith , and `` one of the darkest and most disturbing storylines EastEnders has ever attempted '' by the Daily Mirror 's Beth Neil . The NSPCC however have praised the storyline for `` helping to raise awareness of the hidden nature of sexual abuse '' . The storyline also gained EastEnders a Royal Television Society Programme Award in March 2009 in the Soap and Continuing Drama category . Contents ( hide ) 1 Storylines 2 Creation 3 Development 3.1 Sexual abuse 3.2 Sexual exploitation 3.3 Temporary departure 4 Other appearances 5 Reception 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Storylines ( edit ) Whitney first appears when she and her family -- mother figure Bianca Jackson ( Patsy Palmer ) , half - sister Tiffany Dean ( Maisie Smith ) , and Bianca 's sons Liam Butcher ( James Forde ) and Morgan Jackson - King ( Devon Higgs ) -- are evicted by their landlord . The children spend a week in care after Bianca is arrested for assaulting a police officer , returning to her custody a week later and moving into Pat Evans ' ( Pam St. Clement ) house . Over the next few months , Bianca becomes the beneficiary of a mystery `` guardian angel '' , who is revealed to be Whitney . Whitney tells Bianca she found a winning lottery ticket , but kept it secret as she knew that Bianca would spend the money . Bianca reluctantly agrees to deposit the money ; however Whitney hides some to be used in emergencies . It is revealed that Bianca 's imprisoned boyfriend Tony King ( Chris Coghill ) has been grooming Whitney since she was 12 and that they have had a sexual relationship . Having served a year - long prison sentence for assaulting a boy who apparently harassed Whitney , Tony is released in September 2008 . He makes it clear to Whitney that they will resume their sexual relationship , and Whitney reveals that she has kept some of the lottery winnings so they can run away together . When Bianca harangues him about the prospect of marriage , he gives her Whitney 's money to put a down - payment on a flat . When Whitney and classmate Peter Beale ( Thomas Law ) are cast in a school play , Tony is jealous of them rehearsing in private and punches Peter . Whitney convinces Peter and his sister Lucy Beale ( Melissa Suffield ) not to report the attack to the police , but Tony blames her for the incident and ends their affair . Devastated when Tony accepts Bianca 's marriage proposal , Whitney locks herself in her bedroom . Not knowing what to do , Bianca accepts Dr Poppy Merritt 's ( Amy Darcy ) help and she refers Whitney to a psychiatrist . Bianca takes her away on holiday , attempting to mend their relationship . When they return , Tony and Whitney share a passionate kiss , and Tony informs Whitney that their relationship is back on . Whitney confesses to Bianca about her relationship with Tony ( 1998 . Whitney becomes jealous when Tony begins showing an interest in Bianca 's cousin , Lauren Branning ( Madeline Duggan ) . As her sixteenth birthday approaches , she buys tickets for them to travel abroad . Tony loses interest in Whitney and hides her passport , but it is found and returned to her . On the day she turns sixteen , Whitney confesses everything to Bianca . Horrified , Bianca calls the police , and Tony is arrested . He is released on bail but Whitney decides to make a statement to the police . Whitney contacts her biological mother Debra Dean ( Ruth Gemmell ) and tries to discuss the past , but Debra is not interested and rejects her . She meets Todd Taylor ( Ashley Kumar ) and agrees to go on a date with him , which goes well until he asks about past relationships . Whitney runs away and Bianca 's ex-husband Ricky Butcher ( Sid Owen ) finds her drunk . Todd returns and Whitney agrees to another date . When Whitney finds a condom in his wallet , she assumes he wants to have sex with her and runs away . Debra turns up unexpectedly , claiming she is homeless , but reveals she is planning to move to Greece when she has enough money and says Whitney can come with her . Whitney accepts , but later realises that Debra is using her and she is only there to hide from someone . Debra later tells Whitney she has a half - brother , Ryan Malloy ( Neil McDermott ) . Whitney then takes back her statement against Tony but after Whitney 's barrister sees her mobile phone containing the messages from Tony , he is sentenced to 13 years ' imprisonment . During the trial Whitney learns that Tiffany is Ricky 's daughter . She is initially distressed , but accepts that Tiffany is still her sister although they are not related . She repairs her friendship with Todd , and they kiss at Ricky and Bianca 's engagement party . Their reunion is short - lived , and Whitney breaks up with him in favour of Bianca 's half - brother Billie Jackson ( Devon Anderson ) . Whitney is attacked by Billie 's jealous friend Kylie ( Elarica Gallacher ) , and when his friends cause trouble at a grime night at The Queen Victoria pub ( The Vic ) , Whitney asks him to choose between her and his former gang . Billie chooses Whitney , and Kylie takes revenge by attempting to shoot him , shooting his uncle Jack Branning ( Scott Maslen ) instead . Jack is hospitalised with major injuries , and Whitney struggles to help Billie deal with his guilt and subsequent anger and rejection from the Branning and Jackson families . She is further deeply upset when Billie decides to join the army in an attempt to make Jack proud . At Billie 's birthday party , Whitney ends up kissing Peter . She spends the night with him and the next day is upset to learn that Billie has died in his sleep . She blames herself for leaving the party after she sees a text message from Billie saying he still loved her . She sends a reply and lays flowers and candles for him . However , she later goes back to Peter for comfort , and he comforts her again on the day of the funeral . The pair then begin a relationship . However Billie 's friend Connor Stanley ( Arinze Kene ) , starts flirting with her , and asks her why she 'd date someone like Peter after dating Billie . He also asks her to sell some stolen jewellery for him and she agrees . Whitney falls for Connor , but after it is revealed that Connor has been in a sexual relationship with Bianca 's mother Carol Jackson ( Lindsey Coulson ) and Whitney , Bianca attacks him and turns herself in to the police . Whitney and Carol argue over Connor , and Whitney feels she is not wanted by her family so decides to move out , and stays with Ryan 's estranged wife Janine Malloy ( Charlie Brooks ) . Kat Moon ( Jessie Wallace ) offers Whitney a work trial at The Vic for a job , but catches her giving free drinks to Janine . Despite this , she lets Whitney off , telling her she is a natural , and works well at the till . When Kat catches her stealing again , she sacks Whitney , leaving Janine angry with Whitney . After Whitney sees Janine successfully pickpocket someone , she decides to try it herself , but ends up being hit in the face . A man called Rob Grayson ( Jody Latham ) helps her , buys her food and returns her to Albert Square , giving her his phone number . Whitney tries to kiss Max , causing her to fall out with Lauren . She also argues with Carol , rejects Ricky and is rejected by Liam , Tiffany and Morgan for ruining Ricky 's birthday cake days earlier . Upset , Whitney contacts Rob and asks to stay with him , which he accepts . She throws her phone away and tells nobody that she is going . Janine lies about Whitney 's whereabouts but when she admits she does not know where Whitney is , Lauren and Janine attempt to find her , and Lauren sees her in Dartford going into a club . Lauren goes back with her to her bedsit , but Whitney does not want to go , saying she and Rob are in love . Lauren is then thrown out by Rob . Whitney has sex with a man called Chris ( Richard Simons ) and it is revealed that Whitney has been having sex with Rob 's friends to pay off his debts to them . Janine tries to get Whitney to come home but she refuses , and Rob ejects Janine . Rob then drags Whitney out of the house and into his car , while Janine and Lauren see them driving off . They go to a house where Whitney meets another woman Chloe ( Georgia Henshaw ) who is being exploited . Whitney tells Rob she wants to leave , but he says to either be nice to his friends or he will hurt her . He locks her in a room so she breaks the window and escapes , stopping a car and asking for help , while Rob shouts after her . The following month , she sends Lauren a message and meets her outside the police station , looking rough , as she has been arrested for shoplifting . Whitney opts to live with Dot Branning ( June Brown ) instead of her close family , but Dot convinces her to move back to Ricky 's . When Ryan returns from a holiday , he learns of Whitney 's ordeal and urges her to go to the police and get tested for sexually transmitted infections . She says she is not ready to go to the police but agrees to the test , which shows she has a chlamydia infection . When Whitney starts a relationship with a man named Lee ( Mitchell Hunt ) , it is revealed that he is a friend of Rob 's , and when Whitney agrees to meet Lee by text , Rob takes control of Lee 's mobile phone . She allows Rob to take her home but then tells him to wait outside while she escapes through the back door and hitches a lift to Southend - on - Sea with friends . She leaves him a voicemail message not knowing that he has followed her . He finds her in her hotel room and tells her how much he loves her , but when Fatboy ( Ricky Norwood ) comes in , Rob attacks him , so Whitney tells him to leave . Fatboy calls Ryan , who comes to Southend to look for Rob . When he finds him , they fight and fall over the edge of the pier . The next day , a body is recovered from the sea , and is later revealed to be Rob who has died . Whitney thinks Ryan may also be dead until he appears . She tells him she has told the police everything about Rob , including Ryan 's fight with him , and Ryan tells Whitney he has to leave . They say an emotional farewell . Whitney takes an interest in Tyler Moon ( Tony Discipline ) but refuses to date him . Whitney applies for a new work experience at the local nursery which she later gets . When Michael Moon ( Steve John Shepherd ) tells his brother Tyler about Whitney 's recent ordeal , he rejects her but later gives her his special Moon pendant to make up for it . Whitney agrees to go on a date with Tyler and they agree to have sex but Whitney is unsure as she remembers her past and runs out , telling Tyler she never wants to see him again . Tyler is hurt . He later tells Fatboy she needs a shrink which Whitney overhears . She runs out and kisses Fatboy and starts a relationship with him . Fatboy publicly declares his love for Whitney , but when he is unable to give her a driving lesson , Lucy ( now Hetti Bywater ) suggests that Tyler do it , because she knows that Tyler likes Whitney . Whitney starts to feel smothered by Fatboy 's affections . Lucy teases Tyler by telling him that Fatboy plans to publicly propose to Whitney , so Tyler tells Whitney he likes her but Whitney says it is too late . Tyler then surprises Whitney by kissing her . Whitney , feeling guilty , refuses to go on holiday with Fatboy , and tells him to kiss her . He does , but she says it is like kissing her best friend . She then admits she wants Tyler , and Fatboy is heartbroken . Whitney then goes to see Tyler but finds him with Lucy , kissing . She then tells Tyler to leave her alone . However , Tyler later tells Whitney that he can not , as he loves her . Whitney admits to feeling the same way , and they begin a relationship . Whitney believes she is pregnant , and when she tells Tyler , he seems reluctant to take on a child . However he comes round to the idea , but Whitney discovers she is not pregnant after all . Bianca is caught stealing money and returns to prison , but this time located in Suffolk . The rest of Whitney 's family move to Suffolk to be near her , but Whitney stays and looks after the house , along with Bianca 's uncle Derek Branning ( Jamie Foreman ) . Soon after , Tyler moves in . Whitney is angry when Joey Branning ( David Witts ) kisses her . Several months later , after Bianca and the rest of the family move back , Whitney and Tyler plan to get their own home . Whitney tells Tyler about the kiss with Joey , so he breaks up with her . However , he regrets it and proposes to Whitney ; she accepts . Bianca disapproves when she finds out . When Lauren kisses Tyler to make her ex-boyfriend Joey jealous , Whitney ends her friendship with Lauren . After several weeks Lauren and Whitney make up . She receives a letter from a stranger , which the letter is from Tony , asking Whitney to come and see him in prison . Whitney then goes to the prison to visit Tony but is told that he has committed suicide . Trying to come to terms from Tony 's death , she goes out for lunch with Tyler at Scarlett 's , but they later argue which leads to Whitney ending their engagement and storming out . She then goes for a drink at R&R and Joey tries to comfort her which leads them to start flirting with one another . They then share a kiss and go back to Joey 's house to have sex . She tells Tyler , and they both realise that they will not work out , and Tyler leaves Walford . Whitney gets a job as a teaching assistant at Walford Primary School . During one breaktime , she warns Dennis Rickman Jnr ( Harry Hickles ) not to run in the playground . He ignores her and falls over , grazing his arm . Whitney does not react in the professional manner she is supposed to , causing Dennis 's injury to be ignored . When Dennis 's mother , Sharon Rickman ( Letitia Dean ) questions Dennis about his injury , he lies that Whitney assaulted him . Sharon complains and Whitney is suspended , but appeals for her job and is allowed to keep it . Whitney later sets her sights on newcomer Johnny Carter ( Sam Strike ) , unaware that he is gay . Johnny 's parents , Mick Carter ( Danny Dyer ) and Linda Carter ( Kellie Bright ) , hope that Johnny and Whitney will become an item , but his sister Nancy Carter ( Maddy Hill ) reveals to them that he is gay . A few weeks later , Johnny comes out to Whitney , which hurts her as she feels that Johnny has been using her . They later become good friends and Whitney forgives Johnny . When Johnny 's elder brother Lee Carter ( Danny - Boy Hatchard ) returns from serving in Afghanistan , Whitney takes an instant liking to him and they share a kiss . She discovers that Lee had sex with Lucy , which upsets her greatly and she spams Lucy 's Facebook page with horrible comments . The next day , Lucy is found dead . At her funeral , Tamwar Masood ( Himesh Patel ) discovers a condolences card with `` Rot in Hell '' written on it , and realises the handwriting matches Whitney 's . When he confronts her , she tells him that Lucy was sending her abusive texts about her looks , and that she completely despised her . Feeling sorry for Whitney , Tamwar rips up the card , but it is later recovered by his suspicious sister , Shabnam Masood ( Rakhee Thakrar ) . Upon Lee 's return from the army , Whitney gives the relationship another chance . She struggles with the prospect of making their romance sexual , but eventually agrees to when he talks about his feelings for her . Ryan 's young daughter Lily Branning ( Aine Garvey ) comes to live in Walford when her mother Stacey Branning ( Lacey Turner ) is sent to prison , and Whitney babysits her . She puts a photo of herself and Lily online and is shocked when Ryan contacts her under the alias of ' Simon Parker ' . After speaking with Johnny and Lee , she decides to reply . Stacey is granted her appeal and freed but Whitney worries it will ruin her relationship with Lily . Whitney tells Lily about Ryan saying she could possibly meet him . When Stacey finds out , she argues with Whitney and says she will not be seeing Lily again . Whitney then messages Ryan saying she needs to see him urgently . Whitney then arranges to meet Ryan at the park . Stacey and Lily visit the park whilst Whitney is waiting for Ryan . Stacey apologises to Whitney and she accepts . Whitney thinks Ryan has stood her up , so leaves with Stacey and Lily . Ryan turns up late and hides on seeing Stacey , and remains unseen as a result . Bianca tells Whitney she is moving to Milton Keynes with her partner Terry Spraggan ( Terry Alderton ) , and wants her to move with them and the children . Although originally agreeing , Lee persuades her to stay and she moves into the pub with the Carters. Lee develops depression , and when Whitney finds out , she struggles to support him at his lowest points . At Mick 's stag party before his wedding to Linda , Lee knocks himself unconscious and is carried upstairs by Mick and Whitney . Whitney confesses to Mick that she intends to break up with Lee after the wedding , unable to handle his depression . However , she is unaware that Lee has overheard her via the baby monitor . On the day of the wedding , Lee goes missing and Whitney and Mick find him drunk at the park . Lee tells Whitney that he blames himself for her wanting to break up with him , and she promises him that they will work things out . Whitney later thanks Mick for helping her with Lee , but accidentally kisses him on the lips in the process . While Mick and Linda are on their honeymoon , Whitney invites Ryan back to Walford to see Lily , but while at the pub , he steals the cash from the safe , causing Whitney and Nancy to fight , just as Mick and Linda walk in on them . The next morning , Whitney contacts Ryan and he asks to meet in the park . Mick accompanies Whitney and assures a scared Ryan that he can trust him . It then emerges that Whitney told Mick that Ryan killed Rob , so Whitney and Mick convince Ryan to return the money and hand himself to the police , and Whitney will back him up in the hope of him being charged with manslaughter instead of murder , to which Ryan agrees . Whitney shares an emotional goodbye with Ryan as he heads into the police station . On the ride home from the police station , an upset Whitney tells Mick that she has feelings for him and kisses him again . Mick tells Linda what happened , so Linda tells her to stay away from Mick and not to give up on Lee . Whitney later visits Ryan in prison , stating that she is worried about Lee . When she accidentally says Mick 's name , he guesses that she has feelings for Mick , which she denies . He then urges Whitney to help Lee , so she gets him a job interview at a local pub , however this causes major grievances between Lee and Nancy . Whitney is forced by Babe to tell Lee about her kissing Mick , and although Nancy tells her to move out , Lee 's response is to propose marriage . Whitney discovers she is pregnant by Lee , but all her hints and attempts to tell him fail . Linda realises and is ecstatic when Whitney confirms it . Linda tells Mick , and when Whitney tells Lee , Mick and Linda rush into the room to celebrate before he has a chance to let the news sink in . Whitney and Lee are both diagnosed with chlamydia and Whitney blames herself due to Rob . Abi admits to Whitney she had a one - night stand and gave Lee chlamydia . Whitney initially ends their relationship and considers leaving Walford , but later decides to give him another chance . Whitney is pleased when Ryan is released from prison and he tells her he is moving to Wakefield . He offers Whitney and Lee to move in with him and she accepts , but later declines when Linda strongly disapproves of them moving so far away . Whitney and Ryan share an emotional farewell . Whitney suffers spotting and is taken to hospital with Lee , Linda and Mick , where the bleeeding gets heavier . A scan shows Whitney has miscarried her baby , devastating her and Lee . Lauren encourages Whitney to find out whether she lost their baby due to him giving her chlamydia and she confides in Johnny ( now Ted Reilly ) that chlamydia might have caused it but tells Lee that the doctors said it could not have . Whitney decides to go Milton Keynes to stay with Bianca but returns the next day with Bianca 's wedding dress and intends to get married . She reassures everyone she is fine and is thrown another hen party . Whitney marries Lee with Stacey acting as maid of honour in place of an ill Lauren and Tiffany and Lily as bridesmaids . Whitney is disappointed to learn that Lee was behind the robbery at The Vic but is unaware how close to suicide he was . She argues with Lee over money and Danny Mitchell ( Liam Bergin ) who tries to kiss her . Whitney then turns to Mick for support , and sleeps at The Vic . The next day she is reconciled with an apologetic Lee but finds his wage slip showing how little he earns . Following another argument with Lee , Whitney confides in Mick , telling him she is going to buy Ryan an engagement present . Later , a bus crashes into the market and Whitney is trapped underneath it . Whitney is rescued and in hospital , she talks to Mick about her marriage . He comforts her and she kisses him , which is seen by Denise Fox ( Diane Parish ) . Whitney decides to organise a night out and pawns her wedding ring for cash . Lee discovers what she has done and they start arguing . When Whitney says he does n't deserve her , Lee slaps her in the face . Shortly after the incident Whitney lays on the bed in silence , with Lee begging for forgiveness . Whitney confides in Lauren who strongly advises her to leave Lee . Whitney decides to give Lee another chance on the condition that he will never assault her again , therefore he should seek anger management therapy . Lee gratefully accepts for the sake of their marriage . However , on Valentine 's Day , Lee leaves Whitney , leaving a handwritten note on their bed saying he no longer loves her . He returns the following day , apologising to Whitney for his actions and tells her of his plans to move to Dover . An upset Whitney , realising that Lee plans to leave on his own to figure himself out , tells him to leave and she watches him from the window as he drives off . Whitney becomes closer to Mick in Linda 's absence and is warned by Shirley to stay away from him . When Mick leaves to look after Nancy when she is hit by a car Whitney is left in charge of running the pub . She later steals Vincent Hubbard 's ( Richard Blackwood ) credit card to pay for a dog pen for Lady Di ( Hot Lips ) , as the Carters can not afford it due to their debts . Whitney later grows close to new bar manager Woody Woodward ( Lee Ryan ) . Lee attempts to call Whitney but Woody tells Lee that she does not want to speak to him , so Lee sends his friend Moose ( Sam Gittins ) to see her , who says that Lee wants a divorce . Whitney receives a letter from Lee 's solicitor , citing her unreasonable behaviour as grounds for the divorce , but Woody tells her it is not a big deal . Whitney declares that she is going to move on with her life and goes out shopping , but Woody sees she has not taken her purse and goes to give it to her . Whitney is caught shoplifting by a security guard , who offers her sex in exchange for not calling the police . Woody arrives and punches the guard , and takes Whitney home . Whitney and Woody kiss and have sex , and then a returning Mick finds them in bed together . Mick finds more items that Whitney has shoplifted , and she says she should never have married Lee as she is damaged and only good for sex but he tells her she is wrong and promises not to leave again . Mick lashes out at Whitney after learning that Linda and Shirley sold the freehold of the Vic without his knowledge to pay for an operation for Lady Di . A few days later , Whitney is depressed and vulnerable and , when Mick kisses her , she responds . When Shirley finds out about the kiss , she orders Whitney to get out , telling her that Mick would never choose her over Linda . Devastated , Whitney leaves Walford . Two months later , Whitney returns and she helps the Carters repair their new till . Johnny offers her the chance of moving back into the Vic , which Whitney accepts . Mick also offers her her old job back as a barmaid and Whitney accepts this too . However , Shirley warns Whitney to stay away from Mick and she tells Shirley that she can not stop her from being at the Vic . In private , Whitney reveals to Mick that she is engaged to Woody and she shares the news with her family and friends . She asks Mick to give her away and he agrees . Mick struggles with Woody 's presence , but agrees to get on with him for Whitney 's sake and Whitney admits to Mick although she ca n't be with him , she loves him . Linda throws her out after she figures out she 's the one Mick kissed and Whitney moves in with Stacey , Stacey 's husband and Bianca 's relative , Martin Fowler ( James Bye ) and their kids . Mick takes the rest of her stuff round and offers her £ 200 in lieu of lost wages but she tells him to keep his dirty money , annoyed with him revealing all . Creation ( edit ) In October 2007 , it was announced that the character Bianca Jackson was returning to EastEnders after an absence of six years . Whitney was created as part of her new family ; the daughter of Bianca 's deceased partner Nathan Dean . She was described as `` a teenage drama queen , unable to engage brain before mouth and constantly finding herself in and out of trouble '' . Bianca sees Whitney as one of her own , and also as `` a friend and confidante '' . EastEnders ' executive producer Diederick Santer said that his vision for the character was someone `` quite spiky , quite gobby , a bit of an equal to Bianca , and in a way a version of Bianca at that age '' . Shona McGarty was cast in the role . Considering the character 's role in the wider context of the show as a whole , it was decided that Whitney would be involved in a sexual relationship with Bianca 's partner Tony King . BBC News described the plot as an ongoing `` predatory paedophile storyline '' , noting that this was the first time this subject matter had been tackled by a UK soap opera . The storyline was conceived when EastEnders series consultant Simon Ashdown viewed a documentary about homelessness , featuring a mother and child at a bus stop with nowhere to go . Ashdown questioned what might happen if a paedophile were to befriend the mother in order to grow closer to the child , and related the scenario to Bianca 's return to the soap . BBC Head of Drama John Yorke explained that the idea when presented `` drew a sharp intake of breath . Most EastEnders stories that have been good and successful have been the ones that caused the sharp intake of breath , so they 're always the kind of stories you look for . '' The idea that McGarty play a child groomed for sex was put to the actress on 9 January 2008 . Santer has stated that , had McGarty or her parents objected to the storyline , they would not have gone ahead with it . In the event , McGarty 's parents merely requested that their daughter not be asked to publicise the role , and the actress began filming her first scenes on 14 January 2008 . Development ( edit ) Sexual abuse ( edit ) In order to develop Whitney 's sexual abuse storyline , by March 2008 EastEnders researchers Libby Duplock and Cleo Bicat were in contact with the NSPCC 's Tom Narducci , Jude Toasland , who deals with abused children , and Yvonne Traynor , CEO of the Rape and Sexual Abuse Support Centre . Duplock has stated that : `` One thing that was quite difficult for me to get right was the idea that she did n't want sex . It 's Whitney 's way of keeping Tony happy . If she lets him do it , then he 's nicer to her and he makes her feel special . '' Research highlighted the fact that 12 % of abused children go on to become abusers in turn , however Duplock explained : `` We felt that to imply on TV that someone who has been abused is going to go on to abuse other people is not a message you want to give out . Those people have been through enough . '' Narducci for the NSPCC stated that importance was placed on making children viewing the show `` feel comfortable about asking for help if they felt they needed it ( and ) for the wider community - to recognise the signs and let them know that they can do something about it . ( ... ) We 're not trying to cause a national panic . This is a responsible effort to try to get over an important story . '' It had initially been decided that , alongside Tony 's sexual abuse , Whitney would be seen to self - harm . This aspect of the storyline was discarded , after the NSPCC suggested that it may distract from the main issue of her abuse . Final approval for the storyline was sought from BBC Head of Fiction Jane Tranter on 2 June 2008 . Tranter explained : `` I thought it was a fantastically good idea . The big moments in EastEnders , those iconic pieces of television history , tend to be the things that are incredibly near the knuckle , and are actually quite difficult subjects to raise in the context of a family sitting room . ( ... ) Soaps are meant to hold up a mirror to our lives , and sometimes that mirror will show ugly bits , difficult bits , taboo bits . But if a soap does n't hold up that mirror , then actually , what is it ? It will have no depth . '' Chris Coghill was cast as Whitney 's abuser Tony on 20 June 2008 . Upon accepting the role , he commented : `` Shona does n't act , or look , like a little child . Which helps . '' He has added of their off - screen relationship : `` Shona 's fantastic to work with . She 's very natural , very instinctive and a natural actress . There is n't any uncomfortable feeling at all . '' Having undergone a thorough characterisation session , Coghill began shooting on 30 June 2008 , and first appeared on - screen on 12 September 2008 . Coghill has explained that Tony began grooming Whitney as soon as he met Bianca , ingratiating himself so as to become the family 's `` hero figure '' and `` saviour '' . Discussing his character 's relationship with Whitney , Coghill explained that : `` The lie that Tony has spun to Whitney is that as soon as she 's 16 they 'll run away together and start a new life . But Tony 's the type of paedophile who preys on younger children . Whitney is beginning to pass her sell - by date with him . ( ... ) He feels like he 's losing his little girl but needs to keep Whitney under his control and not speak out . '' Coghill stated that : `` This is the most challenging role I have had to play . But I hope by EastEnders tackling the sensitive issue of child abuse it can raise awareness . '' When asked how she felt about the abuse storyline , Palmer commented : `` It would be brilliant if it helped somebody . If one person out there who 's been abused saw ( the legal system ) go out of their way to make it easier on the victim -- Whitney 's evidence is given by video link -- it will be worth it . '' Sexual exploitation ( edit ) In January 2011 , it was announced that Whitney would be part of an upcoming storyline on sexual exploitation . Whitney is left alone and vulnerable , and falls for a man , Rob Grayson , played by Jody Latham , who exploits her for financial gain . EastEnders worked alongside charity Comic Relief on the storyline , which started planning in 2010 . The storyline culminated during Red Nose Day 2011 on 19 March 2011 , in a special ten - minute episode . Gilly Green , Head of UK Grants at Comic Relief , said : `` It is vital that we continue to alert young people to the dangers if we are to stop them being exploited and the opportunity to work with EastEnders will make a huge audience aware of this issue . We have been working with the EastEnders script writers and some of the young women from projects we support to ensure the story reflects the reality of young people caught up in sexual exploitation . '' Kevin Cahill , Chief Executive of Comic Relief , added `` We have worked over many years with EastEnders in all kinds of ways . It 's been a real pleasure this year to work together on a piece of serious drama , in the best traditions of public service , which will highlight an important issue and also , because it occurs on the night of Comic Relief , actually help raise crucial funds to help young women caught up in it . '' The storyline begins when Bianca is sent to prison and Whitney rejects her family , moving in with Janine and attempting to make money by stealing from The Queen Victoria , causing her to get sacked , working for Max , whom she tries to kiss as she has a crush on him , and pickpocketing . When she is caught , Rob rescues her from the situation and offers her what McGarty called a `` dream life '' , which Whitney thinks is her chance to move up in the world as she feels lonely and has no friends . McGarty told Inside Soap that she hoped the storyline would have a positive impact , saying that she had done some research herself before filming , meeting teenage girls who had been exploited and hearing their experiences . She said she felt honoured and privileged to be given the storyline . Temporary departure ( edit ) McGarty was suspended from the show in July 2012 across four weeks for `` persistent lateness to arrive on set '' . A show insider described her lateness as a big problem because it `` regularly held up the filming of vital scenes . '' McGarty apologised for her lateness . In 2016 , she discussed her suspension with The Sun magazine Fabulous and said her actions were `` lazy and irresponsible '' and the suspension made her realise the consequences of her actions . McGarty promised fans that she was now punctual for work . Other appearances ( edit ) Whitney makes a cameo appearance in episode eight of the second series of the Internet spin - off series EastEnders : E20 , in which she buys some trainers from Asher Levi ( Heshima Thompson ) but later returns them as they are of different sizes . Jane Beale ( Laurie Brett ) joins the argument and snatches Asher 's wallet when he says he does not give refunds , but he snatches it back . Jane tells two police officers he is a thief and they chase after him . Reception ( edit ) The BBC and television regulatory body Ofcom received 70 complaints after Whitney 's first scenes with Tony aired . A BBC spokesman responded : `` This is a difficult and challenging storyline , but one which keeps with the tradition of the show for tackling difficult social issues such as domestic abuse and mental health in the past . All the content on screen adheres to the BBC 's editorial guidelines . '' The Guardian 's Aida Edemariam said of the beginning of the storyline : `` what is most disturbing , watching ( Tony and Whitney 's ) first scenes together , is not the sexuality of the situation per se , though that is uncomfortable - it 's the subtle blackmail with which he keeps her in line . As it 's combined with the emotional manipulation native to soaps , the viewer starts to feel a bit bullied , too . '' Numbers of viewer complaints rose within days to over 200 . New Statesman journalist Jeremy Sare commented on the public outrage and defended EastEnders decision to air the storyline , writing : `` There may be some justification for the hundreds complaining about these distressing issues being presented in prime time : equally it is courageous for the Beeb to include a scenario which challenges the public 's perception of what is a ' typical paedophile ' . The repellent Tony 's grooming and seduction of his stepdaughter , Whitney , is a much more familiar pattern of abuse than the more commonly held image of predators lurking in parks . ( ... ) The producers of Eastenders , labouring under a welter of tabloid protest and viewers ' complaints , are attempting to make people get past the initial revulsion of the act of abuse and accept the grim fact that ' paedophiles ' are very often members of the same family . '' Sare quoted a BBC spokeswoman as saying : `` we appreciate that for some viewers this storyline will have particular resonance and significance . In running it , it 's certainly not our intention to cause distress or upset , either to those who 've suffered from sexual abuse or their families . Our aim is instead to raise awareness of this very sensitive issue '' , concluding his article with the summation : `` The producers ' dilemma is instructive to children 's charities and Ministers alike on how to confront the issue in a digestible manner which can stimulate an objective debate . '' The Daily Mirror 's Beth Neil branded the plot strand `` one of the darkest and most disturbing storylines EastEnders has ever attempted '' , with critic Jim Shelley deeming it a `` new low '' for EastEnders . Shelley wrote of Whitney 's abuse : `` You 've really got to hand it to EastEnders . Just when you thought the show could n't get any more miserable , the writers come up trumps and produce a new way of making us depressed - a paedophile storyline . Thanks for that ! I realise now this is what the family meal has been missing three nights a week : gathering the telly to watch a grubby , greasyhaired thug drooling over a 15 - year - old girl who ( as luck would have it ) spends her entire life in her school uniform even when she 's not at school . And they say family entertainment 's dead . '' Shelley refuted the BBC 's claims that the storyline had educational value as `` totally bogus '' , observing that `` At 7.30 or 8pm , the `` action '' has to be so coded as to be pointless `` . Deborah Orr , writing for The Independent , similarly disagreed with the BBC 's statement that the storyline was part of EastEnders ' `` rich heritage of tackling difficult social issues '' , writing that : `` Actually , it 's part of its rich heritage of leaping in to some horrific subject without any background or build - up at all . The implication is that Tony , the villain , had been grooming the child for some time before he went to prison , when she was only 12 . But such a thing really would be too real , and too controversial , so the viewer only gets to see the result of those hinted - at dark machinations . `` It might be a public service to dramatise the manner in which a paedophile might worm his way into a vulnerable family . But such a storyline would have to be explored carefully and over a long period . All that this little adventure in broadcasting can possibly deliver is the message that a paedophile in the heart of the home is not a good thing . Who needs to be educated about this ? '' The Daily Mail 's Lizzie Smith deemed the storyline `` horrifying '' , while The Guardian 's Julie Raeside questioned : `` Is this latest sexual abuse storyline a good thing to position in a pre-watershed soap opera , or should the EastEnders storyliners stick to a less controversial brand of misery ? '' However , in contrast to public and media dissent , the NSPCC 's director of communications , John Grounds , praised the storyline for `` helping to raise awareness of the hidden nature of sexual abuse '' , deeming it to be `` vital in persuading people to take action to stop it and encouraging children to speak out . '' Episodes from Whitney 's storyline were submitted to the Royal Television Society Programme Awards 2008 for a panel to judge in the category Soap and Continuing Drama . EastEnders was presented with the award in March 2009 , beating Coronation Street and The Bill . Members of the judging panel described the submitted episodes as `` the culmination of a particularly challenging and controversial storyline which the production team , writers and cast pulled off triumphantly . '' In August 2017 , McGarty was longlisted for Best Actress and Sexiest Female at the Inside Soap Awards . See also ( edit ) List of EastEnders characters ( 2008 ) List of EastEnders : E20 characters References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Payne , Will ( 15 July 2012 ) . `` You twit Whit ! EastEnders star Shona McGarty suspended from soap for constantly turning up late '' . The Mirror ( United Kingdom ) . Retrieved 15 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stacey Branning 's baby revelation '' . STV.tv . STV Group plc. 21 February 2010 . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s2/eastenders/news/a393398/shona-mcgarty-suspended-from-eastenders-for-persistent-lateness.html ^ Jump up to : Smith , Lizzie ( 12 September 2008 ) . `` Now EastEnders tackles paedophilia with horrifying child abuse ' grooming ' plotline '' . Daily Mail . Associated Newspapers . Retrieved 25 September 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Neil , Beth ( 26 September 2008 ) . `` Exclusive : EastEnders ' Tony King and the other most evil characters in soap '' . Daily Mirror . Trinity Mirror . Retrieved 6 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Holmwood , Leigh ( 2 July 2008 ) . `` EastEnders to tackle child sex abuse '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved 6 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Green , Kris ( 10 July 2009 ) . `` ' EastEnders ' mystery man finally revealed '' . Digital Spy . Hachette Filipacchi UK . Retrieved 10 July 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Green , Kris ( 18 March 2008 ) . `` In pictures : Meet Enders ' Jackson Five '' . Digital Spy . Hachette Filipacchi UK . Retrieved 18 March 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Edemariam , Aida ( 13 September 2008 ) . `` Dark days in Albert Square '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved 25 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Casciani , Dominic ( 15 September 2008 ) . `` Will sex offender pilots work ? '' . BBC News . Retrieved 15 September 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Green , Kris ( 9 September 2008 ) . `` Chris Coghill ( Tony King , ' EastEnders ' ) '' . Digital Spy . Hachette Filipacchi UK . Retrieved 6 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Quade , Gemma ( 12 September 2008 ) . `` Coming up in EastEnders '' . The Sun . News International . Retrieved 25 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Actor in controversial storyline '' . This is Lancashire. 24 September 2008 . Archived from the original on 29 September 2008 . Retrieved 25 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Rodger , Jennifer ( 13 September 2008 ) . `` My Role Can Help To Expose Sickos '' . Daily Record . Glasgow , Scotland : Trinity Mirror . Retrieved 25 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Shameless actor Chris Coghill signs up for paedophile role in EastEnders '' . Daily Mirror . Trinity Mirror. 4 July 2008 . Retrieved 6 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Patsy : Why I prefer Ricky and Bianca apart '' . What 's on TV . IPC Media . 6 December 2009 . Retrieved 12 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Barrowford actor Jody Latham to appear in ' Eastenders ' '' . Pendle Today . Johnston Publishing . Retrieved 15 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Humphreys , Matt ( 9 January 2011 ) . `` EastEnders working with Comic Relief '' . EastEnders . BBC . Retrieved 9 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Lamacraft , Tess ( 19 February 2011 ) . `` Whit does a moonlight flit ! '' . Buzz . London : News Group Newspapers ( 22 ) : 29 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Kilkelly , Daniel ( 23 February 2011 ) . `` McGarty hopes for positive ' Enders impact '' . Digital Spy . London : Hachette Filipacchi UK . Retrieved 23 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Love , Ryan ( 23 February 2011 ) . `` McGarty `` honoured '' by ' EastEnders ' plot `` . Digital Spy . London : Hachette Filipacchi UK . Retrieved 23 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Bell , Amy ( 15 July 2012 ) . `` Shona McGarty suspended from ' EastEnders ' for persistent lateness '' . Digital Spy . Hachette Filipacchi UK . Retrieved 30 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Houghton , Rianne ( 30 December 2016 ) . `` Shona McGarty regrets getting in trouble with EastEnders : ' I was lazy and irresponsible ' '' . Digital Spy . Hachette Filipacchi UK . Retrieved 30 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Revoir , Paul ( 17 September 2008 ) . `` Scores of complaints as EastEnders shows scenes of a paedophile grooming a teenager '' . Daily Mail . Associated Newspapers . Retrieved 25 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Lee , Cara ( 17 September 2008 ) . `` Complaints over paedo plot '' . The Sun . News International . Retrieved 25 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Sandison , Nikki ( 18 September 2008 ) . `` EastEnders paedophile plot sparks over 200 complaints '' . Brand Republic . Haymarket Group . Retrieved 25 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Holmwood , Leigh ( 18 September 2008 ) . `` EastEnders paedophile storyline draws 200 complaints '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved 6 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Sare , Jeremy ( 22 September 2008 ) . `` The dangers of Sarah 's law '' . New Statesman . Retrieved 25 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Shelley , Jim ( 15 September 2008 ) . `` New low of the week : EastEnders '' . Daily Mirror . Trinity Mirror . Retrieved 6 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : * Shelley , Jim ( 29 September 2008 ) . `` Sick love triangle is a new low in EastEnders Albert Square '' . Daily Mirror . Trinity Mirror . Retrieved 6 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Orr , Deborah ( 20 September 2008 ) . `` A controversy too far for ' EastEnders ' '' . The Independent . Independent Print Limited . Retrieved 6 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Raeside , Julie ( 2 July 2008 ) . `` EastEnders : no stranger to controversial storylines '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved 6 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` RTS award success '' . BBC Online . 18 March 2009 . Retrieved 29 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` RTS Programme Awards 2008 '' . Royal Television Society . Archived from the original on 22 March 2009 . Retrieved 29 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Harp , Justin ( 22 August 2017 ) . `` Coronation Street , EastEnders , Emmerdale and Hollyoaks all make the Inside Soap Awards longlist '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . External links ( edit ) Whitney Dean at BBC Online EastEnders characters ( hide ) Present and future characters Kathy Beale Sharon Watts Ian Beale Michelle Fowler Dot Cotton Martin Fowler James Willmott - Brown Phil Mitchell Sonia Fowler Robbie Jackson Aunt Sal Ben Mitchell Billy Mitchell Rebecca Fowler Patrick Trueman Louise Mitchell Derek Harkinson Jane Beale Stacey Slater Jean Slater Honey Mitchell Denise Fox Libby Fox Max Branning Abi Branning Lauren Branning Janet Mitchell Shirley Carter Jay Brown Jack Branning Will Mitchell Whitney Dean Ryan Malloy Amy Mitchell Kim Fox Glenda Mitchell Lily Branning Ricky Mitchell Cora Cross Dennis Rickman Jnr Tina Carter Linda Carter Mick Carter Johnny Carter Donna Yates Kush Kazemi Vincent Hubbard Pearl Fox - Hubbard Ollie Carter Carmel Kazemi Louie Beale Arthur Fowler Shakil Kazemi Keegan Baker Travis Law - Hughes Gethin Pryce Josh Hemmings Woody Woodward Fi Browning Ted Murray Joyce Murray Tom Bailey Karen Taylor Keanu Taylor Bernadette Taylor Riley Taylor Chatham Taylor Past characters AJ Ahmed Masood Ahmed Della Alexander Johnny Allen Ruby Allen Tom Banks Geoff Barnes Clare Bates Debbie Bates Laurie Bates Nigel Bates Bobby Beale Cindy Beale Laura Beale Lou Beale Lucy Beale Pete Beale Peter Beale Steven Beale Polly Becker Adam Best Manda Best Alice Branning April Branning Bradley Branning Derek Branning Jim Branning Suzy Branning Tanya Branning Aidan Brosnan Diane Butcher Frank Butcher Janine Butcher Liam Butcher Mo Butcher Pat Butcher Ricky Butcher Tiffany Butcher Kelvin Carpenter Tony Carpenter Nancy Carter Stan Carter Zsa Zsa Carter Lorna Cartwright Barry Clark Christian Clarke Paul Coker Richard Cole Julie Cooper Ashley Cotton Charlie Cotton ( 1986 ) Charlie Cotton ( 2014 ) Dotty Cotton Nick Cotton Stella Crawford Rainie Cross Beppe di Marco Bruno and Luisa di Marco Gianni di Marco Rosa di Marco Ray Dixon Jase Dyer Huw Edwards Steve Elliot Nellie Ellis Barry Evans Natalie Evans Roy Evans Fatboy Ferreira family Conor Flaherty Mary Flaherty Fred Fonseca Arthur Fowler Lisa Fowler Mark Fowler Pauline Fowler Ruth Fowler Vicki Fowler Chelsea Fox Joanne Francis Jodie Gold Vanessa Gold Marge Green Mo Harris Nina Harris Dexter Hartman Julie Haye Alex Healy Christine Hewitt Ted Hills Tony Hills Garry Hobbs Lynne Hobbs Lofty Holloway Andy Hunter Alan Jackson Bianca Jackson Billie Jackson Blossom Jackson Carmel Jackson Carol Jackson Naima Jeffery Saeed Jeffery Al Jenkins Greg Jessop Lucas Johnson Danielle Jones Naomi Julien Gita Kapoor Sanjay Kapoor Karim family Yusef Khan Tony King Harold Legg Donna Ludlow Joe Macer Jill Marsden Afia Masood Amira Masood Shabnam Masood Syed Masood Tamwar Masood Zainab Masood Lilly Mattock Josie McFarlane Poppy Meadow Darren Miller Demi Miller Keith Miller Mickey Miller Rosie Miller Rob Minter Archie Mitchell Danny Mitchell Grant Mitchell Jamie Mitchell Kate Mitchell Little Mo Mitchell Peggy Mitchell Ronnie Mitchell Roxy Mitchell Sam Mitchell Tiffany Mitchell Vinnie Monks Alfie Moon Anthony Moon Danny Moon Eddie Moon Jake Moon Michael Moon Nana Moon Spencer Moon Tyler Moon Trevor Morgan Rod Norman Andy O'Brien Mercy Olubunmi Ali Osman Mehmet Osman Sue Osman Melanie Owen Steve Owen Annie Palmer George Palmer Lola Pearce Minty Peterson Frankie Pierre Paul Priestly Irene Raymond Louise Raymond Simon Raymond Terry Raymond Dennis Rickman Binnie Roberts Roly Willy Roper Matthew Rose Colin Russell Mandy Salter Trevor Short Lydia Simmonds Ethel Skinner Charlie Slater Kat Slater Sean Slater Zoe Slater Leon Small Babe Smith Gus Smith Mary Smith Dan Sullivan Gavin Sullivan Dawn Swann Celestine and Etta Tavernier Clyde Tavernier Hattie Tavernier Jules Tavernier Kelly Taylor Heather Trott Anthony Trueman Paul Trueman Yolande Trueman Owen Turner Angie Watts Chrissie Watts Den Watts Wellard Carl White Carly Wicks David Wicks Dean Wicks Joe Wicks Kevin Wicks Lorraine Wicks Simon Wicks Debbie Wilkins Cindy Williams Willy May Wright Lists of characters By year : 1985 1986 2017 Others : Flaherty family Dickens Hill inmates The Banned band members Characters from spin - offs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whitney_Dean&oldid=801651246 '' Categories : EastEnders characters Fictional characters introduced in 2008 Fictional market stallholders Fictional prostitutes Fictional bartenders Fictional cyberbullying victims Fictional child sexual abuse victims Female characters in television Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2010 Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use dmy dates from November 2012 Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Gaeilge Edit links This page was last edited on 21 September 2017 , at 00 : 14 . 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what relationship is whitney to bianca in eastenders

Whitney Carter ( also Dean ) is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera EastEnders , played by Shona McGarty . The character is the adoptive daughter of long - running character Bianca Jackson ( Patsy Palmer ) , and was introduced in April when Palmer returned to the series after a six - year absence . Whitney is described by executive producer Diederick Santer as both an equal to , and younger version of Bianca , and is the oldest of Bianca 's four children . Her storylines have revolved around her fractured family life , her sexual abuse by Bianca 's partner Tony King ( Chris Coghill ) , her sexual exploitation by Rob Grayson ( Jody Latham ) , her marriage to Lee Carter ( Danny - Boy Hatchard ) and miscarrying his baby , surviving a bus crash , falling in love with her father - in - law Mick Carter ( Danny Dyer ) and becoming engaged to Woody Woodward ( Lee Ryan ) . McGarty was temporarily written out of EastEnders for four weeks in July 2012 because of her repeated lateness to work . McGarty took an extended break from the show in 2017 , with Whitney departing on 29 May , she returned on 31 July .

Times Square ball - wikipedia Times Square ball Jump to : navigation , search Times Square New Year 's Eve ball drop The ball resting atop One Times Square in 2011 Genre New Year 's Eve event Date ( s ) December 31st Begins 6 : 00 PM EST Ends 12 : 15 AM EST Frequency Annually Location ( s ) Times Square , New York City Inaugurated 1907 Founder Adolph Ochs Organized by Times Square Alliance Countdown Entertainment Website timessquareball.net The Times Square Ball is a time ball located in New York City 's Times Square . Located on the roof of One Times Square , the ball is a prominent part of a New Year 's Eve celebration in Times Square commonly referred to as the ball drop , where the ball descends 141 feet ( 43 m ) in 60 seconds down a specially designed flagpole , beginning at 11 : 59 : 00 p.m. ET , and resting at midnight to signal the start of the new year . In recent years , the festivities have been preceded by live entertainment , including performances by musicians . The event was first organized by Adolph Ochs , owner of The New York Times newspaper , as a successor to a series of New Year 's Eve fireworks displays he held at the building to promote its status as the new headquarters of the Times , while the ball itself was designed by Artkraft Strauss . First held on December 31 , 1907 , to welcome 1908 , the ball drop has been held annually since , except in 1942 and 1943 in observance of wartime blackouts . The ball 's design has been updated over the years to reflect improvements in lighting technology ; the original design was made from wood and iron and lit with 100 incandescent light bulbs , while its current incarnation , designed by Harlem - based architectural lighting firm Focus Lighting , features a computerized LED lighting system and an outer surface consisting of triangle - shaped crystal panels . Since 2009 , the current ball has been displayed atop the building year - round , while the original , smaller version of the current ball that was used in 2008 is on display at Times Square 's visitor center . The event is organized by the Times Square Alliance and Countdown Entertainment , a company led by Jeff Strauss , and is among the most notable New Year 's celebrations internationally : it is attended by at least 90,000 spectators yearly , and is nationally televised as part of New Year 's Eve specials broadcast by a number of networks and cable channels . The prevalence of the Times Square ball drop has inspired similar `` drops '' at other local New Year 's Eve events across the country ; while some use balls , some instead drop objects that represent local culture or history . Contents ( hide ) 1 Events 1.1 Event organization 1.2 Festivities 1.3 Cleanup 2 History 2.1 Beginnings ( 1907 -- 1908 ) 2.2 The second and third balls ( 1920 -- 98 ) 2.3 Into the new millennium ( 1999 -- 2007 ) 2.4 Present day ( 2008 -- present ) 2.5 Weather at midnight 3 Broadcasting 3.1 Past broadcasts 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Events ( edit ) Event organization ( edit ) Spectators celebrate the arrival of 2013 . Oswaldo San Andres and Lillianne Perez join Michael Bloomberg in activating the drop for 2007 . To facilitate the arrival of attendees , Times Square is closed to traffic beginning in the late afternoon on New Year 's Eve . The square is then divided into different viewing sections referred to as `` pens '' , into which attendees are directed sequentially upon arrival . Security is strictly enforced by the New York City Police Department ( NYPD ) , even more so since the 2001 -- 02 edition in the wake of the September 11 attacks . Attendees are required to pass through security checkpoints before they are assigned a pen , and are prohibited from bringing backpacks or alcohol to the event . Festivities ( edit ) Festivities formally begin in the early evening with the raising of the ball at around 6 : 00 p.m. ET . Party favors are distributed to attendees , which have historically included large balloons , hats , and other items branded with the event 's corporate sponsors . The hours before the drop are preceded by hourly countdowns for the arrival of the new year in other countries , along with live music performances by popular musicians . Some of these performances are organized by , and aired on New Year 's Eve television specials which are broadcast from Times Square . The drop itself occurs at 11 : 59 p.m. -- the last minute of the year , and is ceremonially `` activated '' by a dignitary or celebrity joined on - stage by the current Mayor of New York City . The conclusion of the drop is followed by fireworks shot from the roof of One Times Square , along with the playing of `` Auld Lang Syne '' by Guy Lombardo , `` Theme from New York , New York '' by Frank Sinatra , `` America the Beautiful '' by Ray Charles , `` What a Wonderful World '' by Louis Armstrong , and `` Over the Rainbow '' by IZ . Since the 1996 New Year 's Eve celebration , the current Mayor of New York City has been joined by a special guest , selected yearly to recognize their community involvement or significance , in ceremonially `` activating '' the ball drop by pressing a button , resembling a smaller version of the ball itself , at exactly one minute to midnight . The button itself does not actually trigger the drop ; that is done from a control room , synchronized using a government time signal . Special guests who have activated the ball drop have included : 1996 -- 1997 : Oseola McCarty 1997 -- 1998 : A group of five winners from a school essay contest honoring New York City 's centennial 1998 -- 1999 : Chinese gymnast Sang Lan ( who was injured during the 1998 Goodwill Games and was being rehabilitated in New York City ) 1999 -- 2000 : Dr. Mary Ann Hopkins from Doctors Without Borders 2000 -- 2001 : Muhammad Ali 2001 -- 2002 : Rudy Giuliani and Judith Nathan ; activating the drop was Giuliani 's final act as mayor . Michael Bloomberg officially became the new Mayor of New York City upon the beginning of 2002 , and took his oath of office shortly after midnight . 2002 -- 2003 : Christopher and Dana Reeve 2003 -- 2004 : Cyndi Lauper , along with Shoshana Johnson , the first female American prisoner of war belonging to an ethnic minority 2004 -- 2005 : Secretary of State Colin Powell 2005 -- 2006 : Jazz musician Wynton Marsalis 2006 -- 2007 : A group of eight United States Armed Forces members 2007 -- 2008 : Karolina Wierzchowska , a valedictorian of the NYPD 's academy who served in the Iraq War 2008 -- 2009 : Bill and Hillary Clinton 2009 -- 2010 : Twelve students from New York City high schools on the U.S. News & World Report `` America 's Best High Schools Top 100 ' Gold Medal ' List '' 2010 -- 2011 : Former Staff sergeant Salvatore Giunta 2011 -- 2012 : Lady Gaga 2012 -- 2013 : The Rockettes 2013 -- 2014 : U.S. Supreme Court Justice Sonia Sotomayor . 2014 -- 2015 : Cuban - American musician Jencarlos Canela and a group of refugees who emigrated to New York City , in partnership with the International Rescue Committee 2015 -- 2016 : Hugh Evans 2016 -- 2017 : Ban Ki - moon ; activating the drop was Ban Ki - moon 's final act as United Nations Secretary - General before António Guterres took office . Since the 2005 -- 06 edition of the event , the drop has been directly preceded by the playing of John Lennon 's song `` Imagine '' . Until 2009 -- 2010 , the original recording was used ; since 2010 -- 2011 , the song has been performed by the headlining act ; 2010 -- 2011 : Taio Cruz 2011 -- 2012 : Cee - Lo Green 2012 -- 2013 : Train 2013 -- 2014 : Melissa Etheridge 2014 -- 2015 : O.A.R. 2015 -- 2016 : Jessie J 2016 -- 2017 : Rachel Platten Cleanup ( edit ) After the conclusion of the festivities and the dispersal of attendees , cleanup is performed overnight to remove confetti and other debris from Times Square before it is re-opened to the public the following morning . Few traces of the previous night 's celebration remain after the cleanup process is completed : following the 2013 -- 14 drop , the New York City Department of Sanitation estimated that by 8 : 00 a.m. , it had cleared over 50 tons of refuse from Times Square , using 190 workers from their own crews and the Times Square Alliance . History ( edit ) Beginnings ( 1907 -- 1908 ) ( edit ) The first New Year 's Eve celebration in Times Square was held on December 31 , 1904 ; The New York Times ' owner , Adolph Ochs , decided to celebrate the opening of the newspaper 's new headquarters , One Times Square , with a New Year 's fireworks show on the roof of the building to welcome 1905 . Close to 200,000 people attended the event , displacing traditional celebrations that had normally been held at Trinity Church . However , following several years of fireworks shows , Ochs wanted a bigger spectacle at the building to draw more attention to the area . The newspaper 's chief electrician , Walter F. Palmer , suggested using a time ball , after seeing one used on the nearby Western Union Building . Ochs hired sign designer Artkraft Strauss to construct a ball for the celebration ; it was built from iron and wood , electrically lit with one hundred incandescent light bulbs , weighed 700 pounds ( 320 kg ) , and measured 5 feet ( 1.5 m ) in diameter . The ball was hoisted on the building 's flagpole with rope by a team of six men . Once it hit the roof of the building , the ball was designed to complete an electric circuit to light a 5 - foot tall sign indicating the new year , and trigger a fireworks show . The first ever `` ball drop '' was held on December 31 , 1907 , welcoming the year 1908 . In 1913 , only eight years after it moved to One Times Square , the Times moved its corporate headquarters to 229 West 43rd Street . The Times still maintained ownership of the tower , however , and Strauss continued to organize future editions of the drop . The second and third balls ( 1920 -- 98 ) ( edit ) The original ball was retired in 1920 in favor of a new design ; the second ball remained 5 feet ( 1.5 m ) in diameter , but was now constructed from iron , weighing 400 pounds ( 180 kg ) . The ball drop was placed on hiatus for New Year 's Eve 1942 and 1943 due to wartime lighting restrictions during World War II . Instead , a moment of silence was observed at midnight in Times Square , accompanied by the sound of church bells and chimes played from sound trucks . The second ball was retired in favor of a third design in 1955 ; again , it maintained the same diameter of its predecessors , but was now constructed from aluminium , and weighed 150 pounds ( 68 kg ) . In 1981 , the third ball was revamped in honor of the I Love New York campaign , with red lightbulbs and a green stem to give it the appearance of an apple . For 1988 , organizers acknowledged the addition of a leap second earlier that day ( leap seconds are appended at midnight UTC , which is five hours before midnight in New York ) by extending the drop to 61 seconds , and by including a special one - second light show during the extra second . The original white lightbulbs returned to the ball for 1989 , but were replaced by red , white , and blue bulbs in 1991 to salute the troops of Operation Desert Shield . The third ball was revamped again in 1995 for 1996 , adding a computerized lighting system with 180 halogen bulbs and 144 strobe lights , and over 12,000 rhinestones . Lighting designer Barry Arnold stated that the changes were `` something ( that ) had to be done to make this event more spectacular as we approach the millennium . '' The drop itself became computerized through the use of an electric winch synced with the National Institute of Standards and Technology 's time signal ; the new system was not without issues , however , as a glitch caused the ball to pause for a short moment halfway through its descent . After its 44th use in 1999 , the third ball was retired and placed on display at the Atlanta headquarters of Jamestown Group , owners of One Times Square . Most recent incarnations The fourth ball ( on display at Waterford Crystal 's headquarters in Ireland ) The 2008 ball ( on display at Times Square Visitors Center ) The current ball , as seen in 2012 Into the New millennium ( 1999 -- 2007 ) ( edit ) On December 28 , 1998 , during a press conference attended by New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani , organizers announced that the third ball would be retired for the arrival of the new millennium , and replaced by a new design constructed by Waterford Crystal . The year 2000 celebrations introduced more prominent sponsorship to the drop ; companies such as Discover Card , Korbel Champagne , and Panasonic were announced as official sponsors of the festivities in Times Square . The city announced that Ron Silver would lead a committee known as `` NYC 2000 '' , to be in charge of organizing events across New York City for the year 2000 celebrations , particularly outside of Times Square . A full day of festivities was held at Times Square to celebrate the arrival of the year 2000 , which included concerts and hourly cultural presentations with parades of puppets designed by Michael Curry , representing countries entering the new year at that hour . Organizers expected a total attendance exceeding 2 million spectators . The fourth ball , measuring 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) in diameter and weighing 1,070 pounds ( 490 kg ) , incorporated a total of over 600 halogen bulbs , 504 triangle - shaped crystal panels provided by Waterford , 96 strobe lights , and spinning , pyramid - shaped mirrors . The ball was constructed at Waterford 's factory in Ireland , and was then shipped to New York City , where the lighting system and motorized mirrors were installed . Many of the triangles were inscribed with `` Hope '' - themed designs changing yearly , such as `` Hope for Fellowship '' , `` Hope for Wisdom '' , `` Hope for Unity '' , `` Hope for Courage '' , and `` Hope for Abundance '' . For 2002 , as part of the theme `` Hope for Healing '' , 195 of the ball 's crystals were engraved with the names of nations and organizations who were affected by or were involved in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks . In December 2011 , the `` Hope for Healing '' crystals were accepted into the National September 11 Museum . Present day ( 2008 -- Present ) ( edit ) In honor of the ball drop 's centennial anniversary , a brand new fifth design debuted for New Year 's Eve 2008 . Once again manufactured by Waterford Crystal with a diameter of 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) , but weighing 1,212 pounds ( 550 kg ) , it used LED lamps provided by Philips ( which can produce 16,777,216 or 2 colors ) , with computerized lighting patterns developed by the New York City - based lighting firm Focus Lighting . The ball featured 9,576 energy - efficient bulbs that consumed the same amount of electricity as only 10 toasters . The 2008 ball was only used once , and was placed on display at the Times Square Visitors Center following the event . For 2009 , a larger version of the fifth ball was introduced -- an icosahedral geodesic sphere lit by 32,256 LED lamps . Its diameter is twice as wide as the 2008 ball , at 12 feet ( 3.7 m ) , and contains 2,688 Waterford Crystal panels , with a weight of 11,875 pounds ( 5,386 kg ) . It was designed to be weatherproof , as the ball would now be displayed atop One Times Square nearly year - round following the celebrations . Yearly themes for the ball 's crystal panels continued ; from 2008 to 2013 , the ball contained crystal patterns that were part of a Waterford series known as `` World of Celebration '' , including themes such as `` Let There Be Light '' and `` Let There Be Peace '' . For 2014 , all the ball 's panels were replaced , marking a new theme series known as `` Greatest Gifts '' , beginning with `` Gift of Imagination '' . The numerical sign indicating the year ( which remains atop the tower along with the ball itself ) uses Philips LED lamps . For 2014 , the final two digits of the sign used bulbs from the company 's `` Hue '' line of multi-color LED lamps , allowing them to have computerized lighting cues . Weather at midnight ( edit ) According to the National Weather Service , from 1907 to 2011 , the average temperature at midnight in New York City was 33.7 ° F ( 0.9 ° C ) . The coldest event was in 1917 when the temperature was 1 ° F ( − 17 ° C ) ( − 18 ° F ( − 28 ° C ) after wind chill ) , the second coldest was 11 ° F ( − 12 ° C ) in 1962 . The warmest ball drop was 58 ° F ( 14 ° C ) in 1965 , 1972 , and 1992 . It has snowed during the ball drop just seven times out of 110 events ( one being light snow ) -- 1926 , 1934 , 1948 , 1952 , 1961 , 1967 , and 2009 -- and it has rained multiple times . Broadcasting ( edit ) ABC News ' presence at Times Square for ABC 2000 Today As a public event , the festivities and ball drop are broadcast as part of New Year 's Eve television specials originating from Times Square on several major U.S. television networks and cable channels . By far the most notable of these is Dick Clark 's New Year 's Rockin ' Eve ; created , produced , and originally hosted by the entertainer Dick Clark until his death in 2012 , and currently hosted by Ryan Seacrest and Jenny McCarthy , the program first aired on NBC in 1972 before moving to ABC , where it has been broadcast ever since . New Year 's Rockin ' Eve has consistently been the most - watched New Year 's Eve special in the U.S. annually , peaking at 22.6 million viewers for its 40th edition in 2012 . Following the death of Dick Clark in April 2012 , a crystal engraved with his name was added to the 2013 ball in tribute . Across the remaining networks , NBC broadcasts New Year 's Eve with Carson Daly , hosted from Times Square by Carson Daly of The Voice and Last Call , and Spanish - language network Univision broadcasts Feliz ! , hosted from Times Square by Raúl de Molina of El Gordo y La Flaca . On cable , CNN carries coverage of the festivities , known as New Year 's Eve Live , which had been hosted by Anderson Cooper and Andy Cohen from Times Square . Fellow news channel Fox News Channel carries All - American New Year , most recently hosted by Elisabeth Hasselbeck and Bill Hemmer from Times Square . Countdown Entertainment provides a host feed of 21 cameras across Times Square that can be utilized by broadcasters to help cover the event . Since 2009 , an official webcast of the ball drop and its associated festivities has been produced , streamed via Livestream.com . Past broadcasts ( edit ) Beginning in the 1940s , NBC broadcast coverage from Times Square anchored by Ben Grauer on both radio and television . Its coverage was later incorporated into special episodes of The Tonight Show , continuing through Johnny Carson and Jay Leno 's tenures on the program . NBC would introduce a dedicated special , New Year 's Eve with Carson Daly , beginning in 2003 . From 1956 to 1976 , CBS was well known for its television coverage of the festivities hosted by bandleader Guy Lombardo from the ballroom of the Waldorf - Astoria Hotel in New York City , featuring his band 's famous rendition of `` Auld Lang Syne '' at midnight . After Lombardo 's death in 1977 , CBS and the Royal Canadians , now led by Victor Lombardo , attempted to continue the special . However , Guy 's absence and the growing popularity of ABC 's New Year 's Rockin ' Eve prompted CBS to eventually drop the band entirely . The Royal Canadians were replaced by a new special , Happy New Year , America , which ran in various formats with different hosts ( such as Paul Anka , Donny Osmond , Andy Williams , Paul Shaffer , and Montel Williams ) until it was discontinued after 1996 . CBS , barring a special America 's Millennium broadcast for 2000 , has no longer broadcast any national New Year 's programming since . For 2000 , in lieu of New Year 's Rockin ' Eve , ABC News covered the festivities as part of its day - long telecast , ABC 2000 Today . Hosted by Peter Jennings , the broadcast featured coverage of millennium festivities from around the world , including those in New York City . Jennings was joined by Dick Clark as a special correspondent for coverage from Times Square . Fox previously aired New Year 's specials covering Times Square with rotating hosts and themes , primarily under the title New Year 's Eve Live . For 2015 , New Year 's Eve Live was replaced by Pitbull 's New Year 's Revolution , which is broadcast from Miami instead . MTV had broadcast coverage originating from the network 's Times Square studios at One Astor Plaza . For 2011 , MTV also held its own ball drop in Seaside Heights , New Jersey , the setting of its popular reality series Jersey Shore , featuring cast member Snooki lowered inside a giant `` hamster ball '' . Originally , MTV planned to hold the drop within its studio in Times Square , but the network was asked by city officials to conduct the drop elsewhere . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Michael Bloomberg , whose mayoral term ended at midnight , did not attend , and celebrated privately with his family instead . Unlike Bloomberg 's inauguration in 2002 , which was held shortly after midnight , Bill de Blasio was inaugurated in a ceremony the following morning at Gracie Mansion . Jump up ^ Cee - Lo 's performance was criticized by fans for his change of a lyric relating to religion . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Miller , Winter ( 2007 - 10 - 04 ) . `` A New Ball for New Year 's , Brighter Yet More Efficient '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Nearly 800 Hard At Work On Times Square New Year 's Eve Celebration '' . CBS New York . Retrieved December 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` NYC ball drop goes ' green ' on 100th anniversary '' . CNN . December 31 , 2007 . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Countdown to Times Square party ; 1 million expected '' . CNN . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Year 's Eve security main focus for NYPD '' . CNN . December 30 , 2011 . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` For New Year 's Eve , the Tie - Ins Erupt '' . The New York Times . December 13 , 2010 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Very Confetti New Year 's '' . Time . January 2 , 2007 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Mansfield , Brian ( December 26 , 2013 ) . `` Etheridge added to Times Square New Year 's Eve lineup '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` MAYOR GIULIANI ANNOUNCES NEW TRADITION FOR NEW YEAR 'S EVE : COMMUNITY HERO TO LEAD TIMES SQUARE CELEBRATION '' . City of New York . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Balkin , Adam ( December 30 , 2003 ) . `` Technology Helps Times Square New Year 's Eve Ball Drop Run Smoothly '' . NY1 . Retrieved April 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Across America , traditions of ham hocks , Watch Nights and the Times Square ball '' . NBCNews.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CITY KEEPS THE BALL ROLLING IT 'S ANOTHER ROUND IN TIMES SQ . FOR SEASONED PARTYERS '' . New York Daily News . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` On the ball : Sang Lan was in the spotlight on New Year 's ... '' . Chicago Tribune . January 5 , 1999 . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` DOCTORS WITHOUT BORDERS TO JOIN TIMES SQUARE BALL DROP DURING NEW YEARS EVE FESTIVITIES '' . City of New York . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ali To Drop Ball On New Year 's '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Inaugural Address Of Mayor Michael Bloomberg '' . Gotham Gazette . January 1 , 2002 . Retrieved April 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Huge Times Square Crowd Watches Ball Drop '' . Fox News . Associated Press . January 1 , 2003 . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bloomberg Announces Special Guest For New Year 's 2004 Celebration In New York '' . Life . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Regis , Colin Powell ring in New Year 's with'energy , enthusiasm ' '' . USA Today . January 1 , 2005 . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Neither rain nor snow slows Times Sq . party '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Military Service Members Honored at Time Square Celebration '' . Navy.mil . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Times Square New Year 's gala turns 100 '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Revelers ring in 2009 in Times Square '' . Associated Press . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Best High Schools Heads to Times Square '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sgt . Salvatore Giunta in NYC for New Year 's Eve '' . Associated Press . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Gaga to perform on New Year 's Eve in Times Square '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Seifman , David ( December 28 , 2012 ) . `` Rockettes to join Mayor Bloomberg on New Year 's Eve '' . New York Post . Retrieved December 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nearly 800 Hard At Work On Times Square New Year 's Eve Celebration '' . CBS New York . Retrieved December 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Costa , Robert ( December 30 , 2013 ) . `` Sotomayor to officiate at Times Square New Year 's Eve '' . Washington Post . Retrieved December 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brrr - Braving the Ball Drop '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved January 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New Year 's In Times Square : Jencarlos Canela Will Be The First Latino To Push Ball Drop Countdown Button '' . Latin Times . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Crystal Ball Nearly Ready For New Year 's Eve In Times Square '' . CBSNewYork.com . CBS Radio . Retrieved December 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Activist to Help Drop Crystal Ball In Times Square '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 31 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` U.N. secretary - general to kick off Times Square New Year 's Eve countdown '' . NBC News . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Gael Fashingbauer ( January 1 , 2012 ) . `` Fans angry that Cee Lo changed ' Imagine ' lyrics '' . msnbc.com . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2012 . Retrieved April 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Golgowski , Nina ( January 1 , 2012 ) . `` Cee Lo Green changes lyrics to Lennon 's Imagine to include pro-religion message enraging fans '' . The Daily Mail . London . Retrieved April 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cruz To Perform ' Imagine ' During New Year 's Celebration '' . CBSNewYork.com . Retrieved December 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Live Times Square New Year 's Eve Webcast : Watch Train , Cassadee Pope '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved December 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Year 's Eve Organizers Release Star - Studded Roster Of Musical Talent Set To Perform Live In Times Square '' . TimesSquareNYC.org . Times Square Alliance . Retrieved December 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Workers To Install 288 New Waterford Crystals On New Year 's Eve Ball '' . CBS New York . CBS Radio . Retrieved 27 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Times Square Alliance : Gavin DeGraw and Rachel Platten to Headline Musical Lineup for Times Square New Year 's Eve Live , Commercial - Free Webcast and TV Pool Feed '' . TimesSquareNYC.org . Times Square Alliance . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Crews Clean Up Times Square After New Year 's Celebration '' . CBSNewYork.com . CBS Radio . 1 January 2014 . Retrieved 30 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Feuer , Alan ( December 27 , 2009 ) . `` Deconstructed -- Times Square Ball -- Lots of Sparkle for a Swift Fall '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kushner , David ( December 30 , 1999 ) . `` This New Year 's Eve , Technology Will Drop the Ball '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` History of Times Square '' . London : The Telegraph . July 27 , 2011 . Retrieved January 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Crump , William D. ( 2014 ) . Encyclopedia of New Year 's Holidays Worldwide . McFarland . p. 242 . ISBN 9781476607481 . Jump up ^ McFadden , Robert D. ( December 31 , 1987 ) . `` ' 88 Countdown : 3 , 2 , 1 , Leap Second , 0 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 2 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Sutton , Larry . `` Bigger Ball to Peg Square '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Barron , James ( December 31 , 2009 ) . `` When Party Is Over , the Ball Lands Here '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goodnough , Abby ( December 29 , 1998 ) . `` Here Comes 2000 , With Sponsors , Too ; Official Products in the Right Place : Millennial Partying in Times Sq . '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Tina ( December 30 , 1999 ) . `` There 's Another Countdown Before the Famed ' 10 , 9 , 8 ... ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Year Theme Right On The Ball '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NATIONAL SEPTEMBER 11 MEMORIAL MUSEUM TO ACCEPT SPECIAL COLLECTION OF WATERFORD CRYSTAL TRIANGLES FROM 2001 / 2002 TIMES SQUARE BALL '' ( PDF ) . nat . Retrieved 29 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Year 's Eve Preparations Under Way In Times Square '' . CBSNewYork.com . Retrieved December 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Waterford and Times Square New Year 's Eve Reveal `` Gift of Imagination '' Crystal Design as Part of New 10 - Year `` Greatest Gifts '' Series `` . Waterford Crystal press release . Retrieved December 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Philips hue to Mark Colorful Start to 2014 at Times Square New Year 's Eve Celebration '' ( Press release ) . Philips . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Year 's Eve Day and Ball Drop Weather '' . National Weather Service . Retrieved December 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Stelter , Brian ( December 31 , 2011 ) . `` 4 Decades Later , He Still Counts '' . New York Times . p . C1 . Retrieved January 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Barmash , Jerry . `` Marking New Year 's Eve at Times Square Without Dick Clark '' . FishbowlNY . Retrieved December 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NBC 's ' New Year 's Eve ' Rebounds , ABC 's ' Rockin ' Eve ' Slips In Ratings , Still Tops '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Levin , Gary ( January 4 , 2012 ) . `` Nielsens : Clark 's ' Rockin ' Eve , ' football start year well '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Countdown to 2012 : What to watch on New Year 's Eve '' . The Daily Caller . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ring in the new year with Ryan , Carson or Anderson '' . Bradenton Herald . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Cohen Replaces Kathy Griffin , Joins Anderson Cooper On CNN 's New Year 's Eve Special '' . Deadline.com . Yahoo !. Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TV highlights : Networks compete for most entertaining New Year 's show '' . Washington Post . December 30 , 2013 . Retrieved December 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Meet the Team Behind Times Square New Year 's Eve '' . TV Technology . NewBay Media . Retrieved 30 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Taub , Erica A. ( December 24 , 2009 ) . `` New Year 's Eve in Times Square Is Now a Webcast '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Shriver , Jerry ( December 27 , 2007 ) . `` Extra-bright ball to drop at Times Square '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Oldenberg , Ann ( December 29 , 2005 ) . `` Battle of Times Square '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` More Americans Preferred Celebrating New Year 's Without Television '' . CNSNews.com . Retrieved 2 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Stephen ( December 31 , 1999 ) . `` New Year 's song remains ingrained in public mind '' . The Orange County Register . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Collins , Scott ( December 25 , 2006 ) . `` Past , Present , and ... Future ? '' . Los Angeles Times . p . E1 . Jump up ^ Moore , Frazier ( December 26 , 2001 ) . `` Next week to be 25th New Year 's Eve without Guy Lombardo '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Associated Press . Retrieved January 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Terry , Carol Burton . `` New Guy Lombardo ? Dick Clark sees New Year 's tradition '' . The Milwaukee Sentinel . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bobbin , Jay ( December 28 , 2000 ) . `` Dick Clark offers longer New Year 's Eve special '' . Ellensburg Daily Record . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pitbull to Host New Year 's Eve Live Show for Fox '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Snooki ' dropped ' from Times Square New Year 's Eve celebration '' . Staten Island Advance . December 30 , 2010 . Retrieved October 8 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to New Year celebrations in Times Square . Official website New Year 's Eve on the Times Square Alliance website ( hide ) New Year 's Eve and New Year 's Day Events America 's Party First Night Hogmanay New Year 's Eve in London Objects dropped on New Year 's Eve Peach Drop Pelican Drop Réveillon de Copacabana Sydney New Year 's Eve The Possum Drop Times Square Ball Vienna New Year 's Concert Sports College Football Playoff bowls Rose Orange Sugar Fiesta Cotton Peach Citrus Bowl Gator Bowl Outback Bowl Tour de Ski Four Hills Tournament NHL Winter Classic Spengler Cup Final IIHF World U20 Championship Saint Silvester Road Race New Year Sprint Nos Galan road race Parades Tournament of Roses Parade London 's New Year 's Day Parade Florida Citrus Parade Mummers Parade Television New Year 's Rockin ' Eve New Year 's Eve with Carson Daly New Year Live CNN New Year 's Eve Live ¡ Feliz ! MTV New Year 's The Big Fat Quiz of the Year Bye Bye Dinner for One Happy New Year , America Hogmanay Live Hootenanny Kōhaku Uta Gassen Little Blue Light Only an Excuse ? Red Bull New Year No Limits Rudolph 's Shiny New Year Scotch and Wry Silvesterstadl Silvesterpunsch 2000 Today ( US , Ireland ) Happy New Year , Charlie Brown ! First Night 2013 with Jamie Kennedy Pitbull 's New Year 's Revolution Music `` Auld Lang Syne '' `` Happy New Year '' `` What Are You Doing New Year 's Eve ? '' `` Levy - Dew '' `` New Year 's Day '' Related topics New Year films Gregorian calendar Baby New Year Calennig Hogmanay Holiday season Leap second Guy Lombardo New Year 's resolution New Year tree Saint Sylvester 's Day Vasilopita Watchnight service Coordinates : 40 ° 45 ′ 23 '' N 73 ° 59 ′ 11 '' W  /  40.7564 ° N 73.9865 ° W  / 40.7564 ; - 73.9865 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Times_Square_Ball&oldid=804922476 '' Categories : Culture of New York City New Year celebrations Recurring events established in 1907 Times Square Winter traditions Festivals established in 1907 December events 1907 establishments in New York ( state ) Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use mdy dates from January 2015 Good articles Pages using deprecated image syntax Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Simple English Suomi ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 23 : 15 . 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why do they drop the ball on new years

The first New Year 's Eve celebration in Times Square was held on December 31 , 1904 ; The New York Times ' owner , Adolph Ochs , decided to celebrate the opening of the newspaper 's new headquarters , One Times Square , with a New Year 's fireworks show on the roof of the building to welcome 1905 . Close to 200,000 people attended the event , displacing traditional celebrations that had normally been held at Trinity Church . However , following several years of fireworks shows , Ochs wanted a bigger spectacle at the building to draw more attention to the area . The newspaper 's chief electrician , Walter F. Palmer , suggested using a time ball , after seeing one used on the nearby Western Union Building .

Chesapeake Shores - Wikipedia Chesapeake Shores Chesapeake Shores Genre Drama Based on Characters created by Sherryl Woods Developed by Dan Paulson Starring Jesse Metcalfe Meghan Ory Barbara Niven Laci J. Mailey Emilie Ullerup Diane Ladd Treat Williams Brendan Penny Andrew Francis Opening theme `` Coming Home Soon '' by Adam Woodall ( season 1 ) `` Home '' by Daughtry ( season 2 ) Country of origin United States Canada Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 20 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) John Tinker Dan Paulson Martin Wood Nancey Silvers Sherryl Woods Michael Berns Producer ( s ) Matt Drake Production location ( s ) Vancouver Island , British Columbia Camera setup Multiple - camera Running time 48 -- 96 minutes Production company ( s ) Chesapeake Shores S2 Productions Inc . Daniel L. Paulson Entertainment Distributor Borderline Distribution , Inc . Release Original network Hallmark Channel Picture format NTSC ( 480i ) HDTV 1080i Original release August 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 14 ) -- present ( present ) External links Website Chesapeake Shores is a Canadian / American drama television series , based on the novel series of the same name by Sherryl Woods , produced by Chesapeake Shores Productions Inc in association with Borderline Distribution . The series had a two - hour premiere on the Hallmark Channel on August 14 , 2016 . Meghan Ory , Jesse Metcalfe , Treat Williams , Brendan Penny , Andrew Francis and Diane Ladd star in the series . John Tinker is showrunner and executive producer . On January 15 , 2017 , Hallmark announced that the show was renewed for a 10 - episode second season , which aired from August 6 through October 8 , 2017 . On January 13 , 2018 , Hallmark announced that the show was renewed for a 10 - episode third season , which premiered on August 5 , 2018 . Contents 1 Synopsis 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 3.3 Season 3 ( 2018 ) 4 Production 5 Broadcast 6 Reception 6.1 Critical reception 6.2 Viewership 7 References 8 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Abby O'Brien Winters returns from New York to her hometown of Chesapeake Shores , Maryland , after receiving a panicked phone call from her youngest sister Jess , who is renovating the Inn at Eagle Point . Abby 's demanding career , divorce , and young daughters have kept her too busy to even think about the town her father built . Saving her sister 's inn from foreclosure means dealing not only with her fractured family but also with Trace Riley , her first love whom she abruptly left sixteen years ago . He initially is an obstacle but becomes an unexpected ally and a second chance at finding love . The troubled family dynamic is intensified when Abby 's estranged mother comes back to town . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Meghan Ory as Abby O'Brien - Winters : a high - powered New York City career woman , divorcée , mother to two young daughters , and the oldest of Mick and Megan 's five children . After years away from her family , she takes a trip to her hometown of Chesapeake Shores and decides to stay . Jesse Metcalfe as Trace Riley , a musician and Abby 's first love who has returned to Chesapeake Shores from Nashville . After high school , Abby abruptly left Trace and Chesapeake Shores without warning , an action for which he has never forgiven her . Treat Williams as Mick O'Brien : patriarch of the O'Briens . His wife Megan left him many years ago , making him a single father working hard to provide for his family . Diane Ladd as Nell O'Brien : matriarch of the O'Briens and Mick 's mother . When Megan moved out and Mick was frequently on the road for work , Nell became the children 's primary caregiver . Laci J. Mailey as Jess O'Brien : Abby 's youngest sister who has bought a dilapidated old inn that she intends to transform into a bed and breakfast . On the brink of financial disaster , she must call on Abby to save her from early bankruptcy . Emilie Ullerup as Bree Elizabeth O'Brien : Abby 's younger sister who is a struggling playwright living in Chicago . Her first play earned her glowing reviews , but she has yet to recreate its success . Her writer 's block and her grandmother 's illness cause her to return home . Barbara Niven as Megan : Mick 's estranged wife . Her children hold a grudge over her leaving many years ago , but she claims Mick left her no choice . She could n't be around him , but also did n't want to uproot the children from their home . Brendan Penny as Kevin O'Brien , older son of Mick and Megan . Initially a medic in the U.S. Army , he explores other career opportunities in season two . Andrew Francis as Connor O'Brien , younger son of Mick and Megan who is initially a law student , and later an aspiring attorney . Recurring ( edit ) Abbie Magnuson as Caitlyn Winters , daughter of Abby and Wes Kayden Magnuson as Carrie Winters , daughter of Abby and Wes Michael Karl Richards as Wes Winters , Abby 's ex-husband Brittany Willacy as Leigh Corley , Trace 's bandmate and songwriting partner Serge Houde as Del Granger , Abby 's new boss in Baltimore Britt Irvin as Danielle Clayman , Connor 's law school classmate who becomes his love interest Ali Liebert as Georgia Eyles , Kevin 's ex-fiancée ( season 1 ) Karen Kruper as Dee Riley , Trace 's mother Tom Butler as Lawrence Riley , Trace 's father Carlo Marks as David Peck , Jess 's boyfriend who seems to have more in common with Bree Kyle Cassie as Martin Demming , Bree 's former longtime boyfriend Bradley Stryker as John Rawl , bassist for Trace 's former band who later joins the Trace Riley Band ( season 2 ) Jessica Sipos as Sarah Mercer , a local firefighter and Kevin 's love interest ( season 2 -- 3 ) Gregory Harrison as Thomas O'Brien , Mick 's brother ( season 2 -- 3 ) Victor Webster as Douglas Peterson , a widower that Abby meets who later partners with Mick in a land development deal . ( season 2 -- 3 ) Jerry Trimble as Mark Hall , a Nashville music executive who takes an interest in the Trace Riley Band . ( season 2 -- 3 ) Oliver Rice as Simon Atwater , a novelist and Bree 's brief love interest . ( season 2 -- 3 ) Episodes ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( June 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Martin Wood Nancey Silvers August 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 14 ) 1.94 When Abby O'Brien was 17 years old , her mother , Megan , left her father , Mick , Abby and her siblings Bree , Kevin , Connor , and Jess . Fifteen years later , Abby , a successful career woman and divorced mother of two daughters , Carrie and Caitlyn , lives in New York . Just when Abby is told her ex-husband Wes is getting remarried , her sister Jess asks her and the girls to visit Chesapeake Shores for a weekend . Abby is concerned upon learning Jess is renovating a rundown home into a bed and breakfast and is also needing help with finances . Returning home , Abby sees her high school sweetheart , Trace , now a successful country musician , whom she left to move to New York . Meanwhile , there is tension between Mick and Abby , stemming from him being a frequently absent parent when she was growing up and its negative impact on the family . She soon realizes that she has been a somewhat similar parent for her girls . She voices her fears to Trace , and he whisks her away for a moonlit swim that ultimately leads to a kiss . She later apologizes for both the kiss and for leaving him years ago . She extends her visit when Nell , the grandmother who raised her , suffers a minor illness . Middle sister Bree also make a trip home . Reconnecting with her family , Abby contemplates her children growing up there . Trace reveals that he tried to find her in New York after college , but stopped upon hearing of her engagement . He also admits that the Nashville scene was n't for him and he came home to recharge . Abby then visits her firm 's Baltimore office , where she is extended an open employment offer ; the office 's proximity to Chesapeake Shores and the family - friendly hours appeal to her . That night , Mick surprises everyone as he has summoned Megan to town . After years of strained relations , he believes the family should reconnect . Soon , Mick 's sons , Connor and Kevin , also return home . `` Home to Roost , Part One '' Peter DeLuise John Tinker August 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 21 ) 1.86 Nell returns home from a doctor visit , hinting there is something wrong but not wanting to discuss it . Abby jogs by Trace 's place , and they briefly discuss last night and what it might mean . Soon after , Wes arrives to pick up the girls and gets into an argument with Abby . He gets in his car and says he 'll be back in an hour . Abby returns to Trace , and they try to talk about each other 's lives over the past several years . Trace wo n't open up about why he returned from Nashville , only saying that the music business is n't what he hoped it would be . As the two start to embrace , Abby stops and tells Trace the only way they can have a chance together is if her girls always come first and he lets things happen at her pace . As Jess prepares for the soft opening of her B&B , Megan takes a room there and the two later argue . A pipe bursts and Mick rushes to the B&B to fix it before the opening . Kevin , an Army medic , announces he 's being deployed again to Afghanistan . Wes returns and hands papers to Abby , saying their current arrangement is n't going to work . Trace catches them arguing and starts toward Wes , but Abby tells him to butt out . `` Home to Roost , Part Two '' Peter DeLuise John Tinker August 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 28 ) 2.18 Abby decides to accept the job offer in the Baltimore office and stay in Chesapeake Shores to raise her daughters . She consults Connor , her soon - to - be lawyer brother , on the best way to fight for custody . Trace continues to struggle with things he left behind in Nashville , as evidenced by a heated exchange with someone on the other end of a phone call . Trace and Abby meet and agree that , for now , they need to be friends and nothing more . Mick suggests to Bree that staying in Chesapeake Shores for a while may be just what she needs to overcome her writer 's block . `` We 're Not Losing a Son ... '' Martin Wood Nancey Silvers September 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 04 ) 2.21 Just as Abby and Trace are getting comfortable with their `` friendship '' agreement , Trace 's beautiful singing partner Leigh arrives unannounced from Nashville . Leigh tries to convince Trace to return to Nashville and finish the album they were working on , while Trace hints at problems he needed to leave behind . Leigh checks into Jess 's bed & breakfast , leaving Jess and Bree to wonder if the relationship between Trace and Leigh went beyond music . Megan visits with Connor in his small apartment and tries to mend old wounds , but Connor 's resentment is still very apparent . Nell convinces Mick to stop meddling in Jess 's business , so Mick takes on a new project -- building a playhouse for Abby 's girls . Abby goes to see Trace at the diner , and catches him and Leigh smiling and laughing over a meal . At the end of the episode , Mick gets a call from an Army representative , saying that Kevin 's unit in Afghanistan has gone missing . 5 5 `` We 're Gaining a Daughter '' Martin Wood Nancey Silvers September 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 11 ) 2.23 Mick receives news regarding his son Kevin , who has been missing in action . This causes anxiety within the family . Trace tells his music partner , Leigh , he can not return to Nashville to finish the album they started together . Mick and Abby travel to New York for her custody battle with her ex-husband Wes . Neither party can come to an agreement concerning their two daughters . The judge grants Abby temporary custody until an agreement can be made over the summer . Trace finds an abandoned warehouse for sale in town and dreams of turning it into a place for the townspeople to listen to music , with a studio upstairs . He then agrees to finish the album , as he needs the money , but he says when it 's done , so will be his partnership with Leigh . She tries to kiss him , but he stops her . Mick receives another phone call saying that Kevin is alive and will be transported to a hospital . Mick and Nell discuss his father , who died in 1999 . Mick wishes his children had the same feelings for him as he had for his father . 6 6 `` Georgia on My Mind '' Anne Wheeler John Tinker September 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 18 ) 1.85 Out of nowhere , a woman named Georgia arrives at the house and says she is Kevin 's fiancée . She has convinced the hospital to let Kevin recover at home . All the O'Briens want to tend to the injured Kevin , while also trying to figure out more about the mysterious Georgia . Abby is at work when an agent from the SEC shows up and asks what was in the boxes she transported home from New York . Not knowing what is going on , Abby calls Connor , who tells her to `` lawyer up '' . Connor is otherwise occupied taking the bar exam , and starts to get romantic with his study partner . Bree tells Abby that while she was in Chicago , she found out her long - time boyfriend Martin is seeing someone else . Trace 's banker father tells him he has been rejected for a loan to buy the warehouse , saying there is nothing he can do to get around Trace 's debts and lack of a steady job -- also mentioning regular payments Trace is sending back to Nashville . Trace later finds out that Mick bought the building . At home in her room , Abby pores over the contents of her New York office , trying to figure out what spiked the interest of the SEC , while she watches a video of Trace and Leigh singing together . 7 7 `` Second Chances '' Anne Wheeler Kirsten Hansen September 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 25 ) 1.89 At her new book exchange booth , Bree meets a man named David , who sort of flirts with her . She later tells Jess about it , and Jess prepares to see her new boyfriend . Trace talks about the warehouse with Mick , who likes his idea of making it a music venue and asks if they can be partners on the project . Wes visits Abby and asks about the SEC investigation . She learns it is related to a deal he and his fiancée Gabrielle were working on while Abby was still employed in New York . He says he and Gabrielle broke up , that he now has no job and is facing an investigation , and that the girls are all he has left . He and Abby agree to work out something , without lawyers , regarding the children . Megan confronts Mick , saying she is upset that the kids feel she just left them years ago . She says she never wanted to leave , but she could n't be with Mick and she did n't want to uproot the kids . Abby visits Trace , and admits she was jealous seeing him with Leigh . Trace finally reveals that he was the driver in an auto accident that badly injured his bass player , who may never walk again , and Trace is dealing with the guilt . Bree meets Jess 's boyfriend and sees it is David , leading to an awkward moment . Nell prepares for a trip to Ireland . Kevin rides into the woods with Connor , and , despite Kevin 's injury , they climb to an old tree house . Kevin talks about his convoy in Afghanistan hitting an IED , and he 's obviously still shaken . When the two climb down from the tree , Kevin falls and can not move . 8 8 `` Deals Undone '' Martin Wood Nancey Silvers October 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 02 ) 2.19 Kevin appears to have suffered no ill effects from his fall , but he and Connor are nevertheless chastised by the family for doing something so careless . Trace learns that Mick pulled out of his deal to buy the warehouse and is declined a loan from his father 's bank . Although his father later offers him a personal loan , Trace refuses , knowing it will be conditional . Mick then shows Trace a different property he owns that needs some work , but might also make a great music venue . The two agree to a partnership . Abby is served with a summons by the Department of Justice , who wants to seize all of the contents she has from her New York office . Connor gets involved and , without consulting Abby or Wes , sets up a meeting with the DOJ rep . Connor convinces the rep that Gabrielle , Wes ' ex-fiancée , is the real culprit and says Wes and Abby should be exonerated for their cooperation . Though his move is successful , Connor is scolded by Abby and Megan for taking such a risk as he is not an actual lawyer . One of Mick 's business deals takes a turn , and he becomes cranky and distant as his children remember him . During a family fun day at a game center , David invites Bree to participate with him and Jess . Jess soon becomes angry as she is excluded from David and Bree 's talks . Georgia prepares to leave town and reminds Kevin that they both agreed to start their new life in Daytona Beach . Trace invites Abby on a date , dancing at his soon - to - be music venue . 9 9 `` Exes Mark the Spot '' Martin Wood Nancey Silvers October 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 09 ) 1.72 Jess tells David she wants to break up , as they have nothing in common . Almost immediately after , she says she needs a chef at the B&B and offers him the job . As Abby and Trace grow closer together , Wes tells Abby he will no longer fight for custody of their daughters . He also announces he 'll be looking for a job in the area , and Abby promises to be generous with visitation . Kevin confides in Connor that he loves Georgia , but is not in love with the idea of marrying her . He announces he 's going back to Johns Hopkins to become a doctor . At a family gathering , both Leigh and Bree 's former flame Martin show up unannounced . Bree argues with Martin , saying she waited for years for him to propose marriage , only to have him break her heart . Trace gets a phone call and learns his father has been hospitalized , so he leaves the party abruptly . On the way to the hospital , he is stopped for speeding , then arrested for an outstanding warrant . Back at the party , Martin announces the real reason he showed up : he offers Bree the position of Playwright in Residence at the Chicago theater where he is a director . Mick finally arrives at the party . With his five children surrounding him , he tells each how proud he is of them . Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 10 `` Secrets , Lies , and School Supplies '' Sean McNamara Nancey Silvers August 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 06 ) 1.87 As the town prepares for the annual lantern festival , Trace must return to Nashville to face a mistake from his past . Meanwhile , Mick takes his granddaughters back - to - school shopping and covertly works on a business deal that is bound to cause family conflict . Jess is overwhelmed by both a busy weekend at her bed and breakfast and the news that her mother , Megan , has returned to town for good . Bree must decide if she will move to Chicago to produce her play . As the festival nears , Trace and the O'Briens try to put their challenges aside , so that four generations -- including grandma Nell -- can come together . 11 `` Pasts and Presents '' Sean McNamara Michael Berns August 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 13 ) 1.61 As Mick moves forward with his bold plans to develop the O'Brien Trust land , he tells Trace he has to sell the music club space . Trace 's father returns home from his surgery and again offers Trace a loan to buy the property , but Trace decides to try a different tactic . Jess is working around the clock planning to host her second cousin 's wedding at the B&B , forcing her to reluctantly accept help from Megan . Kevin has a possible PTSD episode in front of Megan , but later runs toward danger as he was trained , and saves a man 's life with Abby 's help . Connor interviews for his first job as a lawyer . Bree travels to Chicago , and finds herself confronting Martin for making major changes to the script for her play . As Trace and Leigh work on a song , she tries to convince him that he belongs back in Nashville . 12 `` Photographs and Memories '' Terry Ingram Michael MacLennan August 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 20 ) 1.84 As Abby sends her girls off to their first day at a new school , conflict arises between Trace and Wes about their roles in the family . This is complicated further when a Nashville recording label takes interest in Trace and Leigh 's new demo . The O'Brien siblings reminisce over their own school days watching home movies shot by Megan , but these videos have Jess feeling left out and angry at her mother for leaving when she was young . Megan tries to help Jess market the B&B as the slow season approaches , but Jess is resistant . Connor learns that his new place of employment values conformity over individualism . Nell helps Connor dress more professionally , but struggles to prevent Mick from butting heads with his brother Thomas ( Gregory Harrison ) over family land . Bree sees that the bookstore in town is going out of business and takes it upon herself to save it , while Kevin learns that a cute firefighter named Sarah , whom he met at the accident scene , is interested in him . This causes a dilemma , as Kevin has n't yet officially ended things with Georgia . 13 `` It 's Always Nashville '' Terry Ingram Kristen Hansen August 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 27 ) 1.70 Trace and Leigh learn that famous Nashville producer Mark Hall ( Jerry Trimble ) will be recording their new single . As they attempt to sing the song in the studio , Hall says he does n't hear enough emotion in their voices . He orders them to different rooms and tells each to imagine someone special they would sing to . Thinking of Abby , Trace nails his take , but it leads to Hall thinking that Trace would be better off as a solo act , without Leigh . Jess tries to help out Bree 's book store by promoting an appearance from Simon Atwater , a hot new author , but Bree learns her sister has n't asked Simon yet . Kevin finally asks out Sarah on a date , saying he will explain why he did n't call her back after their last encounter . Abby says her client has agreed to work with Mick on developing the O'Brien Trust land , but Nell thinks it is more important for Mick to reconcile with Thomas . 14 5 `` Buried Treasures '' Mike Rohl Michael MacLennan September 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 03 ) 1.85 Nell discovers a treasure map that Bree made as a teenager , leading Bree and Kevin to hunt for a family time capsule in the backyard . Trace is in Nashville fighting Mark to keep Leigh on an upcoming album at the risk of his own career . Later , the Trace Riley Band , featuring Leigh , debuts at an industry event show , while an irritated Mark observes . Abby meets a handsome widower in the PTA , Douglas Peterson ( Victor Webster ) . At her bed and breakfast , Jess must deal with a demanding customer , but David later discovers that the guest is a famous travel writer . Mick and Thomas continue to spar over the development deal , never seeing eye - to - eye about the past or the future . Megan reconnects with the family by giving Connor dating advice and tutoring her granddaughters . 15 6 `` Grand Openings '' Mike Rohl David Maples September 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 10 ) 1.80 As The Bridge nightclub 's opening nears , Trace spends late nights practicing with Leigh and his band , while Mick fights city hall to obtain a live music permit . Abby receives a promotion at work , but it could leave her with less time to spend with the family and Trace . Frustrated with her own work prospects , Megan gets an endorsement from an unexpected ally . Jess begins to develop feelings for David , while also trying to get him to open up about himself . Bree is surprised at her bookstore by a new admirer , author Simon Atwater . Connor reconnects with former schoolmate Danielle ( Britt Irvin ) , and Kevin focuses on Sarah . Sensing romance in the air , Nell hosts a dinner for her grandchildren and their new love interests . The Bridge opens with a good crowd on hand , but moments into the Trace Riley Band 's first song , Abby gets a text from Wes saying their sick girls want their mommy . Trace sees her leave . 16 7 `` All Our Yesterdays '' Anne Wheeler Nancey Silvers September 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 17 ) 1.72 Mick receives damaging information about Thomas from Abby 's client , and considers whether to use it in their town hall debate over the family land trust . Jess plans a special meal to win over David , but is fearful to take the next step in their relationship . Bree is also afraid to move forward with Simon , telling Megan that she always gets into relationships that are doomed . Connor and Kevin both contemplate their careers , concerned they may be headed down the wrong paths . Overloaded with work , both Trace and Abby try to find time to spend with each other and their families . On advice from Nell , Megan tells her children the real reason she left for New York all those years ago . 17 8 `` Forest Through the Trees '' Anne Wheeler Ann Hamilton September 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 24 ) 1.86 Trace takes Abby on a camping trip where they reconnect , and he makes a vow that , no matter where their careers take them , he will always put Abby first . Jess fears falling in love with David because she always screws up things , while Bree is letting the pain of her past with Martin prevent her from getting involved with Simon . Both eventually share a romantic moment with their significant others . Sarah confides to Kevin that her late husband was a Marine who died on the battlefield three years ago , adding that she 's not yet ready to start a new relationship . Connor helps Thomas with a legal project and becomes intrigued with the possibility of a career in environmental law . Mick decides to compromise on the O'Brien Trust land and finally sits down with Thomas to talk . Meanwhile , a video of the Trace Riley Band singing `` Freefall '' has gained over 400,000 views , causing Trace to realize he 's likely heading back to Nashville . 18 9 `` The Royal Court '' Andy Mikita Nancey Silvers October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) 1.92 After his band 's music video goes viral , Trace receives offers from music executives , but he tries to convince his band to follow through on their plans to remain independent . After a conversation with Mick , Trace later wants to give an apologetic Mark Hall another chance . Abby , Nell , and Megan spend some family time together preparing a princess birthday party for Carrie . Kevin finds inspiration to follow his passion while visiting a fallen army friend 's mother with Bree . Watching the shop in Bree 's absence , Jess discovers that running a bookstore is not as easy as she thought . She makes a big error in a book order , but David secretly bails her out . Connor turns to Danielle when he finds his career direction shifting . After Mick refuses to use incriminating information against Thomas , he must find a new investor for his development deal . 19 10 `` Freefall '' Andy Mikita Ann Hamilton October 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) 1.63 After Mark Hall offers Trace and his band a worldwide tour deal , Trace and Abby worry about how it might impact their future together . David makes a confession to Jess . As Nell ponders a lost love from her past , Abby , Jess , and Bree are faced with the possibility of losing their new loves in the present and turn to each other for strength and support in sisterhood . Kevin reconnects with Sarah as they prepare for Megan 's art fair , which has Kevin confused about the nature of their relationship . Mick explores a land development partnership with Douglas , while adjusting to news that Connor has been working for Thomas . Season 3 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 20 `` An Open Book '' Sean McNamara Michael Berns August 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 05 ) 1.67 After three months on tour , Trace gets three weeks off and returns home to Abby . During a magazine interview , he realizes that protecting Abby and the girls from the paparazzi will be difficult . Mick faces off against Connor in an environmental legal battle over the land development deal , and tries to warn him of a major error before it is too late . Jess discovers Bree 's manuscript , causing tensions to rise when she reads its contents . Meanwhile , Kevin continues paramedic training and grows closer to Sarah . As everyone gathers for the annual Oyster Festival , Nell recruits the family to save a local landmark . 21 `` The Way We Were '' Sean McNamara Nancey Silvers August 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 12 ) TBD As Trace ponders a big gig that would take him away from Abby , she questions whether to give him an unopened letter that she wrote him years ago . Mick and Megan meet with Thomas , whose rekindled spark with his once - estranged wife prompts each of them to assess their own relationship . Simon returns into Bree 's life , but the rift between her and Jess leaves her without a sounding board . Kevin is concerned upon seeing Connor 's girlfriend with another man . Nell continues her fight to preserve the wishing fountain . Meanwhile , after several days of not hearing from David , Jess gets a letter from him inviting her to Maine . 22 `` This Rock is Going to Roll '' TBA TBA August 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 19 ) TBD 23 `` Once Upon Ever After '' TBA TBA August 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 26 ) TBD 24 5 `` Love Eventually '' TBA TBA September 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 02 ) TBD 25 6 `` Here and There '' TBA TBA September 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 09 ) TBD 26 7 `` It 's Just Business '' TBA TBA September 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 16 ) TBD 27 8 `` All Our Tomorrows '' TBA TBA September 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 23 ) TBD 28 9 `` Missing Peaces ... '' TBA TBA September 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 30 ) TBD Production ( edit ) Chesapeake Shores is filmed on Vancouver Island 's Qualicum Beach and its neighboring town of Parksville , British Columbia . The first season was filmed there from May through July 2016 . In addition to playing the character Trace , Jesse Metcalfe performs some of the songs used in the series ' episodes . A songwriter for more than a decade , Metcalfe also composed two of the songs himself . Production for the second season started in spring 2017 . Broadcast ( edit ) The series premiered on the Hallmark Channel on August 14 , 2016 . It premiered on Canada 's W Network on August 25 , 2016 . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) Neil Genzlinger of The New York Times said Chesapeake Shores is `` as well scrubbed and predictable as they come -- in other words , perfectly suited to Hallmark 's target audience . '' He added , `` fans of ( Sherryl Woods 's series of novels ) , at least , will probably enjoy seeing this annoyingly pristine world brought to life . '' Gwen Ihnat of The A.V. Club gave the two - hour series premiere a B grade , praising the `` ethereally gorgeous '' Meghan Ory and the `` acting powerhouses '' of Treat Williams and Diane Ladd . She added that they `` may make the show worth watching , and the giddy chemistry of the romantic leads certainly does n't hurt . '' Viewership ( edit ) Chesapeake Shores ' two - hour premiere on Sunday , August 14 , 2016 , was seen by 1.942 million viewers . Its largest ratings demographic were people over the age of 50 , with a 1.42 share , followed by a 0.45 share among women aged 18 to 49 . Over the course of the first season , the series was Hallmark 's `` most - watched ( ... ) in the network 's history '' by women and adults in the 25 -- 54 age demographic in its live plus three days ( L + 3 ) of DVR viewing , leading to its second - season renewal . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` New Original Primetime Series `` Chesapeake Shores '' Premieres Sunday , August 14 on Hallmark Channel '' ( Press release ) . The Futon Critic . May 12 , 2016 . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( 2 March 2016 ) . `` ' Chesapeake Shores ' : John Tinker Set As Showrunner For Hallmark Channel Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 27 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chesapeake Shores - Season 2 - Premiere Date Announced '' . spoilertv.com.com . May 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hallmark Channel ( @ hallmarkchannel ) ( January 15 , 2017 ) . `` We 're thrilled to announce that Season 2 of # ChesapeakeShores has been renewed , will return to TV in July ! # TCA17 '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Anop , Nirat ( January 15 , 2017 ) . `` Chesapeake Shores - Renewed for a 2nd Season by Hallmark Channel '' . spoilertv.com . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Return to Chesapeake Shores This Summer , Season Three on Hallmark Channel '' . broadwayworld.com . June 5 , 2018 . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kimball , Trevor ( January 14 , 2018 ) . `` Chesapeake Shores : Season Three ; Hallmark Channel Series Renewed for 2018 '' . TV Series Finale . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.14. 2016 '' . showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.21. 2016 '' . showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.28. 2016 '' . showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.4. 2016 '' . showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.11. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.18. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.25. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.2. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.9. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finales 8.6. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finales 8.13. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finales 8.20. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finales 8.26. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.3. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.10. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.17. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.24. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.1. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.8. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chesapeake Shores : Episode Guide '' . Zap2it . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 7 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.5. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New Series : Hallmark 's Chesapeake Shores With Meghan Ory & Jesse Metcalfe to Film in Parksville / Qualicum Beach on Vancouver Island from Mid-May to July '' . yvrshoots.com. April 15 , 2016 . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Russell , John ( August 14 , 2016 ) . `` Jesse Metcalfe on Showing His Musical Side in Hallmark 's Chesapeake Shores '' . TVinsider.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chesapeake Shores premieres August 25 on W Network '' . corusent.com . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Genzlinger , Neil ( August 12 , 2016 ) . `` Review : Gauzy Clichés Swaddle ' Chesapeake Shores ' '' . nytimes.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ihnat , Gwen ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` Chesapeake Shores offers more idyllic and unrealistic small - town life from Hallmark '' . avclub.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website Chesapeake Shores on IMDb Hallmark Channel original programming Current Home and Family ( since 2012 ) When Calls the Heart ( since 2014 ) Good Witch ( since 2015 ) Chesapeake Shores ( since 2016 ) Meet the Peetes ( since 2018 ) Former Cedar Cove ( 2013 -- 2015 ) Signed , Sealed , Delivered ( 2014 ) Movies List of Hallmark Channel Original Movies Hallmark Hall of Fame movie list Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chesapeake_Shores&oldid=854742436 '' Categories : 2010s American drama television series 2010s Canadian drama television series 2016 American television series debuts 2016 Canadian television series debuts 2010s American romance television series Canadian romance television series English - language television programs Hallmark Channel shows Television programs based on American novels Television series produced in Vancouver Television shows set in Maryland Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from June 2018 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 13 : 34 ( UTC ) . 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how many episodes are in season 2 of chesapeake shores

On January 15 , 2017 , Hallmark announced that the show was renewed for a 10 - episode second season , which aired from August 6 through October 8 , 2017 .

Climate of Florida - wikipedia Climate of Florida Jump to : navigation , search Köppen climate classification types of Florida The climate of the north and central parts of the US state of Florida is humid subtropical . South Florida has a true tropical climate . There is a defined rainy season from May through October , when air mass thundershowers that build in the heat of the Day drop heavy but brief summer rainfall . Late summer and early fall bring decaying tropical lows ( and occasionally landfalling tropical cyclones ) that contribute to late summer and early fall rains In October the dry season sets in across much of Florida ( starting early in the month in northern Florida and near the end of the month in deep southern Florida ) and lasts until late April in most years . Fronts from mid-latitude storms north of Florida occasionally pass through northern and central parts of the state which bring light and brief winter rainfall . Mid and late winter can become severely dry in Florida . In some years the dry season becomes quite severe and water restrictions are imposed to conserve water . While most areas of Florida do not experience any type of frozen precipitation , north Florida can see fleeting snow or sleet a few times each decade . The Gulf Stream running through the Florida Straits and then north off the Florida East Coast keeps temperatures moderate a few miles inland from around Stuart on the east coast to Ft . Myers on the west side of the state year round , with few extremes in temperature . The tropical ocean current also provides warm sea surface temperatures , giving Florida beaches the warmest ocean surf waters on the United States mainland . Contents ( hide ) 1 Pressure 2 Wind 2.1 African dust outbreaks 2.2 Winter 2.3 Summer 3 Fog 4 Precipitation 4.1 Averages 4.2 Extremes 4.3 Snowfall 5 Thunderstorms 5.1 Tornadoes 6 Tropical cyclones 7 Effect of climate cycles 8 Climates of selected Florida cities 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Pressure ( edit ) The low pressure measured from an extratropical cyclone was 28.84 inches / 976.7 hPa during the Storm of the Century ( 1993 ) . From a tropical cyclone , the lowest pressure measured was 26.35 inches / 892 hPa in the Florida Keys during the Labor Day Hurricane of 1935 . The highest known pressure measured statewide was 30.74 inches / 1041.1 hPa in Tallahassee on February 5 , 1996 and January 4 , 1979 . Wind ( edit ) Over the winter prevailing winds are out of the north across the panhandle south to near Orlando , but are variable in the rest of the state . The summer season sees generally east and southeast winds across the peninsula . During the summer months , the average wind pattern implies a surface ridge axis which normally lies across central Florida , with easterly winds from Tampa southward and southwest winds across northern Florida . The peak wind gust during the 1930 through 1997 period was 115 mph ( 100 knots ) at Miami International Airport during Hurricane Andrew . African dust outbreaks ( edit ) In July the trade winds south of the northward - moving subtropical ridge expand northwestward into Florida . On occasion , dust from the Sahara moving around the southern periphery of the ridge moves into the state , suppressing rainfall and changing the sky from a blue to a white appearance and leads to an increase in red sunsets . Its presence negatively impacts air quality across the Southeastern United States during the summer , by adding to the count of airborne particulates . This is in sharp contrast to the normally clean air over Florida and the southeastern USA , which on average is the cleanest air in the USA . Over 50 % of the African dust that reaches the United States affects Florida . Since 1970 , dust outbreaks have worsened due to periods of drought in Africa . There is a large variability in the dust transport to the Caribbean and Florida from year to year . Dust events are possibly linked to a decline in the health of coral reefs across the Caribbean and Florida , primarily since the 1970s . Winter ( edit ) Fall foliage in North Central Florida . On average , Florida has the mildest winters in the Continental United States . Average lows range from 65 ° F ( 18 ° C ) in Key West to near 41 ° F ( 5 ° C ) degrees Fahrenheit at Tallahassee , while daytime highs range from 64 ° F ( 18 ° C ) at Tallahassee to 77 ° F ( 25 ° C ) at Miami . Predominant tropical easterly winds across central and southern Florida keep temperatures warm during the winter . Occasional strong cold fronts move southward down the peninsula with freezing or near freezing temperatures on a few nights into inland areas of central Florida every few years . A few times each decade Miami might see a winter night fall below 45 F. El Niño winters tend to be cooler due to increased cloud cover , but tend to have fewer freezes . Four hardiness zones exist . USDA zone 11b is found in Key West and the Florida Keys where average extreme lows range from 40 to 50 ° F ( 4 to 10 ° C ) . Zone 10 is found in coastal South Florida where annual extreme low temperatures range from 30 to 40 ° F ( − 1 to 4 ° C ) . Next is zone 9 , where low temperatures range from 20 to 30 ° F ( − 7 to − 1 ° C ) . The coolest , zone 8 , is located in northernwestern Florida from roughly Gainesville and northwest including Tallahassee . Low temperatures range from 10 to 20 ° F ( − 12 to − 7 ° C ) . Florida has experienced 12 major freezes . This includes four `` impact '' freezes , sufficiently severe to kill entire groves of citrus trees , resulting in a noticeable economic effect on citrus growers , prompting them to t groves further south in the state . These impact freezes are indicated by asterisks in the following : Great Freeze of 1894 - 5 * , February 13 - 14 , 1899 , February 2 - 6 , 1917 , December 12 - 13 , 1934 , January 1940 , December 12 - 13 , 1957 , December 12 - 13 , 1962 * , January 18 - 20 , 1977 , January 12 - 14 , 1981 , December 24 - 25 , 1983 * , January 20 - 22 , 1985 , and December 22 - 26 , 1989 * . Summer ( edit ) See also : Wet season Typical summer afternoon shower from the Everglades travelling eastward over Downtown Miami . During the summer , minima range from near 70 ° F ( 21 ° C ) in northern Florida to near 80 ° F ( 27 ° C ) in the Keys . High temperatures during the summer average in the lower 90s Fahrenheit statewide . Relief from the heat during the summer comes in the form of afternoon and evening thunderstorm activity , late morning and afternoon sea breezes off the relatively cooler ocean , and during the passage of a tropical cyclone . The passage of a cold front through the state is rare during the warm season . The record high temperature for the state is Fog ( edit ) Like the remainder of the Southeastern United States , Florida has a winter maximum in dense fog conditions . Unlike the remainder of the region , the maximum in Florida contains roughly half of the annual occurrences per year , on average . Its summer minimum is less than the remainder of the Southeast . The annual number of heavy fog days ( with visibility of . 25 miles ( 0.40 km ) or less ) has ranged from 50 in Tallahassee , to 1 in Key West , the least foggy region in the state . The two types of fog that are most common in Florida are advection and radiational . Fog can be hazardous to early morning commuters . On January 9 , 2008 , when fog on Interstate 4 combined with smoke from a nearby fire , visibility was reduced to nearly zero . As a result , five individuals died in a 70 - car pileup . Precipitation ( edit ) Average Rainfall for Florida Averages ( edit ) See also : Dry season and Wet season Statewide , the highest rainfall amounts occur during the summer months . In northern Florida , there is a weak winter secondary maximum while statewide the driest months of the year are during the spring . During El Niño , Florida sees greater rainfall between November and March . Due to the lack of the secondary maximum across the peninsula , a distinct dry season is seen in the averages from winter through spring . This dry season provokes brush fires annually as temperatures rise during the late spring , before they fade during early June as the rainy season gets underway . Extremes ( edit ) Hurricane Easy 's Rainfall across the Southeastern United States The heaviest rainfall to occur in 24 hours was measured in Yankeetown during Hurricane Easy ( 1950 ) , 38.70 inches ( 98.3 cm ) . This is also the highest known point storm total maximum related to any tropical cyclone which has impacted Florida , and by itself would be the highest known rainfall total for any month from any location within Florida . This rainfall amount remained the national 24 - hour rainfall record until Tropical Storm Claudette ( 1979 ) . Heavy rainfall events have fallen due to stalled fronts near the state as well , and occur during the March through May and October through November timeframe . The wettest month recorded at a Florida climate station was during May 1891 when Gainesville , Florida received 30.90 inches ( 78.5 cm ) . The wettest year on record for a Florida climate station was during 1879 when 127.24 inches ( 323.2 cm ) fell at Pensacola , Florida . The driest year for a climate station statewide was during 1974 when only 19.99 inches ( 50.8 cm ) fell at Key West . One of the worst years for wildfires was in 1998 , at the end of an El Nino cycle . 480 wildfires consumed 500,000 acres ( 2,000 km ) statewide . In 2010 , the National Weather Service issued more fire alerts in Florida than anywhere else in the nation . A statewide drought began in November 2005 , one month after Hurricane Wilma 's passage through the state , and persisted until 2009 . The previous significant drought occurred in 2000 , which was the state 's driest year on record . Snowfall ( edit ) Main article : Snow in Florida Snow in Jacksonville on December 23 , 1989 Snowfall is rare in Florida . The earliest recorded occurrence of snow or sleet occurred in 1774 in the far northern portion of the state . The latest occurrence of snow or sleet in the spring fell on January 7 , 8 , and 9 , 2010 , as a cold front brought scattered snow flurries in the northern and central portions of the state . The state record for snowfall is 5 inches ( 13 cm ) , set in northern Florida during January 1800 , though some debate exists about the accuracy . The earliest in the season that frozen precipitation has fallen was during the Late November 2006 Nor'easter on November 21 across central Florida . The latest in the season that snow or sleet has fallen was on April 8 , 2007 . Snow flurries has been recorded in the air as far south as Homestead , during a January 19 , 1977 event . Thunderstorms ( edit ) Florida reports more thunderstorms than any other US state . Some places report in excess of 90 thunderstorm days per year , making Florida one of the most thundery regions outside of the tropics . Florida receives the highest density of lightning strikes within the United States . Several deaths per year are blamed on lightning , making lightning one of the deadliest weather - related phenomenon in the state . However , since 1992 , the number of lightning deaths has been slowly dropping despite a rising population , suggesting that lightning awareness programs are effective . The most likely targets of lightning strikes are construction workers and others who work outside , though 12 percent of the cases occurred indoors to people using electronic devices . Severe thunderstorms can sometimes produce hail , very strong straight line winds and tornadoes . Very heavy rainfall from thunderstorms can result in flash flooding . Thunderstorms occur most often during the summer but can occur at any time of the year . Tornadoes ( edit ) There are more tornadoes per square mile in Florida than any other state . However , these tornadoes tend to be much weaker and short - lived than in other states like the Midwest or Great Plains . Strong tornadoes do occasionally form in Florida , usually in conjunctions with a cold frontal passage in the winter or spring . A total of 42 people died in February 1998 from the deadliest such tornado outbreak in Central Florida , which occurred during the nighttime hours . While tornadoes in the Midwest are more severe , a higher rate of deaths are experienced in Florida , and Brevard County , specifically , due to higher population density and quantity of manufactured homes . Tropical cyclones ( edit ) Hurricane Wilma ( 2005 ) Main article : List of Florida hurricanes The earliest in the year a tropical cyclone has struck the sunshine state was the Groundhog Day Tropical Storm in 1952 . The latest impact was from a hurricane which struck near Tampa on December 1 , 1925 . The strongest hurricane to strike Florida was the Labor Day Hurricane of 1935 . Hurricane Easy in 1950 produced the wettest known point total from any tropical cyclone . The record number of hurricane strikes on the state in one season is four in 2004 . Hurricanes typically spawn tornadoes within their northeast quadrant . Tropical cyclones have affected Florida in every month of the year but March . Nearly one - third of the cyclones affected the state in September , and nearly three - fourths of the storms affected the state between August and October , which coincides with the peak of the hurricane season . Portions of the coastline have the lowest return period , or the frequency at which a certain intensity or category of hurricane can be expected within 86 mi ( 139 km ) of a given location , in the country . Monroe County was struck by 26 hurricanes since 1926 , which is the greatest total for any county in the United States . Effect of Climate cycles ( edit ) El Niño has the following effects on Florida climate : above average rainfall in the spring . This is followed by wildfire threat when rain dries up . Northern Florida is more susceptible to severe weather ; below normal temperatures , increased number of low pressure systems in the Gulf of Mexico during the winter , and `` almost always '' reduces the frequency of storms and hurricanes . La Niña has the following effects : often dry conditions prevail in late fall , winter and early spring , increased risk of wildfires in spring and summer months , the temperatures average slightly above normal , and the chance of hurricane activity increases substantially . Long term forecasts are made based on these effects . However , they are easily overridden , in winter , by the Arctic oscillation and North Atlantic oscillations , which can only be predicted about two weeks in advance . These can drop the temperature noticeably from seasonal norms . Climates of selected Florida cities ( edit ) The climate regime for much of the state is humid subtropical ( Köppen Cfa ) , though portions of the Gold Coast of southeast Florida , as well as all of the Florida Keys , qualify as tropical wet - and - dry ( Köppen Aw ) . A narrow eastern part of the state including Orlando and Jacksonville receives between 2,400 and 2,800 hours of sunshine annually . The rest of the state , including Miami , receives between 2,800 and 3,200 hours annually . ( hide ) Climate data for Pensacola , Florida Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° F ( ° C ) 61.2 ( 16.2 ) 64.4 ( 18 ) 70.2 ( 21.2 ) 76.2 ( 24.6 ) 83.4 ( 28.6 ) 89.0 ( 31.7 ) 90.7 ( 32.6 ) 90.1 ( 32.3 ) 87.0 ( 30.6 ) 79.3 ( 26.3 ) 70.3 ( 21.3 ) 63.4 ( 17.4 ) 77.1 ( 25.1 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 42.7 ( 5.9 ) 45.4 ( 7.4 ) 51.7 ( 10.9 ) 57.6 ( 14.2 ) 65.8 ( 18.8 ) 72.1 ( 22.3 ) 74.5 ( 23.6 ) 74.2 ( 23.4 ) 70.4 ( 21.3 ) 59.6 ( 15.3 ) 51.1 ( 10.6 ) 44.7 ( 7.1 ) 59.2 ( 15.1 ) Average rainfall inches ( mm ) 5.34 ( 135.6 ) 4.68 ( 118.9 ) 6.40 ( 162.6 ) 3.89 ( 98.8 ) 4.40 ( 111.8 ) 6.39 ( 162.3 ) 8.02 ( 203.7 ) 6.85 ( 174 ) 5.75 ( 146 ) 4.13 ( 104.9 ) 4.46 ( 113.3 ) 3.97 ( 100.8 ) 64.28 ( 1,632.7 ) Source : NOAA ( hide ) Climate data for Tallahassee , Florida Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° F ( ° C ) 63.9 ( 17.7 ) 66.9 ( 19.4 ) 73.3 ( 22.9 ) 80.0 ( 26.7 ) 86.6 ( 30.3 ) 90.6 ( 32.6 ) 91.5 ( 33.1 ) 91.1 ( 32.8 ) 88.2 ( 31.2 ) 81.0 ( 27.2 ) 72.3 ( 22.4 ) 65.5 ( 18.6 ) 79.2 ( 26.2 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 39.8 ( 4.3 ) 41.8 ( 5.4 ) 47.4 ( 8.6 ) 53.2 ( 11.8 ) 61.9 ( 16.6 ) 69.2 ( 20.7 ) 71.7 ( 22.1 ) 71.8 ( 22.1 ) 68.5 ( 20.3 ) 57.1 ( 13.9 ) 46.8 ( 8.2 ) 41.2 ( 5.1 ) 55.9 ( 13.3 ) Average rainfall inches ( mm ) 4.37 ( 111 ) 4.86 ( 123.4 ) 5.72 ( 145.3 ) 3.74 ( 95 ) 4.27 ( 108.5 ) 7.11 ( 180.6 ) 8.27 ( 210.1 ) 7.33 ( 186.2 ) 5.43 ( 137.9 ) 3.17 ( 80.5 ) 3.34 ( 84.8 ) 4.18 ( 106.2 ) 61.79 ( 1,569.5 ) Source : Florida Climate Center ( hide ) Climate data for Jacksonville , Florida Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° F ( ° C ) 65.1 ( 18.4 ) 67.8 ( 19.9 ) 73.6 ( 23.1 ) 79.7 ( 26.5 ) 85.8 ( 29.9 ) 89.8 ( 32.1 ) 91.9 ( 33.3 ) 90.8 ( 32.7 ) 87.1 ( 30.6 ) 80.3 ( 26.8 ) 73.0 ( 22.8 ) 66.5 ( 19.2 ) 79.3 ( 26.3 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 42.5 ( 5.8 ) 44.9 ( 7.2 ) 50.2 ( 10.1 ) 55.9 ( 13.3 ) 63.7 ( 17.6 ) 70.2 ( 21.2 ) 72.8 ( 22.7 ) 72.7 ( 22.6 ) 70.1 ( 21.2 ) 60.8 ( 16 ) 50.7 ( 10.4 ) 44.0 ( 6.7 ) 58.2 ( 14.6 ) Average rainfall inches ( mm ) 3.03 ( 77 ) 3.42 ( 86.9 ) 3.72 ( 94.5 ) 2.82 ( 71.6 ) 3.40 ( 86.4 ) 5.99 ( 152.1 ) 6.57 ( 166.9 ) 7.23 ( 183.6 ) 7.83 ( 198.9 ) 3.92 ( 99.6 ) 1.90 ( 48.3 ) 2.61 ( 66.3 ) 62.44 ( 1,586 ) Source : Florida Climate Center ( hide ) Climate data for Orlando , Florida Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° F ( ° C ) 71.8 ( 22.1 ) 73.9 ( 23.3 ) 78.8 ( 26 ) 83.0 ( 28.3 ) 88.2 ( 31.2 ) 91.0 ( 32.8 ) 92.2 ( 33.4 ) 92.0 ( 33.3 ) 90.3 ( 32.4 ) 85.0 ( 29.4 ) 78.9 ( 26.1 ) 73.3 ( 22.9 ) 83.2 ( 28.4 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 49.9 ( 9.9 ) 51.3 ( 10.7 ) 55.9 ( 13.3 ) 59.9 ( 15.5 ) 65.9 ( 18.8 ) 71.3 ( 21.8 ) 72.6 ( 22.6 ) 73.0 ( 22.8 ) 71.9 ( 22.2 ) 65.5 ( 18.6 ) 58.7 ( 14.8 ) 52.6 ( 11.4 ) 62.4 ( 16.9 ) Average rainfall inches ( mm ) 2.43 ( 61.7 ) 2.35 ( 59.7 ) 3.54 ( 89.9 ) 2.42 ( 61.5 ) 3.74 ( 95 ) 7.35 ( 186.7 ) 7.15 ( 181.6 ) 6.25 ( 158.8 ) 5.76 ( 146.3 ) 2.73 ( 69.3 ) 2.32 ( 58.9 ) 2.31 ( 58.7 ) 48.35 ( 1,228.1 ) Source : Florida Climate Center ( hide ) Climate data for Tampa , Florida Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° F ( ° C ) 70.1 ( 21.2 ) 71.6 ( 22 ) 76.3 ( 24.6 ) 80.6 ( 27 ) 86.3 ( 30.2 ) 88.9 ( 31.6 ) 89.7 ( 32.1 ) 90.0 ( 32.2 ) 89.0 ( 31.7 ) 84.1 ( 28.9 ) 78.0 ( 25.6 ) 72.0 ( 22.2 ) 81.4 ( 27.4 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 52.4 ( 11.3 ) 53.8 ( 12.1 ) 58.5 ( 14.7 ) 62.4 ( 16.9 ) 68.9 ( 20.5 ) 74.0 ( 23.3 ) 75.3 ( 24.1 ) 75.4 ( 24.1 ) 74.3 ( 23.5 ) 67.6 ( 19.8 ) 60.7 ( 15.9 ) 54.7 ( 12.6 ) 64.8 ( 18.2 ) Average rainfall inches ( mm ) 2.27 ( 57.7 ) 2.67 ( 67.8 ) 2.84 ( 72.1 ) 1.80 ( 45.7 ) 2.85 ( 72.4 ) 5.50 ( 139.7 ) 6.49 ( 164.8 ) 7.60 ( 193 ) 6.54 ( 166.1 ) 2.29 ( 58.2 ) 1.62 ( 41.1 ) 2.30 ( 58.4 ) 44.77 ( 1,137.2 ) Source : Florida Climate Center ( hide ) Climate data for Miami , Florida Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° F ( ° C ) 75.7 ( 24.3 ) 77.0 ( 25 ) 79.7 ( 26.5 ) 82.7 ( 28.2 ) 85.9 ( 29.9 ) 88.3 ( 31.3 ) 89.6 ( 32 ) 89.9 ( 32.2 ) 88.4 ( 31.3 ) 85.1 ( 29.5 ) 80.6 ( 27 ) 76.9 ( 24.9 ) 83.3 ( 28.5 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 59.6 ( 15.3 ) 60.9 ( 16.1 ) 64.3 ( 17.9 ) 68.1 ( 20.1 ) 72.2 ( 22.3 ) 75.1 ( 23.9 ) 76.5 ( 24.7 ) 76.8 ( 24.9 ) 75.9 ( 24.4 ) 72.4 ( 22.4 ) 67.7 ( 19.8 ) 61.8 ( 16.6 ) 69.2 ( 20.7 ) Average rainfall inches ( mm ) 1.80 ( 45.7 ) 2.12 ( 53.8 ) 2.49 ( 63.2 ) 3.20 ( 81.3 ) 5.91 ( 150.1 ) 9.33 ( 237 ) 6.24 ( 158.5 ) 7.97 ( 202.4 ) 9.11 ( 231.4 ) 6.95 ( 176.5 ) 2.92 ( 74.2 ) 1.95 ( 49.5 ) 59.97 ( 1,523.2 ) Source : Florida Climate Center ( hide ) Climate data for Key West , Florida Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° F ( ° C ) 74.7 ( 23.7 ) 75.7 ( 24.3 ) 78.7 ( 25.9 ) 81.7 ( 27.6 ) 85.2 ( 29.6 ) 88.0 ( 31.1 ) 89.4 ( 31.9 ) 89.6 ( 32 ) 88.2 ( 31.2 ) 84.7 ( 29.3 ) 80.0 ( 26.7 ) 76.1 ( 24.5 ) 82.7 ( 28.2 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 64.7 ( 18.2 ) 65.6 ( 18.7 ) 68.7 ( 20.4 ) 72.0 ( 22.2 ) 75.7 ( 24.3 ) 78.4 ( 25.8 ) 79.6 ( 26.4 ) 79.4 ( 26.3 ) 78.4 ( 25.8 ) 75.7 ( 24.3 ) 71.2 ( 21.8 ) 66.6 ( 19.2 ) 73.0 ( 22.8 ) Average rainfall inches ( mm ) 1.96 ( 49.8 ) 1.60 ( 40.6 ) 1.66 ( 42.2 ) 1.82 ( 46.2 ) 3.07 ( 78 ) 4.61 ( 117.1 ) 3.69 ( 93.7 ) 5.30 ( 134.6 ) 6.55 ( 166.4 ) 5.02 ( 127.5 ) 2.49 ( 63.2 ) 2.04 ( 51.8 ) 39.83 ( 1,011.7 ) Source : Florida Climate Center See also ( edit ) Climate Climatology List of wettest known tropical cyclones in Florida Climate of Miami Climate of the Tampa Bay Area References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Köppen Classification Map , clearly showing South Florida has a true tropical climate ( image will take a few seconds to load ) ^ Jump up to : National Weather Service Forecast Office Tallahassee , Florida . Tallahassee Weather Extremes . Retrieved on 2007 - 06 - 03 . Archived October 14 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Eric . S. Blake , Edward N. Rappaport , and Christopher W. Landsea . The Deadliest , Costliest , and Most Intense United States Tropical Cyclones from 1851 to 2006 ( AND OTHER FREQUENTLY REQUESTED HURRICANE FACTS ) . Retrieved on 2007 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ National Climatic Data Center . Climatic Wind Data for the United States . Retrieved on 2007 - 06 - 02 . Archived June 13 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Science Daily . African Dust Called A Major Factor Affecting Southeast U.S. Air Quality . Retrieved on 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Science Daily . Microbes And The Dust They Ride In On Pose Potential Health Risks . Retrieved on 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Usinfo.state.gov . Study Says African Dust Affects Climate in U.S. , Caribbean . Archived June 20 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ U.S. Geological Survey . Coral Mortality and African Dust . Retrieved on 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Southeast Regional Climate Center . Tallahassee WSO AP Averages from 1948 - 2005 . Archived March 1 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 2007 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ Southeast Regional Climate Center . Key West WSO AP Averages from 1948 - 2005 . Archived September 27 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 2007 - 06 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : South Florida Water Management District . EL NINO IN SOUTH FLORIDA . Retrieved on 2007 - 06 - 02 . Archived September 16 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Kridler , Chris ( 5 March 2011 ) . `` Freeze frazzled ? Seek hardier plants '' . Florida Today . Melbourne , Florida . pp. 1D . Jump up ^ `` Timeline of major Florida freezes '' . Florida Today . Melbourne , Florida . January 15 , 2017 . pp. 14A . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Southeast Regional Climate Center . Historical Climate Summaries for Florida . Retrieved on 2007 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ Gloria Forthun , M.B. Johnson , W.G. Schmitz , and J. Blume. Trends in Fog Frequency and Duration in the Southeast United States . Retrieved on 2007 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ Michael Mogil and Kristen L. Seaman . Florida 's Climate and Weather . Retrieved on 2012 - 16 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : David Roth . Tropical Cyclone Point Maxima . Retrieved on 2007 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ David Roth . Hurricane Easy ( 1950 ) Rainfall Graphic . Retrieved on 2007 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ Florida Climate Center . Gainesville Precipitation Data . Retrieved on 2007 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ Florida Climate Center . Pensacola Precipitation Data . Retrieved on 2007 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ Florida Climate Center . Key West Precipitation Data . Retrieved on 2007 - 06 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Waymer , Jim ( 11 March 2010 ) . `` Casualties of cold enhance fire fear '' . Melbourne , Florida : Florida Today . pp. 3A . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Knapp , Andrew ( 28 February 2011 ) . `` Wildfire alerts get stricted '' . Florida Today . Melbourne , Florida . pp. 1A . Jump up ^ Travis Reed. Drought Saps Fla . Growers , Golf Courses Retrieved on 2007 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ NOAA . SEVERE DROUGHT CONDITIONS / FIRE DANGER LIKELY TO PERSIST THROUGHOUT CENTRAL FLORIDA . Retrieved on 2007 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ T. Frederick Davis ( 1908 ) . `` Climatology of Jacksonville , Fla. and Vicinity '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Weather Bureau . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived January 11 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ George Winterling ( 2003 - 12 - 04 ) . Snow on the First Coast . Archived June 12 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 2007 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ Local6.com . Snow Falls In Central Florida . Archived 2007 - 09 - 30 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 2006 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ National Weather Service Forecast Office Tallahassee , Florida . Florida 's Top 10 Weather Events of the 20th Century . Retrieved on 2007 - 06 - 03 . Archived October 14 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Charles H. Paxton , J. Colson and N. Carlisle ( 2008 ) . `` P2. 13 Florida lightning deaths and injuries 2004 - 2007 '' . American Meteorological Society . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Top Ten Tornado Lists '' , tornadoproject.com , archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 04 Jump up ^ Average Annual Number of Tornadoes , 1991 - 2010 . Downloaded Sunday , 04 - Aug - 2013 18 : 25 : 05 EDT . Last Updated Monday , 20 - May - 2013 10 : 45 : 01 EDT . From National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Jump up ^ United States Department of Commerce ( June 1998 ) . `` Service Assessment : Central Florida Tornado Outbreak February 22 -- 23 , 1998 '' ( PDF ) . National Weather Service . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Study : Florida # 1 In Tornadoes and Deaths '' . Brevard Times . Cocoa Beach , Florida . 2014 - 06 - 16 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ National Hurricane Center . Atlantic Tracks File 1851 - 2006 . Retrieved on 2007 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory , Hurricane Research Division ( 2006 - 10 - 04 ) . `` Frequently Asked Questions : Are TC tornadoes weaker than midlatitude tornadoes ? '' . NOAA . Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 14 . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ National Hurricane Center ( 2006 ) . `` Tropical Cyclone Climatology '' . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Florida Disaster Management accessed March 9 , 2008 Archived December 9 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Rice , Doyle ( 28 December 2010 ) . `` Winter `` wild card '' in play `` . Melbourne , Florida : Florida Today . pp. 4A . Jump up ^ `` united states annual sunshine map '' . HowStuffWorks , Inc . Archived from the original on 2011 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Pensacola Climate Normals '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Jump up ^ `` Tallahassee Climate Normals '' . Florida Climate Center . Jump up ^ `` Jacksonville Climate Normals '' . Florida Climate Center . Jump up ^ `` Orlando Climate Normals '' . Florida Climate Center . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Tampa Climate Normals '' . Florida Climate Center . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Miami Climate Normals '' . Florida Climate Center . Jump up ^ `` Key West Climate Normals '' . Florida Climate Center . 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when does rainy season end in south florida

The climate of the north and central parts of the US state of Florida is humid subtropical . South Florida has a true tropical climate . There is a defined rainy season from May through October , when air mass thundershowers that build in the heat of the Day drop heavy but brief summer rainfall . Late summer and early fall bring decaying tropical lows ( and occasionally landfalling tropical cyclones ) that contribute to late summer and early fall rains

Constitutional law - wikipedia Constitutional law Jump to : navigation , search The principles from the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen still have constitutional importance Constitutional law is the body of law which defines the role , powers , and structure of different entities within a state , namely , the executive , the parliament or legislature , and the judiciary ; as well as the basic rights of citizens and , in federal countries such as India and Canada , the relationship between the central government and state , provincial , or territorial governments . Not all nation states have codified constitutions , though all such states have a jus commune , or law of the land , that may consist of a variety of imperative and consensual rules . These may include customary law , conventions , statutory law , judge - made law , or international rules and norms . Constitutional law deals with the fundamental principles by which the government exercises its authority . In some instances , these principles grant specific powers to the government , such as the power to tax and spend for the welfare of the population . Other times , constitutional principles act to place limits on what the government can do , such as prohibiting the arrest of an individual without sufficient cause . In most nations , such as the United States , India , and Singapore , constitutional law is based on the text of a document ratified at the time the nation came into being . Other constitutions , notably that of the United Kingdom , rely heavily on unwritten rules known as constitutional conventions ; their status within constitutional law varies , and the terms of conventions are in some cases strongly contested . Contents ( hide ) 1 State and legal structure 2 Human rights 3 Legislative procedure 4 Study of constitutional law 5 The rule of law 6 The separation of powers 7 See also 8 References State and legal structure ( edit ) Constitutional laws may often be considered second order rule making or rules about making rules to exercise power . It governs the relationships between the judiciary , the legislature and the executive with the bodies under its authority . One of the key tasks of constitutions within this context is to indicate hierarchies and relationships of power . For example , in a unitary state , the constitution will vest ultimate authority in one central administration and legislature , and judiciary , though there is often a delegation of power or authority to local or municipal authorities . When a constitution establishes a federal state , it will identify the several levels of government coexisting with exclusive or shared areas of jurisdiction over lawmaking , application and enforcement . Some federal states , most notably the United States , have separate and parallel federal and state judiciaries , with each having its own hierarchy of courts with a supreme court for each state . India , on the other hand , has one judiciary divided into district courts , high courts , and the Supreme Court of India . Human rights ( edit ) Main articles : Human rights and International human rights law Human rights or civil liberties form a crucial part of a country 's constitution and uphold the rights of the individual against the state . Most jurisdictions , like the United States and France , have a codified constitution , with a bill of rights . A recent example is the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union which was intended to be included in the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe , that failed to be ratified . Perhaps the most important example is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights under the UN Charter . These are intended to ensure basic political , social and economic standards that a nation state , or intergovernmental body is obliged to provide to its citizens but many do include its governments . Some countries like the United Kingdom have no entrenched document setting out fundamental rights ; in those jurisdictions the constitution is composed of statute , case law and convention . A case named Entick v. Carrington is a constitutional principle deriving from the common law . John Entick 's house was searched and ransacked by Sherriff Carrington . Carrington argued that a warrant from a Government minister , the Earl of Halifax was valid authority , even though there was no statutory provision or court order for it . The court , led by Lord Camden stated that , `` The great end , for which men entered into society , was to secure their property . That right is preserved sacred and incommunicable in all instances , where it has not been taken away or abridged by some public law for the good of the whole . By the laws of England , every invasion of private property , be it ever so minute , is a trespass ... If no excuse can be found or produced , the silence of the books is an authority against the defendant , and the plaintiff must have judgment . '' The common law and the civil law jurisdictions do not share the same constitutional law underpinnings . Common law nations , such as those in the Commonwealth as well as the United States , derive their legal systems from that of the United Kingdom , and as such place emphasis on judicial precedent , whereby consequential court rulings ( especially those by higher courts ) are a source of law . Civil law jurisdictions , on the other hand , place less emphasis on judicial review and only the parliament or legislature has the power to effect law . As a result , the structure of the judiciary differs significantly between the two , with common law judiciaries being adversarial and civil law judiciaries being inquisitorial . Common law judicatures consequently separate the judiciary from the prosecution , thereby establishing the courts as completely independent from both the legislature and law enforcement . Human rights law in these countries is as a result , largely built on legal precedent in the courts ' interpretation of constitutional law , whereas that of civil law countries is almost exclusively composed of codified law , constitutional or otherwise . Legislative procedure ( edit ) Main article : Parliamentary procedure Another main function of constitutions may be to describe the procedure by which parliaments may legislate . For instance , special majorities may be required to alter the constitution . In bicameral legislatures , there may be a process laid out for second or third readings of bills before a new law can enter into force . Alternatively , there may further be requirements for maximum terms that a government can keep power before holding an election . Study of constitutional law ( edit ) The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Constitutional law is a major focus of legal studies and research . For example , most law students in the United States are required to take a class in Constitutional Law during their first year , and several law journals are devoted to the discussion of constitutional issues . The rule of law ( edit ) The doctrine of the rule of law dictates that government must be conducted according to law . This was first established by British legal theorist A.V. Dicey . Dicey identified three essential elements of the British Constitution which were indicative of the rule of law : Absolute supremacy of regular law as opposed to the influence of arbitrary power ; Equality before the law ; The Constitution is a result of the ordinary law of the land . Dicey 's rule of law formula consists of three classic tenets . The first is that the regular law is supreme over arbitrary and discretionary powers . `` ( N ) o man is punishable ... except for a distinct breach of the law established in the ordinary legal manner before the ordinary courts of the land . '' The Separation of powers ( edit ) The Separation of Powers is often regarded as a second limb functioning alongside the Rule of Law to curb the powers of the Government . In many modern nation states , power is divided and vested into three branches of government : The Executive , the Legislature and the Judiciary . The first and the second are harmonised in traditional Westminster forms of government . See also ( edit ) Constitutionalism Constitution Constitutional economics Constitutional rights Philosophy of law Public law Rechtsstaat Rule of law References ( edit ) `` The template below ( Library resources box ) is being considered for deletion . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' Library resources about Constitutional law Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Jump up ^ Blick , Andrew ; Blackburn , Robert ( 2012 ) , Mapping the Path to Codifying - or not Codifying - the UK 's Constitution , Series paper 2 . Centre for Political and Constitutional Studies , King 's College London , Parliament UK , retrieved 19 November 2016 Jump up ^ H Barnett , Constitutional and Administrative Law ( 5th edn Cavendish 2005 ) 9 , `` A written constitution is one contained within a single document or a ( finite ) series of documents , with or without amendments '' Jump up ^ Markwell , Donald ( 2016 ) . Constitutional Conventions and the Headship of State : Australian Experience . Connor Court . ISBN 9781925501155 . Jump up ^ Entick v. Carrington ( 1765 ) 19 Howell 's State Trials 1030 Jump up ^ `` Entick v. Carrington '' . 19 Howell 's State Trials 1029 ( 1765 ) . United States : Constitution Society . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Garner , Bryan A. ( 2001 ) . A Dictionary of Modern Legal Usage ( 2nd , revised ed . ) . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 177 . In modern usage , common law is contrasted with a number of other terms . First , in denoting the body of judge - made law based on that developed in England ... ( P ) erhaps most commonly within Anglo - American jurisdictions , common law is contrasted with statutory law ... Jump up ^ Black 's Law Dictionary - Common law ( 10th ed . ) . 2014 . p. 334 . 1 . The body of law derived from judicial decisions , rather than from statutes or constitutions ; CASE LAW ( contrast to ) STATUTORY LAW . Jump up ^ Lloyd Duhaime . `` Common Law Legal Definition '' . duhaime.org . Judge - declared law ... Jump up ^ Washington Probate , `` Estate Planning & Probate Glossary '' , Washington ( State ) Probate , s.v. `` common '' , 8 Dec. 2008 : , retrieved 7 November 2009. `` 1 . A law based on a prior court decision '' Jump up ^ Hale , Sandra Beatriz ( July 2004 ) . The Discourse of Court Interpreting : Discourse Practices of the Law , the Witness and the Interpreter . John Benjamins . p. 31 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58811 - 517 - 1 . Jump up ^ Richards , Edward P. ; Katharine C. Rathbun ( 1999 - 08 - 15 ) . Medical Care Law . Jones & Bartlett . p. 6 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8342 - 1603 - 7 . Jump up ^ Care , Jennifer Corrin ( 2004 - 01 - 12 ) . Civil Procedure and Courts in the South Pacific . Routledge Cavendish . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85941 - 719 - 5 . Jump up ^ A.V. Dicey , Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution ( Macmillan , 10th ed , 1959 ) p. 202 Jump up ^ A.V. Dicey , Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution ( 10th ed , 1959 ) p. 188 Jump up ^ WB Gwyn , The Meaning of the Separation of Powers : An Analysis of the doctrine from Its Origin to the Adoption of the United States Constitution , Tulane University ( 1965 ) . 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what is the difference between common law statutory law and constitutional law

Not all nation states have codified constitutions , though all such states have a jus commune , or law of the land , that may consist of a variety of imperative and consensual rules . These may include customary law , conventions , statutory law , judge - made law , or international rules and norms . Constitutional law deals with the fundamental principles by which the government exercises its authority . In some instances , these principles grant specific powers to the government , such as the power to tax and spend for the welfare of the population . Other times , constitutional principles act to place limits on what the government can do , such as prohibiting the arrest of an individual without sufficient cause .

Stand - your - ground law - wikipedia Stand - your - ground law `` Stand your ground '' redirects here . For other uses , see Stand Your Ground ( disambiguation ) . A stand - your - ground law ( sometimes called `` line in the sand '' or `` no duty to retreat '' law ) is a justification in a criminal case , whereby defendants can `` stand their ground '' and use force without retreating , in order to protect and defend themselves or others against threats or perceived threats . An example is where there is no duty to retreat from any place where they have a lawful right to be , and that they may use any level of force if they reasonably believe the threat rises to the level of being an imminent and immediate threat of serious bodily harm and / or death . In Dawkins v. State the court describes `` ( T ) he ' stand your ground ' law ... provide ( s ) that a person has a right to expect absolute safety in a place they have a right to be , and may use deadly force to repel an intruder ... for a person to be justified in using deadly force , the person must not be ' engaged in unlawful activity '' . Justification using stand - your - ground laws may be limited when `` ( the defendant ) was engaged in illegal activities and not entitled to benefit from provisions of the ' stand your ground ' law '' . This may be the case even if the illegal conduct the defendant was engaged in had nothing to do with the threat which instigated his use of deadly force . For instance , as is the case in Dawkins v. State , using an illegally obtained weapon in self defense to avoid being robbed and beaten is not justified by this law . The castle doctrine is a common law doctrine stating that persons have no duty to retreat in their home , or `` castle '' , and may use reasonable force , including deadly force , to defend their property , person , or another . Outside of the abode , however , a person has a duty to retreat , if possible , before using deadly force . Castle doctrine and `` stand - your - ground '' laws are acceptable defenses for people who have been charged with criminal homicide . At common law , self - defense claims are not valid if the defendant could have safely retreated from danger ( duty to retreat ) . The castle doctrine is an exception to this . It gives immunity from liability to individuals who acted in self - defense in the home even if they could have safely retreated from the threat and failed to do so . The duty to retreat is a legal requirement in some jurisdictions that a threatened person can not stand one 's ground and apply lethal force in self - defense , but must retreat to a place of safety instead . Deadly force or lethal force is force with the intent of serious bodily injury or death to another person . In most jurisdictions it is only accepted under conditions of extreme necessity and last resort . Stand - your - ground laws eliminate the retreat requirement at any location the defendant has a legal right to be , though this varies from state to state . Contents 1 United States 1.1 Laws 1.2 Controversy 1.3 Racial disparity 1.4 Effects on crime 2 Other jurisdictions 2.1 England and Wales 2.2 Czech Republic 2.3 Germany 2.4 Ireland 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading United states ( edit ) Laws ( edit ) Stand your ground law by US jurisdiction Stand - your - ground law Stand - your - ground in practice Stand - your - ground from within one 's vehicle Castle doctrine only ; duty to retreat in public Duty to retreat The states that have legislatively adopted stand - your - ground laws are Alabama , Alaska , Arizona , Florida , Georgia , Idaho , Indiana , Iowa , Kansas , Kentucky , Louisiana , Michigan , Mississippi , Missouri , Montana , Nevada , New Hampshire , North Carolina , Oklahoma , Pennsylvania , South Carolina , South Dakota , Tennessee , Texas , Utah , West Virginia , and Wyoming . The states that have adopted stand - your - ground in practice , either through case law / precedent , jury instructions or by other means , are California , Colorado , Illinois , New Mexico , Oregon , Virginia , and Washington . States that have adopted stand - your - ground , but limit it to only when a person is within their vehicle , are North Dakota , Ohio , and Wisconsin . The states that have castle doctrine only with the duty to retreat in public are Arkansas , Connecticut , Delaware , Maine , Maryland , Massachusetts , Minnesota , Nebraska , New York , New Jersey , and Rhode Island . This means that people can use deadly force in their home , car , or other form of abode but have to retreat in public . Controversy ( edit ) Stand - your - ground laws are frequently criticized and called `` shoot first '' laws by critics , including the Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence . In Florida , self - defense claims tripled in the years following enactment . The law 's critics argue that Florida 's law makes it very difficult to prosecute cases against individuals who shoot others and then claim self - defense . The shooter can argue that he felt threatened , and in most cases , the only witness who could have argued otherwise is the deceased . Before passage of the law , Miami police chief John F. Timoney called the law unnecessary and dangerous in that `` ( w ) hether it 's trick - or - treaters or kids playing in the yard of someone who does n't want them there or some drunk guy stumbling into the wrong house , you 're encouraging people to possibly use deadly physical force where it should n't be used . '' A counter argument is that implementing a duty - to - retreat places the safety of the criminal above a victim 's own life . In Florida , a task force examining the law heard testimony that the law is `` confusing '' . Those testifying to the task force include Buddy Jacobs , a lawyer representing the Florida Prosecuting Attorneys Association . Jacobs recommended the law 's repeal , stating that modifying the law would not fix its problems . Florida governor Rick Scott plans his own investigation into the law . In a July 16 , 2013 speech in the wake of the jury verdict acquitting George Zimmerman of charges stemming from the shooting death of Trayvon Martin , Attorney General Eric Holder criticized stand - your - ground laws as `` senselessly expand ( ing ) the concept of self - defense and sow ( ing ) dangerous conflict in our neighborhoods . '' The defendant , George Zimmerman , claimed he was restrained at the time of the shooting , thus allowing no option for retreat and making ' stand your ground ' irrelevant to the case . Florida 's legislature is currently considering a bill that would allow people to show a gun or fire a warning shot during a confrontation without drawing a lengthy prison sentence . In 2017 there was a bill proposed in Florida 's state legislature that would require the prosecution to prove that a defendant 's use of self - defense was not valid . Racial disparity ( edit ) In 2012 , in response to the Trayvon Martin case , the Tampa Bay Times compiled a report on the application of stand your ground , and also created a database of cases where defendants sought to invoke the law . Their report found no racial disparity in Florida cases in the way in which defendants claiming self - defense under the law are treated , with white subjects being charged and convicted at the same rate as black subjects , and results of mixed - race cases were similar for both white victims of black attackers and black victims of white attackers . Shooters of black attackers overall were more successful at using the law than shooters of white attackers , regardless of the race of the victim claiming self - defense , but analysis showed that black attackers were also more likely to be armed and to be involved in committing a crime , such as burglary , when shot . A Texas A&M study found that when whites use the stand - your - ground defense against black attackers they are more successful than when blacks use the defense against white attackers . A paper from The Urban Institute which analysed FBI data found that in stand - your - ground states , the use of the defense by whites in the shooting of a black person is found to be justifiable 17 percent of the time , while the defense when used by blacks in the shooting of a white person is successful 1 percent of the time . In non-stand - your - ground states , the shooting of a black person by a white is found justified approximately 9 percent of the time , while the shooting of a white person by a black is found justified approximately 1 percent of the time . According to the Urban Institute , in Stand Your Ground states , white - on - black homicides are 354 percent more likely to be ruled justified than white - on - white homicides . The paper 's author noted that the data used do not detail the circumstances of the shooting , which could be a source of the disparity . They also noted that the total number of shootings in the FBI dataset of black victims by whites was 25 . A 2015 study found that cases with white victims are two times more likely to result in convictions under these laws than cases with black victims . Effects on crime ( edit ) A 2018 RAND Corporation overview of existing research concluded that `` there is moderate evidence that stand - your - ground laws may increase homicide rates and limited evidence that the laws increase firearm homicides in particular . '' Justifiable homicides have been found to have increased by 8 percent in states with stand - your - ground laws . Economist John Lott says that states adopting stand - your - ground / castle doctrine laws reduced murder rates by 9 percent and overall violent crime by 11 percent , and that occurs even after accounting for a range of other factors such as national crime trends , law enforcement variables ( arrest , execution , and imprisonment rates ) , income and poverty measures , demographic changes , and the national average changes in crime rates from year - to - year and average differences across states . One study found that the adoption of stand - your - ground laws caused a statistically significant increase in the raw homicide rate , and had only a very small positive effect on deterrence of crime . The authors of the study were unable to determine what percentage of the increase was justifiable homicide , due to the reporting of homicide to the FBI often lacking notation whether the homicide was justifiable or not . Another analysis of stand - your - ground laws by economists at Georgia State University , using monthly data from the U.S. Vital Statistics , found a significant increase in homicide and injury of whites , especially white males . They also analyzed data from the Health Care Utilization Project , which revealed significantly increased rates of emergency room visits and hospital discharges related to gun injuries in states which enacted these laws . In a 2007 National District Attorneys Association symposium , numerous concerns were voiced that the law could increase crime . This included criminals using the law as a defense for their crimes , more people carrying guns , and that people would not feel safe if they felt that anyone could use deadly force in a conflict . The report also noted that the misinterpretation of clues could result in use of deadly force when there was , in fact , no danger . The report specifically notes that racial and ethnic minorities could be at greater risk because of negative stereotypes . Florida 's stand - your - ground law went into effect on October 1 , 2005 . Florida state representative Dennis Baxley , an author of the law , said that the violent crime rate has dropped since the enactment of the law , though he said there may be many reasons for the change . Others have argued that the law may lead to an increase in crime . Violent crime data for 1995 -- 2015 has been published by the Florida Department of Law Enforcement . In 2012 , a study was published which found that after the Joe Horn shooting controversy in 2007 publicized Texas ' stand - your - ground law , burglaries decreased significantly in Houston , but not in Dallas , over a 20 - month period . A 2013 study in the Journal of Human Resources claims that Stand Your Ground laws in states across the U.S. contribute to 600 additional homicides a year . According to Mark Hoestra , co-author of the study : `` We asked what happened to homicide rates in states that passed these laws between 2000 and 2010 , compared to other states over the same time period . We found that homicide rates in states with a version of the Stand Your Ground law increased by an average of 8 percent over states without it -- which translates to roughly 600 additional homicides per year . These homicides are classified by police as criminal homicides , not as justifiable homicides . '' Although police officers make up for additional homicides , they are justified . These are not classified as murder because the officers are acting in the line of duty . Police are not required to retreat when acting in the line of duty . A 2015 study found that the adoption of Oklahoma 's stand - your - ground law was associated with a decrease in residential burglaries , but also that the law had `` the unintended consequence of increasing the number of non-residential burglaries . '' In 2016 , Mark Gius published a study that found that stand - your - ground laws were not associated with lower crime rates . A widely reported 2016 study in the Journal of the American Medical Association compared homicide rates in Florida following the passage of its `` stand your ground '' self - defense law to the rates in four control states , New Jersey , New York , Ohio and Virginia , which have no similar laws . It found that the law was associated with a 24.4 % increase in homicide and a 31.6 % increase in firearm - related homicide , but no change in rates of suicide or suicide by firearm , between 2005 and 2014 . It noted that , `` ( c ) ircumstances unique to Florida may have contributed to our findings , including those that we could not identify , '' and `` ( o ) ur study examined the effect of the Florida law on homicide and homicide by firearm , not on crime and public safety '' . The study was criticized by gun rights advocate John Lott 's Crime Prevention Research Center for studying only one state . Gun enthusiast and attorney Andrew Branca , writing in National Review , criticized the study for not distinguishing between justifiable homicides and murder , and for relying solely on statutory laws while overlooking case law ( i.e. Virginia ) in determining the data set . The study was praised by Duke University professor Jeffrey Swanson for its use of other states as controls , saying `` ( t ) hey look at comparable trends in states that did n't pass the law and do n't see the effect . '' Other jurisdictions ( edit ) England and Wales ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The common law jurisdiction of England and Wales has a stand - your - ground law rooted in the common law defence of using reasonable force in self - defence . At English common law there is no duty to retreat before a person may use reasonable force against an attacker , nor need a person wait to be attacked before using such force , but one who chooses not to retreat , when retreat would be a safe and easy option , might find it harder to justify his use of force as ' reasonable ' . Any force used must be reasonable in the circumstances as the person honestly perceived them to be , after making allowance for the fact that some degree of excess force might still be reasonable in the heat of the moment . It was once thought that in ' householder defence ' cases , excessive force would be regarded as unreasonable only if `` grossly disproportionate '' , but that view has twice been rejected by the courts . Grossly disproportionate force can never be reasonable , but lesser force might or might not be , depending on the circumstances . In R v Ray ( 2017 ) the Lord Chief Justice , giving the judgment of the Court of Appeal , said : `` If there is a threat of confrontation in the street , then the option to retreat may be important in determining whether the use of any force was reasonable . In the case of an intruder in the home , however , the option of retreat is unlikely to arise in many cases and therefore the degree of force used , although otherwise appearing to be disproportionate , might nonetheless be assessed as reasonable . '' Czech Republic ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in the Czech Republic § Self defense with firearms There is no explicit stand - your - ground or castle doctrine provision in the laws of the Czech Republic , however there is also no duty to retreat from an attack . In order for a defense to be judged as legitimate , it may not be `` manifestly disproportionate to the manner of the attack '' . Germany ( edit ) German law allows self - defense against an unlawful attack . If there is no other possibility for defense , it is generally allowed to use even deadly force without a duty to retreat . However , there must not be an extreme imbalance ( `` extremes Missverhältnis '' ) between the defended right and the chosen method of defense . In particular , in case firearms are used , a warning shot must be given when defending a solely material asset . If the self - defense was excessive , its perpetrator is not to be punished if he exceeded on account of confusion , fear or terror . Ireland ( edit ) Under the terms of the Defence and the Dwelling Act , property owners or residents are entitled to defend themselves with force , up to and including lethal force . Any individual who uses force against a trespasser is not guilty of an offense if he or she honestly believes they were there to commit a criminal act and a threat to life . However , there is a further provision which requires that the reaction to the intruder is such that another reasonable person in the same circumstances would likely employ it . This provision acts as a safeguard against grossly disproportionate use of force , while still allowing a person to use force in nearly all circumstances . The law was introduced in response to DPP v. Padraig Nally . A person who uses such force as is permitted by section 2 in the circumstances referred to in that section shall not be liable in tort with respect to any injury , loss or damage arising from the use of such force . The force used is only such as is reasonable in the circumstances as he or she believes them to be -- ( i ) to protect himself or herself or another person present in the dwelling from injury , assault , detention or death caused by a criminal act , ( ii ) to protect his or her property or the property of another person from appropriation , destruction or damage caused by a criminal act , or ( iii ) to prevent the commission of a crime or to effect , or assist in effecting , a lawful arrest . It does not matter whether the person using the force had a safe and practicable opportunity to retreat from the dwelling before using the force concerned . This law does not apply to force used against a member of An Garda Siochána ( Irish Police ) or anyone assisting them , or a person lawfully performing a function authorised by or under any enactment . See also ( edit ) Jury nullification Proxemics , the study of human use of space and the effects that population density has on behavior , communication , and social interaction Restorative justice References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Dawkins v. State , 252 P. 3d 214 ( Okla . 2011 ) Jump up ^ Randall , Mark ; DeBoer , Hendrick ( April 24 , 2012 ) . `` The Castle Doctrine and Stand - Your - Ground Law '' . Jump up ^ `` Duty to Retreat '' . Wikipedia . Jump up ^ Florida Statutes Title XLVI Chapter 776 Jump up ^ Ala . Code 13A - 3 - 23 ( b ) : `` A person who is justified under subsection ( a ) in using physical force , including deadly physical force , and who is not engaged in an unlawful activity and is in any place where he or she has the right to be has no duty to retreat and has the right to stand his ground . '' Jump up ^ Eaton , Daysha ( 2013 - 06 - 20 ) . `` Parnell Signs Bills , Resolutions Supporting Gun Rights Alaska Public Media '' . Alaskapublic.org . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Martosko , David ( April 1 , 2012 ) `` ' Stand your ground ' laws not just GOP policy , records show '' The Daily Caller . Retrieved April 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Title XLVI Chapter 776 : JUSTIFIABLE USE OF FORCE '' . The 2013 Florida Statutes . The Florida Legislature . Retrieved April 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ NRA - ILA . `` NRA - ILA Iowa : Governor Branstad Expands the Second Amendment Rights of Gun Owners Across Iowa '' . NRA - ILA . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` States That Have Stand Your Ground Laws '' . FindLaw . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Bott , Kurt Erickson , Celeste . `` Missouri Senate overrides bill allowing concealed carry without a permit '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ N.C.G.S. 14 51.3 Jump up ^ `` Pennsylvania 's Stand Your Ground Law Mirrors Florida 's '' , Public Source , March 21 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Gov. Perry Signs Law Allowing Texans to Protect Themselves '' , Office of Governor Rick Perry Press Release , March 27 , 2007 Jump up ^ 76 - 2 - 405 `` Force in defense of habitation '' Check url = value ( help ) . Utah criminal Code . Jump up ^ https://www.nraila.org/articles/20180315/wyoming-stand-your-ground-legislation-becomes-law Jump up ^ `` '' Stand Your Ground '' Laws Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence `` . smartgunlaws.org . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Penal Code § § 197 , 198.5 , Legislative Counsel , State of California , archived from the original on May 12 , 2009 , retrieved April 3 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` CALCRIM No. 505 . Justifiable Homicide '' . CaliforniaJuryInstructions.Net . January 2006 . Retrieved April 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ People v. Toler , 9 P. 3d 341 ( Colo . 2000 ) Jump up ^ Cassels v. People , 92 P. 3d 951 ( Colo . 2004 ) Jump up ^ `` Virginia Concealed Carry Permit Information '' . USA Carry . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Florida ' Stand Your Ground ' law could complicate Trayvon Martin teen shooting case '' . MSNBC . March 20 , 2012 . Retrieved March 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Deaths Nearly Triple Since ' Stand Your Ground ' Enacted '' . CBS Miami . 2011 - 03 - 20 . Retrieved March 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goodnough , Abby . `` Florida Expands Right to Use Deadly Force in Self - Defense '' . The New York Times . nytimes.com . Retrieved March 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Howard . `` NRA 's Behind - the - Scenes Campaign Encouraged ' Stand Your Ground ' Adoption '' . Florida Center for Investigative Reporting . fcir.org . Retrieved March 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Carmon , Irin ( March 20 , 2014 ) . `` Can Women Stand Their Ground ? Depends On the Target '' . MSNBC . ^ Jump up to : `` Trayvon Martin case : Florida task force told ' stand your ground ' law confusing '' . TheGrio. April 6 , 2012 . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Holder , Eric . `` Remarks as Prepared for Delivery by Attorney General Eric Holder at the NAACP Annual Convention '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jacob Sullum ( 2013 - 07 - 15 ) . `` Zimmerman 's Prosecutors Did Not Think They Were Trying a ' Stand Your Ground ' Case - Hit & Run '' . Reason.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fair , Madison . `` Dare defend : standing for stand your ground '' . Law and Psychology Review . 38 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` '' Stand Your Ground ' Could Get Worse `` . The New York Times . March 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Florida 's stand your ground law '' . Tampa Bay Times . December 23 , 2013 . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hundley , Kris ; Martin , Susan Taylor ; Humburg , Connie ( June 1 , 2012 ) . `` Florida ' stand your ground ' law yields some shocking outcomes depending on how law is applied '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Susan Taylor ; Hundley , Kris ; Humburg , Connie ( June 2 , 2012 ) . `` Race plays complex role in Florida 's ' stand your ground ' law '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Jonsson , Patrik ( August 6 , 2013 ) . `` Racial bias and ' stand your ground ' laws : what the data show '' . Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved May 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Roman , John K. `` Race , Justifiable Homicide , and Stand Your Ground Laws : Analysis of FBI Supplementary Homicide Report Data '' ( PDF ) . http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/412873-stand-your-ground.pdf . The Urban Institute . Retrieved June 29 , 2014 . External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ Flatow , Nicole . `` 5 Disturbing Facts About The State Of Stand Your Ground '' . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Is There Racial Bias in `` Stand Your Ground '' Laws ? `` . Jump up ^ Ackermann , Nicole ; Goodman , Melody S. ; Gilbert , Keon ; Arroyo - Johnson , Cassandra ; Pagano , Marcello ( October 2015 ) . `` Race , law , and health : Examination of ' Stand Your Ground ' and defendant convictions in Florida '' . Social Science & Medicine . 142 : 194 -- 201 . doi : 10.1016 / j. socscimed. 2015.08. 012 . Jump up ^ `` The Science of Gun Policy '' . Morral , Andrew R. , Ramchand , Rajeev , Smart , Rosanna , Gresenz , Carole Roan , Cherney , Samantha , Nicosia , Nancy . 2018 . Jump up ^ Lott , John . More Guns Less Crime . Table 10.14 `` Time impact of the Castle Doctrine on violent crime rates '' Jump up ^ Cheng , Cheng ; Hoekstra , Mark ( 2012 ) . `` Does Strengthening Self - Defense Law Deter Crime or Escalate Violence ? Evidence from Castle Doctrine '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved September 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Palazzolo , Joe ( June 11 , 2012 ) . `` Study Says ' Stand Your Ground ' Laws Increase Homicides '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved September 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McClellan , Chandler ; Tekin , Erdal ( 2017 ) . `` Stand Your Ground Laws , Homicides , and Injuries '' . Journal of Human Resources . 52 ( 3 ) : 621 -- 653 . doi : 10.3368 / jhr. 52.3. 0613 - 5723R2 . Jump up ^ Jansen , Steven ; Nugent - Borakove , M. Elaine . `` Expansions to the Castle Doctrine : Implications for Policy and Practice '' ( PDF ) . National District Attorneys Association . Retrieved June 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Crime rates in Florida have dropped since ' stand your ground , ' says Dennis Baxley '' . @ politifact . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Florida Department of Law Enforcement - Violent Crime '' . www.fdle.state.fl.us . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ Ren , L. ; Zhang , Y. ; Zhao , J.S. ( 27 December 2012 ) . `` The Deterrent Effect of the Castle Doctrine Law on Burglary in Texas : A Tale of Outcomes in Houston and Dallas '' . Crime & Delinquency. 61 ( 8 ) : 1127 -- 1151 . doi : 10.1177 / 0011128712466886 . Jump up ^ Coleman , Christina . `` Kill At Will : Stand Your Ground Laws Contribute To 600 Additional Homicides A Year ( DETAILS ) '' . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Joshua ( Winter 2012 ) . `` Deadly Force and the Right of Self - Defense Stand Your Ground Laws '' . Forensic Examiner -- via ProQuest . Jump up ^ Chamlin , Mitchell B. ; Krajewski , Andrea E. ( 29 December 2015 ) . `` Use of Force and Home Safety : An Impact Assessment of Oklahoma 's '' . Deviant Behavior : 1 -- 9 . doi : 10.1080 / 01639625.2015. 1012027 . Jump up ^ Gius , Mark ( September 2016 ) . `` The relationship between stand - your - ground laws and crime : A state - level analysis '' . The Social Science Journal . 53 ( 3 ) : 329 -- 338 . doi : 10.1016 / j. soscij. 2016.01. 001 . ^ Jump up to : `` Misleading Journal of the American Medical Association research about Florida 's Stand Your Ground Law - Crime Prevention Research Center '' . Crime Prevention Research Center . 2016 - 11 - 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Humphreys , David K. ; Gasparrini , Antonio ; Wiebe , Douglas J. `` Evaluating the Impact of Florida 's `` Stand Your Ground '' Self - defense Law on Homicide and Suicide by Firearm `` . JAMA Internal Medicine . doi : 10.1001 / jamainternmed. 2016.6811 . Jump up ^ `` A study by the Journal of the American Medical Association suggests stand - your - ground laws result in more fatal shootings '' . The Economist . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Branca , Andrew . `` What to Make of the New Study of Florida 's ' Stand Your Ground ' Law '' . National Review . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ Mohney , Gillian ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Florida Homicide Rate Increased After Passage of ' Stand Your Ground ' Law , Study Finds '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ Supreme Court of the Czech Republic ( 24 October 2001 ) , Decision No. 5 Tz 189 / 2001 ( in Czech ) , Brno Jump up ^ Novotný , Oto ( 2004 ) . Trestní právo hmotné . Praha : ASPI . Jump up ^ `` Notwehrparagraph '' . Jump up ^ Heinrich , Bernd ( 2005 ) . Strafrecht - Allgemeiner Teil I ( in German ) . Stuttgart : Kohlhammer . p. 110 . ISBN 3 - 17 - 018395 - 8 . Jump up ^ Heinrich , Bernd ( 2005 ) . Strafrecht - Allgemeiner Teil I. Stuttgart : Kohlhammer . p. 123 . ISBN 3 - 17 - 018395 - 8 . Jump up ^ Heinrich , Bernd ( 2005 ) . Strafrecht - Allgemeiner Teil I ( in German ) . Stuttgart : Kohlhammer . p. 126 . ISBN 3 - 17 - 018395 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Notwehrexzess '' . Further reading ( edit ) Palmer , Brian ( July 16 , 2013 ) . `` Do Other Countries Have ' Stand Your Ground ' Laws ? Or do they require you to slowly back away ? '' . Slate . The Slate Group . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Lithwick , Dahlia ( February 25 , 2014 ) . `` ' Stand Your Ground ' Nation : America used to value the concept of retreat . Now we just shoot '' . Slate . The Slate Group . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stand-your-ground_law&oldid=854514067 '' Categories : Homicide Legal doctrines and principles Self - defense U.S. state criminal law Controversies in the United States Gun politics in the United States Hidden categories : Pages with URL errors Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 errors : external links CS1 Czech - language sources ( cs ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use mdy dates from August 2014 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from December 2017 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from June 2018 Articles needing additional references from June 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Esperanto Français Српски / srpski Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 22 : 37 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

what states have the stand your ground law

The states that have legislatively adopted stand - your - ground laws are Alabama , Alaska , Arizona , Florida , Georgia , Idaho , Indiana , Iowa , Kansas , Kentucky , Louisiana , Michigan , Mississippi , Missouri , Montana , Nevada , New Hampshire , North Carolina , Oklahoma , Pennsylvania , South Carolina , South Dakota , Tennessee , Texas , Utah , West Virginia , and Wyoming .

Mr. Freeze - wikipedia Mr. Freeze This article is about comic book character . For the Gotham episode , see Mr. Freeze ( Gotham ) . For the roller coaster , see Mr. Freeze ( roller coaster ) . Mr. Freeze Mr. Freeze in Batman Annual # 1 ( July 2012 ) . Art by Jason Fabok . Publication information Publisher DC Comics First appearance As Mr. Zero : Batman # 121 ( February 1959 ) As Mr. Freeze : Detective Comics # 373 ( March 1968 ) Created by Dave Wood Sheldon Moldoff In - story information Alter ego Victor Fries Team affiliations Injustice League Secret Society of Super Villains GothCorp Notable aliases Mr. Zero Dr. Schimmell Crown Prince of Chilblains King of Cold Abilities Superhuman intelligence Sub-zero physiology allows survival at a frozen state Wears refrigerated exo - skeletal suit granting superhuman strength and durability Utilizes cryogenic weaponry Mr. Freeze ( Victor Fries ) is a fictional supervillain appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics , commonly as an adversary of the superhero Batman . Created by writer Dave Wood and artist Sheldon Moldoff , the character first appeared in Batman # 121 ( February 1959 ) , where he was known as Mr. Zero . Mr. Freeze is one of Batman 's most enduring enemies and belongs to the collective of adversaries that make up Batman 's rogues gallery . In the most common variation of his origin story , he is a former cryogenics expert in Gotham City who was involved in a laboratory accident while attempting to cure his terminally ill wife Nora Fries . The disaster lowered his body temperature to the point that he must wear a cryogenic suit in order to survive , and he utilizes a `` freeze gun '' that freezes its targets solid . Mr. Freeze was played by George Sanders , Otto Preminger and Eli Wallach in the Batman television series , by Arnold Schwarzenegger in the 1997 film Batman & Robin , and by Nathan Darrow on the television series Gotham . He was voiced by Michael Ansara in Batman : The Animated Series , by Clancy Brown in The Batman , and by Maurice LaMarche in the Batman : Arkham video game franchise . IGN 's list of the Top 100 Comic Book Villains of All Time List ranked Mr. Freeze as # 67 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Fictional character biography 2.1 Silver Age 2.2 Modern Age 2.3 The New 52 3 Powers and abilities 4 Other versions 4.1 Smallville 4.2 Robot Mr. Freeze 4.3 Justice League Adventures 4.4 DC Super Friends 4.5 Flashpoint 4.6 Swamp Thing 4.7 Injustice : Gods Among Us 4.8 Batman / Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 4.9 Batman : White Knight 5 In other media 5.1 Television 5.1. 1 Live - action 5.1. 2 Animation 5.2 Film 5.2. 1 Live - action 5.2. 2 Animation 5.3 Video games 5.3. 1 Lego Batman 5.3. 2 Batman : Arkham 5.4 Web series 5.5 Miscellaneous 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Overview ( edit ) Originally called Mr. Zero , he was renamed and popularized by the 1960s Batman television series , in which he was played by several actors . Nearly 30 years later , a television adaptation of Batman revitalized him once again . Batman : The Animated Series retold Mr. Freeze 's origin in `` Heart of Ice '' , an episode by writer Paul Dini . The episode introduced his terminally ill , cryogenically frozen wife Nora , which explained his obsession with ice and need to build a criminal empire to raise research funds . This more complex , tragic character was enthusiastically accepted by fans , and has become the standard portrayal for the character in most forms of media , including the comic book series itself , which previously had the character casually killed off by the Joker . Freeze was resurrected in the comic after the episode aired . The episode was seen as groundbreaking for a Saturday morning cartoon and helped set the tone for the rest of the series . This back story was also made canon in the comics and has been the character 's official origin in almost every incarnation of Batman until September 2011 , when The New 52 rebooted DC 's continuity . Elements of this origin story were incorporated into the 1997 film Batman & Robin , in which he was portrayed by Arnold Schwarzenegger . Fictional character biography ( edit ) The character 's first appearance as `` Mr. Zero '' in Batman # 121 ( Feb. 1959 ) . Art by Curt Swan . From the time of his first appearance in 1959 onwards , Mr. Freeze was portrayed as one of many `` joke '' villains ( see also Killer Moth ) cast as stock enemies of Batman . Originally called Mr. Zero , the producers of the 1960s Batman television series renamed him Mr. Freeze ( and portrayed Batman addressing him as `` Dr. Schivel '' ) , and the name quickly carried over to the comic books . The three actors who portrayed Mr Freeze were George Sanders , Otto Preminger , and Eli Wallach . Silver Age ( edit ) In the Pre-Crisis continuity , it is explained that Mr. Freeze is a rogue scientist whose design for an `` ice gun '' backfires when he inadvertently spills cryogenic chemicals on himself , resulting in him needing subzero temperatures to survive . Modern Age ( edit ) Post-Crisis , Freeze was revamped using a similar backstory to the one created by Paul Dini for Batman : The Animated Series . Dr. Victor Fries , Ph. D. ( surname pronounced `` freeze '' ) was a brilliant cryogenicist . As a child , he was fascinated with cryonics , so he began his `` hobby '' of freezing animals . His parents , horrified by his fascination , sent him to a strict boarding school , where he was miserable and felt detached from humanity . In college , he met a woman named Nora , whom he fell in love with and ultimately married . A year and a half after Bruce Wayne becomes Batman , Nora contracts a fatal illness , while Fries works on a freeze ray for GothCorp . Fries ' boss Ferris Boyle decides to tell the mob about the gun , leading Batman to create a team of specialists to help him do his job better . Fries decides to use the device on Nora , to put her in cryo - stasis . His boss interrupts and tampers with the experiment , however , resulting in an explosion that kills Nora . Fries survives , but the chemicals in the freeze ray lower his body temperature to the point that he must wear a cryogenic suit in order to survive . He swears revenge on those responsible for the death of his wife ( whom he talks to often ) , and becomes Mr. Freeze , the first supervillain Batman faces in this continuity . Batman 's operatives find Freeze , who shoots one of them with his freeze gun . However , Batman eventually apprehends him . Freeze 's crimes tend to involve freezing everyone and everything he runs into so he never forges alliances with the other criminals in Gotham , preferring to work alone . On rare occasions he has worked with another member of Batman 's rogues gallery , usually as an enforcer for Gotham 's mob bosses , such as the Penguin or Black Mask . In one of his notable team - ups , Freeze constructed a cryogenic machine for Hush so that Hush might take revenge on Batman , Freeze 's equipment allowing Hush to preserve Catwoman 's surgically - removed heart to use as a means of threatening his friend - turned - foe . During his time with the Secret Society of Super Villains , he fashions for Nyssa al Ghul a sub-zero machine in exchange for the use of her own Lazarus Pit . He attempts to restore Nora to life without waiting for the adjusting needed in the pool chemicals . However , she returns to life as the twisted Lazara , and escapes . She blames her husband for her plight , and she estranges herself from him . The new 52 ( edit ) In September 2011 , The New 52 rebooted DC 's continuity . In this new timeline , during the Night of the Owls crossover , the Court of Owls sent assassins known as Talons to kill almost 40 of the most important citizens of Gotham , including Mr. Freeze . The Red Hood , Starfire and Arsenal choose to save him , and subsequently remand him into Batgirl 's custody . Batman Annual # 1 introduces a new origin for Mr. Freeze . Here , Victor Fries ' fascination with cryonics began when he was a boy and his mother fell through the ice of a frozen lake . The ice was able to keep her preserved long enough for help to arrive , thus sparking his lifelong obsession with the cold . It is later revealed that the accident left Fries ' mother in constant pain , and Fries ended her suffering by pushing her into the same frozen lake . In this new origin , Nora was never Fries ' wife . Her name was Nora Fields , a woman born in 1943 . When Nora was 23 , she was diagnosed with an incurable heart disease , so her family placed her in cryogenic stasis hoping that a cure would be found in the future . Fries , having written his doctoral thesis on Nora , took on a position as a cryogenic researcher and technician at Wayne Enterprises , the facility that housed Nora 's body . Eventually , he fell in love with Nora and became dedicated to finding a reliable method for slowly thawing cryogenic subjects . However , Bruce Wayne ordered the project to be shut down , as he began to feel uncomfortable with Fries ' obsession with Nora . Furious , Fries hurled a chair at Wayne , who dodged the attack ; the chair smashed into an array of cryonic chemical tanks , the contents of which sprayed onto Fries and transformed him into Mr. Freeze . The Court of Owls uses Freeze 's cryogenic - thaw formula to revive their Talons , and then they try to kill him . Freeze survives , but is captured by the Red Hood and sent to Arkham Asylum . He escapes shortly afterward and rearms himself with the Penguin 's help . Freeze decides to kill Bruce Wayne and take Nora , whom he believes to be his wife , so that they can leave Gotham City behind forever . Infiltrating Wayne Enterprises , Freeze has a brief fight with Nightwing and Robin , but he subdues them . Then , Freeze goes to the penthouse , where he finds Batman and the frozen Nora . Batman defeats Mr. Freeze by injecting his suit with the thawing formula , which he had intended to use to revive Nora from suspended animation . During the Forever Evil storyline , Mr. Freeze appears as a member of the Secret Society of Super Villains at the time when the Crime Syndicate arrived from their world . The Scarecrow later visits Mr. Freeze to let him know of the war going on at Blackgate Penitentiary . The Man - Bats are able to bring the remaining Talons to Mr. Freeze after Man - Bat and Scarecrow steal them from Blackgate . Mr. Freeze and Clayface later encounter the Rogues when they land in their territory . Mr. Freeze tells Mirror Master II he is not interested in capitalizing on the bounty on their heads , only to use Weather Wizard to create optimal conditions for him to freeze Gotham . As the Rogues are fighting the two , Black Mask ( alongside his False Face society ) arrives to capture the Rogues to receive the bounty . Powers and abilities ( edit ) Like most Batman villains , Mr. Freeze plans his crimes about a specific theme ; in his case , ice , snow and cold . He freezes areas around him using special weapons and equipment , most notably a handheld `` freeze - gun '' . His refrigeration suit grants him superhuman strength and durability , making him a powerful villain in Batman 's rogues gallery . In the Underworld Unleashed storyline , the demon Neron grants Mr. Freeze the ability to generate subzero temperatures , no longer needing his freeze - gun or refrigeration suit . However , after his encounter with Green Lantern , Donna Troy , and Purgatory in Central Park , he reverted to his original subzero biology . He then gained a new subzero armor and weaponry . Other versions ( edit ) Smallville ( edit ) Mr. Freeze appears in the comic book adaptation of Smallville , partnered with the Prankster of Intergang . He agrees to work for Intergang in order to fund Nora 's treatment . Freeze is betrayed by Prankster , however , and is defeated by Batman and Green Arrow . Robot Mr. Freeze ( edit ) In Blackhawk , Mr. Freeze appears as a robot that is controlled by Doctor Thurman . Justice League Adventures ( edit ) Based in the DC animated universe , Mr. Freeze is part of a group of ice - themed villains called the `` Cold Warriors '' that tried to overthrow a small African nation . The Cold Warriors appear in Justice League Adventures # 12 ( December 2002 ) . DC Super Friends ( edit ) Based in the DC Super Friends universe , Mr. Freeze is part of a group of ice - themed villains called the `` Ice Pack '' that encased a city in ice and snow . The Ice Pack appear in DC Super Friends # 16 ( August 2009 ) . Flashpoint ( edit ) In the alternate timeline of the Flashpoint , Mr. Freeze attacks the S.T.A.R. Labs in Central City to find a cure for his wife Nora . However , Citizen Cold attacks and uses his cold gun to freeze Mr. Freeze 's body . Mr. Freeze tries to escape on robotic legs , but Citizen Cold freezes him to death and tells him that Nora is dead . This version of Mr. Freeze is a friend of Fallout 's , and pursues revenge against Citizen Cold for murdering him . It is later revealed that radiation produced by Fallout is the cure Mr. Freeze was searching for . Swamp Thing ( edit ) During the Rotworld storyline where Swamp Thing traveled to an alternate Earth afflicted by a mutating plague Mr. Freeze was mentioned to be an inmate in Arkham , not making attempts to escape out of Batman 's false claims of implanting him with explosives . Injustice : Gods Among Us ( edit ) Batman / teenage mutant ninja turtles ( edit ) In the crossover comic , Mr. Freeze was mutated into a humanoid mutant polar bear by Shredder . Batman : White Knight ( edit ) Victor Fries appears in the 2017 series Batman : White Knight ( which , though unconfirmed , appears to be heavily inspired by Batman : The Animated Series ) . In this series , Victor Fries has retired from his criminal lifestyle to focus on curing his wife 's disease . It is later revealed that , due to his unique , cryogenically - dependent physiology , Fries 's aging had been slowed considerably , and that his father was a member of the Nazi SS during the Second World War , but acted as a double agent , allowing America to stay one step ahead of Germany on the Scientific front . As a result of this , a massive freeze cannon was constructed beneath a lighthouse off the coast of Gotham City . The superweapon is discovered by Neo-Joker ( the second Harley Quinn who felt that by taking pills to retain his sanity , Jack Napier was destroying the most beautiful part of himself ) , and is used to freeze most , if not all , of Gotham . Freeze is able to reverse the effects with the aid of Batgirl . It is also revealed that Fries had been contacted by Batman in an attempt to secure the villains aid to save the life of Alfred Pennyworth , but unfortunately their efforts were in vain . In other media ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Live - Action ( edit ) Eli Wallach as Mr. Freeze in the Batman television series Mr. Freeze appeared in the 1960s Batman television series , portrayed by George Sanders in the first two - part appearance , Otto Preminger in the second two - part appearance , and Eli Wallach in the third two - part appearance . Sanders and Wallach used German accents for the role while Preminger used his own Austrian accent . While the George Sanders version wore the classic refrigerated suit , the Otto Preminger and Eli Wallach versions wore a `` Freeze Collar '' around their neck that went with Mr. Freeze 's cooling suit . Before Mr. Freeze was on the series , he was always called Mr. Zero . In this version , he continues to be campy like the comic books and is given an alias of `` Dr. Art Schivel '' . In his first appearance `` Instant Freeze '' , it is revealed that it was Batman who spilled the cryogenic chemicals on Schivel during an attempted arrest . Freeze ends up stealing diamonds from the Gotham City Diamond Exchange . When Batman and Robin try to stop him , he freezes them with his freeze gun . In the next episode `` Rats Like Cheese '' , Mr. Freeze kidnaps Paul Diamante of the Gotham City Eagles and offers to return his hostage in exchange for Batman . Batman and Robin save Diamante and apprehend Freeze . During this appearance , Mr. Freeze 's hideout has `` warm lights '' so that his henchmen can interact with him . In the episode `` Green Ice '' , Mr. Freeze escapes from prison and captures Miss Iceland from the finals of the Miss Galaxy Pageant . In the next episode `` Deep Freeze '' , Mr. Freeze has led all of Gotham City to believe that Batman has given in to his bribes . Batman and Robin managed to find Freeze 's hideout , rescue Miss Iceland , and defeat Freeze before he can freeze all of Gotham . Batman arranges for Warden Crichton to have a special refrigerated cell made for Mr. Freeze . In the episode `` Ice Spy '' , Mr. Freeze kidnaps Icelandic scientist Professor Isaacson in order to obtain an `` Instant Ice '' formula . In the episode `` The Duo Defy '' , Mr. Freeze finally obtains the `` Instant Ice '' formula and ends up building a large freeze ray . He is thwarted by Batman and Robin again . As he is taken away by the police , Freeze tells the police officers not to touch the Freeze Collar 's dials . Mr. Freeze appears in season 2 of Gotham , portrayed by Nathan Darrow . In this version , his surname is pronounced `` / fraɪs / '' ; though Gordon does initially believe it 's pronounced `` freeze '' and has no connection to Ferris Boyle or GothCorp . As in the comics , he is a scientist who researches cryogenic technology to find a cure for his wife Nora 's terminal illness . To this end , he is forced to freeze random citizens across the city with a cryogenic gun and uses them as test subjects . The ones that fail are killed by the imperfected cryo formula . Horrified at what Victor has become , Nora indirectly kills herself during one of the experiments ( replacing a perfected coolant with a failed , lethal formula ) . Saddened , Fries attempts suicide by turning the coolants from his gun on himself . He survives , however , and is rendered unable to survive outside of sub-zero temperatures . Hugo Strange has him declared dead and takes him to Arkham Asylum 's Indian Hill Laboratory , where he intends to use him as an `` assistant '' in experiments with cryogenically frozen bodies . Strange also dispatches him to kill Karen Jennings , one of his former test subjects . In the season finale , `` Wrath of the Villains : Transference '' , Strange orders Fries to kill Selina Kyle , but Bridgit Pike , another of Strange 's genetically altered minions , interferes . She and Fries do battle , he with his freeze ray and she with her flamethrower ; they accidentally incapacitate Strange when he gets in the crossfire . In the episode `` Heroes Rise : The Primal Riddle , '' Oswald Cobblepot and Ivy Pepper find Victor Fries in an arctic location . They persuade him to help Oswald in his revenge on Edward Nygma by returning his special suit to him that they took from Wayne Enterprises and promising to help him cure his condition . He is shown to still be at odds with Bridgit Pike by the time they regroup at Oswald Cobblepot 's mansion . In the episode `` Heroes Rise : Destiny Calling , '' Victor Fries assisted Fish Mooney into obtaining the earlier antidotes for the Alice Tetch Virus and fighting the ninjas from the League of Assassins at the time when the chaos caused by the Alice Tetch Virus was caused . After Fish Mooney was accidentally killed by James Gordon , Bridgit Pike , Victor Fries , and Hugo Strange were arrested by the police . In the episode `` Heroes Rise : Heavydirtysoul , '' Oswald Cobblepot had Victor Fries use his freeze gun on Riddler . Animation ( edit ) Mr. Freeze appeared in The Batman / Superman Hour , voiced by Ted Knight . The Filmation series has Mr. Freeze make extensive use of his self - made technology such as making certain parts of his hideout `` warm corridors '' to accommodate his underlings . Mr. Freeze was originally supposed to be featured in the Challenge of the Super Friends season of Super Friends as a member of the Legion of Doom . However , due Filmation 's The New Adventures of Batman production at that time , Mr. Freeze was restricted to appear in the show . He was eventually replaced with Captain Cold . Mr. Freeze appears in The New Adventures of Batman episode `` The Deep Freeze '' , voiced by Lennie Weinrib . Unlike his appearance in the theme song , Mr. Freeze is shown without the helmet that goes with his freeze suit . He and his henchman Professor Frost plot to steal the N - 1000 ( a superfast submarine ) to pull off the `` Crime of the Century '' . When Batman and Robin raid his hideout , Mr. Freeze manages to freeze both of them and takes Robin with him as he escapes . When Freeze and Professor Frost steal the N - 1000 , they steer it to the North Pole . When Batman , Robin and Bat - Mite face Mr. Freeze and Professor Frost at the North Pole , Batman and Robin fire a beam that reverses the polarity of Freeze 's freeze gun so that it warms up . They then apprehend Freeze and Professor Frost where they are both placed into prison . Mr. Freeze in Batman : The Animated Series Mr. Freeze appears in several series for the DC animated universe , voiced by Michael Ansara . The character first appears in Batman : The Animated Series with a design created by Hellboy creator Mike Mignola as per request of series creator Bruce Timm . Cryogenic scientist Victor Fries was working for Gothcorp and embezzled funds for an experiment in order to save his terminally ill wife Nora Fries by cryogenically freezing his wife until a cure could be found . However , the company 's CEO Ferris Boyle ( voiced by Mark Hamill ) broke into the lab with guards , demanding an end be put to the experiment . When Fries desperately grabbed a security guard 's pistol to aim at Boyle , the corrupt CEO kicked him into a table of chemical beakers filled with cryogenic substance , leaving Victor to die . He survived but was severely mutated by the substances . Unable to live outside subzero conditions , he wears a cryogenic suit to survive and also triples his strength . Mister Freeze is introduced in the Emmy Award - winning episode `` Heart of Ice '' ( for Outstanding Writing in an Animated Program ) . He steals the parts for a freezing machine he wishes to build and use in his vendetta against Boyle . This leads to Freeze 's first confrontation with Batman . When he freezes Boyle up to the waist , Boyles now begging for his life , Freeze confronts Batman , fighting one - on - one until Freeze 's transparent head dome is broken when Batman uses Alfred Pennyworth 's thermos of chicken soup , inducing thermal shock and rendering Freeze unconscious . The Dark Knight then presents evidence of Boyle 's crime involving Nora to the press and leaving Boyles in this frozen condition for his horrible act . Freeze is imprisoned in a special Arkham Asylum cell kept at subzero temperatures . Mister Freeze later appears in the episode `` Deep Freeze '' . After being kidnapped by a giant robot and brought to the off - shore Oceana city , he meets billionaire amusement park designer Grant Walker ( voiced by Daniel O'Herlihy ) , a man that wants to become immortal like Freeze to create a frozen world for selected residents . Freeze agrees to help when Walker promises to cure Nora . Batman and Robin arrive and try to reason with Freeze that if he were to help Walker , Nora would hate him . Freeze eventually turns on Walker , freezing his benefactor to a wall . Freeze overloads Oceana 's power - core which starts the city 's destruction as he instructs its inhabitants to evacuate . Freeze stays behind to die with his wife , and he along with Nora and Walker disappear in the explosion . The episode 's ending reveals that they all survive , trapped in icebergs . Mister Freeze 's next appearance is in the direct - to - animated film Batman & Mr. Freeze : SubZero . After Nora 's tank is shattered , Freeze kidnaps Barbara Gordon to harvest organs to cure Nora . Freeze makes a deal with greedy former colleague Gregory Belson ( voiced by George Dzundza ) to help cure his wife in exchange for gold . Batman and Robin thwart this plan and Freeze is then presumed killed in the explosion of his lair on an abandoned oil rig . Wayne Enterprises then finances a surgery that saves Nora 's life . Freeze is last seen at the North Pole , crying tears of joy as he learns of Nora 's recovery . Mister Freeze appears in The New Batman Adventures , sporting a new , sleeker design . As his mutation slowly destroys his body , Victor Fries kidnapped scientists ( voiced by Jeff Bennett and Lauren Tom ) to try and stop the process , only succeeding in saving his head which is supported by four robotic legs built separate from his suit . When a cured Nora Fries married her own doctor and left Gotham permanently , the trauma destroys whatever is left of Fries ' humanity . Mister Freeze vows to inflict on others the loss he 's suffered in the episode `` Cold Comfort '' by taking away the things they value most , much to the confusion of Robin and Batgirl . When Freeze is confronted at his hideout by Batman and Batgirl , he reveals his true condition to them as well as his goal of destroying Gotham City -- all the Dark Knight holds dear -- by dropping a ' reverse fusion bomb ' that will freeze the city . Freeze boards a helicopter to drop the bomb . However , he is followed by Batman and they engage in a duel in which Batman uses a grappling gun to hook Freeze to the bomb and drop it into the river , where an explosion creates a huge iceberg . Although Freeze is presumed dead , his head is seen to be missing as the episode ends . In Batman Beyond , several of Mister Freeze 's guns have been procured by the elderly Bruce Wayne and are displayed in the Batcave . The new Batman ( Terry McGinnis ) uses one to freeze Inque in the episode `` Black Out '' , however , Inque destroys this one in the episode `` Disappearing Inque '' . Another one is seen in the Batcave 's background during subsequent episodes . The tragic villain personally appears in the episode `` Meltdown '' . His disembodied head is revealed to have survived for decades thanks to cryogenic technology . Wayne - Powers ' CEO Derek Powers and Dr. Stephanie Lake ( voiced by Linda Hamilton ) use him as a test subject for a process that could cure Powers 's own mutation . Transferring his mind into a clone built from his own baseline DNA , Victor Fries sees this as a second chance . Fries initially tries to right some of the wrongs he has committed by creating a charitable organization with all his legitimate earnings from before he was imprisoned , which impresses Terry . However , Victor 's new body soon begins to revert to his original body 's same subzero biology . Although Lake and Powers betray him when he returns to Wayne - Powers for help , Fries escapes . After recovering an advanced suit of sub-zero armor that fires ice blasts directly out of gauntlets equipped onto his hands , Mister Freeze seeks revenge by freezing Lake and Powers and attempting to blow up Wayne - Powers ' complex to commit suicide . In the middle of his plan , Freeze battles Batman and then fights with Blight . Freeze redeems himself by saving the new Dark Knight from Blight . Batman attempts to rescue Freeze from the collapsing building , however , Freeze refuses help and presumably dies in the explosion . Mr. Freeze 's character design in The Batman Mr. Freeze appears in The Batman , voiced by Clancy Brown . Unlike most versions of the character , this iteration is a bank robber that fires ice blasts directly out of his hands . After a successful diamond heist , Victor Fries is pursued by the vigilante Batman into a cryogenic lab . Victor is presumed dead after being accidentally locked in cryogenic chamber and electrocuted . When Victor awakens , he discovers his new cryokinetic abilities and forces a scientist to create a cryogenic suit to contain his condition . In the episode `` The Big Chill '' , Mr. Freeze commits a series of robberies and freezes Batman 's body . Upon freezing a park , he holds the police at bay until the Dark Knight defeats him . In the episode `` Fire and Ice '' , Mr. Freeze teams up with Firefly to put Gotham in a permanent winter . Batman defeats both and leaves them tied up outside the police station . In the episode `` The Icy Depths '' , Mr. Freeze competes against the Penguin to claim an umbrella that is in fact a map to a sunken treasure . When the location is found , Freeze freezes the surrounding waters so that he can access the boat . When the ice starts to melt , he fights the Penguin to claim the treasure . Both of them are fished out of the water by the police . An older version appears in the episode `` Artifacts '' . In the year 2027 , Mr. Freeze 's powers have increased to the point that he wears a special mecha suit but he also loses an unhealthy amount of weight and the ability to walk and is forced to use mechanical spider legs . After a near - death fight with Batman and Nightwing , he places himself in cryogenic suspension until someone wakes him up in the future of 3027 . Once his suit is repaired , he continues terrorizing Gotham . Eventually , law enforcement officers use Batman 's methods to defeat Freeze and place him in a special cell . In the episode `` Rumors '' , Mr. Freeze is among the villains captured by the titular villain . In the episode `` The Joining '' ( Part 2 ) , Mr. Freeze joins the Joker , Bane and the Penguin in fighting the Joining when Arkham Asylum is attacked . Freeze saves Commissioner Gordon by freezing one of the Joining 's robots . In the episode `` The Batman / Superman Story '' ( Part 1 ) , Mr. Freeze is hired by Lex Luthor , along with Black Mask , Clayface and Bane , to kidnap Lois Lane and use Lois as bait for Superman . He and the villains are defeated by Superman , Batman and Robin . Mr. Freeze appears in Batman : The Brave and the Bold , voiced by John DiMaggio in a German accent . This version first appears in his Golden Age appearance and later as the George Sanders depiction . Under the name Mr. Zero , he is among the Batman villains in Bat - Mite 's fantasy in the episode `` Legends of the Dark Mite '' . Batman defeats him by throwing a batarang at his helmet . Mr. Freeze makes a cameo in the teaser for the episode `` Sidekicks Assemble '' as one of the villain holograms that Robin , Speedy and Aqualad fight . Mr. Freeze later appears in the episode `` Chill of the Night ! '' . He is among the villains at a weapons auction held by Joe Chill . In the episode `` Bold Beginnings ! '' , Mr. Freeze has captured Aquaman , Green Arrow and Plastic Man . Batman rescues and recruits the captured heroes to fight Mr. Freeze and his henchmen . After Mr. Freeze is defeated , Aquaman remains behind to wait for the police and continue telling Mr. Freeze of the first team - up with Batman against Black Manta . Mr. Freeze also appears in the opening for the episode `` Crisis : 22,300 Miles Above Earth '' in which he is one of the villains at the Joker 's celebrity roast in which the assembled villains are literally roasting Batman alive . With help from Jeffrey Ross , Batman breaks free from his death trap and defeats Mr. Freeze and the other villains present . Mr. Freeze appears in the cartoon series Young Justice , voiced by Keith Szarabajka . Introduced in the episode `` Independence Day '' ( Part 1 ) , he terrorizes a park in Gotham City until he is distracted and weakened by Robin and taken down by Batman . In the episode `` Terrors '' , Mr. Freeze is seen as an inmate at Belle Reve alongside Captain Cold , Icicle Jr . ( Cameron Mahkent ) and Killer Frost ( Crystal Frost ) . He and the other villains collaborate with Icicle Sr. ( Joar Mahkent ) in a breakout plot . When Freeze is brought to the prison 's warden Amanda Waller , he ends up freezing his own collar and then taking out the guards . He is defeated when Superboy shatters his helmet , forcing Freeze to turn his own powers on himself in order to survive . In the episode `` Coldhearted '' , Mr. Freeze and the other ice - based villains are seen in their cells . Mr. Freeze appears in Justice League Action episode `` Freezer Burn , '' voiced by Peter Stormare . After Killer Frost defeats Firestorm and Batman , she meets up with Mr. Freeze in order to collaborate only for Mr. Freeze to knock her out and use her as a power source for his freeze gun - wielding airship . While Batman fought Mr. Freeze , Firestorm freed Killer Frost . After the airship is crashed , Mr. Freeze tries to attack Batman and Firestorm only to be frozen in a block of ice by Killer Frost . Following Killer Frost 's escape , Mr. Freeze 's frozen body is taken away by the police . Film ( edit ) Live - Action ( edit ) Arnold Schwarzenegger as Mr. Freeze in the 1997 film Batman & Robin Mr. Freeze appears in the 1997 film Batman & Robin , portrayed by Arnold Schwarzenegger . In the film , Dr. Victor Fries was in an accident in a cryogenics lab he was using to find a cure for his wife Nora Fries suffering from the terminal illness MacGregor 's Syndrome and is now dependent on a diamond - powered subzero suit to keep cold or he would die . Mister Freeze crashes a charity event held by Wayne Enterprises and steals a diamond from the event . Mister Freeze is captured by Batman and detained at Arkham Asylum , but flees with the help of Poison Ivy and Bane . Ivy cuts off Nora 's life support and deceives Mister Freeze into thinking that Batman was responsible for the deed as part of a plan to use him to freeze up Gotham City . With the use of a gigantic ray gun stationed in an observatory , he freezes over the entirety of Gotham . In a subsequent fight with Batman , Mr. Freeze destroys the observatory with a set of bombs ( planted by Bane ) in an unsuccessful attempt to take Batman with him . Batman shows Mr. Freeze a recording of Ivy during her fight with Batgirl in which she brags about killing Nora , revealing her real colours to him . Batman tells Mr. Freeze that his wife is not dead ; she was restored and moved to Arkham , where he can complete his research . Batman asks him for the cure he created for the first stage of MacGregor 's Syndrome for Alfred Pennyworth ; Mr. Freeze atones for his past actions by giving Batman the medicine he had developed . Freeze is then detained at Arkham where he exacts his revenge on Ivy for her deception and trechery . The character 's penchant for cold and ice - related puns was noted by critics . James Berardinelli of Reelviews commented that `` Schwarzenegger , aside from looking like a cross between the Michelin Man and Robocop , appears totally confused about what he 's doing . Sometimes he 's in Terminator mode ; on other occasions , he 's chomping on a cigar like he 's back in Last Action Hero . '' He also noted that Freeze 's backstory and motivation were `` too complex for Schwarzenegger to convey effectively or for ( director Joel ) Schumacher to care about exploring . As a result , Mr. Freeze ends up being a frustratingly incomplete brute who 's out to smother Gotham City under a blanket of ice . '' Robin Dougherty of Salon lamented that `` Schwarzenegger 's exuberance is pinned down . He 's like a moth squashed by an 18 - wheeler . He 's also paralyzed by amazingly inert dialogue . How many lame jokes about cold can you fit into two hours ? Buy a ticket and find out . '' Patrick Stewart was considered for the role , before the script was rewritten to accommodate Schwarzenegger 's casting . Schumacher decided that Mr. Freeze must be `` big and strong like he was chiseled out of a glacier '' . Schwarzenegger was paid a $25 million salary for the role . His prosthetic makeup and wardrobe took six hours to apply each day . Animation ( edit ) Mr. Freeze appears in Superman / Batman : Public Enemies . He is seen with the `` cold warriors '' Icicle Jr . ( Cameron Mahkent ) , Killer Frost ( Louise Lincoln ) and Captain Cold when they are among the villains trying to claim the bounty on Superman and Batman . After a brief fight with Batman , they are all defeated by Superman 's heat vision . At the end of Justice League : The Flashpoint Paradox , Mr. Freeze 's freeze gun can be seen in the Batcave . In Batman : Assault on Arkham , Mr. Freeze 's freeze gun is found and used by Killer Frost ( Louise Lincoln ) against Batman in the Arkham Asylum warehouse . An alternate universe version of Victor Fries appears in Justice League : Gods and Monsters , voiced by Jim Meskimen . He was a Nobel prize winning thermal expert who was part of Lex Luthor 's `` Project Fair Play '' , a weapons program contingency that would be used to destroy the Justice League if necessary . Fries was measuring atmospheric carbon levels near the Arctic Circle before being murdered by a Metal Man designed to frame Batman for the crime . Mr. Freeze appears in Batman Unlimited : Mechs vs. Mutants , voiced by Oded Fehr . Mr. Freeze made a cameo appearance in the 2016 animated film Batman : Return of the Caped Crusaders ( which is a continuation of the 1966 Batman TV series ) . This version resembles an orange - haired version of Eli Wallach 's depiction of Mr. Freeze . He along with other supervillains team up with Robin and Catwoman in order to stop a group of clone rogue Batmen . Mr. Freeze appears in The Lego Batman Movie , voiced by David Burrows . This version of Mr. Freeze resembles the one from Batman : The Animated Series and uses a robotic mech equipped with a freeze gun . He is among the Batman villains that assist Joker in his attack on Gotham City . At the time when Joker was planning to set off a bomb , Mr. Freeze was present during this plot where he fights Batman and retreats . Later on during the ceremony where Barbara Gordon is being sworn in as the new police commissioner , Joker assigns Mr. Freeze and Clayface to capture her . Though Barbara Gordon does a trick that causes Mr. Freeze to accidentally freeze Clayface . During the fight against the Phantom Zone inmates , Mr. Freeze and Clayface defeat the Kraken from Clash of the Titans . Video games ( edit ) Mr. Freeze also appears in several Batman video games : He is a boss in Batman : The Animated Series , The Adventures of Batman & Robin for the Sega Genesis in which Mr. Freeze was the game 's final boss . Mr. Freeze appears in the video game adaptation of the movie Batman & Robin . Mr. Freeze appears in Batman : Chaos in Gotham . Mr. Freeze appears in Batman Vengeance , with Michael Ansara reprised his role . He was seen targeting a scientist named Isaac Evers , whom he blames for sending him a video promoting Promethium gas in order to spite him , unaware that the real culprit was the Joker planning to use Mr. Freeze 's invasion of the lab as a distraction to steal large quantities of the gas . Mr. Freeze appears in Batman : Dark Tomorrow . Mr. Freeze is also one of the main villains in the PC game Toxic Chill . Mr. Freeze pairs up with the Riddler in an attempt to change the very weather of Gotham . He is eventually betrayed and nearly killed by the Riddler who sets off a volcanic eruption . Both are sent to Arkham Asylum and are made cellmates . It is suggested that Mr. Freeze tortures the Riddler in Arkham as revenge for his treachery . Mr. Freeze appears in DC Universe Online , voiced by Robert Kraft . Freeze appears when the player , using a Villain character , is attempting to steal some diamonds from a Wayne Enterprises warehouse . Joker orders the player via communicator to give the diamonds to Freeze , only to later command him or her to go inside Freeze 's base in Gotham Mercy Hospital and steal the diamonds back , right when Freeze is once again trying to bring back Nora and thus sabotaging the procedure . The villain player must then confront Mr. Freeze , who is enraged and willing to kill the player . Freeze also appears in the Arkham Asylum alert , where he has allied with Scarecrow and Poison Ivy to spread chaos in the Asylum , under doctor Jeremiah Arkham 's orders . Freeze has taken over one of the wings in the asylum , covering the whole area with ice and snow . The team of 4 players ( Heroes or Villains ) must defeat Freeze one time in his area , and then face him again when he is fighting side by side with Scarecrow and Ivy . Mr. Freeze appears in the 2013 arcade game Batman . Mr. Freeze appears in Injustice 2 , voiced by Jim Pirri . He appears as a `` Premier Skin '' for Captain Cold . In his initial appearance , he did n't wear a helmet over his head where it was later included in one of the game 's updates . Mr. Freeze appears in the second season of Telltale 's Batman series , The Enemy Within , voiced by Matthew Mercer . He is a member of `` The Pact , '' alongside `` John Doe '' , Riddler , Bane , and Harley Quinn . Unlike most iterations of the character , Freeze does n't have his usual helmet or use a cold gun . Instead , he makes use of a specialized glove that freezes anything it touches . Freeze joins the gang to retrieve the LOTUS virus , hoping to use it to cure Nora 's condition . However , during the raid at the lab where it is kept , he is betrayed by Quinn and infected with the virus . In return for information about her whereabouts , Freeze asks for the temperature of his confinements to be lowered so he can combat his infection , something which Batman / Bruce can comply with . Lego Batman ( edit ) Mr. Freeze appears Lego Batman : The Video Game , with his vocal effects provided by Ogie Banks . He appears as an enemy of Batman , a follower of the Riddler , and the second boss of Chapter 1 `` The Riddler 's Revenge . '' In it his design is based mainly on the animated series , and he uses his freeze gun to freeze enemies and water . The strength granted to him by his suit allows him to pick up objects others can not . His suit also protects him from toxins . The Riddler assigns him to get a freeze cannon in his old factory . It is shown in the story that , while he aids the Riddler in his pursuit for Gotham City 's Gold Reserves , he is shown to be formulating plans of his own , which involve raising an army of Freeze Maids , which he uses in his boss fight . The player has to be quick , and attack him right after he shuts down his freeze gun . After he 's defeated , he attempts to run away , but Batman throws a Batarang at him , causing his pack to backfire and make him bounce across the room and then land on the floor in front of Batman and Robin . In the ending cutscene , he is seen in Arkham Asylum playing with dolls of him and a freeze girl . Mr. Freeze appears in Lego Batman 2 : DC Super Heroes , voiced by Townsend Coleman . He appears as a cameo in the fourth level `` Asylum Assignment '' where he is seen in a cell constantly tapping on the glass . In Free - play mode , the player can actually kill him once s / he sends one of the Penguin 's bombs inside and attack him . Outside of the story , he appears as a boss fight and an unlockable character found at the observatory . His intro catchphrase is , `` Is it just me , or is it really cold in here ? '' Mr. Freeze appears as a playable character in Lego Batman 3 : Beyond Gotham , voiced by Liam O'Brien impersonating Arnold Schwarzenegger . He first appears as a boss in the story , on which player helps Plastic Man defeat him in the Watchtower so that they can proceed to defeat Brainiac . The player as Batman in his Sensor - suit must attack Mr. Freeze while the character is in stealth mode . Mr. Freeze is later found in Qward in a side - quest where he requests the player to find another fuel cell for his freezer after the other was damaged by Killer Moth . The Batman Beyond version of Mr. Freeze is also playable via downloadable content . Batman : Arkham ( edit ) Mr. Freeze appears in the Batman Arkham series where he is voiced by Maurice LaMarche . In Batman : Arkham Asylum , Mr. Freeze 's frost and icicles covered cell can be seen in the Penitentiary area which can be scanned to unlock his bio . According to the game 's writer Paul Dini , Freeze was originally planned to be featured in the game , but his inclusion was dropped as he did n't fit as part of the game . In Batman : Arkham City , he appears as both an ally to Batman and a boss battle . After the Joker poisons Batman , the Dark Knight has to find Mr. Freeze . Batman searches for him in the GCPD building ( literally the coldest place in Arkham City ) , only to find his lab swarmed by the Penguin 's men who reveal that Penguin is holding Mr. Freeze hostage in the Cryus Pinkney National History Institute . It is revealed that Penguin stole Mr. Freeze 's gun and is holding GCPD officers hostage . Batman saves the hostages and Mr. Freeze from Penguin 's men in the museum and asks Mr. Freeze for the cure to his ailment , only for Mr. Freeze to reveal he needs his suit , which Penguin possesses . He tells Batman that his suit has a disruptor that can be used to turn off his freeze gun so that he can defeat Penguin . After Penguin is apprehended and Mr. Freeze recovers his suit , he gets revenge by locking Penguin in a display case . Mr. Freeze then tells Batman that the cure he made for Joker degenerates too quickly and needs a restorative enzyme that has been bonded to human DNA , something that would take decades , only for Batman to reveal he knows someone who has been exposed to that enzyme for centuries . Mr. Freeze tells Batman he only needs a sample of this person 's DNA to complete the cure , and Batman proceeds to track down one of the warriors of the League of Assassins Penguin had captured . When Batman returns to the GCPD with the blood sample , Mr. Freeze creates two vials of the cure before locking one in a safe and destroying the other , demanding Batman save Nora Fries from Joker . Batman fights Mr. Freeze to unlock the safe , which proves difficult as Mr. Freeze is much too powerful to be confronted directly . Batman is forced to hide and find ways to stun Mr. Freeze , such as using grates in the floor to surprise him as he passes by . Each time Mr. Freeze is incapacitated , he counteracts his weaknesses . After he is beaten , Batman opens the safe only to find that the wall behind the safe was broken into and in the place of the cure there is only a note saying : `` Get well soon ! '' and some joker cards . Batman realizes that Harley Quinn had stolen the cure while the Dark Knight was distracted fighting Mr. Freeze . Mr. Freeze gives Batman freeze grenades to help him retrieve the cure , and begs him to find Nora , which becomes a side mission in the game . After Nora is saved , Batman finds Mr. Freeze with his wife and tells him to end his life of crime for Nora 's sake . Mr. Freeze 's boss battle was widely praised as a step up from the repetitive titan thug bosses from the previous game . In Batman : Arkham Origins , his origins and first encounter with Batman is featured in the DLC Story `` Cold , Cold Heart '' which is based on the Batman : The Animated Series episode `` Heart of Ice '' . Mr. Freeze also has a new design for the DLC featuring cleated boots and a larger freeze gun built into the right arm of his suit . In the DLC , Mr. Freeze is in collaboration with the Penguin 's gang in order to crash a party at Wayne Manor in order to capture Ferris Boyle . When Batman arrives at GothCorp , he finds Penguin trying to backstab Mr. Freeze into giving him what Freeze is after ( thinking it to be weapons ) until Mr. Freeze uses his freeze gun to create a chain reaction that traps Penguin in a wall of ice . Upon getting the X-E suit to withstand the cold , and acquiring a cryogenic drill to penetrate the ice wall , Batman finds residual evidence that Boyle was behind the accident that turned Victor Fries into Mr. Freeze , and that Boyle is in possession of Mr. Freeze 's cryogenically frozen wife . Batman later confronts and defeats Mr. Freeze . Boyle then takes a piece of machinery and attacks Mr. Freeze only for Batman to knock out Boyle . During the DLC 's credits , a news voice - over states that Mr. Freeze , Penguin , and Boyle have been all arrested by the police . Mr. Freeze is featured in Batman : Arkham Knight . Mr. Freeze 's freeze gun can be found in the evidence room at the Gotham City Police Department . According to Aaron Cash , Mr. Freeze has n't been seen or heard since Arkham City and implies that he possibly gave up his criminal life to continue his work on finding a cure for Nora Fries . There was also a mentioning that the freeze gun was used by some members of the Gotham City Police Department to make ice cream until it was confiscated from them by James Gordon . Mr. Freeze appears in the December `` Season of Infamy '' downloadable content ( DLC ) pack in the side misson `` In From The Cold '' . Batman discovers a frozen vessel just off the coast of Gotham and investigates finding Mr. Freeze at his wife 's old cryogenic chamber . He says that the Arkham Knight 's Militia took Nora after he refused to help Scarecrow and Arkham Knight with their plans to take down Batman . Freeze entrusts Batman to rescue his wife from the soldiers . After fighting through a barrage of Militia henchmen , Batman finds Nora and breaks her out of her damaged cryochamber . Much to both Batman and Freeze 's surprise , she no longer wants to be frozen in ice and simply wants to spend time with Victor . It 's also revealed that she could hear every word he said , despite being in suspended animation . After taking down a Militia force trying to destroy Fries ' vessel , Nora and Victor meet face - to - face and Victor removes his protective helmet . As they look off at Gotham , Nora asks how long they will live , to which Victor replies `` merely days '' . They then depart Gotham City ; when Batman analyses Freeze 's equipment in the GCPD lockup , a recording made by Cash ponders whether this turn of events is a happy or sad outcome for the Fries ' . Mr. Freeze appears as a playable character in the mobile game Batman : Arkham Underworld . He is unlocked after the player completes a mission for him , after which he becomes playable , wielding his freeze gun with different firing modes . Web series ( edit ) In the third season of the Flash series Gotham Girls , a new villain is introduced : Dora Smithy ( voiced by Jennifer Hale ) , Mr. Freeze 's sister - in - law . She blames Freeze for Nora 's death , and dons his freezing equipment in a quest for revenge . As a result , there is an emphasis on Mr. Freeze himself throughout the season , and he is discussed several times , although he never actually makes an appearance . In the Batman Unlimited shorts , Mr. Freeze appears on a rampage in a gigantic robot suit . Batman manages to destroy the suit and Freeze ejects . Freeze then attacks Batman only for Batman to shatter his helmet . Batman puts a gas mask on him and handcuffs him , comforting Mr. Freeze until the cops arrive . Miscellaneous ( edit ) Mr. Freeze appears in the direct - to - video original animation DC Super Friends : The Joker 's Playhouse ( 2010 ) , voiced by Eric Bauza . See also ( edit ) List of Batman Family adversaries References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` UGO 's World pf Batman - Rogues Gallery : Mr. Freeze '' . UGO . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Mr. Freeze is Number 67 '' . Comics.ign.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 13 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Batmania UK : 1966 Batman : Villains : Mr. Freeze '' . Bat - Mania . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Batmania UK : 1966 Batman : Villains : Mr. Freeze 2 '' . Bat - Mania . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Batmania UK : 1966 Batman : Villains : Mr. Freeze 3 '' . Bat - Mania . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Heart of Ice '' . Toon Zone . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 28 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 09 . Mr. Freeze targets the industrialist responsible for his wife 's death . Jump up ^ Robin II : Joker 's Wild # 1 ( 1991 ) Jump up ^ Detective Comics Vol. 1 # 670 ( 1993 ) Jump up ^ Daly , Steve ; Thompson , Anne ( 8 March 1996 ) . `` A Tights Squeeze '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Heart of Ice interview `` The Role of Mr. Freeze In The Animated Universe '' page 2 - Finding a Voice `` . worldsfinestonline.com . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 08 . 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Bader , Alan Burnett , Butch Lukic , Lolita Ritmanis , Koko Yang , Dong Yang ( 1999 - 02 - 13 ) . `` Meltdown '' . Batman Beyond . Season 1 . Episode 5 . The WB . Jump up ^ Burnett , Alan ( 2007 - 09 - 22 ) . `` The Batman : The Batman / Superman Story ( 1 ) Recap '' . TV.com . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ Seung Eun - Kim , Michael Jelenic ( 2005 - 05 - 28 ) . `` Fire and Ice '' . The Batman . Season 2 . Episode 21 . The WB . Jump up ^ Anthony Chun , Steven Melching ( 2006 - 05 - 06 ) . `` The Icy Depths '' . The Batman . Season 3 . Episode 38 . The CW . Jump up ^ Brandon Vietti , Greg Weisman ( 2007 - 02 - 03 ) . `` Artifacts '' . The Batman . Season 4 . Episode 46 . The CW . Jump up ^ Wes Gleason ( @ Wes_Gleason ) ( 27 December 2016 ) . `` @ ArthurDenorfia Mr. Freeze '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( 1997 - 06 - 20 ) . `` Batman and Robin '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( 1997 - 06 - 20 ) . `` Batman & Robin '' . Chicago Sun Times . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James ( 1997 - 06 - 20 ) . `` Batman and Robin '' . ReelViews . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ Dougherty , Robin ( 1997 - 07 - 20 ) . `` Batman & Robin '' . Salon . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ Jeff Gordinier ; Jeffrey Wells ( 1995 - 12 - 15 ) . `` Bat Signal '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ Mallory , Michael ( 1997 - 03 - 05 ) . `` An ice - cold Arnold sends Batman back to his cave '' . Variety . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ Joel Schumacher , Peter MacGregor - Scott , Chris O'Donnell , Val Kilmer , Uma Thurman , John Glover , Shadows of the Bat : The Cinematic Saga of the Dark Knight Part 6 - Batman Unbound , 2005 , Warner Home Video Jump up ^ Dave Karger ; Cindy Pearlman ( 1997 - 03 - 14 ) . `` The Bat and the Beautiful '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ Masters , Kim ( August 5 , 1996 ) . `` Hollywood Fades to Red '' . Time . Retrieved February 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Summer Movie Preview '' . Entertainment Weekly . 1997 - 05 - 16 . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Batman Vengeance - MobyGames '' . Moby Games . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Game Stop - Batman Vengeance '' . Game Stop . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 03 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Game Stop - Batman : Dark Tomorrow '' . Game Stop . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ Casarnassina , Matt ( 2001 - 11 - 19 ) . `` IGN : Batman Vengeance Review '' . IGN . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ Game Informer features a two - page gallery of the many heroes and villains who appear in the game with a picture for each character and a descriptive paragraph . See `` LEGO Batman : Character Gallery '' , Game Informer 186 ( October 2008 ) : 93 . 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who played mr freeze in batman tv show

Mr. Freeze was played by George Sanders , Otto Preminger and Eli Wallach in the Batman television series , by Arnold Schwarzenegger in the 1997 film Batman & Robin , and by Nathan Darrow on the television series Gotham . He was voiced by Michael Ansara in Batman : The Animated Series , by Clancy Brown in The Batman , and by Maurice LaMarche in the Batman : Arkham video game franchise . IGN 's list of the Top 100 Comic Book Villains of All Time List ranked Mr. Freeze as # 67 .

List of Once Upon a time characters - wikipedia List of Once Upon a time characters Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article 's lead section may not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( September 2015 ) This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . Please consider splitting content into sub-articles , condensing it , or adding or removing subheadings . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The characters of the ABC show Once Upon a Time and its spin - off Once Upon a Time in Wonderland are related to classic fairy tale and fantasy characters , and often tie - in with other Disney media properties . Contents ( hide ) 1 Appearances 1.1 Once Upon a Time 1.2 Once Upon a Time in Wonderland 2 Main characters 3 Recurring characters 4 Guest characters 5 Creatures 6 Notes 7 References Appearances ( edit ) For more detailed cast tables , see List of Once Upon a Time cast members . Once Upon a Time ( edit ) Actor Character Season Fairy Tale Real World 5 6 7 Ginnifer Goodwin Snow White Mary Margaret Blanchard Main Does not appear Jennifer Morrison Emma Swan N / A Main Guest Lana Parrilla Regina Mills / Evil Queen Roni Main Josh Dallas David / Prince Charming David Nolan Main Does not appear Jared S. Gilmore N / A Henry Daniel Mills Main Guest Andrew J. West Does not appear Guest Main Raphael Sbarge Jiminy Cricket Dr. Archibald Hopper Main Recurring Guest Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Jamie Dornan Huntsman Sheriff Graham Humbert Main Guest Does not appear Robert Carlyle Rumplestiltskin / Crocodile / Beast Mr. Gold / Weaver Main Eion Bailey Pinocchio August Wayne Booth Main Recurring Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Emilie de Ravin Belle Lacey Guest Main Guest Colin O'Donoghue Killian Jones / Captain Hook Officer Rogers Does not appear Main Meghan Ory Red Lucas / Wolf Ruby Recurring Main Recurring Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Michael Raymond - James Baelfire Neal Cassidy Does not appear Recurring Main Does not appear Guest Does not appear Michael Socha Will Scarlet / Knave of Hearts / White King N / A Does not appear Main Does not appear Rebecca Mader Zelena / Wicked Witch of the West N / A Does not appear Recurring Main Does not appear Sean Maguire Robin of Loxley / Robin Hood N / A Does not appear Recurring Main Recurring Does not appear Dania Ramirez Cinderella Jacinda Does not appear Main Gabrielle Anwar Lady Tremaine Victoria Belfrey Does not appear Main Mekia Cox Princess Tiana Sabine Does not appear Main Alison Fernandez Lucy N / A Does not appear Guest Main Once Upon a Time in Wonderland ( edit ) Actor Character Season Fairy Tale Real World Sophie Lowe Alice N / A Main Michael Socha Will Scarlet / Knave of Hearts / White King N / A Main Peter Gadiot Cyrus N / A Main Emma Rigby Anastasia / Red Queen / White Queen N / A Main Naveen Andrews Jafar N / A Main John Lithgow Percy / White Rabbit N / A Main Main characters ( edit ) Fairy Tale Character Real World Character Portrayer Starring Recurring / Guest Status Snow White Mary Margaret Blanchard Ginnifer Goodwin ( adult ) Bailee Madison ( child and teenager ) 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 N / A Alive Ginnifer Goodwin Snow White is the daughter of King Leopold and Queen Eva , stepdaughter of Regina , wife of Prince Charming , mother of Emma Swan and Prince Neal , grandmother of Henry , and great - grandmother of Lucy . As a young child , she unintentionally tells Regina 's mother a secret involving Regina 's secret relationship with a stable boy , resulting in the death of the stable boy and Regina into being the Evil Queen . Since then , she had been on the run from Regina , eventually meeting Prince David , who she nicknames as Charming . She is later placed under a sleeping curse by Regina , but it was broken by Charming . The two get married , but is threaten by Regina with a curse . In order to defeat her , Snow and Charming send their daughter Emma to the Land Without Magic as the curse consumes their realm . In Storybrooke , she appears as Mary Margaret Blanchard , a teacher at Storybrooke Elementary School . After the curse broke , she reunites with her husband , now known as David , as well as her daughter Emma and grandson Henry . She is responsible for Cora 's death upon learning her mother , Queen Eva , was murdered by Cora . After Henry is kidnapped to Neverland , she joins her family to rescue him , but eventually is send back to the Enchanted Forest after Regina was forced to undo her original curse . Snow later cast the curse to bring everyone back to Storybrooke to protect her unborn child from the Wicked Witch of the West . She also clashes with Maleficent after Maleficent threatens to reveal a dark secret of her past . After Emma becomes the Dark One , she goes to Camelot with the heroes to help save her and later to the Underworld . After the arrival of Regina 's evil half , the Evil Queen , she is cursed with a joint sleeping curse but is broken with help from various residents of Storybrooke . After the Final Battle is fought , Mary Margaret joins the rest of her family for a victorious supper at Granny 's Diner . Emma Swan N / A Jennifer Morrison ( adult ) Abby Ross ( teenager ) Mckenna Grace ( child ) 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 7 Alive Jennifer Morrison Emma Swan is the daughter of Snow White and Prince Charming , sister of Prince Neal , wife of Captain Hook , mother of Henry Mills and grandmother of Lucy . Born in the Enchanted Forest , Emma is send to the Land Without Magic to break a curse in twenty - eight years . She grew up in an orphanage and later lived in group homes and foster care . Years later , she meets Neal Cassidy , which results in the birth of her son , whom she gives up for adoption . Ten years later , she is found by Henry , her son , and brought to Storybrooke to break the curse . Brought to Storybrooke with Henry 's guidance , Emma clashes with his adopted mother , Regina , who is also the Mayor of Storybrooke . Initially not believing Henry 's claim , she eventually breaks it with true love 's kiss and reunites with her parents . She also reunites with her former flame , Neal , and learns about his fairy tale past . After Henry is kidnapped to Neverland by Greg and Tamara , Emma teams up with her parents , Regina , Mr. Gold and Hook to rescue him , resulting in the reversal of Regina 's curse . Emma escapes the reversal curse with Henry to New York City with their memories wiped . Emma returns back to Storybrooke a year later with Hook 's help to break another curse . After a trip to the past , Emma accidentally brings Queen Elsa of Arendelle to present day Storybrooke and is tangled in a complicated family web between Elsa and her aunt Ingrid . Eventually , Emma is turned into the latest Dark One , but the effects are reverted . Her role as the Savior is later threaten with the arrival of the Black Fairy who seeks to kill her . However , Emma duals with Gideon during the Final Battle and wins . Emma then has a victory dinner with her family at Granny 's Diner . Regina Mills / Evil Queen Roni Lana Parrilla ( adult ) Ava Acres ( child ) 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 N / A Alive Lana Parrilla Regina Mills is the daughter of Cora and Prince Henry , half - sister of Zelena , mother of Henry Mills , and grandmother of Lucy . When Snow White reveals Regina 's secret relationship with Daniel to her mother , Cora , who kills him in front of her , Regina is forced to marry King Leopold . Regina later kills King Leopold , taking over the realm as the Evil Queen . In order to destroy Snow White 's happiness , she casts the Dark Curse responsible for the destruction of the Enchanted Forest , the transportation of many to the Land Without Magic and time freezing for everyone in all the lands in their universe . In Storybrooke , she is the Mayor of Storybrooke . She tries to get rid of Emma when she arrives at Storybrooke but fails , leading to Emma breaking the curse . Regina later joins the heroes , Mr. Gold , and Hook by taking a trip to Neverland to rescue Henry from Peter Pan , which results is her curse being reversed . She is sent back to Storybrooke after helping Snow White cast another curse , clashing with her sister , Zelena . She also gets involved in a romantic relationship with Robin Hood , but he dies . Regina the . separates her evil self , which then becomes a problem when the Evil Queen comes to Storybrooke . Hoping to not kill the Evil Queen , Regina balances her and the Evil Queen 's heart so they both can feel some form of love and sends her to the Wish Realm to be with Robin . Regina witnesses the final battle with the others and then celebrates their victory at Granny 's Diner with her family . David / Prince Charming David Nolan Josh Dallas ( adult ) Luke Roessler ( child ) 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 N / A Alive Josh Dallas David is a shepherd , and later Prince , and the son of Ruth and twin brother to Prince James . He is the husband of Snow White , as well as Emma Swan and Prince Neal 's father , grandfather of Henry Mills and great grandfather of Lucy . Learning sword fighting from Anna , he defeats Bo Peep , stopping her from harassing his mother 's farm . Sometime later , he is taken in by King George to masquerade as his twin brother , Prince James , who died . Eventually , he meets Snow White who nicknames him Prince Charming . He later marries her . After the casting of the curse by the Evil Queen , he sends his daughter Emma to the Land Without Magic with hopes of her returning to break the curse . In Storybrooke , he first appears as a John Doe , who has gone unidentified for years . He is later identified as David Nolan , the husband of Kathryn Nolan . When the curse broken , he is reunited with Mary Margaret , his daughter Emma , and grandson Henry . He later joins the rest of the heroes and Hook and goes to Neverland to save Henry from Peter Pan . He is brought back to Storybrooke when he , Snow White and Regina cast a new curse . He and Snow later clashe with Maleficent , who threatens to reveal a dark secret about their past . When Emma becomes the new Dark One , he travels to Camelot with the heroes and Hook to save her and later joins them in the trip to the Underworld . After returning to Storybrooke , he accidentally gets sent to the Land of Untold Stories with Mary Margaret , Zelena and Hook , but is eventually brought back to Storybrooke . David is then cursed by Regina 's evil half with a joint sleeping curse which is broken by the townspeople . He witnesses Emma 's fight in the final battle and , after winning it , he gets a farm for him , Mary Margaret and Neal . He reunites with the rest of his family for supper at Granny 's Diner . N / A Henry Daniel Mills Jared S. Gilmore ( young ) Andrew J. West ( adult ) 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 N / A Alive Jared Gilmore Andrew J. West Henry Daniel Mills is Regina and Emma 's son , husband of Cinderella , father of Lucy , nephew of Prince Neal , Snow White 's , Prince Charming 's , Cora Mills 's , Prince Henry 's , and Rumplestiltskin 's grandson , and the great - grandson of Malcolm and Fiona . He was adopted by Regina Mills after Mr. Gold procured him , bringing him to Storybrooke . After getting the `` Once Upon a Time '' book from Mark Margaret , he is led to believe about a curse that he thinks his mother cast . He later brings his biological mother , Emma , to Storybrooke to break the curse . Sometime later , he gets kidnapped by Greg and Tamara , ending up in Neverland , but is saved by his family and Hook . When Regina give them happy fake memories , allowing them to escape the Pan 's curse , Henry and Emma start a new life in New York City . He and Emma are later brought back to Storybrooke . After Issac Heller re-writes their story , Henry is chosen as the next Author , and then he reverts everything done by Issac . He also teams up with his mothers , creating a new operation to help Regina find her happy ending , joins the heroes on the trip to Camelot to help Emma after she becomes the Dark One , and later to the Underworld . After Emma 's wedding to Hook and the Black Fairy 's curse , Henry awakens to a cursed Storybrooke and convinces Emma to believe again as all the realms begin to crumble . Eventually , the curse breaks and Emma wins the final battle . Henry then has supper with his family at Granny 's . Somehow , Henry ends up in the Enchanted Forest and Henry finds his true love and gets a daughter , Lucy . After being attacked by a powerful darkness , Henry is sent to Seattle in the Land Without Magic with no memories . With Tiger Lily 's guidance , Lucy travels to that land to get Henry and help him save their family . Jiminy Cricket Dr. Archibald Hopper Raphael Sbarge ( adult ) Morgan Roff ( teenager ) Adam Young ( child ) 2 , 3 , 4 , 6 Alive Raphael Sbarge Jiminy Cricket is the son of con artists who desires to live an honest life , but is too weak - willed to leave his family . In the Enchanted Forest , he receives a potion from Rumplestiltskin that will free him from his parents but inadvertently gives it to a young couple , transforming the pair into puppets . He wishes on a star in the hopes that the couple will be transformed back . The Blue Fairy appears and tells him that she can not undo Rumplestiltskin 's work . To make things right , she transforms him into a cricket so that he can be free from his parents and guide the couple 's son Geppetto . He was transported to Storybrooke when Regina cast her curse . In Storybrooke , he is Dr. Archibald Hopper , the town 's psychotherapist but is often called as Archie by the residents . One day , Archie is asked by Regina Mills to convince her adopted son Henry that his ideas about the curse are false . Although it violates his conscience , he initially complies with her demands . Archie confides to Henry that he wants to be free , standing up to Regina and threatening to declare her an unfit mother if she continues to interfere with his sessions . Emma later breaks the curse and he regains his memories as Jiminy . Regina 's mother Cora later assumes the form of her daughter and abducts Archie while disguising an unspecified person she killed as his body . He is later found by Belle on Captain Hook 's ship , from which he is rescued . He is transported back to the Enchanted Forest when Regina undid her curse and later transported back to Storybrooke when the curse was cast again . Emma later visited Dr. Hopper about her visions of her dying against an unknown enemy . Following the Oracle 's death , Dr. Hopper is abducted by the Evil Queen ( Serum ) where he watched Zelena 's baby while they were away . Upon their return , Dr. Hopper is turned back into a cricket by the Evil Queen ( Serum ) and trapped in a cage . With Regina distracting her Evil Queen counterpart and Zelena , Mary Margaret and David were able to free Archie . He is later turned back into a human . Huntsman Sheriff Graham Humbert Jamie Dornan Deceased Jamie Dornan The Huntsman is a nameless hunter who is a solitary recluse . In the Enchanted Forest , he is raised by wolves . He considers the wolves to be his true family , and is greatly saddened by the deaths of animals . He is considered by the Evil Queen Regina the perfect assassin , and is hired to kill Snow White , though he spares her for her selflessness . When he offers the Queen a stag 's heart instead , she realizes she has been tricked and tears out the Huntsman 's heart , keeping it in her vault and using it to make him her slave . When Prince Charming is led to his execution , the Huntsman helps him escape . The Prince asks him to assist him , but he states he can not leave and not to let the sacrifice of his heart be in vain . He was transported to Storybrooke when Regina cast her curse . In Storybrooke , he is Sheriff Graham Humbert , the town 's handsome and level - headed police officer . In the earlier parts of Storybrooke , Sheriff Graham helps Regina Mills in preventing Owen and Kurt Flynn from leaving town . When Emma Swan arrives , he is one of the few residents who go against Regina , making her his deputy . He and Emma are attracted to each other , though he has a secret sexual relationship with Regina , which Emma later discovers , feeling betrayed and disgusted . As he experiences flashbacks of his previous life , he seeks advice from Henry Mills , who tells him of his story . After Graham is unable to locate his heart , he ends his relationship with Regina and starts a new relationship with Emma , regaining his lost memories in the process . However , Regina crushes his heart and he dies in Emma 's arms , shortly after thanking Emma for helping him remember who he truly was . Rumplestiltskin / Crocodile / Beast Mr. Gold / Weaver Robert Carlyle ( adult ) Wyatt Oleff ( child ) 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 N / A Alive Robert Carlyle Rumplestiltskin is a whimsical yet sinister Dark One who delights in making devilish deals with desperate people , warning them that `` all magic comes with a price '' . He is the son of Malcolm , alias Peter Pan , and Fiona , alias the Black Fairy ; Belle 's husband ; Baelfire / Neal Cassidy 's and Gideon 's father ; Henry Mills ' grandfather , and great grandfather of Lucy . At some point , his and his son 's life is destroyed by Captain Killian Jones , who steals Rumple 's wife . After becoming the Dark One , Rumple kills Milah out of revenge and chops off Killian 's hand , thus earning the nickname of the Crocodile . After his son , Baelfire , goes to another land , he is led to believe that he can only be reunited if he cast a curse . He later becomes the Beast who took Belle in as a maid and eventually fell in love with her . He is also responsible for prepping Regina into the Evil Queen in order for her to cast the Dark Curse . He is sent to the Land Without Magic when Regina casts the curse . In Storybrooke , he is Mr. Gold , the owner of a pawn shop and the town 's wealthiest resident . He slowly remembers his past life when Emma enters Storybrooke twenty - eight years later and is reunited with Belle after the curse broke . He later enlists the help of Emma and Henry to find his on in the outside world , eventually finding him , now known as Neal Cassidy . He later goes to Neverland with the heroes to retrieve Henry after he was kidnapped , leading him to sacrifice himself in order to kill Peter Pan . When everyone in Storybrooke but Emma and Henry is sent back to their home worlds , Belle and Neal find a way to resurrect him , but he is captured by the Wicked Witch of the West . He is then brought back to Storybrooke by a new curse . Sometime later , he is banished from Storybrooke by Belle , but reunites with Ursula and Cruella and returns , helping them and Maleficent to re-write their story by using the Author of the `` Once Upon a Time '' book . He briefly becomes ordinary when Emma becomes the Dark One but eventually , after Hook 's death , he sucks in the darkness to become the Dark One again . He later leads the heroes to the Underworld to save Hook and later goes to the Land of Untold Stories to save Belle from Mr. Hyde . After Belle is awaken from the Sleeping Curse , he returns to Storybrooke . After Belle has the Blue Fairy get baby Gideon away from Mr. Gold , both of them get word that the Blue Fairy was found injured outside Storybrooke . At the convent , Mr. Gold and Belle are told by the Blue Fairy that she got intercepted by the Black Fairy who took baby Gideon to the Dark Realm . Pinocchio August Wayne Booth Eion Bailey ( adult ) Rustin Gresiuk ( teenager ) Jakob & Jack Davies ( child ) 2 , 4 , 6 Alive Eion Bailey Pinocchio is a puppet that Geppetto carved from an enchanted tree . In the Enchanted Forest , as a boy , he gives his life to save Geppetto from drowning , though the Blue Fairy restores him into a real boy , promising that the spell will hold if he is selfless , brave and truthful . After Geppetto makes a magical wardrobe to save Emma from the Queen 's curse , he sends Pinocchio in it along with her , sending them both to the Land Without Magic . After transporting , Pinocchio finds Emma , and they live in an orphanage until he leaves Emma to run away with other members of the home . Seventeen years later , Pinocchio , now known as August Wayne Booth travels to Portland and confronts Neal Cassidy , a thief who has fallen in love with Emma . He convinces him to leave Emma to allow her to fulfill her destiny . After Emma is arrested for possession of stolen items , he informs Neal of Emma 's sentencing and , later , when the curse is broken . August enters Storybrooke upon Emma 's arrival to the town , attempting to convince her of the curse 's reality . He informs Mr. Gold and Emma that he is deathly ill and needs magic , though her denial prevents her from seeing his condition . When Emma realizes the curse 's reality , she visits August for help , though he completely turns to wood . After the curse is broken , Mary Margaret finds August hiding in the woods , ashamed of the mistakes that he has made . He is later found by Tamara and is fatally wounded by her . However , it is determined that August 's actions were selfless , brave , and true and Mother Superior restores him to his original form of a seven - year - old Pinocchio . He was transported back to the Enchanted Forest when Regina undid her curse and later transported back to Storybrooke when the curse was cast again . Mr. Gold later uses Pinocchio in his plan to find the author of Henry Mills ' story book in order to get the villains their happy endings . Transforming him into August once more , he reluctantly informs Gold of his findings , explaining that the author is in Storybrooke . After he is freed , he reveals to Regina Mills that the author is in fact within the book itself . Belle Lacey Emilie de Ravin 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 1 , 7 Alive Emilie de Ravin Belle is the daughter of Sir Maurice and his wife Colette . She is the wife of Rumplestiltskin . In the Enchanted Forest , she is taken by Rumplestiltskin by force , becoming his maid at his castle . In due time , she falls in love with him , but is captured by the Evil Queen and is presumed dead . When the Queen 's curse is cast , Belle is sent to the Land Without Magic . In Storybrooke , Belle is kept beneath the town 's hospital for twenty - eight years by Regina . She is later released by Jefferson and finds Mr. Gold , professing her love for him when the curse is broken and standing beside him as he brings magic to Storybrooke . Belle later remembers her cursed self as a scantily - clad barfly named Lacey after Regina cursed her out of revenge towards Mr. Gold . She is left behind when the heroes go to Neverland , but is instructed by Mr. Gold to shield the town . When Regina undoes her curse , Belle is sent back to the Enchanted Forest where she and Neal resurrect Rumplestiltskin , following his sacrificial death . She is then sent back to Storybrooke when Snow White casts a new curse . She later marries Mr. Gold but leaves him because he chose power over her . She then becomes pregnant with Mr. Gold 's son . In order to protect the baby from Hades , she places herself into a sleeping curse . In the Dream World , she is greeted by Morpheus , who reveals that he is her son , masquerading as the real deity . He gives her true love 's kiss on the forehead and awakes her . She later asks Hook 's help to protect her from Mr. Gold , staying at the Jolly Roger . Killian Jones / Captain Hook Officer Rogers Colin O'Donoghue ( adult ) Oliver Bell ( child ) 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 N / A Alive Colin O'Donoghue Killian Jones is the son of Brennan Jones and brother to Liam Jones and half brother to Liam . After the death of his brother Liam , Killian takes over the Jewel of the Realm , renaming it to the Jolly Roger . He later meets Milah and falls in love with her , but she is killed by Rumplestiltskin . In a fight , Rumplestiltskin cuts off Jones ' hand , which he replaces with a hook , thus receiving his alias as Captain Hook . Later on , in Neverland , he comes across with Baelfire who ends up there from 19th Century London by the Shadow . He later teams up with Cora and is shield from the curse , freezing him and the rest of the remaining inhabitants in time . After the curse is weakened and time resumes in the Enchanted Forest , Hook briefly leaves Cora with the Jolly Roger , leading to his being kidnapped by Captain Nemo . Hook also finds out the fate of his younger half - brother Liam . When the curse finally breaks , he resumes his mission with Cora . He later goes to Storybrooke with her to get revenge on Rumplestiltskin , now known as Mr. Gold . When Henry is kidnapped and brought to Neverland , he pauses his feud with Mr. Gold and helps take the heroes to Neverland to save him . After Regina undoes the curse , Hook is sent back to the Enchanted Forest . Months later , he retrieves a magic bean and goes back to the Land Without Magic to find Emma after learning that a new curse is to be enacted . He finds her in New York City and brings her and Henry back to Storybrooke . He also unintentionally brings back Elsa from the past after accidentally falling into a time portal . He and Emma later slowly end up in a relationship , but when Emma turns into a Dark One , he goes to Camelot with the heroes to save her . This results in his also turning into a Dark One , in which form he casts another curse that brings them , along with the Camelot inhabitants to Storybrooke . Eventually , he dies and ends up in the Underworld but is resurrected by Zeus as reward for helping Emma defeat Hades . He later is sucked into a portal with David , Mary Margaret and Zelena , ending up in the Land of Untold Stories . They eventually gets back to Storybrooke . Sometime later , he reunites with his younger half - brother Liam when Mr. Hyde brings him and other people from the Land of Untold Stories to Storybrooke . Red Lucas / Wolf Ruby Meghan Ory 1 , 3 , 5 Alive Meghan Ory Red Lucas is the daughter of Anita , granddaughter of Widow Lucas , and Dorothy Gale 's lover . In the Enchanted Forest , Red meets Snow White during the latter 's fleeing from the Evil Queen . The two work together to attempt to kill a wolf that is terrorizing the area , gradually leading them to believe it is Peter , Red 's lover . However , Red soon discovers she is the Wolf , and inadvertently kills Peter . During her later travels with Snow , she discovers a society of werewolves , including her supposed mother , Anita . Red learns to control her wolf transformation , but when Anita plans to kill Snow in a revenge attack , she is accidentally impaled by Red in wolf form . She is transported to Storybrooke when the Evil Queen casts her curse . In Storybrooke , she is Ruby , a rebellious young woman who wants to leave town but is held back by her grandmother 's ill health . She works at Granny 's Diner as a waitress , though her relationship with her grandmother is strained . Ruby later works with Emma Swan as her assistant at the station , but eventually quits and goes back to work at the diner . After the curse breaks , she reunites with Granny . She is also framed for the murder of Billy by Albert Spencer . She is taken back to the Enchanted Forest after Regina undid the curse and brought back by Snow White 's curse . Sometime later , Ruby uses a magic bean and goes back to Fairy Tale Land to find for wolves like her , ending up at DunBroch where she meets a Witch . She is transformed into her guard wolf , but Mulan reverts the effects . She later helps Merida to find an Enchanted Helm and defeat King Arthur and Zelena . She then goes to the Land of Oz with Mulan and meets Dorothy . She develops romantic feelings for her . When Zelena curse Dorothy with the Sleeping Curse , Ruby tracks her to the Underworld , where Mary Margaret encourages her to break it with true love 's kiss . Returning to the Land of Oz with Mary Margaret , she breaks the curse and passionately kisses Dorothy afterwards . She then gives the Silver Slippers to Mary Margaret . Baelfire Neal Cassidy Michael Raymond - James ( adult ) Dylan Schmid ( teenager S1 - S3 ) Brandon Spink ( teenager S6 ) Sebastian Wilkinson ( child ) Dean Petriw ( younger child ) 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 Deceased Michael Raymond - James Baelfire is the son of Rumplestiltskin and Milah , grandson of Malcolm and Fiona , Emma Swan 's first love , Henry 's father , and Tamara 's fiancé . As a child , Baelfire lives with his father after his mother Milah leaves . When Baelfire gets enlisted into the Ogre Wars , his father becomes the Dark One in order to prevent it , causing his father to become power hungry . With help from the Blue Fairy , Baelfire gains a magic bean capable of transversing realms . He makes a deal with his father to leave the Enchanted Forest for a land devoid with magic , but his father backs out at the last minute as he is send to 19th Century London alone via the portal . There , he becomes a member of the Darling family , but leaves them with the Shadow to Neverland in order to protect them . Years later , before the Evil Queen cast her curse , he finds a way to the Land Without Magic , taking on the identity of Neal Cassidy . In Portland , he meets Emma Swan whom he falls in love with , but later abandons her for her to fulfill her destiny in breaking a curse . After the breaking of the curse , he is tracked down by Emma and discovers that he has a son , Henry . Together with his fiancé Tamara , they go to Storybrooke as he wants to bond with his son . After finding out that Tamara decieved him and is working with greater forces to eliminate Storybrooke , he is shot and falls through a portal back to the Enchanted Forest and presumed dead . Emma later rescues him in Neverland while fighting with Peter Pan . When Regina undoes her curse , Neal is send back to his home world where he helps Belle resurrects Rumplestiltskin . Following a new curse , Neal is send back to Storybrooke , but sacrifices himself to help Emma and his father defeat Zelena . He then ascends into Mount Olympus and briefly visits Emma in the Dream World to warn her about her journey to the Underworld . Alice N / A Sophie Lowe ( adult ) Millie Brown ( child ) N / A Alive Sophie Lowe Alice is the daughter of Edwin , stepdaughter of Sarah , half - sister of Millie , lover of Cyrus and later mother to her daughter . As a young girl growing up in Victorian England , Alice falls into a rabbit hole which takes her Wonderland . After returning home , her father claims that Wonderland is n't real and she 's insane . As she grows into a young woman , she encounters Cyrus , a genie with whom she falls in love . He later proposes to Alice shortly before the Red Queen kills him . She then returns home , distraught by her loss , only to be introduced to her father 's new wife Sarah and daughter Millie . Alice is eventually sent to Bethlem Asylum by her father in order to cure her . Twenty - eight years later , the Knave of Hearts and Percy , the White Rabbit , rescue her from the asylum , telling her that Cyrus is still alive . The trio travel back to Wonderland , where she finds an amulet belonging to Cyrus . Not giving up hope , she and the Knave continue their search for Cyrus . During their quest , Alice is constantly ambushed by Jafar , who forces her to make wishes in order for him to get Cyrus ' bottle . After Cyrus escapes from his prison cage , he reunites with Alice . Later , when Jafar sends a thunderstorm curse after the Red Queen , she agrees to help Alice and Cyrus defeat Jafar . The Knave eventually uses Alice 's final wish , causing him to be a genie , freeing Cyrus . They then search for the Knave 's whereabouts . During this time , they find out that the serpent staff belonging to Jafar is Cyrus ' mother , Amara , trapped in that form , With the Jabberwocky 's help , they free Amara . When Jafar changes the laws of magic , Alice rallies an army to defeat him , but eventually gets captured by Jafar . With the Red Queen 's help , she escapes and goes to the Well of Wonders . After tricking Jafar into stealing Nyx 's water from the well , Jafar is turned into a genie and banished to another realm . Following Jafar 's defeat , Alice goes back to Victorian England with Cyrus and weds him , with their Wonderland friends attending the ceremony . Years later , Alice tells her daughter of her adventures , the little girl doubtful they happened but Alice tells her to never give up believing . Will Scarlet / Knave of Hearts / White King N / A Michael Socha W , 4 N / A Alive Michael Socha Will Scarlet is the brother to Penelope and lover of Anastasia . In the Land of Oz , he witnesses the death of his sister , Penelope and becomes depressed . He then meets Robin , who helps him obtain the elixir of the wounded heart . Sometime later , he ends up in the Enchanted Forest . He then becomes a thief who joins Robin Hood 's group of Merry Men in Sherwood Forest . However , after stealing for himself , he exits the band and travels to Wonderland with a girl named Anastasia , hoping for a better life . In Wonderland , Will and Anastasia attend a royal ball uninvited and later are caught by the Red King . Later , the two decide to leave Wonderland , but Anastasia abandons Will and marries the Red King . He later convinces the Queen of Hearts to rip his heart out , becoming her Knave of Hearts . But , after being controlled by her , he asks help from Alice to retrieve it back for him . When the Evil Queen casts the curse , somehow Will is transported to the Land Without Magic . Twent - eight years later , after the curse breaks , the White Rabbit arrives in Storybrooke and takes him to save Alice . This eventually led to his being reunited with Anastasia and ruling aside her in Wonderland . Somehow , he later ends up back in Storybrooke , meeting Robin Hood and apologizing for his actions years ago . He begins to date Belle who he views as a kindred spirit . Mr. Gold enlists Will to look after Belle as he feels he can not treat her how she deserves . However , after Gold 's condition worsens , Belle admits that she does not truly love Will . After everyone returns from the alternative universe caused by Isaac Heller , Robin Hood asks Will to watch Roland . At some point , Will eventually returns to Wonderland and becomes the White King and rules Wonderland with Anastasia , who is now the White Queen . Cyrus N / A Peter Gadiot N / A Alive Peter Gadiot Cyrus is a genie from Agrabah who was originally a human . He is the son of Amara , brother to Taj and Rafi , lover of Alice and later father to his daughter . In Agrabah , after cheating in a card game , Cyrus ' house was burnt down , resulting in his mother , Amara , being badly hurt . Travelling to the Well of Water , Cyrus and his brothers retrieve some of its waters to cure Amara . While it worked , Nyx , the guarding of the well , curses Cyrus and his brothers for stealing the water . They are turned into genies and spread across the realm . One day , a sorcerer named Jafar tries to steal the genie bottle containing Cyrus , but his master wishes for the bottle to be as far away as possible from their land . The bottle ends up in Wonderland and , years later , found by Alice . The two eventually fall in love , with Cyrus proposing to Alice at the Boiling Sea . But the Red Queen uses her magic and pushes him into the sea , killing him . Alice returns to Victorian England , distraught by his death . Later , it was revealed that Jafar saved Cyrus with his magic carpet and keeps him locked in a cage at Jafar 's floating tower . Twenty - eight years later , upon revelation that Cyrus is alive from the Knave of Hearts and the White Rabbit , Alice is brought back to Wonderland . With her back , Cyrus can feel her presence and begins to find ways to escape his prison cage . Using a bone , he escapes the cage and leaves the tower to reunite with Alice . He eventually finds Alice , and is reunited . Later , Jafar conjures a thunderstorm curse to kill the Red Queen , where one thing led to another , causing the Knave to use Alice 's final wish , freeing Cyrus from his genie imprisonment and turning the Kane into a genie . Alice and Cyrus , with the help from the Red Queen , searche for the Knave . They later find out that Jafar 's serpent staff is Cyrus ' mother , Amara , trapped in that form . With the Jabberwocky 's help , Amara is freed . Later , during a battle at Wonderland Castle with Jafar , Cyrus is brutally hurt , causing Amara to help Jafar change the laws of magic . He is later cured by Amara . In order to defeat Jafar , Cyrus tries to return the water he stole from Nyx in order to revert the genie curse , but Jafar interrupts and steals it . Nyx then curses Jafar , turning him into a genie and banishing him to another realm . They return of the water also cause Amara to die . Cyrus later goes to Victorian England to wed Alice . Years later , both Cyrus and Alice have a daughter as they tell their daughter about their adventures in Wonderland . Anastasia / Red Queen / White Queen N / A Emma Rigby N / A Unknown Emma Rigby Anastasia is the lover of Will Scarlet . In the Enchanted Forest , Anastasia meets a thief named Will Scarlet and falls in love with him . She goes with him to Wonderland to get a better life , but finds that life in Wonderland is harder than it seems . She eventually abandons Will to marry the Red King after a failed robbery . She then becomes a cruel Red Queen with help from the Queen of Hearts . When the Queen of Hearts kills the Red King , she takes over the realm and rules it harshly when she learns some magic tricks from the Queen of Hearts . In league with Jafar , she hopes to change the laws to get back with Will . She seemingly kills Cyrus after pushing him over the boiling sea for Jafar to capture him . Twenty - eight years later , she uses the White Rabbit to bring Alice back to Wonderland in order to change the laws of magic . As time passes , her league with Jafar loosens as both have different interests . Eventually , the Red Queen has to evacuate her castle to escape Jafar . She helps reunite Alice and Cyrus with hopes that she leave Wonderland with them to escape Jafar , but after Will is turned to a genie , she sticks by Alice and Cyrus to rescue Will . After she becomes the master of Will 's bottle , she is kidnapped by the Jabberwocky who taunts her into wasting her wishes for Jafar . Jafar later kills her to spite Will , but resurrects her after he changes the laws of magic as his lover . Following Jafar 's defeat , she dies again , but resurrected with waters from the Well of Wonders , a gift from Nyx , the guardian of the well . Formerly the Red Queen , Anastasia attends Alice and Cyrus ' wedding in Victorian England and returns home to Wonderland to rule the land alongside with Will as the White Queen of Wonderland . Jafar N / A Naveen Andrews ( adult , Wonderland ) Oded Fehr ( adult , Once Upon a Time ) Anthony Keyvan ( child ) 6 Transformed Naveen Andrews Jafar is the son of Ulima and the bastard son of the Sultan . After his mother 's death , Jafar becomes the servant boy of the Sultan of Lower Agrabah , despite hoping to live at the palace as his son . One day , Jafar speaks up during a diplomatic meeting between the Sultan , his heir Mirza , and diplomats from other cities of Agrabah . Due to this , the Sultan drowns him but Jafar is resurrected back to life . Jafar later trains with sorceress Amara with hopes to get even with the Sultan . As an adult , he seeks out genie bottles , betraying Amara by cursing her into a serpent staff to channel her magic . When he loses the last bottle , Jafar moves to the Capital and controls the Sultan of Agrabah , but is defeated by Aladdin . Soon afterwards , he tricks Pincess Jasmine into marrying him to gain the Jewel of Agrabah , which he use to remove Agrabah from human 's reach . He then tracks the final bottle in Wonderland , where he teams up with the Red Queen . Twenty - eight years later , Jafar instructs the Red Queen to bring Alice back to Wonderland so that he can change the laws of magic . He tries many ways to force Alice into wishing but only gets her to wish twice . After the Red Queen betrays him and shatters their alliance , he takes over her castle and frees the Jabberwocky to assist him . Eventually , he is forced to change the laws of magic alongside a freed Amara and , after changing the laws , he controls all of Wonderland to hunt down Amara to kill her . He is then defeated by Nyx , the guarding of the Well of Wonders after being tricked into stealing her water by Alice and Cyrus . As punishment , Nyx transforms him into a genie and sends his bottle to another land . Somehow , Ariel finds the bottle and keeps it as part of her Agrabahn collection at Hangman 's Island . Hook , Princess Jasmine and Aladdin find his bottle with Ariel and together free him to find out Agrabah 's whereabouts . Jafar knocks out everyone but Princess Jasmine to taunt her , and also tells her Agrabah 's location in a form of a riddle - which leads her to finding out about the ring that contains Agrabah . As Jafar tries to take the ring from her , she uses a transformation potion onto Jafar , turning him into a staff . Percy / White Rabbit N / A John Lithgow ( voice ) N / A Alive John Lithgow Percy , also known as the White Rabbit is a rabbit who create rabbit - hole portals . He is the husband of Mrs. Rabbit and the father of his son and daughter . While in Victorian England , Alice follows the White Rabbit through a rabbit hole to Wonderland . Sometime later , Alice kidnaps him in order to show him to her father as proof of Wonderland 's existence , but instead frees him after meeting Cyrus . After Alice is injured in a sword fight , Cyrus comes to the White Rabbit , who has his wife cure Alice . Twenty - eight years later , he retries the Knave of Hearts from Storybrooke and helps him rescue Alice from an asylum , bringing them both to Wonderland to help them find Cyrus as part of the Red Queen 's plan . It is later revealed that the Red Queen kidnapped his family and is forcing him to do her bidding . He later is forced to take Jafar to Victorian England , where Jafar captures Alice 's father and brings him to Wonderland . He later helps Alice recruit an army to defeat Jafar 's undead army . Following Jafar 's defeat , he opens a portlal for Alice , Cyrus and many of their Wonderland friends to Victorian England for preparation of Alice and Cyrus ' wedding . After the wedding , he sends his family , Anastasia , and the Knave back to Wonderland . Years later , Percy can be seen looking from behind some tall grasses when Alice and Cyrus are seen with their child . Zelena / Wicked Witch of the West N / A Rebecca Mader ( adult ) Isabella Blake - Thomas ( child ) 5 , 6 3 , 4 Alive Rebecca Mader Zelena is the daughter of Cora and Jonathan , half - sister of Regina and mother of her daughter with Robin Hood , Robin . Abandoned in the woods of the Enchanted Forest , she is sent to the Land of Oz and adopted by a Woodcutter and his wife . She gains knowledge of her past through the Wizard of Oz and becomes jealous when Rumplestiltskin chooses Regina over her to cast his curse . She is then recruited into the Sisterhood of Witches , but becomes jealous when Dorothy comes to the Land of Oz . She tricks Glinda into sending Dorothy home , banishes Glinda to the Enchanted Forest , and takes over the land as the Wicked Witch of the West . Since then , she begins plotting a time travelling spell . Twenty - eight years later , Zelena leaves the Land of Oz for the Enchanted Forest and resides at the Evil Queen 's former residence . After the Storybrooke inhabitants return home , she begins her revenge plan on Regina . However , her plan comes to a halt when Snow , Prince Charming and Regina decide to cast another curse which brings her and the rest of the Enchanted Forest inhabitants to Storybrooke . Despite the heroes ' attempt to prevent her spell , Zelena acquires all the ingredients required to enact the spell , including Mary Margaret 's baby . However , she is defeated when her pendant is ripped away from her , causing her to lose her magic . But , after Mr. Gold kills her , her life force leaves her body and activates the spell that sends her , Emma and Hook back to the past where she kills Marian and returns to present day Storybrooke where she gets in between Regina and Robin 's relationship . She is forced to leave Storybrooke with Robin and Roland after the Snow Queen places an ice spell upon her , but is brought back to Storybrooke by Regina six weeks later after she becomes pregnant . Her pregnancy is sped up by Emma and she delivers a baby girl whom she later names Robin . Her sisterly relationship with Regina loosens after Robin Hood 's death but they slowly patch up . Robin of Loxley / Robin Hood N / A Sean Maguire Tom Ellis ( first appearance ) 5 2 , 3 , W , 4 Deceased Sean Maguire Robin of Loxley is the husband of Marian and father of their son Roland and later father of his and Zelena 's daughter Robin . Sometime after marrying Marian , he becomes Robin Hood , a thief who steals from the rich for the poor . He becomes the leader of the Merry Men . According to Tinker Bell , he is Regina 's true love . Years later , he has a son Roland . After the death of Marian , he becomes the only guardian for Roland . When the Storybrooke inhabitants is sent back to the Enchanted Forest , he meets Regina . He also helps the group to shelter themselves when they find out that someone had taken over the land . When Snow White casts a new curse , he is sent to Storybrooke where he becomes Regina 's love interest . When Marian - Zelena in disguise - returns from the past , Robin is forced to take her side , eventually leaving Storybrooke for Marian 's safety due to the Snow Queen 's influence on her . He later finds out that Marian is Zelena , thanks to Regina and is brought back to Storybrooke . He also helps the heroes go to Camelot to save Emma and the Underworld to rescue Hook . After returning from the Underworld , he sacrifices himself in order to save Regina from Hades . Although he was removed from existence , he eventually moves on to Mount Olympus . Zelena names their daughter after him to honor him . Cinderella Jacinda Dania Ramirez 7 N / A Unknown Dania Ramirez Cinderella is an upcoming character on Once Upon a Time . She is the wife of Henry Mills , and mother of Lucy . Lady Tremaine Victoria Belfrey Gabrielle Anwar 7 N / A Unknown Gabrielle Anwar Lady Tramaine is an upcoming character on Once Upon a Time . Princess Tiana Sabine Mekia Cox 7 N / A Unknown Mekia Cox Princess Tiana is an upcoming character . Lucy N / A Alison Fernandez 7 6 Alive Lucy is the daughter of Cinderella and Henry Mills , granddaughter of Emma Swan and Regina Mills , and great - granddaughter of Prince Charming and Snow White . Born in the Enchanted Forest to Henry , she loses him when he battles a beast . She managed to hold on to the Once Upon a Time book to keep it from being taken by those who are after it . She is then told by Tiger Lily that the book should remain with her at all times , and instructed to find her birth mother , Cinderella . Lucy later shows up in Seattle , where she tells Henry that she needs him to save their family . Recurring characters ( edit ) Fairy Tale Character Real World Character Portrayer Recurring Guest Status Seven Dwarfs The Seven Dwarfs are a group of dwarf miners whose names reflect their personality traits . They are good friends with Snow White and Prince Charming , allowing Snow White to live with them when she was escaping from the Evil Queen . Dreamy / Grumpy Leroy Lee Arenberg 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 Alive Dreamy was born in the mines as his egg was accidentally sprinkled with fairy dust by the fairy Nova . He dreams and falls in love with her . The Blue Fairy tells Dreamy that if he and Nova run away together , she will lose her wings . Dreamy ends their relationship and returns to the mines , being renamed Grumpy . He is later seen as a guard looking out for the curse in a watchtower of Snow and Charming 's castle . In Storybrooke , he is Leroy , a janitor at the Storybrooke General Hospital and the `` town drunk '' . He quickly forms a bond with Sister Astrid , and after learning of the nunnery 's rent problems , he assists with raising money to the content of Astrid . Leroy 's original memories are restored when the curse is broken , reuniting with Snow and the other dwarfs . He unites the dwarfs together and they begin to mine for fairy dust again . Sneezy Tom Clark Gabe Khouth 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 N / A Alive Sneezy is known to have a habit of sneezing often . In Storybrooke , he is Tom Clark , the owner of the Dark Star Pharmacy . After the curse is broken , Sneezy joins the other dwarfs in an experiment to find out why the residents can not leave town . Crossing the border , he loses his memories of his past life once again . Mother Superior later creates a potion that restores his memories. When Emma fully embraced as the Dark One , she turns him to stone after seeing him in her red leather jacket . He is then turn back to normal by Regina . Doc N / A David Paul Grove 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 N / A Alive Doc is the group 's doctor , helping Snow White give birth to Emma in the Enchanted Forest . Sleepy Walter Faustino Di Bauda 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 N / A Alive Sleepy is known to fall asleep often , even in public places . In Storybrooke , he is Walter , a security guard who works at Storybrooke Hospital and occasionally dozes off on the job . Bashful N / A Mig Macario 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 N / A Alive Bashful is extremely shy and quiet . Happy N / A Mike Coleman 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 N / A Alive Happy tends to be extremely cheerful in most situations . Dopey N / A Jeffrey Kaiser 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 N / A Alive Dopey is mute . When the Evil Queen cast the Dark Curse , Dopey is sent to Storybrooke . Years later , after Hook cast the third curse , he is sent over the town line by the other dwarves in order to see if there 's any consequences upon leaving town . This results in him being turned to a tree . Eventually , the rest of the dwarves somehow managed to turn Dopey back to human form weeks before the people from the Land of Untold Stories arrive in Storybrooke . He then decides to get a master 's degree in Boston . Widow Lucas / Granny N / A Beverley Elliott 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 N / A Alive Widow Lucas , simply referred to as Granny , is the mother of Anita and grandmother of Red Lucas . In the Enchanted Forest , as a girl , a wolf killed her father and brothers and then also transformed her into a wolf . The other aspects of the curse faded with age , but her heightened senses remain . Red inherited the family curse and is also a wolf , though Granny received an enchanted red cloak from a wizard , to prevent her transformation . When her granddaughter begins a relationship with a man called Peter , she disapproves . As news of a wolf killing villagers becomes known , Granny warns the others not to fight the monster . Red and Snow White believe Peter is the wolf , until Granny informs Snow of her curse . By the time she and Snow find Red , she had already killed Peter . In Storybrooke , she is known simply as Granny and is the owner of `` Granny 's Bed and Breakfast and Cafe . '' Her health problems prevent Ruby from leaving town , who assists her grandmother as a waitress . Granny 's memories are returned when the curse is broken by Emma Swan , and she embraces her family and friends . She is then send back to the Enchanted Forest when the cursed was reversed . When Snow White cast a new curse , Granny is brought back to Storybrooke , resuming her role as the owner of her Bed and Breakfast and Cafe . She sometimes watches Baby Neal whenever Snow and David are busy . Reul Ghorm / Blue Fairy Mother Superior Keegan Connor Tracy 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 N / A Alive Keegan Connor Tracy The Reul Ghorm , also known as the Blue Fairy , is a high - ranking fairy godmother who uses her magic to help others . In the Enchanted Forest , she was a teacher to Tinker Bell , until she stopped believing in her due to her rule - breaking . While she is quite powerful , she is unable to undo Rumplestiltskin 's magic . To help fix a problem created by his magic , she transforms Jiminy into a cricket and guides him to help Geppetto . She also transforms the puppet Pinocchio into a real boy , and creates a quill that temporarily immobilizes Rumplestiltskin , aiding in his imprisonment . Rumplestiltskin is hostile towards her and other fairies , blaming her for the disappearance of his son Baelfire . The Blue Fairy presents the idea of fashioning a wardrobe from a magical tree to save Emma and Pinocchio from the Evil Queen Regina 's curse by sending them to the Land Without Magic . In Storybrooke , she is Mother Superior of the town 's nuns , who were all fairies prior to the curse . When August Booth is murdered by Tamara , she restores him to a seven - year old real boy . Following the successful mission to rescue Henry from Neverland , the town 's heroes return to Storybrooke . However , Peter Pan uses his shadow to kill Mother Superior by ripping her own shadow from her body , seeing her as a threat to his plot to take over Storybrooke . After Tinker Bell kills Pan 's shadow , Mother Superior 's is returned . She thanks Tinker Bell and restores her fairy status . After the cursed was reversed , she returned to the Enchanted Forest . Following a new curse by Snow White , Blue is returned to Storybrooke , assuming back her identity as Mother Superior . She is later placed into Merlin 's hat after Mr. Gold controls an unwilling Captain Hook to remove the fairies from Storybrooke in his plan to cleave himself from his dagger . She and the other fairies are later freed by Regina . She later freed the Apprentice from the magic hat to help stop Isaac . She along with the fairies watch baby Neal , Zelena and Robin 's baby and Roland when the heroes head down to the Underworld . She later keeps Neal safe when Belle , Baby Hood and Zelena fall through a portal to the Underworld . In the sixth season , Belle and Mr. Gold 's son Gideon is born . Belle asks Mother Superior be his fairy godmother and to go away with Gideon to care and protect him from Mr. Gold 's actions . She is then last seen flying away with Gideon from Storybrooke . However , she is intercepted and attacked by the Black Fairy who takes the baby Gideon to her realm . The Mother Superior later tells Belle and Mr. Gold about this . Afterwards in order to repair the sword to kill Emma , Gideon needs the blood of the person who forged it which is the Blue Fairy . Mr. Gold not wanting his son 's heart to be darken steals Mother Superior 's magic to repair the sword for Gideon but promises restore her magic after they defeat Gideon . Dr. Victor Frankenstein Dr. Whale David Anders 1 , 2 , 3 , 5 , 6 N / A Alive David Anders Dr. Victor Frankenstein is a scientist who believes magic to be inferior to science . He is the older brother of Gerhardt and son of Alphonse . In the Land Without Color , Victor originally seeks a way to restore life to the dead , but has his funding pulled by his father . Rumplestiltskin offers him gold in exchange for the scientific method on how to revive the dead as magic could not . Victor robs a grave for body parts to experiment on , but is caught by Gerhardt who is shot by a police officer . As Victor attempts to bring Gerhardt back to life , electricity can not revive him , so Rumplestiltskin instead offers a heart from the Enchanted Forest . As part of a bargain , he creates a false attempt to reanimate Daniel to make it easier for Rumplestiltskin to manipulate her . In his own world , Frankenstein reanimates his brother with the heart , but inadvertently turns him into a monster , beating his father to death . Victor imprisons him until he can devise a way to help Gerhardt overcome his psychotic rage . When the Evil Queen cast her curse , Victor is sent to the Land Without Magic . In Storybrooke , he is Dr. Whale , a doctor working in Storybrooke General Hospital . He originally assists Regina Mills , doing whatever she says without hesitation . After the curse is broken , he leads a mob to Regina 's home intending to kill her . Victor later seeks a way to return to his brother , believing if he were to do something for Regina she would bring him back . He successfully reanimates Daniel 's corpse with a magical heart , turning him into a monster who savagely rips off Whale 's arm . Mr. Gold later reattaches his arm . He is transported back to the Land Without Color when Regina undid her curse . After Snow White cast a new curse somehow , Victor returns to Storybrooke , resuming his position as the doctor at the hospital . He also helps deliver Mary Margaret 's and later Zelena 's baby . Dr. Whale later helps Dr. Jekyll with his experiments to create a new serum to defeat the Evil Queen ( Serum ) . This project was later crashed by the Evil Queen and Mr. Hyde . Geppetto Marco Tony Amendola Michael Strusievici ( child ) 1 , 2 , 4 , 6 Alive Tony Amendola Geppetto is an elderly carpenter and father to his puppet turned boy Pinocchio . In the Enchanted Forest , he became orphaned when Jiminy Cricket accidentally transformed his parents into puppets . He carves himself a son named Pinocchio out of magical wood . During their adventures , Pinocchio sacrifices his life for Gepetto 's . For this act , the Blue Fairy turns him into a real boy . She asks him to carve a magical wardrobe with the ability to save the pregnant Snow White and Prince Charming from the Evil Queen Regina 's curse . However , the curse would send everyone to a land without magic and Pinocchio , a real boy because of magic , could turn back into a puppet . Geppetto bargains with the fairy to use the second spot for Pinocchio , ultimating in her lying to the other inhabitants , claiming the wardrobe can only save one . Geppetto sends his son to the real world , telling him to protect the child and get them to break the curse . In Storybrooke , he is Marco , the town 's handyman . August Booth offers to work as Marco 's assistant to which he agrees . His memories as Geppetto are restored when the curse is broken . Marco later takes in August , who is reverted to Pinocchio by Mother Superior , as his son again . He is sent back to the Enchanted Forest after Regina undoes the curse and is brought back when Snow White casts a new one . Prince Henry Mills N / A Tony Perez Zak Santiago ( younger adult ) 1 , 4 , 5 , 6 Deceased Prince Henry Mills is the son of King Xavier . He is the husband of Cora Mills and father to Regina Mills . In the Enchanted Forest , he marries Cora after she demonstrates the ability to spin straw into gold . He is later the loving but weak father of the Evil Queen , Regina , and serves as her royal valet in the Enchanted Forest . Henry is supportive of Regina , but does not protect her against the manipulations or actions of her mother . He is later held captive in Wonderland by Cora as leverage against Regina , who eventually rescues him . However , when Rumplestiltskin informs Regina she must retrieve the heart of who she loves most to enact his dark curse , she kills him . In Storybrooke , Regina appears to have cared a great deal for her father , naming her adopted son Henry and turning his tomb into a large mausoleum . After his death , Henry was sent to the Underworld . Years later while trying to find Hook , Regina meets him , who apologies for her actions back in the Enchanted Forest . Later , Cora threatens to send him to Hell . When at the entrance to Hell , Regina tries to persuade her mother not to send her father to Hell which she starts to do . What Cora does n't know is that Henry was spared upon his unfinished business of Regina being free of her mother . Henry then meets his grandson Henry . Before heading to Mount Olympus , Henry tells his grandson to watch over his daughter and to remember who she is . Genie / Magic Mirror Sidney Glass Giancarlo Esposito 1 , 4 , 5 , 6 Alive Giancarlo Esposito The unnamed Genie is a man who grants wishes for people who find his bottle that he is stored within . From Agrabah , the Genie is washed away to the Enchanted Forest and was found by King Leopold , who , being extremely wealthy , simply wishes to free the Genie and invite him to live in his castle to help him find true love . There , he falls in love with the King 's wife Queen Regina , who fools him to kill Leopold in order for her to become sole ruler of his kingdom . Realizing the Queen never loved him , he uses his final wish to remain with her forever ; thus trapping him in her mirror . As a spirit in the Magic Mirror , he is able to move between and see through other mirrors in the Enchanted Forest , acting as a spy to Regina . In Storybrooke , he is Sidney Glass , a reporter for Storybrooke 's local newspaper The Daily Mirror . On Regina 's request , he researches Emma Swan 's past to help Regina expel her from Storybrooke . After Graham 's death , Regina attempts to appoint him sheriff , but he loses the position to Emma . Sidney later secretly works with Regina to gain leverage over Emma . Emma later learns of his deception realizing that he is in love with Regina . Regina uses Mr. Gold to kidnap Kathryn Nolan , framing Mary Margaret ( Snow White ) for her alleged murder . However , after Kathryn is found alive , Sidney falsely confesses to kidnapping Kathryn to use as an article and become famous . He is then placed into Storybrooke 's asylum underneath the hospital . Sidney was later freed by Regina for her quest to remove Maid Marian from Storybrooke , Regina again places Sidney in a mirror . It is soon revealed that Sidney was actually in allegiance with the Snow Queen working against Regina , who frees him in exchange for the mirror he was stored in . It was later revealed that Sidney was actually operating in the World Behind the Mirrors when Regina sent him there twice . They find an unfinished mirror that Sidney never got to finishing . King George Albert Spencer Alan Dale 1 , 2 , 6 N / A Alive Alan Dale King George is the adoptive father of Prince James and his twin Prince `` Charming '' David . In the Enchanted Forest , King George and his wife are unable to bear children of their own , leading George to strike a deal with Rumplestiltskin for an heir . He grants King George a boy named James . At some point during King George having him be trained to be a knight , James runs away and ends up in Pleasure Island . While being chased by Robert , James runs into King George and his men . When Robert refuses to hand James over to him , King George has his men kill Robert and make it look like an accident . Afterwards , King George continues having James be trained as a knight . Years later , the kingdom falls into financial trouble , and Prince James offers to slay the dragon plaguing King Midas ' realm in exchange for gold . James is killed in a duel against Behemoth and his twin brother David is recruited to carry out the task . The task is completed and Midas deems the Prince worthy of marrying his daughter and uniting the kingdoms . George reneges on his promise to return David home and forces him to marry , otherwise he will kill David 's mother and burn his home . Later , George learns that David has fallen in love with Snow White . He forces Snow to break David 's heart , though David still breaks off his engagement , fleeing the kingdom . George 's knights capture him , and David is sentenced to death , though the Evil Queen Regina intercepts him , instead using him in her plan to curse Snow . A reawakened Snow is then kidnapped by George , who curses her to never have children . This plan is foiled when water from Lake Nostos breaks the curse . King George later joins forces with the Evil Queen to fight Snow and Charming 's forces , which ends with George 's army being defeated and the Evil Queen being apprehended . In Storybrooke , he is the cold - hearted District Attorney Albert Spencer who leads the prosecution for the Kathryn Nolan murder case , against Mary Margaret Blanchard . Following the curse being broken , Spencer murders Billy , framing Ruby in an attempt to show the town of David 's incapable control . Spencer then burns Jefferson 's hat that David was relying on to retrieve his daughter and wife who had fallen through a portal created by it . A deleted scene in `` Tiny '' shows Albert Spencer imprisoned in the mines at the time when David and Mary Margaret visit him . When Spencer offers to give them information on how to deal with Anton when he was brought to Storybrooke by Cora and Captain Hook in exchanged to be released , but they turn him down and take their leave . After learning the truth about his father 's demise , David visits the psychiatric ward of Storybrooke General Hospital and takes Albert out of his cell to fight and kill him , but is stopped by Hook who then locks Albert back in his room . Princess Abigail Kathryn Nolan Anastasia Griffith Alive Anastasia Griffith Princess Abigail is the daughter of King Midas and lover of Fredrick . In the Enchanted Forest , she was to marry Prince David , but when he falls in love with Snow White , Abigail helps him run away . She is in love with Frederick , a knight she was to marry until he was turned into gold while protecting her father . Charming later retrieves water from Lake Nostos that revives Frederick , and he reunites with Abigail . In Storybrooke , she is Kathryn Nolan , the wife of David Nolan . David however is in love with Mary Margaret Blanchard , and starts an affair with her . She is later accepted into a law school in Boston , though David refuses to relocate and suggests they end their marriage . Kathryn then learns about David 's affair , deciding to move to Boston alone . However , her car is found abandoned at the town 's limits , and a missing persons case becomes a murder trial when a heart proven to be Kathryn 's is found in Mary Margaret 's jewelry box . It is later revealed that Regina worked with Mr. Gold to attempt to frame Mary Margaret for Kathryn 's murder , when Mr. Gold in fact kidnapped Kathryn . She is later found alive , though she does not remember her disappearance . Sidney Glass falsely takes the blame for her kidnapping . After the curse is broken , Kathryn and Frederick find each other and live happily together in her home . Gus Billy Jarod Joseph 2 , 6 Deceased Gus is a domestic mouse who lives in the pantry of Cinderella 's house in the Enchanted Forest . One day , after Rumplestiltskin turns Cinderella to look like a princess , Gus is turned into a human in order to escort her to the Royal Ball at the castle . Later , the magic wares out and Gus is turned into a mouse again . He late persuades Cinderella to use a key to open a portal to the Land of Untold Stories in order to pause her story , but this course of action is stopped by Clorinda . Sometime later , after the Evil Queen cast the Dark Curse , Gus is sent to the Land Without Magic . In Storybrooke , he becomes a human named Billy , a car mechanic , who shows an interest in Ruby Lucas ( Red Riding Hood ) but is denied a date , unaware of the reason being her werewolf persona . Billy is later found dead , apparently murdered by Red in her wolf form . David Nolan ( Prince Charming ) however discovers his adoptive father , Albert Spencer ( King George ) , gruesomely murdered him , leaving doctored evidence that Red was responsible , because he wanted David to look irresponsible of the town 's safety . Jefferson / Mad Hatter N / A Sebastian Stan 1 , 2 N / A Alive Sebastian Stan Jefferson is a man who owns a magical hat that can be used to travel between worlds . He is also the husband of Priscilla and father to Grace . In the Enchanted Forest , when he first meets Regina , Rumplestiltskin has Jefferson bring Dr. Frankenstein to the Enchanted Forest to pretend failing to revive her true love Daniel , in order to make her become evil . In his later life , he lives with his daughter Grace , selling fungus to survive . He initially refuses to help Regina , though later agrees if his daughter will want for nothing . He takes Regina to Wonderland , where she rescues her father Henry and abandons Jefferson , who is beheaded by the knights of the Queen of Hearts . His head is reattached and he is ordered to make another hat to return home . Although he makes thousands of hats , none take him home , leading him into insanity and earning his alias as the Mad Hatter . In Storybrooke , he remembers his pre-cursed life and lives in a large house . He captures Mary Margaret Blanchard and abducts Emma , ordering her to make a hat that will take him home . Emma knocks him out and when he awakens to kill Emma , Mary Margaret pushes him out of a window . He disappears , leaving nothing but his hat . Jefferson returns upon request of Regina to remove Emma , promising a new life with his daughter . He retrieves the apple that cursed Snow White into a deathlike sleep from the Enchanted Forest . However , after Henry is cursed , Regina refuses to reward Jefferson , who later frees Belle from her cell and instructs her to tell Mr. Gold that Regina held her captive . After the curse is broken , he initially avoids Grace , feeling guilty for unintentionally abandoning her , but they eventually happily reunite . Cora Mills / Queen of Hearts N / A Barbara Hershey Rose McGowan ( younger adult ) 2 , 4 , 5 1 , 3 , W Deceased Barbara Hershey Cora Mills is the daughter of a miller , mother of Zelena and Regina and the grandmother of Henry Mills . In the Enchanted Forest , Cora gives birth to a child after being trick by a gardener believed to be a Prince . She abandons the child with hopes to be royalty , but is betrayed by Princess Eva . She then learns magic from Rumplesiltskin and impresses King Xavier by turning straw into gold , gaining his son , Prince Henry 's hand in marriage . Via this marriage , Cora gets a second born child , Regina . Years later , Cora kills Queen Eva and manipulates events leading to Regina 's marriage to King Leopold . However , on the day of the wedding , Regina , with the help of Rumplestiltskin , banishes Cora to Wonderland where she rises to power as the Queen of Hearts . As Queen , she mentors Anastasia into becoming a cruel Red Queen and uses her army to hunt anyone that goes against her , including Alice . When Captain Hook comes to Wonderland to kill her per Regina 's request , she teams up with Hook to get even with Regina and Rumplestiltskin . Returning to the Enchanted Forest , Cora shields part of the land , sparing them from Regina 's curse , freezing them in time for twenty - eight years . After the curse is broken , Cora encounters Mary Margaret and Emma , who got accidentally send to the Enchanted Forest by a portal . She follows the two back to Storybrooke with Hook with hopes of reuniting with Regina . In Storybrooke , she turns a rehabilitating Regina back to evil by playing on her love for Henry . She is later unintentionally killed by Regina . In the Underworld , Cora is the Mayor of Underbrooke . Per Hades ' command , Cora tries to get Regina out of the land , but fails and is demoted to the mills . She is then rescued by Hook and Regina and decides to make amends with Zelena . After healing the broken bond between Zelena and Regina , Cora is granted entrance into Mount Olympus for her afterlife . Princess Aurora N / A Sarah Bolger 2 , 3 , 4 N / A Alive Sarah Bolger Princess Aurora is the daughter of King Stefan and Queen Briar Rose , Prince Phillip 's lover and mother of Phillip Jr . In the Enchanted Forest , she is placed upon a sleeping curse by Maleficent against the crimes of her parents and her soul is sent to the Netherworld . When the Evil Queen cast her curse , Aurora is spared as her kingdom is within the protective barrier done by Cora . Instead , Aurora is frozen for twenty - eight years , with her soul trapped in the Netherworld . After the curse broke , she is awoken from her deep sleep by Prince Phillip , accompanied by Mulan . Following Phillip 's death , Mulan tells Aurora that part of the Enchanted Forest had been spared from the Evil Queen 's curse , as Emma Swan and Mary Margaret Blanchard are transported from Storybrooke to the area , after falling into a portal with the wraith . At first , she blames them for Phillip 's death , but eventually , she helps them get back to Storybrooke . She and Mulan later successfully recover Phillip 's soul and find a wounded Neal Cassidy after he is transported from a portal in Storybrooke , assisting him on his quest to find Emma and Henry . It is later revealed that Aurora and Phillip are expecting a baby , much to Mulan 's dismay as she secretly has romantic feelings for her . Aurora and Phillip later greet the inhabitants of Storybrooke in the Enchanted Forest upon their transportation , after Regina undid her curse . It is later revealed that they were under the protection of Zelena , the Wicked Witch of the West , though she transforms them into flying monkeys when they reveal her intentions of stealing Snow White and Prince Charming 's baby . After Zelena 's defeat , the two are restored to human form and begin to live in Storybrooke , where along with Mary Margaret and Ashley , attends parenting classes with her newborn child . Prince Phillip N / A Julian Morris 2 , 3 N / A Alive Julian Morris Prince Phillip is the lover of Princess Aurora . In the Enchanted Forest , the evil witch Maleficent turned Phillip into a monster called the Yaoguai . Belle uses fairy dust to return Phillip to his human form , who then teams with Mulan to find Aurora . Prince Phillip then teams up with Mulan in search of Princess Aurora . When the curse is cast , they both are frozen for twenty - eight years . Twenty - eight years later , when the curse is weakened , Phillip and Mulan awakens from their frozen state and resume their search for Aurora . They find her sometime after the curse officially breaks . He wakes Aurora from her sleeping curse . However , a wraith marks Phillip and the creature sucks out his soul . It is later revealed by Cora that Phillip 's soul was merely transported to another world and Aurora and Mulan later restore Phillip soul . The three then find a wounded Neal Cassidy ( Baelfire ) , assisting him on his quest to find Emma and Henry . It is later revealed that Aurora and Phillip are expecting a child . Aurora and Phillip later greet the inhabitants of Storybrooke in the Enchanted Forest upon their transportation , after Peter Pan 's curse took them back to their original worlds . Prior to the curse 's reversal , they were under the protection of Zelena , the Wicked Witch of the West , though she transforms them into flying monkeys when they reveal her intentions of stealing Snow White and Prince Charming 's baby . After Zelena 's defeat , the two are restored to human form and begin to live in Storybrooke . Mulan N / A Jamie Chung 2 , 3 , 5 N / A Alive Jamie Chung Mulan is a warrior who assists best friend Prince Phillip during his search to rescue his love Princess Aurora . In the Enchanted Forest , Mulan meets Belle and teams up to hunt down a fearsome creature known as the Yaoguai . After finding out that it was Prince Phillip , cursed by a witch , she teams up with him to find Princess Aurora . Due to the casting of the Evil Queen 's curse , they both are unable to continue their search as they were frozen for twenty - eight years . Twenty - eight years later , when the curse is weakened , Mulan and Phillip awakens from their frozen state and resume their search for Aurora . They find her sometime after the curse officially breaks . After she is rescued , the trio encounter a wraith , who sucks out Phillip 's soul . When Emma Swan and Mary Margaret appear in the area , Mulan believes that they were responsible for unleashing the wraith , and for Phillip 's death . Mulan later trusts Mary Margaret and Emma , helping them return to Storybrooke . Later , Mulan and Aurora successfully recover Phillip 's soul and find a wounded Neal Cassidy after he is transported from a portal in Storybrooke , assisting him on his quest to find Emma and Henry . It is later revealed that Aurora and Phillip are expecting a baby , much to Mulan 's dismay as she secretly has romantic feelings for her , though she leaves to join Robin Hood 's Merry Men . Mulan later ends up in DunBroch , where she teaches Merida in combat and archery . Then she later teams up with Ruby after she freed her from the Witch and both begin a journey to find Ruby 's family of lycans which lead them to the Land of Oz . The two of them later help revive Dorothy after she was placed under a sleeping curse by Zelena . William Smee N / A Chris Gauthier 2 , 3 , 4 6 Alive William Smee is a man capable of procuring objects that are hard to find . In the Enchanted Forest , he makes a deal with Rumplestiltskin in order to get his life extended ; Smee trades him a magic bean for his age reversal . Captain Hook manages to intervene and kidnaps Smee to obtain the bean , later appointing him as a crewman on his ship , the Jolly Roger . Hook uses the bean to create a portal that takes the ship to Neverland where he and his crew will never age . In Neverland , Smee serves as an adviser to Hook , assisting in his murderous aspirations to kill Rumplestiltskin and to raise the newly arrived Baelfire . In Storybrooke , Smee appears as a homeless man who kidnaps Belle under the orders of her father Moe French . Mr. Gold later uses him as an experiment for his spell that would enable anyone to cross the border to Storybrooke without losing their memories . When Hook arrives in Storybrooke , Smee immediately begins following orders , retrieving Mr. Gold 's most prized possession -- Baelfire 's shawl . In retaliation , Gold turns Smee into a rat . He is later reformed to his human body when the Dark Curse is reversed and returns to serving Captain Hook . N / A Owen Flynn / Greg Mendell Ethan Embry Benjamin Stockham ( Owen Flynn ) Deceased Ethan Embry Owen Flynn is the son of Kurt Flynn . In the Land Without Magic , as a young boy , he camped out in the woods of Maine in 1983 with his father . On that night , the Dark Curse took everyone to this new world that becomes Storybrooke . Owen enjoys Regina 's company . However , this only leads her trying to keep him and his father in Storybrooke . Owen escapes after Kurt is falsely arrested by Regina , vowing to return to his father . More than twenty - eight years later , a man crashes his car into Storybrooke . His name is later revealed to be Greg Mendell , an alias of Owen whose name is a reference to the geneticist Gregor Mendel . When Greg is brought to the hospital , the residents debate whether to save his life and risk the truth of Storybrooke being revealed to the outside world . He is ultimately saved , and remains in the town to investigate the strange happenings of Storybrooke . Regina eventually learns of Greg 's identity , telling him to leave the town . Greg ignores her , as it is revealed he is in alliance with Neal Cassidy 's fiancée , Tamara . The two kidnap Regina and torture her to reveal his father 's whereabouts . She eventually tells him that she killed his father . A hurt Greg plans to kill Regina but escapes when David Nolan tracks him down . Greg and Tamara later obtain a trigger to obliterate Storybrooke , though it is foiled . The two instead kidnap Henry Mills , travelling to Neverland . Upon their arrival , Greg and Tamara realize that they had been fooled . When confronted by the Lost Boys , the pair refuse to hand Henry to them , causing Peter Pan 's Shadow to rip out Greg 's shadow from his body , killing him instantly . N / A Tamara Sonequa Martin - Green Deceased Sonequa Martin - Green Tamara is Neal 's fiancé and Greg Mendell 's lover . Her hatred of magic makes her determined to remove magic from the Land Without Magic , seeing it as unholy . Her quest begins in Hong Kong , where she visits a self - proclaimed healer called the Dragon claiming to have cancer . There , she meets August Booth , who also seeks the healer as he is gradually turning to wood . August steals $10,000 from her as a settlement to the Dragon 's cure , though Tamara finds and takes the potion back . She later returns to the Dragon 's home and kills the Dragon . Tamara later follows August to New York City where she begins a scheme to learn about Storybrooke . She befriends Neal Cassidy , eventually becoming an engaged couple . After the curse is broken , Tamara comes to Storybrooke as Neal 's fiancè and continues her quest to eliminate magic . She deceives Neal by claiming that magic is fictional but later tracks down August Booth , bribing him to leave town . She then attacks him with her magical taser . She also began gathering information of the people of Storybrooke and their counterparts . Obtaining a trigger after kidnapping Regina , she and Greg activates it to self - destruct the town as a distraction . While the heroes attempts to save the town , Tamara and Greg kidnaps Henry . Tamara uses a magic bean to Neverland , where she finds out that she had been deceived by Peter Pan into believing that they were also fighting the same cause as her . After the Shadow rips out Greg 's shadow , Tamara is hit by an arrow . Mr. Gold finds Tamara and heals her in order to find the location of Henry . After Tamara asks for forgiveness for attacking his son , Mr. Gold rips out Tamara 's heart and crushes it . Lost Boys The Lost Boys are the murderous inhabitants of Neverland and servants of Peter Pan . Pan began forming the group under his alias of the Pied Piper in the fairytale world . As mentioned by Wendy Darling , they cry at night because they miss their families . After Peter Pan was subdued , half of the Lost Boys were brought to Storybrooke while the other half evaded capture . Captain Hook and Blackbeard later encountered remnants of the Lost Boys when they ended up in Neverland instead of Storybrooke . Blackbeard abandons Captain Hook while he takes to rowboat out to sea to find his own way to Storybrooke . Captain Hook continued to flee from the Lost Boys . Felix N / A Parker Croft Deceased Felix is a member of the Lost Boys and Peter Pan 's right - hand boy . In Neverland , he leads the group into searching Captain Hook 's ship for Baelfire , whom he eventually finds and delivers to Peter Pan , though he is not the boy wanted -- Henry Mills . When Neal arrives in Neverland to save his son Henry , Felix captures him until being knocked out after he breaks free . Upon his capture of the group from Storybrooke , Felix is taken to the town and placed in jail , until Peter Pan breaks him free , explaining his plot to make the town `` The New Neverland '' with possession of the original Dark Curse . However , Pan reveals he needs the heart of the thing he loves most to enact it . As Felix was the most loyal to him , Pan uses his heart to enact the curse , thus killing him as a sacrifice . Malcolm / Peter Pan / Pied Piper N / A Robbie Kay Stephen Lord ( Malcolm ) 3 , 5 6 Deceased Robbie Kay Malcolm is the father of Rumplestiltskin , a former lover of the Black Fairy , the grandfather of Baelfire and Gideon , and the great - grandfather of Henry Mills . In the Enchanted Forest , Malcolm leaves his son in the care of two spinners , who give Rumplestiltskin a magical bean to create a portal to leave his careless father . Using the magic bean , Malcolm and Rumplestiltskin travel to Neverland , a place which Malcolm envisions in his dreams . He decides to stay in Neverland , abandoning Rumplestilskin . Malcolm transforms into his younger self , adopting the name of Peter Pan . The Shadow informs Pan that his youth is limited , and he will die when the hourglass of Skull Rock is complete . Some time later , Pan visits Hamelin in the Enchanted Forest posing as the Pied Piper to expand what would later become the Lost Boys . He also blackmails John and Michael Darling to help him with his tasks , in exchange for their sister Wendy 's life , who had been lured back to Neverland , sending them to the Land Without Magic before the Queen 's curse to retrieve a boy soon - to - be born . After Henry is brought to Neverland , he tricks him by being a fugitive boy . He later reveals to Henry that he has the Heart of the Truest Believer . Pan falsely claims to Henry that magic is dying in Neverland , persuading him to give him his heart , leading Henry to temporarily die . After Pan traps Gold inside Pandora 's Box , Regina successfully reclaims Henry 's heart and revives him , before Pan swaps his and Henry 's souls . Once in Storybrooke , he steals the Dark Curse 's scroll from Regina 's vault and cast a new curse , but is eventually killed by Rumplestilskin regressing back to Malcolm in the process and his curse was undone by Regina . After death , Malcolm 's Peter Pan form ends up in the Underworld . When the heroes arrives in the Underworld , Pan plans to return to the living by exchanging one of their lives . Mr. Gold later enlists Pan as part of a loophole for a deal with Hades that involves abducting Zelena before the two of them can have dinner together . After the contract for Gold and Belle 's baby is ripped up by Hades , Pan and Mr. Gold then plan to use Robin 's heart to revive Pan . However , it was a trick by Mr. Gold as the heart is actually a wineskin he glamoured with the water from the River of Lost Souls sending him into the River of Lost Souls . Edwin N / A Shaun Smyth N / A Alive Edwin is the husband to his second wife Sarah and father to Alice and Millie . In Victorian England , he is briefly seen when a young Alice returns from Wonderland . He is saddened of his wife 's death and Alice 's disappearance . While Alice is in Wonderland , Edwin remarries to a woman named Sarah and they have a daughter named Millie . When Alice returns from Wonderland , Edwin reveals to her that as she had been gone for so long , everyone assumed she was dead . He does not believe that Alice is lying , though Dr. Lydgate tells him that his daughter is delusional . After hearing that Alice had escaped from Bethlem Asylum , he is visited by Jafar under the alias of Dr. Sheffield . He takes Edwin to Wonderland , keeping him prisoner in his tower and posing as him to reconnect and gain sympathy from Alice . Jafar eventually brings Edwin before Alice , threatening to throw him into the sea to force Alice to use another of her wishes . Alice originally declines and Edwin is thrown to his doom , only to be returned to England as Alice uses her second wish to return her father back to his home . Edwin is unsure if he is delusional of the visit or if it was real . Following Jafar 's defeat , he is seen welcoming Cyrus to the family as he and Alice are married in London . Dr. Arthur Lydgate N / A Jonny Coyne 6 Alive Jonny Coyne Dr. Arthur Lydgate is the father of Mary and a psychiatrist from Bethlem Asylum . In Victorian England , he is a member of the Academy of Sciences , which has the final say on who they admit as a member . One of the people he turned down is Dr. Henry Jekyll , who at the time was creating a serum that would split a person into two with different personalities . After turning down Jekyll , Dr. Lydgate is confronted by Jekyll 's alter ego , Mr. Hyde , who threatens to expose his affair with his assistant if Jekyll is n't admitted . He then makes Jekyll a member . After Mr. Hyde kills his daughter , he watches as Mr. Hyde flees the scene . After those events took place , he admits Alice at his asylum and taunts her , telling her that her stories of Wonderland are entirely fictitious and insane . He tells Alice that there is a new treatment that will take away her memories of Wonderland , to which she agrees . The morning of the procedure , the Knave and White Rabbit come to save Alice , and the three of them escape the asylum , journeying through a rabbit hole back to Wonderland , after a shocked Dr. Lydgate witnesses Percy the White Rabbit . Dr. Lydgate is later visited by Jafar under the alias of Dr. Sheffield where he uses the White Rabbit to get Dr. Lydgate to tell him where he can find Alice 's father Edwin . Tweedledum N / A Ben Cotton N / A Alive Tweedledum is the twin brother to Tweedledee and servant of the Red Queen following her engagement to the Red King . While Anastasia , the soon to be Red Queen , is settling in at the castle , they introduce themselves to her . When she cheerfully inquires for their names , Tweedledee states that due to their status as servants , they do n't have any . During the conversation , Tweedledum notices the Queen of Hearts has come to greet Anastasia . The two Tweedles follow closely behind as the women stroll and casually talk . Years later , his brother began working with Jafar while his loyalty towards the Red Queen remains . Eventually , Jafar his defeated . Tweedledum then attends Alice 's wedding in Victorian with the others and returned shortly afterwards . Tweedledee N / A Matty Finochio N / A Unknown Tweedledee is the twin brother to Tweedledum and servant of the Red Queen following her engagement to the Red King . Tweedledee has secretly worked with Jafar . Tweedledum hears through the grape vine that Cyrus has been captured . As he goes to tell the Red Queen of this , he discovers Tweedledee 's secret association with Jafar and also informs the Red Queen of this . When Jafar visits the Red Queen 's palace , he finds a box addressed to him by the Red Queen containing Tweedledee 's head as he tells Jafar `` I think she 's onto us . '' Jafar later used the body of one of his servants to place Tweedledee 's head onto in exchange that Tweedledee takes Jafar to the Jabberwocky 's prison . Caterpillar N / A Roger Daltrey ( voice , Once Upon a Time ) Iggy Pop ( voice , Wonderland ) Alive Iggy Pop The Caterpillar is an inhabitant of Wonderland who resides on a mushroom where he is always smoking . The Caterpillar is the boss of a group of warriors called Collectors who are sent to collect the debts to the Caterpillar from anyone . The Knave of Hearts is in debt to the Caterpillar . Cyrus once traded his compass to the Caterpillar in exchange for an invisible tent at the edge of the Outlands . Sometime later , when Jefferson and the Evil Queen comes to Wonderland , they are greeted by the Caterpillar . Years later , when the Knave of Hearts and Alice travel to Underland to take possession of the Forget - Me - Knot , the Caterpillar accepts the Knave 's deal of obtaining the item from the Grendel for him , in exchange that the Caterpillar erases his debt . The Knave instead keeps the Forget - Me - Knot to help Alice on their quest to find Cyrus . Jafar later visits the Caterpillar so that he can tell him about the Knave of Hearts . When in the presence of Jafar , Caterpillar tells him about the Jabberwocky and where she was imprisoned . Cyrus later visits the Caterpillar in order to get his compass back . Tinker Bell N / A Rose McIver 6 Alive Rose McIver Tinker Bell , often called as the Green Fairy , is a fairy who began training under the guidance of the Blue Fairy . In the Enchanted Forest , after she breaks some fairy rules , including interacting with the Evil Queen and stealing pixie dust , Tinker Bell is stripped of her wings and made human by the Blue Fairy . Tinker Bell later travels to Neverland . Some years later , she forgives Regina and helps to find her son Henry who had been kidnapped by the sinister Peter Pan . She successfully arrives in Storybrooke with the rest of Storybrooke 's residents , where she manages to kill Peter Pan 's shadow . Her actions result in saving Mother Superior whose shadow was ripped from her body by Peter Pan 's . Mother Superior restores Tinker Bell to fairy status . After returning to the Enchanted Forest and with Snow 's baby threaten to be taken by the Wicked Witch , she and Blue and the other fairies search the woods for enchanted objects to defeat Zelena . She later returns to Storybrooke with everyone and encourages Regina to be with Robin Hood after finding out he 's her soulmate . She then helps her friends search for answers about a way to stop Zelena when she challenges Regina to a fight . Sultan of Lower Agrabah N / A Brian George Amir Arison ( younger adult ) N / A Deceased Brian George The Sultan of Lower Agrabah is the father of Mirza and Jafar and ruler of a kingdom in Agrabah . In Agrabah , Jafar is brought to the Sultan for theft . Before enacting the punishment upon Jafar , he notices a ring on Jafar 's hand , learning that Jafar is his bastard son . Finding out that Jafar 's mother is dead , he makes Jafar work at the Palace as a servant but never acknowledging him as his son . One day , during a diplomatic meeting , Jafar over speaks when the Sultan 's son , Prince Mirza , could n't answer a question . Later , the Sultan makes Mirza slaps Jafar for over stepping . The Sultan eventually drowns and kills Jafar , although Jafar is later revived . As an adult , Jafar kills Mirza and imprisons the Sultan . Years later , the Sultan appears as an old prisoner in a cage of Jafar 's tower on a floating island . When the genie Cyrus makes his escape and offers to have the ex-Sultan accompany him , he declines claiming he would only slow Cyrus down . Jafar later visits his father , telling him that once Alice uses her final wish , he will control the laws of magic , thus forcing his father to acknowledge him as his son . Regretting that he had not killed Jafar when he had the chance , the ex-Sultan purposely falls into the pit that his cage hangs over . Though Jafar spares him upon having his magic carpet catch him so that he can witness his final move on Alice . During Alice 's raid on the palace , she managed to free the Sultan . When Jafar attains great magical power , he makes his father feel true love for him . The Sultan is happy to have Jafar as his son , but it turns out that Jafar only wants him to feel this way so the Sultan knows what it 's like to have someone who loves him kill him and drowns the Sultan with magic by making water appear within him . Ariel N / A Joanna García Swisher 4 , 6 Alive Joanna García Swisher Ariel is a mermaid who is first seen saving Snow White , after she escapes from the Evil Queen Regina 's knights by diving into waters from a high cliff . Ariel reveals that she can bear legs upon land for twelve hours according to the sea goddess Ursula 's legend . To repay Ariel , Snow takes Ariel to a ball where she meets Prince Eric , a man whom Ariel saved a year prior after a shipwreck . Eric invites Ariel to travel with him , though Regina poses as Ursula to trick Ariel into giving Snow a bracelet that makes her a mermaid , in order for her to fulfill her wishes and escape to travel the world . However , Ariel discovers Ursula 's true identity and stabs Regina after she attempts to kill Snow . Ariel returns to Eric 's castle , only to have her voice stolen by Regina , being unable to communicate with him . Regina later summons Ariel to Neverland , revealing that mermaids can travel through realms . After restoring Ariel 's voice , she promises to return her legs if she retrieves Pandora 's Box from Mr. Gold 's shop to defeat Peter Pan . After she completes the quest , Regina gives her the ability to use both her legs and fins with a special bracelet , allowing her to continue her search for Eric in Storybrooke . With help from Belle , she finds Eric as a fisherman and the two reconcile . After Pan enacts his curse , Ariel , along with the other inhabitants , are returned to their original worlds . It is later revealed that Eric was kidnapped by the pirate Blackbeard and sent to Hangman 's Island . Ariel eventually finds a safe haven on the island with Eric . Sometime later , Ariel gets accidentally trapped inside a bottle with the Jolly Roger by Elsa and is later freed by Hook and then helps him by bringing King Poseidon to Storybrooke . Jabberwocky N / A Peta Sergeant N / A Alive The Jabberwocky is an ancient human - like creature who can enter the minds of anyone . In Wonderland , she is stronger than an entire army and it took one army to imprison her with a blade in her chest . Many years later , she is freed by Jafar who requires her help . After finding Elizabeth 's dead body , she takes her eyes in order for Jafar to locate the third genie 's lamp . Learning that the Red Queen has it , the Jabberwocky hunts down the Red Queen and steals the bottle from her . She brings the Red Queen to Jafar as a prisoner and later taunts the Red Queen on her past history , as requested by Jafar . Eventually , the Jabberwocky successfully makes the Red Queen use all of her wishes . Later , after Jafar changed the laws of magic , he uses the Vorpal Blade to pin the Jabberwocky to the dungeon walls upon her serving her purpose . The Jabberwocky is later freed . Marian N / A Christie Laing 2 , 3 Deceased Christie Laing Marian is the first wife of Robin Hood and mother to their son Roland . Initially the target for the affection of the Sheriff of Nottingham , she runs away with Robin after falling in love with him . Sometime later , Marian is pregnant and falls ill , causing Robin Hood to obtain a magic wand from Rumplestiltskin 's castle to heal her . Marian later gives birth to a son named Roland , though she ends up wanted by the Evil Queen and is sentenced to death . Years later , after Zelena opens a time - travel portal , Emma and Hook are dragged into it and sent to the Enchanted Forest of the past . Emma decides to rescue Marian , but she is later killed by Zelena who also traveled by in time with Emma and Hook . She then takes the form of Marian and returns to Storybrooke with them but is eventually discovered by Regina and Robin later on . Queen Elsa N / A Georgina Haig Alive Georgina Haig Queen Elsa is the daughter of the King of Arendelle and Queen Gerda , sister of Anna and the niece of Ingrid and Helga . As a young woman , her parents travel on a mission to the Enchanted Forest , searching for a cure to Elsa 's powers . However , they are involved in a storm and die in a shipwreck . Elsa discovers this years later , leading Anna to venture to the Enchanted Forest to fulfill their parents ' last mission . Upon her return with remaining questions , Anna is suspicious of Ingrid who has befriended Elsa after revealing she is their aunt . Ingrid attempts to prove to Elsa that people will turn on her for her powers by cursing Anna to turn on her . However , Anna inadvertnalty traps Elsa within a magical urn which is then taken by Rumplestiltskin and placed within the Dark One 's vault . After Emma Swan and Captain Hook are dragged into a time portal to the past , they bring Elsa to Storybrooke upon their return . Initially frightened of the new land , Elsa eventually befriends Emma who she helps accept her powers similar to her own . Attempting to locate her sister , she uses Anna 's necklace to bring her to Storybrooke . Elsa soon learns that Ingrid wants to make Emma and Elsa her new sisters having lost her own as a young woman . However , Anna finds their mother 's last letter , explaining her forgiveness towards Ingrid for their past in Arendelle . Realising what she has become , Ingrid destroys herself , leaving Elsa , Anna and Krisoff to return to Arendelle and reclaim the kingdom from Hans and his brothers , and restore the memories of her mother and her sisters to their kingdom . Some time later , now the Queen , Blackbeard attacks Arendelle . Elsa manages to defeat and imprison Blackbeard and his crew and then traps Hook 's ship the Jolly Roger in a bottle . Princess Anna N / A Elizabeth Lail N / A Alive Elizabeth Lail Princess Anna is the second daughter of the King and Queen of Arendelle , sister of Elsa , niece of Ingid and Helga and fiancè of Kristoff . As a young girl , her parents travel on a mission to the Enchanted Forest , searching for a cure to her sister 's powers . However , they are involved in a storm and die in a shipwreck . Elsa discovers this years later , leading Anna to venture to the Enchanted Forest to fulfill their parents ' last mission , delaying her wedding to Kristoff . Returning to Arendelle with questions outstanding , Anna becomes suspicious of Ingrid ( the Snow Queen ) who claims to be her aunt . Ingrid imprisons Anna , using a spell to have her turn on Elsa , resulting in Anna trapping Elsa in the urn . Ingrid then freezes Anna and Kristoff and the kingdom of Arendelle . Thirty years later , Arendelle thaws and Anna and Kristoff escape from Anna 's sinister previous lover Prince Hans . With help from Blackbeard , Prince Hans captures the pair who then are placed in a trunk and thrown off the ship . In Storybrooke , Elsa discovers Anna 's necklace in Mr. Gold 's pawn shop and vows to find her . When Elsa wishes for Anna to return using her Wishing Star necklace , she inadvertently brings Anna from Arendelle to Storybrooke . Anna discovers her mother 's letter , leading Ingrid to destroy herself and be with her sisters once more . Anna , along with Elsa and Kristoff , return to Arendelle and reclaim the kingdom from Hans and his brothers and just in time for her wedding . Kristoff N / A Scott Michael Foster N / A Alive Kristoff is the lover and later fiancè of Princess Anna . Originally set to marry Anna , she puts the wedding on hold in order to find the truth behind her parents ' death . After Ingrid attempts to harm Anna , Kristoff attempts to save her , only to be frozen by Ingrid . Thirty years later , Arendelle thaws and Anna and Kristoff escape from the sinister Prince Hans , having now taken over the kingdom . With help from Blackbeard , Prince Hans capture Anna and Kristoff , who are thrown from his ship inside a trunk . In Storybrooke , Elsa using Anna 's necklace to unintentionally save Anna and Kristoff and bring them to the town . After Ingrid destroys herself , Kristoff returns to Arendelle with Anna and Elsa and claims backs the kingdom and just in time for his wedding . Ingrid / Snow Queen Sarah Fisher Elizabeth Mitchell Brighton Sharbino ( child ) N / A Deceased Elizabeth Mitchell Ingrid is the daughter of King Harald and Queen Sonja , elder sister of Helga and Gerda , and the aunt of Elsa and Anna . As a child , Ingrid discovers that she has inherited ice magic . Her sisters Helga and Gerda , takes her to see Rumplestiltskin for help where Ingrid gets a magical gloves and an urn as a fail safe through a deal . One day , by accident , Ingrid kills Helga with her ice magic , prompting Gerda to trap her in the urn and hiding it in the North Valley . Years later , delevoping her powers as the Snow Queen , Ingrid is freed unintentionally and is reunited with her nieces Elsa and Anna , who she plans to replace as her new sisters . After Anna proofs as unfit , she strikes a deal with the Apprentice for a third magical sister . When a cursed Anna traps Elsa in the urn , Ingrid freezes all of Arendelle but loses the urn to Rumplestiltskin . Years later , with the Apprentice 's help , Ingrid goes to the Land Without Magic where she becomes Emma 's foster parent , but loses her . In 2001 , Ingrid goes to Storybrooke and takes over an ice - cream parlor as Sarah Fisher while awaiting for Elsa and Emma 's arrival . When Elsa is brought to the town , Ingrid sees her opportunity to finally complete her family . Attempting to show Emma her true abilities , Ingrid eventually causes her to lose control of her magic , though Elsa helps Emma to accept herself and her powers . Ingrid then places magical ribbons on the three of them , allowing her to harness their powers . She casts the Spell of Shattered Sight over Storybrooke , attempting to have the residents kill one another , leaving only her , Elsa and Emma remaining . However , when Anna arrives , reading her mother Helga 's last words of regret and forgiveness , Ingrid undoes the Spell of Shattered Sight by destroying herself . Before she dies , Ingrid returns the memories of Emma and Elsa , disappearing to the afterlife , where she is happy to join Gerda and Helga . Apprentice N / A Timothy Webber Graham Verchere ( child ) 4 , 5 N / A Deceased The Apprentice is an elderly man who works for the sorcerer Merlin in Camelot and later the Enchanted Forest . He protects his teacher 's creation , a box capable of transforming into a hat for absorbing and accumulating magic , from each person that takes on the Dark One 's powers . A version of the Dark One , Rumplestiltskin manages to steal the hat , but it is then taken by Princess Anna of Arendelle . Some time later , Ingrid obtains the hat and gives it back to the Apprentice in exchange for a portal to the real world in order for Ingrid to complete her family . Snow White and Prince Charming also cross paths with the Apprentice , offering them a spell to remove any potential darkness from their expected baby . After they obtain Maleficent 's egg , the Apprentice places the darkness inside and transports it to the real world . The Apprentice later confronts the Author for manipulating the transportation of Maleficent 's egg and imprisons him for his irresponsibility . In Storybrooke , the Apprentice is visited by Mr. Gold , who uses the hat to place the Apprentice inside and utilize its power to be cleaved of the Dark One 's dagger 's control . Mother Superior later frees the Apprentice from the hat . He later helps to save Mr. Gold 's life by placing the Dark One 's dark powers into the hat . Unfortunately , the darkness escapes and enters the Apprentice 's body which weakens him . While in a weakened state , he reveals that Merlin is the only one who can stop the darkness forever after it is taken in by Emma Swan . He then procures a wand to assist the residents in their transport to Camelot to find him . Afterwards , the Apprentice takes his last breath and passes away . Henry later encounters the Apprentice in the Underworld where he learns that the Apprentice 's unfinished business is to make sure Henry does the right thing if he happens to get the key to the Sorcerer 's Mansion from Sheriff James where the Magic Quill is contained . Maleficent N / A Kristin Bauer van Straten 1 , 2 , W Alive Kristin Bauer van Straten Maleficent is a witch who is able to take the form of a fire - breathing black dragon . She is also the mother of Lily . After failed attempts to kill Queen Briar Rose , Princess Aurora 's mother , Maleficent inflicts Princess Aurora , Queen Briar Rose 's daughter , with a sleeping curse , putting both the Princess and her kingdom into a thorn - adorned ruin . Maleficent also curses Aurora 's true love Prince Phillip into a beast called the Yaoguai , banishing him to another realm . He is eventually discovered by Belle who returns him to human form . Maleficent befriends Cruella de Vil and Ursula and later falls pregnant whilst in her dragon form . Her egg is later stolen by Snow While and Prince Charming and unintentionally send to the Land Without Magic by the Apprentice . She is later approached by the Evil Queen and treads the Sleeping Curse . Prince Charming also places a bottle of true love within Maleficent in exchange for directions to wake Snow from her slumber from Rumplestiltskin . The Evil Queen again visits Maleficent to steal the Dark Curse after her sleeping curse fails , enacting it and taking everyone to the Land Without Magic . In Storybrooke , Regina traps Maleficent in her dragon form beneath Storybrooke 's abandoned library . Later , Emma is forced to destroy Maleficent to retrieve the potion within her . Regina later finds Maleficent alive in an undead - like body form . When Cruella and Ursula arrive in Storybrooke with Mr. Gold , they resurrect Maleficent for their plan to locate the author of Henry 's story book and get their happy endings . An awakened Maleficent tells Mary Margaret and David that they will pay for stealing her child . Mr. Gold later informs Maleficent that her child is alive , leading Maleficent to disband from the group and asking Emma to locate Lily and later reunited when Emma brings her to Storybrooke . Lily later told Emma that even Maleficent does n't know who Lily 's father is since this happened in dragon form . Ursula / Sea Witch N / A Merrin Dungey Tiffany Boone ( young adult ) N / A Alive Ursula is a half - woman half - octopus sea witch and the daughter of King Poseidon . She is named after the Goddess of the Sea . Ursula also appears to have a human form in which she can use her tentacles . In Poseidon 's Boneyard , as a mermaid , she is forced by her father to sing to attract pirates for him to kill as revenge for the death of his wife . However , Ursula refuses to go on with the plan , and later works at a bar in the Enchanted Forest to pay for a way to Glowerhaven . She befriends Hook who offers her a way to Glowerhaven . However , with interruptions from her father , Hook betrays her , taking her singing voice as part of a deal with her father for information on a way to kill the Dark One . Ursula later uses her father 's Triton and transform herself into the Sea Witch . She later joins Cruella De Vil and Maleficent and helps retrieve the Dark Curse for Rumplestilstkin . She is later unintentionally send to the Land Without Magic , along with Cruella and Maleficent 's baby egg . Many years later , Ursula works as an aquarium worker in New York . Mr. Gold finds her , offering her her happy ending by working with him , Cruella and Maleficent . Entering Storybrooke , Captain Hook makes a deal with Ursula for information regarding Mr. Gold 's plan in exchange for her singing voice being returned . After this fails , Hook retrieves King Poseidon by use of Ariel , who apologizes to Ursula for his past actions . Reconciling with her father upon having her singing voice returned to her , Ursula leaves with him to return to the Enchanted Forest . Cruella De Vil Cruella Feinberg Victoria Smurfit Milli Wilkinson ( child ) 4 , 5 N / A Deceased Victoria Smurfit Cruella De Vil is the daughter of Madeline . In 1920s England , Cruella poison her father and stepfathers . In order to prevent the authorities from finding out , Madeline locks Cruella in the attic . Years later , Issac Heller frees her and goes on a date with her . Due to being an Author , he gives her the ability to control animals using magic . She then kills her mother and her Dalmatian dogs , making Issac to seal her fate - where she can never kill a living soul ever again . Cruella later travels to the Enchanted Forest , where she teams up with Maleficent and Ursula to retrieve the Dark Curse for Rumplestiltskin . She , along with Ursula and Maleficent 's baby egg , is unintentionally sent to the Land Without Magic by the Apprentice . In the Land Without Magic , Cruella marries a rich man , Mr. Feinberg and takes on the identity of Cruella Feinberg . Years later , after having her lifestyle and items repossessed by the FBI , Cruella teams up with Mr. Gold and Ursula and goes to Storybrooke where they resurrect Maleficent . Together , she seek the Author of the Once Upon a Time book to rewrite their happy endings . Once the author is found , Cruella kidnaps Henry Mills and demands Emma to kill the Author for her and is then thrown off a cliff via magic by Emma in an attempt to save Henry . She ends up in the Underworld and enters in a relationship with Prince James . When the heroes travels into the Underworld to save Hook , Cruella tries to get them to help free herself to the land of the living . Eventually , Cruella takes over the Underworld after Hades leaves the land , but is overthrown by King Arthur . After fifty years , she discusses the possibilities of moving on with Sir Mordred , a bartender , but the two decides against it . N / A Isaac Heller Patrick Fischler 6 Alive Isaac Heller is a writer who began his career as a television salesman in the real world in the 1960s and was maltreated by his boss . Upon being invited to a publishing company , he meets the sorcerer Merlin 's Apprentice who selects him to become the latest of many `` authors '' . The job of each author being to transcribe the events that occurred in the Enchanted Forest , using a magical quill . Among his many predecessors , it is suggested Walt Disney had the job before he died . Being transported to the Enchanted Forest , Isaac abuses his powers , manipulating events that surrounded him , showing no regret to the people he hurt . One instance was when he visited 1920s England and gave Cruella de Vil the animal persuasion ability . Posing as a peddler , he crosses paths with Snow White and Prince Charming , tricking them into placing their child 's potential for darkness into Maleficent 's unborn child . As punishment , the Apprentice seals Isaac into his book . Many years later after the Evil Queen Regina enacts her dark curse , the inhabitants of the Enchanted Forest are taken to a town called Storybrooke in the real world . The author 's book is found by Mary Margaret Blanchard who gives it to Regina 's adoptive son Henry Mills to give him hope of a better life . Regina begins to believe the book is preventing her happy ending as she is illustrated as a villain . Regina locates the author after discovering he is trapped within the book . Isaac escapes from her after being let out by Emma Swan . Attempting to create a new quill , he is approached by Mr. Gold who forces him to write a new book entitled `` Heroes and Villains '' . All the residents apart from Henry are sucked into the book into a parallel universe . Within this version of events , Regina begins to die after being attacked by Rumplestiltskin . Emma demands that Isaac save her and return them to their original world . However , Isaac informs her that he is not the Author anymore . With this , Henry retrieves his quill discovering he is the next Author . Using Regina 's blood , Henry undoes Isaac 's work and returns the characters back to Storybrooke . Isaac attempts to escape the town , but is stopped by Mary Margaret and David . As Isaac rants about his struggles , Mary Margaret states that he acts like a villain and pities him . While imprisoned in Storybrooke Hospital 's Psychiatric Ward , Isaac is visited by Regina Mills and Henry to talk about how Henry wrote things when in a trance . Isaac stated that this happened before and that he would help them if they can get him out of Storybrooke , a return to New York , an tickets to Hamilton . Regina reluctantly agreed to the terms . Upon hearing that Regina could n't get the tickets to Hamilton , Isaac had Henry look at the final pages of the `` Once Upon a Time '' book . Before leaving , Isaac tells Regina and Henry that the final battle is going to be depicted on those pages . Lilith Page Starla Agnes Bruckner Nicole Munoz ( teenager ) N / A Alive Agnes Bruckner Lilith Page is the daughter of Maleficent . Born inside an egg , she is transported from the Enchanted Forest to the Land Without Magic after Snow White and Prince Charming attempt to rid their daughter Emma Swan of any potential darkness . As an orphan , Lilith is adopted into the Page Family in Hopkins , Minnesota , though she runs away after feeling alone . She meets a similar aged Emma who befriends her after realizing their supposed similar orphan situation but part ways after Emma finds out that Lilith has a family of her on . Lilith later tracks Emma down at her new foster family and after unintentionally destroying Emma 's life with them , Lilith decides to part ways with Emma for good . Abort a bus , she is approached by the Apprentice who tells her about her origin and how Emma 's parents are responsible for the damage of her family . Under the alias of Starla , Lilith begins plotting a way to Storybrooke to get even . Years later , per Maleficent 's request , Emma tracks Lilith down and convinces her to go back with her to Storybrooke . Lilith lies to her and convinces Emma that her life turned out fine , but later steals Emma 's car with the Sorcerer 's scroll to get into Storybrooke . The two eventually make amends and Lilith is reunited with Maleficent in Storybrooke . She convinces Maleficent to get revenge on Prince Charming and Snow White , but Maleficent chooses to let it go , causing her to down the revenge pay on her own by turning into a dragon . Eventually , she listens to Maleficemt by giving up on revenge . Briefly , Lilith , along the other Storybrooke inhabitants , is sent to the Alternate World after Isaac Heller rewrites the Once Upon a Time book , but is returned shortly afterwards . Following Isaac 's defeat , Lilith decides to stay in Storybrooke permanently with Maleficent , at the same time , to locate her father . Merlin N / A Jonathan Adams ( voice ) Elliot Knight 5 Deceased Merlin is a powerful sorcerer originating from Camelot . He is served by his Apprentice . Running in the desert , Merlin is gifted water in the form of the Holy Grail from the Gods . Upon drinking , he gains magic and turns the desert to land , creating the realm of Camelot . Five hundred years later , he is visited by Nimue , a peasant from a nearby village . He falls in love with her , but fears that he will lose her due to his immortality . Eventually , Nimue becomes the Dark One upon killing Vortigan causing Merlin to create Excalibur , splitting into half to bound Nimue to it . The dagger is later placed in a stone . Merlin is later turned into a tree by Nimue . Some time later through a magical projection , Merlin appears in the Land Without Magic , posing as an usher during the filming of The Sword in the Stone . Merlin instructs a confused young Emma Swan to not take Excalibur from its stone when she has the opportunity to do so . The Apprentice later contacts Merlin about what Isaac Heller did that involved the infant Emma Swan and Lily Page . Merlin tells the Apprentice that he ca n't undo the spell on them and that their destinies will be linked . After Emma becomes the latest Dark One , she and the heroes ends up in Camelot , seeking for Merlin . They free him from his entrapment and he agrees to help them free Emma from the Dark One 's curse . When King Arthur binds Merlin to Excalibur , he forces him to kill the heroes , but Emma intervenes . However , Hook is injured and Emma is forced to turn him into a Dark One . Merlin eventually loses his magic and records a message for the heroes . But Hook , with the help of Nimue , the first Dark One who 's stuck in any preceding Dark One 's head , rips Merlin 's heart out and uses it to cast a new curse to bring them back to Storybrooke . Back in Storybrooke , the heroes find the pre-recorded message from Merlin is played telling them to find Nimue , the only person capable of helping them defeat the Dark One in the event that something bad happens to him . King Arthur N / A Liam Garrigan Webb Baker Hayes ( child ) 5 N / A Deceased King Arthur is the ruler of Camelot . As a young boy , it was prophesied by Merlin that he will become the King of Camelot . Sometime later , he pulls Excalibur out from the stone , but notices that half of the sword is missing . He then marries Guinevere and makes her Queen of Camelot . Later on , using the Sands of Avalon , he turns his tower into a castle . Years later , he greets the inhabitants of Storybrooke into Camelot , who are seeking Merlin . While there are in Camelot , he discovers the missing piece of Excalibur -- the dagger of the Dark One . He manipulates events in order to get the dagger , eventually working with Zelena and binding Merlin to Excalibur , forcing him to kill the heroes . Emma intervenes , forcing Arthur and Zelena to retreat . He later works with Zelena to get an Enchanted Helm from DunBroch , but is defeated by Merida and her clans . Later , when Hook -- the newest Dark One cast another curse , Arthur is sent to Storybrooke . In Storybrooke , Arthur reunites with the other inhabitants of Camelot and forms a camp nearby . He also works with the heroes to find out what happened back in Camelot , due to everyone 's memories of their time in Camelot being erased by the curse . He is later arrested by David for deceiving the heroes but escapes sometime later . He is then killed by Hades ending up in the Underworld . There , he help Hook to send a message to Emma on a way to defeat Hades . After succeeding , a portal to Mount Olympus opened for both of them , but Arthur chose to stay back and make the Underworld his new kingdom . This worked as he has overthrown Cruella and ruled of the Underworld for over fifty years . Queen Merida N / A Amy Manson 5 N / A Alive Queen Merida is the daughter of King Fergus and Queen Elinor and sister to her triplet brothers . When her mother is transformed into a bear by the Witch of DunBroch , she helps transform her back to human form . Years later , she witness the death of her father , resulting in her being the next Queen of DunBroch . When the United Clans claims that she 's unfit to rule , they kidnaps her triplet brothers in a form of protest . While searching for her brothers , she meets Emma , the new Dark One . At first , she was willing to help Emma , but eventually betrays her after a misunderstanding . She is later jailed by Arthur , but is freed by Merlin . Kidnapping Belle , she makes her help in the search of her brothers , eventually rescuing them . She also finds out that Arthur was responsible for the death of her father . On horseback riding to Camelot , she is swept away to Storybrooke by the curse cast by Hook . In Storybrooke upon being brought there by the Dark Curse , Merida became a minion for Emma as she has her heart in order to train Mr. Gold to become heroic enough to release Excalibur and at the same time use him in order to kill Emma . Mr. Gold passed this event by defeating Merida 's bear form . Upon releasing Mr. Gold and Merida from her clutches , Emma then tells Merida that her three brothers are safe with their mother in DunBroch . She is then asked by Regina to guard Emma but ends up being knocked out by Hook . Merida then receives her memories back along with everyone else by Emma , and is later ask to watch Arthur in his jail cell while they travel to Underworld to bring Hook back . Eventually , the heroes open a portal for her , the Camelot inhabitants , and the Merry Men to return to the Enchanted Forest where she later returns home to DunBroch . Nurse Ratched Severe Nurse Ingrid Torrance 5 1 , 2 , 4 , 6 Alive Nurse Ratched is a psychiatric ward nurse . From an unknown realm , Nurse Ratched is brought over to the newly created town of Storybrooke , working at Storybrooke General Hospital as the Severe Nurse . Following the breaking of the curse , she resumes her original identity as Nurse Ratched and continues working at the psychiatric ward . Later on , after Regina reversed the curse , Nurse Ratched is sent back to her homeworld along with the rest of the inhabitants of Storybrooke . With the new curse cast by Snow White , she is brought back to Storybrooke and resumes her job as the psychiatric nurse at the hospital . She is later seen in charged of the prison ward underneath the hospital too . During Fiona 's curse , Nurse Ratched is cursed into working with Fiona to keep Emma from remembering her past life by heavily giving Emma pills . After the curse breaks , Nurse Racthed resumes her ordinary life . Queen Guinevere N / A Joana Metrass Dalila Bela ( child ) 5 N / A Alive Queen Guinevere the wife of King Arthur who resides in Camelot . As a young girl , she believed in Arthur 's dreams of becoming a king , and upon returning with Excalibur she became his wife . Unfortunately , she would become neglected by Arthur 's obsession with Excalibur , resulting in her falling for Lancelot . The two even went on a mission to seek out the Dark One 's dagger . Thanks to a deal made by Rumplestiltskin , she traded the gauntlet in exchange for the magical sands that came from the sap of a tree that is found on Avalon . When Arthur finds out about her feelings for Lancelot , he takes the sands and uses it on Guinevere to make her follow his orders and then they both use it to fix Camelot and make it into a castle . She then uses the sand on David and Mary Margaret so they can follow Arthur 's orders but they are later free from it thanks to Merlin . Guinevere later watches in horror when the Dark Curse consumes all of Camelot and takes them to Storybrooke . When Captain Hook 's Dark One form evoked the Dark Curse , Guinevere is among those that ended up in Storybrooke with her memory of the last six weeks erased . She is later send to the Enchanted Forest and then back to Camelot with her people and the Merry Men and Merida . Sir Lancelot N / A Sinqua Walls 5 Alive Sir Lancelot is one of King Arthur 's knights of the round table and the son of the Lady of the Lake . During his tenure , Lancelot witnesses Arthur free Excalibur from its stone , though abandons his place on the Round Table after falling in love with Arthur 's wife Guinevere , this after they went on a quest to find the dagger , which resulted in a deal with Rumplestiltskin that Lancelot was against . After leaving Camelot , he became a servant of King George under the alias of Leviathan . Under the orders of King George , Lancelot captures Snow White and brings her to him , unintentionally allowing King George to curse her with water that makes her barren forever , with no chance of producing children . Lancelot revisits Snow , mentioning that he had no knowledge of the water 's content . Using the remnants of the water in Lake Nostos , Lancelot is able to undo the curse on Snow White . After the curse , Cora masquerades as Lancelot , claiming that he 's dead . Lancelot turns up alive . At some point , he returns to Camelot and sneaks into King Arthur 's castle . During the night where David is bestowed the Siege Perilous seat by Arthur , Snow White goes out to the hallway to calm down her crying baby son where she sees a shadowy figure walk past . When she calls out to the person , Lancelot steps out much to her astonishment . He assures her it is truly him . After putting aside the story of his struggles , Lancelot warns her about a villain that is currently in the castle . At first , Snow assumes he is speaking about Emma . Instead , Lancelot reveals that King Arthur is the villain and Camelot is not what it seems . When Arthur found out that Lancelot was alive and confronted him and Mary Margaret in the Dark One 's Vault , David found out where the suspicions towards King Arthur were confirmed . When the rest of the Knights arrive at Granny 's to help King Arthur , Lancelot also discovered that Guinevere was under Arthur 's command thanks to the sand dust that was used on her by King Arthur . Lancelot is locked up in the dungeon where he meets Merida as they both plan to find a way to defeat King Arthur . Both of them are freed by David 's group with the help of Merlin . Following Captain Hook being tethered to Excalibur , Merlin sends Sir Lancelot to his mother , the Lady of the Lake which is a two - day journey to help stop the darkness . He is too late to help and is not swept up by the third Dark Curse back to Storybrooke like everyone else . Violet N / A Olivia Steele - Falconer 5 6 Alive Violet is the daughter of Sir Morgan . She is an avid horse rider , hoping to follow in her late mother 's footsteps as a champion horseback rider . When the Storybrooke inhabitants comes to Camelot , she becomes Henry 's crush , sharing a passion for music . She also played a part in Emma 's quest to free Merlin in Camelot by using her to break Henry 's heart so she can obtain Henry 's teardrop in order to free Merlin . When Violet is among the Camelot citizens to end up in Storybrooke , Henry develops a crush on her again . Her horse Nicodemus goes missing until Henry manages to catch him . He returns Nicodemus to Violet during the town party impressing Sir Morgan . Sir Morgan departs with Nicodemus to the stables while Henry and Violet share a kiss . Later , Violet follows Henry out of Storybrooke to New York City to destroy magic . She , along with Henry , is brought back to Storybrooke by the heroes where she shares a passionate kiss with Henry . She , along with her father , chooses to stay in Storybrooke . She later becomes a student at Storybrooke Elementary School . She continues to date Henry after the Final Battle , but break up soon after . Blind Witch N / A Emma Caulfield 5 Deceased Emma Caulfield The Blind Witch is a witch who resides at her Gingerbread Home made completely out of candy deep in the woods . Her house and the treats lure in children , whom she would cook and eat . At some point , the Blind Witch comes to possess the Evil Queen 's poisoned apple . One day , the Evil Queen bargains with two young children , named Hansel and Gretel , to find their lost father , in return for stealing a poisoned apple from the witch . However , despite the Queen 's warning not to eat anything , Hansel licks some frosting off a cupcake , awaking the witch . She tries to eat Hansel and Gretel but they trick her and lock her in her own oven . The Queen , who was watching the events through her mirror , sends a bolt of fire through the mirror and lights the oven on fire . Since her death , the Blind Witch works at the Underworld 's version of Granny 's Diner when she encounters Mary Margaret . She has n't forgiven Regina for sending Hansel and Gretel to retrieve the apple and for burning her alive . Mary Margaret gets the Blind Witch to tell them where they can find Hercules . She tips them off by stating that he comes in from the shipyards during his lunch hour . The Blind Witch later informs Emma , Regina , and Red about where they can find Auntie Em stating that where she works is the competition to her business . She later acquired powers from Hades to keep the outsiders from escaping the Underworld in exchange for taking over the realm with Cruella when Hades leaves , this after Regina discovered that she was n't supposed to have any ability to obtain magic . After the heroes escape the Underworld , she continues her work in the Underbrooke diner at the time when King Arthur arrived after he was killed by Hades . Hades N / A Greg Germann 5 N / A Deceased Hades is the God of the Underworld . He is the son of Kronos , brother of Zeus and the uncle of Hercules . After his father Cronus appoints Zeus as the next ruler of Mount Olympus , he kills him . Zeus then stops his heart from beating and banishes him to the Underworld to be its ruler . One day , he appeared before Liam Jones and offered to let the ship sink in exchange that Liam and Killain be spared and the Eye of the Storm will be in their possession . Years later , he meets Zelena in the Land of Oz and was interested in her time travelling spell . He fell in love with her but Zelena saw it as a trick and asked him to go back to the Underworld . When Emma and her allies arrive in the Underworld , he forces Cora to get rid of the heroes from his land . Failing , he turns Cora back into a miller and forces her to work at an underground mill for her failure . After Hercules and Megara ascend to Mount Olympus , Hades decides to trap the heroes in the Underworld by forcing Hook to write a new name on a gravestone for each souls that leaves . When Hook refuses , he hangs Hook over the River of Lost Souls . He also sends Captain Silver to the Worst Place and tries sending Hook , later Liam , there but fails . He also buys the contract made by Rumplestiltskin years ago with Fendrake , threatening to take Mr. Gold 's second unborn child with Belle . He is later reunited with Zelena , who falls in love with him . When she gets kidnap , he asks Emma 's help to get her back . Later , after his heart starts beating again due to true love 's kiss , a portal is opened . He turns over the Underworld to Cruella as he leaves for Storybrooke with Zelena and her child . There , he kills King Arthur and hopes to take over Storybrooke . Using the Olympian Crystal , he kills Robin Hood . Zelena then kills him with the Olympian Crystal . Dr. Henry Jekyll N / A Hank Harris 6 5 Deceased Dr. Henry Jekyll is a physician . In Victorian England , he tries to join the Academy of Sciences run by Dr. Lydgate but he turns him down , claiming that his experiments is too dangerous . With Rumplestiltskin 's help , Dr. Jekyll uses a serum to change his personality , along with his looks and shows up uninvited at a party hosted by Dr. Lydgate . He also ends up in a relationship with Mary while as Mr. Hyde . When Mary finds out that he used the serum to pose as Mr. Hyde , the both has a rough fight , leading to Dr. Jekyll accidentally pushing her from her bedroom window , falling to her death . He later goes to the Land of Untold Stories . When David , Snow , Zelena and Hook accidentally get sent there through a portal , Dr. Jekyll meets them but is afraid to help them because of what the Warden might do to him . Later , he finishes the serum he developed to separate his good side and his evil side and Hyde separates from him . He is later rescued by David , Snow , Zelena and Hook and is taken along with them to Storybrooke to live a better life . He later works with Dr. Whale in his garage to make a new serum to defeat the Evil Queen ( Serum ) . He later tries to hurt Belle , resulting in Hook killing him . The side effect also kills Mr. Hyde . Mr. Hyde N / A Sam Witwer 6 5 Deceased Sam Witwer Mr. Hyde is Dr. Jekyll 's alter ego . In Victorian England , after Dr. Jekyll , with the help of Rumplestiltskin , creates a serum , he uses it to transform himself to Mr. Hyde . He threatens to expose Dr. Lydgate 's affair with his assistant if he does not give a place in the academy for Dr. Jekyll . He then ends up in a relationship with Mary , but she is later killed by Dr. Jekyll . He later confronts Rumplestiltskin about the incident and makes his way to the Land of Untold Stories . Years later in the Land of Untold Stories , Hyde steals the Pandora 's Box containing Belle and her unborn child from Gold by using the Apprentice 's Wand after he is told the Dark One has found love . After he is separated from Dr. Jekyll , Mr. Hyde makes a deal with Gold telling him on where to travel to find a way to free Belle from her sleeping curse . In return , he travels to Storybrooke with his fellow Untold Stories and announces to Regina Mills it is his . After a dirigible from the Land of Untold Stories arrives , Dr. Jekyll , David Nolan , and Regina were able to subdue Mr. Hyde with special shackles despite Emma having some hand tremors at the time . While locked up in the psychiatric ward of the Storybrooke Hospital , Mr. Hyde states that Emma should follow a red bird if she wants to find the answers to her hand tremors . He is later freed by the Evil Queen ( Serum ) . When Hook kills Dr. Jekyll , he also dies as he is Dr. Jekyll 's alter ego . Evil Queen N / A Lana Parrilla 6 5 Alive Lana Parrilla Not to be confused with Regina Mills , the Enchanted Forest character , who is also known as the Evil Queen . The Evil Queen is the separated former counterpart of Regina Mills . After Regina separates her evil self with Dr. Jekyll 's serum , the Evil Queen is formed . Regina rips the Evil Queen 's heart and crushes it , turning the Evil Queen into ashes . However , the Evil Queen later reappears at the Dragon 's shop in New York where she rips his heart out in order to get him to obey her . As he was no uses to her , she banishes him to the World Behind the Mirror . Using potions in his shop , she finds her way to Storybrooke and reunites with her `` half - sister '' Zelena . She then began manipulating events in Storybrooke in order to turn Regina dark . She controls the Count of Monte Cristo to try and kill David and Snow , helps Lady Tremaine to get her revenge on Ella , freeing the captured Mr. Hyde to help her , killing the Oracle to frame Princess Jasmine and kidnaping Dr. Hopper . She even tried to put a wedge between Hook and Henry 's bonding relationship . She then threatens to kill everyone in Storybrooke if David and Snow refuse to surrender themselves , and after they did , she curses them by placing a joint sleeping curse upon them . After finding out about a blade that can kill her , she captures Princess Jasmine and uses the current genie Aladdin to wish for Emma Swan 's wish to come true . As a result , the Wish Realm is created . Regina later tricks her and uses her wish to reunite with Emma in the Wish Realm . With Emma and Regina gone , David challenges the Evil Queen in a dual resulting in him making a wish to destroy her . Gideon from the Dark Realm arrives shortly afterwards and turns her into a pet cobra in a coiled cage . The Evil Queen escapes days later and frees herself by biting on the hand of Robin from the Wish Realm . She uses Robin to get the Shears of Destiny which she then uses on herself and Regina , finally separating them both . As they dual , Regina gets the upper hand and instead of killing her , Regina rips both of their hearts out and balances the light and dark of the heart , giving the Evil Queen some form of love . As a result , the Evil Queen gives up with revenge and apologiszs to Snow and Henry and thanks Regina for giving her a second chance while having left some information on how to get rid of the joint sleeping curse . With Henry 's help , she is send to the Wish Realm for a fresh start , where she rejoins Robin in a bar , finally getting her happy ending . The Evil Queen appears when the Black Fairy attempts to destroy all the realms , and sacrifices herself to prevent this from happening . She reappears after the curse is stopped . Gideon N / A Giles Matthey Anton Starkman ( child ) 6 7 Alive Giles Matthey Gideon is the son of Rumplestiltskin and Belle . When Mr. Gold sprinkles some Sands of Morpheus over Belle , it also affected his unborn son . Ending up in the Dream World with Mr. Gold and Belle , he masquerades as Morpheus in order to test his mother , Belle . After she passes the test , he reveals to her that he is n't the actual deity and is her son . He then gives her true love 's kiss , breaking the curse . He subsequently returns into Belle 's dream dimension in the Dream World to warn her about Mr. Gold and wants her to defeat him . As Belle 's pregnancy is sped up by the Evil Queen , he tells Belle to give him away for his best chance . After birth , Belle names him Gideon after the character from her book Her Handsome Hero and gives him to his fairy godmother -- the Blue Fairy . However , the Black Fairy kidnaps him to the Dark Realm . There , his growth accelerates . As a young boy , he is placed into a cell where the Black Fairy abuses him to turn him dark , but Gideon resists . She even dragged his neighbor Roderick away to be an example for him . After growing into a twenty - eight years old man , Gideon reunites with Roderick who has plans to get an orb that would enable them to contact the Savior . This turns into an ambush by the Black Fairy who turns Roderick into an insect and steps on him . While stating that the Savior is in Storybrooke , the Black Fairy rips out Gideon 's heart so that he can kill Emma and enable the Black Fairy to move freely outside her lair . Gideon returns to Storybrooke , fated to kill Emma as the figure under the hood . He briefly duals with Emma , but loses . He is later manipulated by Mr. Gold to prevent him from turning dark , but Gideon catches on and retrieves the Dark One 's dagger to control Mr. Gold . As part of a plan to fix Hrunting , a magical sword , he steals the Blue Fairy 's magic to make the sword whole . Later as Hook is onboard Nautilus to see Captain Nemo off , Gideon appears and commandeers the Nautilus to sail away from Storybrooke . In order to get close to Emma , Gideon opens up a bar called Aesop 's Tables and poses as a bartender named Aesop who was a refugee from the Land of Untold Stories who emigrated there upon failing to come up with stories where most of his stories involved talking animals . Upon collecting a napkin that had Emma 's tear on it , Gideon later sheds his disguise upon confronting Emma outside her house following her being contacted by Captain Hook 's sea shell . Gideon vows to keep Emma from reuniting with Captain Hook unless he can help him with his new mission ... to kill the Black Fairy . When it came to a spell at the Sorcerer 's Mansion , Emma and Gideon find it going horribly awry when the Great Spider from the Echoless Forest emerged from the book `` Her Handsome Hero '' and attacked him . When Gideon pushes Emma into the webs , he stated that he caused the Great Spider to appear as a way to kill of Emma and free the Black Fairy . Retreating to the Storybrooke Clock Tower , Gideon prepares the spell to open the portal . Although it seems to have failed , Gideon was surprised that the Black Fairy had managed to get through . Gideon posed as David during the Black Fairy 's plot to abduct the Mother Superior . While the Black Fairy got away with the Mother Superior , Mr. Gold slapped the Enchanted Cuffs on Gideon in order to get his heart back . Following the visit to Mr. Gold 's dream , Mr. Gold was able to get the Black Fairy to return Gideon 's heart . Mr. Gold then places Gideon 's heart back into his body . Aladdin N / A Deniz Akdeniz 6 N / A Alive Aladdin is a former thief and a former Savior . In Agrabah as a thief , Aladdin is hired by Princess Jasmine to obtain the Diamond of the Rough from the Cave of Wonders . After helping her , he is told by Princess Jasmine that he is to be the Savior of Agrabah by defeating Jafar . After Princess Jasmine leaves , he is confronted by Jafar who tells him that in the end , he will die as the Savior . Jafar gives Aladdin a pair of scissors as a way to remove himself as the Savior , but Aladdin choose to not do so . Instead , he saves Princess Jasmine and the Sultan of Agrabah from Jafar by breaking Jafar 's staff . At some point , Aladdin befriended a genie and was able to free him from his lamp . Sometime later , Aladdin takes refuge in a hideout cottage somewhere in the desert following a hand tremor and is taken care by the Oracle . One day , he is visited by a man from a kingdom in Agrabah , seeking help from Aladdin to defeat a great evil . Moments later , Jafar walks into the cottage where he kills the man and knocks out the Oracle . After he mocks Aladdin on his role as the Savior , Aladdin asks Jafar to kill him . Jafar however refuses to do so and wishes to see him without a happy ending as Jafar claims that saviors do not get happy endings . Using the scissors given to him by Jafar in the past , he strips himself from being the Savior and relocates to the Enchanted Forest . When the Evil Queen cast the Dark Curse , Aladdin is send to the Land Without Magic . Years later , Emma finds Aladdin in an underground cemetery . He gives her the scissors as a back up plan for her as she is the current Savior . He later reunites with Princess Jasmine . He is later informed by Princess Jasmine that Agrabah and everyone in it vanished . Aladdin later finds the vacant genie lamp where the genie he befriended is not there . In order to make the genie lamp active , Aladdin puts on the genie bracelets in order to become one . After the Evil Queen captures Princess Jasmine , Aladdin ends up granting the Evil Queen her wish to have Emma 's wish of not being a savior to be granted which sends Emma to an alternate timeline where the Evil Queen was defeated . He also tells the Evil Queen that every wish has a price . In her confrontation with the Evil Queen , Regina used the genie wish to go to the alternate timeline . When David deals with the Evil Queen , he manages to get the genie lamp so that Aladdin will see to it that the Evil Queen gets what she deserves . While the wish happened , Regina stated that she already got what she deserved and later escapes when Hook , Henry , and Princess Jasmine arrive . Upon David giving her the genie lamp , Princess Jasmine gets Aladdin to grant her wish of finding where Agrabah went as both of them disappear . Princess Jasmine Shirin Karen David 6 N / A Alive Princess Jasmine is the daughter of the Sultan of Agrabah and Aladdin 's lover . When Jafar began residing at the Capital of Agrabah , he uses his serpent staff to control the Sultan of Agrabah , Jasmine 's father . To save her father and all of Agrabah , she recruits Aladdin to help her obtain the Diamond in the Rough from the Cave of Wonders , where she reveals to Aladdin that he is to be the Savior of Agrabah . She is later confronted by Jafar and placed in an hour glass as Jafar proceeds with plans to take over the realm . She is rescued by Aladdin as Jafar flees the capital to a neighbouring kingdom . She does not joins Aladdin in his mission to locate Jafar and stays back at the capital to undo Jafar 's doing . Some time later , the capital is attacked and Princess Jasmine seeks help from a nearby kingdom as Aladdin had vanished . On the way back , she is caught in a sand storm which results with the Capital of Agrabah disappearing . She goes to the Oracle and decides to find Aladdin . By unknown means , she , along with the Oracle , goes to the Land of Untold Stories . Over thirty years later , when Mr. Hyde brings the Land of Untold Stories refugees to Storybrooke , Princess Jasmine takes on the identity as Shirin and becomes an assistant teacher at Storybrooke Elementary School . When she is framed for killing the Oracle and caught by Emma , she is interrogated by Emma and David with Mary Margaret watching . At first , she was reluctant to reveal her real name because of Mr. Hyde until Emma tells her that Mr. Hyde is dead . With the help of the heroes , she reunites with Aladdin . She later tells Aladdin that Agrabah had disappeared and they will never be able to go home . Eventually , after Aladdin becomes a genie , she wishes for the both to appear at the Capital of Agrabah 's new location as they poof away from Storybrooke . They appear in the Enchanted Forest and scouts for Agrabah for weeks . They are eventually reunited with Hook and led to Hangman 's Island where they find Ariel with a genie bottle that has Jafar trapped in . Fiona / Black Fairy N / A Jaime Murray 6 N / A Deceased Jaime Murray Fiona is the former lover of Malcolm , mother of Rumplestiltskin , grandmother of Baelfire and Gideon , great - grandmother of Henry Mills , great - great - grandmother of Lucy , and the creator of the Dark Curse . With Malcolm , Fiona gives birth to a son , but grows obsessed in protecting him after his fairy godmother , Tiger Lily , riveals that her son is destined to die as the Savior in the far future . She tricks Tiger Lily into breaking into the Sacred Vault of the Fairies to create a curse to banish all the children of their land to the Land Without Magic , however , the Blue Fairy banishes her to the Dark Realm where she becomes the cruel Black Fairy and kidnaps children from various realms and forces them to mine dark fairy dust . About thirty years later , the Black Fairy arrives in Storybrooke after the birth of her grandson , Gideon , and kidnaps him to the Dark Realm and raises him . After twenty - eight years , according to the time in the Dark Realm , the Black Fairy rips his heart out and commands him to return to Storybrooke to kill the Savior . Since then , the Black Fairy had been manipulating events from her domain and eventually frees herself from the Dark Realm with Gideon 's help . She arrives in Storybrooke and prepares for the final battle between her and Emma , and eventually casting the curse to separate Emma 's love one 's before the battle . The curse reverts Storybrooke back to its original self during the first curse and the destruction of all lands with magic begins , however , after Mr. Gold kills her , her curse comes to an end . Tiger Lily N / A Sara Tomko 6 N / A Alive Tiger Lily is a fairy . After the birth of Fiona 's son , Tiger Lily and the Blue Fairy visits Fiona and Tiger Lily is revealed as the child 's fairy godmother . Later on , after Fiona learned of her son 's fate as the Savior , Tiger Lily helps her to find the child destined to kill Fiona 's son in the far future . Breaking into the Sacred Vault of the Fairies , Tiger Lily is tricked by Fiona , who intends to create a curse to banish all the children of their land to the Land Without Magic . With the Blue Fairy 's help , Fiona is banished to the Dark Realm , and Tiger Lily and the Blue Fairy reveals Fiona 's fate to her husband , Malcolm . Since then , Tiger Lily removes her fairy status and relocates to Neverland . Years later , she comes across Captain Hook and teams up with him to send word to the current savior , Emma , that Fiona , now known as the Black Fairy , intends to kill her during the Final Battle . Tiger Lily helps Hook escape from the Lost Boys into a portal back to Storybrooke . Years later , somehow regaining her fairy status , Tiger Lily becomes a fairy godmother to Lucy , Henry Mills ' daughter . When Lucy comes to her for guidance after Henry goes missing , Tiger Lily asks her to have fate , telling her that she will be reunited with her father sometime in the future . Drizella Ivy Adelaide Kane 7 N / A Unknown Drizella is an upcoming character . Alice Tilly Rose Reynolds 7 N / A Unknown Alice is an upcoming character . Witch N / A Emma Booth 7 N / A Unknown The Witch is an upcoming character . Guest characters ( edit ) Fairy Tale Character Real World Character Portrayer Guest Status Bishop N / A Tom Pickett 1 , 4 Alive The Bishop is an unnamed man who performs marriage rituals in the Enchanted Forest . After Prince Charming proposes to Snow While , the Bishop officiates their wedding at a chapel at the Royal Castle . During the ceremony , he is interrupted by the Evil Queen , who threatens him and everyone present , about a curse that she plans to enact that will take away their happiness . Years later , after Issac rewrites the Once Upon a Time book , the Bishop is sent to the Alternate World . There , he officiates Robin Hood and Zelena 's wedding . Once Henry undoes Isaac 's damage , the Bishop is sent back to his original home . N / A Ryan Marlow Warren Christie Unknown Ryan Marlow is a man on the run from the law . Living in Boston , Ryan goes on a date with Emma Swan , who is a bounty hunter . Halfway through the date , Emma reveals that she was hired by his wife to track him down after fleeing . Horrified , Ryan escapes the restaurant to his car to escape jail time , but finds his car tire booted . When Emma approaches him to take him in , he sarcastically remarks her orphaned self , forcing Emma to slam his head on the steering wheel . Blind Witch Miss Ginger Patti Allan Alive The Blind Witch is a character that first appeared in `` The Thing You Love Most '' . Not to be confused with the Blind Witch that first appeared in `` True North '' . The Blind Witch is a witch with stitched eyes and is one of the darkest souls in the Enchanted Forest . After receiving an invitation by the Evil Queen to participate in the enactment of the Dark Curse , the Blind Witch joins various others with dark souls . As each had to sacrifice a piece of themselves , the Blind Witch cuts off a lock of her hair . However , the first enactment fails , displeasing her and various others . Eventually , the Evil Queen casts the curse and she , along with the rest of the Enchanted Forest , is consumed by the curse . In Storybrooke , she is Miss Ginger , a bespectacled busybody that is always lurking around whenever there 's trouble . After Regina undoes her curse , she is sent back to the Enchanted Forest . Ella Ashley Boyd Jessy Schram 1 , W , 4 , 6 Alive Jessy Schram Ella is the stepdaughter of Lady Tremaine and stepsister to Clorinda and Tisbe . Living as a maid at Tremaine estate , she wished to attend the royal ball but her dress is destroyed under the orders of Lady Tremaine , gaining the nickname of `` Cinder '' at the front of her name . She meets Rumplestiltskin after he kills her fairy godmother , and offers her a contract : her wish in exchange for something she will have in the future . She signs without reading the contract and attends a ball where she meets Prince Thomas . The two fall in love and marry . However , Rumplestiltskin later reminds Ella of the contract and informs her that he wants her first - born child . When she discovers she is pregnant , she attempts to run away . However , Thomas and Prince Charming devise a plan to capture Rumplestiltskin . The plan succeeds , but Thomas disappears . Rumplestiltskin vows that she will never see Thomas again until the contract is fulfilled . In Storybrooke , she is 19 - year - old Ashley Boyd , a single , pregnant maid . The baby 's father Sean Herman ( Prince Thomas ) is forbidden to see Ashley by his father Mitchell leading to Mitchell arranging for Mr. Gold ( Rumplestiltskin ) to pay Ashley in exchange for the baby . She originally agrees to the exchange , but later decides to keep her child . She attempts to flee town but goes into labor at the city limits . Emma Swan brings her to the hospital , where she gives birth to a daughter and reunites with Sean . Emma agrees to be in - debt to Mr. Gold if Ashley is allowed to keep the baby . Ashley and Sean are later engaged . A few years later , Ashley begins teaching parenting classes in Storybrooke and begins running the day care . She later reunites with Clorinda and is nearly killed by Lady Tremaine . Emma managed to heal Ashley who is reunited with Sean . Lady Tremaine N / A Lisa Banes 1 , 6 Alive Lady Tremaine is the mother of Clorinda and Tisbe and stepmother of Ella . After the death of her second husband , Lady Tremaine ends up with his daughter , Cinderella . One day , the footman from a nearby kingdom arrives at her estate , inviting her and her family to the Royal Ball held at the castle . On the night of the ball , she takes her daughters , Clorinda and Tisbe , to the ball , leaving Cinderella to do chores at her estate . When Cinderella shows up at the ball , she mocks Cinderella , telling her that the Prince will never choose her , despite him dancing with her . Later , after finding out that the Prince is falling for Cinderella , she breaks Cinderella 's glass slipper , the only proof of being the women that the Prince danced with at the ball . She later tries to prevent Clorinda from marrying Jacob , the footman . Instead , she opens a portal to the Land of Untold Stories and banishes her daughter , along with herself there in order to stop her story . When Mr. Hyde brings the inhabitants from the Land of Untold Stories to Storybrooke , Lady Tremaine is among those inhabitants . Duping Clorinda into helping her , Lady Tremaine tries to enact revenge on Cinderella at a pumpkin farm . After Lady Tremaine threatens to kill Clorinda 's lover Jacob ( who owns the pumpkin farm ) , Clorinda tries to stop her . Instead , she stabs Cinderella . Eventually , she is arrested and sentenced to do community service under Storybrooke 's law where she picks up garbage under Leroy 's watch . Clorinda N / A Mekenna Melvin 1 , 6 Alive Clorinda is the sister of Tisbe , one of the two daughters of Lady Tremaine , and one of the two stepsisters of Ella . In the Enchanted Forest , Clorinda is engaged to the Prince 's footman Jacob , but is too scared to tell her mother , but thankfully she tells Cinderella . After that , Clorinda and the footman were about to go to the Land of Untold Stories , but are stopped by Lady Tremaine . Clorinda is then forced to go to the Land of Untold Stories with her mother . In the present , Clorinda was duped into helping her mother get revenge on Cinderella during the confrontation at a pumpkin farm run by Jacob . With the intervention of Emma , Henry , and Captain Hook , Clorinda is happily reunited with Cinderella and the footman while Lady Tremaine is sentenced to community service for the attempted murder of Cinderella . Tisbe N / A Goldie Hoffman 1 , 6 Unknown Tisbe is the sister of Clorinda , one of the two daughters of Lady Tremaine , and one of the two step sisters of Ella . Tisbe , along with her mother and Clorinda , abandons Cinderella to go to a royal ball at the King 's castle . There , she meets a duke . When her mother and sister goes to the Land of Untold Stories , she remains in the Enchanted Forest . Fairy Godmother N / A Catherine Lough Haggquist Deceased The Fairy Godmother is a fairy . While being a fairy , the Fairy Godmother also works as a patron to King George and his family . For unknown reasons , Rumplestiltskin seeks her whereabouts and gains knowledge of it from King George . When Ella is left behind by her stepfamily for a royal ball at the King 's castle , the Fairy Godmother appears to help her out . The Fairy Godmother intends to transform Ella into a princess for the ball . Before she could do it , Rumplestiltskin kills her and takes her wand . Prince Thomas Sean Herman Tim Phillipps 1 , 6 Alive Prince Thomas is the husband of Cinderella , whom she meets at the ball after she makes a deal with Rumplestiltskin . After Cinderella thinks he loves Clorinda she leaves the ball leaving behind her glass slipper . He then searches the entire kingdom for her and with Snow White 's help they find her and he proposals to her and they marry . During their wedding reception , Rumplestiltskin informs Cinderella that he owes her her first - born child in exchange for her lavish life . Thomas comforts a frightened Cinderella , devising a plan with Prince Charming to capture Rumplestiltskin . The plan succeeds , but Thomas disappears , with Rumplestiltskin vowing that she will never see Thomas again until the contract is fulfilled . In Storybrooke , he is Sean Herman , a cannery worker who is forced by his father Mitchell to leave Ashley after she falls pregnant . Sean eventually decides to go against his father 's wishes and visits Ashley to reconcile with her and to see his new - born daughter . A few months later , he proposes to Ashley and the pair are engaged . Prince James N / A Josh Dallas Luke Roessler ( child ) 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 Deceased Prince James is son of Robert and Ruth , the twin brother of Prince `` Charming '' David , and stepson of King George . After James and David were born in order save their farm , Robert and Ruth make a deal with Rumplestiltskin to give up James to King George . Afterwards , James being unhappy with his life runs away to Pleasure Island but is later found by his real father Robert who wants to bring him home but they are both stopped by King George who offers Robert gold to give James back but Robert refuses so King George orders for him to be executed and takes James back home where he eventually becomes just like King George . When George 's kingdom struggles financially , James and his lover Jacqueline `` Jack '' trick Anton the Giant by stealing treasure from his beanstalk home . He later competes in a battle which ends in a mutual kill , causing George to use his twin brother David to pose as him in order to save the kingdom . Mary Margaret later encounters Prince James in the Underworld where he is operating as sheriff . It is also revealed that he is envious of David , who was chosen over James to be raised by their parents . It is implied that James is in a romantic relationship with Cruella de Vil . After knocking out his brother , Sheriff James assumes his identity in order to help Cruella de Vil obtain Zelena 's baby . When he and Cruella have Emma Swan and Robin Hood at the Underbrooke Harbor , David arrives upon escaping his cell where he fights Sheriff James who states that his unfinished business is to kill David . Before Sheriff James can kill David , he gets knocked into Underbrooke Harbor by David ending up in the River of Souls . Although David commented about how his brother did n't deserve that , Emma states that some people are n't meant to move on . Ruth N / A Gabrielle Rose 1 , 2 , 4 , 6 Deceased Ruth is wife of the late Robert and the late mother of twin brothers Prince James and Prince `` Charming '' David . When she and Robert are about to lose their farm they make a deal with Rumplestiltskin and give up their son James . After Robert starts to drink and Ruth is left to care for their other son David much by herself but Robert promises to change and swears to bring James home when he 's gone missing and plans to returns home to his family but she later finds out her died and is told his death was caused by an accidental overdose . Later on she and David continue to live on the farm but are tormented by a warlord named Little Bo Peep who brands them if they do n't give her their weekly pay but they are freed from her when David gains the strength and bravery from a girl named Anna . When James is killed in battle , Ruth tries to convince her second son , shepherd David , to marry King Midas ' daughter in order to save their farm . She tells David of James whom he originally had no knowledge of , informing him that she gave him away as an heir to King George to keep their farm . George later forces David to pose as James and marry Princess Abigail in order to unite the kingdom . Ruth gives David her wedding ring to pass on to his true love , Snow White . Ruth is later shot by a poisoned arrow from George 's knights when David arranges to meet his mother . David , Snow and Lancelot attempt to cure her with the water of Lake Nostos , but unbeknownst to them , she instead gives Snow the healing water to make her fertile again following King George 's potion . As her dying wish , Ruth witnesses Snow marry her son , before passing away . King Midas N / A Alex Zahara 1 , 3 Unknown King Midas is the father of Princess Abigail , who possesses powers to turn all he touches to gold . Thus he had one hand cut off and has a special glove over his other hand to hold back the Golden Touch . Due to this , he accidentally transforms his daughter 's true love Fredrick into a statue whilst protecting him . After a dragon terrorizes Midas ' kingdom , he enlists King George 's son James to kill the creature . After James is killed , his twin brother David takes his place , slaughtering the dragon , leading Midas to offer David his daughter 's hand in marriage . However , Abigail chooses to marry a now human Frederick for love while David weds Snow White . Zoso N / A Brad Dourif 1 , 4 , 5 Deceased Zoso was an unmatched sorcerer who was The Dark One before Rumplestiltskin . He used his powers to have parents send their children to fight in the Ogre Wars . However , Zoso was only a slave to the Duke ( who wielded The Dark One 's dagger which enabled anyone who possessed it to control him ) that resided in the frontlands . Seeking freedom from the Duke , Zoso manipulates Rumplestiltskin while in the form of a beggar by telling him to burn down the Duke 's castle and steal The Dark One 's dagger . After the objectives are filled , Rumplestiltskin stabs him with the dagger , killing him , which allows Rumplestiltskin to become the new Dark One . King Leopold N / A Richard Schiff Eric Lange ( young adult ) 1 , 2 , 3 Deceased King Leopold is the father of Snow White and the husband of Queen Eva . He later marries Regina , his second wife . As a Prince , Leopold meets Cora after she is betrayed by Jonathan , a man claiming to be a Prince . The two form a strong bond until Cora learns he is engaged to Princess Eva , who informs Leopold of her secret child , leading him to remove Cora from his kingdom . Becoming King , Leopold marries Eva and the two have a daughter named Snow White , though Eva later dies after being poisoned by Cora . The latter later sets up her daughter Regina to marry Leopold by getting Regina to save Snow 's life . Upon finding the Genie 's lamp , he can not think of anything he desires , so instead frees the Genie and invites him to his castle to work with him . These actions end in disaster when the Genie falls in love with Regina and plots to kill the King to free her from the loveless marriage . The Genie places poisonous vipers from Agrabah in the King 's bed , killing him . Sir Maurice Moe French Eric Keenleyside 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 Alive Sir Maurice is the ruler of a kingdom where he is the husband of Colette and the father of Belle . He once introduced Belle to Gaston at the time when the Ogre Wars were starting . During one of the Ogre attacks , Maurice lost Colette to the invading Ogres . He later enlists Rumplestiltskin to save his people from the Ogre Wars . He agrees on the condition that Belle must leave her family and become the caretaker of his estate . Maurice declines , but Belle agrees to the bargain . In Storybrooke , he is Moe French , a florist . Mr. Gold ( Rumplestiltskin ) repossesses the shop 's van , leading to Moe robbing his house and being beaten viciously . After the curse is broken , Moe begins to search for Belle , hiring Mr. William Smee to locate her . Initially they are reunited , but when Moe learns that Belle still has feelings for Rumplestiltskin , he tries to send her across town lines in order to have her forget him . After Gold rescues Belle , she tells both him and her father that she wishes to never see them again . Belle and Moe later reconcile and Moe gives his blessing for Belle to marry Mr. Gold . After returning from the Underworld , Mr. Gold pays him a visit and Moe is displeased to see him again . Moe is asked to wake Belle up from her sleeping curse , but refuses to wake her until Gold is gone . Gaston N / A Sage Brocklebank ( first appearance ) Wes Brown 1 , 5 Deceased Gaston is Belle 's betrothed . Hoping to reunite their kingdoms , Sir Maurice wants Belle to marry Gaston . As Belle is reluctant to marry him , Gaston decides to spend time with her . On a walk in the forest , they find a young ogre trapped in an underground hole . Without Belle 's knowledge , Gaston tortures the ogre . When Belle uses an enchanted mirror to disclose the culprit , Gaston is revealed . Despite this , Sir Maurice still persuades to give Gaston a second chnace . Sometime later , Gaston becomes Belle 's fiancé . During the ogre raid , Belle is given to Rumplestiltskin in exchange for the kingdom 's safety . Gaston later goes to Rumplestiltskin 's castle to save her , but is turned into a rose . Unknown to her , Belle cuts the rose 's stem to place it in a vase , killing him . His soul is then sent to the Underworld . In the Underworld , Gaston works at the Underbrooke Pet Shelter . Hades approaches him with a deal to get his revenge on Mr. Gold . Hades gives him arrows that were dipped into the River of Lost Souls . Anyone who is hit by the arrows ends up in the River of Lost Souls . Belle figures out that she is the unfinished business that Gaston has . Near the Underbrooke Harbor which the River of Lost Souls flows through , Mr. Gold has Gaston in a stranglehold until Belle arrives . Belle uses the Dark One 's Dagger to have him release Gaston . When Gaston starts to attack Mr. Gold , Belle accidentally knocks Gaston into the Underbrooke Harbor causing him to end up in the River of Lost Souls . Daniel Colter N / A Noah Bean 1 , 2 Deceased Noah Bean Daniel Colter was a stable boy at Regina 's home when she was a teenager . He gave her riding lessons and was also her secret lover . After Regina saves a young Snow White 's life , King Leopold proposes to her . To avoid the unwanted marriage , Regina devises a plan to run away with Daniel , but Cora kills him upon learning of their relationship from Snow White . After Regina learns basic magic , she uses a preservation spell on Daniel 's body , keeping him in a glass case and dedicating her time to finding a way to bring him back to life . Jefferson brings Dr. Victor Frankenstein to her from his world and he performs an experiment on Daniel 's body , failing . It is later revealed that he failed on purpose as part of a deal with Rumplestiltskin , who wanted Regina to give into her dark side . After the curse in Storybrooke is broken , Dr. Whale ( Victor Frankenstein ) wishes for Regina to return him to his world . In order to persuade her , he attempts the experiment on Daniel again , this time succeeding . However , the pain of resurrection turns Daniel into a `` monster '' who rips off Whale 's arm . During a brief moment of painful lucidity , Daniel tells Regina to forget their love and `` love again '' , before lapsing back into psychotic behavior and attempting to attack her ; a heartbroken Regina turns Daniel to dust . While in the Underworld , Regina discovered that Daniel 's tombstone is on its side meaning that Daniel has no unfinished businesses and is on Mount Olympus . Milah N / A Rachel Shelley 2 , 5 Deceased Milah is the ex-wife of Rumplestiltskin and ex-girlfriend of Captain Hook and the mother of Baelfire . Sometime during the Ogre Wars , Milah gave birth to Baelfire . She and Rumplestiltskin come to the aid of Baelfire when he gets bitten by an Atlantean Rat Snake . As the cure to the 24 - hour venom owned by Fendrake the Healer is expensive , both of them had to come up with a plan to obtain it . Rumplestiltskin had to make a deal with Fendrake to obtain the cure , they administered it to Baelfire . While at a bar , a drunk threatened Milah until she is saved by Captain Hook . At some point , Rumplestiltskin finds out that Milah has been having an affair with Captain Hook and secretly leaves with Captain Hook on his journey out to sea . Rumplestiltskin thinks that Captain Hook kidnapped her and sets out to find her . Upon becoming the Dark One , Rumplestiltskin catches up to Captain Hook where Milah stated that Captain Hook did n't kidnap her . Milah states that she could n't stay in a loveless marriage with Rumplestiltskin and that she never loved him . This causes an angry Rumplestiltskin to rip out her heart and crush it and kills Milah . In the Underworld , Mr. Gold encounters Milah as a crossing guard and enlists her to help him and Emma rescue Captain Hook from his prison near the River of Lost Souls . While waiting for Emma 's return , she admits to Mr. Gold that her guilt over leaving Baelfire is keeping her in the Underworld and that she regrets treating her son poorly because she hated her husband . Recalling that Baelfire forgave him for betraying him , Mr. Gold offers her hope about their son forgiving her as well . Since she now knows Baelfire is happy and in a better place , she has hopes her unfinished business is done , and that she can move on . Milah is temporarily frozen by Hades so that he can make a deal with Mr. Gold . After the discussion , Mr. Gold was forced to destroy the boat . Then Mr. Gold regrettably sends Milah into the River of Lost Souls all the while feeling remorse . When Emma and Captain Hook arrived , Mr. Gold told them that Hades attacked and sent Milah into the River of Lost Souls . Anton N / A Jorge Garcia Alive Jorge Garcia Anton is a Giant based on the giant that was featured in Jack and the Beanstalk . Prior to the curse , Anton resided in a realm of giants which could only be accessed via a large beanstalk . His brothers Abraham and Arlo referred to him as `` Tiny '' and often mocked his love for knowing more of the outside world . In retaliation , he journeyed down the beanstalk and befriended Prince James and his lover Jacqueline `` Jack '' , who gave Anton a piece of mushroom from Wonderland that shrinks him to human size . Jack tells Anton James ' kingdom is on the verge of bankruptcy and needs money . Anton offers to give them treasure from his home , however , they betray him and lead an army to fight against the Giants , causing the death of all his kind except for Anton . He develops a hatred towards humans for what happened to his family . Years later after the Evil Queen 's curse is broken , Emma Swan and Captain Hook journey up the beanstalk to retrieve a magic compass . Anton attacks them , but Emma pleads with him that she needs the compass to get back to her son . He reluctantly gives the compass to Emma , stating that all humans are alike . However , Emma responds by stating that he is wrong to generalize . Back in Storybrooke , Captain Hook reveals that Cora shrunk Anton to bring him to the new land . Regina Mills ( the Evil Queen ) restores his giant size , and he rampages through Storybrooke , attempting to kill David , who he mistakes for James . However , when the magic wears off , he falls into a pit . David rescues him , convincing him to trust them all . Anton reveals to the group that he owns a magic bean and works with the Seven Dwarfs to harvest beans as portals until Regina destroys them during the time when Greg and Tamara have infiltrated Storybrooke . Anton succeeds to produce only one magic bean on the burnt - out fields . As a token of appreciation for her work , Anton gives the magic bean to Ruby which she uses to come back to the Enchanted Forest in order to find any other werewolves . Seer N / A Shannon Lucio Brighid Fleming ( child ) Deceased The Seer is first seen as a child and prisoner kept in a cage by the forces of the Duke . Rumplestiltskin is training with the army during the Ogre Wars and is horrified to see a child whose eyes are cut out and embedded into her palms . She informs him that she can see the future , foreseeing his wife Milah giving birth to his child and due to his actions on the battlefield , his son will become fatherless . The Seer then tells him that they are fated to meet again , then vanishes . Years after the predictions come true and he is parted from his son , Rumplestiltskin returns as The Dark One and the now adult Seer gives him the ideas for the evil curse . At the time , he was quite angry since all this happened because he acted without getting all the possible information . Before she dies , she transfers her powers to him telling him the person who will lead him to his son is a young boy . That young boy will be the undoing of The Dark One . However , he is unaware that the boy would later turn out to be his grandson Henry Mills . Queen Eva N / A Rena Sofer Eva Bourne ( young adult ) 2 , 3 Deceased Rena Sofer Queen Eva is the deceased mother of Snow White and the first wife of King Leopold . As a Princess , Eva is spoiled and selfish , forced into an arranged marriage to Prince Leopold , who simultaneously falls in love with Cora . However , Eva learns of Cora 's secret child with Jonathan , a man claiming to be a Prince , and informs Leopold , leading him to remove Cora from his kingdom . She later trips Cora during her visit to King Xavier causing Eva to fly into a `` rage '' . As a changed , mature adult , she teaches her daughter , Snow White , kindness , respect for service , and to avoid dark magic . She unexpectedly falls ill before Snow 's birthday . The Royal Doctor can not heal her , so her servant Johanna informs Snow that she should talk to the Blue Fairy . The fairy offers Snow a magic candle which would save the life of her mother at the cost of another 's life . She refuses the candle which pleases Eva , who eventually dies . Following the Queen 's funeral , the `` Blue Fairy '' is revealed to be Cora in disguise . Over the corpse of Eva , she confesses to poisoning her in order to place Regina on the throne as well as to turn Snow White evil . When Snow White was possessed by Cora 's ghost as part of Regina 's plan to get answers about Zelena , Snow White learned of her mother 's dark past . Dragon N / A Tzi Ma 2 , 5 , 6 Alive The Dragon is a healer originated from an unknown realm . Sometime ago , the Dragon had a daughter , but due to a mistake , he loses her . He then ends up in the Land Without Magic and starts a healing clinic , healing uncured diseases using magic he brought from his land . While being a healer , the Dragon also took some interest in the Author , mainly researching about him . Later on , he is visited by Tamara who is on the hunt for magical creatures . When she finds out that the Dragon is magical , she tries to kill him . As he tries to reveal to her his true self , she kills him with a magical taser and his corpse is found by August . A few years later , it is revealed that he survived Tamara 's attack and moved to New York City . Mr. Gold and Regina seeks his help to open a portal to the Land of Untold Stories , but due to the limited magic scope , he fails , but he gives them some words of encouragement . Later at night , he is visited by the Evil Queen who hopes to make a deal with him . As he refused , she traps him in the World Behind the Mirror , but is later freed by Regina in Storybrooke . Sheriff of Nottingham Keith Wil Traval 2 , 4 , 6 Alive Wil Traval The Sheriff of Nottingham was once humiliated by Robin Hood who then stole his love Maid Marian , turning him into an alcoholic . Cora later encountered the Sheriff of Nottingham while looking for Robin Hood to please her daughter Regina . Upon being unable to find his location , Cora had the Sheriff of Nottingham pose as Robin , though Regina discovers the ruse and locked him up in one of her dungeons . Cora later teleported him out of the dungeon when confronted by Regina . In Storybrooke , he is Keith , a frequent patron of The Rabbit Hole bar . He meets Lacey ( Belle ) and later goes on a date with her . Unaware that Mr. Gold ( Rumplestiltskin ) and Belle are a couple , Keith is beaten by Gold . Keith is later seen again and is almost killed by the Wish Realm 's Robin Hood , but is later saved and sent someplace safe by Regina . Wendy Darling N / A Freya Tingley 2 , 3 Alive Freya Tingley Wendy Darling is the eldest daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Darling , and sister to John and Michael . When Baelfire breaks into her house , she takes him in and hides him in her room . Everyday , secretly , she would bring him food , but is caught one day by her parents whom lets Baelfire stay with the family . One night , she tells Balefire about the Shadow who possesses magic . She is warned by Baelfire to never associate herself with magic , but she ignores his warning and goes with the Shadow to Neverland . The next day , she tells Baelfire that the Shadow is coming for her brothers . Together , they fight off the Shadow , but Baelfire lets the Shadow takes him in order to protect Wendy and her family . When Baelfire fails to return , Wendy and her brothers goes to Neverland to save him , but gets caught by Peter Pan . Wendy is kept as prisoner for over a century while her brothers does Pan 's bidding to keep her alive . A year after the curse broke , Wendy is still a prisoner of Pan , who is using an adult John and Michael to head to Storybrooke to prevent Belle and Ariel from giving Mr. Gold Pandora 's box , which he and Regina are seeking in order to defeat Pan in exchange for Wendy 's freedom . Pan later forces Wendy to pretend to be ill in order for Henry to harness his belief in magic , before she is returned to her cage . Mr. Gold is instructed by Ariel to attempt to save Wendy on his quest to kill Pan . Wendy is later saved by Bae , and in return she informs him and the rest of the group of Pan 's intentions to kill Henry . She is then rescued and escapes Neverland en route to be reunited with her brothers . Upon their reunion in Storybrooke , the Darlings prepare to travel back to their world . John Darling N / A Matt Kane William Ainschough ( child ) 2 , 3 Alive John Darling is the eldest son of Mr. and Mrs. Darling , and brother to Wendy and Michael . As a child , he lives with his sister Wendy and brother Michael . Baelfire saves him and his family from being taken to Neverland by Peter Pan 's Shadow . Later on , he , along with Wendy and Michael goes to Neverland to save Baelfire , but Wendy ends up being captured by Pan . In order to keep her alive , John and Michael does Pan 's bidding . Later , Pan pinned the heart of the truest believer in a child who is yet to be born in the Land Without Magic . Sometime before the Evil Queen 's curse , he sends both John and Michael to the Land Without Magic to retrieve it . Eighteen years later , John and Michael tries to adopt a baby infant who has the heart of the truest believer but failed after Regina decides to keep him after her initial struggle . A few years later , John returns to Storybrooke with Michael before Belle casts a cloaking spell around the town which damaged the rear of their car . He and Michael find Belle and Ariel in Mr. Gold 's shop and retrieve Pandora 's Box from them , revealing that they were sent by Peter Pan to prevent the two giving the item to Mr. Gold . Belle and Ariel later stop the pair from destroying the box with a dwarf axe . It is then revealed that the brothers wanted to destroy the object in a deal to save Wendy , who is being held prisoner by Peter Pan in Neverland . Mr. Gold is instructed by Ariel to attempt to save Wendy on his quest to kill Pan . After the Darlings are reunited in Storybrooke , the siblings prepare for their return to their world . Michael Darling N / A James Immekus Benjamin Cook ( child ) 2 , 3 Alive Michael Darling is the youngest son of Mr. and Mrs. Darling , and brother to Wendy and John . As a child , he lives with his sister Wendy and brother John . Baelfire saves him and his family , from being taken to Neverland by Peter Pan 's Shadow . He later goes to Neverland with Wendy and John to save him , but Wendy ends up being captured by Pan . To keep her alive , he and John does Pan 's bidding . When Pan pins the heart of the truest believer on a child yet to be born , he sends Michael and John to the Land Without Magic to retrieve it before the Queen 's curse . Eighteen years later , Michael and John tries to adopt a baby infant who has the heart of the truest believer but failed after Regina decides to keep him after her initial struggle . A few years later , Michael returns to Storybrooke with John before Belle casts a cloaking spell around the town which damaged the rear of their car . He and John find Belle and Ariel in Mr. Gold 's shop and retrieve Pandora 's Box from them , revealing that they were sent by Pan to prevent the two giving the item to Mr. Gold . Belle and Ariel later stop the pair from destroying the box with a dwarf axe . It is then revealed that the brothers wanted to destroy the object in a deal to save Wendy , who is being held prisoner by Peter Pan in Neverland . Mr. Gold is instructed by Ariel to attempt to save Wendy on his quest to kill Pan . After the Darlings are reunited in Storybrooke , the siblings prepare for their return to their world . Cheshire Cat N / A Keith David ( voice ) Alive Keith David The Cheshire Cat is a cat who has a history with a younger Alice . When Alice returns to Wonderland , she finds the Cheshire Cat in large form where the Red Queen told him that Alice would be a better food for him . The Cheshire Cat attempts to kill her , though he is fed a piece of mushroom by the Knave of Hearts which shrinks him back to normal size as he flees . Merry Men The Merry Men are a group of men that work with Robin Hood to steal from the rich and help the poor . Little John N / A Jason Burkart 3 , W , 4 , 5 Alive Little John is a member of the Merry Men . In an attempt to leave Storybrooke , he is turned into a flying monkey . Following Zelena 's defeat , he is returned to his human form . He later returns to the Enchanted Forest to raise Roland in Sherwood Forest with the rest of the Merry Men after Robin Hood 's funeral . Friar Tuck N / A Michael P. Northey W , 3 , 5 Alive Friar Tuck is a member of the Merry Men . Will Scarlet implies that Tuck is usually drunk , even on a Sunday . He later returns to the Enchanted Forest with Little John , Roland and the rest of the Merry Men after Robin Hood 's funeral . Roland N / A Raphael Alejandro 3 , 4 , 5 Alive Roland is the son of Robin Hood and Maid Marian . He was raised by Robin Hood after the death of his mother . They later end up in Storybrooke , where he becomes close to Regina , his new mother figure . After his father 's death he is later taken back to the Enchanted Forest by Little John and the rest of the Merry Men , to be raised in Sherwood Forest as his father 's successor . Zelena plans to visits him with his sister Robin . Silvermist N / A Jordana Largy Alive Silvermist is a fairy who helps Alice and the Knave of Hearts travel across the river on their search for her true love Cyrus . She is reluctant on helping the Knave as the two have a complicated history . En route across the river , she drops the Knave into the river as he jokingly taunts her about their history . After Alice gets the Mock Turtle to carry them across the river , Silvermist was waiting for them and she and the Knave went their separate ways . Grendel N / A Steve Bacic Deceased Steve Bacic Grendel is a half - beast half - human man who captures Alice and the Knave of Hearts as they approach his home . They are seeking the Forget Me Knot , a magical rope that when placed over an area , will show the viewer the last thing that happened there . They were informed of its location from the Caterpillar . He ties them up as they witness The Grendel talking to a woman in a scene inside the Forget Me Knot . As they escape , they run into a Bandersnatch , a monstrous creature who Alice has battled before . The two successfully kill the beast with the Forget Me Knot and The Grendel thanks them for saving his life . He then reveals to them that The Grendel used the rope to remember his late - wife . He further explains that he stole the rope from the Red Queen . For his crime , she transformed him into the beast . He gives Alice and the Knave the Forget Me Knot as it is useless to him now that the vision of his wife has been over-written . He is later visited by Jafar and the Red Queen who promise to bring back his wife in return for him telling them who killed the Bandersnatch . He agrees , though Jafar tricks him by re-uniting him with his wife ... only through killing him . Liam Jones N / A Bernard Curry 3 , 5 Deceased Liam Jones is the son of Brennan Jones , older brother to Killian Jones and half - brother to Liam . Liam and Killian are sold into servitude , one ship they served on was owned by Captain Silver . During Captain Silver 's mission to infiltrate the hurricane to obtain a sapphire called the Eye of the Storm , Liam orchestrated a mutiny to save his fellow workers from their doom . While reading the sea maps , Liam is approached by Hades who warns him that his mutiny wo n't work for him while asking for the cargo on the ship in the form of the souls that are on the ship . Hades offers Liam a deal to let the ship sink in exchange for Killian and Liam being spared and the Eye of the Storm being given to him . Liam gives in to Hades ' deal and gives Killian his lucky ring . As part of Hades ' deal , Killian and Liam survived and the sailors with them perished . Upon reaching shore , they are greeted by the soldiers that provide them a ship for them to work on that is in services of the soldiers ' king . With assistance from Killian , he worked for an unknown King where they are sent to Neverland to retrieve a plant called Dreamshade . In Neverland , he gets poisoned by the Dreamshade . With Peter Pan 's help , he and Hook retrieve some magical waters to cure him . Upon returning to the Enchnated Forest , he dies as the cure will only work in Neverland . Emma Swan and Captain Hook later reunited with Liam in the Underworld . He helps them to locate the Underworld 's version of the Once Upon a Time book . After finding the book , he rips pages that contains Hades ' story per deal with Hades . He , along with Hook , later gets kidnapped by Captain Silver and his crew with hopes of sending them both to the Worst Place . The group is interrupted by Hades who then tries to banish Hook to the Worst Place . To protect Hook , Liam persuades Hades to send him instead , which Hades obeys to . However , due to him resolving his unfinished business , a portal to Mount Olympus opens instead . Liam and Captain Silver 's crews leaves the Underworld for Mount Olympus as he bids farewell to Hook . Prince Eric N / A Gil McKinney 3 , 6 Alive Prince Eric is Ariel 's true love whom he first meets following a shipwreck from which she saves him . A year later , Ariel uses her legs to meet Eric at a ball . He remembers her from his dreams of the wreck , and invites her to travel with him . She later returns to him , only to find that the Evil Queen has stolen her voice , meaning she can not communicate with him . Whilst summoning Ariel in Neverland , Regina ( the Evil Queen ) mentions that Eric was transported to Storybrooke , where she locates Ariel to in order to retrieve an item from Mr. Gold 's shop . Later , Eric is reunited with Ariel ( who is now permanently human thanks to the spell on the special bracelet ) in Storybrooke where she finds him working as a fisherman near the Storybrooke Docks . After Peter Pan enacts his curse , Eric , along with the other inhabitants , are returned to their original worlds . It is later revealed that Eric was kidnapped by the pirate Blackbeard and sent to Hangman 's Island , in a bid to steal the Jolly Roger from Captain Hook . Ariel later finds Eric and the two live together on the island . Ursula / Goddess of the Sea N / A Yvette Nicole Brown ( voice ) Unknown Ursula is a famed ancient Goddess of the Sea who is worshiped by mermaids and humans . King Poseidon 's daughter is named after her . In an act of trickery , the Evil Queen impersonates Ursula in order to lure a mermaid , Ariel , with an offer to remain human permanently , but the cost is someone else must take her place . Ariel follows suit by clasping a magical bracelet on a human friend , Snow White , which causes her legs to turn into a mermaid tail . Eventually , Ariel discovers the truth and distracts the Evil Queen so she and Snow White can escape . However , the Evil Queen gets back at Ariel by stealing her voice and later returns to her palace . In one of the mirrors , Ursula makes herself known and plunges out her tentacles to entrap the Evil Queen . Deeply offended at the masquerading ploy , she threatens if it happens again , the Evil Queen will find out exactly how real Ursula is . Elizabeth N / A Lauren McKnight Deceased Elizabeth is a young woman who is one of the Caterpillar 's Collectors . She is often called as Lizard by most of the people in Wonderland . Alice meets her upon attempting to locate the Knave of Hearts after the two split up . She tells Alice that she and the Knave were great friends in his earlier days , assisting him with many battles in Wonderland . She also reveals of his love for Anastasia , and this being the real reason that he escaped Wonderland ... to forget her abandonment of him . Lizard later attempts to help Alice rescue the Knave , though she is knocked out by Jafar . She does regain consciousness where she sees Anastasia looking at the Knave 's petrified form . Later after bathing in the river , Elizabeth finds Cyrus ' lamp where the Knave of Hearts is now residing . She does make some wishes which improves a nearby town . Elizabeth then admits to the Knave of Hearts that she has feelings for him . After unwittingly making her third wish for the Knave of Hearts to feel something for her , Elizabeth falls dead . The Jabberwocky later finds Elizabeth 's dead body and takes her eyes so that Jafar can track down Cyrus ' lamp . Amara N / A Zuleikha Robinson Deceased Amara is the mother of Taj , Cyrus and Rafi . She is a powerful healer and sorceress who is feared amongst the residents of Agrabah . After Amara was badly injured in a house fire , her sons steals the healing waters of the Well of Wonders to cure her , but her sons are turned into genies by Nyx , the guardian of the well and are scattered across Agrabah . Since then , she became a powerful sorcerer in Agrabah in a bit to find her sons . She is approached by Jafar who wishes to learn magic from her in order to enact revenge on the Sultan . Years later , after much training , she gets involved in a romantic relationship with Jafar . Eventually , she tells Jafar on changing the laws of magic which requires the power of three genies but leaves out details of the genies origin , being her sons . After helping Jafar to retrieve two of the bottles , she is eventually betrayed by him after Jafar pins the final bottle 's whereabout . Jafar poisons her and turns her into a serpent staff which he uses to channel her magic and uses it to his wish . As a staff , she is briefly destroyed by Aladdin after he snapped the staff into half but eventually restored by Jafar . Many years later , the Jabberwocky helps Alice and Cyrus turn Amara back to human form to fight against Jafar in Wonderland . In the fight , Cyrus is brutally injured , leaving Amara with no choice but to join forces with Jafar to change the laws of magic . Amara then escapes with Cyrus and Alice on a magic carpet to the White Rabbit 's house where she heals Cyrus . She later joins Cyrus on their trip to the Well of Wonders to return the stolen water to Nyx to break the genie curse . Amara sacrifices herself to Nyx , causing her to turn into a pool of water . Despite Jafar 's interference , the water is eventually returned to Nyx . Anastasia 's Mother N / A Sarah - Jane Redmond Alive Anastasia 's Mother is an unnamed woman who catches her daughter just before she jumps through a looking glass with her lover Will Scarlet . Her mother disapproves of her relationship with him , telling her how she worked hard to make her daughter a royal Queen forbidding Anastasia to leave . Will tells Anastasia that she loves her for who she truly is and she bids farewell to her mother , traveling to Wonderland with Will . Red King N / A Garwin Sanford Deceased The Red King owns a palace somewhere in Wonderland . When Anastasia and Will Scarlet arrive in Wonderland , they decide to attend a royal ball held by the Red King in order to steal bread . The Red King does not recognize Anastasia and when Will is found acting suspiciously , the two are thrown out of the palace . Anastasia forges a plan to return and steal the crown jewels which she noticed while attending the ball . As she begins her part of the heist , she is caught by the Red King . Instead of punishing her , he offers her his hand in marriage insisting that true love will not make her eternally happy . She accepts this deal where she abandons Will and becoming the Red Queen . The Red King disapproves of magic and therefore , he and the Queen of Hearts are enemies . He later becomes disloyal towards the Red Queen and eventually was killed by the Queen of Hearts . Carpenter N / A John Prowse Deceased The Carpenter is a man whom Alice meets upon entering the Black Forest in search of Cyrus . He tells Alice that she should stay in the area to be happy . Plants release vapor into Alice 's face from the trees which make her lose her memory and put her into a positive daze . When the Knave of Hearts comes to rescue Alice , he notices that the Carpenter is attached to a tree , having fully succumbed to the plants ' powers . Upon death , a tombstone for him appears in the Underworld . Sarah N / A Heather Doerksen Alive Heather Doerksen Sarah is Edwin 's second wife , Millie 's mother and Alice 's stepmother . Sarah married Edwin and together they got a daughter , Millie . Years later , Sarah meets Alice upon returning from Wonderland after she loses her true love Cyrus . She is shown to be strict and forceful , disbelieving her stories of Wonderland , much like Alice 's father Edwin . Sarah is adamant on protecting Millie from Alice 's theories . Many years later , Sarah is seen at Alice 's and Cyrus ' wedding , finally believing the existence of Wonderland . Millie N / A Kylie Rogers Alive Millie is Alice 's half - sister following her father 's marriage to Millie 's mother Sarah . Unlike her parents , Millie is fond of Alice 's stories . Mr. Darcy N / A Dallas Sauer Alive Mr. Darcy is a young man from Victorian England . After Alice returns from Wonderland , Sarah arranges a date for Alice with Mr. Darcy . Alice , still grief - stricken after losing her true love Cyrus , declines a date with him . Prince Mirza N / A Michael Sangha Daniel Zolghadri ( child ) Deceased Prince Mirza is the son and heir of the Sultan . When Jafar , the Sultan 's bastard son , arrives to live with his father in the palace , he is appointed as the family 's servant boy . Mirza abuses him , which the Sultan approves of , telling Jafar that he will have to make people fear him in order to become a Sultan . Many years later , the Sultan is accosted by a grown - up Jafar in his palace . Jafar threatens to kill him and challenges Mirza to a duel . This results in Mirza fleeing only to be murdered by Jafar 's sorcery . Mrs. Rabbit N / A Whoopi Goldberg ( voice ) Alive Whoopi Goldberg Mrs. Rabbit is the wife of Percy the White Rabbit and mother of his two children . When Alice is injured by swordsmen who attempt to use the Genie to make wishes for them , Cyrus takes Alice to Percy 's home where Mrs. Rabbit tends to her successfully healing her . Mrs. Rabbit and her children are later captured by the Red Queen who uses them as hostages to force Percy to assist in helping her on her mission to make Alice make her wishes to return to the Knave . Years later , the Knave figured out where the Red Queen is holding Mrs. Rabbit and her children and Alice was able to rescue them . Walsh / Wizard of Oz N / A Christopher Gorham Deceased Walsh is a failed circus performer from Kansas who found himself in Oz . In Oz , he becomes the Wizard of Oz , a supposedly powerful sorcerer in the land by tricking Glinda . When Zelena requests the truth of her upbringing , she visits the Wizard who gives her a pair of slippers that send Zelena to the Enchanted Forest . Returning with knowledge of how her mother abandoned her in favor of her sister Regina , Zelena learns the truth about the Wizard 's true identity . Zelena transforms Walsh into a flying monkey to serve in her revenge plot against Regina . After Dorothy Gale supposedly defeats Zelena , she poses as the Wizard to send Dorothy back to Kansas using the pair of slippers . In the real world , he appears in his original human form , as the owner of a furniture shop called `` The Wizard of Oak . '' Sent by Zelena to New York City to persuade Emma Swan to stay away from her family in Storybrooke , he becomes her boyfriend . When Emma receives her pre-existing real memories from Hook , she realizes she must return to Storybrooke . When she declines Walsh 's offer of marriage , he appears angered and transforms into his cursed flying monkey form . Emma fights off Walsh after he begins to attack her , pushing him from her apartment roof , unintentionally killing him where he turns to smoke upon hitting the ground . Nyx N / A Leah Gibson Alive Leah Gibson Nyx is the Guardian of the Well of Wonders . Nyx would allow the water to be used on anyone who is worthy of it and curses anyone who misuses it . She cursed Cyrus , Taj , and Rafi by turning them into genies with their lamps being scattered after they took her water to heal their mother Amara . Years later , Alice learns of Cyrus ' curse revolving around the Well of Wonders as they head there to find a way to break the curse . After Alice solves the riddle of which door to take , Cyrus tells Alice to stay behind so that he can atone for his sins . Upon arriving at the Well of Wonders , Nyx emerges as Cyrus asks for Nyx 's mercy and to get his brothers free from Jafar . While Cyrus states that he has learned his lesson , Nyx states that the water was used on his mother and tells Cyrus that she is still alive . Nyx still states that the water should be returned to her as she withdraws back into the Well of Wonders . When Cyrus brings Amara to the Well of Wonders for Amara to surrender herself to Nyx , Jafar interferes and prevents Amara from returning the water to Nyx . When Alice arrives and tries to do the job , Jafar ends up stealing the water from Alice which ended up incurring the wrath of Nyx . Nyx then traps Jafar in a genie bottle and makes it disappear which undoes the changes to the Laws of Magic that Jafar and Amara had done and freeing Will , Taj , and Rafi from the genie curse . Upon foreseeing that the Red Queen will live , Nyx gave Alice and Cyrus some water from the Well of Wonders so that the Red Queen can be resurrected . Rapunzel N / A Alexandra Metz Alive Rapunzel is an Enchanted Forest character . Not to be confused with Rapunzel , the unknown realm character . Rapunzel is the daughter of the King and Queen of an unnamed kingdom in the Enchanted Forest and the second child of the family . One day , despite her parents warning , Rapunzel swims in a dangerous stream , resulting in her brother 's death after saving her . Years later , afraid that she will not become a proper Queen like her mother , she digs up a plant called night root to take away her fears , but it has no effect on her . Disappointed , she decides to head home , but is chased by a witch to a tower . The Witch traps her in the tower and refuses to free her . Unbeknownst to her , the Witch is a manifestation of herself as her own greatest fear as a consequence of consuming the night root . Years later , after the Storybrooke inhabitants returns to the Enchanted Forest , Rapunzel shouts for help from atop the tower after noticing a man nearby . The man , Prince Charming , climbs the tower using Rapunzel 's long braided hair and learns the truth about Rapunzel 's imprisonment . Charming fights off the Witch , and finds out that the Witch is a manifestation of Rapunzel 's fear . The Witch climbs onto Rapunzel 's hair to get to her as Charming advises Rapunzel to fend off her fear . Rapunzel promptly does so by cutting off her hair , letting the Witch fall down to her death . Charming than reunites her with her parents . Black Beard N / A Charles Mesure 3 , 4 , 6 Alive Charles Mesure Black Beard is a pirate captain , and enemy of Captain Hook . When Ariel angrily confronts Hook over her missing true love Prince Eric , Hook learns that Blackbeard is responsible . Ariel and Hook confront Blackbeard who states that he will inform them of Eric 's whereabouts in exchange for the Jolly Roger ship and his life . Captain Hook chooses his ship and forces Blackbeard to walk the plank . Ariel however saves him offscreen . Some time later , Anna and Kristoff visit Blackbeard requesting the Wishing Star which was what Anna and Elsa 's parents wanted to rid Elsa of her Ice powers . However , he is revealed to be in allegiance with Anna 's sinister ex-lover Hans and told her that her parents could n't use the Wishing Star because it only could be use by someone with a pure soul . Anna and Kristoff are then placed in a trunk and thrown aboard , though they survive when they are transported to Storybrooke by Anna 's sister Elsa . Returning to Arendelle , Anna and Elsa later cause the Jolly Roger gets trapped inside a bottle while Blackbeard escapes . Captain Hook later encounters Blackbeard and plays him in a poker game where Captain Hook 's victory would enable Blackbeard to grant him a Magic Bean while Blackbeard 's victory would grant him the Jolly Roger . When Blackbeard wins , Captain Hook tells him that the Jolly Roger is in another realm causing Blackbeard to use the Magic Bean to go to Storybrooke . However , the two of them ended up in Neverland where they were chased by the remants of the Lost Boys . Blackbeard turns against Captain Hook during the chase and steals a boat as he plans to find another way to the Jolly Roger . Captain Hook vows to make Blackbeard pay for his treachery the next time they meet . Dorothy Gale N / A Teri Reeves Matreya Scarrwener ( teenager ) 3 , 5 Alive Dorothy Gale is a young girl from Kansas . She is also the lover of Red Lucas , also known as Ruby . After a cyclone destroys her farmhouse , Dorothy ends up in the Land of Oz . There , she meets Glinda and the Sisterhood of Witches . Fearing that Dorothy would take over her seat as the Witch of the West , Zelena tries to kill her . However , Dorothy splashes a bucket of water over Zelena , causing her to physically melt . She is later sent back home to Kansas with the Silver Slippers by the Wizard of Oz , not knowing at it as Zelena impersonating as him . Back home , her family calls her insane and tries to put her in an asylum , but her Aunt Em prevents them from doing so . Eventually , her aunt gives her Toto -- a pet dog , before dying . She later gets word from the Munchkins that Zelena is still alive . Donning the slippers , she returns to the Land of Oz with Toto and saves the Scarecrow from Zelena , but Zelena eventually rips his brain out . More than twenty - eight years later , Dorothy finds Mulan and Ruby in the Land of Oz . She also clashes with the return of Zelena . When Toto is taken by Zelena , she befriends Mulan and Ruby and schemes a way to get Toto back . She then develops feelings for Ruby and fearing for her safety , Dorothy takes the fight to Zelena alone , resulting in her being placed in a Sleeping Curse . She is later awoken by Ruby with true love 's kiss . Glinda / Good Witch of the South N / A Sunny Mabrey Alive Glinda , better known as the Good Witch of the South is one of the witches of the Land of Oz . As a witch , she rules part of the Land of Oz , mainly the South , alongside with the Witch of the North and Witch of the East . Together , they form the Sisterhood of Witches and protects all of the land from the Heart of Oz , patiently waiting for a replacement witch for the West . One day , Glinda approaches Zelena at Emerald City after Zelena dethrones the Wizard of Oz . Glinda believes that Zelena is the prophesied Witch of the West and invites her to join the Sisterhood of Witches and gives Zelena a pendant to harness her magic . While showing Zelena the West side of the land , they both witness a cyclone and proceeds to the wreckage site , where Glinda finds Dorothy from Kansas . Glinda brings Dorothy to the Heart of Oz , and secretly believes Dorothy is the actual prophesied Witch of the West . Following Zelena 's apparent death in the hands of Dorothy , Glinda pulls through Dorothy 's wish to return home by bringing her to Emerald City to meet the restored Wizard . After Dorothy is sent back , Zelena shows herself as the Wizard and had been masquerading him all along after her apparent death . With Glinda determined to find another witch to defeat Zelena , Zelena banishes Glinda to the Enchanted Forest . Since being banished , Glinda creates a pocket dimension for herself south of the Dark Castle . Years later , she is approached by Prince Charming and Snow White who seeks her knowledge on defeating Zelena . Glinda sadly says that even her magic is n't strong enough to defeat Zelena , and tells them only light magic can defeat the Witch . Wicked Witch of the North N / A Karen Holness Alive The Wicked Witch of the North is one of the witches of the Land of Oz . Originally a good witch , she rules the North region of the Land of Oz and is part of the Sisterhood of Witches . One day , she is introduced to Zelena , the new Witch of the West , appointed by Glinda . She approves Zelena and welcomes her into the Sisterhood of Witches . After Zelena banishes Glinda and becomes the Wicked Witch of the West , the Witch of the North relocates to the North permanently and is known by all as a wicked witch . One day , Stanum cuts down a tree in her region . As punishment , she curses Stanum , who would slowly turn to tin . Witch of the East N / A Sharon Taylor Unknown The Witch of the East is one of the witches of the Land of Oz . As the Witch of the East , she rules the East region of the Land of Oz . She is also part of the Sisterhood of Witches , along with Glinda and the Witch of the North . She works alongside the other witches to find the prophesied Witch of the East , and eventually is greeted to Zelena . However , Zelena turns wicked and takes over all of the Land of Oz , and the Witch of the East is relocated to the East permanently . Queen Gerda N / A Pascale Hutton Ava Marie Telek ( child ) Deceased Queen Gerda is the former Queen of Arendelle , mother of Elsa and Anna , and sister to Ingrid and Helga . The youngest of the three sisters , Gerda and her sisters seeks Rumplestiltskin 's help in controlling Ingrid 's magic . Unfortunately , after seeing Helga 's destroyed frozen body , Gerda , realizing Ingrid , whether intentionally or not , killed Helga , exiles Ingrid into a magical urn . Gerda then requests a memory spell from Grand Pabbie to have Arendelle and everyone outside forget about the existence of Helga and Ingrid . Years later , Gerda and her husband leave on a mission to find a way to remove their daughter Elsa 's powers , only to die in a shipwreck . Bo Peep N / A Robin Weigert Alive Bo Peep is a warlord . She intimidates people into paying her money or facing life as a slave once she brands them with her shepherd 's crook . Arriving at David and his mother Ruth 's farm , she seeks payment from them . Knowing that they do n't have the money at that time , she brands them using her crook and leaves . At that time , a travelling visitor , Anna , witness the confrontation . Anna then teaches David to sword fight in order to go against Bo Peep . Anna is later imprisoned by Bo Peep after knowing about this . Bo Peep later battle 's with David , leading to her weapon getting stuck in a pillar at her base , losing the battle . David takes her crook and uses it to find Anna , rescuing her . Sometime later , Bo Peep is taken to Storybrooke by the Dark Curse . In Storybrooke , she is a butcher at Chop Shop . One day , she is visited by David and Captain Hook , asking for her help . She refuses to help him , demanding that she owes him none . David interrogates her demanding to know about Anna , whom she branded years ago . Claiming that she had branded many people and that she could n't remember the girl , David instructs Hook to take her crook . Angered by their actions , Bo Peep mocks David for being a hero in this world . Grand Pabbie N / A John Rhys - Davies ( voice ) Alive Grand Pabbie is the King of the Rock Trolls that live in Arendelle . After Gerda seals her sister Ingrid in a mystical urn following Ingrid 's unintentional murder of her sister , she requests Grand Pabbie give her a memory potion for Arendelle to forget the existence of Helga and Ingrid . Gerda later dies in a shipwreck , leaving her daughters Elsa and Anna as orphans . When Belle visits Arendelle , Anna takes her to see Grand Pabbie to give her a stone that will restore her memories of her mother 's death . Prince Hans N / A Tyler Jacob Moore Alive Prince Hans is the archenemy of Queen Elsa and Anna from the Southern Isles who attempts to take over the kingdom of Arendelle . Hans and his brothers locate a mystical urn to imprison Elsa within , though when Hans opens it , he unknowingly releases Ingrid ( the Snow Queen ) , who freezes Hans . After thirty years , Arendelle awakens from Ingrid 's frozen spell . Hans reunites with his brothers and becomes the new King of Arendelle , with his first act being to arrest Anna and her love Kristoff . Hans plans to send the pair to their deaths by throwing them into the sea . Meanwhile , in Storybrooke , Elsa transports Anna and Kristoff to the town , saving them . Reunited , the trio return to Arendelle and banish Hans and his brothers , taking back the kingdom . Colette N / A Frances O'Connor Deceased Colette is the wife of Sir Maurice and mother of Belle . During an ogre attack at her castle , she is alerted by the guards to evacuate the palace . Busily collecting books she deems too valuable to leave behind , Colette orders them to take the filled trunks to the carriage . She calls to Belle , who scurries over with the book her mother once read to her . Before they can leave , an ogre enters the room as the two hide under a table . The ogre rips away the table obscuring the mother - daughter pair from view . To save Belle , Colette sacrifices herself to the ogre as the guards pulls Belle out of the room . Soon after this , she is killed by the ogres . Duke of Weselton N / A Jonathan Runyon Alive The Duke of Weselton is a man who is enamored with Helga , a princess of Arendelle . Arrivng at Arendelle Castle during King Harald 's birthday , he soon became attracted to the King 's middle child , Helga . He is introduced to the King by Helga and the two share a dance together . He later comes across Ingrid , the heir to Arendelle 's throne . He remarks on her incredible beauty . As he makes advances on her , Ingrid rebuffs him , and out of panic , she blasts him away with ice magic . Helga then comes to the Duke 's aid , where he accuses Ingrid of trying to win his romantic affection . Helga claims that he is lying and believes her sister . The Duke threatens to expose Ingrid to everyone in Arendelle because he believes the people deserve to know their future queen is a monster . At this , an angered Ingrid attempts to blast him , but the Duke uses Helga as a shield and she takes the magical hit while the Duke escapes . Later , his memories of this incident is wiped out when Gerda urges Grand Pabbie to erase memories of the existence of Ingrid and Helga over the realm . Helga N / A Sally Pressman Bailey Herbert ( child ) Deceased Sally Pressman Helga is the daughter of King Harald and Queen Sonja and the middle sister to Ingrid and Gerda . She is unlike her sister Gerda who was a little scared of Ingrid 's ice powers was not afraid at all and loved her no matter what . After seeking help from Rumplestiltskin to control Ingrid 's powers , the Duke of Weselton who proposed to Helga attempts to seduce Ingrid but is pushed down by Ingrid 's magic . After seeing this he blames Ingrid and says she tried to seduced him but Helga knows he 's lying and turns down his proposal but he threatens to tell Arendelle about Ingrid 's powers and Ingrid tries to freeze him but Helga is pushed in front of him and is frozen instead . Her body is then turn to ice and crumbles in Ingrid 's hands . N / A Madame Faustina Rebecca Wisocky Alive Madame Faustina is a charlatan who tricks people in seeing the future . In 1982 in Boston , after Ingrid arrive in the Land Without Magic , she visits Madame Faustina to see the future on a yet - to - be born child . Madame Faustina agrees to use her crystal ball to see the child 's future . Halfway , Madame Faustina mistakenly tells the child name as `` Susan '' when the child to - be 's name is `` Emma '' . Angrily , Ingrid storms out of the shop and tries to use her ice magic on Madame Faustina . As Ingrid does not have her magic in this land , Madame Faustina chases her away with a broomstick . King Stefan N / A Sebastian Roché Deceased King Stefan is the husband of Queen Briar Rose and father to Princess Aurora . Years ago , when Queen Briar Rose was inflicted with the Sleeping Curse by Maleficent , King Stefan breaks it with true love 's kiss . Years later , he captures Maleficent and Regina and sentences them to execution but fails when Maleficent turns into a dragon and attacks them . King Stefan and his men escaped so instead , Maleficent curses Princess Aurora , his daughter . King Poseidon N / A Ernie Hudson Alive Ernie Hudson King Poseidon is a sea god who is the father of Ursula and had a wife who was killed by a pirate that she helped . Ursula had a disagreement with her father where she was to user her voice to harm people as long as she is in his ocean . Glowerhaven . With help from his men , King Poseidon had Captain Hook brought to the Jolly Roger where King Poseidon wants him to give Ursula an enchanted sea shell to take away her singing voice so that she can give up her dream and return to the ocean . After Ursula meets with Captain Hook with the squid ink , King Poseidon arrived where he claimed that he did n't want to lose Ursula like how he lost her mother . To make King Poseidon suffer after ruining his plans , Captain Hook was forced to take away Ursula 's voice as she flees into the ocean . Back at his lair , King Poseidon apologized to Ursula for what happened . Ursula decides to form his own side and grabs his trident which she uses to transform herself into an appearance similar to the Ursula of legend . Many years later , Captain Hook enlists Ariel to find King Poseidon . Once that was done , Captain Hook arrives with King Poseidon ( who was brought here by Ariel ) who tries to reason with Ursula while mentioning that he has a part of his wife in Ursula . King Poseidon manages to successfully return Ursula 's voice . Afterwards , Ursula reconciles with her father . King Poseidon and Ursula then return to their ocean . Madeline N / A Anna Galvin Deceased Madeline is the mother of Cruella De Vil and a professional dog trainer . As a young women , Madeline marries and has a daughter , Cruella , but loses her husband one day by poison . She remarries again , but both of her husbands dies of poisoning . She later discovers that Cruella poisoned her father and stepfathers . Refusing to go to the authorities , she locks Cruella away in the attic of her mansion . Years later , she becomes known for her dog training skills all around 1920s England . An author , Isaac Heller , arrives at her mansion hoping to write a juicy story on her life . After he makes an inappropriate comment on her deceased husbands , Madeline kicks him out . Madeline later confronts Isaac and pleads with him to stay away from Cruella as she is a vicious murderer , but ultimately , she is killed by her dalmatian dogs that was controlled by Cruella with her persuasion magic gifted to her by Isaac . Knights of the Round Table The Knights of the Round Table are a group of men that work for and assist King Arthur in Camelot . Sir Kay N / A Lee Majdoub ( adult ) Ehren Kassam ( teenager ) 5 Deceased As a young boy , Sir Kay bullied Arthur that he would never pull Excalibur . As an adult , he attempts to claim Excalibur from its stone in Camelot . Though he is unable to causing the spell to disintegrate him . Sir Percival N / A Andrew Jenkins 5 Deceased As a boy , Sir Percival witnesses the burning of a village at the hands of the Evil Queen Regina , ultimately killing his family by having her guards slaughter them . As an adult , he seeks his revenge upon the Storybrooke residents arrival in Camelot including a reformed Regina . Offering Regina a dance at King Arthur 's ball , he attempts to kill her , instead stabbing Robin Hood . David ( Prince Charming ) intercepts Percival , killing him in self - defense . King Arthur and Queen Guinevere were devastated that Sir Percival would harm one of their guests . Sir Morgan N / A Ryan Robbins 5 Alive Sir Morgan is the father of Violet . Originally from Connecticut , he ended up in Camelot somehow . He married and had Violet as his only child . Sometime later , he loses his wife to magic . Years later , he meets Henry Mills in the stables when he , alongside with the others , came to Camelot . As Henry is clumsily wielding a sword , Sir Morgan looks down on him stating that he would not be a good match for Violet . He then tells Henry to leave before he causes too much damage . When the new Dark One - Hook cast another Dark Curse , Sir Morgan is transported to Storybrooke . Sometime later after ending up in Storybrooke , Sir Morgan struggled to find Violet 's horse Nicodemus after it had gone missing . Later that night , Sir Morgan takes Violet to the town party where Henry managed to find Nicodemus and bring him back to Violet . Sir Morgan was pleased with Henry returning Nicodemus and states that he would be a good knight someday . When he leaves to take Nicodemus back to the stables , he leaves Henry and Violet alone . After Robin Hood 's funeral , the people of Camelot return home except Sir Morgan and Violet who both wish to stay in Storybrooke . Sir Mordred N / A James Marsters 5 Deceased Sir Mordred only appears in the fifth season 's DVD special `` Tales From The Underworld : A Knight With Cruella '' . Sir Mordred is the former Knight of the Round Table . After betraying King Arthur , Sir Mordred is killed and sent to the Underworld due to his unfinished business . About fifty years after King Arthur becomes the ruler of the Underworld , he meets Cruella in his bar , where they discuss his past with King Arthur and about moving on , which both him and Cruella chooses not to do . Grif N / A Giacomo Baessato 5 Deceased Grif is King Arthur 's squire at Camelot . In a chamber at the Capital of Camelot 's castle , Grif brings in a relic chest for King Arthur and David before their quest to retrieve the Crimson Crown . He is later seen along with the other knights when King Arthur entitles David as a Knight of the Round Table . When Hook cast the third curse , Grif is brought over to Storybrooke with his memories of the six weeks erased . Under King Arthur 's order , he pretends to steal a magic bean from King Arthur 's relic chest . After David captures him and places him in jail , King Arthur confronts him about the situation and Grif mentions to King Arthur that there was no bean in the chest . Hoping to keep this a secret , King Arthur makes Grif drink viper poison for the sake of Camelot . Nimue N / A Caroline Ford Guy Fauchon ( first appearance ) 5 Deceased Nimue is a woman who had befriended Merlin . She came to Merlin after Vortigan attacked her village looking for the Holy Grail . This led to Merlin converting the Holy Grail into Excalibur . Vortigan attacked and managed to stab Nimue and take the Stolen Flame . Then Merlin tried to attack Vortigan only for Nimue to grab Vortigan 's heart after drinking from the Holy Grail . Despite Merlin 's pleas to spare Vortigan , Nimue crushed Vortigan 's heart and the Stolen Flame was extinguished as Nimue becomes the first Dark One because the spark was absorbed by her . Nimue took Excalibur and broke the end off of it and left , claiming Vortigan 's mask and cloak . Merlin later crafted the broken end into a dagger that could control her only for her to take it from Merlin later and trap him in a tree . At the sight of where the Stolen Flame was , Emma was advised by Merlin to use the Dark One 's Dagger in order to talk to Nimue . Emma speaks to Nimue 's spirit . Nimue tries to get Emma to kill Merlin as Emma tries to resist Nimue . Emma succeeds in resisting Nimue and rips out the spark that was in Nimue 's heart . Before disappearing , Nimue states that she is n't dead and is living inside her with the other previous Dark Ones . Nimue 's spirit later appeared with Emma when she gathered Excalibur and the Dark One 's Dagger as the other Dark Ones before her show up . Using the spark from Nimue 's heart , Emma unites the two weapons making the weapons one . Due to the temptation of Nimue , Rumplestiltskin , and the previous Dark Ones , Emma grabs Excalibur . Upon getting the blood of Mr. Gold , Captain Hook is advised by Rumplestiltskin 's temptation to stick his blood - coated hook into a specific pond which results in Nimue and the Dark Ones before Emma , Captain Hook , and Rumplestiltskin to return from the Underworld . Afterwards she along with the rest of the Dark Ones places the Mark of Charon on Emma 's family and friends to bring them to the Underworld and switch places with them . When Emma tries to stop them Nimue chokes her to prevent them from stopping them but Hook then uses Excalibur to absorb her and all the Dark Ones into himself and have Emma kill him to destroy the Darkness and set them free . After Hook 's death Gold reveals to Emma that he used a magic potion to turn Excalibur into a conduit to transfer all the Dark Ones magic including Nimue , Emma and Hook back into him making him more powerful than ever . Triplet Brothers N / A Brother 1 : Colton Barnert Brother 2 : Jordan Olson Brother 3 : Matthew Olson 5 Alive The Triplet Brothers are the sons of King Fergus and Queen Elinor and brothers to Merida . After Merida became Queen , the other clans kidnapped the three brothers as they are displeased with a women being their leader . They were originally to kill the brothers , but were stopped by Merida using her bow and arrow skills . The brothers are eventually returned home to their mother . Vortigan N / A Darren Moore 5 Deceased Vortigan was a cloaked masked man who practiced dark magic . Vortigan destroyed Nimue 's village of Oxleigh which led to her enlisting Merlin to help her . Merlin eventually figured out that Vortigan wanted to obtain the Holy Grail . While at the ruins of Nimue 's village , Merlin sensed that Vortigan was on their trail . At the Flame of Prometheus , Nimue ripped out Vortigan 's heart and crushed it , killing him for revenge of him destroying her village . She then claimed Vortigan 's mask and cloak . King Fergus N / A Glenn Keogh 5 Deceased King Fergus is the husband of Queen Elinor , father of Merida and his triplet sons and former King of DunBroch . In a war against King Arthur and his knights , King Fergus was killed . It was revealed that he once visited the Witch of DunBroch where he did n't use the Enchanted Helm that she once loaned to him . Since then , his daughter , Merida , became Queen of DunBroch . Sometime later , the Witch gave Merida some Ale of Seonaidh to talk to her father from the afterlife . Queen Elinor N / A Caroline Morahan 5 Alive Queen Elinor is the wife of King Fergus and mother to Merida and her triplet sons . Years before the curse , she was cursed by the Witch who Merida wanted her to change her mother but instead was turned into a bear . The curse was later reversed by Merida after they mended their mother and daughter bond . Sometime after King Fergus ' death , her daughter reunited the divided clans of their kingdom and became Queen of DunBroch . Witch of DunBroch N / A Lily Knight 5 Alive The Witch of DunBroch is an unnamed old lady who possesses limited ability of magic in DunBroch . Sometime after Merida 's mother Queen Elinor was turned back into a human , the Witch was visited by King Fergus at her cottage . He requests something to allow him to defeat the incoming invaders from the south and ensure the fate of his kingdom . She requests payment and has him sign a contract as an `` I.O.U. '' before getting to work , and presents him with an Enchanted Helm that will cause any army to willingly follow the wearer into battle , no matter the dangers . Sometime later , Red visits the Witch , following her return to the Enchanted Forest for help in finding werewolves . Instead , the Witch forces her to stay in wolf form as her guard animal . Two years later , the Witch arrives at Merida 's coronation , insisting that the clans pay her the price Fergus owed her . However , when she names the price , Merida argues that it will make the clans broke three times over and the Witch requests that she simply return the helm instead , and gives her until the following sunset to do so , lest the Witch turn her entire kingdom into bears . While she 's back at her cottage , she 's visited by King Arthur and Zelena , who take out Red with a sleeping powder . The Witch insists that she wo n't be as easy to take down , and when Arthur demands the helm , she answers that she does n't know where it is and has already sent someone after it . Zelena teleports behind her and shoves her head into her cauldron , and the Witch reluctantly tells them that Merida is going after it . The Witch returns a couple hours early the next day to see if Merida succeeded , but instead of returning the helm , Merida decides to destroy it . However , much to her surprise , the Witch does not cast the spell and turn the kingdom into bears . Instead , she reveals that this was her plan the entire time . Merida realizes that the quest for the helm taught her how to lead the kingdom , thus ensuring the fate of the kingdom , just as Fergus requested , and Elinor scolds the Witch for not being straightforward . The Witch shrugs it off , and gives Merida the Ale of Seonaidh that can bring the spirit of anyone who has passed on into the Underworld back temporarily so that she can speak with her father . Brennan Jones N / A Adam Croasdell 5 Deceased Brennan Jones is a criminal who is the father of Liam Jones and Killian Jones . Brennan took his two young sons with him and they traveled the seas . He had to calm Killian down when the ship was in a storm . Upon arriving at the latest port , Brennan learned that the authorities want to apprehend him . He sold the servitude of his sons to the boat while he escaped . For a brief while , Brennan was captured and put under a sleeping curse until he was awoken by his nurse . Upon changing his ways , Brennan and the nurse got married and had a son that Brennan named Liam , after his first born son . Brennan later got a job as a bartender . While cleaning up the bar around closing time , Brennan encountered a grown - up Killian who was sent by the Evil Queen to kill him . Brennan explains what happened after he disappeared from the ship and the path that led him to changing into a better person . Seeing his father regret that he was n't the parent he should have been , Killian softens towards him , deciding to spare him by giving him passage to elsewhere as a way to trick the Evil Queen into believing that he killed Brennan . Brennan thanks him and asks him for a second transportation permit for Liam . After tucking Liam in his bed , Killian arrived with the transportation permits where he overhears his father 's words to Liam . This made Killian angry at Brennan 's lies enough to destroy the transportation permits . Then he chooses to follow the Evil Queen 's orders by killing Brennan , despite the fact that Liam II needed someone to provide for him . Before he dies , Brennan tells Killian that it 's not too late to become the man that he wants to be . Liam N / A Nick Eversman ( adult ) Sebastian West ( child ) 5 , 6 Alive Liam is the son of Brennan Jones and younger half - brother of Liam and Killian Jones . He is named after the deceased Liam Jones . As a boy , he is left orphaned when his father is killed . Struggling with life at the docks , he is taken by Captain Nemo and raised as his own son . Captain Nemo also teaches him that seeking revenge for his father 's killer is no use . When the Evil Queen cast her curse , somehow , Captain Nemo managed to escape the curse 's scope with Liam by fleeing from the Enchanted Forest . The curse then freezes the Enchanted Forest and many other lands in time . Liam , however , was the only one who aged during the twenty - eight years of the Dark Curse . When Emma Swan enters Storybrooke in 2011 , the curse is weakened and time resumes back in the Enchanted Forest . At the time , after Captain Nemo brings Captain Hook to join him in the Nautilus , he finds out that Hook is his elder half - brother and their father 's killer . Attempt to kill Hook , he accidentally stabs Captain Nemo instead as Hook flees . In order to save Nemo , Liam uses a key and opens a portal to the Land of Untold Stories , halting both of their stories . Years later , Liam ends up in Storybrooke when Mr. Hyde brings some of the refugees from the Land of Untold Stories to Storybrooke . Liam kidnaps Hook as payback for killing their father and for the `` death '' of Captain Nemo . With Henry 's help , Hook knocks down Liam , leaving him unconscious . Liam is then taken to the hospital by Hook where they both bond and forgive one another . Hook also reveals to him that Captain Nemo is still alive as Captain Nemo is wheeled into the room reunited . After Gideon commandeered the Nautilus to take off , Liam helped Captain Hook and Captain Nemo into finding a Kraken where they would obtain it 's blood to refuel the Nautilus component that enables it to travel to the oceans of the different worlds . During this time , Captain Nemo and Liam met Aladdin and Jasmine . Due to the Nautilus having taken damage from the Kraken attacks , Jasmine used Aladdin 's genie abilities to wish herself , Aladdin , Captain Hook , Captain Nemo , and Liam to the nearest island which happens to be Hangman 's Island . Before heading off to find where Jafar 's lamp is held , Captain Hook parted ways with Captain Nemo and Liam who remained on shore with the Nautilus ' crew where they are working to salvage the Nautilus . Hercules N / A Jonathan Whitesell 5 Deceased Hercules is the demigod son of Zeus and the nephew of Hades . In his earlier life , he had saved a younger Snow White from a beast trap and trained her in being a warrior . He showed Snow White his medals for his labours where the 12th one that he is going to do is to defeat Cerberus . After her first attempt with the bandits that were plaguing Snow White 's kingdom failed , Hercules punched the ground hard enough to send the bandits running . After some persuasion , Snow White was successful at fending off the bandits the next time they showed up . When he ends up where Cerberus was , he bought Megara some time to get away from Cerberus . Hercules fought Cerberus the best he could before being slain followed by Megara getting killed afterwards . In the Underworld , Hercules works at Underbrooke 's docks and visits the Underworld 's version of Granny 's during his lunch break . Upon being tipped off on how to find him by the second Blind Witch , Mary Margaret found him and persuaded him to help find Captain Hook while planning to have his unfinished business of defeating Cerberus be resolved . When Cerberus later attacks , Hercules works with Mary Margaret and Megara where they managed to defeat Cerberus . Afterwards , Hercules and Megara ascended to Mount Olympus . Megara N / A Kacey Rohl 5 Deceased Megara is a woman that had a brief encounter with Hercules in the Enchanted Forest . In the Enchanted Forest , after Hercules was killed , Cerberus caught up to Megara and killed her as well . She then was sent to the Underworld . In the Underworld , Megara was a prisoner in one of the tunnels where Hades keeps his prisoners . She meets Captain Hook who manages to buy her some time to get away . She is founded by Emma Swan and Regina Mills . When Cerberus catches up to Megara , Mary Margaret and Hercules had to work hard to keep her safe . With some persuasion from Mary Maraget , Megara helps Mary Margaret and Hercules defeat Cerberus . Being reunited with Hercules was her unfinished business , she got it resolved . Afterwards , Megara and Hercules ascended to Mount Olympus . Fendrake N / A Aaron Douglas 5 Deceased Fendrake is a healer in the Enchanted Forest . In the Enchanted Forest , he is approached by Rumplestiltskin and Milah who requires his help to heal their son Baelfire . However , when the price for the healing potion is too high , Milah suggests that Rumplestiltskin to kill him . However , instead of killing him , Rumplestiltskin makes a deal with him for his second - born child . Years later , Rumplestiltskin , now the Dark One pays a visit to Fendrake 's tent , where he kills him . After his death , Fendrake goes to the Underworld . In the Underworld , he sells the contract he did with Rumplestiltskin years ago to Hades . Captain Silver N / A Costas Mandylor 5 Deceased Captain Silver is the boss of a merchant ship . After overhearing that Liam Jones has plans to enlist himself and his brother Killian to the King 's Navy , he tricks Killian into spending his silver coins need to enlist himself into the navy . Later , he commands the ship into a disastrous storm , but Liam later takes over the command of the ship . The ship eventually is destroyed in the storm killing Captain Silver and all of his crew except Liam and Killian who survived due to a deal made by Liam with Hades . Captain Silver then ends up in the Underworld . In the Underworld , he and his crew reveals to Killian , now known as Hook , that Liam made a deal with Hades to spare them both leaving him and the rest to die . He and his crew then kidnap both Hook and Liam and brings them to the Fiery Cave hoping to send them both to the Worst Place . Angered that Captain Silver did not invite him to see this , Hades arrived and uses his magic and pushes Captain Silver into the fiery pit , sending him to the Worst Place . Scarecrow N / A Paul Scheer ( voice ) 5 Unknown The Scarecrow is a living scarecrow that lives in Oz . Many years ago , Zelena targeted the Scarecrow in order to use his brain as part of her first attempt to cause a time - travel spell . Before Zelena can remove the brain , Dorothy and Toto intervened where they managed to get away . With help from Hades enchanting a bicycle , Zelena tracked down where Dorothy and Scarecrow were hiding out . After Zelena used her magic to magically freeze Dorothy , Zelena successfully removed Scarecrow 's brain and was about to show it to Hades only to find that he is not there . It is unknown what happen to the Scarecrow or his brain because when Zelena had attempted her time travel spell in Storybrooke , she planned on using Gold 's brain . Emily Brown N / A Gina Stockdale 5 Deceased Emily Brown is Dorothy Gale 's aunt . She is often called as Aunt Em by Dorothy . After Dorothy returns from her trip to Oz , Dorothy tells her family about her trip . While the rest of the family refuses to believe , Aunt Em was the only one who believed Dorothy and refuses to send Dorothy to an asylum after she was doomed insane by the others . Sometime later , Aunt Em dies , gifting Toto to Dorothy . In the Underworld , Aunt Em runs a diner called `` Auntie 's Chicken and Waffles '' that the Blind Witch considers as the competition . Emma , Mary Margaret , and Red make an attempt to use a bottle given to them by the Blind Witch to have Aunt Em blow some kisses in there as part of an attempt for Ruby to wake Dorothy from the Sleeping Curse as part of her unfinished business of knowing that Dorothy is alright . Before she can do , Aunt Em 's body turned to water before dissolving . Hades appears stating that he has spiked her soup with the River of Lost Souls as Regina stated that they were trying to help Dorothy . After mopping up the watery remains of Aunt Em and putting them in a jar , Hades informs the other souls present to let Aunt Em 's fate be a warning to anyone who turn to the Underworld visitors for hope . Later on while meeting with Zelena , Hades dumped Aunt Em 's watery remains into the River of Lost Souls . N / A Cleo Fox Rya Kihlstedt 5 Deceased Rya Kihlstedt Cleo Fox is a bail bondswoman and biological mother to Tasha Morris . Cleo was tracking Emma after she was wanted in a series of robberies in Phoenix sometime after being released from prison . When she caught up with Emma who was looking for her birth parents in 2009 , Cleo arrested her and was preparing to extradite Emma back to Arizona . Afterwards , the two became friends and despite going against her principles , Cleo help Emma search for her parents even going far as helping Emma escape authorities after she broke into a building to obtain information . When they escaped the building , Cleo started to die after having a shard of glass stab into her stomach and before Cleo let her go , she told Emma that she had a daughter that she gave up ten years earlier and told her to run as she died . When Emma became a bondswoman a year later , she returned the favor and found Cleo 's daughter Tasha and told her about Cleo . At the store where Tasha worked , Emma spotted the red jacket and it became her outfit ever since . Zeus N / A David Hoflin 5 Alive Zeus is the King of the Gods and the ruler of Mount Olympus . He is the brother of Hades and the father of Hercules . In his early life , Zeus became the ruler of Mount Olympus while Hades became ruler of the Underworld . Hades has since been jealous of his brother 's position . After Captain Hook completed his unfinished business where Emma and Zelena had defeated Hades , he arrived on Mount Olympus where he met Zeus who congratulated Captain Hook for his involvement in his misguided brother 's defeat . Zeus then takes Captain Hook to his reward . That reward turned out to be Captain Hook getting a second chance at life as he is reunited with Emma . Poole N / A Arnold Pinnock 5 Alive Poole is Mr Hyde 's assistant in the Land of Untold Stories When David , Mary Margaret , Zelena and Hook ends up in the Land of Untold Stories , Poole zaps them with his baton and keeps them in a cell protected by a magical barrier . Later , after becoming drunk , Dr. Jekyll steals the keys to the cell , freeing them and escaping to Dr. Jekyll 's apartment . Poole later alerted Mr. Hyde and they both shows up at Dr. Jekyll 's apartment . Poole is later knock unconscious by Zelena . Oracle N / A Jordyn Ashley Olson 6 Deceased The Oracle is a young nurse in Agrabah . After Aladdin develops a hand tremor from his role as the Savior , the Oracle becomes his caretaker , hiding out at a cottage somewhere in the desert . One day , a man from a kingdom in Agrabah comes to the cottage for help , but is killed by Jafar moments later . Jafar also knocks out the Oracle with his magic before seeking an audience with Aladdin . Sometime later , by unknown means , the Oracle goes to the Land of Untold Stories for unknown reasons . Years later , Mr. Hyde brings her and some other folks from the Land of Untold Stories to Storybrooke . There , she meets Emma , the current Savior and shows Emma her future , where she is destined to die in the hands of an unknown person . She later secretly meets with Princess Jasmine and discuss about Aladdin 's presence in Storybrooke . She is later visited by the Evil Queen offscreen , hoping to find out about Emma Swan 's vision . As the Oracle refuses to help , the Evil Queen kills her . Emma and Archie later find her dead body . Edmond Dantès / Count of Monte Cristo N / A Craig Horner 6 Deceased Edmond Dantès is a man from 19th Century France . When Edmond 's fiancèe is murdered by Baron Danglars and his home is burned down by him , Edmond is framed and imprisoned for the murder . After escaping , he becomes the Count of Monte Cristo . During a party hosted by him , he kills Baron Danglers in - front of the other guests fulfilling his revenge for what Danglers did to him . The Evil Queen appears recruits him to kill Snow White and Prince Charming . He then leaves to the Enchanted Forest with the Evil Queen . However , after seeing Snow White 's handmaiden Charlotte , he rethinks his action and refuses to kill them with the Agrabahn Viper Poison . Rumplestiltskin thinks that he will interrupt his plan to make the Queen cast the curse , so he poisons Charlotte with the same poison . As there is no cure for the poison , Rumplestiltskin tells the Count that the only way to save her is to halt her story . He gives the Count and Charlotte a passageway to the Land of Untold Stories . Years later , Mr. Hyde brings the Count and various other refugees from the Land of Untold Stories to Storybrooke . During his time in Storybrooke , he meets Regina 's former counterpart -- the Evil Queen , who rips his heart out and forces him to kill David and Mary Margaret . He is then killed by Regina , unintentionally , who throws her sword into his back in order to save David and Mary Margaret . Charlotte N / A Andrea Brooks 6 Deceased Charlotte is Snow White 's handmaiden . In the Enchanted Forest , after becoming Snow White 's handmaiden , she travels with them to a nearby burned - down village where they meet the Count , who introduces himself as Edmond . Sometime after Edmond starts working at the castle , he began to see the resemblance in Charlotte 's eyes similar to his deceased fiancèe . When he tries to kill Snow White and Prince Charming with the Agrabahn Viper Poison , he rethinks after seeing Charlotte 's eyes . Later , Charlotte is poisoned by Rumplestiltskin and states to Edmond that there is no cure for the poison . In order to save her , Rumplestiltskin tells the Count that he needs to halt her story , therefore , taking her to the Land of Untold Stories . Years later , Charlotte is among the refugees brought to Storybrooke from the Land of Untold Stories by Mr. Hyde . After arriving in Storybrooke , her story continues resulting in her dying from the poison years ago . Jacob N / A Max Lloyd - Jones 6 Alive Jacob is Prince Thomas ' footman and Clorinda 's lover . In the Enchanted Forest , he falls in love with Clorinda and gets into a secret relationship with her . One day , he arrives at Lady Tremaine 's estate , inviting the family to a royal ball at Prince Thomas ' castle . Later , both he and Clorinda plans to runaway together to start a little farm , but Cinderella gives a key to the Land of Untold Stories to Clorinda . Instead , Clorinda suggests to Jacob to travel there . However , their plan was put to a stop when Lady Tremaine found out . She injures Jacob and then banishes Clorinda and herself to the Land of Untold Stories . When the Evil Queen cast the curse , Jacob is sent to the Land Without Magic . In Storybrooke , Jacob is a pumpkin farmer . When Lady Tremaine and Clorinda end up in Storybrooke , Lady Tremaine tries to kill him with Jacob and Cinderella in her clutches , but Clorinda gets in the way . She stabs Ashley instead , but Emma cures her and Lady Tremaine is arrested . Jacob and Clorinda then catches up alongside with Ashley and Sean . Mary N / A Elizabeth Blackmore 6 Deceased Mary is the daughter of Dr. Arthur Lydgate . In Victorian England , she initially fell in love with Dr. Henry Jekyll , but eventually ends up falling in love with Dr. Jekyll 's alter ego Mr. Hyde . She later finds out that Mr. Hyde is actually Dr. Jekyll and confronts him , leading to a heated argument resulting in Mary falling from her bedroom window to her death . Sultan of Agrabah N / A Cedric De Souza 6 Alive The Sultan of Agrabah is the father of Princess Jasmine and ruler of the Capital of Agrabah . After Jafar dethrones his father who ruled one of Agrabah 's kingdoms , Jafar travels to the Capital of Agrabah where he uses the Serpent Staff to control the Sultan of Agrabah . Obeying to Jafar , the Sultan of Agrabah makes Jafar his Vizier , unknown to him about Jafar 's plan for Agrabah . When Aladdin breaks the Serpent Staff into half , the spell on the Sultan of Agrabah is lifted and is reunited with Princess Jasmine while Jafar escapes . At the time when the Sultan was meeting with possible suitors for Princess Jasmine , Jafar crashed the meeting where he mentioned that Aladdin is too broken to help them . The Sultan of Agrabah also witnesses Jafar using a transformation potion on Prince Achmed which turned him into a wooden staff that has a wooden carving of his head on it . Goldilocks N / A Kate Dion - Richard 6 Alive Goldilocks is the owner of the Three Bears Day Spa in Storybrooke . Following the closure of Any Given Sundae sometime after Ingrid 's death , Goldilocks takes over the property and opens her spa . One day , the Evil Queen ( Serum ) and Zelena visits her spa where she and an unnamed co-worker tender to their requirements . Captain Nemo N / A Faran Tahir 6 Alive Captain Nemo is the captain of the Nautilus . In the Enchanted Forest , he meets a young orphaned boy named Liam who is struggling with life at the docks . Feeling sorry for the boy , Captain Nemo takes Liam in and raises him as his son . He also teaches the boy to never go on the path of revenge . When the Evil Queen cast her curse , Captain Nemo and Liam somehow manage to escape the curse 's scope by fleeing from the Enchanted Forest as the rest of the land and other worlds freezes in time . When Emma Swan enters Storybrooke in 2011 , the curse is weakened and time resumes back in the Enchanted Forest . Captain Nemo kidnaps Captain Hook and asks him to join him and Liam to find for a magical key for a second chance in life at the Mysterious Island . Eventually , Hook finds out about Liam 's identity , resulting in Liam accidentally stabbing Captain Nemo . As Captain Nemo bleeds , Liam uses the key to open a portal to the Land of Untold Stories which used the `` Mysterious Island '' alias . Arriving there , Captain Nemo stop bleeding as their story had been halted . Years later , Captain Nemo ends up in Storybrooke when Mr. Hyde brings some of the refugees from the Land of Untold Stories to Storybrooke . As his story is no longer halted , he continues to bleed and is found by David Nolan . He is brought to the hospital and into surgery . After the surgery , he is wheeled into a ward room where his bed roommate is Liam , reuniting with him . Captain Hook is later visited by Captain Nemo who gives him some advice on how to tell Emma about how he had previously killed David 's father Robert . In addition , Captain Nemo states that he , Liam Jones II , and his crew are heading out of Storybrooke . After a disastrous outcome with Emma upon being unable to come clean in the first place , Captain Hook informs Captain Nemo about it and asks if there is room for one more . Captain Nemo states that there is always a place for him on the Nautilus . After some talking with Mary Margaret Blanchard , Captain Hook meets with Captain Nemo to see him off only for Gideon to commandeer the Nautilus where he has it leave Storybrooke . After ending up off the coast of the Enchanted Forest , Captain Nemo worked with Captain Hook into finding a Kraken where they would obtain it 's blood to refuel the Nautilus component that enables it to travel to the oceans of the different worlds . During this time , Captain Nemo and Liam met Aladdin and Jasmine . Due to the Nautilus having taken damage from the Kraken attacks , Jasmine used Aladdin 's genie abilities to wish herself , Aladdin , Captain Hook , Captain Nemo , and Liam to the nearest island which happens to be Hangman 's Island . Before heading off to find where Jafar 's lamp is held , Captain Hook parted ways with Captain Nemo and Liam who remained on shore with the Nautilus ' crew where they are working to salvage the Nautilus . Gabriel / Woodcutter N / A Paul Johansson 6 Deceased Gabriel is a bounty hunter who specialises in hunting werewolves and operates under the name Woodcutter . Gabriel takes up the bounty to apprehend Snow White for the Evil Queen where his first attempt resulted in Snow White getting away with help from the Blue Fairy . Then he encounters David and his sheeepdog Wilby where he gives him drugged water and uses Wilby to lure Snow White into a trap . After Gabriel traps Snow White against a tree and locking her in his wagon , David stumbled onto the wagon where he is attacked by Gabriel . With some inside help from Snow White , David kills Gabriel . King David N / A Josh Dallas 6 Deceased King David is a Wish Realm character . Not to be confused with David , the Enchanted Forest character . King David is the husband of Queen Snow White , father of Princess Emma and grandfather of Prince Henry and the ruler of the Wish Realm 's version of the Enchanted Forest . When the Evil Queen ( Serum ) makes a wish for Emma to had never become the Savior , the Wish Realm is formed as a world of its own . Here , King David rules the realm alongside Queen Snow White . In this alternate timeline , King David and Queen Snow White had defeated the Evil Queen and banished her . Later in order to make Princess Emma embrace her role as the Savior and to retain her memories of her life , Regina captures King David and Queen Snow White the same day when Henry was becoming a knight . During Emma 's confrontation with her , Regina unintentionally crushes King David and Queen Snow White 's hearts in an attempt to snap Emma out of this illusion . Queen Snow White N / A Ginnifer Goodwin 6 Deceased Queen Snow White is a Wish Realm character . Not to be confused with Snow White , the Enchanted Forest character . Queen Snow White is the wife of King David , mother of Princess Emma and grandmother of Prince Henry and the ruler of the Wish Realm 's version of the Enchanted Forest . When the Evil Queen ( Serum ) makes a wish for Emma to had never become the Savior , the Wish Realm is formed as a world of its own . Here , Queen Snow rules the realm alongside King David . In this alternate timeline , King David and Queen Snow had defeated the Evil Queen and banished her . Later in order to make Princess Emma embrace her role as the Savior and to retain her memories of her life , Regina captures King David and Queen Snow the same day when Henry was becoming a knight . During Emma 's confrontation with her , Regina unintentionally crushes King David and Queen Snows hearts in an attempt to snap Emma out of this illusion . Prince Henry N / A Jared S. Gilmore 6 Alive Prince Henry is a Wish Realm character . Not to be confused with Henry Daniel Mills , the Land Without Magic character . Prince Henry is the son of Princess Emma and Baelfire and the grandson of King David and Queen Snow . When the Evil Queen ( Serum ) makes a wish for Emma to had never become the Savior , the Wish Realm is formed as a world of its own . Here , Prince Henry trains to be a knight and arrives late at Princess Emma 's birthday celebration . On the day of his assertion to knighthood , Regina ( masquerading as the Evil Queen of the Wish Realm ) , shows up uninvited where she takes King David and Queen Snow as prisoners . Prince Henry later follows his mother to the Dark Palace to seek the Evil Queen . After Regina unintentionally kills King David and Queen Snow by crushing their heart , Prince Henry lures his sword towards Regina with intentions of killing her , but Princess Emma stops the act with her magic , fully aware of the situation and remembers her life back in her own world . Prince Henry later lead his army to look for the Evil Queen in order to punish her for what she did to his grandparents . In addition , he has sent out word to have his mother brought back to him . Rumplestiltskin N / A Robert Carlyle 6 Alive Rumplestiltskin is a Wish Realm character . Not to be confused with Rumplestiltskin , the Enchanted Forest character . Rumplestiltskin is a powerful Dark One who loves to make deals with a price . When the Evil Queen ( Serum ) makes a wish for Emma to had never become the Savior , the Wish Realm is formed as a world of its own . Rumplestiltskin is trapped in an underground prison when Regina seeks him . Making a deal for a magic bean , Regina frees Rumplestiltskin as he asks her to meet him at a nearby lake at noon . Regina and Princess Emma later meet him and he gives Regina the bean and disappears . Rumplestiltskin later saves Regina and Robin Hood from the Sheriff of Nottingham . He then states that he went to where Belle was imprisoned and shows Regina the bones of Belle where she starved to death . As his Evil Queen is not around , Rumplestiltskin decides that Regina will have to do to make the Evil Queen pay for what happened to Belle . He imprisons them in his dungeon as he prepares for a flaying . Though Regina and Robin escape back to Pinocchio and head back to Storybrooke . Robin of Loxley N / A Sean Maguire 6 Alive Robin of Locksley is a Wish Realm character . Not to be confused with Robin of Locksley , the Enchanted Forest character . Robin of Locksley is a bandit who is a good archer . As Emma and Regina tries to get back to Storybrooke through a portal , Robin appears to rob them . Regina , shocked to see Robin alive , approaches him , causing the portal to close . Robin robs them and leaves them as soon as Prince Henry and the knights approach . In the tavern , Regina approaches him and asks him about his life in the Wish Realm , and after figuring out that he is happy , she leaves him , but they are both captured by the Sheriff of Nottingham . Robin and Regina is then saved by Rumplestiltskin , who then captures them and locks them away in a prison cell . Robin breaks open the lock and escapes with Regina . After Emma and Pinocchio create a portal with an enchanted tree , Robin volunteers himself to follow them for a fresh start . Landing in Storybrooke , Regina welcomes him and lets him stay at her place . However , he gets uncomfortable with Regina comparing him to her Robin . He teams up with Zelena to leave town , but is confronted by Regina who agrees to help him leave town by figuring a way to take down the protection spell surrounding town . After the Evil Queen , still in cobra form , escapes her coil cage , she pays Robin a visit in the woods where she bites his hand to transform herself back to human form . She recruits Robin to dig up the Shears of Destiny and then uses him to lure Regina . However , as Robin pleas to return him home to his land , the Evil Queen helps him go home . Later in the tavern in the Wish Realm , he is reunited with the Evil Queen , who had a change of heart , wishing for a fresh start . The two talk , with the Evil Queen finally getting her happy ending with Robin . Pinocchio N / A Eion Bailey 6 Alive Pinocchio is a Wish Realm character . Not to be confused with Pinocchio , the Enchanted Forest character . Pinocchio is a woodcarver . Upon becoming a real boy and growing up to be a woodcarver upon Geppetto 's passing , Emma Swan and Regina Mills approaches him to see if he still has the Wardrobe . He states that he dismantled it sometime after the Evil Queen 's defeat . Upon taking Emma to the enchanted grove , they are ambushed by Killian Jones . After Emma made Killian disappear back to the Jolly Roger , it was revealed that Pinocchio 's magic chisel was broken during the scuffle . Emma later convinces Pinocchio to take another shot at the magical tree . Pinocchio manages to obtain the wood in order to make a Magic Wardrobe . Then Pinocchio constructs the Magic Wardrobe just as Regina and the alternate Robin of Locksley arrive . Before entering the Magic Wardrobe , Emma and Regina thank Pinocchio for his help . Sheriff of Nottingham N / A Wil Traval 6 Alive Sheriff of Nottingham is a Wish Realm character . Not to be confused with Sheriff of Nottingham , the Enchanted Forest character . Sheriff of Nottingham is an enforcer in Nottingham . He and his men ambush the Storybrooke Regina Mills and the Wish Realm Robin of Locksley at the bar . While having captured Robin of Locksley , he states to Regina that they have been prepared for the Evil Queen 's arrival . The Sheriff of Nottingham and his men are defeated by Rumplestiltskin . Captain Hook N / A Colin O'Donoghue 6 Alive Captain Hook is a Wish Realm character . Not to be confused with Captain Hook , the Enchanted Forest character . Captain Hook is a pirate captain . Captain Hook ambushes Pinocchio and the Storybrooke Emma Swan near an Enchanted Grove where he is on a mission to bring Emma back for the reward for her reward . Before Hook can duel Pinocchio , Emma knocks him out . Roderick N / A Grayson Gabriel ( adult ) Mason McKenzie ( child ) 6 Deceased Roderick is one of the kidnapped children in the Dark Realm . Brought over to the Dark Realm by the Black Fairy , Roderick is forced to work in the mines digging for dark fairy dust . As a child , he is placed in a cell next to Gideon 's and became friends . One day , the Black Fairy finds out about Gideon 's plan to become a hero , so the Black Fairy takes Roderick away and whips him to prove Gideon wrong . As Roderick grows into a young adult , he began to rebel against the Black Fairy 's reign . He gets Gideon to side with him and together , her break into the Black Fairy 's chamber and uses a crystal ball to contact a savior in another realm . The Black Fairy finds out about it and foils their plan . Using the fairy dust , she turns Roderick into a bug and squishes him to death . Robert N / A David Cubitt 6 Deceased Robert is the late husband of Ruth and late father of David and James . After he and his wife gave up their son James to Rumplestiltskin to save their home , Robert struggles with being an alcoholic and supporting his family and home . He is shown drinking at a tavern when King George arrives announcing his son James is missing and an reward for whoever can bring him home so Robert plans to find him and bring him back to him and his family . After saying goodbye to his family he leaves to visits Rumplestiltskin to know where James is and reveals he ran away to a place called Pleasure Island . After making a deal with him he gives Robert a ticket to enter the place and after talking with Pinocchio who saw James he finds him and tells him he 's bringing him home but when they start to leave they run into King George and his men . As Robert refused to give up James , King George had his men kill Robert and have it look like an accident . Just before the guards are about to kill Robert Captain Hook and his crew arrive and kill the two guards and plan to take the gold . Believing he is safe , Robert begs Hook to set him free . Hook kills him upon quoting `` Dead Men Tell No Tales '' and tells him men to take his body and make it look like an accident occurred . Years later , David Nolan was told by the Evil Queen a brief info on what happened to his father . When David starts to see the ghost of his father who tells him he wants him to know the truth about him and his death , David asks Hook for his help in finding out who killed his father . After talking with August about his meeting with Robert , David believes King George killed his father and goes to fight and kill him but is stopped by Hook and Robert 's ghost is able to find peace with David knowing that his father fought to keep his family together . Beowulf N / A Torstein Bjørklund 6 Deceased Beowulf is a tall and boastful warrior . During the First Ogre Wars , Bewoulf was the commander of an army where he inspired them to fight against the invading Ogres where he wielded the sword Hrunting . When disarmed of the weapon by a helmeted Ogre , he and his surviving soldiers were saved by Rumplestiltskin who killed the Ogres and claimed Hrunting . Consumed by his anger and jealousy of Rumplestiltskin , Beowulf faked a Grendel attack where he secretly killed some people claiming that the Grendl killed them . This was a trap so that he can claim the Dark One 's Dagger , reclaim Hrunting , and frame Rumplestiltskin for the murders . Upon Baelfire reclaiming the Dark One 's Dagger , he summoned Rumplestiltskin who defeated him yet spared his life . Rumplestiltskin told him to take his leave and Beowulf does while pushing Baelfire aside . Consumed at the anger of what Beowulf did to him , Baelfire used the Dark One 's Dagger to make his father kill Beowulf . Rumplestiltskin regrettably did that by snapping his neck . Prince Achmed N / A Zahf Paroo 6 Transformed Prince Achmed is a prince from one of Agrabah 's cities . Prince Achmed comes to the Capital of Agrabah with hopes to marry Princess Jasmine and earn the Crown Jewel of Agrabah . During a meeting with the Sultan of Agrabah , Princess Jasmine and the other suitors , Jafar storms into the throne room and confronts Princess Jasmine about Aladdin , during in which Jafar insults the suitors . Angered with Jafar 's remarks , Prince Achmed stands up to Jafar , only to be transformed into a staff by Jafar as punishment . Stanum / Tin Man N / A Alex Désert ( adult ) Austin Obiajunwa ( teenager ) 6 Transformed Stanum is a woodcutter in the Land of Oz . As a teenager , he befriends Zelena and protects her from bullies who thinks she is a freak because of her magical abilities . Years later , he cuts down a tree in the North . Furious , the Wicked Witch of the North curses him to turn to tin . Before the transformation completes , Stanum goes to Emerald City to seek help from Zelena . Altho she initially refuse to help him , she then agrees to do so out of bravery . When Stanum is attacked by the Cowardly Lion , Zelena rescues him and aids him to find the Crimson Heart . Despite finding it , Zelena finds out that she will have to give up her powers to save Stanum , and she refuses to do so . She leaves Stanum be as he fully transforms into a Tin Man . Eudora N / A Robin Givens 7 Unknown Eudora is an upcoming cast . Prince Marius N / A Kevin Ryan 7 Unknown Prince Marius is an upcoming cast . Rapunzel N / A Meegan Warner 7 Unknown Rapunzel is an unknown realm character . Not to be confused with Rapunzel , the Enchanted Forest character . Rapunzel is an upcoming cast . Dr. Facilier N / A TBA 7 Unknown Dr. Facilier is an upcoming cast . Creatures ( edit ) Main article : List of Once Upon a Time creatures Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bailey is credited as recurring during the first half of the first season and is promoted to main during the second half . Jump up ^ O'Donoghue is credited as recurring during the first half of the second season and is promoted to main during the second half . Jump up ^ During the sixth season , Maguire only appears as the Wish Realm version of Robin and not the Enchanted Forest version . Jump up ^ According to Princess Aurora , she has no more loved ones , meaning both King Stefan and Briar Rose are long dead . Archie Hopper did n't appear in the 100th episode , but his fairytale self Jiminy Cricket did but did n't speak . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Ginnifer Goodwin , Josh Dallas , Emilie de Ravin and Jared Gilmore exit '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shaunna Murphy ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Ounce Upon a Time Jennifer Morrison Leaving After Season 6 '' . Jump up ^ Ryan Schwartz ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Rebecca Mader Leaving . Zelena not in Season 7 '' . Jump up ^ . Twitter . July 11 , 2017 https://twitter.com/bellofthebpoint/status/884828247074144257 . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Ryan Schwartz ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Rebecca Mader Leaving . Zelena not in Season 7 '' . Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time : Emilie de Ravin books return in season 7 '' . Entertainment Weekly . July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan Schwartz ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Rebecca Mader Leaving . Zelena not in Season 7 '' . Jump up ^ `` Instagram '' . May 12 , 2017 . user : bexmader . ^ Jump up to : Swift , Andy ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time @ Comic - Con : Season 7 's Secret Roles Revealed , a ' Prominent LGBQT Storyline ' and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Season 7 Reset : Gabrielle Anwar , Devious Maids Alum , Reign Star Among 5 New Additions '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` Spoiler Room : Scoop on Once Upon a Time , Supergirl , Teen Wolf , and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time adds Jane the Virgin star in mystery role '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Orlando , Christine ( October 23 , 2011 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Review : Believe in Magic '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved January 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ratcliffe , Amy ( January 30 , 2012 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : `` Fruit of the Poisonous Tree '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved January 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : The ' Snare Witch ' Project '' from Entertainment Weekly ( March 16 , 2014 ) ^ Jump up to : Murphy , Shaunna ( November 7 , 2011 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : The Woods Are Lovely , Dark , And Deep '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Busis , Hilary ( January 15 , 2012 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : It Takes Two '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Murphy , Shaunna ( November 27 , 2011 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : Let Your Conscience Be Your Guide '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 28 , 20 11 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Shaunna , Murphy ( October 31 , 2011 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : This Town Ai n't Big Enough '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : Murder , She Faked '' from Entertainment Weekly ( January 6 , 2013 ) ^ Jump up to : Ratcliffe , Amy ( December 12 , 2011 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : `` The Heart is a Lonely Hunter '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved April 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Once Upon a Time ' season finale recap : Now I 'm a Believer '' by Hilary Busis , from Entertainment Weekly ( May 13 , 2012 ) ^ Jump up to : Sava , Oliver ( December 4 , 2011 ) . `` Once Upon A Time : ' The Shepherd ' '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Prudom , Laura ( September 30 , 2012 ) . `` ' Once Upon A Time ' Season Premiere Recap : Magic Returns And Brings New Danger In ' Broken ' '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved October 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : Dead Wood '' from Entertainment Weekly ( March 24 , 2013 ) ^ Jump up to : Busis , Hillary ( February 13 , 2012 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : Tale as Old as Time '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon a Time ' upgrades Colin O'Donoghue ( Capt . Hook ) to series regular '' . EW . ^ Jump up to : Busis , Hilary ( January 23 , 2012 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : When Doves Fly '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Busis , Hillary ( January 9 , 2012 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : The Dark One Rises '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://oncepodcast.com/forums/topic/91416-d23-ouat-article-season-6-news/ ^ Jump up to : Busis , Hillary ( March 5 , 2012 ) . `` Once Upon a Time ' recap : A Fairy Tale -- Literally '' . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : Little Boy Lost '' from Entertainment Weekly ( May 12 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ `` TZE CHUN '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ http://www.ew.com/recap/once-upon-a-time-season-6-episode-3 ^ Jump up to : Sava , Oliver ( April 22 , 2012 ) . `` The Return '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved April 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : Faith , Hope and Fairy Dust by Hilary Busis , from Entertainment Weekly ( October 13 , 2013 ) ^ Jump up to : Murphy , Shaunna ( November 13 , 2011 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : Read Before You Sign '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Busis , Hillary ( December 8 , 2013 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : Pain and Pan-ic '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : Oh Brother '' from Entertainment Weekly ( December 2 , 2012 ) Jump up ^ Howard , Rachel ( March 19 , 2012 ) . `` WonderCon 2012 : ONCE UPON A TIME Panel Recap ; Plus Highlights from Q&A with Creators Edward Kitsis and Adam Horowitz '' . Collider.com . Retrieved March 20 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : Snow White meets ' Black Swan ' '' by Hilary Busis , from Entertainment Weekly ( April 2 , 2012 ) ^ Jump up to : `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : Dark Shadows '' from Entertainment Weekly ( April 28 , 2013 ) ^ Jump up to : ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : The Scion , the Bitch and the Wardrobe by Hilary Busis Entertainment Weekly ( October 15 , 2012 ) ^ Jump up to : `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : There 's a She - Wolf in the Freezer '' from Entertainment Weekly ( November 11 , 2012 ) Jump up ^ Lightning Round 5 : Once Upon a Time Bosses Answer Your Burning Questions , TvGuide , February 6 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : Mad Man '' from Entertainment Weekly ( March 26 , 2012 ) Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : There and Back Again '' from Entertainment Weekly ( December 2 , 2012 ) ^ Jump up to : Busis , Hillary ( September 29 , 2013 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : Season 3 premiere '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hillary , Busis ( March 9 , 2014 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : Monkey Business '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : Fare Thee Belle '' from Entertainment Weekly ( January 13 , 2013 ) ^ Jump up to : ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : O Captain ! My Captain ! by Hilary Busis from Entertainment Weekly ( October 21 , 2012 ) Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : That ' 80s Show '' from Entertainment Weekly ( March 17 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ http://www.datgpodcast.abc.com/podcast/a_onceuponatime/OUT_CHAPTER18_S2.mp3 ^ Jump up to : Busis , Hilary ( December 15 , 2013 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : The End Is the Beginning Is the End '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Busis , Hillary ( November 17 , 2013 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : A Family Affair '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : Freaky Sunday '' . Entertainment Weekly . December 1 , 2013 . Retrieved December 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : Secrets , Secrets Are No Fun by Hilary Busis , from Entertainment Weekly ( November 3 , 2013 ) ^ Jump up to : `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : Boat Show '' from Entertainment Weekly ( April 13 , 2014 ) Jump up ^ `` Adam Horowitz on Twitter '' . Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Milan Cheylov , Writ . Edward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz ( April 21 , 2013 ) . `` Lacey '' . Once Upon a Time . Season 2 . Episode 19 . ABC . Jump up ^ Gwyneth Horder - Payton , Writ . Jane Espenson and Christine Boylan ( April 28 , 2013 ) . `` The Evil Queen '' . Once Upon a Time . Season 2 . Episode 20 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` Comic - Con 2015 : ' Once Upon a Time ' introducing Merida in season 5 '' from Entertainment Weekly ( July 11 , 2015 ) Jump up ^ http://www.thefutoncritic.com/listings/20120123abc16/ Jump up ^ season 6 episode 3 ^ Jump up to : `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : Hold Me Closer , Tiny Giant '' from Entertainment Weekly ( February 10 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : Franks For the Memories '' from Entertainment Weekly ( October 28 , 2012 ) Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : Locker , Stalk , and Two Smoking Hotties '' from Entertainment Weekly ( November 4 , 2012 ) Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : The Mother Lode '' from Entertainment Weekly ( March 3 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : ' Poor Unfortunate Soul ' '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time recap : Pinocchio / August returns '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . ^ Jump up to : Busis , Hillary ( November 10 , 2013 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : ' Dark Hollow ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Once Upon A Time - Episode 3.05 - 2 Roles being cast '' . Spoiler TV . August 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : Save the Best for Last by Hilary Busis , from Entertainment Weekly ( October 27 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : The Green Zone '' from Entertainment Weekly ( April 7 , 2014 ) Jump up ^ http://www.mymbuzz.com/2016/07/25/james-marsters-joins-once-upon-a-time-season-6-plus-trailer/ Jump up ^ http://www.stitchkingdom.com/disney-once-upon-a-time-season-5-86836/ Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time recap : Our Decay - EW.com '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time recap : Ruby Slippers - EW.com '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time recap : Firebird - EW.com '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Jump up ^ Adams , Mandy ( December 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Once Upon A Time ' Season 6 , Episode 12 News & Spoilers : David Cubitt To Play Charming 's Father ; Hook Asks For Emma 's Hand '' . iTechPost . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://efnewsservice.tumblr.com/post/165252440187/captain-swan-oncer-from-the-returning ( hide ) Once Upon a Time Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 Characters Mary Margaret Blanchard Emma Swan Regina Mills David Nolan Henry Mills Mr. Gold Hook Belle Zelena Robin Hood Universe Creatures Items Related Awards and nominations List of cast members Once Upon a Time in Wonderland Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Once_Upon_a_Time_characters&oldid=800565402 '' Categories : Once Upon a Time ( TV series ) characters Lists of American television series characters Lists of drama television characters Lists of fantasy television characters Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs CS1 errors : dates Wikipedia introduction cleanup from September 2015 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from September 2015 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles that may be too long from March 2016 Use mdy dates from June 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Français Italiano עברית 日本 語 Português Русский Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 09 : 45 . 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who is the actress that plays the black fairy in once upon a time

Fairy Tale Character Real World Character Portrayer Recurring Guest Status Seven Dwarfs The Seven Dwarfs are a group of dwarf miners whose names reflect their personality traits . They are good friends with Snow White and Prince Charming , allowing Snow White to live with them when she was escaping from the Evil Queen . Dreamy / Grumpy Leroy Lee Arenberg 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 Alive Dreamy was born in the mines as his egg was accidentally sprinkled with fairy dust by the fairy Nova . He dreams and falls in love with her . The Blue Fairy tells Dreamy that if he and Nova run away together , she will lose her wings . Dreamy ends their relationship and returns to the mines , being renamed Grumpy . He is later seen as a guard looking out for the curse in a watchtower of Snow and Charming 's castle . In Storybrooke , he is Leroy , a janitor at the Storybrooke General Hospital and the `` town drunk '' . He quickly forms a bond with Sister Astrid , and after learning of the nunnery 's rent problems , he assists with raising money to the content of Astrid . Leroy 's original memories are restored when the curse is broken , reuniting with Snow and the other dwarfs . He unites the dwarfs together and they begin to mine for fairy dust again . Sneezy Tom Clark Gabe Khouth 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 N / A Alive Sneezy is known to have a habit of sneezing often . In Storybrooke , he is Tom Clark , the owner of the Dark Star Pharmacy . After the curse is broken , Sneezy joins the other dwarfs in an experiment to find out why the residents can not leave town . Crossing the border , he loses his memories of his past life once again . Mother Superior later creates a potion that restores his memories. When Emma fully embraced as the Dark One , she turns him to stone after seeing him in her red leather jacket . He is then turn back to normal by Regina . Doc N / A David Paul Grove 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 N / A Alive Doc is the group 's doctor , helping Snow White give birth to Emma in the Enchanted Forest . Sleepy Walter Faustino Di Bauda 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 N / A Alive Sleepy is known to fall asleep often , even in public places . In Storybrooke , he is Walter , a security guard who works at Storybrooke Hospital and occasionally dozes off on the job . Bashful N / A Mig Macario 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 N / A Alive Bashful is extremely shy and quiet . Happy N / A Mike Coleman 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 N / A Alive Happy tends to be extremely cheerful in most situations . Dopey N / A Jeffrey Kaiser 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 N / A Alive Dopey is mute . When the Evil Queen cast the Dark Curse , Dopey is sent to Storybrooke . Years later , after Hook cast the third curse , he is sent over the town line by the other dwarves in order to see if there 's any consequences upon leaving town . This results in him being turned to a tree . Eventually , the rest of the dwarves somehow managed to turn Dopey back to human form weeks before the people from the Land of Untold Stories arrive in Storybrooke . He then decides to get a master 's degree in Boston . Widow Lucas / Granny N / A Beverley Elliott 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 N / A Alive Widow Lucas , simply referred to as Granny , is the mother of Anita and grandmother of Red Lucas . In the Enchanted Forest , as a girl , a wolf killed her father and brothers and then also transformed her into a wolf . The other aspects of the curse faded with age , but her heightened senses remain . Red inherited the family curse and is also a wolf , though Granny received an enchanted red cloak from a wizard , to prevent her transformation . When her granddaughter begins a relationship with a man called Peter , she disapproves . As news of a wolf killing villagers becomes known , Granny warns the others not to fight the monster . Red and Snow White believe Peter is the wolf , until Granny informs Snow of her curse . By the time she and Snow find Red , she had already killed Peter . In Storybrooke , she is known simply as Granny and is the owner of `` Granny 's Bed and Breakfast and Cafe . '' Her health problems prevent Ruby from leaving town , who assists her grandmother as a waitress . Granny 's memories are returned when the curse is broken by Emma Swan , and she embraces her family and friends . She is then send back to the Enchanted Forest when the cursed was reversed . When Snow White cast a new curse , Granny is brought back to Storybrooke , resuming her role as the owner of her Bed and Breakfast and Cafe . She sometimes watches Baby Neal whenever Snow and David are busy . Reul Ghorm / Blue Fairy Mother Superior Keegan Connor Tracy 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 N / A Alive Keegan Connor Tracy The Reul Ghorm , also known as the Blue Fairy , is a high - ranking fairy godmother who uses her magic to help others . In the Enchanted Forest , she was a teacher to Tinker Bell , until she stopped believing in her due to her rule - breaking . While she is quite powerful , she is unable to undo Rumplestiltskin 's magic . To help fix a problem created by his magic , she transforms Jiminy into a cricket and guides him to help Geppetto . She also transforms the puppet Pinocchio into a real boy , and creates a quill that temporarily immobilizes Rumplestiltskin , aiding in his imprisonment . Rumplestiltskin is hostile towards her and other fairies , blaming her for the disappearance of his son Baelfire . The Blue Fairy presents the idea of fashioning a wardrobe from a magical tree to save Emma and Pinocchio from the Evil Queen Regina 's curse by sending them to the Land Without Magic . In Storybrooke , she is Mother Superior of the town 's nuns , who were all fairies prior to the curse . When August Booth is murdered by Tamara , she restores him to a seven - year old real boy . Following the successful mission to rescue Henry from Neverland , the town 's heroes return to Storybrooke . However , Peter Pan uses his shadow to kill Mother Superior by ripping her own shadow from her body , seeing her as a threat to his plot to take over Storybrooke . After Tinker Bell kills Pan 's shadow , Mother Superior 's is returned . She thanks Tinker Bell and restores her fairy status . After the cursed was reversed , she returned to the Enchanted Forest . Following a new curse by Snow White , Blue is returned to Storybrooke , assuming back her identity as Mother Superior . She is later placed into Merlin 's hat after Mr. Gold controls an unwilling Captain Hook to remove the fairies from Storybrooke in his plan to cleave himself from his dagger . She and the other fairies are later freed by Regina . She later freed the Apprentice from the magic hat to help stop Isaac . She along with the fairies watch baby Neal , Zelena and Robin 's baby and Roland when the heroes head down to the Underworld . She later keeps Neal safe when Belle , Baby Hood and Zelena fall through a portal to the Underworld . In the sixth season , Belle and Mr. Gold 's son Gideon is born . Belle asks Mother Superior be his fairy godmother and to go away with Gideon to care and protect him from Mr. Gold 's actions . She is then last seen flying away with Gideon from Storybrooke . However , she is intercepted and attacked by the Black Fairy who takes the baby Gideon to her realm . The Mother Superior later tells Belle and Mr. Gold about this . Afterwards in order to repair the sword to kill Emma , Gideon needs the blood of the person who forged it which is the Blue Fairy . Mr. Gold not wanting his son 's heart to be darken steals Mother Superior 's magic to repair the sword for Gideon but promises restore her magic after they defeat Gideon . Dr. Victor Frankenstein Dr. Whale David Anders 1 , 2 , 3 , 5 , 6 N / A Alive David Anders Dr. Victor Frankenstein is a scientist who believes magic to be inferior to science . He is the older brother of Gerhardt and son of Alphonse . In the Land Without Color , Victor originally seeks a way to restore life to the dead , but has his funding pulled by his father . Rumplestiltskin offers him gold in exchange for the scientific method on how to revive the dead as magic could not . Victor robs a grave for body parts to experiment on , but is caught by Gerhardt who is shot by a police officer . As Victor attempts to bring Gerhardt back to life , electricity can not revive him , so Rumplestiltskin instead offers a heart from the Enchanted Forest . As part of a bargain , he creates a false attempt to reanimate Daniel to make it easier for Rumplestiltskin to manipulate her . In his own world , Frankenstein reanimates his brother with the heart , but inadvertently turns him into a monster , beating his father to death . Victor imprisons him until he can devise a way to help Gerhardt overcome his psychotic rage . When the Evil Queen cast her curse , Victor is sent to the Land Without Magic . In Storybrooke , he is Dr. Whale , a doctor working in Storybrooke General Hospital . He originally assists Regina Mills , doing whatever she says without hesitation . After the curse is broken , he leads a mob to Regina 's home intending to kill her . Victor later seeks a way to return to his brother , believing if he were to do something for Regina she would bring him back . He successfully reanimates Daniel 's corpse with a magical heart , turning him into a monster who savagely rips off Whale 's arm . Mr. Gold later reattaches his arm . He is transported back to the Land Without Color when Regina undid her curse . After Snow White cast a new curse somehow , Victor returns to Storybrooke , resuming his position as the doctor at the hospital . He also helps deliver Mary Margaret 's and later Zelena 's baby . Dr. Whale later helps Dr. Jekyll with his experiments to create a new serum to defeat the Evil Queen ( Serum ) . This project was later crashed by the Evil Queen and Mr. Hyde . Geppetto Marco Tony Amendola Michael Strusievici ( child ) 1 , 2 , 4 , 6 Alive Tony Amendola Geppetto is an elderly carpenter and father to his puppet turned boy Pinocchio . In the Enchanted Forest , he became orphaned when Jiminy Cricket accidentally transformed his parents into puppets . He carves himself a son named Pinocchio out of magical wood . During their adventures , Pinocchio sacrifices his life for Gepetto 's . For this act , the Blue Fairy turns him into a real boy . She asks him to carve a magical wardrobe with the ability to save the pregnant Snow White and Prince Charming from the Evil Queen Regina 's curse . However , the curse would send everyone to a land without magic and Pinocchio , a real boy because of magic , could turn back into a puppet . Geppetto bargains with the fairy to use the second spot for Pinocchio , ultimating in her lying to the other inhabitants , claiming the wardrobe can only save one . Geppetto sends his son to the real world , telling him to protect the child and get them to break the curse . In Storybrooke , he is Marco , the town 's handyman . August Booth offers to work as Marco 's assistant to which he agrees . His memories as Geppetto are restored when the curse is broken . Marco later takes in August , who is reverted to Pinocchio by Mother Superior , as his son again . He is sent back to the Enchanted Forest after Regina undoes the curse and is brought back when Snow White casts a new one . Prince Henry Mills N / A Tony Perez Zak Santiago ( younger adult ) 1 , 4 , 5 , 6 Deceased Prince Henry Mills is the son of King Xavier . He is the husband of Cora Mills and father to Regina Mills . In the Enchanted Forest , he marries Cora after she demonstrates the ability to spin straw into gold . He is later the loving but weak father of the Evil Queen , Regina , and serves as her royal valet in the Enchanted Forest . Henry is supportive of Regina , but does not protect her against the manipulations or actions of her mother . He is later held captive in Wonderland by Cora as leverage against Regina , who eventually rescues him . However , when Rumplestiltskin informs Regina she must retrieve the heart of who she loves most to enact his dark curse , she kills him . In Storybrooke , Regina appears to have cared a great deal for her father , naming her adopted son Henry and turning his tomb into a large mausoleum . After his death , Henry was sent to the Underworld . Years later while trying to find Hook , Regina meets him , who apologies for her actions back in the Enchanted Forest . Later , Cora threatens to send him to Hell . When at the entrance to Hell , Regina tries to persuade her mother not to send her father to Hell which she starts to do . What Cora does n't know is that Henry was spared upon his unfinished business of Regina being free of her mother . Henry then meets his grandson Henry . Before heading to Mount Olympus , Henry tells his grandson to watch over his daughter and to remember who she is . Genie / Magic Mirror Sidney Glass Giancarlo Esposito 1 , 4 , 5 , 6 Alive Giancarlo Esposito The unnamed Genie is a man who grants wishes for people who find his bottle that he is stored within . From Agrabah , the Genie is washed away to the Enchanted Forest and was found by King Leopold , who , being extremely wealthy , simply wishes to free the Genie and invite him to live in his castle to help him find true love . There , he falls in love with the King 's wife Queen Regina , who fools him to kill Leopold in order for her to become sole ruler of his kingdom . Realizing the Queen never loved him , he uses his final wish to remain with her forever ; thus trapping him in her mirror . As a spirit in the Magic Mirror , he is able to move between and see through other mirrors in the Enchanted Forest , acting as a spy to Regina . In Storybrooke , he is Sidney Glass , a reporter for Storybrooke 's local newspaper The Daily Mirror . On Regina 's request , he researches Emma Swan 's past to help Regina expel her from Storybrooke . After Graham 's death , Regina attempts to appoint him sheriff , but he loses the position to Emma . Sidney later secretly works with Regina to gain leverage over Emma . Emma later learns of his deception realizing that he is in love with Regina . Regina uses Mr. Gold to kidnap Kathryn Nolan , framing Mary Margaret ( Snow White ) for her alleged murder . However , after Kathryn is found alive , Sidney falsely confesses to kidnapping Kathryn to use as an article and become famous . He is then placed into Storybrooke 's asylum underneath the hospital . Sidney was later freed by Regina for her quest to remove Maid Marian from Storybrooke , Regina again places Sidney in a mirror . It is soon revealed that Sidney was actually in allegiance with the Snow Queen working against Regina , who frees him in exchange for the mirror he was stored in . It was later revealed that Sidney was actually operating in the World Behind the Mirrors when Regina sent him there twice . They find an unfinished mirror that Sidney never got to finishing . King George Albert Spencer Alan Dale 1 , 2 , 6 N / A Alive Alan Dale King George is the adoptive father of Prince James and his twin Prince `` Charming '' David . In the Enchanted Forest , King George and his wife are unable to bear children of their own , leading George to strike a deal with Rumplestiltskin for an heir . He grants King George a boy named James . At some point during King George having him be trained to be a knight , James runs away and ends up in Pleasure Island . While being chased by Robert , James runs into King George and his men . When Robert refuses to hand James over to him , King George has his men kill Robert and make it look like an accident . Afterwards , King George continues having James be trained as a knight . Years later , the kingdom falls into financial trouble , and Prince James offers to slay the dragon plaguing King Midas ' realm in exchange for gold . James is killed in a duel against Behemoth and his twin brother David is recruited to carry out the task . The task is completed and Midas deems the Prince worthy of marrying his daughter and uniting the kingdoms . George reneges on his promise to return David home and forces him to marry , otherwise he will kill David 's mother and burn his home . Later , George learns that David has fallen in love with Snow White . He forces Snow to break David 's heart , though David still breaks off his engagement , fleeing the kingdom . George 's knights capture him , and David is sentenced to death , though the Evil Queen Regina intercepts him , instead using him in her plan to curse Snow . A reawakened Snow is then kidnapped by George , who curses her to never have children . This plan is foiled when water from Lake Nostos breaks the curse . King George later joins forces with the Evil Queen to fight Snow and Charming 's forces , which ends with George 's army being defeated and the Evil Queen being apprehended . In Storybrooke , he is the cold - hearted District Attorney Albert Spencer who leads the prosecution for the Kathryn Nolan murder case , against Mary Margaret Blanchard . Following the curse being broken , Spencer murders Billy , framing Ruby in an attempt to show the town of David 's incapable control . Spencer then burns Jefferson 's hat that David was relying on to retrieve his daughter and wife who had fallen through a portal created by it . A deleted scene in `` Tiny '' shows Albert Spencer imprisoned in the mines at the time when David and Mary Margaret visit him . When Spencer offers to give them information on how to deal with Anton when he was brought to Storybrooke by Cora and Captain Hook in exchanged to be released , but they turn him down and take their leave . After learning the truth about his father 's demise , David visits the psychiatric ward of Storybrooke General Hospital and takes Albert out of his cell to fight and kill him , but is stopped by Hook who then locks Albert back in his room . Princess Abigail Kathryn Nolan Anastasia Griffith Alive Anastasia Griffith Princess Abigail is the daughter of King Midas and lover of Fredrick . In the Enchanted Forest , she was to marry Prince David , but when he falls in love with Snow White , Abigail helps him run away . She is in love with Frederick , a knight she was to marry until he was turned into gold while protecting her father . Charming later retrieves water from Lake Nostos that revives Frederick , and he reunites with Abigail . In Storybrooke , she is Kathryn Nolan , the wife of David Nolan . David however is in love with Mary Margaret Blanchard , and starts an affair with her . She is later accepted into a law school in Boston , though David refuses to relocate and suggests they end their marriage . Kathryn then learns about David 's affair , deciding to move to Boston alone . However , her car is found abandoned at the town 's limits , and a missing persons case becomes a murder trial when a heart proven to be Kathryn 's is found in Mary Margaret 's jewelry box . It is later revealed that Regina worked with Mr. Gold to attempt to frame Mary Margaret for Kathryn 's murder , when Mr. Gold in fact kidnapped Kathryn . She is later found alive , though she does not remember her disappearance . Sidney Glass falsely takes the blame for her kidnapping . After the curse is broken , Kathryn and Frederick find each other and live happily together in her home . Gus Billy Jarod Joseph 2 , 6 Deceased Gus is a domestic mouse who lives in the pantry of Cinderella 's house in the Enchanted Forest . One day , after Rumplestiltskin turns Cinderella to look like a princess , Gus is turned into a human in order to escort her to the Royal Ball at the castle . Later , the magic wares out and Gus is turned into a mouse again . He late persuades Cinderella to use a key to open a portal to the Land of Untold Stories in order to pause her story , but this course of action is stopped by Clorinda . Sometime later , after the Evil Queen cast the Dark Curse , Gus is sent to the Land Without Magic . In Storybrooke , he becomes a human named Billy , a car mechanic , who shows an interest in Ruby Lucas ( Red Riding Hood ) but is denied a date , unaware of the reason being her werewolf persona . Billy is later found dead , apparently murdered by Red in her wolf form . David Nolan ( Prince Charming ) however discovers his adoptive father , Albert Spencer ( King George ) , gruesomely murdered him , leaving doctored evidence that Red was responsible , because he wanted David to look irresponsible of the town 's safety . Jefferson / Mad Hatter N / A Sebastian Stan 1 , 2 N / A Alive Sebastian Stan Jefferson is a man who owns a magical hat that can be used to travel between worlds . He is also the husband of Priscilla and father to Grace . In the Enchanted Forest , when he first meets Regina , Rumplestiltskin has Jefferson bring Dr. Frankenstein to the Enchanted Forest to pretend failing to revive her true love Daniel , in order to make her become evil . In his later life , he lives with his daughter Grace , selling fungus to survive . He initially refuses to help Regina , though later agrees if his daughter will want for nothing . He takes Regina to Wonderland , where she rescues her father Henry and abandons Jefferson , who is beheaded by the knights of the Queen of Hearts . His head is reattached and he is ordered to make another hat to return home . Although he makes thousands of hats , none take him home , leading him into insanity and earning his alias as the Mad Hatter . In Storybrooke , he remembers his pre-cursed life and lives in a large house . He captures Mary Margaret Blanchard and abducts Emma , ordering her to make a hat that will take him home . Emma knocks him out and when he awakens to kill Emma , Mary Margaret pushes him out of a window . He disappears , leaving nothing but his hat . Jefferson returns upon request of Regina to remove Emma , promising a new life with his daughter . He retrieves the apple that cursed Snow White into a deathlike sleep from the Enchanted Forest . However , after Henry is cursed , Regina refuses to reward Jefferson , who later frees Belle from her cell and instructs her to tell Mr. Gold that Regina held her captive . After the curse is broken , he initially avoids Grace , feeling guilty for unintentionally abandoning her , but they eventually happily reunite . Cora Mills / Queen of Hearts N / A Barbara Hershey Rose McGowan ( younger adult ) 2 , 4 , 5 1 , 3 , W Deceased Barbara Hershey Cora Mills is the daughter of a miller , mother of Zelena and Regina and the grandmother of Henry Mills . In the Enchanted Forest , Cora gives birth to a child after being trick by a gardener believed to be a Prince . She abandons the child with hopes to be royalty , but is betrayed by Princess Eva . She then learns magic from Rumplesiltskin and impresses King Xavier by turning straw into gold , gaining his son , Prince Henry 's hand in marriage . Via this marriage , Cora gets a second born child , Regina . Years later , Cora kills Queen Eva and manipulates events leading to Regina 's marriage to King Leopold . However , on the day of the wedding , Regina , with the help of Rumplestiltskin , banishes Cora to Wonderland where she rises to power as the Queen of Hearts . As Queen , she mentors Anastasia into becoming a cruel Red Queen and uses her army to hunt anyone that goes against her , including Alice . When Captain Hook comes to Wonderland to kill her per Regina 's request , she teams up with Hook to get even with Regina and Rumplestiltskin . Returning to the Enchanted Forest , Cora shields part of the land , sparing them from Regina 's curse , freezing them in time for twenty - eight years . After the curse is broken , Cora encounters Mary Margaret and Emma , who got accidentally send to the Enchanted Forest by a portal . She follows the two back to Storybrooke with Hook with hopes of reuniting with Regina . In Storybrooke , she turns a rehabilitating Regina back to evil by playing on her love for Henry . She is later unintentionally killed by Regina . In the Underworld , Cora is the Mayor of Underbrooke . Per Hades ' command , Cora tries to get Regina out of the land , but fails and is demoted to the mills . She is then rescued by Hook and Regina and decides to make amends with Zelena . After healing the broken bond between Zelena and Regina , Cora is granted entrance into Mount Olympus for her afterlife . Princess Aurora N / A Sarah Bolger 2 , 3 , 4 N / A Alive Sarah Bolger Princess Aurora is the daughter of King Stefan and Queen Briar Rose , Prince Phillip 's lover and mother of Phillip Jr . In the Enchanted Forest , she is placed upon a sleeping curse by Maleficent against the crimes of her parents and her soul is sent to the Netherworld . When the Evil Queen cast her curse , Aurora is spared as her kingdom is within the protective barrier done by Cora . Instead , Aurora is frozen for twenty - eight years , with her soul trapped in the Netherworld . After the curse broke , she is awoken from her deep sleep by Prince Phillip , accompanied by Mulan . Following Phillip 's death , Mulan tells Aurora that part of the Enchanted Forest had been spared from the Evil Queen 's curse , as Emma Swan and Mary Margaret Blanchard are transported from Storybrooke to the area , after falling into a portal with the wraith . At first , she blames them for Phillip 's death , but eventually , she helps them get back to Storybrooke . She and Mulan later successfully recover Phillip 's soul and find a wounded Neal Cassidy after he is transported from a portal in Storybrooke , assisting him on his quest to find Emma and Henry . It is later revealed that Aurora and Phillip are expecting a baby , much to Mulan 's dismay as she secretly has romantic feelings for her . Aurora and Phillip later greet the inhabitants of Storybrooke in the Enchanted Forest upon their transportation , after Regina undid her curse . It is later revealed that they were under the protection of Zelena , the Wicked Witch of the West , though she transforms them into flying monkeys when they reveal her intentions of stealing Snow White and Prince Charming 's baby . After Zelena 's defeat , the two are restored to human form and begin to live in Storybrooke , where along with Mary Margaret and Ashley , attends parenting classes with her newborn child . Prince Phillip N / A Julian Morris 2 , 3 N / A Alive Julian Morris Prince Phillip is the lover of Princess Aurora . In the Enchanted Forest , the evil witch Maleficent turned Phillip into a monster called the Yaoguai . Belle uses fairy dust to return Phillip to his human form , who then teams with Mulan to find Aurora . Prince Phillip then teams up with Mulan in search of Princess Aurora . When the curse is cast , they both are frozen for twenty - eight years . Twenty - eight years later , when the curse is weakened , Phillip and Mulan awakens from their frozen state and resume their search for Aurora . They find her sometime after the curse officially breaks . He wakes Aurora from her sleeping curse . However , a wraith marks Phillip and the creature sucks out his soul . It is later revealed by Cora that Phillip 's soul was merely transported to another world and Aurora and Mulan later restore Phillip soul . The three then find a wounded Neal Cassidy ( Baelfire ) , assisting him on his quest to find Emma and Henry . It is later revealed that Aurora and Phillip are expecting a child . Aurora and Phillip later greet the inhabitants of Storybrooke in the Enchanted Forest upon their transportation , after Peter Pan 's curse took them back to their original worlds . Prior to the curse 's reversal , they were under the protection of Zelena , the Wicked Witch of the West , though she transforms them into flying monkeys when they reveal her intentions of stealing Snow White and Prince Charming 's baby . After Zelena 's defeat , the two are restored to human form and begin to live in Storybrooke . Mulan N / A Jamie Chung 2 , 3 , 5 N / A Alive Jamie Chung Mulan is a warrior who assists best friend Prince Phillip during his search to rescue his love Princess Aurora . In the Enchanted Forest , Mulan meets Belle and teams up to hunt down a fearsome creature known as the Yaoguai . After finding out that it was Prince Phillip , cursed by a witch , she teams up with him to find Princess Aurora . Due to the casting of the Evil Queen 's curse , they both are unable to continue their search as they were frozen for twenty - eight years . Twenty - eight years later , when the curse is weakened , Mulan and Phillip awakens from their frozen state and resume their search for Aurora . They find her sometime after the curse officially breaks . After she is rescued , the trio encounter a wraith , who sucks out Phillip 's soul . When Emma Swan and Mary Margaret appear in the area , Mulan believes that they were responsible for unleashing the wraith , and for Phillip 's death . Mulan later trusts Mary Margaret and Emma , helping them return to Storybrooke . Later , Mulan and Aurora successfully recover Phillip 's soul and find a wounded Neal Cassidy after he is transported from a portal in Storybrooke , assisting him on his quest to find Emma and Henry . It is later revealed that Aurora and Phillip are expecting a baby , much to Mulan 's dismay as she secretly has romantic feelings for her , though she leaves to join Robin Hood 's Merry Men . Mulan later ends up in DunBroch , where she teaches Merida in combat and archery . Then she later teams up with Ruby after she freed her from the Witch and both begin a journey to find Ruby 's family of lycans which lead them to the Land of Oz . The two of them later help revive Dorothy after she was placed under a sleeping curse by Zelena . William Smee N / A Chris Gauthier 2 , 3 , 4 6 Alive William Smee is a man capable of procuring objects that are hard to find . In the Enchanted Forest , he makes a deal with Rumplestiltskin in order to get his life extended ; Smee trades him a magic bean for his age reversal . Captain Hook manages to intervene and kidnaps Smee to obtain the bean , later appointing him as a crewman on his ship , the Jolly Roger . Hook uses the bean to create a portal that takes the ship to Neverland where he and his crew will never age . In Neverland , Smee serves as an adviser to Hook , assisting in his murderous aspirations to kill Rumplestiltskin and to raise the newly arrived Baelfire . In Storybrooke , Smee appears as a homeless man who kidnaps Belle under the orders of her father Moe French . Mr. Gold later uses him as an experiment for his spell that would enable anyone to cross the border to Storybrooke without losing their memories . When Hook arrives in Storybrooke , Smee immediately begins following orders , retrieving Mr. Gold 's most prized possession -- Baelfire 's shawl . In retaliation , Gold turns Smee into a rat . He is later reformed to his human body when the Dark Curse is reversed and returns to serving Captain Hook . N / A Owen Flynn / Greg Mendell Ethan Embry Benjamin Stockham ( Owen Flynn ) Deceased Ethan Embry Owen Flynn is the son of Kurt Flynn . In the Land Without Magic , as a young boy , he camped out in the woods of Maine in 1983 with his father . On that night , the Dark Curse took everyone to this new world that becomes Storybrooke . Owen enjoys Regina 's company . However , this only leads her trying to keep him and his father in Storybrooke . Owen escapes after Kurt is falsely arrested by Regina , vowing to return to his father . More than twenty - eight years later , a man crashes his car into Storybrooke . His name is later revealed to be Greg Mendell , an alias of Owen whose name is a reference to the geneticist Gregor Mendel . When Greg is brought to the hospital , the residents debate whether to save his life and risk the truth of Storybrooke being revealed to the outside world . He is ultimately saved , and remains in the town to investigate the strange happenings of Storybrooke . Regina eventually learns of Greg 's identity , telling him to leave the town . Greg ignores her , as it is revealed he is in alliance with Neal Cassidy 's fiancée , Tamara . The two kidnap Regina and torture her to reveal his father 's whereabouts . She eventually tells him that she killed his father . A hurt Greg plans to kill Regina but escapes when David Nolan tracks him down . Greg and Tamara later obtain a trigger to obliterate Storybrooke , though it is foiled . The two instead kidnap Henry Mills , travelling to Neverland . Upon their arrival , Greg and Tamara realize that they had been fooled . When confronted by the Lost Boys , the pair refuse to hand Henry to them , causing Peter Pan 's Shadow to rip out Greg 's shadow from his body , killing him instantly . N / A Tamara Sonequa Martin - Green Deceased Sonequa Martin - Green Tamara is Neal 's fiancé and Greg Mendell 's lover . Her hatred of magic makes her determined to remove magic from the Land Without Magic , seeing it as unholy . Her quest begins in Hong Kong , where she visits a self - proclaimed healer called the Dragon claiming to have cancer . There , she meets August Booth , who also seeks the healer as he is gradually turning to wood . August steals $10,000 from her as a settlement to the Dragon 's cure , though Tamara finds and takes the potion back . She later returns to the Dragon 's home and kills the Dragon . Tamara later follows August to New York City where she begins a scheme to learn about Storybrooke . She befriends Neal Cassidy , eventually becoming an engaged couple . After the curse is broken , Tamara comes to Storybrooke as Neal 's fiancè and continues her quest to eliminate magic . She deceives Neal by claiming that magic is fictional but later tracks down August Booth , bribing him to leave town . She then attacks him with her magical taser . She also began gathering information of the people of Storybrooke and their counterparts . Obtaining a trigger after kidnapping Regina , she and Greg activates it to self - destruct the town as a distraction . While the heroes attempts to save the town , Tamara and Greg kidnaps Henry . Tamara uses a magic bean to Neverland , where she finds out that she had been deceived by Peter Pan into believing that they were also fighting the same cause as her . After the Shadow rips out Greg 's shadow , Tamara is hit by an arrow . Mr. Gold finds Tamara and heals her in order to find the location of Henry . After Tamara asks for forgiveness for attacking his son , Mr. Gold rips out Tamara 's heart and crushes it . Lost Boys The Lost Boys are the murderous inhabitants of Neverland and servants of Peter Pan . Pan began forming the group under his alias of the Pied Piper in the fairytale world . As mentioned by Wendy Darling , they cry at night because they miss their families . After Peter Pan was subdued , half of the Lost Boys were brought to Storybrooke while the other half evaded capture . Captain Hook and Blackbeard later encountered remnants of the Lost Boys when they ended up in Neverland instead of Storybrooke . Blackbeard abandons Captain Hook while he takes to rowboat out to sea to find his own way to Storybrooke . Captain Hook continued to flee from the Lost Boys . Felix N / A Parker Croft Deceased Felix is a member of the Lost Boys and Peter Pan 's right - hand boy . In Neverland , he leads the group into searching Captain Hook 's ship for Baelfire , whom he eventually finds and delivers to Peter Pan , though he is not the boy wanted -- Henry Mills . When Neal arrives in Neverland to save his son Henry , Felix captures him until being knocked out after he breaks free . Upon his capture of the group from Storybrooke , Felix is taken to the town and placed in jail , until Peter Pan breaks him free , explaining his plot to make the town `` The New Neverland '' with possession of the original Dark Curse . However , Pan reveals he needs the heart of the thing he loves most to enact it . As Felix was the most loyal to him , Pan uses his heart to enact the curse , thus killing him as a sacrifice . Malcolm / Peter Pan / Pied Piper N / A Robbie Kay Stephen Lord ( Malcolm ) 3 , 5 6 Deceased Robbie Kay Malcolm is the father of Rumplestiltskin , a former lover of the Black Fairy , the grandfather of Baelfire and Gideon , and the great - grandfather of Henry Mills . In the Enchanted Forest , Malcolm leaves his son in the care of two spinners , who give Rumplestiltskin a magical bean to create a portal to leave his careless father . Using the magic bean , Malcolm and Rumplestiltskin travel to Neverland , a place which Malcolm envisions in his dreams . He decides to stay in Neverland , abandoning Rumplestilskin . Malcolm transforms into his younger self , adopting the name of Peter Pan . The Shadow informs Pan that his youth is limited , and he will die when the hourglass of Skull Rock is complete . Some time later , Pan visits Hamelin in the Enchanted Forest posing as the Pied Piper to expand what would later become the Lost Boys . He also blackmails John and Michael Darling to help him with his tasks , in exchange for their sister Wendy 's life , who had been lured back to Neverland , sending them to the Land Without Magic before the Queen 's curse to retrieve a boy soon - to - be born . After Henry is brought to Neverland , he tricks him by being a fugitive boy . He later reveals to Henry that he has the Heart of the Truest Believer . Pan falsely claims to Henry that magic is dying in Neverland , persuading him to give him his heart , leading Henry to temporarily die . After Pan traps Gold inside Pandora 's Box , Regina successfully reclaims Henry 's heart and revives him , before Pan swaps his and Henry 's souls . Once in Storybrooke , he steals the Dark Curse 's scroll from Regina 's vault and cast a new curse , but is eventually killed by Rumplestilskin regressing back to Malcolm in the process and his curse was undone by Regina . After death , Malcolm 's Peter Pan form ends up in the Underworld . When the heroes arrives in the Underworld , Pan plans to return to the living by exchanging one of their lives . Mr. Gold later enlists Pan as part of a loophole for a deal with Hades that involves abducting Zelena before the two of them can have dinner together . After the contract for Gold and Belle 's baby is ripped up by Hades , Pan and Mr. Gold then plan to use Robin 's heart to revive Pan . However , it was a trick by Mr. Gold as the heart is actually a wineskin he glamoured with the water from the River of Lost Souls sending him into the River of Lost Souls . Edwin N / A Shaun Smyth N / A Alive Edwin is the husband to his second wife Sarah and father to Alice and Millie . In Victorian England , he is briefly seen when a young Alice returns from Wonderland . He is saddened of his wife 's death and Alice 's disappearance . While Alice is in Wonderland , Edwin remarries to a woman named Sarah and they have a daughter named Millie . When Alice returns from Wonderland , Edwin reveals to her that as she had been gone for so long , everyone assumed she was dead . He does not believe that Alice is lying , though Dr. Lydgate tells him that his daughter is delusional . After hearing that Alice had escaped from Bethlem Asylum , he is visited by Jafar under the alias of Dr. Sheffield . He takes Edwin to Wonderland , keeping him prisoner in his tower and posing as him to reconnect and gain sympathy from Alice . Jafar eventually brings Edwin before Alice , threatening to throw him into the sea to force Alice to use another of her wishes . Alice originally declines and Edwin is thrown to his doom , only to be returned to England as Alice uses her second wish to return her father back to his home . Edwin is unsure if he is delusional of the visit or if it was real . Following Jafar 's defeat , he is seen welcoming Cyrus to the family as he and Alice are married in London . Dr. Arthur Lydgate N / A Jonny Coyne 6 Alive Jonny Coyne Dr. Arthur Lydgate is the father of Mary and a psychiatrist from Bethlem Asylum . In Victorian England , he is a member of the Academy of Sciences , which has the final say on who they admit as a member . One of the people he turned down is Dr. Henry Jekyll , who at the time was creating a serum that would split a person into two with different personalities . After turning down Jekyll , Dr. Lydgate is confronted by Jekyll 's alter ego , Mr. Hyde , who threatens to expose his affair with his assistant if Jekyll is n't admitted . He then makes Jekyll a member . After Mr. Hyde kills his daughter , he watches as Mr. Hyde flees the scene . After those events took place , he admits Alice at his asylum and taunts her , telling her that her stories of Wonderland are entirely fictitious and insane . He tells Alice that there is a new treatment that will take away her memories of Wonderland , to which she agrees . The morning of the procedure , the Knave and White Rabbit come to save Alice , and the three of them escape the asylum , journeying through a rabbit hole back to Wonderland , after a shocked Dr. Lydgate witnesses Percy the White Rabbit . Dr. Lydgate is later visited by Jafar under the alias of Dr. Sheffield where he uses the White Rabbit to get Dr. Lydgate to tell him where he can find Alice 's father Edwin . Tweedledum N / A Ben Cotton N / A Alive Tweedledum is the twin brother to Tweedledee and servant of the Red Queen following her engagement to the Red King . While Anastasia , the soon to be Red Queen , is settling in at the castle , they introduce themselves to her . When she cheerfully inquires for their names , Tweedledee states that due to their status as servants , they do n't have any . During the conversation , Tweedledum notices the Queen of Hearts has come to greet Anastasia . The two Tweedles follow closely behind as the women stroll and casually talk . Years later , his brother began working with Jafar while his loyalty towards the Red Queen remains . Eventually , Jafar his defeated . Tweedledum then attends Alice 's wedding in Victorian with the others and returned shortly afterwards . Tweedledee N / A Matty Finochio N / A Unknown Tweedledee is the twin brother to Tweedledum and servant of the Red Queen following her engagement to the Red King . Tweedledee has secretly worked with Jafar . Tweedledum hears through the grape vine that Cyrus has been captured . As he goes to tell the Red Queen of this , he discovers Tweedledee 's secret association with Jafar and also informs the Red Queen of this . When Jafar visits the Red Queen 's palace , he finds a box addressed to him by the Red Queen containing Tweedledee 's head as he tells Jafar `` I think she 's onto us . '' Jafar later used the body of one of his servants to place Tweedledee 's head onto in exchange that Tweedledee takes Jafar to the Jabberwocky 's prison . Caterpillar N / A Roger Daltrey ( voice , Once Upon a Time ) Iggy Pop ( voice , Wonderland ) Alive Iggy Pop The Caterpillar is an inhabitant of Wonderland who resides on a mushroom where he is always smoking . The Caterpillar is the boss of a group of warriors called Collectors who are sent to collect the debts to the Caterpillar from anyone . The Knave of Hearts is in debt to the Caterpillar . Cyrus once traded his compass to the Caterpillar in exchange for an invisible tent at the edge of the Outlands . Sometime later , when Jefferson and the Evil Queen comes to Wonderland , they are greeted by the Caterpillar . Years later , when the Knave of Hearts and Alice travel to Underland to take possession of the Forget - Me - Knot , the Caterpillar accepts the Knave 's deal of obtaining the item from the Grendel for him , in exchange that the Caterpillar erases his debt . The Knave instead keeps the Forget - Me - Knot to help Alice on their quest to find Cyrus . Jafar later visits the Caterpillar so that he can tell him about the Knave of Hearts . When in the presence of Jafar , Caterpillar tells him about the Jabberwocky and where she was imprisoned . Cyrus later visits the Caterpillar in order to get his compass back . Tinker Bell N / A Rose McIver 6 Alive Rose McIver Tinker Bell , often called as the Green Fairy , is a fairy who began training under the guidance of the Blue Fairy . In the Enchanted Forest , after she breaks some fairy rules , including interacting with the Evil Queen and stealing pixie dust , Tinker Bell is stripped of her wings and made human by the Blue Fairy . Tinker Bell later travels to Neverland . Some years later , she forgives Regina and helps to find her son Henry who had been kidnapped by the sinister Peter Pan . She successfully arrives in Storybrooke with the rest of Storybrooke 's residents , where she manages to kill Peter Pan 's shadow . Her actions result in saving Mother Superior whose shadow was ripped from her body by Peter Pan 's . Mother Superior restores Tinker Bell to fairy status . After returning to the Enchanted Forest and with Snow 's baby threaten to be taken by the Wicked Witch , she and Blue and the other fairies search the woods for enchanted objects to defeat Zelena . She later returns to Storybrooke with everyone and encourages Regina to be with Robin Hood after finding out he 's her soulmate . She then helps her friends search for answers about a way to stop Zelena when she challenges Regina to a fight . Sultan of Lower Agrabah N / A Brian George Amir Arison ( younger adult ) N / A Deceased Brian George The Sultan of Lower Agrabah is the father of Mirza and Jafar and ruler of a kingdom in Agrabah . In Agrabah , Jafar is brought to the Sultan for theft . Before enacting the punishment upon Jafar , he notices a ring on Jafar 's hand , learning that Jafar is his bastard son . Finding out that Jafar 's mother is dead , he makes Jafar work at the Palace as a servant but never acknowledging him as his son . One day , during a diplomatic meeting , Jafar over speaks when the Sultan 's son , Prince Mirza , could n't answer a question . Later , the Sultan makes Mirza slaps Jafar for over stepping . The Sultan eventually drowns and kills Jafar , although Jafar is later revived . As an adult , Jafar kills Mirza and imprisons the Sultan . Years later , the Sultan appears as an old prisoner in a cage of Jafar 's tower on a floating island . When the genie Cyrus makes his escape and offers to have the ex-Sultan accompany him , he declines claiming he would only slow Cyrus down . Jafar later visits his father , telling him that once Alice uses her final wish , he will control the laws of magic , thus forcing his father to acknowledge him as his son . Regretting that he had not killed Jafar when he had the chance , the ex-Sultan purposely falls into the pit that his cage hangs over . Though Jafar spares him upon having his magic carpet catch him so that he can witness his final move on Alice . During Alice 's raid on the palace , she managed to free the Sultan . When Jafar attains great magical power , he makes his father feel true love for him . The Sultan is happy to have Jafar as his son , but it turns out that Jafar only wants him to feel this way so the Sultan knows what it 's like to have someone who loves him kill him and drowns the Sultan with magic by making water appear within him . Ariel N / A Joanna García Swisher 4 , 6 Alive Joanna García Swisher Ariel is a mermaid who is first seen saving Snow White , after she escapes from the Evil Queen Regina 's knights by diving into waters from a high cliff . Ariel reveals that she can bear legs upon land for twelve hours according to the sea goddess Ursula 's legend . To repay Ariel , Snow takes Ariel to a ball where she meets Prince Eric , a man whom Ariel saved a year prior after a shipwreck . Eric invites Ariel to travel with him , though Regina poses as Ursula to trick Ariel into giving Snow a bracelet that makes her a mermaid , in order for her to fulfill her wishes and escape to travel the world . However , Ariel discovers Ursula 's true identity and stabs Regina after she attempts to kill Snow . Ariel returns to Eric 's castle , only to have her voice stolen by Regina , being unable to communicate with him . Regina later summons Ariel to Neverland , revealing that mermaids can travel through realms . After restoring Ariel 's voice , she promises to return her legs if she retrieves Pandora 's Box from Mr. Gold 's shop to defeat Peter Pan . After she completes the quest , Regina gives her the ability to use both her legs and fins with a special bracelet , allowing her to continue her search for Eric in Storybrooke . With help from Belle , she finds Eric as a fisherman and the two reconcile . After Pan enacts his curse , Ariel , along with the other inhabitants , are returned to their original worlds . It is later revealed that Eric was kidnapped by the pirate Blackbeard and sent to Hangman 's Island . Ariel eventually finds a safe haven on the island with Eric . Sometime later , Ariel gets accidentally trapped inside a bottle with the Jolly Roger by Elsa and is later freed by Hook and then helps him by bringing King Poseidon to Storybrooke . Jabberwocky N / A Peta Sergeant N / A Alive The Jabberwocky is an ancient human - like creature who can enter the minds of anyone . In Wonderland , she is stronger than an entire army and it took one army to imprison her with a blade in her chest . Many years later , she is freed by Jafar who requires her help . After finding Elizabeth 's dead body , she takes her eyes in order for Jafar to locate the third genie 's lamp . Learning that the Red Queen has it , the Jabberwocky hunts down the Red Queen and steals the bottle from her . She brings the Red Queen to Jafar as a prisoner and later taunts the Red Queen on her past history , as requested by Jafar . Eventually , the Jabberwocky successfully makes the Red Queen use all of her wishes . Later , after Jafar changed the laws of magic , he uses the Vorpal Blade to pin the Jabberwocky to the dungeon walls upon her serving her purpose . The Jabberwocky is later freed . Marian N / A Christie Laing 2 , 3 Deceased Christie Laing Marian is the first wife of Robin Hood and mother to their son Roland . Initially the target for the affection of the Sheriff of Nottingham , she runs away with Robin after falling in love with him . Sometime later , Marian is pregnant and falls ill , causing Robin Hood to obtain a magic wand from Rumplestiltskin 's castle to heal her . Marian later gives birth to a son named Roland , though she ends up wanted by the Evil Queen and is sentenced to death . Years later , after Zelena opens a time - travel portal , Emma and Hook are dragged into it and sent to the Enchanted Forest of the past . Emma decides to rescue Marian , but she is later killed by Zelena who also traveled by in time with Emma and Hook . She then takes the form of Marian and returns to Storybrooke with them but is eventually discovered by Regina and Robin later on . Queen Elsa N / A Georgina Haig Alive Georgina Haig Queen Elsa is the daughter of the King of Arendelle and Queen Gerda , sister of Anna and the niece of Ingrid and Helga . As a young woman , her parents travel on a mission to the Enchanted Forest , searching for a cure to Elsa 's powers . However , they are involved in a storm and die in a shipwreck . Elsa discovers this years later , leading Anna to venture to the Enchanted Forest to fulfill their parents ' last mission . Upon her return with remaining questions , Anna is suspicious of Ingrid who has befriended Elsa after revealing she is their aunt . Ingrid attempts to prove to Elsa that people will turn on her for her powers by cursing Anna to turn on her . However , Anna inadvertnalty traps Elsa within a magical urn which is then taken by Rumplestiltskin and placed within the Dark One 's vault . After Emma Swan and Captain Hook are dragged into a time portal to the past , they bring Elsa to Storybrooke upon their return . Initially frightened of the new land , Elsa eventually befriends Emma who she helps accept her powers similar to her own . Attempting to locate her sister , she uses Anna 's necklace to bring her to Storybrooke . Elsa soon learns that Ingrid wants to make Emma and Elsa her new sisters having lost her own as a young woman . However , Anna finds their mother 's last letter , explaining her forgiveness towards Ingrid for their past in Arendelle . Realising what she has become , Ingrid destroys herself , leaving Elsa , Anna and Krisoff to return to Arendelle and reclaim the kingdom from Hans and his brothers , and restore the memories of her mother and her sisters to their kingdom . Some time later , now the Queen , Blackbeard attacks Arendelle . Elsa manages to defeat and imprison Blackbeard and his crew and then traps Hook 's ship the Jolly Roger in a bottle . Princess Anna N / A Elizabeth Lail N / A Alive Elizabeth Lail Princess Anna is the second daughter of the King and Queen of Arendelle , sister of Elsa , niece of Ingid and Helga and fiancè of Kristoff . As a young girl , her parents travel on a mission to the Enchanted Forest , searching for a cure to her sister 's powers . However , they are involved in a storm and die in a shipwreck . Elsa discovers this years later , leading Anna to venture to the Enchanted Forest to fulfill their parents ' last mission , delaying her wedding to Kristoff . Returning to Arendelle with questions outstanding , Anna becomes suspicious of Ingrid ( the Snow Queen ) who claims to be her aunt . Ingrid imprisons Anna , using a spell to have her turn on Elsa , resulting in Anna trapping Elsa in the urn . Ingrid then freezes Anna and Kristoff and the kingdom of Arendelle . Thirty years later , Arendelle thaws and Anna and Kristoff escape from Anna 's sinister previous lover Prince Hans . With help from Blackbeard , Prince Hans captures the pair who then are placed in a trunk and thrown off the ship . In Storybrooke , Elsa discovers Anna 's necklace in Mr. Gold 's pawn shop and vows to find her . When Elsa wishes for Anna to return using her Wishing Star necklace , she inadvertently brings Anna from Arendelle to Storybrooke . Anna discovers her mother 's letter , leading Ingrid to destroy herself and be with her sisters once more . Anna , along with Elsa and Kristoff , return to Arendelle and reclaim the kingdom from Hans and his brothers and just in time for her wedding . Kristoff N / A Scott Michael Foster N / A Alive Kristoff is the lover and later fiancè of Princess Anna . Originally set to marry Anna , she puts the wedding on hold in order to find the truth behind her parents ' death . After Ingrid attempts to harm Anna , Kristoff attempts to save her , only to be frozen by Ingrid . Thirty years later , Arendelle thaws and Anna and Kristoff escape from the sinister Prince Hans , having now taken over the kingdom . With help from Blackbeard , Prince Hans capture Anna and Kristoff , who are thrown from his ship inside a trunk . In Storybrooke , Elsa using Anna 's necklace to unintentionally save Anna and Kristoff and bring them to the town . After Ingrid destroys herself , Kristoff returns to Arendelle with Anna and Elsa and claims backs the kingdom and just in time for his wedding . Ingrid / Snow Queen Sarah Fisher Elizabeth Mitchell Brighton Sharbino ( child ) N / A Deceased Elizabeth Mitchell Ingrid is the daughter of King Harald and Queen Sonja , elder sister of Helga and Gerda , and the aunt of Elsa and Anna . As a child , Ingrid discovers that she has inherited ice magic . Her sisters Helga and Gerda , takes her to see Rumplestiltskin for help where Ingrid gets a magical gloves and an urn as a fail safe through a deal . One day , by accident , Ingrid kills Helga with her ice magic , prompting Gerda to trap her in the urn and hiding it in the North Valley . Years later , delevoping her powers as the Snow Queen , Ingrid is freed unintentionally and is reunited with her nieces Elsa and Anna , who she plans to replace as her new sisters . After Anna proofs as unfit , she strikes a deal with the Apprentice for a third magical sister . When a cursed Anna traps Elsa in the urn , Ingrid freezes all of Arendelle but loses the urn to Rumplestiltskin . Years later , with the Apprentice 's help , Ingrid goes to the Land Without Magic where she becomes Emma 's foster parent , but loses her . In 2001 , Ingrid goes to Storybrooke and takes over an ice - cream parlor as Sarah Fisher while awaiting for Elsa and Emma 's arrival . When Elsa is brought to the town , Ingrid sees her opportunity to finally complete her family . Attempting to show Emma her true abilities , Ingrid eventually causes her to lose control of her magic , though Elsa helps Emma to accept herself and her powers . Ingrid then places magical ribbons on the three of them , allowing her to harness their powers . She casts the Spell of Shattered Sight over Storybrooke , attempting to have the residents kill one another , leaving only her , Elsa and Emma remaining . However , when Anna arrives , reading her mother Helga 's last words of regret and forgiveness , Ingrid undoes the Spell of Shattered Sight by destroying herself . Before she dies , Ingrid returns the memories of Emma and Elsa , disappearing to the afterlife , where she is happy to join Gerda and Helga . Apprentice N / A Timothy Webber Graham Verchere ( child ) 4 , 5 N / A Deceased The Apprentice is an elderly man who works for the sorcerer Merlin in Camelot and later the Enchanted Forest . He protects his teacher 's creation , a box capable of transforming into a hat for absorbing and accumulating magic , from each person that takes on the Dark One 's powers . A version of the Dark One , Rumplestiltskin manages to steal the hat , but it is then taken by Princess Anna of Arendelle . Some time later , Ingrid obtains the hat and gives it back to the Apprentice in exchange for a portal to the real world in order for Ingrid to complete her family . Snow White and Prince Charming also cross paths with the Apprentice , offering them a spell to remove any potential darkness from their expected baby . After they obtain Maleficent 's egg , the Apprentice places the darkness inside and transports it to the real world . The Apprentice later confronts the Author for manipulating the transportation of Maleficent 's egg and imprisons him for his irresponsibility . In Storybrooke , the Apprentice is visited by Mr. Gold , who uses the hat to place the Apprentice inside and utilize its power to be cleaved of the Dark One 's dagger 's control . Mother Superior later frees the Apprentice from the hat . He later helps to save Mr. Gold 's life by placing the Dark One 's dark powers into the hat . Unfortunately , the darkness escapes and enters the Apprentice 's body which weakens him . While in a weakened state , he reveals that Merlin is the only one who can stop the darkness forever after it is taken in by Emma Swan . He then procures a wand to assist the residents in their transport to Camelot to find him . Afterwards , the Apprentice takes his last breath and passes away . Henry later encounters the Apprentice in the Underworld where he learns that the Apprentice 's unfinished business is to make sure Henry does the right thing if he happens to get the key to the Sorcerer 's Mansion from Sheriff James where the Magic Quill is contained . Maleficent N / A Kristin Bauer van Straten 1 , 2 , W Alive Kristin Bauer van Straten Maleficent is a witch who is able to take the form of a fire - breathing black dragon . She is also the mother of Lily . After failed attempts to kill Queen Briar Rose , Princess Aurora 's mother , Maleficent inflicts Princess Aurora , Queen Briar Rose 's daughter , with a sleeping curse , putting both the Princess and her kingdom into a thorn - adorned ruin . Maleficent also curses Aurora 's true love Prince Phillip into a beast called the Yaoguai , banishing him to another realm . He is eventually discovered by Belle who returns him to human form . Maleficent befriends Cruella de Vil and Ursula and later falls pregnant whilst in her dragon form . Her egg is later stolen by Snow While and Prince Charming and unintentionally send to the Land Without Magic by the Apprentice . She is later approached by the Evil Queen and treads the Sleeping Curse . Prince Charming also places a bottle of true love within Maleficent in exchange for directions to wake Snow from her slumber from Rumplestiltskin . The Evil Queen again visits Maleficent to steal the Dark Curse after her sleeping curse fails , enacting it and taking everyone to the Land Without Magic . In Storybrooke , Regina traps Maleficent in her dragon form beneath Storybrooke 's abandoned library . Later , Emma is forced to destroy Maleficent to retrieve the potion within her . Regina later finds Maleficent alive in an undead - like body form . When Cruella and Ursula arrive in Storybrooke with Mr. Gold , they resurrect Maleficent for their plan to locate the author of Henry 's story book and get their happy endings . An awakened Maleficent tells Mary Margaret and David that they will pay for stealing her child . Mr. Gold later informs Maleficent that her child is alive , leading Maleficent to disband from the group and asking Emma to locate Lily and later reunited when Emma brings her to Storybrooke . Lily later told Emma that even Maleficent does n't know who Lily 's father is since this happened in dragon form . Ursula / Sea Witch N / A Merrin Dungey Tiffany Boone ( young adult ) N / A Alive Ursula is a half - woman half - octopus sea witch and the daughter of King Poseidon . She is named after the Goddess of the Sea . Ursula also appears to have a human form in which she can use her tentacles . In Poseidon 's Boneyard , as a mermaid , she is forced by her father to sing to attract pirates for him to kill as revenge for the death of his wife . However , Ursula refuses to go on with the plan , and later works at a bar in the Enchanted Forest to pay for a way to Glowerhaven . She befriends Hook who offers her a way to Glowerhaven . However , with interruptions from her father , Hook betrays her , taking her singing voice as part of a deal with her father for information on a way to kill the Dark One . Ursula later uses her father 's Triton and transform herself into the Sea Witch . She later joins Cruella De Vil and Maleficent and helps retrieve the Dark Curse for Rumplestilstkin . She is later unintentionally send to the Land Without Magic , along with Cruella and Maleficent 's baby egg . Many years later , Ursula works as an aquarium worker in New York . Mr. Gold finds her , offering her her happy ending by working with him , Cruella and Maleficent . Entering Storybrooke , Captain Hook makes a deal with Ursula for information regarding Mr. Gold 's plan in exchange for her singing voice being returned . After this fails , Hook retrieves King Poseidon by use of Ariel , who apologizes to Ursula for his past actions . Reconciling with her father upon having her singing voice returned to her , Ursula leaves with him to return to the Enchanted Forest . Cruella De Vil Cruella Feinberg Victoria Smurfit Milli Wilkinson ( child ) 4 , 5 N / A Deceased Victoria Smurfit Cruella De Vil is the daughter of Madeline . In 1920s England , Cruella poison her father and stepfathers . In order to prevent the authorities from finding out , Madeline locks Cruella in the attic . Years later , Issac Heller frees her and goes on a date with her . Due to being an Author , he gives her the ability to control animals using magic . She then kills her mother and her Dalmatian dogs , making Issac to seal her fate - where she can never kill a living soul ever again . Cruella later travels to the Enchanted Forest , where she teams up with Maleficent and Ursula to retrieve the Dark Curse for Rumplestiltskin . She , along with Ursula and Maleficent 's baby egg , is unintentionally sent to the Land Without Magic by the Apprentice . In the Land Without Magic , Cruella marries a rich man , Mr. Feinberg and takes on the identity of Cruella Feinberg . Years later , after having her lifestyle and items repossessed by the FBI , Cruella teams up with Mr. Gold and Ursula and goes to Storybrooke where they resurrect Maleficent . Together , she seek the Author of the Once Upon a Time book to rewrite their happy endings . Once the author is found , Cruella kidnaps Henry Mills and demands Emma to kill the Author for her and is then thrown off a cliff via magic by Emma in an attempt to save Henry . She ends up in the Underworld and enters in a relationship with Prince James . When the heroes travels into the Underworld to save Hook , Cruella tries to get them to help free herself to the land of the living . Eventually , Cruella takes over the Underworld after Hades leaves the land , but is overthrown by King Arthur . After fifty years , she discusses the possibilities of moving on with Sir Mordred , a bartender , but the two decides against it . N / A Isaac Heller Patrick Fischler 6 Alive Isaac Heller is a writer who began his career as a television salesman in the real world in the 1960s and was maltreated by his boss . Upon being invited to a publishing company , he meets the sorcerer Merlin 's Apprentice who selects him to become the latest of many `` authors '' . The job of each author being to transcribe the events that occurred in the Enchanted Forest , using a magical quill . Among his many predecessors , it is suggested Walt Disney had the job before he died . Being transported to the Enchanted Forest , Isaac abuses his powers , manipulating events that surrounded him , showing no regret to the people he hurt . One instance was when he visited 1920s England and gave Cruella de Vil the animal persuasion ability . Posing as a peddler , he crosses paths with Snow White and Prince Charming , tricking them into placing their child 's potential for darkness into Maleficent 's unborn child . As punishment , the Apprentice seals Isaac into his book . Many years later after the Evil Queen Regina enacts her dark curse , the inhabitants of the Enchanted Forest are taken to a town called Storybrooke in the real world . The author 's book is found by Mary Margaret Blanchard who gives it to Regina 's adoptive son Henry Mills to give him hope of a better life . Regina begins to believe the book is preventing her happy ending as she is illustrated as a villain . Regina locates the author after discovering he is trapped within the book . Isaac escapes from her after being let out by Emma Swan . Attempting to create a new quill , he is approached by Mr. Gold who forces him to write a new book entitled `` Heroes and Villains '' . All the residents apart from Henry are sucked into the book into a parallel universe . Within this version of events , Regina begins to die after being attacked by Rumplestiltskin . Emma demands that Isaac save her and return them to their original world . However , Isaac informs her that he is not the Author anymore . With this , Henry retrieves his quill discovering he is the next Author . Using Regina 's blood , Henry undoes Isaac 's work and returns the characters back to Storybrooke . Isaac attempts to escape the town , but is stopped by Mary Margaret and David . As Isaac rants about his struggles , Mary Margaret states that he acts like a villain and pities him . While imprisoned in Storybrooke Hospital 's Psychiatric Ward , Isaac is visited by Regina Mills and Henry to talk about how Henry wrote things when in a trance . Isaac stated that this happened before and that he would help them if they can get him out of Storybrooke , a return to New York , an tickets to Hamilton . Regina reluctantly agreed to the terms . Upon hearing that Regina could n't get the tickets to Hamilton , Isaac had Henry look at the final pages of the `` Once Upon a Time '' book . Before leaving , Isaac tells Regina and Henry that the final battle is going to be depicted on those pages . Lilith Page Starla Agnes Bruckner Nicole Munoz ( teenager ) N / A Alive Agnes Bruckner Lilith Page is the daughter of Maleficent . Born inside an egg , she is transported from the Enchanted Forest to the Land Without Magic after Snow White and Prince Charming attempt to rid their daughter Emma Swan of any potential darkness . As an orphan , Lilith is adopted into the Page Family in Hopkins , Minnesota , though she runs away after feeling alone . She meets a similar aged Emma who befriends her after realizing their supposed similar orphan situation but part ways after Emma finds out that Lilith has a family of her on . Lilith later tracks Emma down at her new foster family and after unintentionally destroying Emma 's life with them , Lilith decides to part ways with Emma for good . Abort a bus , she is approached by the Apprentice who tells her about her origin and how Emma 's parents are responsible for the damage of her family . Under the alias of Starla , Lilith begins plotting a way to Storybrooke to get even . Years later , per Maleficent 's request , Emma tracks Lilith down and convinces her to go back with her to Storybrooke . Lilith lies to her and convinces Emma that her life turned out fine , but later steals Emma 's car with the Sorcerer 's scroll to get into Storybrooke . The two eventually make amends and Lilith is reunited with Maleficent in Storybrooke . She convinces Maleficent to get revenge on Prince Charming and Snow White , but Maleficent chooses to let it go , causing her to down the revenge pay on her own by turning into a dragon . Eventually , she listens to Maleficemt by giving up on revenge . Briefly , Lilith , along the other Storybrooke inhabitants , is sent to the Alternate World after Isaac Heller rewrites the Once Upon a Time book , but is returned shortly afterwards . Following Isaac 's defeat , Lilith decides to stay in Storybrooke permanently with Maleficent , at the same time , to locate her father . Merlin N / A Jonathan Adams ( voice ) Elliot Knight 5 Deceased Merlin is a powerful sorcerer originating from Camelot . He is served by his Apprentice . Running in the desert , Merlin is gifted water in the form of the Holy Grail from the Gods . Upon drinking , he gains magic and turns the desert to land , creating the realm of Camelot . Five hundred years later , he is visited by Nimue , a peasant from a nearby village . He falls in love with her , but fears that he will lose her due to his immortality . Eventually , Nimue becomes the Dark One upon killing Vortigan causing Merlin to create Excalibur , splitting into half to bound Nimue to it . The dagger is later placed in a stone . Merlin is later turned into a tree by Nimue . Some time later through a magical projection , Merlin appears in the Land Without Magic , posing as an usher during the filming of The Sword in the Stone . Merlin instructs a confused young Emma Swan to not take Excalibur from its stone when she has the opportunity to do so . The Apprentice later contacts Merlin about what Isaac Heller did that involved the infant Emma Swan and Lily Page . Merlin tells the Apprentice that he ca n't undo the spell on them and that their destinies will be linked . After Emma becomes the latest Dark One , she and the heroes ends up in Camelot , seeking for Merlin . They free him from his entrapment and he agrees to help them free Emma from the Dark One 's curse . When King Arthur binds Merlin to Excalibur , he forces him to kill the heroes , but Emma intervenes . However , Hook is injured and Emma is forced to turn him into a Dark One . Merlin eventually loses his magic and records a message for the heroes . But Hook , with the help of Nimue , the first Dark One who 's stuck in any preceding Dark One 's head , rips Merlin 's heart out and uses it to cast a new curse to bring them back to Storybrooke . Back in Storybrooke , the heroes find the pre-recorded message from Merlin is played telling them to find Nimue , the only person capable of helping them defeat the Dark One in the event that something bad happens to him . King Arthur N / A Liam Garrigan Webb Baker Hayes ( child ) 5 N / A Deceased King Arthur is the ruler of Camelot . As a young boy , it was prophesied by Merlin that he will become the King of Camelot . Sometime later , he pulls Excalibur out from the stone , but notices that half of the sword is missing . He then marries Guinevere and makes her Queen of Camelot . Later on , using the Sands of Avalon , he turns his tower into a castle . Years later , he greets the inhabitants of Storybrooke into Camelot , who are seeking Merlin . While there are in Camelot , he discovers the missing piece of Excalibur -- the dagger of the Dark One . He manipulates events in order to get the dagger , eventually working with Zelena and binding Merlin to Excalibur , forcing him to kill the heroes . Emma intervenes , forcing Arthur and Zelena to retreat . He later works with Zelena to get an Enchanted Helm from DunBroch , but is defeated by Merida and her clans . Later , when Hook -- the newest Dark One cast another curse , Arthur is sent to Storybrooke . In Storybrooke , Arthur reunites with the other inhabitants of Camelot and forms a camp nearby . He also works with the heroes to find out what happened back in Camelot , due to everyone 's memories of their time in Camelot being erased by the curse . He is later arrested by David for deceiving the heroes but escapes sometime later . He is then killed by Hades ending up in the Underworld . There , he help Hook to send a message to Emma on a way to defeat Hades . After succeeding , a portal to Mount Olympus opened for both of them , but Arthur chose to stay back and make the Underworld his new kingdom . This worked as he has overthrown Cruella and ruled of the Underworld for over fifty years . Queen Merida N / A Amy Manson 5 N / A Alive Queen Merida is the daughter of King Fergus and Queen Elinor and sister to her triplet brothers . When her mother is transformed into a bear by the Witch of DunBroch , she helps transform her back to human form . Years later , she witness the death of her father , resulting in her being the next Queen of DunBroch . When the United Clans claims that she 's unfit to rule , they kidnaps her triplet brothers in a form of protest . While searching for her brothers , she meets Emma , the new Dark One . At first , she was willing to help Emma , but eventually betrays her after a misunderstanding . She is later jailed by Arthur , but is freed by Merlin . Kidnapping Belle , she makes her help in the search of her brothers , eventually rescuing them . She also finds out that Arthur was responsible for the death of her father . On horseback riding to Camelot , she is swept away to Storybrooke by the curse cast by Hook . In Storybrooke upon being brought there by the Dark Curse , Merida became a minion for Emma as she has her heart in order to train Mr. Gold to become heroic enough to release Excalibur and at the same time use him in order to kill Emma . Mr. Gold passed this event by defeating Merida 's bear form . Upon releasing Mr. Gold and Merida from her clutches , Emma then tells Merida that her three brothers are safe with their mother in DunBroch . She is then asked by Regina to guard Emma but ends up being knocked out by Hook . Merida then receives her memories back along with everyone else by Emma , and is later ask to watch Arthur in his jail cell while they travel to Underworld to bring Hook back . Eventually , the heroes open a portal for her , the Camelot inhabitants , and the Merry Men to return to the Enchanted Forest where she later returns home to DunBroch . Nurse Ratched Severe Nurse Ingrid Torrance 5 1 , 2 , 4 , 6 Alive Nurse Ratched is a psychiatric ward nurse . From an unknown realm , Nurse Ratched is brought over to the newly created town of Storybrooke , working at Storybrooke General Hospital as the Severe Nurse . Following the breaking of the curse , she resumes her original identity as Nurse Ratched and continues working at the psychiatric ward . Later on , after Regina reversed the curse , Nurse Ratched is sent back to her homeworld along with the rest of the inhabitants of Storybrooke . With the new curse cast by Snow White , she is brought back to Storybrooke and resumes her job as the psychiatric nurse at the hospital . She is later seen in charged of the prison ward underneath the hospital too . During Fiona 's curse , Nurse Ratched is cursed into working with Fiona to keep Emma from remembering her past life by heavily giving Emma pills . After the curse breaks , Nurse Racthed resumes her ordinary life . Queen Guinevere N / A Joana Metrass Dalila Bela ( child ) 5 N / A Alive Queen Guinevere the wife of King Arthur who resides in Camelot . As a young girl , she believed in Arthur 's dreams of becoming a king , and upon returning with Excalibur she became his wife . Unfortunately , she would become neglected by Arthur 's obsession with Excalibur , resulting in her falling for Lancelot . The two even went on a mission to seek out the Dark One 's dagger . Thanks to a deal made by Rumplestiltskin , she traded the gauntlet in exchange for the magical sands that came from the sap of a tree that is found on Avalon . When Arthur finds out about her feelings for Lancelot , he takes the sands and uses it on Guinevere to make her follow his orders and then they both use it to fix Camelot and make it into a castle . She then uses the sand on David and Mary Margaret so they can follow Arthur 's orders but they are later free from it thanks to Merlin . Guinevere later watches in horror when the Dark Curse consumes all of Camelot and takes them to Storybrooke . When Captain Hook 's Dark One form evoked the Dark Curse , Guinevere is among those that ended up in Storybrooke with her memory of the last six weeks erased . She is later send to the Enchanted Forest and then back to Camelot with her people and the Merry Men and Merida . Sir Lancelot N / A Sinqua Walls 5 Alive Sir Lancelot is one of King Arthur 's knights of the round table and the son of the Lady of the Lake . During his tenure , Lancelot witnesses Arthur free Excalibur from its stone , though abandons his place on the Round Table after falling in love with Arthur 's wife Guinevere , this after they went on a quest to find the dagger , which resulted in a deal with Rumplestiltskin that Lancelot was against . After leaving Camelot , he became a servant of King George under the alias of Leviathan . Under the orders of King George , Lancelot captures Snow White and brings her to him , unintentionally allowing King George to curse her with water that makes her barren forever , with no chance of producing children . Lancelot revisits Snow , mentioning that he had no knowledge of the water 's content . Using the remnants of the water in Lake Nostos , Lancelot is able to undo the curse on Snow White . After the curse , Cora masquerades as Lancelot , claiming that he 's dead . Lancelot turns up alive . At some point , he returns to Camelot and sneaks into King Arthur 's castle . During the night where David is bestowed the Siege Perilous seat by Arthur , Snow White goes out to the hallway to calm down her crying baby son where she sees a shadowy figure walk past . When she calls out to the person , Lancelot steps out much to her astonishment . He assures her it is truly him . After putting aside the story of his struggles , Lancelot warns her about a villain that is currently in the castle . At first , Snow assumes he is speaking about Emma . Instead , Lancelot reveals that King Arthur is the villain and Camelot is not what it seems . When Arthur found out that Lancelot was alive and confronted him and Mary Margaret in the Dark One 's Vault , David found out where the suspicions towards King Arthur were confirmed . When the rest of the Knights arrive at Granny 's to help King Arthur , Lancelot also discovered that Guinevere was under Arthur 's command thanks to the sand dust that was used on her by King Arthur . Lancelot is locked up in the dungeon where he meets Merida as they both plan to find a way to defeat King Arthur . Both of them are freed by David 's group with the help of Merlin . Following Captain Hook being tethered to Excalibur , Merlin sends Sir Lancelot to his mother , the Lady of the Lake which is a two - day journey to help stop the darkness . He is too late to help and is not swept up by the third Dark Curse back to Storybrooke like everyone else . Violet N / A Olivia Steele - Falconer 5 6 Alive Violet is the daughter of Sir Morgan . She is an avid horse rider , hoping to follow in her late mother 's footsteps as a champion horseback rider . When the Storybrooke inhabitants comes to Camelot , she becomes Henry 's crush , sharing a passion for music . She also played a part in Emma 's quest to free Merlin in Camelot by using her to break Henry 's heart so she can obtain Henry 's teardrop in order to free Merlin . When Violet is among the Camelot citizens to end up in Storybrooke , Henry develops a crush on her again . Her horse Nicodemus goes missing until Henry manages to catch him . He returns Nicodemus to Violet during the town party impressing Sir Morgan . Sir Morgan departs with Nicodemus to the stables while Henry and Violet share a kiss . Later , Violet follows Henry out of Storybrooke to New York City to destroy magic . She , along with Henry , is brought back to Storybrooke by the heroes where she shares a passionate kiss with Henry . She , along with her father , chooses to stay in Storybrooke . She later becomes a student at Storybrooke Elementary School . She continues to date Henry after the Final Battle , but break up soon after . Blind Witch N / A Emma Caulfield 5 Deceased Emma Caulfield The Blind Witch is a witch who resides at her Gingerbread Home made completely out of candy deep in the woods . Her house and the treats lure in children , whom she would cook and eat . At some point , the Blind Witch comes to possess the Evil Queen 's poisoned apple . One day , the Evil Queen bargains with two young children , named Hansel and Gretel , to find their lost father , in return for stealing a poisoned apple from the witch . However , despite the Queen 's warning not to eat anything , Hansel licks some frosting off a cupcake , awaking the witch . She tries to eat Hansel and Gretel but they trick her and lock her in her own oven . The Queen , who was watching the events through her mirror , sends a bolt of fire through the mirror and lights the oven on fire . Since her death , the Blind Witch works at the Underworld 's version of Granny 's Diner when she encounters Mary Margaret . She has n't forgiven Regina for sending Hansel and Gretel to retrieve the apple and for burning her alive . Mary Margaret gets the Blind Witch to tell them where they can find Hercules . She tips them off by stating that he comes in from the shipyards during his lunch hour . The Blind Witch later informs Emma , Regina , and Red about where they can find Auntie Em stating that where she works is the competition to her business . She later acquired powers from Hades to keep the outsiders from escaping the Underworld in exchange for taking over the realm with Cruella when Hades leaves , this after Regina discovered that she was n't supposed to have any ability to obtain magic . After the heroes escape the Underworld , she continues her work in the Underbrooke diner at the time when King Arthur arrived after he was killed by Hades . Hades N / A Greg Germann 5 N / A Deceased Hades is the God of the Underworld . He is the son of Kronos , brother of Zeus and the uncle of Hercules . After his father Cronus appoints Zeus as the next ruler of Mount Olympus , he kills him . Zeus then stops his heart from beating and banishes him to the Underworld to be its ruler . One day , he appeared before Liam Jones and offered to let the ship sink in exchange that Liam and Killain be spared and the Eye of the Storm will be in their possession . Years later , he meets Zelena in the Land of Oz and was interested in her time travelling spell . He fell in love with her but Zelena saw it as a trick and asked him to go back to the Underworld . When Emma and her allies arrive in the Underworld , he forces Cora to get rid of the heroes from his land . Failing , he turns Cora back into a miller and forces her to work at an underground mill for her failure . After Hercules and Megara ascend to Mount Olympus , Hades decides to trap the heroes in the Underworld by forcing Hook to write a new name on a gravestone for each souls that leaves . When Hook refuses , he hangs Hook over the River of Lost Souls . He also sends Captain Silver to the Worst Place and tries sending Hook , later Liam , there but fails . He also buys the contract made by Rumplestiltskin years ago with Fendrake , threatening to take Mr. Gold 's second unborn child with Belle . He is later reunited with Zelena , who falls in love with him . When she gets kidnap , he asks Emma 's help to get her back . Later , after his heart starts beating again due to true love 's kiss , a portal is opened . He turns over the Underworld to Cruella as he leaves for Storybrooke with Zelena and her child . There , he kills King Arthur and hopes to take over Storybrooke . Using the Olympian Crystal , he kills Robin Hood . Zelena then kills him with the Olympian Crystal . Dr. Henry Jekyll N / A Hank Harris 6 5 Deceased Dr. Henry Jekyll is a physician . In Victorian England , he tries to join the Academy of Sciences run by Dr. Lydgate but he turns him down , claiming that his experiments is too dangerous . With Rumplestiltskin 's help , Dr. Jekyll uses a serum to change his personality , along with his looks and shows up uninvited at a party hosted by Dr. Lydgate . He also ends up in a relationship with Mary while as Mr. Hyde . When Mary finds out that he used the serum to pose as Mr. Hyde , the both has a rough fight , leading to Dr. Jekyll accidentally pushing her from her bedroom window , falling to her death . He later goes to the Land of Untold Stories . When David , Snow , Zelena and Hook accidentally get sent there through a portal , Dr. Jekyll meets them but is afraid to help them because of what the Warden might do to him . Later , he finishes the serum he developed to separate his good side and his evil side and Hyde separates from him . He is later rescued by David , Snow , Zelena and Hook and is taken along with them to Storybrooke to live a better life . He later works with Dr. Whale in his garage to make a new serum to defeat the Evil Queen ( Serum ) . He later tries to hurt Belle , resulting in Hook killing him . The side effect also kills Mr. Hyde . Mr. Hyde N / A Sam Witwer 6 5 Deceased Sam Witwer Mr. Hyde is Dr. Jekyll 's alter ego . In Victorian England , after Dr. Jekyll , with the help of Rumplestiltskin , creates a serum , he uses it to transform himself to Mr. Hyde . He threatens to expose Dr. Lydgate 's affair with his assistant if he does not give a place in the academy for Dr. Jekyll . He then ends up in a relationship with Mary , but she is later killed by Dr. Jekyll . He later confronts Rumplestiltskin about the incident and makes his way to the Land of Untold Stories . Years later in the Land of Untold Stories , Hyde steals the Pandora 's Box containing Belle and her unborn child from Gold by using the Apprentice 's Wand after he is told the Dark One has found love . After he is separated from Dr. Jekyll , Mr. Hyde makes a deal with Gold telling him on where to travel to find a way to free Belle from her sleeping curse . In return , he travels to Storybrooke with his fellow Untold Stories and announces to Regina Mills it is his . After a dirigible from the Land of Untold Stories arrives , Dr. Jekyll , David Nolan , and Regina were able to subdue Mr. Hyde with special shackles despite Emma having some hand tremors at the time . While locked up in the psychiatric ward of the Storybrooke Hospital , Mr. Hyde states that Emma should follow a red bird if she wants to find the answers to her hand tremors . He is later freed by the Evil Queen ( Serum ) . When Hook kills Dr. Jekyll , he also dies as he is Dr. Jekyll 's alter ego . Evil Queen N / A Lana Parrilla 6 5 Alive Lana Parrilla Not to be confused with Regina Mills , the Enchanted Forest character , who is also known as the Evil Queen . The Evil Queen is the separated former counterpart of Regina Mills . After Regina separates her evil self with Dr. Jekyll 's serum , the Evil Queen is formed . Regina rips the Evil Queen 's heart and crushes it , turning the Evil Queen into ashes . However , the Evil Queen later reappears at the Dragon 's shop in New York where she rips his heart out in order to get him to obey her . As he was no uses to her , she banishes him to the World Behind the Mirror . Using potions in his shop , she finds her way to Storybrooke and reunites with her `` half - sister '' Zelena . She then began manipulating events in Storybrooke in order to turn Regina dark . She controls the Count of Monte Cristo to try and kill David and Snow , helps Lady Tremaine to get her revenge on Ella , freeing the captured Mr. Hyde to help her , killing the Oracle to frame Princess Jasmine and kidnaping Dr. Hopper . She even tried to put a wedge between Hook and Henry 's bonding relationship . She then threatens to kill everyone in Storybrooke if David and Snow refuse to surrender themselves , and after they did , she curses them by placing a joint sleeping curse upon them . After finding out about a blade that can kill her , she captures Princess Jasmine and uses the current genie Aladdin to wish for Emma Swan 's wish to come true . As a result , the Wish Realm is created . Regina later tricks her and uses her wish to reunite with Emma in the Wish Realm . With Emma and Regina gone , David challenges the Evil Queen in a dual resulting in him making a wish to destroy her . Gideon from the Dark Realm arrives shortly afterwards and turns her into a pet cobra in a coiled cage . The Evil Queen escapes days later and frees herself by biting on the hand of Robin from the Wish Realm . She uses Robin to get the Shears of Destiny which she then uses on herself and Regina , finally separating them both . As they dual , Regina gets the upper hand and instead of killing her , Regina rips both of their hearts out and balances the light and dark of the heart , giving the Evil Queen some form of love . As a result , the Evil Queen gives up with revenge and apologiszs to Snow and Henry and thanks Regina for giving her a second chance while having left some information on how to get rid of the joint sleeping curse . With Henry 's help , she is send to the Wish Realm for a fresh start , where she rejoins Robin in a bar , finally getting her happy ending . The Evil Queen appears when the Black Fairy attempts to destroy all the realms , and sacrifices herself to prevent this from happening . She reappears after the curse is stopped . Gideon N / A Giles Matthey Anton Starkman ( child ) 6 7 Alive Giles Matthey Gideon is the son of Rumplestiltskin and Belle . When Mr. Gold sprinkles some Sands of Morpheus over Belle , it also affected his unborn son . Ending up in the Dream World with Mr. Gold and Belle , he masquerades as Morpheus in order to test his mother , Belle . After she passes the test , he reveals to her that he is n't the actual deity and is her son . He then gives her true love 's kiss , breaking the curse . He subsequently returns into Belle 's dream dimension in the Dream World to warn her about Mr. Gold and wants her to defeat him . As Belle 's pregnancy is sped up by the Evil Queen , he tells Belle to give him away for his best chance . After birth , Belle names him Gideon after the character from her book Her Handsome Hero and gives him to his fairy godmother -- the Blue Fairy . However , the Black Fairy kidnaps him to the Dark Realm . There , his growth accelerates . As a young boy , he is placed into a cell where the Black Fairy abuses him to turn him dark , but Gideon resists . She even dragged his neighbor Roderick away to be an example for him . After growing into a twenty - eight years old man , Gideon reunites with Roderick who has plans to get an orb that would enable them to contact the Savior . This turns into an ambush by the Black Fairy who turns Roderick into an insect and steps on him . While stating that the Savior is in Storybrooke , the Black Fairy rips out Gideon 's heart so that he can kill Emma and enable the Black Fairy to move freely outside her lair . Gideon returns to Storybrooke , fated to kill Emma as the figure under the hood . He briefly duals with Emma , but loses . He is later manipulated by Mr. Gold to prevent him from turning dark , but Gideon catches on and retrieves the Dark One 's dagger to control Mr. Gold . As part of a plan to fix Hrunting , a magical sword , he steals the Blue Fairy 's magic to make the sword whole . Later as Hook is onboard Nautilus to see Captain Nemo off , Gideon appears and commandeers the Nautilus to sail away from Storybrooke . In order to get close to Emma , Gideon opens up a bar called Aesop 's Tables and poses as a bartender named Aesop who was a refugee from the Land of Untold Stories who emigrated there upon failing to come up with stories where most of his stories involved talking animals . Upon collecting a napkin that had Emma 's tear on it , Gideon later sheds his disguise upon confronting Emma outside her house following her being contacted by Captain Hook 's sea shell . Gideon vows to keep Emma from reuniting with Captain Hook unless he can help him with his new mission ... to kill the Black Fairy . When it came to a spell at the Sorcerer 's Mansion , Emma and Gideon find it going horribly awry when the Great Spider from the Echoless Forest emerged from the book `` Her Handsome Hero '' and attacked him . When Gideon pushes Emma into the webs , he stated that he caused the Great Spider to appear as a way to kill of Emma and free the Black Fairy . Retreating to the Storybrooke Clock Tower , Gideon prepares the spell to open the portal . Although it seems to have failed , Gideon was surprised that the Black Fairy had managed to get through . Gideon posed as David during the Black Fairy 's plot to abduct the Mother Superior . While the Black Fairy got away with the Mother Superior , Mr. Gold slapped the Enchanted Cuffs on Gideon in order to get his heart back . Following the visit to Mr. Gold 's dream , Mr. Gold was able to get the Black Fairy to return Gideon 's heart . Mr. Gold then places Gideon 's heart back into his body . Aladdin N / A Deniz Akdeniz 6 N / A Alive Aladdin is a former thief and a former Savior . In Agrabah as a thief , Aladdin is hired by Princess Jasmine to obtain the Diamond of the Rough from the Cave of Wonders . After helping her , he is told by Princess Jasmine that he is to be the Savior of Agrabah by defeating Jafar . After Princess Jasmine leaves , he is confronted by Jafar who tells him that in the end , he will die as the Savior . Jafar gives Aladdin a pair of scissors as a way to remove himself as the Savior , but Aladdin choose to not do so . Instead , he saves Princess Jasmine and the Sultan of Agrabah from Jafar by breaking Jafar 's staff . At some point , Aladdin befriended a genie and was able to free him from his lamp . Sometime later , Aladdin takes refuge in a hideout cottage somewhere in the desert following a hand tremor and is taken care by the Oracle . One day , he is visited by a man from a kingdom in Agrabah , seeking help from Aladdin to defeat a great evil . Moments later , Jafar walks into the cottage where he kills the man and knocks out the Oracle . After he mocks Aladdin on his role as the Savior , Aladdin asks Jafar to kill him . Jafar however refuses to do so and wishes to see him without a happy ending as Jafar claims that saviors do not get happy endings . Using the scissors given to him by Jafar in the past , he strips himself from being the Savior and relocates to the Enchanted Forest . When the Evil Queen cast the Dark Curse , Aladdin is send to the Land Without Magic . Years later , Emma finds Aladdin in an underground cemetery . He gives her the scissors as a back up plan for her as she is the current Savior . He later reunites with Princess Jasmine . He is later informed by Princess Jasmine that Agrabah and everyone in it vanished . Aladdin later finds the vacant genie lamp where the genie he befriended is not there . In order to make the genie lamp active , Aladdin puts on the genie bracelets in order to become one . After the Evil Queen captures Princess Jasmine , Aladdin ends up granting the Evil Queen her wish to have Emma 's wish of not being a savior to be granted which sends Emma to an alternate timeline where the Evil Queen was defeated . He also tells the Evil Queen that every wish has a price . In her confrontation with the Evil Queen , Regina used the genie wish to go to the alternate timeline . When David deals with the Evil Queen , he manages to get the genie lamp so that Aladdin will see to it that the Evil Queen gets what she deserves . While the wish happened , Regina stated that she already got what she deserved and later escapes when Hook , Henry , and Princess Jasmine arrive . Upon David giving her the genie lamp , Princess Jasmine gets Aladdin to grant her wish of finding where Agrabah went as both of them disappear . Princess Jasmine Shirin Karen David 6 N / A Alive Princess Jasmine is the daughter of the Sultan of Agrabah and Aladdin 's lover . When Jafar began residing at the Capital of Agrabah , he uses his serpent staff to control the Sultan of Agrabah , Jasmine 's father . To save her father and all of Agrabah , she recruits Aladdin to help her obtain the Diamond in the Rough from the Cave of Wonders , where she reveals to Aladdin that he is to be the Savior of Agrabah . She is later confronted by Jafar and placed in an hour glass as Jafar proceeds with plans to take over the realm . She is rescued by Aladdin as Jafar flees the capital to a neighbouring kingdom . She does not joins Aladdin in his mission to locate Jafar and stays back at the capital to undo Jafar 's doing . Some time later , the capital is attacked and Princess Jasmine seeks help from a nearby kingdom as Aladdin had vanished . On the way back , she is caught in a sand storm which results with the Capital of Agrabah disappearing . She goes to the Oracle and decides to find Aladdin . By unknown means , she , along with the Oracle , goes to the Land of Untold Stories . Over thirty years later , when Mr. Hyde brings the Land of Untold Stories refugees to Storybrooke , Princess Jasmine takes on the identity as Shirin and becomes an assistant teacher at Storybrooke Elementary School . When she is framed for killing the Oracle and caught by Emma , she is interrogated by Emma and David with Mary Margaret watching . At first , she was reluctant to reveal her real name because of Mr. Hyde until Emma tells her that Mr. Hyde is dead . With the help of the heroes , she reunites with Aladdin . She later tells Aladdin that Agrabah had disappeared and they will never be able to go home . Eventually , after Aladdin becomes a genie , she wishes for the both to appear at the Capital of Agrabah 's new location as they poof away from Storybrooke . They appear in the Enchanted Forest and scouts for Agrabah for weeks . They are eventually reunited with Hook and led to Hangman 's Island where they find Ariel with a genie bottle that has Jafar trapped in . Fiona / Black Fairy N / A Jaime Murray 6 N / A Deceased Jaime Murray Fiona is the former lover of Malcolm , mother of Rumplestiltskin , grandmother of Baelfire and Gideon , great - grandmother of Henry Mills , great - great - grandmother of Lucy , and the creator of the Dark Curse . With Malcolm , Fiona gives birth to a son , but grows obsessed in protecting him after his fairy godmother , Tiger Lily , riveals that her son is destined to die as the Savior in the far future . She tricks Tiger Lily into breaking into the Sacred Vault of the Fairies to create a curse to banish all the children of their land to the Land Without Magic , however , the Blue Fairy banishes her to the Dark Realm where she becomes the cruel Black Fairy and kidnaps children from various realms and forces them to mine dark fairy dust . About thirty years later , the Black Fairy arrives in Storybrooke after the birth of her grandson , Gideon , and kidnaps him to the Dark Realm and raises him . After twenty - eight years , according to the time in the Dark Realm , the Black Fairy rips his heart out and commands him to return to Storybrooke to kill the Savior . Since then , the Black Fairy had been manipulating events from her domain and eventually frees herself from the Dark Realm with Gideon 's help . She arrives in Storybrooke and prepares for the final battle between her and Emma , and eventually casting the curse to separate Emma 's love one 's before the battle . The curse reverts Storybrooke back to its original self during the first curse and the destruction of all lands with magic begins , however , after Mr. Gold kills her , her curse comes to an end . Tiger Lily N / A Sara Tomko 6 N / A Alive Tiger Lily is a fairy . After the birth of Fiona 's son , Tiger Lily and the Blue Fairy visits Fiona and Tiger Lily is revealed as the child 's fairy godmother . Later on , after Fiona learned of her son 's fate as the Savior , Tiger Lily helps her to find the child destined to kill Fiona 's son in the far future . Breaking into the Sacred Vault of the Fairies , Tiger Lily is tricked by Fiona , who intends to create a curse to banish all the children of their land to the Land Without Magic . With the Blue Fairy 's help , Fiona is banished to the Dark Realm , and Tiger Lily and the Blue Fairy reveals Fiona 's fate to her husband , Malcolm . Since then , Tiger Lily removes her fairy status and relocates to Neverland . Years later , she comes across Captain Hook and teams up with him to send word to the current savior , Emma , that Fiona , now known as the Black Fairy , intends to kill her during the Final Battle . Tiger Lily helps Hook escape from the Lost Boys into a portal back to Storybrooke . Years later , somehow regaining her fairy status , Tiger Lily becomes a fairy godmother to Lucy , Henry Mills ' daughter . When Lucy comes to her for guidance after Henry goes missing , Tiger Lily asks her to have fate , telling her that she will be reunited with her father sometime in the future . Drizella Ivy Adelaide Kane 7 N / A Unknown Drizella is an upcoming character . Alice Tilly Rose Reynolds 7 N / A Unknown Alice is an upcoming character . Witch N / A Emma Booth 7 N / A Unknown The Witch is an upcoming character .

Call Me by Your Name ( film ) - wikipedia Call Me by Your Name ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film . For the novel upon which it is based , see Call Me by Your Name ( novel ) . Call Me by Your Name Theatrical release poster Directed by Luca Guadagnino Produced by Peter Spears Luca Guadagnino Emilie Georges Rodrigo Teixeira Marco Morabito James Ivory Howard Rosenman Screenplay by James Ivory Based on Call Me by Your Name by André Aciman Starring Armie Hammer Timothée Chalamet Michael Stuhlbarg Amira Casar Esther Garrel Victoire Du Bois Music by Sufjan Stevens Cinematography Sayombhu Mukdeeprom Edited by Walter Fasano Production company Frensy Film Company La Cinéfacture RT Features Water 's End Productions Distributed by Sony Pictures Classics Release date January 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 22 ) ( Sundance ) November 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 24 ) ( United States ) Running time 132 minutes Country United States Italy Brazil France Language English French Italian Budget $3.5 million Box office $3.6 million Call Me by Your Name is a 2017 romantic coming - of - age drama film directed by Luca Guadagnino and written by James Ivory , based on the 2007 novel of the same name by André Aciman . It is the third and final installment in Guadagnino 's Desire trilogy , following I Am Love ( 2009 ) and A Bigger Splash ( 2015 ) . Set in Northern Italy in 1983 , Call Me by Your Name chronicles the romantic relationship between Elio Perlman ( Timothée Chalamet ) , a 17 - year - old living in Italy , and his father 's American assistant , Oliver ( Armie Hammer ) . The film also stars Michael Stuhlbarg , Amira Casar , Esther Garrel , and Victoire Du Bois . Call Me by Your Name had been in development since 2007 , when producers Peter Spears and Howard Rosenman optioned the screen rights to Aciman 's novel . Ivory had been set to co-direct the film but ended up writing the script and co-producing . Guadagnino , who came on board as a location consultant , became the sole director in 2016 . The film was financed through a variety of international sources . Principal photography took place in Crema , Italy in May and June of 2016 . Cinematographer Sayombhu Mukdeeprom shot Call Me by Your Name on 35 - mm film . Before its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 22 , 2017 , Call Me by Your Name was picked up for distribution by Sony Pictures Classics . It was released in the United Kingdom on October 27 , 2017 , and in the United States on November 24 , 2017 . The film received unanimous acclaim , with particular praise given to its direction , screenplay , musical score , and performances , and was chosen by the National Board of Review and the American Film Institute as one of their top 10 films of the year . At the 75th Golden Globe Awards , it was nominated for Best Motion Picture -- Drama , Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama for Chalamet , and Best Supporting Actor for Hammer . At the 24th Screen Actors Guild Awards , it was nominated for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role for Chalamet . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Adaptation 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming and post-production 3.5 Production design and costume 4 Soundtrack 5 Release 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Potential sequel 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Elio ( Timothée Chalamet ) , a seventeen - year - old Jewish American boy , lives in the Italian countryside with his parents ( Michael Stuhlbarg and Amira Casar ) . His father , a professor of archaeology , invites an American Jewish graduate student , Oliver ( Armie Hammer ) , to live with his family over the summer of 1983 and help with his academic paperwork . Elio , an introspective bibliophile and musical prodigy , finds little in common with Oliver , whose carefree and exuberant personality contrasts with his own . Elio also resents vacating his bedroom for the duration of Oliver 's stay . Elio spends much of the summer reading books and hanging out with his girlfriend , Marzia ( Esther Garrel ) , while Oliver is attracted to one of the local girls , much to Elio 's chagrin . Soon , Elio and Oliver begin to spend time with each other , and a seductive courtship emerges -- they swim together , go for long walks in the town , and accompany Elio 's father on archaeological trips . Although Elio begins a sexual relationship with Marzia and brags about it in front of Oliver to gauge his reaction , he increasingly finds himself attracted to Oliver . He sneaks into Oliver 's room to smell his bathing suit and thinks about masturbating to him . During a trip to the post office , Elio subtly confesses his feelings to Oliver , who gently tells him that he should not act on them . When they go swimming one day , Elio kisses Oliver on the lips , who kisses him back but is reluctant to go further , despite Elio 's insistence . They subsequently grow distant over the next few days , sharing an occasional touch or glance , which only makes Elio long for Oliver more . One morning , Elio finds a note from Oliver asking him to come to Oliver 's bedroom at midnight . Elio spends the day with Marzia , all the while longing to see Oliver . Finally , at midnight , he enters Oliver 's bedroom and the two make love for the first time . Over the next few days , they grow closer , having sex frequently while keeping their relationship secret . In bed , Oliver tells Elio , `` Call me by your name and I will call you by mine '' . They refer to each other by their own names while becoming more and more intimate both physically and emotionally . On one occasion , Elio ejaculates into a peach that he has split open , and after Oliver performs oral sex on him , he takes a bite of the peach in front of a humiliated Elio . Completely smitten with Oliver by this point , Elio starts avoiding Marzia . With the end of Oliver 's stay imminent , the couple find themselves overcome by uncertainty and longing . Elio 's parents , conscious of the bond between the two , recommend they take a trip to Bergamo together before Oliver goes back to America . They spend three romantic days together , after which Oliver leaves , and a heartbroken Elio returns home . He encounters a sympathetic Marzia , who still wants to be his friend , and his father , seeing how forlorn his son is , tells him that both he and his wife were aware of Elio 's affair with Oliver . He confesses to having had his own love affair with a friend in his youth , and urges Elio to find pleasure in the grief , since true love of the kind Elio and Oliver shared is rare . Several months later , during Hanukkah , Elio receives a phone call from Oliver . Oliver tells Elio that he is engaged to be married , after which they call each other by their own names and say how much they miss one another . Newly heartbroken , Elio sits by the fire , eyes welling up with tears as his parents and the house staff prepare a holiday dinner . Cast ( edit ) Armie Hammer as Oliver Timothée Chalamet as Elio Perlman Michael Stuhlbarg as Samuel Perlman Amira Casar as Annella Perlman Esther Garrel as Marzia Victoire Du Bois as Chiara Vanda Capriolo as Mafalda Antonio Rimoldi as Anchise Elena Bucci as Art Historian 1 Marco Sgrosso as Art Historian 2 André Aciman as Mounir Peter Spears as Isaac Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Ivory , who took nine months to write the script , was once set to co-direct the film . After seeing an early galley of André Aciman 's debut novel Call Me by Your Name in 2007 , American producers Peter Spears and Howard Rosenman bought the screen rights to it before it was published . Before developing it into a film , the two invited their friend James Ivory to be an executive producer on the adaptation , which he accepted . However , Spears and Rosenman soon found themselves in `` development hell '' : they met with three different set of directors and writers but could not find anyone who would commit to the project , as several candidates were dropped out to take a bigger - paying job . Scheduling around the need to shoot in Italy during the summer also proved difficult . A native of northern Italy , Luca Guadagnino was first hired as a location consultant , to help `` put the movie together from the Italian side . '' In 2008 , the producers lined him up as their first choice to direct , but he declined . Guadagnino became a producer himself , before he suggested that he co-direct the film with Ivory -- without any contractual agreement yet in place . Ivory accepted the offer , and spent about nine months in 2014 working on the screenplay . Guadagnino , who has described the novel as `` a Proustian book about remembering the past and indulging in the melancholy of lost things , '' wrote the adaptation with Ivory , while also collaborating with Walter Fasano to `` really fine - tune it '' . `` We started making the script at ( Ivory 's ) house in the countryside , '' Guadagnino said , `` not as a job , but for the pleasure of being together in Crema at my kitchen table , and sometimes in New York . '' The screenplay was approved by Aciman , who commended the adaptation as `` direct , ( ... ) real and persuasive . '' He added , `` as the writer I found myself saying , ' Wow , they 've done better than the book ' '' . The completed screenplay was vital in securing funding for the film 's production . Among the financiers were the production companies La Cinéfacture ( France ) ; Frenesy Film Company ( Italy , owned by Guadagnino ) ; RT Features ( Brazil ) , and Water 's End Productions ( United States ) -- along with the support of the Italian Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities and Tourism . In revising Ivory 's draft of the script , Guadagnino removed a considerable amount of nudity . He has said that Ivory 's version would have likely been `` a much more costly ( and ) different film '' -- one which , in fact , could not have been made , because of `` market realities '' . In 2016 , Ivory stepped down from directing to avoid conflicts , leaving Guadagnino to direct the film alone . `` It would be awkward , '' Ivory said , `` to have two directors working together . It might take longer , it would look terrible if we got in fights on the set , and so on . '' Ivory subsequently sold the rights in the screenplay to Guadagnino 's company . Adaptation ( edit ) Call Me by Your Name is the final installment in Guadagnino 's Desire trilogy , following I Am Love ( 2009 ) and A Bigger Splash ( 2015 ) . The film represents a departure from his previous work , as on it he took a `` non-aggressive '' and simple approach ; he has said this is `` the most calm '' movie he has made . Despite being a literary adaptation , many scenes in the film play out wordlessly . `` Words are part of what 's going on , but it 's not necessarily what 's going on underneath . I think this film celebrates the underneath , '' he said . Guadagnino considers the film an `` homage to fathers , '' referring both to his own father and to four filmmakers who have inspired him -- Jean Renoir , Jacques Rivette , Éric Rohmer , and Bernardo Bertolucci . Guadagnino has described Call Me By Your Name as a family - oriented film for the purpose of `` transmission of knowledge and hope that people of different generations come to see the film together . '' He never saw it as a `` gay '' movie , but rather calls it a film about the `` beauty of the newborn idea of desire , unbiased and uncynical , '' and reflects his motto of living `` with a sense of joie de vivre . '' `` If this movie has one lesson '' , Guadagnino said , `` it 's that actually , we should always be very earnest with one 's feelings , instead of hiding them or shielding ourselves '' . The director attempted to avoid the flaws he had seen in most coming - of - age films , in which growth is often portrayed as a result of resolving certain preconceived dilemmas -- such as having to choose between two lovers . He also wanted the story to follow two people in the moment , rather than focus on an antagonist or a tragedy , a specific approach inspired by À Nos Amours ( 1983 ) , directed by Maurice Pialat . As someone who considers sex in film a representation of the characters ' behavior and identity , Guadagnino was n't interested in including explicit sex scenes in the film , in order to keep the tone as planned , saying , `` I wanted the audience to completely rely on the emotional travel of these people and feel first love ( ... ) It was important to me to create this powerful universality , because the whole idea of the movie is that the other person makes you beautiful -- enlightens you , elevates you . '' The setting was changed from Bordighera ( picture ) , where the book is set in , to the countryside of Crema , Lombardy . The film differs from its source material in a number of ways . While the novel serves as a memory - piece from Elio 's perspective , the filmmakers behind Call Me by Your Name chose to set the movie entirely in the present time , a `` much more efficient '' solution to help the audience understand the characters and `` reflect the essence of the book . '' The setting was changed from Bordighera , on the Italian Riviera , to the countryside of Crema , Lombardy . Guadagnino decided to push back the original setting from 1987 to 1983 -- which he explained was a year , `` in Italy at least , when everything that was great about the ' 70s is definitely shut down '' , and one in which the characters `` are in a way untouched by the corruption of the ' 80s -- in the U.S. , Reagan , and in the UK , Thatcher '' . Mr. Perlman 's profession was refined by Ivory from a classics scholar to `` an art historian / archeologist type . '' Apart from the removal of nudity , the director also discarded much of the voice - over narration from Ivory 's original script . The director did not like the idea of having the main character tell the story retrospectively , stating that `` it kills the surprise '' . Guadagnino was tempted to remove a scene from the novel in which Elio masturbates into a pitted peach , as he thought it was a metaphor for `` sexual impulses and energy '' , and thought it too explicit . Timothée Chalamet was also nervous about the scene , describing it as the key to illuminating the character 's `` overabundant sexual energy '' . Despite their reservations , Guadagnino and Chalamet both tested the method by themselves , and eventually included the scene in the film . A scene featuring Elio and Oliver 's `` enthusiastic '' dancing to The Psychedelic Furs ' `` Love My Way '' in a small bar is not drawn from the book , but inspired by the time Guadagnino danced by himself in a bedroom when he was young . Ivory described the scene where two protagonists bike into town and Elio confronts his feelings for Oliver as the key in capturing the `` euphoric passion and nervousness '' of their first love . `` I thought that was very well written and a very good scene with a lot of power , '' Ivory said , `` And I wanted to make sure that was there in the film . '' Casting ( edit ) In 2015 , Shia LaBeouf and Greta Scacchi were reportedly set to be cast in the film . In September 2016 , Ivory confirmed that LaBeouf and Scacchi were no longer involved in the project . According to Ivory , LaBeouf had gone to New York City to do a reading for the film , but the production company later felt he was unsuitable due to his `` various troubles '' ; although Ivory thought the two `` had good scenes together '' and could have made it into the film , the company disagreed . Hammer and Chalamet during the press conference of Call Me by Your Name at the 2017 Berlin International Film Festival . After seeing Armie Hammer 's performance in The Social Network ( 2010 ) , Guadagnino `` fell in love '' with him and cultivated his passion for Hammer and the movies he made afterwards . The director found him to be a `` sophisticated actor , with a great range '' and had him in mind for the role of Oliver . Hammer , who had expressed interest in Guadagnino 's A Bigger Splash , met with the director years before the film went into production . When the actor got the script , he almost turned down the role because of the nudity that had been in that draft . `` I did want to pass ; it scared me , '' he said . `` There 's a lot of stuff here that I 've never done on film before . But there 's no way I ca n't do this ( film ) , mostly because it scares me so much . '' According to Guadagnino , Hammer was going to pass on the role through his agent , but then changed his mind at the end of their conversation . This is the third film in which Hammer had played a non-straight character , following J. Edgar ( 2011 ) and Final Portrait ( 2017 ) . Chalamet has acted since he was a child and made an appearance in Showtime 's Homeland in 2012 . The following year , Spears ' husband and agent , Brian Swardstrom , introduced the then 17 - year - old Chalamet to Guadagnino , who immediately felt the actor had `` the ambition , the intelligence , the sensitivity , the naivety , and the artistry '' for the role of Elio . Chalamet read Aciman 's novel by the time he was 17 , and described it as `` a window into a young person '' . Chalamet , who can speak fluent French and had played piano for years , arrived in Italy five weeks early to learn Italian , piano , and guitar . Michael Stuhlbarg plays Mr. Perlman , Elio 's father . The actor did n't start reading the book until he had already joined the production . He was moved by the `` many beautiful sentiments expressed '' in the script when he first read it , including Mr. Perlman 's `` sense of generosity and love and understanding '' . Amira Casar , Esther Garrel , and Victoire Du Bois feature in supporting roles as Annella , Marzia , and Chiara , respectively . Aciman and Spears themselves also appear briefly in the roles of Mounir and Isaac , a gay couple who attend a dinner party . Aciman was asked to be in the movie after actors were ultimately unavailable . `` It was a last - minute decision , '' Spears recalled , `` Andrė turns out to be a phenomenal actor ! So comfortable , not nervous at all . His wife was sitting there and said , ' I had no idea ! ' '' Hammer and Chalamet both signed contracts that prohibited full - frontal nudity . Ivory , whose original screenplay had contained `` all sorts of nudity , '' was dismayed by the decision , criticizing what he saw as an `` American '' attitude . `` Nobody seems to care that much or be shocked about a totally naked woman . It 's the men , '' he said . Guadagnino , who remained involved in the casting , chose actors based on their performances and chemistry , rather than choosing to `` investigate or label '' their sexuality . He said , `` The idea that you have to cast only someone who has a certain set of skills , and worse , a certain gender identity in any role : that 's oppressive to me '' . Filming and post-production ( edit ) Filming at the Crema Cathedral was postponed due to bad weather . Principal photography on Call Me by Your Name lasted 34 days -- began on May 9 , 2016 , shortly after A Bigger Splash was released in the United States , and completed in June 2016 . The process occurred quietly , with reports only appearing after filming had been underway for two weeks . The director 's first cut of the film was four hours long . Post-production took only a month -- between June and July , the fastest Guadagnino had edited . The film was shot primarily in Crema , Lombardy , where Guadagnino lives , and in the nearby villages of Pandino and Moscazzano . It was shot during an unexpected historic rainstorm in Italy , described by the weather reports as a `` once - in - century rain . '' The pre-production in Crema was fast : a search for extras began there in March and April . Scenes from Pandino and Moscazzano were filmed from May 17 , before moving to Crema in June 1 . Additional outdoor scenes were shot at the Palazzo Albergoni in December 4 , 2016 . Several historical locations in the surrounding streets in Crema and Pandino were chosen during production , including the Crema Cathedral . Businesses received compensation for financial losses caused by the closure , scheduled during May 30 and 31 . Two days ' filming at the cathedral were postponed due to the weather . Production in Crema cost € 18,000 , with a promotion campaign that cost € 7,500 . Filming also took place by Lake Garda ( in Sirmione , Brescia ) and in Bergamo , as well as in two small towns in the immediate vicinity of Crema , Montodine and Ripalta . The actors lived in Crema and were able to absorb the rhythm of small - town life . Guadagnino engaged deeply with the cast and filmmakers , often cooked and showed films for them in his house . Hammer and Chalamet , who did not have to do a screen test together , met for the first time during the production in Crema . They spent a month together before filming began , watched Mike Tyson documentaries and went to the local restaurants , to build character development . `` We 'd hang out with each other all the time , because we were pretty much the only Americans there , and we were able to defend one another and really get to know one another , '' Chalamet recalled . In the first two days of production , Guadagnino sat down with the cast to read through the script . The actors rehearsed their scenes every night before shooting , and spent several days shooting completely nude . `` I 've never been so intimately involved with a director before . Luca was able to look at me and completely undress me , '' Hammer said . Guadagnino shot the film in chronological order . The scene where Mr. Perlman delivered an educational speech to Elio was filmed the day before shooting wrapped . Stuhlbarg had prepared for the scene for months , `` I was a little on eggshells because I 'd been waiting so long to do it , '' he said . According to Fasano , the scene took three takes , where Stuhlbarg was `` on three different levels of getting emotional . '' During the dancing sequence , Hammer had to perform in front of `` 50 extras off camera , '' with the music being turned down to record the dialogue . `` That was not fun , I do n't really enjoy dancing , '' Hammer said , `` Here I am , dancing to this quiet music ( ... ) I very quickly become the 6 - foot - 5 gangly guy that 's very easy to spot from across the room . '' Chalamet was listening to `` Visions of Gideon '' , one of the original songs written for the film , in an earpiece while filming the final sequence . Sayombhu Mukdeeprom , who had previously collaborated with Guadagnino in Ferdinando Cito Filomarino 's Antonia ( 2015 ) , served as the director of photography . Guadagnino and Filomarino developed an `` exquisite and extraordinary '' relationship with Mukdeeprom during the production of Antonia , the cinematographer 's first non-Thai film . Lighting is an important factor in Mukdeeprom 's work , as he needs the light to be engaged with the characters . In order to capture the Northern Italian summer atmosphere for Call Me by Your Name , he had to create completely artificial light , due to the heavy rains that lasted the entirety of the shoot . He also connected to the actors during the scene ; when they finished shooting the first take of the confrontation between Oliver and Elio , he was crying in a corner of the room . The film was shot using a 35 mm lens , a decision influenced by the work of David Cronenberg in order to `` solidif ( y ) the point of view . '' Production design and costume ( edit ) The main location for the Perlmans ' residence was an uninhabited 17th - century mansion in Moscazzano . The director initially wanted to buy the house but could n't afford it , so he made a film at the place instead . Six weeks before production , the crew -- including production designer Samuel Dehors and first - time set decorator Violante Visconti di Modrone -- gradually decorated the house with furniture , objects , and decoration inspired by the characters . Much of the furniture , including the dishes and glassware from the ' 50s , belonged to Guadagnino and Visconti 's parents . `` That made it cozy and personal , '' Visconti said , `` I wanted to give it the sense of time passing by . '' The Asian - inspired paintings , maps , and mirrors mostly came from an antiques store in Milan . The swimming pool used in the film was recreated from a watering trough common in the area . Guadagnino did n't want the film to `` look like a reflection on the 80s , ( ... ) when it becomes period . '' His team did extensive research , with an assist from the residents of Crema , by entering people 's houses and collecting their pictures of the ' 80s . Costume designer Giulia Piersanti avoided using period costumes , and wanted to provide `` a sense of insouciant adolescent sensuality , summer heat and sexual awakening '' to the characters . The costumes were influenced by the work in French films Pauline at the Beach ( 1983 ) , A Tale of Springtime ( 1990 ) , and A Summer 's Tale ( 1996 ) . She took inspiration from her parents ' photo albums for the Perlmans ' wardrobe . For Oliver 's `` sexy , healthy American '' image , Piersanti referred to `` some of Bruce Weber 's earliest photographs . '' Aiming to emphasize Elio 's confident style , she chose several Lacoste costumes , and a distinctive New Romantic - looking shirt in the final scene . Elio 's polo shirt and Fido Dido T - shirt came from her husband 's closet , `` I love that they will stay forever on film '' , she said . Soundtrack ( edit ) Call Me by Your Name : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Soundtrack album by Various artists Released November 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 03 ) Genre Soundtrack Length 71 : 08 Label Madison Gate Records Sony Music Masterworks Guadagnino normally selects the music for his films himself . The director wanted to find a `` emotional narrator to the film '' through music , inspired by the work in Barry Lyndon ( 1975 ) , The Magnificent Ambersons ( 1942 ) , and The Age of Innocence ( 1993 ) . `` It is less heavy , less present , and more enveloping than a voice and text , '' said Guadagnino . Guadagnino found that the lyricism of Sufjan Stevens ' work resonated with him . The director initially asked Stevens to narrate the film through the - older - Elio 's perspective , and record an original song for Call Me by Your Name , `` almost as a break in the narrative '' . Stevens did n't think the voiceover was the right move , and the director agreed . Stevens would eventually contribute three songs to the soundtrack : `` Mystery of Love '' , `` Visions of Gideon '' , and a new rendition of `` Futile Devices '' with piano . Stevens took inspiration from the script , the book , and conversations with the director about the characters . He submitted the songs a few days before shooting began . Surprised by the result , the director listened to them with the actors and Fasano on - set . Call Me By Your Name marks Stevens ' first contributions to a feature - film soundtrack . The soundtrack also features songs by The Psychedelic Furs , Loredana Berté , Bandolero , Giorgio Moroder , Joe Esposito , and F.R. David , with compositions by John Adams , Frank Glazer , Ryuichi Sakamoto , Johann Sebastian Bach , and Maurice Ravel . Guadagnino wanted the film 's music to be connected to Elio , a young pianist who likes to transcribe and adapt pieces in order to get close to Oliver . The music is used to reflect the time , the characters ' family , level of education , and `` the kind of canon they would be a part of '' . Guadagnino also researched what was popular on the radio that summer , so as to stay true to the time period . `` Mystery of Love '' was featured in the film 's first trailer , released on August 1 , 2017 . The soundtrack had been scheduled for release under Madison Gate Records and Sony Classical on November 17 , 2017 , but was released early on November 3 . ( show ) Track listing No . Title Writer ( s ) Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Hallelujah Junction -- 1st Movement '' John Adams Adams 7 : 09 2 . `` M.A.Y. in the Backyard '' Ryuichi Sakamoto Sakamoto 4 : 25 3 . `` J'adore Venise '' Ivano Fossati Loredana Berté 4 : 15 4 . `` Paris latino '' Carlos Perez José Perez Bandolero 4 : 01 5 . `` Sonatine bureaucratique '' Erik Satie Frank Glazer 3 : 44 6 . `` ' Zion hört die Wächter singen ' '' Johann Sebastian Bach Alessio Bax 5 : 10 7 . `` Lady Lady Lady '' Giorgio Moroder Keith Forsey Moroder Joe Esposito 4 : 15 8 . `` Une barque sur l'océan '' Maurice Ravel André Laplante 7 : 10 9 . `` Futile Devices ( Doveman Remix ) '' Sufjan Stevens Stevens 2 : 15 10 . `` Germination '' Sakamoto Sakamoto 2 : 09 11 . `` Words '' Martin Kupersmith Louis S. Yaguda Robert Fitoussi F.R. David 3 : 27 12 . `` È la vita '' Marco Armani Paolo Armenise Armani 4 : 11 13 . `` Mystery of Love '' Stevens Stevens 4 : 08 14 . `` Radio Varsavia '' Franco Battiato Gusto Pio Battiato 4 : 07 15 . `` Love My Way '' John Ashton Tim Butler Richard Butler Vince Ely The Psychedelic Furs 3 : 33 16 . `` Le Jardin féerique '' Maurice Ravel Valéria Szervánszky Ronald Cavaye 3 : 02 17 . `` Visions of Gideon '' Stevens Stevens 4 : 07 Total length : 71 : 08 Release ( edit ) From left to right : Armie Hammer , Timothee Chalamet , Vanda Capriolo , Amira Casar , André Aciman , Esther Garrel , Victoire du Bois , and Peter Spears at the screening of Call Me by Your Name at the 2017 Berlin International Film Festival . Call Me by Your Name had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 22 , 2017 . Prior to its premiere , Sony Pictures Classics acquired U.S. distribution rights to the film for $6 million . The deal was negotiated by WME Global and UTA Independent Film Group . International distribution rights were purchased by Memento Films International , a French company which showed the promo reel for the film at the American Film Market in November 2016 . It was also screened at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 7 , 2017 , the Berlin International Film Festival on February 13 , 2017 , and the New York Film Festival on October 3 , 2017 . It was released in limited release in the United Kingdom on October 27 , 2017 , and in the United States on November 24 , 2017 . The first theatrical trailer was released on August 1 , 2017 . On October 11 , 2017 , Sony Pictures Classics released a teaser titled `` Dance Party '' to celebrate National Coming Out Day . The 42 - second clip , which consists of one continuous shot of Hammer and Chalamet dancing at a bar , became a meme on Twitter . Reaction to the advertisement on social media was somewhat negative , largely due to Sony Pictures ' `` misleading '' use of a still of Chalamet and Garrel instead of focusing on the protagonist 's relationship . Daniel Megarry of Gay Times described it as `` an attempt to ' straight - wash ' the movie 's predominant same - sex romance '' , while Benjamin Lee of The Guardian called it a `` disastrous attempt to push Oscar - buzzed Call Me by Your Name as a straight love story '' and said the advert `` belies an industry awkwardly denying queerness '' . After its screening at the Toronto International Film Festival , the actor James Woods criticized the age disparity between Elio and Oliver on Twitter , saying `` As they quietly chip away the last barriers of decency . # NAMBLA '' , using a hashtag referring to the North American Man / Boy Love Association , a pedophilia advocacy organization . Hammer responded by criticizing Woods ' relationship with Kristen Bauguess -- who started dating Woods in 2013 when she was 20 years old and he was 66 years old -- saying , `` Did n't you date a 19 year old when you were 60 ? '' In an interview for The Hollywood Reporter , Hammer explained `` We were n't trying to make some salacious , predatory movie . The age of consent in Italy is 14 . So , to get technical , it 's not illegal there ( ... ) But this is n't a normal situation : The younger guy goes after the older guy . The dynamic is not older - predator - versus - younger - boy . '' He further said Woods `` had no moral high ground to stand on and was cheapening what we did '' . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Call Me by Your Name has grossed $2 million in the United States , and $1.6 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $3.6 million , against a production budget of $3.5 million . In the United States , the film began its limited run on November 24 , 2017 at four theaters : The Paris Theater and Union Square Theatre in New York City , and the ArcLight Hollywood and Landmark Theater in Los Angeles . The film made $404,874 in its opening weekend -- a per - theater average of $101,219 . It was the highest average of 2017 , the biggest since that of La La Land the previous December , and became the best - performing gay romance film since Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) . In its second weekend , the film grossed $281,288 , with an `` excellent '' per - screen average of $70,320 . The film expanded to nine theaters in its third week , grossing $291,101 for a `` solid '' $32,345 per - theater average . It earned $491,933 from 30 theaters in its fourth weekend , averaging $16,398 . In the United Kingdom , the film opened on October 27 , 2017 and earned £ 231,995 ( $306,000 ) in its opening weekend from 112 screens , including £ 4,000 from previews . After ten days , it had made a total of £ 568,000 ( $745,000 ) before reaching the $1 million mark ( £ 767,000 ) in its third weekend . As of 14 December 2017 , the film has grossed $1,544,225 in the United Kingdom . Critical response ( edit ) Guadagnino 's direction garnered positive reviews from critics . After its premiere at the Sundance Film Festival , Call Me by Your Name was met with critical acclaim . It received a ten - minute standing ovation at its New York Film Festival screening at the Alice Tully Hall , the longest recorded in the festival 's history . On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 96 % based on 161 reviews , with an average rating of 9 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Call Me by Your Name offers a melancholy , powerfully affecting portrait of first love , empathetically acted by Timothée Chalamet and Armie Hammer . '' On Metacritic , the film has an average weighted score of 94 out of 100 , based on 43 critics , signifying `` universal acclaim '' . Writing in The Hollywood Reporter , Boyd van Hoeij described Call Me by Your Name as an `` extremely sensual ( ... ) intimate and piercingly honest '' adaptation of Aciman 's novel . He further called Chalamet 's performance `` the true breakout of the film '' . Peter Debruge of Variety said the film `` advances the canon of gay cinema '' by portraying `` a story of first love ( ... ) that transcends the same - sex dynamic of its central couple . '' He compared Guadagnino 's `` sensual '' direction to those of Pedro Almodóvar and François Ozon , while putting the film `` on par with the best of their work . '' David Ehrlich of IndieWire also praised his direction , which helps the film `` match ( ing ) the artistry and empathy '' of Carol ( 2015 ) and Moonlight ( 2016 ) . Sam Adams of BBC stating that Stuhlbarg 's performance `` puts a frame around the movie 's painting and opens up avenues we may not have thought to explore '' and called it `` one of his finest '' to date . He extolled the work as one of `` many movies that have so successfully appealed to both the intellectual and the erotic since the heydays of Patrice Chéreau and André Téchiné . '' Sam C. Mac of Slant gave the film three out of four stars , commended the director 's `` emphatic visual energy '' and writing that the coming - of - age story `` is deeply concerned with the salvation found in the meditative power of the arts '' . David Morgan of CBS praised the cinematography , production design and costume for `` making a summer in the 1980s palpably alive again . '' He also applauded the `` remarkably attuned '' performances by Hammer and Chalamet , while described Stuhlbarg 's character as `` the most forward - thinking parent in movie history . '' Richard Lawson feels that Guadagnino 's adaptation `` was made with real love , with good intentions , with a clarity of heart and purposeful , unpretentious intellect '' and hailed it as a `` modern gay classic '' in his Vanity Fair review . Time Out 's Joshua Rothkopf called it `` a triumphant , heartbreaking tale of coming out , '' and compared it positively with Brokeback Mountain , Carol and Moonlight . The Economist noted the tension `` between pain and pleasure '' in the film , and praised Chalamet who `` evokes so many shades of humanity , portraying a path of youthful self - discovery that is more raw , unhinged , and ultimately honest than many actors could manage . '' Olly Richards of Empire called it the `` full - hearted romantic masterpiece '' . He commended the `` elegant and full of small surprises '' screenplay penned by Ivory , and also for Chalamet 's performance , writing that `` In a film in which every performance is terrific , Chalamet makes the rest look like they 're acting . He alone would make the film worth watching , but he 's just one of countless reasons . '' Donald Clarke of The Irish Times felt that the film benefited from Ivory 's `` subtle '' script and the `` exotic urgency '' from Guadagino 's vision . Kate Taylor of Globe and Mail gave the film two and a half stars , praised the `` exquisite '' romantic tension and Chalamet 's effort to capture `` first love and its inevitable heartbreak '' , but feels that the `` multilingual , almost - pre-AIDS idyll does not stretch credulity . '' Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by Call Me by Your Name ( film ) Call Me by Your Name was selected by the National Board of Review and the American Film Institute as one of the top 10 films of the year . It received eight nominations at Critics ' Choice Awards , including Best Director , Best Actor , Best Supporting Actor , Best Adapted Screenplay , and Best Cinematography . It led the Independent Spirit Awards with most nomination , garnering six , among them Best Feature , Best Director , Best Male Lead , Best Supporting Male , Best Cinematography , and Best Editing . At the 75th Golden Globe Awards , it was nominated for Best Motion Picture -- Drama , Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama for Chalamet , and Best Supporting Actor for Hammer . Call Me by Your Name won the Grand Prize at the Chéries - Chéris Festival . Lisbon & Estoril Film Festival awarded the film NOS Audience Award , and Chalamet received Best Actor award at New York Film Critics Circle . Gotham Independent Film Awards and Hollywood Film Awards both awarded Chalamet , with their Breakout Actor Awards . Potential sequel ( edit ) Guadagnino has deliberated over the idea of a sequel since the film 's premiere at Sundance , when he realized the characters `` could go beyond the boundaries of the film . '' During the 2017 BFI London Film Festival , he stated that he hoped to make a sequel to the film in 2020 , suggesting it might be in the style of Richard Linklater 's Before trilogy , whilst telling the story of Oliver and Elio as they aged . `` If I paired the age of Elio in the film with the age of Timothée , in three years ' time , Timothée will be 25 , as would Elio by the time the second story was set , '' he said . In the novel , Elio and Oliver reunited 15 years later , when Oliver is married . Guadagnino said that Elio probably would n't be gay in the potential sequel : `` I do n't think Elio is necessarily going to become a gay man . He has n't found his place yet . I can tell you that I believe that he would start an intense relationship with Marzia again . '' Guadagnino is also interested in the politics of the 1990s , saying `` it would be the beginning of the Berlusconi era in Italy and it would mean dealing with the war of Iraq '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Call Me by Your Name ( 2017 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Berlin Film Festival 2017 Program by Memento Films '' ( PDF ) . Memento Films International . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on December 8 , 2017 . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abramovitch , Seth ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` Armie Hammer on His Steamy New Movie , a Charmed Upbringing and Oscar 's ' Double Standards ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Call Me by Your Name ( 2017 ) '' . The Numbers . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hicklin , Aaron ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` The Art of Seduction : Armie Hammer & the Hottest Movie of the Season '' . Out . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McKittrick , Christopher ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` James Ivory on Screenwriting '' . Creative Screenwriting . CS Publications . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Vivarelli , Nick ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` James Ivory on ' Call Me by Your Name ' and Why American Male Actors Wo n't Do Nude Scenes ( Exclusive ) '' . Variety . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gray , Tim ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Call Me by Your Name ' : A Global Effort to Create a Simple , Well - Told Tale '' . Variety . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sharf , Jack ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Call Me By Your Name ' Screenwriter is Disappointed There 's No Male Full Frontal Nudity '' . IndieWire . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Blessing , Joe ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Call Me By Your Name ' : Luca Guadagnino Discusses Avoiding Cliches , Costumes & Narration ( NYFF ) '' . The Playlist . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Vivarelli , Nick ( February 13 , 2017 ) . `` Berlinale : Luca Guadagnino on Why ' Call Me by Your Name ' Strikes Such Deep Chords '' . Variety . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Brady , Tara ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Why do people want to see other people 's penises ? ' '' . The Irish Times . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gilligan , Meghan ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` Luca Guadagnino Discusses ' Call Me By Your Name ' at the 55th New York Film Festival '' . Screenprism . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Meza , Ed ( February 13 , 2016 ) . `` Berlinale : ' Call Me by Your Name ' Was a ' Universal Effort ' '' . Variety . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson , Anne ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Call Me by Your Name ' Could Land ( at Least ) Seven Oscar Nominations : Here 's Why '' . IndieWire . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Marco , Camillo de ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` Call Me by Your Name by Luca Guadagnino at Sundance '' . Cineuropa . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2017 . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` AFM 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Memento Films International . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Patrick ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` Sundance : Critics fall for Armie Hammer gay romance ' Call Me By Your Name ' '' . USA Today . Park City , Utah : Gannett Company . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Olivier , Martine ( October 15 , 2017 ) . `` Luca Guadagnino Talks ' Call Me By Your Name ' And ' Suspiria ' '' . The Playlist . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mongrel Presents : Call Me by Your Name '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Toronto , Ontario : Mongrel Media . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on October 28 , 2017 . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kellaway , Kate ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` Call Me By Your Name 's Oscar - tipped double act on their summer of love '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Encinias , Joshua ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Call Me by Your Name ' Team on Romance , Sufjan Stevens , Maurice Pialat , and Sequel Potential '' . The Film Stage . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ashley Lee ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` Why Luca Guadagnino Did n't Include Gay Actors or Explicit Sex Scenes in ' Call Me by Your Name ' ( Q&A ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Call Me by Your Name ' Author Opens Up About the Film Adaptation '' . Graduate Center . City University of New York . November 10 , 2017 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Garrett , Stephen ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` Director Luca Guadagnino on Why ' Call Me by Your Name ' Is Making Everyone Cry '' . New York Observer . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Buchanan , Kyle ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Call Me by Your Name Director Luca Guadagnino on Armie Hammer , Sequels , and Screen Intimacy '' . Vulture . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Setoodeh , Ramin ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Timothee Chalamet on His Racy Sex Scene in ' Call Me By Your Name ' '' . Variety . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Mike ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Armie Hammer 's Call Me By Your Name Director Breaks Down the Film 's Intimate Peach Scene '' . People . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Munzenrieder , Kyle ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` Armie Hammer 's Call Me By Your Name Dance Scene Has Been Meme 'd '' . W. Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ellwood , Gregory ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` Coming - of - Age Dramas Make Mad Dash for Awards Season Glory '' . Variety . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hass , Nancy ( September 11 , 2015 ) . `` James Ivory 's Home Befits His Extraordinary Life '' . The New York Times Style Magazine ( T ) ( published September 13 , 2015 ) . p . M2191 . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Teodorczuk , Tom ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` James Ivory on ' Howards End ' , Not Being Able to Work with Shia LaBeouf and Tom Hiddleston '' . Heat Street . Dow Jones & Company . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2017 . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hirschberg , Lynn ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` Armie Hammer and Timothée Chalamet on Call Me By Your Name , the Year 's Most Sensual Love Story '' . W. Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vlessing , Etan ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` Toronto : Armie Hammer Says He Almost Turned Down Gay Romance Role '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gilbey , Ryan ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` Armie Hammer on gay romance Call Me By Your Name : ' There were fetishes I did n't understand ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McConaughey , Matthew ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` Timothee Chalamet '' . Interview . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Berlinale : Archive : Annual Archives : 2017 : Programme -- Call Me by Your Name '' . Berlin International Film Festival . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2017 . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Utichi , Joe ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` Michael Stuhlbarg Plays The Parent Everyone Wishes They Had In ' Call Me By Your Name ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` What This Year 's Awards Contenders Can Teach About Parenthood '' . The Hollywood Reporter . November 15 , 2017 . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` Oscars : Best Picture Contenders on Staging Car Chases and How to Pivot When Plans Go Awry '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : O'Falt , Chris ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Call Me by Your Name ' Looks So Incredible You 'd Never Guess It Was Shot During a Historic Rainstorm '' . IndieWire . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Maleszka , Jamie ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` Interview : Luca Guadagnino Talks ' A Bigger Splash , ' Stanley Kubrick , Leaving Room For The Audience , And More '' . The Playlist . p. 2 . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ellwood , Gregory ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Call Me By Your Name ' Steals TIFF 2017 Opening Night Buzz '' . The Playlist . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jagernauth , Kevin ( December 5 , 2016 ) . `` Sundance First Look : Jason Segel In ' The Discovery ' & Armie Hammer In Luca Guadagnino 's ' Call Me By Your Name ' '' . The Playlist . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jagernauth , Kevin ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` Luca Guadagnino Now Filming ' Call Me By Your Name ' Starring Michael Stuhlbarg & Armie Hammer '' . The Playlist . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Raup , Jordan ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` Michael Stuhlbarg , Armie Hammer & More Leading Luca Guadagnino 's ' Call Me By Your Name ' '' . The Film Stage . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve `` Frosty '' ( September 18 , 2017 ) . `` Director Luca Guadagnino Reveals His First Cut of ' Call Me by Your Name ' Was 4 Hours Long '' . Collider . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Casting per un ' ciak ' in città a Crema a marzo '' ( Casting for a ' ciak ' in town in Crema in March ) . La Provincia di Cremona ( in Italian ) . Crema : Soc . Editoriale Cremonese S.P.A. February 24 , 2016 . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Film di Guadagnino : Nuovo casting giovedì 7 aprile a Crema '' ( Guadagnino 's movie : New casting Thursday , April 7 in Crema ) . La Provincia di Cremona ( in Italian ) . Soc . Editoriale Cremonese S.P.A . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Set cinematografico , centro chiuso due giorni '' ( Cinematography set , the center closed for two days ) . La Provincia di Cremona ( in Italian ) . Pandino : Soc . Editoriale Cremonese S.P.A ( published May 11 , 2016 ) . May 10 , 2016 . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tozzi , Silvia ( May 12 , 2016 ) . `` Call me by your name , Guadagnino gira anche a Pandino . Le reazioni '' ( Call Me by Your Name , Guadagnino also turns to Pandino . The reactions ) . Crema Online ( in Italian ) . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Crema , ciak si gira '' ( Crema , ciak turns ) . La Provincia di Cremona ( in Italian ) . Pandino : Soc . Editoriale Cremonese S.P.A ( published June 1 , 2016 ) . May 31 , 2016 . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Riprese a Villa Albergoni , ancora ciak ma ' niente compensi ' '' ( He resumed at Palazzo Albergoni , still silent but ' no compensation ' ) . La Provincia di Cremona ( in Italian ) . Moscazzano : Soc . Editoriale Cremonese S.P.A ( published December 8 , 2016 ) . December 7 , 2016 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Film di Guadagnino , saldati i conti '' ( Guadagnino 's film , sold out ) . La Provincia di Cremona ( in Italian ) . Crema : Soc . Editoriale Cremonese S.P.A ( published January 20 , 2017 ) . January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` La pioggia ferma il set cinematografico '' ( The rain stops the movie set ) . La Provincia di Cremona ( in Italian ) . Crema : Soc . Editoriale Cremonese S.P.A ( published May 28 , 2016 ) . May 27 , 2016 . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Piazza Duomo diventa un set , i commercianti vogliono un indennizzo '' ( Piazza Duomo becomes a set , traders want a compensation ) . La Provincia di Cremona ( in Italian ) . Crema : Soc . Editoriale Cremonese S.P.A ( published May 8 , 2016 ) . May 7 , 2016 . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Crema set cinematografico : ' Ma ci costa 18mila euro ' '' ( Movie Set in Crema : ' But it costs us 18,000 euros ' ) . La Provincia di Cremona ( in Italian ) . Crema : Soc . Editoriale Cremonese S.P.A. May 29 , 2016 . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Il lancio è negli Usa e Crema resta in attesa della ' prima ' '' ( The launch is in the US and Crema is waiting for the ' first ' ) . La Provincia di Cremona ( in Italian ) . Crema : Soc . Editoriale Cremonese S.P.A ( published October 23 , 2016 ) . January 23 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kohn , Eric ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` Armie Hammer on Getting Naked in ' Call Me By Your Name , ' Playing Hunks , and His James Woods Feud '' . IndieWire . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Desowitz , Bill ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Call Me by Your Name ' : Editing Was Crucial to the Year 's Best Love Story '' . IndieWire . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Utichi , Joe ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` Sufjan Stevens Nearly Played The Narrator In Luca Guadagnino 's ' Call Me By Your Name ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wrigley , Tish ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` A Closer Look at the Sets of New Film Call Me By Your Name '' . Another . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Laffly , Tomris ( November 23 , 2017 ) . `` Luca Guadagnino Relied on a Pair of Longtime Friends for ' Call Me by Your Name ' Decor , Costumes '' . Variety . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eisinger , Dale ( January 8 , 2017 ) . `` Sufjan Stevens Soundtracks Upcoming Film Call Me By Your Name '' . Spin . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Raup , Jordan ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` Listen : Full Soundtrack for ' Call Me by Your Name ' Featuring New Songs by Sufjan Stevens '' . The Film Stage . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gaca , Anna ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Hear a New Sufjan Stevens Song in the Trailer for Sundance Favorite Call Me By Your Name '' . Spin . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Call Me by Your Name Original Motion Picture Soundtrack - CD Available November 17 '' ( Press release ) . Sony Classical . PR Newswire . November 6 , 2017 . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Call Me By Your Name ' Soundtrack Details '' . Film Music Reporter . October 20 , 2017 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jagernauth , Kevin ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Call Me By Your Name ' Soundtrack Features Sufjan Stevens , The Psychedelic Furs , More '' . The Playlist . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Call Me By Your Name ' ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . Amazon . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2017 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nordine , Michael ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Call Me by Your Name ' Soundtrack : Sufjan Stevens , the Psychedelic Furs , and More Lend Their Musical Stylings -- Listen '' . IndieWire . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harris , Hunter ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` If You 've Got 10 Minutes to Privately Ugly Cry , Call Me by Your Name 's Sufjan Stevens Songs Are Now Available '' . Vulture . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( December 5 , 2016 ) . `` Sundance 2017 : Robert Redford , New Rashida Jones Netflix Series , ' Rebel In The Rye ' & More On Premiere , Docu , Midnight & Kids Slates '' . Deadline . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Debruge , Peter ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Sundance Film Review : ' Call Me by Your Name ' '' . Variety . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Reviewed at Sundance Film Festival ( Premieres ) , Jan. 22 , 2017 Jump up ^ Seetodeh , Ramin ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` Sundance : Gay Love Story ' Call Me By Your Name ' Sells to Sony Pictures Classics ( Exclusive ) '' . Variety . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` Sundance : Sony Classics Takes Gay Love Story ' Call Me by Your Name ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hammond , Pete ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Opening - Night Premieres ' Borg / McEnroe ' And ' Call Me By Your Name ' Are A Love Match As Toronto Gets Underway '' . Deadline . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Call Me by Your Name '' . New York Film Festival . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Call Me by Your Name ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Kyle ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Watch the Call Me by Your Name Trailer '' . Vulture . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nolfi , Joey ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Armie Hammer , Timothée Chalamet spark passion in stunning Call Me by Your Name trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McAdams , Eric ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` Watch Armie Hammer Dance in New Clip From ' Call Me By Your Name ' '' . Paste . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lang , Cady ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` Be Soothed By the Armie Hammer Viral Dance Bringing Delight to the Masses '' . Time . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shraf , Zack ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` Armie Hammer Will Dance to Any Song in the ' Call Me By Your Name ' Meme of Our Dreams -- Watch '' . IndieWire . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mikel , Ryan ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` Sony Pictures Straight Washes Call Me By Your Name '' . Out . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Megarry , Daniel ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` Sony slammed for ' straight - washing ' gay romance Call Me By Your Name '' . Gay Times . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , Benjamin ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` Call me by the wrong name : how studios are still trying to straight - wash gay films '' . The Guardian . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Chris ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` James Woods Responds to Armie Hammer , Amber Tamblyn Following Twitter Dustup '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Santiago , Amanda Luz Henning ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` James Woods is embroiled in a Twitter brawl over his criticism of Armie Hammer 's new film , and his habit of dating younger women '' . Business Insider . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Brian ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Darkest Hour ' , ' Call Me By Your Name ' , ' Man Who Invented Christmas ' Usher Holiday -- Specialty B.O. Preview '' . Deadline . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 26 , 2017 ) . `` Thanksgiving B.O. At $268 M , + 3 % Over 2016 Spurred By ' Coco ' & Holdovers '' . Deadline . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( November 26 , 2017 ) . `` Thanksgiving Box Office : ' Coco ' Gobbles Up ' Justice League ' With $71.2 M '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Brian ( November 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Call Me By Your Name ' Scores Year 's Best Average Opener At $101 K ; ' Darkest Hour ' Has Robust Start -- Specialty Box Office '' . Deadline . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brueggemann , Tom ( November 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Call Me by Your Name ' Is Best Opener of 2017 ; ' Darkest Hour ' Launches Well '' . IndieWire . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( December 3 , 2017 ) . `` Weekend Box Office : ' Coco ' Stays No. 1 With $26.1 M ; ' The Disaster Artist ' Impresses '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brueggemann , Tom ( December 3 , 2017 ) . `` Record Opener ' Disaster Artist ' and ' The Shape of Water ' Lead Specialty Box Office Surge '' . IndieWire . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hayes , Dade ( December 3 , 2017 ) . `` Guillermo del Toro 's ' The Shape of Water ' Bows with 4th Best PTA of 2017 ; ' The Disaster Artist ' Sizzles : Specialty Box Office '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Coyle , Jack ( December 3 , 2017 ) . `` Coco Tops Box Office for 2nd Week with $26.1 M '' . Time . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Brian ( December 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' I , Tonya ' Blades To Robust Bow ; ' The Shape Of Water ' & ' Call Me By Your Name ' Expand Solidly -- Specialty Box Office '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Brian ( December 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' I , Tonya ' Ices Robust Weekend ; ' Disaster Artist ' , ' Shape of Water ' & ' Call Me By Your Name ' Expand -- Specialty Box Office '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sandwell , Ian ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` UK box office : ' Thor : Ragnarok ' scores biggest non-Bond October debut '' . Screendaily . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gant , Charles ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` Thor : Ragnarok hammers the opposition at the UK box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sandwell , Ian ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` UK box office : ' Murder On The Orient Express ' derails ' Thor : Ragnarok ' '' . Screendaily . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sandwell , Ian ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` UK box office : ' Paddington 2 ' scores record - breaking bow '' . Screendaily . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gant , Charles ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` Paddington 2 makes marmalade of the UK box office competition '' . The Guardian . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Kyle ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Why Sundance Fell in Love With the Gay Romance Call Me by Your Name '' . Vulture . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marotta , Jenna ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Call Me by Your Name ' : Timothée Chalamet is Learning How to Be a Man , Onscreen and Off '' . IndieWire . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Call Me by Your Name ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Call Me By Your Name ( 2017 ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoeij , Boyd van ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Call Me by Your Name ' : Film Review Sundance 2017 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Debruge , Peter ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Sundance Film Review : ' Call Me by Your Name ' '' . Variety . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ehrlich , David ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Call Me By Your Name ' Review : Luca Guadagnino Delivers A Queer Masterpiece -- Sundance 2017 '' . IndieWire . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Adams , Sam ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` Film review : Call Me By Your Name will make you swoon '' . BBC . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mac , Sam C. ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Call Me by Your Name '' . Slant . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morgan , David ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Review : Armie Hammer in the coming - of - age film `` Call Me By Your Name '' `` . CBS . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lawson , Richard ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` The Gorgeous Call Me by Your Name Makes Sundance Swoon '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rothkopf , Joshua ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` Call Me By Your Name '' . Time Out . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ N.E.G. ( 8 September 2017 ) . `` '' Call Me By Your Name '' is a work of beauty `` . The Economist . Retrieved 12 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Richards , Olly ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Call Me By Your Name ' Review '' . Empire . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Donald ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Call Me By Your Name review : sun - dappled romance both delicious and sad '' . The Irish Times . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Kate ( September 9 , 2017 ) . `` The Globe 's Guide to TIFF 2017 Movies '' . Globe and Mail . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Film Institute Announces AFI Awards 2017 Official Selections '' ( Press release ) . Los Angeles , CA : American Film Institute . December 7 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` National Board Of Review Announces 2017 Award Winners '' ( Press release ) . New York , NY : National Board of Review . November 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2017 . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Shape Of Water ' And ' Feud : Bette And Joan ' Lead Nominations For The 23rd Annual Critics ' Choice Awards '' . Los Angeles , CA : Broadcast Film Critics Association / Broadcast Television Journalists Association . December 6 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 33rd Film Independent Spirits Nominations Announced '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Los Angeles : Independent Spirit Awards . November 21 , 2017 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on November 7 , 2017 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Globe Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Palmarès Chéries - Chéris 2017 '' ( Chéries - Chéris 2017 Prize List ) ( in French ) . Chéries - Chéris . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2017 . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Award - Winners of the LEFFEST'17 '' . Lisbon & Estoril Film Festival . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2017 . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Awards '' . New York Film Critics Circle . November 30 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` Call Me By Your Name takes top prize at 2017 Gotham Awards '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Honorees '' . Hollywood Film Awards . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2017 . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harris , Hunter ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` Luca Guadagnino Is Planning Call Me by Your Name Sequels , Before Sunrise Style '' . Vulture . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Desta , Yohana ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` Call Me By Your Name 's Director Would Like to Do a Sequel , Please '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shraf , Zack ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` Luca Guadagnino Planning ' Call Me By Your Name ' Sequel For 2020 '' . IndieWire . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . 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when does the movie call me by your name come out

Call Me by Your Name is a 2017 romantic coming - of - age drama film directed by Luca Guadagnino and written by James Ivory , based on the 2007 novel of the same name by André Aciman . It is the third and final installment in Guadagnino 's Desire trilogy , following I Am Love ( 2009 ) and A Bigger Splash ( 2015 ) . Set in Northern Italy in 1983 , Call Me by Your Name chronicles the romantic relationship between Elio Perlman ( Timothée Chalamet ) , a 17 - year - old living in Italy , and his father 's American assistant , Oliver ( Armie Hammer ) . The film also stars Michael Stuhlbarg , Amira Casar , Esther Garrel , and Victoire Du Bois .

Winter Olympic Games - wikipedia Winter Olympic Games Jump to : navigation , search For a list of Winter Olympic Games , see the list below . `` Winter Olympics '' redirects here . For the TV episode of the The Goodies , see Winter Olympics ( The Goodies ) . For the video game , see Winter Olympics ( video game ) . Olympic Games Main topics Bids Boycotts Ceremonies Charter Host cities IFs IOC Medal Medal tables Medalists NOCs Pierre de Coubertin medal Scandals and controversies Sports Symbols Torch relays Venues Games Summer Winter Summer Paralympic Winter Paralympic Deaflympics Youth Special American Asian Pacific African European EYOF Ancient Intercalated Winter Olympic Games The Olympic flame in PyeongChang during the 2018 Winter Olympics Games 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 2022 2026 Sports ( details ) Alpine skiing Biathlon Bobsleigh Cross ‐ country skiing Curling Figure skating Freestyle skiing Ice hockey Luge Nordic combined Short track speed skating Skeleton Ski jumping Snowboarding Speed skating The Winter Olympic Games ( French : Jeux olympiques d'hiver ) is a major international sporting event held once every four years for sports practised on snow and ice . The first Winter Olympics , the 1924 Winter Olympics , were held in Chamonix , France . The modern Olympic games were inspired by the ancient Olympic Games , which were held in Olympia , Greece , from the 8th century BC to the 4th century AD . Baron Pierre de Coubertin founded the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) in 1894 , leading to the first modern Summer Games in Athens , Greece in 1896 . The IOC is the governing body of the Olympic Movement , with the Olympic Charter defining its structure and authority . The original five Winter Olympics sports ( broken into nine disciplines ) were bobsleigh , curling , ice hockey , Nordic skiing ( consisting of the disciplines military patrol , cross-country skiing , Nordic combined , and ski jumping ) , and skating ( consisting of the disciplines figure skating and speed skating ) . The Games were held every four years from 1924 to 1936 , interrupted in 1940 and 1944 by World War II , and resumed in 1948 . Until 1992 the Winter and Summer Olympic Games were held in the same years , but in accordance with a 1986 decision by the IOC to place the Summer and Winter Games on separate four - year cycles in alternating even - numbered years , the next Winter Olympics after 1992 was in 1994 . The Winter Games have evolved since their inception . Sports and disciplines have been added and some of them , such as Alpine skiing , luge , short track speed skating , freestyle skiing , skeleton , and snowboarding , have earned a permanent spot on the Olympic programme . Some others , including curling and bobsleigh , have been discontinued and later reintroduced ; others have been permanently discontinued , such as military patrol , though the modern Winter Olympic sport of biathlon is descended from it . Still others , such as speed skiing , bandy and skijoring , were demonstration sports but never incorporated as Olympic sports . The rise of television as a global medium for communication enhanced the profile of the Games . It generated income via the sale of broadcast rights and advertising , which has become lucrative for the IOC . This allowed outside interests , such as television companies and corporate sponsors , to exert influence . The IOC has had to address numerous criticisms over the decades like internal scandals , the use of performance - enhancing drugs by Winter Olympians , as well as a political boycott of the Winter Olympics . Nations have used the Winter ( as well as Summer ) Games to proclaim the superiority of their political systems . The Winter Olympics has been hosted on three continents by twelve different countries . The Games have been held four times in the United States ( in 1932 , 1960 , 1980 and 2002 ) ; three times in France ( in 1924 , 1968 and 1992 ) ; and twice each in Austria ( 1964 , 1976 ) , Canada ( 1988 , 2010 ) , Japan ( 1972 , 1998 ) , Italy ( 1956 , 2006 ) , Norway ( 1952 , 1994 ) , and Switzerland ( 1928 , 1948 ) . Also , the Games have been held just once each in Germany ( 1936 ) , Yugoslavia ( 1984 ) , Russia ( 2014 ) and South Korea ( 2018 ) . The IOC has selected Beijing , China , to host the 2022 Winter Olympics and the host of the 2026 Winter Olympics will be selected in September 2019 . As of 2018 , no city in the southern hemisphere has applied to host the cold - weather - dependent Winter Olympics , which are held in February at the height of the southern hemisphere summer . To date , twelve countries have participated in every Winter Olympic Games -- Austria , Canada , Finland , France , Great Britain , Hungary , Italy , Norway , Poland , Sweden , Switzerland and the United States . Six of those countries have earned medals at every Winter Olympic Games -- Austria , Canada , Finland , Norway , Sweden and the United States . The only country to have earned a gold medal at every Winter Olympics is the United States . Norway leads the all - time medal table for the Winter Olympics both on number of gold and overall medals , followed by the United States and Germany . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 20th century 1.1. 1 1900 to 1912 1.1. 2 World War I 1.1. 3 1920 to 1936 1.1. 4 World War II 1.1. 5 1948 to 1960 1.1. 6 1964 to 1980 1.1. 7 1984 to 1998 1.2 21st century 1.2. 1 2002 to 2010 1.2. 2 2014 to 2018 1.2. 3 Future 2 Controversy 2.1 Host city legacy 2.2 Doping 3 Politics 3.1 Cold War 3.2 Boycott 4 Sports 4.1 Current sports 4.2 Demonstration events 5 Ten most successful nations 6 List of Winter Olympic Games 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links History 20th century 1900 to 1912 Ulrich Salchow at the 1908 Olympics . A predecessor , the Nordic Games , were organised by General Viktor Gustaf Balck in Stockholm , Sweden in 1901 and were held again in 1903 and 1905 and then every fourth year thereafter until 1926 . Balck was a charter member of the IOC and a close friend of Olympic Games founder Pierre de Coubertin . He attempted to have winter sports , specifically figure skating , added to the Olympic programme but was unsuccessful until the 1908 Summer Olympics in London , United Kingdom . Four figure skating events were contested , at which Ulrich Salchow ( 10 - time world champion ) and Madge Syers won the individual titles . Three years later , Italian count Eugenio Brunetta d'Usseaux proposed that the IOC stage a week of winter sports included as part of the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm , Sweden . The organisers opposed this idea because they desired to protect the integrity of the Nordic Games and were concerned about a lack of facilities for winter sports . World War I The idea was resurrected for the 1916 Games , which were to be held in Berlin , Germany . A winter sports week with speed skating , figure skating , ice hockey and Nordic skiing was planned , but the 1916 Olympics was cancelled after the outbreak of World War I . 1920 to 1936 The first Olympics after the war , the 1920 Summer Olympics , were held in Antwerp , Belgium , and featured figure skating and an ice hockey tournament . Germany , Austria , Hungary , Bulgaria and Turkey were banned from competing in the Games . At the IOC Congress held the following year it was decided that the host nation of the 1924 Summer Olympics , France , would host a separate `` International Winter Sports Week '' under the patronage of the IOC . Chamonix was chosen to host this `` week '' ( actually 11 days ) of events . The Games proved to be a success when more than 250 athletes from 16 nations competed in 16 events . Athletes from Finland and Norway won 28 medals , more than the rest of the participating nations combined . Germany remained banned until 1925 , and instead hosted a series of games called Deutsche Kampfspiele , starting with the winter edition of 1922 ( which predated the first Winter Olympics ) . In 1925 the IOC decided to create a separate winter event and the 1924 Games in Chamonix was retroactively designated as the first Winter Olympics . St. Moritz , Switzerland , was appointed by the IOC to host the second Winter Games in 1928 . Fluctuating weather conditions challenged the hosts . The opening ceremony was held in a blizzard while warm weather conditions plagued sporting events throughout the rest of the Games . Because of the weather the 10,000 metre speed - skating event had to be abandoned and officially cancelled . The weather was not the only noteworthy aspect of the 1928 Games : Sonja Henie of Norway made history when she won the figure skating competition at the age of 15 . She became the youngest Olympic champion in history , a distinction she held for 70 years . The next Winter Olympics held in Lake Placid , New York , was the first to be hosted outside of Europe . Seventeen nations and 252 athletes participated . This was less than in 1928 , as the journey to Lake Placid , United States , was long and expensive for most competitors , who had little money in the midst of the Great Depression . The athletes competed in fourteen events in four sports . Virtually no snow fell for two months before the Games , and there was not enough snow to hold all the events until mid-January . Sonja Henie defended her Olympic title , and Eddie Eagan of the United States , who had been an Olympic champion in boxing in 1920 , won the gold medal in the men 's bobsleigh event to become the first , and so far only , Olympian to have won gold medals in both the Summer and Winter Olympics . The German towns of Garmisch and Partenkirchen joined to organise the 1936 edition of the Winter Games , held on 6 -- 16 February . This was the last time the Summer and Winter Olympics were held in the same country in the same year . Alpine skiing made its Olympic debut , but skiing teachers were barred from entering because they were considered to be professionals . Because of this decision the Swiss and Austrian skiers refused to compete at the Games . World War II World War II interrupted the holding of the Winter Olympics . The 1940 Games had been awarded to Sapporo , Japan , but the decision was rescinded in 1938 because of the Japanese invasion of China . The Games were then to be held at Garmisch - Partenkirchen , Germany , but the 1940 Games were cancelled following the German invasion of Poland in 1939 . Due to the ongoing war , the 1944 Games , originally scheduled for Cortina D'Ampezzo , Italy , were cancelled . 1948 to 1960 The opening ceremonies of the 1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo St. Moritz was selected to host the first post-war Games in 1948 . Switzerland 's neutrality had protected the town during World War II , and most of the venues were in place from the 1928 Games , which made St. Moritz a logical choice . It became the first city to host a Winter Olympics twice . Twenty - eight countries competed in Switzerland , but athletes from Germany and Japan were not invited . Controversy erupted when two hockey teams from the United States arrived , both claiming to be the legitimate U.S. Olympic hockey representative . The Olympic flag presented at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp was stolen , as was its replacement . There was unprecedented parity at these Games , during which 10 countries won gold medals -- more than any Games to that point . The Olympic Flame for the 1952 Games in Oslo , was lit in the fireplace by skiing pioneer Sondre Nordheim , and the torch relay was conducted by 94 participants entirely on skis . Bandy , a popular sport in the Nordic countries , was featured as a demonstration sport , though only Norway , Sweden , and Finland fielded teams . Norwegian athletes won 17 medals , which outpaced all the other nations . They were led by Hjalmar Andersen who won three gold medals in four events in the speed skating competition . After not being able to host the Games in 1944 , Cortina d'Ampezzo was selected to organise the 1956 Winter Olympics . At the opening ceremonies the final torch bearer , Guido Caroli , entered the Olympic Stadium on ice skates . As he skated around the stadium his skate caught on a cable and he fell , nearly extinguishing the flame . He was able to recover and light the cauldron . These were the first Winter Games to be televised , and the first Olympics ever broadcast to an international audience , though no television rights were sold until the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome . The Cortina Games were used to test the feasibility of televising large sporting events . The Soviet Union made its Olympic debut and had an immediate impact , winning more medals than any other nation . Soviet immediate success might be explained by the advent of the state - sponsored `` full - time amateur athlete '' . The USSR entered teams of athletes who were all nominally students , soldiers , or working in a profession , but many of whom were in reality paid by the state to train full - time . Chiharu Igaya won the first Winter Olympics medal for Japan and the continent of Asia when he placed second in the slalom . The IOC awarded the 1960 Olympics to Squaw Valley , United States . It was an undeveloped resort in 1955 , so from 1956 to 1960 the infrastructure and all of the venues were built at a cost of US $80,000,000 . The opening and closing ceremonies were produced by Walt Disney . The Squaw Valley Olympics was the first Winter Games to have a dedicated athletes ' village , the first to use a computer ( courtesy of IBM ) to tabulate results , and the first to feature female speed skating events . The bobsleigh events were absent for the only time due to the cost of building a bobsleigh run . 1964 to 1980 The Herb Brooks Arena in Lake Placid ( c. 2007 ) , site of the `` Miracle on Ice '' in 1980 The Austrian city of Innsbruck was the host in 1964 . Although Innsbruck was a traditional winter sports resort , warm weather caused a lack of snow during the Games and the Austrian army was enlisted to transport snow and ice to the sports venues . Soviet speed - skater Lidia Skoblikova made history by winning all four speed skating events . Her career total of six gold medals set a record for Winter Olympics athletes . Luge was first contested in 1964 , but the sport received bad publicity when a competitor was killed in a pre-Olympic training run . Held in the French town of Grenoble , the 1968 Winter Olympics were the first Olympic Games to be broadcast in colour . There were 1,158 athletes from 37 nations competing in 35 events . French alpine ski racer Jean - Claude Killy became only the second person to win all the men 's alpine skiing events . The organising committee sold television rights for US $2 million , which was more than twice the cost of the broadcast rights for the Innsbruck Games . Venues were spread over long distances requiring three athletes ' villages . The organisers claimed that this was necessary to accommodate technological advances , however critics disputed this , alleging that the layout would incorporate the best possible venues for television broadcasts at the athletes ' expense . The 1972 Winter Games , held in Sapporo , Japan , were the first to be hosted on a continent other than North America or Europe . The issue of professionalism was disputed during these Games when a number of alpine skiers were found to have participated in a ski camp at Mammoth Mountain in the United States ; three days before the opening ceremony , IOC president Avery Brundage threatened to bar the skiers from competing in the Games as he insisted that they were no longer amateurs having benefited financially from their status as athletes . Eventually only Austrian Karl Schranz , who earned more than the other skiers , was excluded from the competition . Canada did not send teams to the 1972 or 1976 ice hockey tournaments in protest at not being able to use players from professional leagues . Francisco Fernández Ochoa became the first ( and , as of 2018 , only ) Spaniard to win a Winter Olympic gold medal when he triumphed in the slalom . The 1976 Winter Olympics had initially been awarded in 1970 to Denver , Colorado in the United States . These Games would have coincided with the year of Colorado 's centennial and the United States Bicentennial . However , in November 1972 the people of Colorado voted against public funding of the Games by a 3 : 2 margin . The IOC responded by offering the Games to Vancouver - Garibaldi , British Columbia , which had previously been an official candidate for the 1976 Games . However , a change in the provincial government resulted in an administration that did not support the Olympic bid , so the IOC 's offer was rejected . Salt Lake City , previously a candidate for the 1972 Winter Olympics , then put itself forward , but the IOC opted instead to invite Innsbruck to host the 1976 Games , as most of the infrastructure from the 1964 Games had been maintained . Despite only having half the usual time to prepare for the Games , Innsbruck accepted the invitation to replace Denver in February 1973 . Two Olympic flames were lit because it was the second time that the Austrian town had hosted the Winter Games . The 1976 Games featured the first combination bobsleigh and luge track , in neighbouring Igls . The Soviet Union won its fourth consecutive ice hockey gold medal . In 1980 the Winter Olympics returned to Lake Placid , which had hosted the 1932 Games . The first boycott of a Winter Olympics took place at these Games , when Taiwan refused to participate after an edict by the IOC mandated that they change their name and national anthem . This was an attempt by the IOC to accommodate China , who wished to compete using the same name and anthem as those used by Taiwan . As a result , China participated for the first time since 1952 . American speed - skater Eric Heiden set either an Olympic or World record in every one of the five events in which he competed , winning a total of five individual gold medals and breaking the record for most individual golds in a single Olympics ( both Summer and Winter ) . Hanni Wenzel won both the slalom and giant slalom and her country , Liechtenstein , became the smallest nation to produce an Olympic gold medallist . In the `` Miracle on Ice '' , the American hockey team composed of college players beat the favoured seasoned professionals from the Soviet Union , and progressed to eventually win the gold medal . 1984 to 1998 Alberto Tomba , winner of five Olympic medals in Calgary , Albertville and Lillehammer Sapporo , Japan , and Gothenburg , Sweden , were front - runners to host the 1984 Winter Olympics . It was therefore a surprise when Sarajevo , Yugoslavia , was selected as host . The Games were well - organised and not affected by the run - up to the war that engulfed the country eight years later . A total of 49 nations and 1,272 athletes participated in 39 events . Host nation Yugoslavia won its first Olympic medal when alpine skier Jure Franko won silver in the giant slalom . Another sporting highlight was the free dance performance of British ice dancers Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean ; their Boléro routine received unanimous perfect scores for artistic impression , earning them the gold medal . The Olympic Torch from the 1988 Winter Olympic Games in Calgary In 1988 , the Canadian city of Calgary hosted the first Winter Olympics to span three weekends , lasting for a total of 16 days . New events were added in ski - jumping and speed skating , while future Olympic sports curling , short track speed skating and freestyle skiing made their debut appearance as demonstration sports . The speed skating events were held indoors for the first time , on the Olympic Oval . Dutch skater Yvonne van Gennip won three gold medals and set two world records , beating skaters from the favoured East German team in every race . Her medal total was equalled by Finnish ski jumper Matti Nykänen , who won all three events in his sport . Alberto Tomba , an Italian skier , made his Olympic debut by winning both the giant slalom and slalom . East German Christa Rothenburger won the women 's 1,000 metre speed skating event . Seven months later she would earn a silver in track cycling at the Summer Games in Seoul , to become the only athlete to win medals in both a Summer and Winter Olympics in the same year . The 1992 Winter Games were the last to be held in the same year as the Summer Games . They were hosted in the French Savoie region , with 18 events held in the city of Albertville and the remaining events spread out over the Savoie . Political changes of the time were reflected in the composition of the Olympic teams competing in France : this was the first Games to be held after the fall of Communism and the fall of the Berlin Wall , and Germany competed as a single nation for the first time since the 1964 Games ; former Yugoslavian republics Croatia and Slovenia made their debuts as independent nations ; most of the former Soviet republics still competed as a single team known as the Unified Team , but the Baltic States made independent appearances for the first time since before World War II . At 16 years old , Finnish ski jumper Toni Nieminen made history by becoming the youngest male Winter Olympic champion . New Zealand skier Annelise Coberger became the first Winter Olympic medallist from the southern hemisphere when she won a silver medal in the women 's slalom . The 1994 Winter Olympics , held in Lillehammer , Norway , were the first Winter Games to be held separately from the Summer Games . This change resulted from the decision reached in the 91st IOC Session ( 1986 ) to separate the Summer and Winter Games and place them in alternating even - numbered years . Lillehammer is the northernmost city to ever host the Winter Games and it was the second time the Games were held in Norway , after the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo . After the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1993 , the Czech Republic and Slovakia made their Olympic debuts . The women 's figure skating competition drew media attention when American skater Nancy Kerrigan was injured on 6 January 1994 , in an assault planned by the ex-husband of opponent Tonya Harding . Both skaters competed in the Games , but the gold medal was controversially won by Oksana Baiul who became Ukraine 's first Olympic champion , while Kerrigan won the silver medal . Johann Olav Koss of Norway won three gold medals , coming first in all of the distance speed skating events . 13 - year - old Kim Yoon - Mi became the youngest - ever Olympic gold medallist when South Korea won the women 's 3,000 meter speed skating relay . Russia won the most events , with eleven gold medals , while Norway achieved 26 podium finishes , collecting the most medals overall on home ground . Juan Antonio Samaranch described Lillehammer as `` the best Olympic Winter Games ever '' in his closing ceremony speech . The 1998 Winter Olympics were held in the Japanese city of Nagano and were the first Games to host more than 2,000 athletes . The men 's ice hockey tournament was opened to professionals for the first time . Canada and the United States were favoured to win the tournament as they both fielded numerous NHL players , but surprisingly neither team won any medals and it was the Czech Republic who prevailed . Women 's ice hockey made its debut and the United States won the gold medal . Bjørn Dæhlie of Norway won three gold medals in Nordic skiing , becoming the most decorated Winter Olympic athlete , with eight gold medals and twelve medals overall . Austrian Hermann Maier survived a crash during the downhill competition and returned to win gold in the super-G and the giant slalom . Tara Lipinski of the United States , aged just 15 , became the youngest ever female gold medallist in an individual event when she won the Ladies ' Singles , a record that had stood since Sonja Henie of Norway won the same event , also aged 15 , in St. Moritz in 1928 . New world records were set in speed skating largely due to the introduction of the clap skate . 21st century 2002 to 2010 Olympic flame during the Opening Ceremony of the 2002 Games in Salt Lake City The 2002 Winter Olympics were held in Salt Lake City , United States , hosting 77 nations and 2,399 athletes in 78 events in 7 sports . These Games were the first to take place since the September 11 attacks of 2001 , which meant a higher degree of security to avoid a terrorist attack . The opening ceremony saw signs of the aftermath of the events of that day , including the flag that flew at Ground Zero , NYPD officer Daniel Rodríguez singing `` God Bless America '' , and honour guards of NYPD and FDNY members . German Georg Hackl won a silver in the singles luge , becoming the first athlete in Olympic history to win medals in the same individual event in five consecutive Olympics . Canada achieved an unprecedented double by winning both the men 's and women 's ice hockey gold medals . Canada became embroiled with Russia in a controversy that involved the judging of the pairs figure skating competition . The Russian pair of Yelena Berezhnaya and Anton Sikharulidze competed against the Canadian pair of Jamie Salé and David Pelletier for the gold medal . The Canadians appeared to have skated well enough to win the competition , yet the Russians were awarded the gold . The judging broke along Cold War lines with judges from former Communist countries favouring the Russian pair and judges from Western nations voting for the Canadians . The only exception was the French judge , Marie - Reine Le Gougne , who awarded the gold to the Russians . An investigation revealed that she had been pressured to give the gold to the Russian pair regardless of how they skated ; in return the Russian judge would look favourably on the French entrants in the ice dancing competition . The IOC decided to award both pairs the gold medal in a second medal ceremony held later in the Games . Australian Steven Bradbury became the first gold medallist from the southern hemisphere when he won the 1,000 metre short - track speed skating event . Close - up of the Olympic Flame during the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin The Italian city of Turin hosted the 2006 Winter Olympics . It was the second time that Italy had hosted the Winter Olympic Games . South Korean athletes won 10 medals , including 6 gold in the short - track speed skating events . Sun - Yu Jin won three gold medals while her teammate Hyun - Soo Ahn won three gold medals and a bronze . In the women 's Cross-Country team pursuit Canadian Sara Renner broke one of her poles and , when he saw her dilemma , Norwegian coach Bjørnar Håkensmoen decided to lend her a pole . In so doing she was able to help her team win a silver medal in the event at the expense of the Norwegian team , who finished fourth . On winning the Super-G , Kjetil - Andre Aamodt of Norway became the most decorated ski racer of all time with 4 gold and 8 overall medals . He is also the only ski racer to have won the same event at three different Olympics , winning the Super-G in 1992 , 2002 and 2006 . Claudia Pechstein of Germany became the first speed skater to earn nine career medals . In February 2009 , Pechstein tested positive for `` blood manipulation '' and received a two - year suspension , which she appealed . The Court of Arbitration for Sport upheld her suspension but a Swiss court ruled that she could compete for a spot on the 2010 German Olympic team . This ruling was brought to the Swiss Federal Tribunal , which overturned the lower court 's ruling and precluded her from competing in Vancouver . A memorial to Nodar Kumaritashvili in Whistler , photographed on 20 March 2010 In 2003 the IOC awarded the 2010 Winter Olympics to Vancouver , thus allowing Canada to host its second Winter Olympics . With a population of more than 2.5 million people Vancouver is the largest metropolitan area to ever host a Winter Olympic Games . Over 2,500 athletes from 82 countries participated in 86 events . The death of Georgian luger Nodar Kumaritashvili in a training run on the day of the opening ceremonies resulted in the Whistler Sliding Centre changing the track layout on safety grounds . Norwegian cross-country skier Marit Bjørgen won five medals in the six cross-country events on the women 's programme . She finished the Olympics with three golds , a silver and a bronze . The Vancouver Games were notable for the poor performance of the Russian athletes . From their first Winter Olympics in 1956 to the 2006 Games , a Soviet or Russian delegation had never been outside the top five medal - winning nations , but in 2010 they finished sixth in total medals and eleventh in gold medals . President Dmitry Medvedev called for the resignation of top sports officials immediately after the Games . Russia 's disappointing performance at Vancouver is cited as the reason behind the implementation of a doping scheme alleged to have been in operation at major events such as the 2014 Games at Sochi . The success of Asian countries stood in stark contrast to the under - performing Russian team , with Vancouver marking a high point for medals won by Asian countries . In 1992 the Asian countries had won fifteen medals , three of which were gold . In Vancouver the total number of medals won by athletes from Asia had increased to thirty - one , with eleven of them being gold . The rise of Asian nations in Winter Olympics sports is due in part to the growth of winter sports programmes and the interest in winter sports in nations such as South Korea , Japan and China . 2014 to 2018 Sochi , Russia , was selected as the host city for the 2014 Winter Olympics over Salzburg , Austria , and Pyeongchang , South Korea . This was the first time that Russia had hosted a Winter Olympics . The Games took place from 7 to 23 February 2014 . A record 2,800 athletes from 88 countries competed in 98 events . The Olympic Village and Olympic Stadium were located on the Black Sea coast . All of the mountain venues were 50 kilometres ( 31 miles ) away in the alpine region known as Krasnaya Polyana . The Games were the most expensive so far , with a cost of £ 30 billion ( USD 51 billion ) . On the snow , Norwegian biathlete Ole Einar Bjørndalen took two golds to bring his total tally of Olympic medals to 13 , overtaking his compatriot Bjørn Dæhlie to become the most decorated Winter Olympian of all time . Another Norwegian , cross-country skier Marit Bjørgen took three golds ; her total of ten Olympic medals tied her as the female Winter Olympian with most medals , alongside Raisa Smetanina and Stefania Belmondo . Snowboarder Ayumu Hirano became the youngest medallist on snow at the Winter Games when he took a silver in the halfpipe competition at the age of fifteen . On the ice , the Dutch dominated the speed skating events , taking 23 medals , four clean sweeps of the podium places and at least one medal in each of the twelve medal events . Ireen Wüst was their most successful competitor , taking two golds and three silvers . In figure skating , Yuzuru Hanyu became the first skater to break the 100 - point barrier in the short programme on the way to winning the gold medal . Among the sledding disciplines , luger Armin Zöggeler took a bronze , becoming the first Winter Olympian to secure a medal in six consecutive Games . Following their disappointing performance at the 2010 Games , and an investment of £ 600 million in elite sport , Russia initially topped the medal table , taking 33 medals including thirteen golds . However Grigory Rodchenkov , the former head of the Russian national anti-doping laboratory , subsequently claimed that he had been involved in doping dozens of Russian competitors for the Games , and that he had been assisted by the Russian Federal Security Service in opening and re-sealing bottles containing urine samples so that samples with banned substances could be replaced with `` clean '' urine . A subsequent investigation commissioned by the World Anti-Doping Agency led by Richard McLaren concluded that a state - sponsored doping programme had operated in Russia from `` at least late 2011 to 2015 '' across the `` vast majority '' of Summer and Winter Olympic sports . On 5 December 2017 , the IOC announced that Russia would be banned from the 2018 Winter Olympics with immediate effect and by the end of 2017 the IOC Disciplinary Commission had disqualified 43 Russian athletes , stripping thirteen medals and knocking Russia from the top of the medal table , thus putting Norway in the lead . On 6 July 2011 , Pyeongchang , South Korea , was selected to host the 2018 Winter Olympics over Munich , Germany , and Annecy , France . This was the first time that South Korea had been selected to host a Winter Olympics and it was the second time the Olympics were held in the country overall , after the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul . The Games took place from 9 to 25 February 2018 . More than 2,900 athletes from 92 countries participated in 102 events . The Olympic Stadium and many of the sports venues were situated in the Alpensia Resort in Daegwallyeong - myeon , Pyeongchang , while a number of other sports venues were located in the Gangneung Olympic Park in Pyeongchang 's neighboring city of Gangneung . The lead - up to the 2018 Winter Olympics was affected by the tensions between North and South Korea and the ongoing Russian doping scandal . Despite tense relations , North Korea agreed to participate in the Games , enter with South Korea during the opening ceremony as a unified Korea , and field a unified team in women 's ice hockey . Individual Russian athletes , who qualified and could demonstrate they had complied with the IOC 's doping regulations , were given the option to compete neutrally in Pyeongchang as `` Olympic Athletes from Russia '' ( OAR ) but they were not allowed to compete under the Russian flag . The Games saw the addition of big air snowboarding , mass start speed skating , mixed doubles curling , and mixed team alpine skiing to the programme . On the ice , the Netherlands again dominated the speed skating , winning gold medals in seven of the ten individual events . Dutch speed skater Sven Kramer won gold in the men 's 5000m event , becoming the only male speed skater to win the same Olympic event three times . On the snow , Norway led the medal tally in cross-country skiing , with Marit Bjørgen winning bronze in the women 's team sprint and gold in the 30 kilometre classical event , bringing her total Olympic medal haul to fifteen , the most won by any athlete ( male or female ) in Winter Olympics history . Johannes Høsflot Klæbo became the youngest ever male to win an Olympic gold in cross-country skiing when he won the men 's sprint at age 21 . Noriaki Kasai of Japan became the first athlete in history to participate in eight Winter Olympics when he took part in the ski jumping qualification the day before the opening of the Games . Ester Ledecká of the Czech Republic won gold in the skiing super-G event and another gold in the snowboarding parallel giant slalom , making her the first female athlete to win Olympic gold medals in two different sports at a single Winter Games . Norway led the total medal standings with 39 , the highest number of medals by a nation in any Winter Olympics , followed by Germany 's 31 and Canada 's 29 . Host nation South Korea won seventeen medals , their highest medal haul at a Winter Olympics . Future The host city for the 2022 Winter Olympics , is Beijing in northern China , elected on 31 July 2015 , at the 128th IOC Session in Kuala Lumpur . Beijing will be the first city ever to have hosted both the Summer and Winter Olympics . The 2022 Winter Olympics will take place between 4 and 20 February 2022 . Controversy Main article : Olympic Games scandals and controversies § Winter Olympics Juan Antonio Samaranch , former IOC president , was implicated in a bidding scandal for the 2002 Winter Olympics . The process for awarding host city honours came under intense scrutiny after Salt Lake City had been awarded the right to host the 2002 Games . Soon after the host city had been announced it was discovered that the organisers had engaged in an elaborate bribery scheme to curry favour with IOC officials . Gifts and other financial considerations were given to those who would evaluate and vote on Salt Lake City 's bid . These gifts included medical treatment for relatives , a college scholarship for one member 's son and a land deal in Utah . Even IOC president Juan Antonio Samaranch received two rifles valued at $2,000 . Samaranch defended the gift as inconsequential since , as president , he was a non-voting member . The subsequent investigation uncovered inconsistencies in the bids for every Olympics ( both Summer and Winter ) since 1988 . For example , the gifts received by IOC members from the Japanese Organising Committee for Nagano 's bid for the 1998 Winter Olympics were described by the investigation committee as `` astronomical '' . Although nothing strictly illegal had been done , the IOC feared that corporate sponsors would lose faith in the integrity of the process and that the Olympic brand would be tarnished to such an extent that advertisers would begin to pull their support . The investigation resulted in the expulsion of 10 IOC members and the sanctioning of another 10 . New terms and age limits were established for IOC membership , and 15 former Olympic athletes were added to the committee . Stricter rules for future bids were imposed , with ceilings imposed on the value of gifts IOC members could accept from bid cities . Host city legacy According to the IOC , the host city for the Winter Olympics is responsible for `` ... establishing functions and services for all aspects of the Games , such as sports planning , venues , finance , technology , accommodation , catering , media services , etc. , as well as operations during the Games . '' Due to the cost of hosting the Games , most host cities never realise a profit on their investment . For example , the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , Italy , cost $3.6 billion to host . By comparison , the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano , Japan , cost $12.5 billion . The organisers of the Nagano Games claimed that the cost of extending the bullet train service from Tokyo to Nagano was responsible for the large price tag . The organising committee had hoped that the exposure gained from hosting the Winter Olympics , and the improved access to Nagano from Tokyo , would benefit the local economy for years afterwards . In actual fact , Nagano 's economy did experience a post-Olympic boom for a year or two , but the long - term effects have not materialised as anticipated . The likelihood of heavy debt is a deterrent to prospective host cities , as well as the prospect of unused sports venues and infrastructure saddling the local community with upkeep costs into the future with no appreciable post-Olympic value . The Winter Olympics has the added problem of the alpine events requiring a mountain location ; the men 's downhill needs an 800 meter altitude difference along a suitable course . As this is a focal event that is central to the Games , the IOC will not agree to it taking place a great distance from the main host city . The requirement for a mountain location also means that venues such as hockey arenas often have to be built in sparsely populated areas with little future need for a large arena . Due to cost issues , the only candidate cities for the 2022 Winter Olympics were in dictatorship countries , and a number of European countries declined due to political doubt over costs . Both the 2006 and 2010 Games , which were hosted in countries where large cities are located close to suitable mountain regions , had lower costs since more venues and transport infrastructure already existed . The IOC has enacted several initiatives to mitigate these concerns . Firstly , the commission has agreed to fund part of the host city 's budget for staging the Games . Secondly , the qualifying host countries are limited to those that have the resources and infrastructure to successfully host an Olympic Games without negatively impacting the region or nation ; this consequently rules out a large portion of the developing world . Finally , any prospective host city planning to bid for the Games is required to add a `` legacy plan '' to their proposal , with a view to the long - term economic and environmental impact that hosting the Olympics will have on the region . Doping In 1967 the IOC began enacting drug testing protocols . They started by randomly testing athletes at the 1968 Winter Olympics . The first Winter Games athlete to test positive for a banned substance was Alois Schloder , a West German hockey player , but his team was still allowed to compete . During the 1970s testing outside of competition was escalated because it was found to deter athletes from using performance - enhancing drugs . The problem with testing during this time was a lack of standardisation of the test procedures , which undermined the credibility of the tests . It was not until the late 1980s that international sporting federations began to coordinate efforts to standardise the drug - testing protocols . The IOC took the lead in the fight against steroids when it established the independent World Anti-Doping Agency ( WADA ) in November 1999 . The 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin became notable for a scandal involving the emerging trend of blood doping , the use of blood transfusions or synthetic hormones such as Erythropoietin ( EPO ) to improve oxygen flow and thus reduce fatigue . The Italian police conducted a raid on the Austrian cross-country ski team 's residence during the Games where they seized blood - doping specimens and equipment . This event followed the pre-Olympics suspension of 12 cross-country skiers who tested positive for unusually high levels of haemoglobin , which is evidence of blood doping . The 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi 's Russian Doping Scandal has resulted in the International Olympic Committee to begin disciplinary proceedings against 28 ( later increased to 46 ) Russian athletes who competed at the 2014 Winter Games in Sochi , Russia , acting on evidence that their urine samples were tampered with . Politics Cold War A postage stamp issued by East Germany in 1968 in commemoration of their first Winter Olympics as an independent country The Winter Olympics have been an ideological front in the Cold War since the Soviet Union first participated at the 1956 Winter Games . It did not take long for the Cold War combatants to discover what a powerful propaganda tool the Olympic Games could be . The advent of the state - sponsored `` full - time amateur athlete '' of the Eastern Bloc countries further eroded the ideology of the pure amateur , as it put the self - financed amateurs of the Western countries at a disadvantage . The Soviet Union entered teams of athletes who were all nominally students , soldiers , or working in a profession , but many of whom were in reality paid by the state to train on a full - time basis . Nevertheless , the IOC held to the traditional rules regarding amateurism until the ' 90s . The Cold War created tensions amongst countries allied to the two superpowers . The strained relationship between East and West Germany created a difficult political situation for the IOC . Because of its role in World War II , Germany was not allowed to compete at the 1948 Winter Olympics . In 1950 the IOC recognised the West German Olympic Committee , and invited East and West Germany to compete as a unified team at the 1952 Winter Games . East Germany declined the invitation and instead sought international legitimacy separate from West Germany . In 1955 the Soviet Union recognised East Germany as a sovereign state , thereby giving more credibility to East Germany 's campaign to become an independent participant at the Olympics . The IOC agreed to provisionally accept the East German National Olympic Committee with the condition that East and West Germans compete on one team . The situation became tenuous when the Berlin Wall was constructed in 1962 and western nations began refusing visas to East German athletes . The uneasy compromise of a unified team held until the 1968 Grenoble Games when the IOC officially split the teams and threatened to reject the host - city bids of any country that refused entry visas to East German athletes . Boycott The Winter Games have had only one national team boycott when Taiwan decided not to participate in the 1980 Winter Olympics held in Lake Placid . Prior to the Games the IOC agreed to allow China to compete in the Olympics for the first time since 1952 . China was given permission to compete as the `` People 's Republic of China '' ( PRC ) and to use the PRC flag and anthem . Until 1980 the island of Taiwan had been competing under the name `` Republic of China '' ( ROC ) and had been using the ROC flag and anthem . The IOC attempted to have the countries compete together but when this proved to be unacceptable the IOC demanded that Taiwan cease to call itself the `` Republic of China '' . The IOC renamed the island `` Chinese Taipei '' and demanded that it adopt a different flag and national anthem , stipulations that Taiwan would not agree to . Despite numerous appeals and court hearings the IOC 's decision stood . When the Taiwanese athletes arrived at the Olympic village with their Republic of China identification cards they were not admitted . They subsequently left the Olympics in protest , just before the opening ceremonies . Taiwan returned to Olympic competition at the 1984 Winter Games in Sarajevo as Chinese Taipei . The country agreed to compete under a flag bearing the emblem of their National Olympic Committee and to play the anthem of their National Olympic Committee should one of their athletes win a gold medal . The agreement remains in place to this day . Sports The Olympic Charter limits winter sports to `` those ... which are practised on snow or ice . '' Since 1992 a number of new sports have been added to the Olympic programme ; which include short track speed skating , snowboarding , freestyle and moguls skiing . The addition of these events has broadened the appeal of the Winter Olympics beyond Europe and North America . While European powers such as Norway and Germany still dominate the traditional Winter Olympic sports , countries such as South Korea , Australia and Canada are finding success in the new sports . The results are : more parity in the national medal tables ; more interest in the Winter Olympics ; and higher global television ratings . Current sports Sport Years Events Medal events contested in 2014 Alpine skiing Since 1936 11 Men 's and women 's downhill , super G , giant slalom , slalom , and combined , and parallel slalom . Biathlon Since 1960 11 Sprint ( men : 10 km ; women : 7.5 km ) , the individual ( men : 20 km ; women : 15 km ) , pursuit ( men : 12.5 km ; women : 10 km ) , relay ( men : 4x7. 5 km ; women : 4x6 km ; mixed : 2x7. 5 km + 2x6 km ) , and the mass start ( men : 15 km ; women : 12.5 km ) . Bobsleigh Since 1924 ( except 1960 ) Four - man race , two - man race and two - woman race . Cross-country skiing Since 1924 12 Men 's sprint , team sprint , 30 km pursuit , 15 km , 50 km and 4x10 km relay ; women 's sprint , team sprint , 15 km pursuit , 10 km , 30 km and 4x5 km relay . Curling 1924 , since 1998 Men 's , women 's and mixed doubles . tournaments . Figure skating Since 1924 5 Men 's and women 's singles ; pairs ; ice dancing and team event . Freestyle skiing Since 1992 10 Men 's and women 's moguls , aerials , ski cross , superpipe , and slopestyle . Ice hockey Since 1924 Men 's and women 's tournaments . Luge Since 1964 Men 's and women 's singles , men 's doubles , team relay . Nordic combined Since 1924 Men 's 10 km individual normal hill , 10 km individual large hill and team . Short track speed skating Since 1992 8 Men 's and women 's 500 m , 1000 m , 1500 m ; women 's 3000 m relay ; and men 's 5000 m relay . Skeleton 1928 , 1948 , Since 2002 Men 's and women 's events . Ski jumping Since 1924 Men 's individual large hill , team large hill ; men 's and women 's individual normal hill . Snowboarding Since 1998 8 Men 's and women 's parallel , half - pipe , snowboard cross , and slopestyle . Speed skating Since 1924 14 Men 's and women 's 500 m , 1000 m , 1500 m , 5000 m , mass start , team pursuit ; women 's 3000 m ; men 's 10,000 m . ^ Note 1 . Figure skating events were held at the 1908 and 1920 Summer Olympics . ^ Note 2 . A men 's ice hockey tournament was held at the 1920 Summer Olympics . ^ Note 3 . The IOC 's website now treats Men 's Military Patrol at the 1924 Games as an event within the sport of Biathlon . Demonstration events Demonstration sports have historically provided a venue for host countries to attract publicity to locally popular sports by having a competition without granting medals . Demonstration sports were discontinued after 1992 . Military patrol , a precursor to the biathlon , was a medal sport in 1924 and was demonstrated in 1928 , 1936 and 1948 , becoming an official sport in 1960 . The special figures figure skating event was only contested at the 1908 Summer Olympics . Bandy ( Russian hockey ) is a sport popular in the Nordic countries and Russia . In the latter it 's considered a national sport . It was demonstrated at the Oslo Games . Ice stock sport , a German variant of curling , was demonstrated in 1936 in Germany and 1964 in Austria . The ski ballet event , later known as ski - acro , was demonstrated in 1988 and 1992 . Skijöring , skiing behind dogs , was a demonstration sport in St. Moritz in 1928 . A sled - dog race was held at Lake Placid in 1932 . Speed skiing was demonstrated in Albertville at the 1992 Winter Olympics . Winter pentathlon , a variant of the modern pentathlon , was included as a demonstration event at the 1948 Games in Switzerland . It included cross-country skiing , shooting , downhill skiing , fencing and horse riding . Ten most successful nations Main article : All - time Olympic Games medal table The table below uses official data provided by the IOC . Defunct nation No . Nation Games Gold Silver Bronze Total Norway ( NOR ) 23 132 125 111 368 United States ( USA ) 23 105 110 90 305 Germany ( GER ) 12 92 86 60 238 Austria ( AUT ) 23 64 81 87 232 5 Canada ( CAN ) 23 73 64 62 199 6 Soviet Union ( URS ) 9 78 57 59 194 7 Finland ( FIN ) 23 43 63 61 167 8 Sweden ( SWE ) 23 57 46 55 158 9 Switzerland ( SUI ) 23 55 46 52 153 10 Netherlands ( NED ) 21 45 44 41 130 List of Winter Olympic Games Games Year Host Dates Nations Competitors Sports Disci - plines Events Top Nation Ref Total Men Women 1924 Chamonix , France 25 January -- 5 February 16 258 247 11 6 9 16 Norway ( NOR ) ( 2 ) II 1928 St. Moritz , Switzerland 11 -- 19 February 25 464 438 26 8 14 Norway ( NOR ) ( 3 ) III 1932 Lake Placid , United States 4 -- 15 February 17 252 231 21 7 14 United States ( USA ) ( 4 ) IV 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen , Germany 6 -- 16 February 28 646 566 80 8 17 Norway ( NOR ) ( 5 ) 1940 Awarded to Sapporo , Japan ; cancelled due to World War II 1944 Awarded to Cortina d'Ampezzo , Italy ; cancelled due to World War II V 1948 St. Moritz , Switzerland 30 January -- 8 February 28 669 592 77 9 22 Norway ( NOR ) Sweden ( SWE ) ( 6 ) VI 1952 Oslo , Norway 14 -- 25 February 30 694 585 109 8 22 Norway ( NOR ) ( 7 ) VII 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo , Italy 26 January -- 5 February 32 821 687 134 8 24 Soviet Union ( URS ) ( 8 ) VIII 1960 Squaw Valley , United States 18 -- 28 February 30 665 521 144 8 27 Soviet Union ( URS ) ( 9 ) IX 1964 Innsbruck , Austria 29 January -- 9 February 36 1091 892 199 6 10 34 Soviet Union ( URS ) ( 10 ) X 1968 Grenoble , France 6 -- 18 February 37 1158 947 211 6 10 35 Norway ( NOR ) ( 11 ) XI 1972 Sapporo , Japan 3 -- 13 February 35 1006 801 205 6 10 35 Soviet Union ( URS ) ( 12 ) XII 1976 Innsbruck , Austria 4 -- 15 February 37 1123 892 231 6 10 37 Soviet Union ( URS ) ( 13 ) XIII 1980 Lake Placid , United States 13 -- 24 February 37 1072 840 232 6 10 38 Soviet Union ( URS ) ( 14 ) XIV 1984 Sarajevo , Yugoslavia 8 -- 19 February 49 1272 998 274 6 10 39 East Germany ( GDR ) ( 15 ) XV 1988 Calgary , Canada 13 -- 28 February 57 1423 1122 301 6 10 46 Soviet Union ( URS ) ( 16 ) XVI 1992 Albertville , France 8 -- 23 February 64 1801 1313 488 6 12 57 Germany ( GER ) ( 17 ) XVII 1994 Lillehammer , Norway 12 -- 27 February 67 1737 1215 522 6 12 61 Russia ( RUS ) ( 18 ) XVIII 1998 Nagano , Japan 7 -- 22 February 72 2176 1389 787 7 14 68 Germany ( GER ) ( 19 ) XIX 2002 Salt Lake City , United States 8 -- 24 February 78 2399 1513 886 7 15 78 Norway ( NOR ) ( 20 ) XX 2006 Turin , Italy 10 -- 26 February 80 2508 1548 960 7 15 84 Germany ( GER ) ( 21 ) XXI Vancouver , Canada 12 -- 28 February 82 2566 1522 1044 7 15 86 Canada ( CAN ) ( 22 ) XXII 2014 Sochi , Russia 7 -- 23 February 88 2873 1714 1159 7 15 98 Russia ( RUS ) ( 23 ) XXIII 2018 Pyeongchang , South Korea 9 -- 25 February 92 2922 1680 1242 7 15 102 Norway ( NOR ) ( 24 ) XXIV 2022 Beijing , China 4 -- 20 February Future event ( 25 ) Unlike the Summer Olympics , the cancelled 1940 Winter Olympics and 1944 Winter Olympics are not included in the official Roman numeral counts for the Winter Games . While the official titles of the Summer Games count Olympiads , the titles of the Winter Games only count the Games themselves . Map of Winter Olympics locations . Countries that have hosted one Winter Olympics are shaded green , while countries that have hosted two or more are shaded blue . See also List of multiple Winter Olympic medallists List of participating nations at the Winter Olympic Games Lists of Olympic medallists Olympic Games scandals and controversies Winter Paralympic Games Paralympic Games Summer Olympic Games Notes Jump up ^ `` French and English are the official languages for the Olympic Games . '' , ( 1 ). ( ... ) ^ Jump up to : The official website of the Olympic Movement now treats Men 's Military Patrol at the 1924 Games as an event within the sport of Biathlon . However , the 1924 Official Report treats it as an event and discipline within what was then called Skiing and is now called Nordic Skiing . Jump up ^ At the closing of the 1924 Games a prize was also awarded for ' alpinisme ' ( mountaineering ) , a sport that did not lend itself very well for tournaments : Pierre de Coubertin presented a prize for ' alpinisme ' to Charles Granville Bruce , the leader of the expedition that tried to climb Mount Everest in 1922 . Jump up ^ The US beat the Soviets as part of a medal round that also included Finland and Sweden , so they did not actually win the gold medal until beating Finland a few days later . References Jump up ^ `` Biathlon Results - Chamonix 1924 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 17 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Olympic Games Medals , Chamonix 1924 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 17 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Official Report ( 1924 ) , p 646 : Le Programme ... II . -- Epreuves par équipes - 12 . Ski : Course militaire ( 20 à 30 kilomètres , avec tir ) . ( The Programme ... II . -- Team events - 12 . Skiing : Military Race ( 20 to 30 kilometres , with shooting ) ) . Jump up ^ Official Report ( 1924 ) , p 664 : CONCOURS DE SKI - Jurys - COURSE MILITAIRE . ( Skiing Competitions - Juries - Military Race ) ^ Jump up to : Edgeworth , Ron ( May 1994 ) . `` The Nordic Games and the Origins of the Winter Olympic Games '' ( PDF ) . International Society of Olympic Historians Journal . LA84 Foundation . 2 ( 2 ) . Retrieved 9 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1908 Figure Skating Results '' . CNNSI.com . Archived from the original on 11 February 2001 . Retrieved 9 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Figure Skating History '' . CNNSI.com . Archived from the original on 14 August 2004 . Retrieved 9 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Judd ( 2008 ) , p. 21 ^ Jump up to : `` 1924 Chamonix , France '' . CBC Sports . CBC.ca. 18 December 2009 . Archived from the original on 2 March 2010 . Retrieved 5 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Findling and Pelle ( 2004 ) , p. 283 ^ Jump up to : `` Chamonix 1924 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 5 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1924 Chamonix Winter Games '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 12 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Findling and Pelle ( 2004 ) , pp. 289 -- 290 Jump up ^ Findling and Pelle ( 2004 ) , p. 290 Jump up ^ `` 1928 Sankt Moritz Winter Games '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 12 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` St. Moritz 1928 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 5 March 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lake Placid 1932 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 5 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Findling and Pelle ( 2004 ) , p. 298 Jump up ^ Seligmann , Davison , and McDonald ( 2004 ) , p. 119 ^ Jump up to : `` Garmisch - Partenkirchen Olympics '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 11 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Lund , Mortund ( December 2001 ) . `` The First Four Olympics '' . Skiing Heritage Journal . International Skiing History Association : 21 . Retrieved 18 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Mallon and Buchanon ( 2006 ) , p. xxxii Jump up ^ Findling and Pelle ( 2004 ) , p. 248 ^ Jump up to : `` St. Moritz 1948 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 11 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Findling and Pelle ( 2004 ) , pp. 250 -- 251 Jump up ^ `` Oslo 1952 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 11 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Findling and Pelle ( 2004 ) , p. 255 Jump up ^ `` 1952 Oslo Winter Games '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 14 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Speed Skating at the 1952 Oslo Winter Games '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 14 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo Winter Games '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 13 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Guttman ( 1986 ) , p. 135 Jump up ^ `` Cortina d'Ampezzo 1956 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 13 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Benjamin , Daniel ( 1992 - 07 - 27 ) . `` Traditions Pro Vs. Amateur '' . Time . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ Schantz , Otto . `` The Olympic Ideal and the Winter Games Attitudes Towards the Olympic Winter Games in Olympic Discourses -- from Coubertin to Samaranch '' ( PDF ) . Comité International Pierre De Coubertin . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 5 , 2013 . Retrieved September 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chiharu Igaya '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 23 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Judd ( 2008 ) , pp. 27 -- 28 Jump up ^ Shipler , Gary ( February 1960 ) . `` Backstage at Winter Olympics '' . Popular Science . Bonnier Corporation : 138 . Retrieved 6 August 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Judd ( 2008 ) , p. 28 Jump up ^ `` Innsbruck 1964 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 13 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Judd ( 2008 ) , p. 29 Jump up ^ `` Grenoble 1968 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 13 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Findling and Pelle ( 2004 ) , p. 277 Jump up ^ Findling and Pelle ( 2004 ) , p. 286 Jump up ^ Fry ( 2006 ) , pp. 153 -- 154 Jump up ^ Podnieks , Andrew ; Szemberg , Szymon ( 2008 ) . `` Story # 17 -- Protesting amateur rules , Canada leaves international hockey '' . International Ice Hockey Federation . Retrieved 13 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Factsheet Olympic Winter Games '' ( PDF ) . International Olympic Committee . January 2008 . p. 5 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 18 March 2009 . Retrieved 17 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Colorado only state ever to turn down Olympics '' . denver.rockymountainnews.com . Archived from the original on 1 June 2009 . Retrieved 23 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Fry ( 2006 ) , p. 157 ^ Jump up to : `` Innsbruck 1976 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 17 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Findling and Pelle ( 1996 ) , p. 299 Jump up ^ Judd ( 2008 ) , pp. 135 -- 136 Jump up ^ `` Lake Placid 1980 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 21 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Huber , Jim ( 22 February 2000 ) . `` A Golden Moment '' . CNNSI.com . Archived from the original on 16 May 2008 . Retrieved 18 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` LAKE PLACID 1980 - USA ice hockey team '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 21 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` LAKE PLACID 1980 - Photo - Finland v USA '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 21 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1984 Sarajevo '' . CNNSI.com . Archived from the original on 18 July 2004 . Retrieved 18 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sarajevo 1984 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 18 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Calgary 1988 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 20 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Yvonne van Gennip '' . The Beijing Organising Committee for the Games of the XXIX Olympiad . Archived from the original on 3 February 2009 . Retrieved 20 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Albertville 1992 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 20 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Findling and Pelle ( 2004 ) , p. 400 Jump up ^ Findling and Pelle ( 2004 ) , p. 402 Jump up ^ `` Lillehammer 1994 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 20 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Araton , Harvey ( 27 February 1994 ) . `` Winter Olympics ; In Politics and on ice , neighbors are apart '' . The New York Times . NYTimes.com . Retrieved 20 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harding - Kerrigan timeline '' . The Washington Post . The Washington Post Company . 1 March 1999 . Retrieved 20 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Barshay , Jill J ( 3 March 1994 ) . `` Figure Skating ; It 's Stocks and Bouquets as Baiul returns to Ukraine '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . Retrieved 20 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Angus ( 1 March 1999 ) . `` Achievements still burn bright '' . The Washington Post . The Washington Post Company . Retrieved 20 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Johann - Olav Koss '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 14 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` SPEECH OF THE IOC PRESIDENT AT THE CLOSING CEREMONY OF THE XVII OLYMPIC WINTER GAMES '' ( PDF ) . LA84 Foundation . 22 February 1998 . Retrieved 25 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nagano 1998 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 20 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Judd ( 2008 ) , p. 126 Jump up ^ `` Ten Famous Olympic Skiers '' . 29 Oct 2013 . Retrieved 2 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Nevius , C.W. ( 5 February 1998 ) . `` '' Clap '' Skate draws boos from traditionalists `` . San Francisco Chronicle . Hearst Communications Inc . Retrieved 20 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Salt Lake City 2002 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 21 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Selena ( 17 February 2002 ) . `` The pivotal meeting ; French judge 's early tears indicating controversy to come '' . The New York Times . NYTimes.com . Retrieved 23 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Bose , Mihir ( 17 February 2002 ) . `` Skating scandal that left IOC on thin ice '' . London : Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 23 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Australia win first ever gold '' . BBC Sport. 17 February 2002 . Retrieved 11 March 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Turin 2006 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 21 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Berglund , Nina ( 20 February 2006 ) . `` Canadians hail Norwegian coach 's sportsmanship '' . Aftenposten . Aftenposten.no . Archived from the original on 17 January 2009 . Retrieved 21 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Crouse , Karen ( 11 December 2009 ) . `` Germany 's Claudia Pechstein Tries to Restore Reputation '' . The New York Times . NYTimes.com . Retrieved 11 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Dunbar , Graham ( 26 January 2010 ) . `` Claudia Pechstein 's Doping Appeal Denied '' . The Huffington Post . HuffingtonPost.com . Retrieved 11 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Statistics -- Population by selected ethnic origins , by census metropolitan areas ( 2001 Census ) '' . StatCan. 25 January 2005 . Archived from the original on 19 May 2006 . Retrieved 31 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Vancouver 2010 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 24 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Longman , Jere ( 13 February 2010 ) . `` Quick to Blame in Luge , and Showing No Shame '' . The New York Times . NYTimes.com . Retrieved 11 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Jones , Tom ( 28 February 2010 ) . `` Best and worst of the Winter Olympics in Vancouver '' . St. Petersberg Times . Tampabay.com . Retrieved 11 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Russia 's president calls for resignations '' . ESPN.com. 1 March 2010 . Retrieved 11 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Pavitt , Michael ( 26 October 2017 ) . `` Biathlete Gregorin confirmed as athlete who failed Vancouver 2010 doping retest '' . Inside the Games . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Armour , Nancy ( 28 February 2010 ) . `` Surprising success bodes well for South Korea '' . The Seattle Times . Associated Press . Retrieved 24 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Sappenfield , Mark ( 12 February 2010 ) . `` Winter Olympics : Who will win the most medals ? '' . The Christian Science Monitor . CSMonitor.com . Retrieved 24 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sochi 2014 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 11 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Pinsent , Matthew ( 15 October 2011 ) . `` Sochi 2014 : A look at Russia 's Olympic city '' . BBC News Online . Retrieved 15 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Barretto , Lawrence ( 23 February 2014 ) . `` Sochi 2014 : Russia top medal table as Olympics come to an end '' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 8 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Russia state - sponsored doping across majority of Olympic sports , claims report '' . bbc.co.uk. 18 July 2016 . Retrieved 8 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` IOC suspends Russian NOC and creates a path for clean individual athletes to compete in Pyeongchang 2018 under the Olympic Flag '' ( Press release ) . International Olympic Committee . 5 December 2017 . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` List of Russia Olympic medals stripped ; new Sochi medal standings '' . NBC Sports . November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Russia toppled from Sochi 2014 medals first place but final count unknown '' . Reuters . November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IOC sanctions six Russian athletes and closes one case as part of the Oswald Commission findingsdate = December 12 , 2017 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kim , Rose ; Moore , Niki ( 6 July 2011 ) . `` Pyeongchang Beats Munich , Annecy to Host 2018 Winter Olympics '' . Bloomberg . ^ Jump up to : `` Olympics corruption probe ordered '' . BBC News . 22 December 1998 . Retrieved 24 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Cashmore ( 2005 ) , p. 444 Jump up ^ Cashmore ( 2005 ) , p. 445 Jump up ^ Cashmore ( 2003 ) , p. 307 Jump up ^ Payne ( 2006 ) , p. 232 Jump up ^ Miller , Lawrence and McCay ( 2001 ) , p. 25 Jump up ^ Abrahamson , Alan ( 6 December 2003 ) . `` Judge Drops Olympic Bid Case '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 30 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Samaranch reflects on bid scandal with regret '' . Deseret News . WinterSports2002.com . Archived from the original on 26 February 2002 . Retrieved 22 March 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Roles and Responsibilities during the Olympic Games '' ( PDF ) . International Olympic Committee . January 2010 . pp. 4 -- 5 . Retrieved 24 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Berkes , Howard ( 1 October 2009 ) . `` Olympic Caveat : Host cities risk debt , scandal '' . National Public Radio . Retrieved 23 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Payne , Bob ( 6 August 2008 ) . `` The Olympic Effect '' . MSNBC.com . Archived from the original on 12 November 2011 . Retrieved 23 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Koba , Mark ( 11 February 2010 ) . `` The money pit that is hosting Olympic Games '' . CNBC.com . Archived from the original on 4 December 2010 . Retrieved 24 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` It 's looking downhill for Quebec 's Olympic bid '' . December 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Preuss ( 2004 ) , p. 277 Jump up ^ Preuss ( 2004 ) , p. 284 Jump up ^ Rogge , Jacques ( 12 February 2010 ) . `` Jacques Rogge : Vancouver 's Winter Olympic legacy can last for 60 years '' . The Daily Telegraph . London : Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 23 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Yesalis ( 2000 ) , p. 57 Jump up ^ The Official Report of XIth Winter Olympic Games , Sapporo 1972 ( PDF ) . The Organising Committee for the Sapporo Olympic Winter Games . 1973 . p. 386 . Retrieved 22 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Thomas M. ( 2007 ) . `` Sports , Drugs , and the Cold War '' ( PDF ) . Olympika , International Journal of Olympic Studie . International Centre for Olympic Studies . 16 ( 1 ) : 22 . Retrieved 23 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Mottram ( 2003 ) , p. 313 Jump up ^ Mottram ( 2003 ) , p. 310 Jump up ^ Yesalis ( 2000 ) , p. 366 Jump up ^ `` A Brief history of anti-doping '' . World Anti-Doping Agency . Retrieved 25 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Macur , Juliet ( 19 February 2006 ) . `` Looking for Doping Evidence , Italian Police Raid Austrians '' . New York Times . NYTimes.com . Retrieved 25 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` IOC to hold first hearings on doping during 2006 Winter Olympics '' . USA Today . Gannett Co. 9 February 2007 . Retrieved 25 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` I.O.C. Starts Proceedings Against 28 Russian Athletes Over Sochi Doping '' . NYTime.com . NYTimes.com. 23 December 2016 . Retrieved 27 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Ruiz , Rebecca R. ; Schwirtz , Michael ( 12 May 2016 ) . `` Russian Insider Says State - Run Doping Fueled Olympic Gold '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Ruiz , Rebecca R. ; Schwirtz , Michael ( 13 May 2016 ) . `` Mystery in Sochi Doping Case Lies With Tamper - Proof Bottle '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Owen ( 1 June 2016 ) . `` New doping report will influence decision on Russia 's place at Olympics '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Russian athletics : IAAF upholds ban before Rio Olympics '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Schantz , Otto . `` The Olympic Ideal and the Winter Games Attitudes Towards the Olympic Winter Games in Olympic Discourses -- from Coubertin to Samaranch '' ( PDF ) . Comité International Pierre De Coubertin . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 5 , 2013 . Retrieved September 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Hill ( 1992 ) , p. 34 Jump up ^ Hill ( 1992 ) , p. 35 Jump up ^ Hill ( 1992 ) , pp. 36 -- 38 Jump up ^ Hill ( 1992 ) , p. 38 Jump up ^ Hill ( 1992 ) , pp. 38 -- 39 Jump up ^ Hill ( 1992 ) , p. 48 Jump up ^ `` History of the Winter Olympics '' . BBC Sport. 5 February 1998 . Retrieved 26 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Brownell ( 2005 ) , p. 187 Jump up ^ `` Olympic Charter '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . International Olympic Committee . 2 August 2015 . Retrieved 20 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Sappenfield , Mark ( 25 February 2010 ) . `` USA , Canada ride new sports to top of Winter Olympics medal count '' . The Christian Science Monitor . CSMonitor.com . Retrieved 23 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Alpine Skiing '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 12 March 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Biathlon '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 12 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bobsleigh '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 12 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cross Country Skiing '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 12 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Curling '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 12 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Figure Skating '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 12 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Freestyle skiing '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 12 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ice Hockey '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 12 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Luge '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 12 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Nordic Combined '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 12 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Short Track Speed Sskating '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 12 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Skeleton '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 12 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ski Jumping '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 12 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Snowboard '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 12 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Speed Skating '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 12 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Olympic Sports '' . Inside The Games . Archived from the original on 10 July 2014 . Retrieved 2 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Biathlon history '' . USBiathlon.org . Archived from the original on 8 October 2011 . Retrieved 26 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Figure Skating at the 1908 London Summer Games '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 26 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Russian bandy players blessed for victory at world championship in Kazan '' . Tatar - Inform. 21 January 2011 . Archived from the original on 24 April 2012 . Retrieved 31 August 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Arnold , Eric ( 28 January 2010 ) . `` Strangest Olympics Sports In History '' . Forbes . Forbes.com . Retrieved 16 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Freestyle Skiing History '' . The National Post . Canadian Broadcasting Company . 4 December 2009 . Archived from the original on 28 January 2010 . Retrieved 16 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Janofsky , Michael ( 18 December 1991 ) . `` Hitting the slopes in the fast lane '' . The New York Times . NYTimes.com . Retrieved 26 March 2009 . Jump up ^ The IOC site for the 2002 Winter Olympic Games gives erroneous figure of 77 participated NOCs ; however , one can count 78 nations looking through official results of 2002 Games Part 1 Archived 3 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine. , Part 2 Archived 18 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine. , Part 3 Archived 18 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine ... Probably this error is consequence that Costa Rica 's delegation of one athlete joined the Games after the Opening Ceremony , so 77 nations participated in Opening Ceremony and 78 nations participated in the Games . Bibliography Barry , Tim ; Crawford , Dee ( 2002 ) . Revise for Advanced PE for Edexcel . Oxford , United Kingdom : Heinemann Educational Publishers . ISBN 0 - 435 - 10045 - 9 . Brownell , Susan ( 2008 ) . Beijing 's games : What the Olympics mean to China . Plymouth , United Kingdom : Rowman & Littlefield publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 5640 - 9 . Cashmore , Ernest ( 2005 ) . Making sense of sports . New York : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 34853 - 6 . Cashmore , Ernest ( 2003 ) . Sports culture . New York : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 18169 - 0 . Cooper - Chen , Anne ( 2005 ) . Global entertainment media . Mahwah , New Jersey : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates . ISBN 0 - 8058 - 5168 - 2 . Findling , John E. ; Pelle , Kimberly D. ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32278 - 3 . Findling , John ; Pelle , Kimberly ( 1996 ) . Historical dictionary of the Modern Olympic Movement . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 313 - 28477 - 6 . Fry , John ( 2006 ) . The story of modern skiing . Lebanon , New Hampshire : University Press of New England . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58465 - 489 - 6 . Gershon , Richard A. ( 2000 ) . Telecommunications Management : Industry structures and planning strategies . Mahwah , New Jersey : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates . ISBN 0 - 8058 - 3002 - 2 . Guttman , Allen ( 1986 ) . Sports Spectators . New York : Columbia University Press . ISBN 0 - 231 - 06401 - 2 . Guttman , Allen ( 1992 ) . The Olympics , a history of the modern games . Champaign , Illinois : University of Illinois press . ISBN 0 - 252 - 02725 - 6 . Hazan , Barukh ( 1982 ) . Olympic sports and propaganda games . New Brunswick , New Jersey : Transaction Inc . ISBN 0 - 87855 - 436 - X . Hill , Christopher R. ( 1992 ) . Olympic Politics . Manchester , United Kingdom : Manchester University Press . ISBN 0 - 7190 - 3542 - 2 . Judd , Ron C. ( 2008 ) . The Winter Olympics . Seattle , Washington : The Mountaineers Books . ISBN 1 - 59485 - 063 - 1 . Mallon , Bill ; Buchanan , Ian ( 2006 ) . Historical dictionary of the Olympic Movement . Oxford , UK : Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 5574 - 7 . Mandell , Richard D. ( 1987 ) . The Nazi Olympics . Champaign , Illinois : University of Illinois Press . ISBN 0 - 252 - 01325 - 5 . Miller , Toby ; Lawrence , Geoffrey ; McKay , Jim ( 2001 ) . Globalization and sport . London : Sage Publications . ISBN 0 - 7619 - 5968 - 8 . Mottram , David ( 2003 ) . Drugs in sport . New York : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 27937 - 2 . Official Report ( 1924 ) of both Summer and Winter Games : ( ed . ) M. Avé , Comité Olympique Français . Les Jeux de la VIII Olympiade Paris 1924 -- Rapport Officiel ( PDF ) ( in French ) . Paris : Librairie de France . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 May 2011 . Retrieved 7 May 2011 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Payne , Michael ( 2006 ) . Olympic turnaround . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 275 - 99030 - 3 . Preuss , Holger ( 2004 ) . The Economics of Staging the Olympics : A Comparison of the Games 1972 -- 2008 . Cheltenham , United Kingdom : Edward Elgar Publishing Limited . ISBN 1 - 84376 - 893 - 3 . Schaffer , Kay ; Smith , Sidonie ( 2000 ) . Olympics at the Millennium . Piscataway , New Jersey : Rutgers University Press . ISBN 0 - 8135 - 2820 - 8 . Seligmann , Matthew S. ; Davison , John ; McDonald , John ( 2003 ) . Daily Life in Hitler 's Germany . New York : Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 312 - 32811 - 7 . Senn , Alfred Erich ( 1999 ) . Power , Politics and the Olympic Games . Champaign , Illinois : Human Kinetics . ISBN 0 - 88011 - 958 - 6 . Wallechinsky , David ; Loucky , Jaime ( 2010 ) . The complete book of the Winter Olympics ( 8th ed . ) . : Greystone Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55365 - 502 - 2 . Whannel , Garry ( 1992 ) . Fields in vision television sport and cultural transformation . New York : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 05383 - 8 . Yesalis , Charles ( 2000 ) . Anabolic steroids and sports and exercise . Champaign , Illinois : Human Kinetics . ISBN 0 - 88011 - 786 - 9 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Winter Olympics . 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St. Moritz 1952 Oslo 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 Squaw Valley 1964 Innsbruck 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo 1976 Innsbruck 1980 Lake Placid 1984 Sarajevo 1988 Calgary 1992 Albertville 1994 Lillehammer 1998 Nagano 2002 Salt Lake City 2006 Turin 2010 Vancouver 2014 Sochi 2018 Pyeongchang 2022 Beijing 2026 TBD 2030 TBD Ancient Olympic Games Intercalated Games 1906 Paralympic Games Youth Olympic Games Nations that have competed at the Olympic Games Nations at the Summer Olympics Nations at the Winter Olympics tropical nations Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo DR Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo 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1900 1904 1908 1920 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Athletics 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Badminton 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Baseball 1992 2000 2008 2020 Basketball 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Basque pelota 1900 Beach volleyball 2000 2008 2012 Boxing 1904 1908 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Canoeing 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Cricket 1900 Croquet 1900 Cycling 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Diving 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Equestrian 1900 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Fencing 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Field hockey 1908 1920 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Football 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Golf 1900 1904 2016 2020 Gymnastics 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Handball 1936 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Jeu de paume 1908 Judo 1964 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Lacrosse 1904 1908 Modern pentathlon 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Polo 1900 1908 1920 1924 1936 Rackets 1908 Roque 1904 Rowing 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Rugby 1900 1908 1920 1924 2016 2020 Sailing 1896 1900 1908 1912 1920 1924 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Shooting 1896 1900 1908 1912 1920 1924 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Softball 2000 2008 2020 Swimming 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Synchronized swimming 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Table tennis 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Taekwondo 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Tennis 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Triathlon 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Tug of war 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 Volleyball 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Water motorsports 1908 Water polo 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Weightlifting 1896 1904 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Wrestling 1896 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Winter sports Alpine skiing 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Biathlon 1924 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bobsleigh 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Cross-country skiing 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Curling 1924 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Figure skating 1908 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Freestyle skiing 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Ice hockey 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Luge 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Nordic combined 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Short track speed skating 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Skeleton 1928 1948 2002 2006 2014 2018 Ski jumping 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Snowboarding 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Speed skating 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Winter Olympic Games host cities 1924 : Chamonix 1928 : St. Moritz 1932 : Lake Placid 1936 : Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 : Cancelled due to World War II 1944 : 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Games Year Host Dates Nations Competitors Sports Disci - plines Events Top Nation Ref Total Men Women 1924 Chamonix , France 25 January -- 5 February 16 258 247 11 6 9 16 Norway ( NOR ) ( 2 ) II 1928 St. Moritz , Switzerland 11 -- 19 February 25 464 438 26 8 14 Norway ( NOR ) ( 3 ) III 1932 Lake Placid , United States 4 -- 15 February 17 252 231 21 7 14 United States ( USA ) ( 4 ) IV 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen , Germany 6 -- 16 February 28 646 566 80 8 17 Norway ( NOR ) ( 5 ) 1940 Awarded to Sapporo , Japan ; cancelled due to World War II 1944 Awarded to Cortina d'Ampezzo , Italy ; cancelled due to World War II V 1948 St. Moritz , Switzerland 30 January -- 8 February 28 669 592 77 9 22 Norway ( NOR ) Sweden ( SWE ) ( 6 ) VI 1952 Oslo , Norway 14 -- 25 February 30 694 585 109 8 22 Norway ( NOR ) ( 7 ) VII 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo , Italy 26 January -- 5 February 32 821 687 134 8 24 Soviet Union ( URS ) ( 8 ) VIII 1960 Squaw Valley , United States 18 -- 28 February 30 665 521 144 8 27 Soviet Union ( URS ) ( 9 ) IX 1964 Innsbruck , Austria 29 January -- 9 February 36 1091 892 199 6 10 34 Soviet Union ( URS ) ( 10 ) X 1968 Grenoble , France 6 -- 18 February 37 1158 947 211 6 10 35 Norway ( NOR ) ( 11 ) XI 1972 Sapporo , Japan 3 -- 13 February 35 1006 801 205 6 10 35 Soviet Union ( URS ) ( 12 ) XII 1976 Innsbruck , Austria 4 -- 15 February 37 1123 892 231 6 10 37 Soviet Union ( URS ) ( 13 ) XIII 1980 Lake Placid , United States 13 -- 24 February 37 1072 840 232 6 10 38 Soviet Union ( URS ) ( 14 ) XIV 1984 Sarajevo , Yugoslavia 8 -- 19 February 49 1272 998 274 6 10 39 East Germany ( GDR ) ( 15 ) XV 1988 Calgary , Canada 13 -- 28 February 57 1423 1122 301 6 10 46 Soviet Union ( URS ) ( 16 ) XVI 1992 Albertville , France 8 -- 23 February 64 1801 1313 488 6 12 57 Germany ( GER ) ( 17 ) XVII 1994 Lillehammer , Norway 12 -- 27 February 67 1737 1215 522 6 12 61 Russia ( RUS ) ( 18 ) XVIII 1998 Nagano , Japan 7 -- 22 February 72 2176 1389 787 7 14 68 Germany ( GER ) ( 19 ) XIX 2002 Salt Lake City , United States 8 -- 24 February 78 2399 1513 886 7 15 78 Norway ( NOR ) ( 20 ) XX 2006 Turin , Italy 10 -- 26 February 80 2508 1548 960 7 15 84 Germany ( GER ) ( 21 ) XXI Vancouver , Canada 12 -- 28 February 82 2566 1522 1044 7 15 86 Canada ( CAN ) ( 22 ) XXII 2014 Sochi , Russia 7 -- 23 February 88 2873 1714 1159 7 15 98 Russia ( RUS ) ( 23 ) XXIII 2018 Pyeongchang , South Korea 9 -- 25 February 92 2922 1680 1242 7 15 102 Norway ( NOR ) ( 24 ) XXIV 2022 Beijing , China 4 -- 20 February Future event ( 25 )

Yellowstone National Park - wikipedia Yellowstone National Park Jump to : navigation , search `` Yellowstone '' redirects here . For other uses , see Yellowstone ( disambiguation ) . Yellowstone National Park IUCN category II ( national park ) Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone Location of Yellowstone National Park Location of Yellowstone National Park Show map of Wyoming Show map of the US Show all Location United States Park County , Wyoming Teton County , Wyoming Gallatin County , Montana Park County , Montana Fremont County , Idaho Coordinates 44 ° 36 ′ N 110 ° 30 ′ W  /  44.600 ° N 110.500 ° W  / 44.600 ; - 110.500 Coordinates : 44 ° 36 ′ N 110 ° 30 ′ W  /  44.600 ° N 110.500 ° W  / 44.600 ; - 110.500 Area 2,219,791 acres ( 8,983.18 km ) Established March 1 , 1872 ( 1872 - March - 01 ) Visitors 4,257,177 ( in 2016 ) Governing body U.S. National Park Service Website Official website UNESCO World Heritage Site Type Natural Criteria vii , viii , ix , x Designated 1978 ( 2nd session ) Reference no . 28 Region The Americas Endangered 1995 -- 2003 Yellowstone National Park is a national park located in the U.S. states of Wyoming , Montana , and Idaho . It was established by the U.S. Congress and signed into law by President Ulysses S. Grant on March 1 , 1872 . Yellowstone was the first National Park in the U.S. and is also widely held to be the first national park in the world . The park is known for its wildlife and its many geothermal features , especially Old Faithful geyser , one of its most popular features . It has many types of ecosystems , but the subalpine forest is the most abundant . It is part of the South Central Rockies forests ecoregion . Native Americans have lived in the Yellowstone region for at least 11,000 years . Aside from visits by mountain men during the early - to - mid-19th century , organized exploration did not begin until the late 1860s . Management and control of the park originally fell under the jurisdiction of the Secretary of the Interior , the first being Columbus Delano . However , the U.S. Army was subsequently commissioned to oversee management of Yellowstone for a 30 - year period between 1886 and 1916 . In 1917 , administration of the park was transferred to the National Park Service , which had been created the previous year . Hundreds of structures have been built and are protected for their architectural and historical significance , and researchers have examined more than a thousand archaeological sites . Yellowstone National Park spans an area of 3,468.4 square miles ( 8,983 km ) , comprising lakes , canyons , rivers and mountain ranges . Yellowstone Lake is one of the largest high - elevation lakes in North America and is centered over the Yellowstone Caldera , the largest supervolcano on the continent . The caldera is considered an active volcano . It has erupted with tremendous force several times in the last two million years . Half of the world 's geothermal features are in Yellowstone , fueled by this ongoing volcanism . Lava flows and rocks from volcanic eruptions cover most of the land area of Yellowstone . The park is the centerpiece of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem , the largest remaining nearly - intact ecosystem in the Earth 's northern temperate zone . In 1978 , Yellowstone was named a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Hundreds of species of mammals , birds , fish , and reptiles have been documented , including several that are either endangered or threatened . The vast forests and grasslands also include unique species of plants . Yellowstone Park is the largest and most famous megafauna location in the Continental United States . Grizzly bears , wolves , and free - ranging herds of bison and elk live in the park . The Yellowstone Park bison herd is the oldest and largest public bison herd in the United States . Forest fires occur in the park each year ; in the large forest fires of 1988 , nearly one third of the park was burnt . Yellowstone has numerous recreational opportunities , including hiking , camping , boating , fishing and sightseeing . Paved roads provide close access to the major geothermal areas as well as some of the lakes and waterfalls . During the winter , visitors often access the park by way of guided tours that use either snow coaches or snowmobiles . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Park creation 1.2 Later history 1.3 Heritage and Research Center 2 Geography 3 Geology 3.1 History 3.2 Geysers and the hydrothermal system 3.3 Earthquakes 4 Biology and ecology 4.1 Flora 4.2 Fauna 5 Forest fires 6 Climate 7 Recreation 8 Legal jurisdiction 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) Detailed pictorial map from 1904 The park contains the headwaters of the Yellowstone River , from which it takes its historical name . Near the end of the 18th century , French trappers named the river Roche Jaune , which is probably a translation of the Hidatsa name Mi tsi a-da - zi ( `` Rock Yellow River '' ) . Later , American trappers rendered the French name in English as `` Yellow Stone '' . Although it is commonly believed that the river was named for the yellow rocks seen in the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone , the Native American name source is unclear . The human history of the park begins at least 11,000 years ago when Native Americans began to hunt and fish in the region . During the construction of the post office in Gardiner , Montana , in the 1950s , an obsidian projectile point of Clovis origin was found that dated from approximately 11,000 years ago . These Paleo - Indians , of the Clovis culture , used the significant amounts of obsidian found in the park to make cutting tools and weapons . Arrowheads made of Yellowstone obsidian have been found as far away as the Mississippi Valley , indicating that a regular obsidian trade existed between local tribes and tribes farther east . By the time white explorers first entered the region during the Lewis and Clark Expedition in 1805 , they encountered the Nez Perce , Crow , and Shoshone tribes . While passing through present day Montana , the expedition members heard of the Yellowstone region to the south , but they did not investigate it . In 1806 , John Colter , a member of the Lewis and Clark Expedition , left to join a group of fur trappers . After splitting up with the other trappers in 1807 , Colter passed through a portion of what later became the park , during the winter of 1807 -- 1808 . He observed at least one geothermal area in the northeastern section of the park , near Tower Fall . After surviving wounds he suffered in a battle with members of the Crow and Blackfoot tribes in 1809 , Colter described a place of `` fire and brimstone '' that most people dismissed as delirium ; the supposedly imaginary place was nicknamed `` Colter 's Hell '' . Over the next 40 years , numerous reports from mountain men and trappers told of boiling mud , steaming rivers , and petrified trees , yet most of these reports were believed at the time to be myth . After an 1856 exploration , mountain man Jim Bridger ( also believed to be the first or second European American to have seen the Great Salt Lake ) reported observing boiling springs , spouting water , and a mountain of glass and yellow rock . These reports were largely ignored because Bridger was a known `` spinner of yarns '' . In 1859 , a U.S. Army Surveyor named Captain William F. Raynolds embarked on a two - year survey of the northern Rockies . After wintering in Wyoming , in May 1860 , Raynolds and his party -- which included naturalist Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden and guide Jim Bridger -- attempted to cross the Continental Divide over Two Ocean Plateau from the Wind River drainage in northwest Wyoming . Heavy spring snows prevented their passage , but had they been able to traverse the divide , the party would have been the first organized survey to enter the Yellowstone region . The American Civil War hampered further organized explorations until the late 1860s . Ferdinand V. Hayden ( 1829 -- 1887 ) American geologist who convinced Congress to make Yellowstone a National Park in 1872 . The first detailed expedition to the Yellowstone area was the Cook -- Folsom -- Peterson Expedition of 1869 , which consisted of three privately funded explorers . The Folsom party followed the Yellowstone River to Yellowstone Lake . The members of the Folsom party kept a journal and based on the information it reported , a party of Montana residents organized the Washburn -- Langford -- Doane Expedition in 1870 . It was headed by the surveyor - general of Montana Henry Washburn , and included Nathaniel P. Langford ( who later became known as `` National Park '' Langford ) and a U.S. Army detachment commanded by Lt. Gustavus Doane . The expedition spent about a month exploring the region , collecting specimens and naming sites of interest . A Montana writer and lawyer named Cornelius Hedges , who had been a member of the Washburn expedition , proposed that the region should be set aside and protected as a national park ; he wrote detailed articles about his observations for the Helena Herald newspaper between 1870 and 1871 . Hedges essentially restated comments made in October 1865 by acting Montana Territorial Governor Thomas Francis Meagher , who had previously commented that the region should be protected . Others made similar suggestions . In an 1871 letter from Jay Cooke to Ferdinand V. Hayden , Cooke wrote that his friend , Congressman William D. Kelley had also suggested `` Congress pass a bill reserving the Great Geyser Basin as a public park forever '' . Park creation ( edit ) See also : Expeditions and the protection of Yellowstone ( 1869 -- 1890 ) Ferdinand V. Hayden 's map of Yellowstone National Park , 1871 In 1871 , eleven years after his failed first effort , Ferdinand V. Hayden was finally able to explore the region . With government sponsorship , he returned to the region with a second , larger expedition , the Hayden Geological Survey of 1871 . He compiled a comprehensive report , including large - format photographs by William Henry Jackson and paintings by Thomas Moran . The report helped to convince the U.S. Congress to withdraw this region from public auction . On March 1 , 1872 , President Ulysses S. Grant signed The Act of Dedication law that created Yellowstone National Park . Hayden , while not the only person to have thought of creating a park in the region , was its first and most enthusiastic advocate . He believed in `` setting aside the area as a pleasure ground for the benefit and enjoyment of the people '' and warned that there were those who would come and `` make merchandise of these beautiful specimens '' . Worrying the area could face the same fate as Niagara Falls , he concluded the site should `` be as free as the air or Water . '' In his report to the Committee on Public Lands , he concluded that if the bill failed to become law , `` the vandals who are now waiting to enter into this wonder - land , will in a single season despoil , beyond recovery , these remarkable curiosities , which have required all the cunning skill of nature thousands of years to prepare '' . Hayden and his 1871 party recognized Yellowstone as a priceless treasure that would become rarer with time . He wished for others to see and experience it as well . Eventually the railroads and , some time after that , the automobile would make that possible . The Park was not set aside strictly for ecological purposes ; however , the designation `` pleasure ground '' was not an invitation to create an amusement park . Hayden imagined something akin to the scenic resorts and baths in England , Germany , and Switzerland . THE ACT OF DEDICATION AN ACT to set apart a certain tract of land lying near the headwaters of the Yellowstone River as a public park . Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled , That the tract of land in the Territories of Montana and Wyoming ... is hereby reserved and withdrawn from settlement , occupancy , or sale under the laws of the United States , and dedicated and set apart as a public park or pleasuring ground for the benefit and enjoyment of the people ; and all persons who shall locate , or settle upon , or occupy the same or any part thereof , except as hereinafter provided , shall be considered trespassers and removed there from ... Approved March 1 , 1872 . Signed by : ULYSSES S. GRANT , President of the United States . SCHUYLER COLFAX , Vice-President of the United States and President of the Senate . JAMES G. BLAINE , Speaker of the House . ( 1870 ) Portrait of Nathaniel P. Langford , the first superintendent of the park There was considerable local opposition to the Yellowstone National Park during its early years . Some of the locals feared that the regional economy would be unable to thrive if there remained strict federal prohibitions against resource development or settlement within park boundaries and local entrepreneurs advocated reducing the size of the park so that mining , hunting , and logging activities could be developed . To this end , numerous bills were introduced into Congress by Montana representatives who sought to remove the federal land - use restrictions . After the park 's official formation , Nathaniel Langford was appointed as the park 's first superintendent in 1872 by Secretary of Interior Columbus Delano . Langford served for five years but was denied a salary , funding , and staff . Langford lacked the means to improve the land or properly protect the park , and without formal policy or regulations , he had few legal methods to enforce such protection . This left Yellowstone vulnerable to poachers , vandals , and others seeking to raid its resources . He addressed the practical problems park administrators faced in the 1872 Report to the Secretary of the Interior and correctly predicted that Yellowstone would become a major international attraction deserving the continuing stewardship of the government . In 1874 , both Langford and Delano advocated the creation of a federal agency to protect the vast park , but Congress refused . In 1875 , Colonel William Ludlow , who had previously explored areas of Montana under the command of George Armstrong Custer , was assigned to organize and lead an expedition to Montana and the newly established Yellowstone Park . Observations about the lawlessness and exploitation of park resources were included in Ludlow 's Report of a Reconnaissance to the Yellowstone National Park . The report included letters and attachments by other expedition members , including naturalist and mineralogist George Bird Grinnell . Great Falls of the Yellowstone `` , U.S. Geological and Geographic Survey of the Territories ( 1874 -- 1879 ) Photographer : William Henry Jackson Grinnell documented the poaching of buffalo , deer , elk , and antelope for hides . `` It is estimated that during the winter of 1874 -- 1875 , not less than 3,000 buffalo and mule deer suffer even more severely than the elk , and the antelope nearly as much . '' As a result , Langford was forced to step down in 1877 . Having traveled through Yellowstone and witnessed land management problems first hand , Philetus Norris volunteered for the position following Langford 's exit . Congress finally saw fit to implement a salary for the position , as well as to provide a minimal funding to operate the park . Norris used these funds to expand access to the park , building numerous crude roads and facilities . In 1880 , Harry Yount was appointed as a gamekeeper to control poaching and vandalism in the park . Yount had previously spent decades exploring the mountain country of present - day Wyoming , including the Grand Tetons , after joining F V. Hayden 's Geological Survey in 1873 . Yount is the first national park ranger , and Yount 's Peak , at the head of the Yellowstone River , was named in his honor . However , these measures still proved to be insufficient in protecting the park , as neither Norris , nor the three superintendents who followed , were given sufficient manpower or resources . Fort Yellowstone , formerly a U.S. Army post , now serves as park headquarters . The Northern Pacific Railroad built a train station in Livingston , Montana , connecting to the northern entrance in the early 1880s , which helped to increase visitation from 300 in 1872 to 5,000 in 1883 . Visitors in these early years faced poor roads and limited services , and most access into the park was on horse or via stagecoach . By 1908 visitation increased enough to attract a Union Pacific Railroad connection to West Yellowstone , though rail visitation fell off considerably by World War II and ceased around the 1960s . Much of the railroad line was converted to nature trails , among them the Yellowstone Branch Line Trail . Thomas Moran painted Tower Creek , Yellowstone , while on the Hayden Geological Survey of 1871 During the 1870s and 1880s Native American tribes were effectively excluded from the national park . Under a half - dozen tribes had made seasonal use of the Yellowstone area , but the only year - round residents were small bands of Eastern Shoshone known as `` Sheepeaters '' . They left the area under the assurances of a treaty negotiated in 1868 , under which the Sheepeaters ceded their lands but retained the right to hunt in Yellowstone . The United States never ratified the treaty and refused to recognize the claims of the Sheepeaters or any other tribe that had used Yellowstone . The Nez Perce band associated with Chief Joseph , numbering about 750 people , passed through Yellowstone National Park in thirteen days during late August 1877 . They were being pursued by the U.S. Army and entered the national park about two weeks after the Battle of the Big Hole . Some of the Nez Perce were friendly to the tourists and other people they encountered in the park ; some were not . Nine park visitors were briefly taken captive . Despite Joseph and other chiefs ordering that no one should be harmed , at least two people were killed and several wounded . One of the areas where encounters occurred was in Lower Geyser Basin and east along a branch of the Firehole River to Mary Mountain and beyond . That stream is still known as Nez Perce Creek . A group of Bannocks entered the park in 1878 , alarming park Superintendent Philetus Norris . In the aftermath of the Sheepeater Indian War of 1879 , Norris built a fort to prevent Native Americans from entering the national park . Ongoing poaching and destruction of natural resources continued unabated until the U.S. Army arrived at Mammoth Hot Springs in 1886 and built Camp Sheridan . Over the next 22 years the army constructed permanent structures , and Camp Sheridan was renamed Fort Yellowstone . On May 7 , 1894 , the Boone and Crockett Club , acting through the personality of George G. Vest , Arnold Hague , William Hallett Phillips , W.A. Wadsworth , Archibald Rogers , Theodore Roosevelt , and George Bird Grinnell were successful in carrying through the Park Protection Act , which saved the Park . The Lacey Act of 1900 provided legal support for the officials prosecuting poachers . With the funding and manpower necessary to keep a diligent watch , the army developed their own policies and regulations that permitted public access while protecting park wildlife and natural resources . When the National Park Service was created in 1916 , many of the management principles developed by the army were adopted by the new agency . The army turned control over to the National Park Service on October 31 , 1918 . In 1898 , the naturalist John Muir described the park as follows : `` However orderly your excursions or aimless , again and again amid the calmest , stillest scenery you will be brought to a standstill hushed and awe - stricken before phenomena wholly new to you . Boiling springs and huge deep pools of purest green and azure water , thousands of them , are plashing and heaving in these high , cool mountains as if a fierce furnace fire were burning beneath each one of them ; and a hundred geysers , white torrents of boiling water and steam , like inverted waterfalls , are ever and anon rushing up out of the hot , black underworld . '' Later History ( edit ) Park Superintendent Horace M. Albright and dinner guests , 1922 . The feeding of `` tame '' black bears was popular with tourists in the early days of the park , but led to 527 injuries between 1931 and 1939 . By 1915 , 1,000 automobiles per year were entering the park , resulting in conflicts with horses and horse - drawn transportation . Horse travel on roads was eventually prohibited . The Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC ) , a New Deal relief agency for young men , played a major role between 1933 and 1942 in developing Yellowstone facilities . CCC projects included reforestation , campground development of many of the park 's trails and campgrounds , trail construction , fire hazard reduction , and fire - fighting work . The CCC built the majority of the early visitor centers , campgrounds and the current system of park roads . During World War II , tourist travel fell sharply , staffing was cut , and many facilities fell into disrepair . By the 1950s , visitation increased tremendously in Yellowstone and other national parks . To accommodate the increased visitation , park officials implemented Mission 66 , an effort to modernize and expand park service facilities . Planned to be completed by 1966 , in honor of the 50th anniversary of the founding of the National Park Service , Mission 66 construction diverged from the traditional log cabin style with design features of a modern style . During the late 1980s , most construction styles in Yellowstone reverted to the more traditional designs . After the enormous forest fires of 1988 damaged much of Grant Village , structures there were rebuilt in the traditional style . The visitor center at Canyon Village , which opened in 2006 , incorporates a more traditional design as well . The Roosevelt Arch is located in Gardiner , Montana at the North Entrance The 1959 Hebgen Lake earthquake just west of Yellowstone at Hebgen Lake damaged roads and some structures in the park . In the northwest section of the park , new geysers were found , and many existing hot springs became turbid . It was the most powerful earthquake to hit the region in recorded history . In 1963 , after several years of public controversy regarding the forced reduction of the elk population in Yellowstone , United States Secretary of the Interior Stewart Udall appointed an advisory board to collect scientific data to inform future wildlife management of the national parks . In a paper known as the Leopold Report , the committee observed that culling programs at other national parks had been ineffective , and recommended management of Yellowstone 's elk population . The wildfires during the summer of 1988 were the largest in the history of the park . Approximately 793,880 acres ( 321,272 ha ; 1,240 sq mi ) or 36 % of the parkland was impacted by the fires , leading to a systematic re-evaluation of fire management policies . The fire season of 1988 was considered normal until a combination of drought and heat by mid-July contributed to an extreme fire danger . On `` Black Saturday '' , August 20 , 1988 , strong winds expanded the fires rapidly , and more than 150,000 acres ( 61,000 ha ; 230 sq mi ) burned . The expansive cultural history of the park has been documented by the 1,000 archeological sites that have been discovered . The park has 1,106 historic structures and features , and of these Obsidian Cliff and five buildings have been designated National Historic Landmarks . Yellowstone was designated an International Biosphere Reserve on October 26 , 1976 , and a UN World Heritage Site on September 8 , 1978 . The park was placed on the List of World Heritage in Danger from 1995 to 2003 due to the effects of tourism , infection of wildlife , and issues with invasive species . In 2010 , Yellowstone National Park was honored with its own quarter under the America the Beautiful Quarters Program . Justin Ferrell explores three moral sensibilities that motivated activists in dealing with Yellowstone . First came the utilitarian vision of maximum exploitation of natural resources , characteristic of developers in the late 19th century . Second was the spiritual vision of nature inspired by the Romanticism and the transcendentalists the mid-19th century . The twentieth century saw the biocentric moral vision that focuses on the health of the ecosystem as theorized by Aldo Leopold , which led to the expansion of federally protected areas and to the surrounding ecosystems . Heritage and research Center ( edit ) The Heritage and Research Center is located at Gardiner , Montana , near the north entrance to the park . The center is home to the Yellowstone National Park 's museum collection , archives , research library , historian , archeology lab , and herbarium . The Yellowstone National Park Archives maintain collections of historical records of Yellowstone and the National Park Service . The collection includes the administrative records of Yellowstone , as well as resource management records , records from major projects , and donated manuscripts and personal papers . The archives are affiliated with the National Archives and Records Administration . Geography ( edit ) See also : Mountains and mountain ranges of Yellowstone National Park , Waterfalls in Yellowstone National Park , and Plateaus of Yellowstone National Park Official Park Map Approximately 96 percent of the land area of Yellowstone National Park is located within the state of Wyoming . Another three percent is within Montana , with the remaining one percent in Idaho . The park is 63 miles ( 101 km ) north to south , and 54 miles ( 87 km ) west to east by air . Yellowstone is 2,219,789 acres ( 898,317 ha ; 3,468.420 sq mi ) in area , larger than the states of Rhode Island or Delaware . Rivers and lakes cover five percent of the land area , with the largest water body being Yellowstone Lake at 87,040 acres ( 35,220 ha ; 136.00 sq mi ) . Yellowstone Lake is up to 400 feet ( 120 m ) deep and has 110 miles ( 180 km ) of shoreline . At an elevation of 7,733 feet ( 2,357 m ) above sea level , Yellowstone Lake is the largest high altitude lake in North America . Forests comprise 80 percent of the land area of the park ; most of the rest is grassland . The Continental Divide of North America runs diagonally through the southwestern part of the park . The divide is a topographic feature that separates Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean water drainages . About one third of the park lies on the west side of the divide . The origins of the Yellowstone and Snake Rivers are near each other but on opposite sides of the divide . As a result , the waters of the Snake River flow to the Pacific Ocean , while those of the Yellowstone find their way to the Atlantic Ocean via the Gulf of Mexico . Aerial view , 3D computer generated image The park sits on the Yellowstone Plateau , at an average elevation of 8,000 feet ( 2,400 m ) above sea level . The plateau is bounded on nearly all sides by mountain ranges of the Middle Rocky Mountains , which range from 9,000 to 11,000 feet ( 2,700 to 3,400 m ) in elevation . The highest point in the park is atop Eagle Peak ( 11,358 feet or 3,462 metres ) and the lowest is along Reese Creek ( 5,282 feet or 1,610 metres ) . Nearby mountain ranges include the Gallatin Range to the northwest , the Beartooth Mountains in the north , the Absaroka Range to the east , and the Teton Range and the Madison Range to the southwest and west . The most prominent summit on the Yellowstone Plateau is Mount Washburn at 10,243 feet ( 3,122 m ) . Yellowstone National Park has one of the world 's largest petrified forests , trees which were long ago buried by ash and soil and transformed from wood to mineral materials . This ash and other volcanic debris are believed to have come from the park area itself . This is largely because Yellowstone is actually a massive caldera of a supervolcano . There are 290 waterfalls of at least 15 feet ( 4.6 m ) in the park , the highest being the Lower Falls of the Yellowstone River at 308 feet ( 94 m ) . Three deep canyons are located in the park , cut through the volcanic tuff of the Yellowstone Plateau by rivers over the last 640,000 years . The Lewis River flows through Lewis Canyon in the south , and the Yellowstone River has carved two colorful canyons , the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone and the Black Canyon of the Yellowstone in its journey north . Geology ( edit ) Main articles : Geothermal areas of Yellowstone , Yellowstone Caldera , and Supervolcano History ( edit ) Columnar basalt near Tower Falls ; large floods of basalt and other lava types preceded mega-eruptions of superheated ash and pumice Yellowstone is at the northeastern end of the Snake River Plain , a great U-shaped arc through the mountains that extends from Boise , Idaho some 400 miles ( 640 km ) to the west . This feature traces the route of the North American Plate over the last 17 million years as it was transported by plate tectonics across a stationary mantle hotspot . The landscape of present - day Yellowstone National Park is the most recent manifestation of this hotspot below the crust of the Earth . The Yellowstone Caldera is the largest volcanic system in North America . It has been termed a `` supervolcano '' because the caldera was formed by exceptionally large explosive eruptions . The magma chamber that lies under Yellowstone is estimated to be a single connected chamber , about 37 miles ( 60 km ) long , 18 miles ( 29 km ) wide , and 3 to 7 miles ( 5 to 12 km ) deep . The current caldera was created by a cataclysmic eruption that occurred 640,000 years ago , which released more than 240 cubic miles ( 1,000 km3 ) of ash , rock and pyroclastic materials . This eruption was more than 1,000 times larger than the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens . It produced a caldera nearly five eighths of a mile ( 1 km ) deep and 45 by 28 miles ( 72 by 45 km ) in area and deposited the Lava Creek Tuff , a welded tuff geologic formation . The most violent known eruption , which occurred 2.1 million years ago , ejected 588 cubic miles ( 2,450 km3 ) of volcanic material and created the rock formation known as the Huckleberry Ridge Tuff and created the Island Park Caldera . A smaller eruption ejected 67 cubic miles ( 280 km3 ) of material 1.3 million years ago , forming the Henry 's Fork Caldera and depositing the Mesa Falls Tuff . Each of the three climactic eruptions released vast amounts of ash that blanketed much of central North America , falling many hundreds of miles away . The amount of ash and gases released into the atmosphere probably caused significant impacts to world weather patterns and led to the extinction of some species , primarily in North America . Wooden walkways allow visitors to closely approach the Grand Prismatic Spring . A subsequent caldera - forming eruption occurred about 160,000 years ago . It formed the relatively small caldera that contains the West Thumb of Yellowstone Lake . Since the last supereruption , a series of smaller eruptive cycles between 640,000 and 70,000 years ago , has nearly filled in the Yellowstone Caldera with 80 different eruptions of rhyolitic lavas such as those that can be seen at Obsidian Cliffs and basaltic lavas which can be viewed at Sheepeater Cliff . Lava strata are most easily seen at the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone , where the Yellowstone River continues to carve into the ancient lava flows . The canyon is a classic V - shaped valley , indicative of river - type erosion rather than erosion caused by glaciation . Each eruption is part of an eruptive cycle that climaxes with the partial collapse of the roof of the volcano 's partially emptied magma chamber . This creates a collapsed depression , called a caldera , and releases vast amounts of volcanic material , usually through fissures that ring the caldera . The time between the last three cataclysmic eruptions in the Yellowstone area has ranged from 600,000 to 800,000 years , but the small number of such climactic eruptions can not be used to make an accurate prediction for future volcanic events . Geysers and the hydrothermal System ( edit ) Old Faithful Geyser erupts approximately every 91 minutes . The most famous geyser in the park , and perhaps the world , is Old Faithful geyser , located in Upper Geyser Basin . Castle Geyser , Lion Geyser and Beehive Geyser are in the same basin . The park contains the largest active geyser in the world -- Steamboat Geyser in the Norris Geyser Basin . A study that was completed in 2011 found that at least 1283 geysers have erupted in Yellowstone . Of these , an average of 465 are active in a given year . Yellowstone contains at least 10,000 geothermal features altogether . Half the geothermal features and two - thirds of the world 's geysers are concentrated in Yellowstone . Steamboat Geyser is the world 's largest active geyser . In May 2001 , the U.S. Geological Survey , Yellowstone National Park , and the University of Utah created the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory ( YVO ) , a partnership for long - term monitoring of the geological processes of the Yellowstone Plateau volcanic field , for disseminating information concerning the potential hazards of this geologically active region . In 2003 , changes at the Norris Geyser Basin resulted in the temporary closure of some trails in the basin . New fumaroles were observed , and several geysers showed enhanced activity and increasing water temperatures . Several geysers became so hot that they were transformed into purely steaming features ; the water had become superheated and they could no longer erupt normally . This coincided with the release of reports of a multiple year United States Geological Survey research project which mapped the bottom of Yellowstone Lake and identified a structural dome that had uplifted at some time in the past . Research indicated that these uplifts posed no immediate threat of a volcanic eruption , since they may have developed long ago , and there had been no temperature increase found near the uplifts . On March 10 , 2004 , a biologist discovered 5 dead bison which apparently had inhaled toxic geothermal gases trapped in the Norris Geyser Basin by a seasonal atmospheric inversion . This was closely followed by an upsurge of earthquake activity in April 2004 . In 2006 , it was reported that the Mallard Lake Dome and the Sour Creek Dome -- areas that have long been known to show significant changes in their ground movement -- had risen at a rate of 1.5 to 2.4 inches ( 3.8 to 6.1 cm ) per year from mid -- 2004 through 2006 . As of late 2007 , the uplift has continued at a reduced rate . These events inspired a great deal of media attention and speculation about the geologic future of the region . Experts responded to the conjecture by informing the public that there was no increased risk of a volcanic eruption in the near future . However , these changes demonstrate the dynamic nature of the Yellowstone hydrothermal system . Earthquakes ( edit ) Main terraces of Mammoth Hot Springs Yellowstone experiences thousands of small earthquakes every year , virtually all of which are undetectable to people . There have been six earthquakes with at least magnitude 6 or greater in historical times , including the 7.5 ‐ magnitude Hebgen Lake earthquake which occurred just outside the northwest boundary of the park in 1959 . This quake triggered a huge landslide , which caused a partial dam collapse on Hebgen Lake ; immediately downstream , the sediment from the landslide dammed the river and created a new lake , known as Earthquake Lake . Twenty - eight people were killed , and property damage was extensive in the immediate region . The earthquake caused some geysers in the northwestern section of the park to erupt , large cracks in the ground formed and emitted steam , and some hot springs that normally have clear water turned muddy . A 6.1 ‐ magnitude earthquake struck inside the park on June 30 , 1975 , but damage was minimal . For three months in 1985 , 3,000 minor earthquakes were detected in the northwestern section of the park , during what has been referred to as an earthquake swarm , and has been attributed to minor subsidence of the Yellowstone caldera . Beginning on April 30 , 2007 , 16 small earthquakes with magnitudes up to 2.7 occurred in the Yellowstone Caldera for several days . These swarms of earthquakes are common , and there have been 70 such swarms between 1983 and 2008 . In December 2008 , over 250 earthquakes were measured over a four - day span under Yellowstone Lake , the largest measuring a magnitude of 3.9 . In January 2010 , more than 250 earthquakes were detected over a two - day period . Seismic activity in Yellowstone National Park continues and is reported hourly by the Earthquake Hazards Program of the U.S. Geological Survey . On March 30 , 2014 , a magnitude 4.8 earthquake struck almost the very middle of Yellowstone near the Norris Basin at 6 : 34 am ; reports indicated no damage . This was the largest earthquake to hit the park since February 22 , 1980 . Biology and Ecology ( edit ) Main articles : Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem and Ecology of the Rocky Mountains Meadow in Yellowstone National Park Yellowstone National Park is the centerpiece of the 20 million acre / 31,250 square - mile ( 8,093,712 ha / 80,937 km ) Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem , a region that includes Grand Teton National Park , adjacent National Forests and expansive wilderness areas in those forests . The ecosystem is the largest remaining continuous stretch of mostly undeveloped pristine land in the continental United States , considered the world 's largest intact ecosystem in the northern temperate zone . With the successful wolf reintroduction program , which began in the 1990s , virtually all the original faunal species known to inhabit the region when white explorers first entered the area can still be found there . Flora ( edit ) Over 1,700 species of trees and other vascular plants are native to the park . Another 170 species are considered to be exotic species and are non-native . Of the eight conifer tree species documented , Lodgepole Pine forests cover 80 % of the total forested areas . Other conifers , such as Subalpine Fir , Engelmann Spruce , Rocky Mountain Douglas - fir and Whitebark Pine , are found in scattered groves throughout the park . As of 2007 , the whitebark pine is threatened by a fungus known as white pine blister rust ; however , this is mostly confined to forests well to the north and west . In Yellowstone , about seven percent of the whitebark pine species have been impacted with the fungus , compared to nearly complete infestations in northwestern Montana . Quaking Aspen and willows are the most common species of deciduous trees . The aspen forests have declined significantly since the early 20th century , but scientists at Oregon State University attribute recent recovery of the aspen to the reintroduction of wolves which has changed the grazing habits of local elk . Yellowstone sand verbena are endemic to Yellowstone 's lakeshores . There are dozens of species of flowering plants that have been identified , most of which bloom between the months of May and September . The Yellowstone sand verbena is a rare flowering plant found only in Yellowstone . It is closely related to species usually found in much warmer climates , making the sand verbena an enigma . The estimated 8,000 examples of this rare flowering plant all make their home in the sandy soils on the shores of Yellowstone Lake , well above the waterline . In Yellowstone 's hot waters , bacteria form mats of bizarre shapes consisting of trillions of individuals . These bacteria are some of the most primitive life forms on earth . Flies and other arthropods live on the mats , even in the middle of the bitterly cold winters . Initially , scientists thought that microbes there gained sustenance only from sulfur . In 2005 researchers from the University of Colorado at Boulder discovered that the sustenance for at least some of the diverse hyperthermophilic species is molecular hydrogen . Thermus aquaticus is a bacterium found in the Yellowstone hot springs that produces an important enzyme ( Taq polymerase ) that is easily replicated in the lab and is useful in replicating DNA as part of the polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) process . The retrieval of these bacteria can be achieved with no impact to the ecosystem . Other bacteria in the Yellowstone hot springs may also prove useful to scientists who are searching for cures for various diseases . In 2016 , researchers from Uppsala University reported the discovery of a class of thermophiles , Hadesarchaea , in Yellowstone 's Culex Basin . These organisms are capable of converting carbon monoxide and water to carbon dioxide and oxygen . Non-native plants sometimes threaten native species by using up nutrient resources . Though exotic species are most commonly found in areas with the greatest human visitation , such as near roads and at major tourist areas , they have also spread into the backcountry . Generally , most exotic species are controlled by pulling the plants out of the soil or by spraying , both of which are time consuming and expensive . Fauna ( edit ) Main articles : Animals of Yellowstone , Birds of Yellowstone National Park , Wolf reintroduction , History of wolves in Yellowstone , Yellowstone Park Bison Herd , Small mammals of Yellowstone National Park , Fishes of Yellowstone National Park , and Amphibians and reptiles of Yellowstone National Park Yellowstone is widely considered to be the finest megafauna wildlife habitat in the lower 48 states . There are almost 60 species of mammals in the park , including the gray wolf , coyote , the threatened Canadian lynx , and grizzly bears . Other large mammals include the bison ( often referred to as buffalo ) , black bear , elk , moose , mule deer , white - tailed deer , mountain goat , pronghorn , bighorn sheep , and cougar . American bison The Yellowstone Park bison herd is the largest public herd of American bison in the United States . The relatively large bison populations are a concern for ranchers , who fear that the species can transmit bovine diseases to their domesticated cousins . In fact , about half of Yellowstone 's bison have been exposed to brucellosis , a bacterial disease that came to North America with European cattle that may cause cattle to miscarry . The disease has little effect on park bison , and no reported case of transmission from wild bison to domestic livestock has been filed . However , the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service ( APHIS ) has stated that bison are the `` likely source '' of the spread of the disease in cattle in Wyoming and North Dakota . Elk also carry the disease and are believed to have transmitted the infection to horses and cattle . Bison once numbered between 30 and 60 million individuals throughout North America , and Yellowstone remains one of their last strongholds . Their populations had increased from less than 50 in the park in 1902 to 4,000 by 2003 . The Yellowstone Park bison herd reached a peak in 2005 with 4,900 animals . Despite a summer estimated population of 4,700 in 2007 , the number dropped to 3,000 in 2008 after a harsh winter and controversial brucellosis management sending hundreds to slaughter . The Yellowstone Park bison herd is believed to be one of only four free roaming and genetically pure herds on public lands in North America . The other three herds are the Henry Mountains bison herd of Utah , at Wind Cave National Park in South Dakota and in Elk Island National Park in Alberta . Elk mother nursing her calf . To combat the perceived threat of brucellosis transmission to cattle , national park personnel regularly harass bison herds back into the park when they venture outside of the area 's borders . During the winter of 1996 -- 97 , the bison herd was so large that 1,079 bison that had exited the park were shot or sent to slaughter . Animal rights activists argue that this is a cruel practice and that the possibility for disease transmission is not as great as some ranchers maintain . Ecologists point out that the bison are merely traveling to seasonal grazing areas that lie within the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem that have been converted to cattle grazing , some of which are within National Forests and are leased to private ranchers . APHIS has stated that with vaccinations and other means , brucellosis can be eliminated from the bison and elk herds throughout Yellowstone . A reintroduced wolf in Yellowstone National Park Starting in 1914 , in an effort to protect elk populations , the U.S. Congress appropriated funds to be used for the purposes of `` destroying wolves , prairie dogs , and other animals injurious to agriculture and animal husbandry '' on public lands . Park Service hunters carried out these orders , and by 1926 they had killed 136 wolves , and wolves were virtually eliminated from Yellowstone . Further exterminations continued until the National Park Service ended the practice in 1935 . With the passing of the Endangered Species Act in 1973 , the wolf was one of the first mammal species listed . After the wolves were extirpated from Yellowstone , the coyote then became the park 's top canine predator . However , the coyote is not able to bring down large animals , and the result of this lack of a top predator on these populations was a marked increase in lame and sick megafauna . By the 1990s , the Federal government had reversed its views on wolves . In a controversial decision by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service ( which oversees threatened and endangered species ) , northwestern wolves imported from Canada were reintroduced into the park . Reintroduction efforts have been successful with populations remaining relatively stable . A survey conducted in 2005 reported that there were 13 wolf packs , totaling 118 individuals in Yellowstone and 326 in the entire ecosystem . These park figures were lower than those reported in 2004 but may be attributable to wolf migration to other nearby areas as suggested by the substantial increase in the Montana population during that interval . Almost all the wolves documented were descended from the 66 wolves reintroduced in 1995 -- 96 . The recovery of populations throughout the states of Wyoming , Montana and Idaho has been so successful that on February 27 , 2008 , the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service removed the Northern Rocky Mountain wolf population from the endangered species list . Black bear and cub in the Tower - Roosevelt area An estimated 600 grizzly bears live in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem , with more than half of the population living within Yellowstone . The grizzly is currently listed as a threatened species , however the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has announced that they intend to take it off the endangered species list for the Yellowstone region but will likely keep it listed in areas where it has not yet recovered fully . Opponents of delisting the grizzly are concerned that states might once again allow hunting and that better conservation measures need to be implemented to ensure a sustainable population . Black bears are common in the park and were a park symbol due to visitor interaction with the bears starting in 1910 . Feeding and close contact with bears has not been permitted since the 1960s to reduce their desire for human foods . Yellowstone is one of the few places in the United States where black bears can be seen coexisting with grizzly bears . Black bear observations occur most often in the park 's northern ranges and in the Bechler area which is in the park 's southwestern corner . Elk Population figures for elk are in excess of 30,000 -- the largest population of any large mammal species in Yellowstone . The northern herd has decreased enormously since the mid ‐ 1990s ; this has been attributed to wolf predation and causal effects such as elk using more forested regions to evade predation , consequently making it harder for researchers to accurately count them . The northern herd migrates west into southwestern Montana in the winter . The southern herd migrates southward , and the majority of these elk winter on the National Elk Refuge , immediately southeast of Grand Teton National Park . The southern herd migration is the largest mammalian migration remaining in the U.S. outside of Alaska . Pronghorn are commonly found on the grasslands in the park . In 2003 the tracks of one female lynx and her cub were spotted and followed for over 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) . Fecal material and other evidence obtained were tested and confirmed to be those of a lynx . No visual confirmation was made , however . Lynx have not been seen in Yellowstone since 1998 , though DNA taken from hair samples obtained in 2001 confirmed that lynx were at least transient to the park . Other less commonly seen mammals include the mountain lion and wolverine . The mountain lion has an estimated population of only 25 individuals parkwide . The wolverine is another rare park mammal , and accurate population figures for this species are not known . These uncommon and rare mammals provide insight into the health of protected lands such as Yellowstone and help managers make determinations as to how best to preserve habitats . Eighteen species of fish live in Yellowstone , including the core range of the Yellowstone cutthroat trout -- a fish highly sought by anglers . The Yellowstone cutthroat trout has faced several threats since the 1980s , including the suspected illegal introduction into Yellowstone Lake of lake trout , an invasive species which consume the smaller cutthroat trout . Although lake trout were established in Shoshone and Lewis lakes in the Snake River drainage from U.S. Government stocking operations in 1890 , it was never officially introduced into the Yellowstone River drainage . The cutthroat trout has also faced an ongoing drought , as well as the accidental introduction of a parasite -- whirling disease -- which causes a terminal nervous system disease in younger fish . Since 2001 , all native sport fish species caught in Yellowstone waterways are subject to a catch and release law . Yellowstone is also home to six species of reptiles , such as the painted turtle and Prairie rattlesnake , and four species of amphibians , including the Boreal Chorus Frog . 311 species of birds have been reported , almost half of which nest in Yellowstone . As of 1999 , twenty - six pairs of nesting bald eagles have been documented . Extremely rare sightings of whooping cranes have been recorded , however only three examples of this species are known to live in the Rocky Mountains , out of 385 known worldwide . Other birds , considered to be species of special concern because of their rarity in Yellowstone , include the common loon , harlequin duck , osprey , peregrine falcon and the trumpeter swan . Forest fires ( edit ) See also : Yellowstone fires of 1988 and 1988 -- 89 North American drought Fire in Yellowstone National Park As wildfire is a natural part of most ecosystems , plants that are indigenous to Yellowstone have adapted in a variety of ways . Douglas - fir have a thick bark which protects the inner section of the tree from most fires . Lodgepole Pines -- the most common tree species in the park -- generally have cones that are only opened by the heat of fire . Their seeds are held in place by a tough resin , and fire assists in melting the resin , allowing the seeds to disperse . Fire clears out dead and downed wood , providing fewer obstacles for lodgepole pines to flourish . Subalpine Fir , Engelmann Spruce , Whitebark Pine , and other species tend to grow in colder and moister areas , where fire is less likely to occur . Aspen trees sprout new growth from their roots , and even if a severe fire kills the tree above ground , the roots often survive unharmed because they are insulated from the heat by soil . The National Park Service estimates that in natural conditions , grasslands in Yellowstone burned an average of every 20 to 25 years , while forests in the park would experience fire about every 300 years . About thirty - five natural forest fires are ignited each year by lightning , while another six to ten are started by people -- in most cases by accident . Yellowstone National Park has three fire lookout towers , each staffed by trained fire fighters . The easiest one to reach is atop Mount Washburn , which has interpretive exhibits and an observation deck open to the public . The park also monitors fire from the air and relies on visitor reports of smoke and / or flames . Fire towers are staffed almost continuously from late June to mid-September -- the primary fire season . Fires burn with the greatest intensity in the late afternoon and evening . Few fires burn more than 100 acres ( 40 ha ) , and the vast majority of fires reach only a little over an acre ( 0.5 ha ) before they burn themselves out . Fire management focuses on monitoring dead and down wood quantities , soil and tree moisture , and the weather , to determine those areas most vulnerable to fire should one ignite . Current policy is to suppress all human caused fires and to evaluate natural fires , examining the benefit or detriment they may pose on the ecosystem . If a fire is considered to be an immediate threat to people and structures , or will burn out of control , then fire suppression is performed . Wildfire in Yellowstone National Park produces a pyrocumulus cloud . In an effort to minimize the chances of out of control fires and threats to people and structures , park employees do more than just monitor the potential for fire . Controlled burns are prescribed fires which are deliberately started to remove dead timber under conditions which allow fire fighters an opportunity to carefully control where and how much wood is consumed . Natural fires are sometimes considered prescribed fires if they are left to burn . In Yellowstone , unlike some other parks , there have been very few fires deliberately started by employees as prescribed burns . However , over the last 30 years , over 300 natural fires have been allowed to burn naturally . In addition , fire fighters remove dead and down wood and other hazards from areas where they will be a potential fire threat to lives and property , reducing the chances of fire danger in these areas . Fire monitors also regulate fire through educational services to the public and have been known to temporarily ban campfires from campgrounds during periods of high fire danger . The common notion in early United States land management policies was that all forest fires were bad . Fire was seen as a purely destructive force and there was little understanding that it was an integral part of the ecosystem . Consequently , until the 1970s , when a better understanding of wildfire was developed , all fires were suppressed . This led to an increase in dead and dying forests , which would later provide the fuel load for fires that would be much harder , and in some cases , impossible to control . Fire Management Plans were implemented , detailing that natural fires should be allowed to burn if they posed no immediate threat to lives and property . A crown fire approaches the Old Faithful complex on September 7 , 1988 . 1988 started with a wet spring season although by summer , drought began moving in throughout the northern Rockies , creating the driest year on record to that point . Grasses and plants which grew well in the early summer from the abundant spring moisture produced plenty of grass , which soon turned to dry tinder . The National Park Service began firefighting efforts to keep the fires under control , but the extreme drought made suppression difficult . Between July 15 and 21 , 1988 , fires quickly spread from 8,500 acres ( 3,400 ha ; 13.3 sq mi ) throughout the entire Yellowstone region , which included areas outside the park , to 99,000 acres ( 40,000 ha ; 155 sq mi ) on the park land alone . By the end of the month , the fires were out of control . Large fires burned together , and on August 20 , 1988 , the single worst day of the fires , more than 150,000 acres ( 61,000 ha ; 230 sq mi ) were consumed . Seven large fires were responsible for 95 % of the 793,000 acres ( 321,000 ha ; 1,239 sq mi ) that were burned over the next couple of months . A total of 25,000 firefighters and U.S. military forces participated in the suppression efforts , at a cost of 120 million dollars . By the time winter brought snow that helped extinguish the last flames , the fires had destroyed 67 structures and caused several million dollars in damage . Though no civilian lives were lost , two personnel associated with the firefighting efforts were killed . Contrary to media reports and speculation at the time , the fires killed very few park animals -- surveys indicated that only about 345 elk ( of an estimated 40,000 -- 50,000 ) , 36 deer , 12 moose , 6 black bears , and 9 bison had perished . Changes in fire management policies were implemented by land management agencies throughout the United States , based on knowledge gained from the 1988 fires and the evaluation of scientists and experts from various fields . By 1992 , Yellowstone had adopted a new fire management plan which observed stricter guidelines for the management of natural fires . Climate ( edit ) Winter scene in Yellowstone Yellowstone climate is greatly influenced by altitude , with lower elevations generally found to be warmer year - round . The record high temperature was 99 ° F ( 37 ° C ) in 2002 , while the coldest temperature recorded is − 66 ° F ( − 54 ° C ) in 1933 . During the summer months of June to early September , daytime highs are normally in the 70 to 80 ° F ( 21 to 27 ° C ) range , while night time lows can go to below freezing ( 0 ° C ) especially at higher altitudes . Summer afternoons are frequently accompanied by thunderstorms . Spring and fall temperatures range between 30 and 60 ° F ( − 1 and 16 ° C ) with nights in the teens to single digits ( − 5 to − 20 ° C ) . Winter in Yellowstone is accompanied by high temperatures usually between zero and 20 ° F ( − 20 to − 5 ° C ) and nighttime temperatures below 0 ° F ( − 18 ° C ) for most of the winter . Precipitation in Yellowstone is highly variable and ranges from 15 inches ( 380 mm ) annually near Mammoth Hot Springs , to 80 inches ( 2,000 mm ) in the southwestern sections of the park . The precipitation of Yellowstone is greatly influenced by the moisture channel formed by the Snake River Plain to the west that was , in turn , formed by Yellowstone itself . Snow is possible in any month of the year , but most common between November and April , with averages of 150 inches ( 3,800 mm ) annually around Yellowstone Lake , to twice that amount at higher elevations . Tornadoes in Yellowstone are rare ; however , on July 21 , 1987 , the most powerful tornado recorded in Wyoming touched down in the Teton Wilderness of Bridger - Teton National Forest and hit Yellowstone National Park . Called the Teton -- Yellowstone tornado , it was classified as an F4 , with wind speeds estimated at between 207 and 260 miles per hour ( 333 and 418 km / h ) . The tornado left a path of destruction 1 to 2 miles ( 1.6 to 3.2 km ) wide , and 24 miles ( 39 km ) long , and leveled 15,000 acres ( 6,100 ha ; 23 sq mi ) of mature pine forest . The climate at Yellowstone Lake is classified as subarctic ( Dfc ) , according to Köppen - Geiger climate classification , while at the park headquarters the classification is humid continental ( Dfb ) . ( show ) Climate data for Yellowstone Lake , elev . 7,870 feet ( 2,399 m ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 46 ( 8 ) 56 ( 13 ) 61 ( 16 ) 65 ( 18 ) 78 ( 26 ) 83 ( 28 ) 92 ( 33 ) 91 ( 33 ) 83 ( 28 ) 72 ( 22 ) 63 ( 17 ) 48 ( 9 ) 92 ( 33 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 24.4 ( − 4.2 ) 28.0 ( − 2.2 ) 36.2 ( 2.3 ) 43.3 ( 6.3 ) 51.9 ( 11.1 ) 61.6 ( 16.4 ) 71.6 ( 22 ) 71.4 ( 21.9 ) 61.6 ( 16.4 ) 47.8 ( 8.8 ) 33.5 ( 0.8 ) 24.3 ( − 4.3 ) 46.4 ( 8 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 1.2 ( − 17.1 ) 1.2 ( − 17.1 ) 9.2 ( − 12.7 ) 18.0 ( − 7.8 ) 28.0 ( − 2.2 ) 35.4 ( 1.9 ) 41.6 ( 5.3 ) 39.9 ( 4.4 ) 31.8 ( − 0.1 ) 23.7 ( − 4.6 ) 13.8 ( − 10.1 ) 5.0 ( − 15 ) 20.8 ( − 6.2 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 50 ( − 46 ) − 50 ( − 46 ) − 42 ( − 41 ) − 26 ( − 32 ) − 2 ( − 19 ) 14 ( − 10 ) 20 ( − 7 ) 17 ( − 8 ) − 5 ( − 21 ) − 13 ( − 25 ) − 30 ( − 34 ) − 43 ( − 42 ) − 50 ( − 46 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 1.65 ( 41.9 ) 1.61 ( 40.9 ) 1.80 ( 45.7 ) 1.78 ( 45.2 ) 2.47 ( 62.7 ) 2.25 ( 57.2 ) 1.62 ( 41.1 ) 1.60 ( 40.6 ) 1.46 ( 37.1 ) 1.18 ( 30 ) 1.85 ( 47 ) 1.63 ( 41.4 ) 20.90 ( 530.9 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 34.3 ( 87.1 ) 30.4 ( 77.2 ) 25.6 ( 65 ) 21.4 ( 54.4 ) 8.1 ( 20.6 ) 1.3 ( 3.3 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 1.3 ( 3.3 ) 9.9 ( 25.1 ) 30.9 ( 78.5 ) 30.5 ( 77.5 ) 193.7 ( 492 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 16.8 14.0 13.7 11.6 11.5 14.4 11.0 10.8 9.7 8.8 13.1 15.6 151 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.1 in ) 16.2 13.4 12.6 9.5 4.4 0.9 0 0 1.1 5.8 12.6 14.9 91.4 Source # 1 : NOAA ( normals , 1981 -- 2010 ) Source # 2 : The Weather Channel ( Records ) ( show ) Climate data for Yellowstone Park Headquarters , elev . 6,230 feet ( 1,899 m ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 52 ( 11 ) 56 ( 13 ) 66 ( 19 ) 78 ( 26 ) 86 ( 30 ) 92 ( 33 ) 99 ( 37 ) 97 ( 36 ) 92 ( 33 ) 82 ( 28 ) 66 ( 19 ) 52 ( 11 ) 99 ( 37 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 30.2 ( − 1 ) 33.4 ( 0.8 ) 40.8 ( 4.9 ) 48.9 ( 9.4 ) 59.0 ( 15 ) 68.6 ( 20.3 ) 79.3 ( 26.3 ) 78.6 ( 25.9 ) 67.4 ( 19.7 ) 52.8 ( 11.6 ) 37.7 ( 3.2 ) 28.7 ( − 1.8 ) 52.1 ( 11.2 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 12.0 ( − 11.1 ) 13.0 ( − 10.6 ) 20.1 ( − 6.6 ) 26.7 ( − 2.9 ) 34.8 ( 1.6 ) 42.3 ( 5.7 ) 48.3 ( 9.1 ) 46.7 ( 8.2 ) 38.4 ( 3.6 ) 29.4 ( − 1.4 ) 19.8 ( − 6.8 ) 11.3 ( − 11.5 ) 28.6 ( − 1.9 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 36 ( − 38 ) − 35 ( − 37 ) − 25 ( − 32 ) − 4 ( − 20 ) 6 ( − 14 ) 20 ( − 7 ) 21 ( − 6 ) 24 ( − 4 ) 0 ( − 18 ) − 8 ( − 22 ) − 27 ( − 33 ) − 35 ( − 37 ) − 36 ( − 38 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 0.73 ( 18.5 ) 0.64 ( 16.3 ) 0.95 ( 24.1 ) 1.30 ( 33 ) 2.06 ( 52.3 ) 1.95 ( 49.5 ) 1.46 ( 37.1 ) 1.06 ( 26.9 ) 1.14 ( 29 ) 1.28 ( 32.5 ) 1.03 ( 26.2 ) 0.81 ( 20.6 ) 14.41 ( 366 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 11.1 ( 28.2 ) 8.5 ( 21.6 ) 10.4 ( 26.4 ) 8.0 ( 20.3 ) ( 5.6 ) 0.3 ( 0.8 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0.3 ( 0.8 ) 4.0 ( 10.2 ) 9.4 ( 23.9 ) 10.2 ( 25.9 ) 64.4 ( 163.6 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 9.8 9.0 9.1 9.7 12.8 13.3 9.9 8.9 8.2 8.4 9.8 10.2 119.1 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.1 in ) 8.0 7.1 6.4 4.8 1.2 0.1 0 0 0.2 2.6 7.2 8.3 45.9 Source # 1 : NOAA ( normals , 1981 -- 2010 ) Source # 2 : Western Regional Climate Center ( extremes 1894 -- present ) Recreation ( edit ) Main articles : Trails of Yellowstone National Park and Angling in Yellowstone National Park Union Pacific Railroad brochure promoting travel to park ( 1921 ) Yellowstone ranks among the most popular national parks in the United States . Since the mid-1960s , at least 2 million tourists have visited the park almost every year . Average annual visitation increased to 3.5 million during the ten - year period from 2007 to 2016 , with a record of 4,257,177 recreational visitors in 2016 . July is the busiest month for Yellowstone National Park . At peak summer levels , 3,700 employees work for Yellowstone National Park concessionaires . Concessionaires manage nine hotels and lodges , with a total of 2,238 hotel rooms and cabins available . They also oversee gas stations , stores and most of the campgrounds . Another 800 employees work either permanently or seasonally for the National Park Service . Park service roads lead to major features ; however , road reconstruction has produced temporary road closures . Yellowstone is in the midst of a long term road reconstruction effort , which is hampered by a short repair season . In the winter , all roads aside from the one which enters from Gardiner , Montana , and extends to Cooke City , Montana , are closed to wheeled vehicles . Park roads are closed to wheeled vehicles from early November to mid April , but some park roads remain closed until mid-May . The park has 310 miles ( 500 km ) of paved roads which can be accessed from five different entrances . There is no public transportation available inside the park , but several tour companies can be contacted for guided motorized transport . In the winter , concessionaires operate guided snowmobile and snow coach tours , though their numbers and access are based on quotas established by the National Park Service . Facilities in the Old Faithful , Canyon and Mammoth Hot Springs areas of the park are very busy during the summer months . Traffic jams created by road construction or by people observing wildlife can result in long delays . Old Faithful Inn The National Park Service maintains 9 visitor centers and museums and is responsible for maintenance of historical structures and many of the other 2,000 buildings . These structures include National Historical Landmarks such as the Old Faithful Inn built from 1903 to 1904 and the entire Fort Yellowstone -- Mammoth Hot Springs Historic District . An historical and educational tour is available at Fort Yellowstone which details the history of the National Park Service and the development of the park . Campfire programs , guided walks and other interpretive presentations are available at numerous locations in the summer , and on a limited basis during other seasons . Camping is available at a dozen campgrounds with more than 2,000 campsites . Camping is also available in surrounding National Forests , as well as in Grand Teton National Park to the south . Backcountry campsites are accessible only by foot or by horseback and require a permit . There are 1,100 miles ( 1,800 km ) of hiking trails available . The park is not considered to be a good destination for mountaineering because of the instability of volcanic rock which predominates . Visitors with pets are required to keep them on a leash at all times and are limited to areas near roadways and in `` frontcountry '' zones such as drive in campgrounds . Around thermal features , wooden and paved trails have been constructed to ensure visitor safety , and most of these areas are handicapped accessible . The National Park Service maintains a year - round clinic at Mammoth Hot Springs and provides emergency services throughout the year . Hunting is not permitted , though it is allowed in the surrounding national forests during open season . Fishing is a popular activity , and a Yellowstone Park fishing license is required to fish in park waters . Many park waters are fly fishing only and all native fish species are catch and release only . Boating is prohibited on rivers and creeks except for a 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) stretch of the Lewis River between Lewis and Shoshone Lake , and it is open to non-motorized use only . Yellowstone Lake has a marina , and the lake is the most popular boating destination . Vintage photo of human - habituated bears seeking food from visitors . In the early history of the park , visitors were allowed , and sometimes even encouraged , to feed the bears . Visitors welcomed the chance to get their pictures taken with the bears , who had learned to beg for food . This led to numerous injuries to humans each year . In 1970 , park officials changed their policy and started a vigorous program to educate the public on the dangers of close contact with bears , and to try to eliminate opportunities for bears to find food in campgrounds and trash collection areas . Although it has become more difficult to observe bears in recent years , the number of human injuries and deaths has taken a significant drop and visitors are in less danger . The eighth recorded bear - related death in the park 's history occurred in August 2015 . Other protected lands in the region include Caribou - Targhee , Gallatin , Custer , Shoshone and Bridger - Teton National Forests . The National Park Service 's John D. Rockefeller , Jr . Memorial Parkway is to the south and leads to Grand Teton National Park . The famed Beartooth Highway provides access from the northeast and has spectacular high altitude scenery . Nearby communities include West Yellowstone , Montana ; Cody , Wyoming ; Red Lodge , Montana ; Ashton , Idaho ; and Gardiner , Montana . The closest air transport is available by way of Bozeman , Montana ; Billings , Montana ; Jackson ; Cody , Wyoming , or Idaho Falls , Idaho . Salt Lake City , 320 miles ( 510 km ) to the south , is the closest large metropolitan area . Legal jurisdiction ( edit ) Street map of Yellowstone National Park at the northwest corner of Wyoming The entire park is within the jurisdiction of the United States District Court for the District of Wyoming , making it the only federal court district that includes portions of more than one state ( Idaho , Montana , and Wyoming ) . Law professor Brian C. Kalt has argued that it may be impossible to impanel a jury in compliance with the Vicinage Clause of the Sixth Amendment for a crime committed solely in the unpopulated Idaho portion of the park ( and that it would be difficult to do so for a crime committed solely in the lightly populated Montana portion ) . One defendant , who was accused of a wildlife - related crime in the Montana portion of the park , attempted to raise this argument but eventually pleaded guilty , with the plea deal including his specific agreement not to raise the issue in his appeal . See also ( edit ) North America portal Bibliography of Yellowstone National Park List of national parks of the United States List of Yellowstone National Park - related articles Making North America ( 2015 PBS film ) Yellowstone - Teton Clean Energy Coalition References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Listing of acreage as of December 31 , 2011 '' . Land Resource Division , National Park Service . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` NPS Annual Recreation Visits Report '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Yellowstone National Park '' . UNESCO World Heritage Centre . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Yellowstone , the First National Park '' . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Statutes at Large , Vol. 17 , Chap. 24 , pp. 32 -- 33 . `` An Act to set apart a certain Tract of Land lying near the Head - waters of the Yellowstone River as a public Park . '' ( S. 392 ) `` . Jump up ^ `` Biosphere Reserve Information -- United States -- Yellowstone '' . UNESCO -- MAB Biosphere Reserves Directory . UNESCO . August 17 , 2000 . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2007 . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Park Facts '' . National Park Service . December 22 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Yellowstone , History and Culture '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Records of the National Park Service ( NPS ) '' . National Archives . Retrieved 9 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Questions About Yellowstone Volcanic History '' . United States Geological Survey , Yellowstone Volcano Observatory . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Geothermal Features and How They Work '' . National Park Service . February 17 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Schullery , Paul . `` The Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem '' . Our Living Resources . U.S. Geological Survey . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Macdonald , James S. , Jr . ( December 27 , 2006 ) . `` History of Yellowstone as a Place Name '' . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Yellowstone : A Brief History of the Park '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of the Interior . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lahren , Larry ( 2006 ) . Homeland : An archaeologist 's view of Yellowstone Country 's past . Cayuse Press . p. 161 . ISBN 0 - 9789251 - 0 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Janetski , Joel C. ( 1987 ) . Indians in Yellowstone National Park . Salt Lake City , Utah : University of Utah Press . ISBN 0 - 87480 - 724 - 7 . Jump up ^ Haines , Aubrey L. ( 2000 ) . `` The Lewis and Clark Era ( 1805 -- 1814 ) '' . Yellowstone National Park : Its Exploration and Establishment . U.S. Department of the Interior . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ Haines , Aubrey L. ( 2000 ) . `` The Fur Trade Era ( 1818 -- 42 ) '' . Yellowstone National Park : Its Exploration and Establishment . U.S. Department of the Interior . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Baldwin , Kenneth H. ( 1976 ) . `` Enchanted Enclosure - Historic Roads in the National Park System - Chapter 2 - The Raynolds Expedition of 1860 '' . Historical Division , Office of the Chief Of Engineers , United States Army . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Haines , Aubrey L. ( 1975 ) . `` The Exploring Era ( 1851 -- 63 ) '' . Yellowstone National Park : Its Exploration and Establishment . U.S. Department of the Interior . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ Haines , Aubrey L. ( 2000 ) . `` The Folsom Party ( 1869 ) '' . Yellowstone National Park : Its Exploration and Establishment . U.S. Department of the Interior . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ Haines , Aubrey L. ( 2000 ) . `` Cornelius Hedges '' . Yellowstone National Park : Its Exploration and Establishment . U.S. Department of the Interior . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone '' . American Studies at the University of Virginia . University of Virginia . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` History & Culture '' . General Grant National Memorial . National Park Service . July 25 , 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Marlene Deahl Merrill ( September 1 , 2003 ) . Yellowstone and the Great West : Journals , Letters , and Images from the 1871 Hayden Expedition . U of Nebraska Press . p. 208 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 8289 - 6 . Retrieved June 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Marlene Deahl Merrill ( September 1 , 2003 ) . Yellowstone and the Great West : Journals , Letters , and Images from the 1871 Hayden Expedition . U of Nebraska Press . pp. 210 -- 211 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 8289 - 6 . Retrieved June 11 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Chittenden , Hiram Martin . The Yellowstone National Park - Historical and Descriptive . Cincinnati : Stewart and Kidd Co. pp. 77 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Wheeler , Olin Dunbar ( 2010 ) . Enlarge Image Nathaniel Pitt Langford : The Vigilante , the Explorer , the Expounder and First Superintendent of the Yellowstone Park . Nabu Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 177 - 37550 - 4 . Jump up ^ Dilsaver , Lary M. ; William Wyckoff ( May 2005 ) . `` The Political Geography of National Parks '' . The Pacific Historical Review , Vol. 74 , No. 2 . University of California Press : 237 -- 266 . Jump up ^ Wuerthner , 11 - 15 - 07 , George ( November 15 , 2007 ) . `` NREPA : Local Interests and Conservation History '' . George Wuerthner 's On the Range . NewWest . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2011 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Report of the Superintendent of the Yellowstone National Park to the Secretary of the Interior for the year 1872 '' . Jump up ^ Punke , Michael ( 2007 ) . Last Stand : George Bird Grinnell , the Battle to Save the Buffalo , and the Birth of the New West . Smithsonian Books . p. 102 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 089782 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Yellowstone National Park 's First 130 Years '' . Yellowstone History . National Park Service . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Rydell , Kiki Leigh ; Mary Shivers Culpin ( July 5 , 2006 ) . `` The Administrations of Nathaniel Langford and Philetus Norris '' ( PDF ) . A History of Administrative Development in Yellowstone National Park , 1872 -- 1965 . Yellowstone National Park . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 30 , 2011 . Retrieved April 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Griske , Michael ( 2005 ) . The Diaries of John Hunton . Heritage Books . pp. 121 , 122 . ISBN 0 - 7884 - 3804 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Yellowstone National Park 's First 130 Years '' . Yellowstone History . National Park Service . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ Griske , op . cit. , p. 122 Jump up ^ `` Yellowstone National Park 's First 130 Years '' . Yellowstone History . National Park Service . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Merchant , Carolyn ( 2002 ) . The Columbia Guide to American Environmental History . Columbia University Press . p. 148 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 11232 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Chittenden , Hiram Martin ( 1895 ) . The Yellowstone National Park : historical and descriptive . The R. Clarke Company . pp. 111 -- 122 . OCLC 3015335 . ^ Jump up to : Duncan , Dayton ; Ken Burns ( 2009 ) . The National Parks : America 's Best Idea . Alred A. Knopf . pp. 37 -- 38 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 26896 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Nez Perce Creek '' . Geographic Names Information System . United States Geological Survey . ^ Jump up to : Rydell , Kiki Leigh ; Mary Shivers Culpin ( July 5 , 2006 ) . `` The United States Army Takes Control of Yellowstone National Park 1886 -- 1906 '' ( PDF ) . A History of Administrative Development in Yellowstone National Park , 1872 -- 1965 . Yellowstone National Park . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 30 , 2011 . Retrieved April 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Grinnell , George Bird ( 1910 ) . The History of the Boone and Crockett Club . New York City : Forest and Stream Publishing Company . pp. 10 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Rydell , Kiki Leigh ; Mary Shivers Culpin ( July 5 , 2006 ) . `` The National Park Service in Yellowstone National Park 1917 -- 1929 '' ( PDF ) . A History of Administrative Development in Yellowstone National Park , 1872 -- 1965 . Yellowstone National Park . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 30 , 2011 . Retrieved April 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Muir , John ( April 1898 ) . `` The Yellowstone National Park '' . The Atlantic . Jump up ^ Jordan Fisher Smith ( 2016 - 06 - 07 ) . Engineering Eden . Crown / Archetype . p. 37 . ISBN 9780307454263 . Jump up ^ `` Yellowstone National Park 's First 130 Years '' . Yellowstone History . National Park Service . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ Matthew A. Redinger , `` The Civilian Conservation Corps and the Development of Glacier and Yellowstone Parks , 1933 -- 1942 , '' Pacific Northwest Forum , 1991 , Vol. 4 Issue 2 , pp 3 -- 17 Jump up ^ Rydell , Kiki Leigh ; Mary Shivers Culpin ( July 5 , 2006 ) . `` Mission 66 in Yellowstone National Park 1941 -- 1965 '' ( PDF ) . A History of Administrative Development in Yellowstone National Park , 1872 -- 1965 . Yellowstone National Park . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 16 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ Allaback , Sarah ( 2000 ) . `` Mission 66 Visitor Centers '' . U.S. Department of the Interior . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Canyon Area NPS Visitor Facilities '' . U.S. Department of the Interior . August 22 , 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Largest Earthquake in Montana '' . Historic Earthquakes . U.S. Geological Survey . January 24 , 2007 . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ Leopold , A. Starker ; et al. ( 1963 ) . `` The Goal of Park Management in the United States '' . Wildlife Management in the National Parks . National Park Service . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wildland Fire in Yellowstone '' . National Park Service . July 26 , 2006 . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Patry , Marc ; Bassett , Clare ; Leclerq , Benedicte ( March 11 -- 13 , 2003 ) . `` The State of Conservation of World Heritage Forests '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of the 2nd World Heritage Forest Meeting . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Yellowstone Quarter Introduced '' . United States Mint . Jump up ^ Justin Farrell , The Battle for Yellowstone : Morality and the Sacred Roots of Environmental Conflict ( Princeton UP , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ `` Heritage and Research Center '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Yellowstone National Park Archives '' . National Park Service . Retrieved November 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Affiliated Archives '' . National Archives . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Snake River Plain '' . U.S. Geological Survey . March 12 , 2001 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2013 . Retrieved March 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Oskin , Becky ( April 17 , 2013 ) . `` Yellowstone 's Volcano Bigger Than Thought '' . LiveScience . Retrieved 11 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Quaternary and Pliocene Yellowstone Plateau Volcanic Field of Wyoming , Idaho , and Montana '' . U.S. Geological Survey . August 27 , 2001 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 11 . / ^ Jump up to : `` Tracking Changes in Yellowstone 's Restless Volcanic System '' . U.S. Geological Survey . January 19 , 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Volcanic History of the Yellowstone Plateau Volcanic Field '' . Yellowstone Volcano Observatory . U.S. Geological Survey . February 2 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Bindeman , Ilya N. ( June 2006 ) . `` The Secrets of Supervolcanoes '' . Scientific American . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2007 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Questions About Future Volcanic Activity '' . Yellowstone Volcano Observatory . U.S. Geological Survey . February 2 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Cross , Jeff . `` How many geysers are found in Yellowstone ? '' Program and Abstracts , The 11th Biennial Scientific Conference on the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem . October 8 -- 10 , 2012 , Mammoth Hot Springs Hotel , Yellowstone National Park , Wyoming . Jump up ^ Lundquist , Laura . `` Dormant Yellowstone geyser erupts . '' The Bozeman Daily Chronicle , August 02 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Yellowstone National Park '' . World Heritage Sites . UNESCO World Heritage Centre . April 23 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Information about the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory '' . Yellowstone Volcano Observatory . U.S. Geological Survey . February 2 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Notable Changes in Thermal Activity at Norris Geyser Basin Provide Opportunity to Study Hydrothermal System '' . Yellowstone Volcano Observatory . U.S. Geological Survey . March 16 , 2005 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently asked questions about recent findings at Yellowstone Lake '' . Yellowstone Volcano Observatory . U.S. Geological Survey . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Archive of Stories About the Yellowstone Volcanic System '' . Yellowstone Volcano Observatory . U.S. Geological Survey . February 2 , 2007 . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Earthquake Swarms at Yellowstone Continue '' . Inland Park News . December 19 , 2008 . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2013 . Retrieved August 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Smith , Robert B. ; Wu - Lung Chang ; Lee Siegel ( November 8 , 2007 ) . `` Yellowstone rising : Volcano inflating with molten rock at record rate '' . Press release , University of Utah Public Relations . EurekAlert ! ( American Association for the Advancement of Science ) . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Lowenstern , Jake ( June 2005 ) . `` Truth , fiction and everything in between at Yellowstone '' . Geotimes . American Geologic Institute . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` More Than A Dozen Earthquakes Shake Yellowstone '' . KUTV News . May 6 , 2007 . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Archive of Yellowstone Updates for 2008 '' . Yellowstone Volcanic Observatory . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Yellowstone hit by swarm of earthquakes '' . Denver Post . January 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Latest Earthquakes -- US '' Yellowstone Region `` . United States Geological Survey . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 4.8 Magnitude Earthquake Hits Yellowstone National Park '' . Liberty Voice. 30 March 2014 . Retrieved 31 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Kendall , Katherine . `` Whitebark Pine '' . Our Living Resources . U.S. Geological Survey . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Presence Of Wolves Allows Aspen Recovery In Yellowstone '' . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Where Are the Bloomin ' Wildflowers ? '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . February 2004 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Yellowstone Sand Verbena '' . Nature and Science . National Park Service . July 20 , 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Microbes In Colorful Yellowstone Hot Springs Fueled By Hydrogen , CU - Boulder Researchers Say '' . University of Colorado at Boulder . January 24 , 2005 . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2013 . Retrieved March 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Yellowstone Thermophiles Conservation Project '' . World Foundation for Environment and Development . April 27 , 2004 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Baker , Brett J. ; Saw , Jimmy H. ; Lind , Anders E. ; Lazar , Cassandra Sara ; Hinrichs , Kai - Uwe ; Teske , Andreas P. ; Ettema , Thijs J.G. ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Genomic inference of the metabolism of cosmopolitan subsurface Archaea , Hadesarchaea '' . Nature Microbiology. 1 ( 3 ) : 16002 . doi : 10.1038 / nmicrobiol. 2016.2 . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Atherton , Matt ( February 15 , 2016 ) . `` God of the underworld microbes Hadesarchaea discovered living on toxic gas deep below Yellowstone hot springs '' . IB Times . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Exotic Vegetation Management in Yellowstone National Park '' ( PDF ) . Nature and Science . National Park Service . February 1 , 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brucellosis and Yellowstone Bison '' . Brucellosis . Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2007 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions About Bison '' . Nature and Science . National Park Service . August 9 , 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ Prettyman , Brett ( January 10 , 2008 ) . `` Moving Bison '' . Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Defenders of Wildlife '' . A Yellowstone Chronology . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rocky Mountain Wolf Recovery 2005 Interagency Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service , Nez Perce Tribe , National Park Service , Montana Fish , Wildlife & Parks , Idaho Fish and Game , and USDA Wildlife Services . 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Final Rule Designating the Northern Rocky Mountain Population of Gray Wolf as a Distinct Population Segment and Removing This Distinct Population Segment From the Federal List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife '' . U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service . February 27 , 2008 . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2009 . Retrieved June 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Mott , Maryann ( July 2 , 2004 ) . `` Bald Eagle , Grizzly : U.S. Icons Endangered No More ? '' . National Geographic News . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Black Bears '' . National Park Service . March 31 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Black Bear Information Continued '' . National Park Service . April 3 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 -- 2007 Winter Count of Northern Yellowstone Elk '' . National Park Service . January 16 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Potter , Tiffany ( April 13 , 2004 ) . `` Reproduction of Canada Lynx Discovered in Yellowstone '' . Nature : Year in Review . National Park Service . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2007 . Retrieved March 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Mountain Lions '' . National Park Service . July 26 , 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Marquis , Amy Leinbach ( Summer 2006 ) . `` Out of Sight , Out of Mind '' . National Parks . National Parks Conservation Association . 80 ( 3 ) : 20 -- 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fishing in Yellowstone National Park '' . National Park Service . April 4 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Yellowstone Lake Crisis : Confronting a Lake Trout Invasion '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . 1995 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Kendall , W.C. ( 1915 ) . The Fishes of the Yellowstone National Park . Washington D.C. : Department of Commerce , Bureau of Fisheries . pp. 22 -- 23 . Jump up ^ `` Vital Habitats : Wetlands and Wildlife '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Threatened and Endangered Species '' . National Park Service . July 26 , 2006 . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Species of Special Concern '' . National Park Service . July 28 , 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fire Ecology '' . Yellowstone Wildland Fire . National Park Service . October 25 , 2006 . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Yellowstone National Park : Mount Washburn '' . Backpacker Magazine . Cruz Bay Publishing , Inc . Retrieved 14 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yellowstone Lookouts '' . Yellowstone Wildland Fire . National Park Service . October 25 , 2006 . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Fire Facts '' . Yellowstone Wildland Fire . National Park Service . October 25 , 2006 . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Fire Monitoring '' . Yellowstone Wildland Fire . National Park Service . October 25 , 2006 . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Prescribed Fire '' . Yellowstone Wildland Fire . National Park Service . October 25 , 2006 . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` Weather '' . National Park Service . December 20 , 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Severe Weather '' . Wyoming Climate Office . March 14 , 2007 . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` WY Lake Yellowstone '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved June 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Monthly Averages for Yellowstone Lake , Wyoming '' . The Weather Channel . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` WY Yellowstone PK Mammoth '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved June 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Yellowstone Park , Wyoming '' . Western Regional Climate Center . Retrieved June 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Annual Visitation Statistics '' . Yellowstone National Park . U.S. Department of the Interior . August 10 , 2006 . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Cool Yellowstone becoming hotter vacation spot '' . CNN Travel . August 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Road Construction Delays and Closures '' . National Park Service . April 9 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Operating Hours & Seasons '' . National Park Service . April 22 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Winter Services in Yellowstone '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Hiking in the Park '' . National Park Service . August 17 , 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Regulations Regarding Pets '' . National Park Service . July 12 , 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Information Every Visitor Needs to Know '' . National Park Service . March 6 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Fishing in Yellowstone National Park '' . National Park Service . April 4 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ 2007 Yellowstone National Park Fishing Regulations Jump up ^ `` Boating in Yellowstone National Park '' . National Park Service . September 18 , 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ National Park Service Jump up ^ `` Bear Inflicted Human Injuries and Fatalities in Yellowstone '' . U.S. National Park Service . 2015 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Directions '' . National Park Service . January 4 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Brian C. Kalt , The Perfect Crime , 93 Geo . L.J. 675 ( 2005 ) . Jump up ^ `` The perfect place for the perfect crime '' . trib.com . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ United States v. Belderrain , 309 F. App'x 259 ( 10th Cir. 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Brian C. Kalt , Tabloid Constitutionalism , 96 Geo . L.J. 1971 ( 2008 ) . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutYellowstone National Parkat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Texts from Wikisource Travel guide from Wikivoyage U.S. Geological Survey Photographic Library Yellowstone National Park Official site Act Establishing Yellowstone National Park from the Library of Congress The short film A Visit to Yellowstone National Park ( c. 1932 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film Four Seasons of Yellowstone ( 1970 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film Fantastic Yellowstone ( 1997 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive The Yellowstone magmatic system from the mantle plume to the upper crust ( 46,000 km3 magma reservoir below chamber ) Yellowstone 360 degree panoramic video National Geographic Channel The Act of Dedication BYU Larsen Yellowstone collection , one of the largest libraries of Yellowstone materials , at L. Tom Perry Special Collections Library , Brigham Young University Yellowstone National Park -- History and people Historic events and personalities from Yellowstone National Park Expeditions Cook -- Folsom -- Peterson Expedition Washburn -- Langford -- Doane Expedition Hayden Geological Survey of 1871 Explorers Robert Adams , Jr . Jim Bridger John Colter Lt. Gustavus C. Doane Truman C. Everts Warren Angus Ferris Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden Nathaniel P. Langford Alexander Ross ( fur trader ) Osborne Russell Cyrus Thomas Henry D. Washburn Photographers , artists and illustrators Heinrich C. Berann Albert Bierstadt Frank Jay Haynes William Henry Jackson Thomas Moran Park management Mission 66 Horace M. Albright Harry W. Child Harry W. Frantz Harlan Kredit Herbert Maier John W. Meldrum Philetus Norris Robert Reamer Harry Yount Military administration Henry Tureman Allen Lloyd Milton Brett Frazier Boutelle Dan Christie Kingman Hiram M. Chittenden Samuel Baldwin Marks Young Wilber Elliott Wilder Fort Yellowstone Events History of the National Park Service History of wolves in Yellowstone Teton -- Yellowstone tornado 1959 Hebgen Lake earthquake Yellowstone fires of 1988 List of Yellowstone National Park related articles Media related to People associated with Yellowstone National Park at Wikimedia Commons Protected areas of Wyoming Federal National Parks : Grand Teton Yellowstone National Monuments : Devils Tower Fossil Butte National Historic Sites : Fort Laramie National Historic Trails : California Trail Mormon Trail Oregon Trail Pony Express National Wildlife Refuges : Bamforth Cokeville Meadows Hutton Lake Mortenson Lake Pathfinder Seedskadee National Elk Refuge Jackson National Fish Hatchery National Recreation Areas : Bighorn Canyon Flaming Gorge ( USFS ) National Forests : Ashley Bighorn Bridger - Teton Medicine Bow - Routt Shoshone Caribou - Targhee National Grasslands : Thunder Basin Wilderness Areas : Absaroka - Beartooth Bridger Cloud Peak Encampment River Fitzpatrick Gros Ventre Huston Park Jedediah Smith North Absaroka Platte River Popo Agie Savage Run Teton Washakie Winegar Hole State State Parks : Bear River Boysen Buffalo Bill Curt Gowdy Edness K. Wilkins Glendo Guernsey Hawk Springs Hot Springs Keyhole Seminoe Sinks Canyon State Historical Sites : Ames Monument Connor Battlefield Fort Bridger Fort Fetterman Fort Fred Steele Fort Phil Kearny Granger Stage Station Governors ' Mansion Independence Rock Legend Rock Names Hill Oregon Trail Ruts Piedmont Charcoal Kilns Point of Rocks Stage Station Register Cliff South Pass City Trail End Pioneer Memorial Museum Territorial Park Medicine Lodge County County Parks : Ayres Natural Bridge Wyoming Division of State Parks and Historic Sites ( web ) Protected areas of Montana Federal National Parks Glacier Yellowstone National Monuments Little Bighorn Battlefield Pompeys Pillar ( BLM ) Upper Missouri River Breaks ( BLM ) National Battlefield Big Hole National Historical Parks & Historic Sites Grant - Kohrs Ranch NHS Nez Perce NHP National Historic & Scenic Trails Lewis and Clark NHT Nez Perce NHT Continental Divide NST Pacific Northwest NST National Recreation Area Bighorn Canyon National Wildlife Refuges Benton Lake Black Coulee Bowdoin Charles M. 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1 SUDOC : 03581523X BNF : cb13338376q ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yellowstone_National_Park&oldid=815729984 '' Categories : IUCN Category II Yellowstone National Park National parks in Wyoming National parks in Montana National parks in Idaho National parks of the Rocky Mountains Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem Regions of Wyoming History of the Rocky Mountains History of Wyoming Geysers of Wyoming Hot springs of Wyoming Hot springs of Teton County , Wyoming Landforms of Park County , Wyoming Landforms of Teton County , Wyoming Protected areas of Fremont County , Idaho Protected areas of Gallatin County , Montana Protected areas of Park County , Montana Protected areas of Park County , Wyoming Protected areas of Teton County , Wyoming Protected areas established in 1872 1872 establishments in the United States 1870s establishments in Wyoming Territory Civilian Conservation Corps in Wyoming Civilian Conservation Corps in Montana Civilian Conservation Corps in Idaho Biosphere reserves of the United States World Heritage Sites in the United States Yellowstone Caldera Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely move - 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when was yellowstone established as a national park

Yellowstone National Park is a national park located in the U.S. states of Wyoming , Montana , and Idaho . It was established by the U.S. Congress and signed into law by President Ulysses S. Grant on March 1 , 1872 . Yellowstone was the first National Park in the U.S. and is also widely held to be the first national park in the world . The park is known for its wildlife and its many geothermal features , especially Old Faithful geyser , one of its most popular features . It has many types of ecosystems , but the subalpine forest is the most abundant . It is part of the South Central Rockies forests ecoregion .

List of major league baseball progressive single - season home run leaders - wikipedia List of major league baseball progressive single - season home run leaders Jump to : navigation , search The Major League Baseball single - season record for the number of home runs hit by a batter has changed many times over the years . Contents ( hide ) 1 Single - season records 2 Progression 3 Home runs per game 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Single - season records ( edit ) Batter Team Age Year HR Reign Record breaker George Hall Philadelphia Athletics 27 1876 5 3 years -- Charley Jones Boston Red Caps 29 1879 9 4 years 6th on July 31 off George Bradley Harry Stovey Philadelphia Athletics 27 1883 14 1 year 10th on August 1 off Jack Neagle Ned Williamson Chicago White Stockings 27 1884 27 35 years 15th on July 9 off Ed Bagley Babe Ruth Boston Red Sox 24 1919 29 1 year 28th on September 24 off Bob Shawkey Babe Ruth New York Yankees 25 1920 54 1 year 30th on July 19 off Dickie Kerr Babe Ruth New York Yankees 26 1921 59 6 years 55th on September 15 off Bill Bayne Babe Ruth New York Yankees 32 1927 60 34 years 60th on September 30 off Tom Zachary Roger Maris New York Yankees 27 1961 61 37 years 61st on October 1 off Tracy Stallard Mark McGwire St. Louis Cardinals 35 1998 70 3 years 62nd on September 8 off Steve Trachsel Barry Bonds San Francisco Giants 36 73 17 years 71st on October 5 off Chan Ho Park Sammy Sosa hit his 66th home run on September 25 , 1998 , breaking McGwire 's then standing record of 65 home runs . McGwire tied that record less than an hour later and then hit two home runs on each of the next two days to achieve his 70 home run record . Progression ( edit ) Summarized from The Baseball Encyclopedia for older information , and from various news stories for newer information : Four baseball bats that were used in setting single - season home run records . From left to right : bat used by Babe Ruth to hit his 60th home run during the 1927 season , bat used by Roger Maris to hit his 61st home run during the 1961 season , bat used by Mark McGwire to hit his 70th home run during the 1998 season , and the bat used by Sammy Sosa for his 66th home run during the same season . 5 , by George Hall , Philadelphia Athletics ( NL ) , 1876 ( 70 game schedule ) 9 , by Charley Jones , Boston Red Stockings ( NL ) , 1879 ( 84 game schedule ) 14 , by Harry Stovey , Philadelphia Athletics ( AA ) , 1883 ( 98 game schedule ) 27 , by Ned Williamson , Chicago White Stockings ( NL ) , 1884 ( 112 game schedule ) Williamson benefited from a very short outfield fence in his home ballpark , Lakeshore Park . During the park 's previous years , balls hit over the fence in that park were ground - rule doubles , but in 1884 ( its final year ) they were credited as home runs . Williamson led the pace , but several of his Chicago teammates also topped the 20 HR mark that season . Of Williamson 's total , 25 were hit at home , and only 2 on the road . Noticing the fluke involved , fans of the early 20th century were more impressed with Buck Freeman 's total of 25 home runs in 1899 or Gavvy Cravath 's 1915 total of 24 . 29 , by Babe Ruth , Boston Red Sox ( AL ) , 1919 ( 140 game schedule ) Even with that relatively small quantity , and still pitching part - time , Ruth alone hit more home runs than did 10 of the 15 other major league clubs . The second - highest individual total was 12 , by Gavvy Cravath of the Philadelphia Phillies . Ruth homered in every park in the league , the first time anyone had achieved that distinction . Ruth was a pitcher by trade , and the ultimate exception to the axiom that pitchers ca n't hit . Ruth had led the league with 11 in 1918 , despite playing only 95 games , and still in the `` dead - ball '' era . By 1919 , after the War , the materials for baseballs began to improve and became naturally `` livelier '' . 54 , Babe Ruth , New York Yankees ( AL ) , 1920 ( 154 game schedule ) Ruth hit just a few more home runs on the road ( 26 ) than he had the previous year ( 20 ) , but he hit far more ( 29 ) in the Polo Grounds in New York ( where the Yankees played at the time ) than he had in Fenway Park ( 9 ) in Boston the year before , as he took full advantage of the nearby right field wall , although he also hit many long drives at the Polo Grounds . Of the other 15 major league clubs , only the Philadelphia Phillies exceeded Ruth 's single - handed total , hitting 64 in their bandbox ballpark Baker Bowl . The second - highest individual total was the St. Louis Browns ' George Sisler 's 19 . Ruth 's major - league record slugging percentage ( total bases / at bats ) of . 847 stood for the next 80 years . 59 , by Ruth , New York ( AL ) , 1921 ( 154 game schedule ) Ruth 's slugging percentage was just . 001 less than his record - setting average the previous year . 60 , by Ruth , New York ( AL ) , 1927 ( 154 game schedule ) Ruth hit more home runs in 1927 than any of the other seven American League teams . His closest rival was his teammate Lou Gehrig , who hit 47 homers that year . 61 , by Roger Maris , New York ( AL ) , 1961 ( 162 game schedule ) Pushing Maris that year was teammate Mickey Mantle ; slowed by an injury late in the season , Mantle finished with 54 . With the season being eight games longer than in previous years , leading to the suggestion that official record keepers place an `` asterisk '' next to the record , many observers derided this situation as a major public relations gaffe by major league baseball . 70 , by Mark McGwire , St. Louis Cardinals ( NL ) , 1998 ( 162 game schedule ) After an epic battle between McGwire and Ken Griffey , Jr. , who both got into the 50s in 1997 , many expected the two to take on Maris in 1998 . However , the player that competed for the record with McGwire in 1998 was Sammy Sosa of the Chicago Cubs , who propelled himself into the race with a record - setting 20 home runs that June . He would finish with 66 that season and actually led McGwire for approximately 45 minutes after hitting his 66th , until McGwire hit his own 66th , and four more in his final three games of the season . McGwire broke the old records in 144 games -- fewer than even the old 154 game season . That removed season - length as a source of `` asterisk '' controversy , but McGwire 's connection to the steroid scandal introduced a new call for asterisks on this and other records set in this era . On January 11 , 2010 McGwire admitted using steroids during the 1998 season . McGwire claimed to use steroids to help heal an ailing body and denied they helped him to hit a baseball . 73 , by Barry Bonds , San Francisco Giants ( NL ) , 2001 ( 162 game schedule ) In part due to 9 / 11 terrorist attacks , the then - recently set record of only three years by McGwire , and Bonds ' poor relationship with the media and some fans , Bonds ' record setting was not as publicized as the previous chases . Bonds was initially chased closely by Sosa and Luis Gonzalez of the Arizona Diamondbacks , but Gonzalez faded late and finished with 57 , while Sosa finished closer with 64 to become the first player to exceed 60 home runs in three separate seasons . McGwire was not a factor during what would be his final major league season , as the injuries that had plagued him for much of his career finally took their toll , although he still hit at a pace that would have put him near 50 if he had played a full season . Bonds ' slugging percentage of . 863 broke the major league record set by Ruth in 1920 . As happened with McGwire 's record , Bonds ' connection to steroids resulted in his being among the accomplishments questioned in the era . Home runs per game ( edit ) Number of home runs in the season divided by number of games in schedule ( not games played ) Average Name 0.451 Barry Bonds 0.430 Mark McGwire 0.390 Babe Ruth ( 1 ) 0.383 Babe Ruth ( 2 ) 0.377 Roger Maris 0.350 Babe Ruth ( 3 ) 0.240 Ned Williamson 0.200 Babe Ruth ( 4 ) 0.140 Harry Stovey 0.100 Charley Jones 0.070 George Hall See also ( edit ) The Year Babe Ruth Hit 104 Home Runs References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ham , Eldon ( June 26 , 2013 ) . `` Sosa - McGwire : The Shock & Awe Summer Of 1998 '' . CBS Chicago . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ See e.g. Michael Wilbon ( December 4 , 2004 ) . `` Tarnished Records Deserve an Asterisk '' . Washington Post . p . D10 . External links ( edit ) Progressive Leaders & Records for Home Runs -- Baseball-Reference.com ( hide ) Major League Baseball records Baseball statistics ( types of records ) General Record holders Single - game records Single - season records Record breakers by season Records considered unbreakable Batting leaders Career Batting average On - base percentage Times on base Slugging percentage OPS Hits 3,000 club Progressive Singles Doubles Triples Home runs 500 club Progressive Extra base hits RBIs Total bases Walks Intentional HBP Strikeouts Games played At - bats Plate appearances Annual Batting average Doubles Triples Home runs RBI Season Batting average Triples Home run Progressive Game Home runs Hitting for the cycle Grand slams RBI Game Inning Hits Misc Consecutive game hitting streak On - base plus slugging Hits Home runs Doubles Triples RBIs Baserunning leaders Career Runs Stolen bases Annual Runs Stolen bases Game Runs Misc Runs Stolen bases Pitching leaders Career Wins 300 club Losses Games started Games finished Innings pitched Strikeouts 3,000 club Saves Complete games Shutouts ERA WHIP Walks Hit batsmen Wild pitches Batters faced Annual Wins Saves Shutouts Strikeouts ERA Game No - hitter Perfect game List of perfect games Strikeouts Game Inning Immaculate innings Misc Wins Fielding leaders Career Putouts 1B 2B SS 3B OF LF CF RF Errors 1B 2B SS 3B OF LF Assists Passed balls Annual Putouts Errors Managing records Wins and winning percentage Multiple stat records Triple Crown 20 -- 20 -- 20 club 30 -- 30 club 40 -- 40 club Other Consecutive games played Longest winning streaks Longest losing streaks Individual streaks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Major_League_Baseball_progressive_single-season_home_run_leaders&oldid=837258195 '' Categories : Major League Baseball records Baseball record progressions Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 18 : 01 . 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what is the mlb single season homerun record

Batter Team Age Year HR Reign Record breaker George Hall Philadelphia Athletics 27 1876 5 3 years -- Charley Jones Boston Red Caps 29 1879 9 4 years 6th on July 31 off George Bradley Harry Stovey Philadelphia Athletics 27 1883 14 1 year 10th on August 1 off Jack Neagle Ned Williamson Chicago White Stockings 27 1884 27 35 years 15th on July 9 off Ed Bagley Babe Ruth Boston Red Sox 24 1919 29 1 year 28th on September 24 off Bob Shawkey Babe Ruth New York Yankees 25 1920 54 1 year 30th on July 19 off Dickie Kerr Babe Ruth New York Yankees 26 1921 59 6 years 55th on September 15 off Bill Bayne Babe Ruth New York Yankees 32 1927 60 34 years 60th on September 30 off Tom Zachary Roger Maris New York Yankees 27 1961 61 37 years 61st on October 1 off Tracy Stallard Mark McGwire St. Louis Cardinals 35 1998 70 3 years 62nd on September 8 off Steve Trachsel Barry Bonds San Francisco Giants 36 73 17 years 71st on October 5 off Chan Ho Park

Red - light district - wikipedia Red - light district This article is about the sex industry term . For other uses , see Red Light District ( disambiguation ) . Rooms illuminated by red lights in an Amsterdam red - light district A red - light district or pleasure district is a part of an urban area where a concentration of prostitution and sex - oriented businesses , such as sex shops , strip clubs , and adult theaters are found . Areas in many big cities around the world have acquired an international reputation as red - light districts . The term red - light district originates from the red lights that were used as signs of brothels . Contents 1 Origins of term 2 Legal issues 3 Image gallery 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Origins of term ( edit ) Red - light districts are mentioned in the 1882 minutes of a Woman 's Christian Temperance Union meeting in the United States . The Oxford English Dictionary records the earliest known appearance of the term `` red light district '' in print as an 1894 article from the Sandusky Register , a newspaper in Sandusky , Ohio Author Paul Wellman suggests that this and other terms associated with the American Old West originated in Dodge City , Kansas , home to a well - known prostitution district during the 19th century , which included the Red Light House saloon . This has not been proven , but the Dodge City use was likely responsible for the term becoming pervasive . A widespread folk etymology claims that early railroad workers took red lanterns with them when they visited brothels so their crew could find them in the event of an emergency . However , folklorist Barbara Mikkelson regards this as unfounded . One of the many terms used for a red - light district in Japanese is akasen ( 赤 線 ) , literally meaning `` red - line '' . ( This has independent origins from the same term in English . ) Japanese police drew a red line on maps to indicate the boundaries of legal red - light districts . In Japanese , the term aosen ( 青 線 ) , literally meaning `` blue - line '' , also exists , indicating an illegal district . In the United States during the 19th and early 20th centuries , the term `` sporting district '' became popular for legal red - light districts . Municipal governments typically defined such districts explicitly to contain and regulate prostitution . Legal issues ( edit ) Some red - light districts ( such as De Wallen , Netherlands , or Reeperbahn , Germany ) are places which are officially designated by authorities for legal and regulated prostitution . Often , these red - light districts were formed by authorities to help regulate prostitution and other related activities , such that they were confined to a single area . Some red - light districts ( such as those in The Hague ) are under video surveillance . This can help counter illegal forms of prostitution ( such as child prostitution ) , in these areas that do allow regular prostitution to occur . Legality of prostitution Decriminalization - No criminal penalties for prostitution Legalization -- prostitution legal and regulated Abolitionism -- prostitution is legal , but organized activities such as brothels and pimping are illegal ; prostitution is not regulated Neo-abolitionism illegal to buy sex and for 3rd party involvement , legal to sell sex Prohibitionism -- prostitution illegal Legality varies with local laws Image gallery ( edit ) Reeperbahn in Hamburg , Germany Soi Cowboy , Thailand Statue in honor of sex workers in Amsterdam See also ( edit ) List of red - light districts References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` History of the Red light District `` What you should know about Amsterdam '' . Whatyoushouldknowaboutamsterdam. WordPress . com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Red light ( 2 . ) '' . Oxford English Dictionary . June 2010 . Retrieved October 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Minutes of the Ninth Annual Meeting . National Woman 's Christian Temperance Union . 1882 . pp. 332 , 333 & 363 . Jump up ^ Wellman , Paul Iselin ( 1988 ) . The Trampling Herd : The Story of the Cattle Range in America . University of Nebraska Press . p. 195 . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 9723 - 8 . Jump up ^ Barra , Allen ( 2009 ) . Inventing Wyatt Earp : His Life and Many Legends . University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0803220588 . Jump up ^ Barbara Mikkelson ( July 9 , 2007 ) . `` Red Light District '' . snopes.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Woolston , Howard Brown ( 1921 ) . Prostitution in the United States . New York : The Century Company . p. 105 -- 107 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 217 - 03857 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` The Red Light District of Amsterdam '' . CamsterDamn . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2013 . Retrieved February 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Camera surveillance in red - light districts in The Hague '' . January 24 , 2014 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 08 . 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where did the phrase red light district come from

The term red - light district originates from the red lights that were used as signs of brothels .

Metalloid - wikipedia Metalloid Elements recognized as metalloids 13 14 15 16 17 Boron Carbon Nitrogen O Oxygen Fluorine Al Aluminium Si Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Cl Chlorine Ga Gallium Ge Germanium As Arsenic Se Selenium Br Bromine 5 In Indium Sn Tin Sb Antimony Te Tellurium Iodine 6 Tl Thallium Pb Lead Bi Bismuth Po Polonium At Astatine Commonly recognized ( 93 % ) : B , Si , Ge , As , Sb , Te Irregularly recognized ( 44 % ) : Po , At Less commonly recognized ( 24 % ) : Se Rarely recognized ( 9 % ) : C , Al Arbitrary metal - nonmetal dividing line : between Be and B , Al and Si , Ge and As , Sb and Te , Po and At Recognition status , as metalloids , of some elements in the p - block of the periodic table . Percentages are median appearance frequencies in the lists of metalloids . The staircase - shaped line is a typical example of the arbitrary metal -- nonmetal dividing line found on some periodic tables . Part of a series on the Periodic table Periodic table forms ( show ) 18 - column large cells 32 - column ( large cells ) Alternative forms Janet 's left step Beyond period 7 Aufbau Fricke Pyykkö Periodic table history ( show ) Dmitri Mendeleev predictions Discovery of elements Naming & etymology for places for people controversies ( in East Asia ) Systematic element names Sets of elements By periodic table structure ( show ) Groups ( 1 -- 18 ) 1 ( alkali metals ) 2 ( alkaline earth metals ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ( pnictogens ) 16 ( chalcogens ) 17 ( halogens ) 18 ( noble gases ) Periods ( 1 -- 7 ... ) 5 6 7 8 + Aufbau Fricke Pyykkö Blocks ( s , p , d , f , ... ) Atomic orbitals Aufbau principle By metallic classification ( hide ) Metals alkali alkaline earth transition post-transition lanthanide actinide ( superactinide ) Metalloids dividing metals & nonmetals Nonmetals reactive nonmetals noble gases By other characteristics ( show ) Coinage metals Platinum - group metals Precious metals Refractory metals Heavy metals Light metals Native metals Noble metals Main - group elements Rare - earth elements Transuranium , transplutonium elements Major , minor & trans - actinides Elements List of chemical elements ( show ) by abundance ( in human body ) by atomic properties by isotope stability by annual production by symbol Properties of elements ( show ) Atomic weight Crystal structure Electron affinity configuration Electronegativity ( Allen , Pauling ) Goldschmidt classification Nutrition Valence Data pages for elements ( show ) Abundance Atomic radius Boiling point Critical point Density Elasticity Electrical resistivity Electron affinity / configuration Electronegativity Hardness Heat capacity / of fusion / of vaporization Ionization energy Melting point Oxidation state Speed of sound Thermal conductivity / expansion coefficient Vapor pressure Book Category Chemistry Portal A metalloid is any chemical element which has properties in between those of metals and nonmetals , or that has a mixture of them . There is neither a standard definition of a metalloid nor complete agreement on the elements appropriately classified as such . Despite the lack of specificity , the term remains in use in the literature of chemistry . The six commonly recognised metalloids are boron , silicon , germanium , arsenic , antimony , and tellurium . Five elements are less frequently so classified : carbon , aluminium , selenium , polonium , and astatine . On a standard periodic table , all eleven are in a diagonal area in the p - block extending from boron at the upper left to astatine at lower right , along the dividing line between metals and nonmetals shown on some periodic tables . Typical metalloids have a metallic appearance , but they are brittle and only fair conductors of electricity . Chemically , they behave mostly as nonmetals . They can form alloys with metals . Most of their other physical and chemical properties are intermediate in nature . Metalloids are usually too brittle to have any structural uses . They and their compounds are used in alloys , biological agents , catalysts , flame retardants , glasses , optical storage and optoelectronics , pyrotechnics , semiconductors , and electronics . The electrical properties of silicon and germanium enabled the establishment of the semiconductor industry in the 1950s and the development of solid - state electronics from the early 1960s . The term metalloid originally referred to nonmetals . Its more recent meaning , as a category of elements with intermediate or hybrid properties , became widespread in 1940 -- 1960 . Metalloids are sometimes called semimetals , a practice that has been discouraged , as the term semimetal has a different meaning in physics than in chemistry . In chemistry , it specifically refers to the electronic band structure of a substance . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definitions 1.1 Judgement - based 1.2 Criteria - based 2 Periodic table territory 2.1 Location 2.2 Alternative treatments 3 Properties 3.1 Compared to metals and nonmetals 4 Common applications 4.1 Alloys 4.2 Biological agents 4.3 Catalysts 4.4 Flame retardants 4.5 Glass formation 4.6 Optical storage and optoelectronics 4.7 Pyrotechnics 4.8 Semiconductors and electronics 5 Nomenclature and history 5.1 Derivation and other names 5.2 Origin and usage 6 Elements commonly recognised as metalloids 6.1 Boron 6.2 Silicon 6.3 Germanium 6.4 Arsenic 6.5 Antimony 6.6 Tellurium 7 Elements less commonly recognised as metalloids 7.1 Carbon 7.2 Aluminium 7.3 Selenium 7.4 Polonium 7.5 Astatine 8 Related concepts 8.1 Near metalloids 8.2 Allotropes 9 Abundance , extraction and cost 9.1 Abundance 9.2 Extraction 9.3 Cost 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 12.1 Bibliography 13 Further reading Definitions ( edit ) See also : List of metalloid lists Judgement - based ( edit ) A metalloid is an element with properties in between , or that are a mixture of , those of metals and nonmetals , and which is therefore hard to classify as either a metal or a nonmetal . This is a generic definition that draws on metalloid attributes consistently cited in the literature . Difficulty of categorisation is a key attribute . Most elements have a mixture of metallic and nonmetallic properties , and can be classified according to which set of properties is more pronounced . Only the elements at or near the margins , lacking a sufficiently clear preponderance of either metallic or nonmetallic properties , are classified as metalloids . Boron , silicon , germanium , arsenic , antimony , and tellurium are recognised commonly as metalloids . Depending on the author , one or more from selenium , polonium , or astatine are sometimes added to the list . Boron sometimes is excluded , by itself , or with silicon . Sometimes tellurium is not regarded as a metalloid . The inclusion of antimony , polonium , and astatine as metalloids also has been questioned . Other elements occasionally are classified as metalloids . These elements include hydrogen , beryllium , nitrogen , phosphorus , sulfur , zinc , gallium , tin , iodine , lead , bismuth , and radon . The term metalloid also has been used for elements that exhibit metallic lustre and electrical conductivity , and that are amphoteric , such as arsenic , antimony , vanadium , chromium , molybdenum , tungsten , tin , lead , and aluminium . The p - block metals , and nonmetals ( such as carbon or nitrogen ) that can form alloys with metals or modify their properties also have occasionally been considered as metalloids . Criteria - based ( edit ) Element IE ( kcal / mol ) IE ( kJ / mol ) EN Band structure Boron 191 801 2.04 semiconductor Silicon 188 787 1.90 semiconductor Germanium 182 762 2.01 semiconductor Arsenic 226 944 2.18 semimetal Antimony 199 831 2.05 semimetal Tellurium 208 869 2.10 semiconductor average 199 832 2.05 The elements commonly recognised as metalloids , and their ionization energies ( IE ) ; electronegativities ( EN , revised Pauling scale ) ; and electronic band structures ( most thermodynamically - stable forms under ambient conditions ) . No widely accepted definition of a metalloid exists , nor any division of the periodic table into metals , metalloids and nonmetals ; Hawkes questioned the feasibility of establishing a specific definition , noting that anomalies can be found in several attempted constructs . Classifying an element as a metalloid has been described by Sharp as `` arbitrary '' . The number and identities of metalloids depend on what classification criteria are used . Emsley recognised four metalloids ( germanium , arsenic , antimony and tellurium ) ; James et al. listed twelve ( Emsley 's plus boron , carbon , silicon , selenium , bismuth , polonium , moscovium and livermorium ) . On average , seven elements are included in such lists ; individual classification arrangements tend to share common ground and vary in the ill - defined margins . A single quantitative criterion such as electronegativity is commonly used , metalloids having electronegativity values from 1.8 or 1.9 to 2.2 . Further examples include packing efficiency ( the fraction of volume in a crystal structure occupied by atoms ) and the Goldhammer - Herzfeld criterion ratio . The commonly recognised metalloids have packing efficiencies of between 34 % and 41 % . The Goldhammer - Herzfeld ratio , roughly equal to the cube of the atomic radius divided by the molar volume , is a simple measure of how metallic an element is , the recognised metalloids having ratios from around 0.85 to 1.1 and averaging 1.0 . Other authors have relied on , for example , atomic conductance or bulk coordination number . Jones , writing on the role of classification in science , observed that `` ( classes ) are usually defined by more than two attributes '' . Masterton and Slowinski used three criteria to describe the six elements commonly recognised as metalloids : metalloids have ionization energies around 200 kcal / mol ( 837 kJ / mol ) and electronegativity values close to 2.0 . They also said that metalloids are typically semiconductors , though antimony and arsenic ( semimetals from a physics perspective ) have electrical conductivities approaching those of metals . Selenium and polonium are suspected as not in this scheme , while astatine 's status is uncertain . Periodic table territory ( edit ) Location ( edit ) Distribution and recognition status of elements classified as metalloids 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 He Li Be O Ne Na Mg Al Si Cl Ar Ca Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Cd In Sn Sb Te Xe Cs Ba Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og Commonly ( 93 % ) to rarely ( 9 % ) recognised as a metalloid : B , C , Al , Si , Ge , As , Se , Sb , Te , Po , At Very rarely ( 1 -- 5 % ) : H , Be , P , S , Ga , Sn , I , Pb , Bi , Fl , Mc , Lv , Ts Sporadically : N , Zn , Rn Metal -- nonmetal dividing line : between H and Li , Be and B , Al and Si , Ge and As , Sb and Te , Po and At , and Ts and Og Periodic table extract showing groups 1 -- 2 and 12 -- 18 , and a dividing line between metals and nonmetals . Percentages are median appearance frequencies in the list of metalloid lists . Sporadically recognised elements show that the metalloid net is sometimes cast very widely ; although they do not appear in the list of metalloid lists , isolated references to their designation as metalloids can be found in the literature ( as cited in this article ) . Metalloids lie on either side of the dividing line between metals and nonmetals . This can be found , in varying configurations , on some periodic tables . Elements to the lower left of the line generally display increasing metallic behaviour ; elements to the upper right display increasing nonmetallic behaviour . When presented as a regular stairstep , elements with the highest critical temperature for their groups ( Li , Be , Al , Ge , Sb , Po ) lie just below the line . The diagonal positioning of the metalloids represents an exception to the observation that elements with similar properties tend to occur in vertical groups . A related effect can be seen in other diagonal similarities between some elements and their lower right neighbours , specifically lithium - magnesium , beryllium - aluminium , and boron - silicon . Rayner - Canham has argued that these similarities extend to carbon - phosphorus , nitrogen - sulfur , and into three d - block series . This exception arises due to competing horizontal and vertical trends in the nuclear charge . Going along a period , the nuclear charge increases with atomic number as do the number of electrons . The additional pull on outer electrons as nuclear charge increases generally outweighs the screening effect of having more electrons . With some irregularities , atoms therefore become smaller , ionization energy increases , and there is a gradual change in character , across a period , from strongly metallic , to weakly metallic , to weakly nonmetallic , to strongly nonmetallic elements . Going down a main group , the effect of increasing nuclear charge is generally outweighed by the effect of additional electrons being further away from the nucleus . Atoms generally become larger , ionization energy falls , and metallic character increases . The net effect is that the location of the metal -- nonmetal transition zone shifts to the right in going down a group , and analogous diagonal similarities are seen elsewhere in the periodic table , as noted . Alternative treatments ( edit ) Depictions of metalloids vary according to the author . Some do not classify elements bordering the metal -- nonmetal dividing line as metalloids , noting that a binary classification can facilitate the establishment of rules for determining bond types between metals and nonmetals . Metalloids are variously grouped with metals , regarded as nonmetals or treated as a sub-category of nonmetals . Other authors have suggested that classifying some elements as metalloids `` emphasizes that properties change gradually rather than abruptly as one moves across or down the periodic table '' . Some periodic tables distinguish elements that are metalloids and display no formal dividing line between metals and nonmetals . Metalloids are shown as occurring in a diagonal band or diffuse region . Properties ( edit ) Metalloids usually look like metals but behave largely like nonmetals . Physically , they are shiny , brittle solids with intermediate to relatively good electrical conductivity and the electronic band structure of a semimetal or semiconductor . Chemically , they mostly behave as ( weak ) nonmetals , have intermediate ionization energies and electronegativity values , and amphoteric or weakly acidic oxides . They can form alloys with metals . Most of their other physical and chemical properties are intermediate in nature . Compared to metals and nonmetals ( edit ) Main article : Properties of metals , metalloids and nonmetals Characteristic properties of metals , metalloids and nonmetals are summarized in the table . Physical properties are listed in order of ease of determination ; chemical properties run from general to specific , and then to descriptive . Properties of metals , metalloids and nonmetals Physical property Metals Metalloids Nonmetals Form solid ; a few liquid at or near room temperature ( Ga , Hg , Rb , Cs , Fr ) solid majority gaseous Appearance lustrous ( at least when freshly fractured ) lustrous several colourless ; others coloured , or metallic grey to black Elasticity typically elastic , ductile , malleable ( when solid ) brittle brittle , if solid Electrical conductivity good to high intermediate to good poor to good Band structure metallic ( Bi = semimetallic ) are semiconductors or , if not ( As , Sb = semimetallic ) , exist in semiconducting forms semiconductor or insulator Chemical property Metals Metalloids Nonmetals General chemical behaviour metallic nonmetallic nonmetallic Ionization energy relatively low intermediate ionization energies , usually falling between those of metals and nonmetals relatively high Electronegativity usually low have electronegativity values close to 2 ( revised Pauling scale ) or within the range of 1.9 -- 2.2 ( Allen scale ) high When mixed with metals give alloys can form alloys ionic or interstitial compounds formed Oxides lower oxides basic ; higher oxides increasingly acidic amphoteric or weakly acidic acidic The above table reflects the hybrid nature of metalloids . The properties of form , appearance , and behaviour when mixed with metals are more like metals . Elasticity and general chemical behaviour are more like nonmetals . Electrical conductivity , band structure , ionization energy , electronegativity , and oxides are intermediate between the two . Common applications ( edit ) The focus of this section is on the recognised metalloids . Elements less often recognised as metalloids are ordinarily classified as either metals or nonmetals ; some of these are included here for comparative purposes . Metalloids are too brittle to have any structural uses in their pure forms . They and their compounds are used as ( or in ) alloying components , biological agents ( toxicological , nutritional and medicinal ) , catalysts , flame retardants , glasses ( oxide and metallic ) , optical storage media and optoelectronics , pyrotechnics , semiconductors and electronics . Alloys ( edit ) Copper - germanium alloy pellets , likely ~ 84 % Cu ; 16 % Ge . When combined with silver the result is a tarnish resistant sterling silver . Also shown are two silver pellets . Writing early in the history of intermetallic compounds , the British metallurgist Cecil Desch observed that `` certain non-metallic elements are capable of forming compounds of distinctly metallic character with metals , and these elements may therefore enter into the composition of alloys '' . He associated silicon , arsenic and tellurium , in particular , with the alloy - forming elements . Phillips and Williams suggested that compounds of silicon , germanium , arsenic and antimony with B metals , `` are probably best classed as alloys '' . Among the lighter metalloids , alloys with transition metals are well - represented . Boron can form intermetallic compounds and alloys with such metals of the composition M B , if n > 2 . Ferroboron ( 15 % boron ) is used to introduce boron into steel ; nickel - boron alloys are ingredients in welding alloys and case hardening compositions for the engineering industry . Alloys of silicon with iron and with aluminium are widely used by the steel and automotive industries , respectively . Germanium forms many alloys , most importantly with the coinage metals . The heavier metalloids continue the theme . Arsenic can form alloys with metals , including platinum and copper ; it is also added to copper and its alloys to improve corrosion resistance and appears to confer the same benefit when added to magnesium . Antimony is well known as an alloy - former , including with the coinage metals . Its alloys include pewter ( a tin alloy with up to 20 % antimony ) and type metal ( a lead alloy with up to 25 % antimony ) . Tellurium readily alloys with iron , as ferrotellurium ( 50 -- 58 % tellurium ) , and with copper , in the form of copper tellurium ( 40 -- 50 % tellurium ) . Ferrotellurium is used as a stabilizer for carbon in steel casting . Of the non-metallic elements less often recognised as metalloids , selenium -- in the form of ferroselenium ( 50 -- 58 % selenium ) -- is used to improve the machinability of stainless steels . Biological agents ( edit ) Arsenic trioxide or white arsenic , one of the most toxic and prevalent forms of arsenic . The antileukaemic properties of white arsenic were first reported in 1878 . All six of the elements commonly recognised as metalloids have toxic , dietary or medicinal properties . Arsenic and antimony compounds are especially toxic ; boron , silicon , and possibly arsenic , are essential trace elements . Boron , silicon , arsenic and antimony have medical applications , and germanium and tellurium are thought to have potential . Boron is used in insecticides and herbicides . It is an essential trace element . As boric acid , it has antiseptic , antifungal , and antiviral properties . Silicon is present in silatrane , a highly toxic rodenticide . Long - term inhalation of silica dust causes silicosis , a fatal disease of the lungs . Silicon is an essential trace element . Silicone gel can be applied to badly burned patients to reduce scarring . Salts of germanium are potentially harmful to humans and animals if ingested on a prolonged basis . There is interest in the pharmacological actions of germanium compounds but no licensed medicine as yet . Arsenic is notoriously poisonous and may also be an essential element in ultratrace amounts . During World War I , both sides used `` arsenic - based sneezing and vomiting agents ... to force enemy soldiers to remove their gas masks before firing mustard or phosgene at them in a second salvo . '' It has been used as a pharmaceutical agent since antiquity , including for the treatment of syphilis before the development of antibiotics . Arsenic is also a component of melarsoprol , a medicinal drug used in the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness . In 2003 , arsenic trioxide ( under the trade name Trisenox ) was re-introduced for the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukaemia , a cancer of the blood and bone marrow . Arsenic in drinking water , which causes lung and bladder cancer , has been associated with a reduction in breast cancer mortality rates . Metallic antimony is relatively non-toxic , but most antimony compounds are poisonous . Two antimony compounds , sodium stibogluconate and stibophen , are used as antiparasitical drugs . Elemental tellurium is not considered particularly toxic ; two grams of sodium tellurate , if administered , can be lethal . People exposed to small amounts of airborne tellurium exude a foul and persistent garlic - like odour . Tellurium dioxide has been used to treat seborrhoeic dermatitis ; other tellurium compounds were used as antimicrobial agents before the development of antibiotics . In the future , such compounds may need to be substituted for antibiotics that have become ineffective due to bacterial resistance . Of the elements less often recognised as metalloids , beryllium and lead are noted for their toxicity ; lead arsenate has been extensively used as an insecticide . Sulfur is one of the oldest of the fungicides and pesticides . Phosphorus , sulfur , zinc , selenium and iodine are essential nutrients , and aluminium , tin and lead may be . Sulfur , gallium , selenium , iodine and bismuth have medicinal applications . Sulfur is a constituent of sulfonamide drugs , still widely used for conditions such as acne and urinary tract infections . Gallium nitrate is used to treat the side effects of cancer ; gallium citrate , a radiopharmaceutical , facilitates imaging of inflamed body areas . Selenium sulfide is used in medicinal shampoos and to treat skin infections such as tinea versicolor . Iodine is used as a disinfectant in various forms . Bismuth is an ingredient in some antibacterials . Catalysts ( edit ) Boron trifluoride and trichloride are used as catalysts in organic synthesis and electronics ; the tribromide is used in the manufacture of diborane . Non-toxic boron ligands could replace toxic phosphorus ligands in some transition metal catalysts . Silica sulfuric acid ( SiO OSO H ) is used in organic reactions . Germanium dioxide is sometimes used as a catalyst in the production of PET plastic for containers ; cheaper antimony compounds , such as the trioxide or triacetate , are more commonly employed for the same purpose despite concerns about antimony contamination of food and drinks . Arsenic trioxide has been used in the production of natural gas , to boost the removal of carbon dioxide , as have selenous acid and tellurous acid . Selenium acts as a catalyst in some microorganisms . Tellurium , and its dioxide and tetrachloride , are strong catalysts for air oxidation of carbon above 500 ° C. Graphite oxide can be used as a catalyst in the synthesis of imines and their derivatives . Activated carbon and alumina have been used as catalysts for the removal of sulfur contaminants from natural gas . Titanium doped aluminium has been identified as a substitute for expensive noble metal catalysts used in the production of industrial chemicals . Flame retardants ( edit ) Compounds of boron , silicon , arsenic and antimony have been used as flame retardants . Boron , in the form of borax , has been used as a textile flame retardant since at least the 18th century . Silicon compounds such as silicones , silanes , silsesquioxane , silica and silicates , some of which were developed as alternatives to more toxic halogenated products , can considerably improve the flame retardancy of plastic materials . Arsenic compounds such as sodium arsenite or sodium arsenate are effective flame retardants for wood but have been less frequently used due to their toxicity . Antimony trioxide is a flame retardant . Aluminium hydroxide has been used as a wood - fibre , rubber , plastic and textile flame retardant since the 1890s . Apart from aluminium hydroxide , use of phosphorus based flame - retardants -- in the form of , for example , organophosphates -- now exceeds that of any of the other main retardant types . These employ boron , antimony or halogenated hydrocarbon compounds . Glass formation ( edit ) Optical fibres , usually made of pure silicon dioxide glass , with additives such as boron trioxide or germanium dioxide for increased sensitivity The oxides B O , SiO , GeO , As O and Sb O readily form glasses . TeO forms a glass but this requires a `` heroic quench rate '' or the addition of an impurity ; otherwise the crystalline form results . These compounds are used in chemical , domestic and industrial glassware and optics . Boron trioxide is used as a glass fibre additive , and is also a component of borosilicate glass , widely used for laboratory glassware and domestic ovenware for its low thermal expansion . Most ordinary glassware is made from silicon dioxide . Germanium dioxide is used as a glass fibre additive , as well as in infrared optical systems . Arsenic trioxide is used in the glass industry as a decolourizing and fining agent ( for the removal of bubbles ) , as is antimony trioxide . Tellurium dioxide finds application in laser and nonlinear optics . Amorphous metallic glasses are generally most easily prepared if one of the components is a metalloid or `` near metalloid '' such as boron , carbon , silicon , phosphorus or germanium . Aside from thin films deposited at very low temperatures , the first known metallic glass was an alloy of composition Au Si reported in 1960 . A metallic glass having a strength and toughness not previously seen , of composition Pd P Si Ge , was reported in 2011 . Phosphorus , selenium and lead , which are less often recognised as metalloids , are also used in glasses . Phosphate glass has a substrate of phosphorus pentoxide ( P O ) , rather than the silica ( SiO ) of conventional silicate glasses . It is used , for example , to make sodium lamps . Selenium compounds can be used both as decolourising agents and to add a red colour to glass . Decorative glassware made of traditional lead glass contains at least 30 % lead ( II ) oxide ( PbO ) ; lead glass used for radiation shielding may have up to 65 % PbO . Lead - based glasses have also been extensively used in electronics components ; enamelling ; sealing and glazing materials ; and solar cells . Bismuth based oxide glasses have emerged as a less toxic replacement for lead in many of these applications . Optical storage and optoelectronics ( edit ) Varying compositions of GeSbTe ( `` GST alloys '' ) and Ag - and In - doped Sb Te ( `` AIST alloys '' ) , being examples of phase - change materials , are widely used in rewritable optical discs and phase - change memory devices . By applying heat , they can be switched between amorphous ( glassy ) and crystalline states . The change in optical and electrical properties can be used for information storage purposes . Future applications for GeSbTe may include , `` ultrafast , entirely solid - state displays with nanometre - scale pixels , semi-transparent ' smart ' glasses , ' smart ' contact lenses and artificial retina devices . '' Pyrotechnics ( edit ) Archaic blue light signal , fuelled by a mixture of sodium nitrate , sulfur and ( red ) arsenic trisulfide The recognised metalloids have either pyrotechnic applications or associated properties . Boron and silicon are commonly encountered ; they act somewhat like metal fuels . Boron is used in pyrotechnic initiator compositions ( for igniting other hard - to - start compositions ) , and in delay compositions that burn at a constant rate . Boron carbide has been identified as a possible replacement for more toxic barium or hexachloroethane mixtures in smoke munitions , signal flares and fireworks . Silicon , like boron , is a component of initiator and delay mixtures . Doped germanium can act as a variable speed thermite fuel . Arsenic trisulfide As S was used in old naval signal lights ; in fireworks to make white stars ; in yellow smoke screen mixtures ; and in initiator compositions . Antimony trisulfide Sb S is found in white - light fireworks and in flash and sound mixtures . Tellurium has been used in delay mixtures and in blasting cap initiator compositions . Carbon , aluminium , phosphorus and selenium continue the theme . Carbon , in black powder , is a constituent of fireworks rocket propellants , bursting charges , and effects mixtures , and military delay fuses and igniters . Aluminium is a common pyrotechnic ingredient , and is widely employed for its capacity to generate light and heat , including in thermite mixtures . Phosphorus can be found in smoke and incendiary munitions , paper caps used in toy guns , and party poppers . Selenium has been used in the same way as tellurium . Semiconductors and electronics ( edit ) Semiconductor - based electronic components . From left to right : a transistor , an integrated circuit and an LED . The elements commonly recognised as metalloids find widespread use in such devices , as elemental or compound semiconductor constituents ( Si , Ge or GaAs , for example ) or as doping agents ( B , Sb , Te , for example ) . All the elements commonly recognised as metalloids ( or their compounds ) have been used in the semiconductor or solid - state electronic industries . Some properties of boron have limited its use as a semiconductor . It has a high melting point , single crystals are relatively hard to obtain , and introducing and retaining controlled impurities is difficult . Silicon is the leading commercial semiconductor ; it forms the basis of modern electronics ( including standard solar cells ) and information and communication technologies . This was despite the study of semiconductors , early in the 20th century , having been regarded as the `` physics of dirt '' and not deserving of close attention . Germanium has largely been replaced by silicon in semiconducting devices , being cheaper , more resilient at higher operating temperatures , and easier to work during the microelectronic fabrication process . Germanium is still a constituent of semiconducting silicon - germanium `` alloys '' and these have been growing in use , particularly for wireless communication devices ; such alloys exploit the higher carrier mobility of germanium . The synthesis of gram - scale quantities of semiconducting germanane was reported in 2013 . This comprises one - atom thick sheets of hydrogen - terminated germanium atoms , analogous to graphane . It conducts electrons more than ten times faster than silicon and five times faster than germanium , and is thought to have potential for optoelectronic and sensing applications . The development of a germanium - wire based anode that more than doubles the capacity of lithium - ion batteries was reported in 2014 . In the same year , Lee et al. reported that defect - free crystals of graphene large enough to have electronic uses could be grown on , and removed from , a germanium substrate . Arsenic and antimony are not semiconductors in their standard states . Both form type III - V semiconductors ( such as GaAs , AlSb or GaInAsSb ) in which the average number of valence electrons per atom is the same as that of Group 14 elements . These compounds are preferred for some special applications . Antimony nanocrystals may enable lithium - ion batteries to be replaced by more powerful sodium ion batteries . Tellurium , which is a semiconductor in its standard state , is used mainly as a component in type II / VI semiconducting - chalcogenides ; these have applications in electro - optics and electronics . Cadmium telluride ( CdTe ) is used in solar modules for its high conversion efficiency , low manufacturing costs , and large band gap of 1.44 eV , letting it absorb a wide range of wavelengths . Bismuth telluride ( Bi Te ) , alloyed with selenium and antimony , is a component of thermoelectric devices used for refrigeration or portable power generation . Five metalloids -- boron , silicon , germanium , arsenic and antimony -- can be found in cell phones ( along with at least 39 other metals and nonmetals ) . Tellurium is expected to find such use . Of the less often recognised metalloids , phosphorus , gallium ( in particular ) and selenium have semiconductor applications . Phosphorus is used in trace amounts as a dopant for n - type semiconductors . The commercial use of gallium compounds is dominated by semiconductor applications -- in integrated circuits ; cell phones ; laser diodes ; light - emitting diodes ; photodetectors ; and solar cells . Selenium is used in the production of solar cells and in high - energy surge protectors . Boron , silicon , germanium , antimony and tellurium , as well as heavier metals and metalloids such as Sm , Hg , Tl , Pb , Bi and Se , can be found in topological insulators . These are alloys or compounds which , at ultracold temperatures or room temperature ( depending on their composition ) , are metallic conductors on their surfaces but insulators through their interiors . Cadmium arsenide Cd As , at about 1 K , is a Dirac - semimetal -- a bulk electronic analogue of graphene -- in which electrons travel effectively as massless particles . These two classes of material are thought to have potential quantum computing applications . Nomenclature and history ( edit ) Derivation and other names ( edit ) The word metalloid comes from the Latin metallum ( `` metal '' ) and the Greek oeides ( `` resembling in form or appearance '' ) . Several names are sometimes used synonymously although some of these have other meanings that are not necessarily interchangeable : amphoteric element , boundary element , half - metal , half - way element , near metal , meta - metal , semiconductor , semimetal and submetal . `` Amphoteric element '' is sometimes used more broadly to include transition metals capable of forming oxyanions , such as chromium and manganese . `` Half - metal '' is used in physics to refer to a compound ( such as chromium dioxide ) or alloy that can act as a conductor and an insulator . `` Meta - metal '' is sometimes used instead to refer to certain metals ( Be , Zn , Cd , Hg , In , Tl , β - Sn , Pb ) located just to the left of the metalloids on standard periodic tables . These metals are mostly diamagnetic and tend to have distorted crystalline structures , electrical conductivity values at the lower end of those of metals , and amphoteric ( weakly basic ) oxides . `` Semimetal '' sometimes refers , loosely or explicitly , to metals with incomplete metallic character in crystalline structure , electrical conductivity or electronic structure . Examples include gallium , ytterbium , bismuth and neptunium . The names amphoteric element and semiconductor are problematic as some elements referred to as metalloids do not show marked amphoteric behaviour ( bismuth , for example ) or semiconductivity ( polonium ) in their most stable forms . Origin and usage ( edit ) Main article : Metalloid ( nomenclature origin and usage ) The origin and usage of the term metalloid is convoluted . Its origin lies in attempts , dating from antiquity , to describe metals and to distinguish between typical and less typical forms . It was first applied in the early 19th century to metals that floated on water ( sodium and potassium ) , and then more popularly to nonmetals . Earlier usage in mineralogy , to describe a mineral having a metallic appearance , can be sourced to as early as 1800 . Since the mid-20th century it has been used to refer to intermediate or borderline chemical elements . The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( IUPAC ) previously recommended abandoning the term metalloid , and suggested using the term semimetal instead . Use of this latter term has more recently been discouraged by Atkins et al. as it has a different meaning in physics -- one that more specifically refers to the electronic band structure of a substance rather than the overall classification of an element . The most recent IUPAC publications on nomenclature and terminology do not include any recommendations on the usage of the terms metalloid or semimetal . Elements commonly recognised as metalloids ( edit ) Properties noted in this section refer to the elements in their most thermodynamically stable forms under ambient conditions . Boron ( edit ) Main article : Boron Boron , shown here in the form of its β - rhombohedral phase ( its most thermodynamically stable allotrope ) Pure boron is a shiny , silver - grey crystalline solid . It is less dense than aluminium ( 2.34 vs. 2.70 g / cm ) , and is hard and brittle . It is barely reactive under normal conditions , except for attack by fluorine , and has a melting point of 2076 ° C ( cf . steel ~ 1370 ° C ) . Boron is a semiconductor ; its room temperature electrical conductivity is 1.5 × 10 S cm ( about 200 times less than that of tap water ) and it has a band gap of about 1.56 eV . The structural chemistry of boron is dominated by its small atomic size , and relatively high ionization energy . With only three valence electrons per boron atom , simple covalent bonding can not fulfil the octet rule . Metallic bonding is the usual result among the heavier congenors of boron but this generally requires low ionization energies . Instead , because of its small size and high ionization energies , the basic structural unit of boron ( and nearly all of its allotropes ) is the icosahedral B cluster . Of the 36 electrons associated with 12 boron atoms , 26 reside in 13 delocalized molecular orbitals ; the other 10 electrons are used to form two - and three - centre covalent bonds between icosahedra . The same motif can be seen , as are deltahedral variants or fragments , in metal borides and hydride derivatives , and in some halides . The bonding in boron has been described as being characteristic of behaviour intermediate between metals and nonmetallic covalent network solids ( such as diamond ) . The energy required to transform B , C , N , Si and P from nonmetallic to metallic states has been estimated as 30 , 100 , 240 , 33 and 50 kJ / mol , respectively . This indicates the proximity of boron to the metal - nonmetal borderline . Most of the chemistry of boron is nonmetallic in nature . Unlike its heavier congeners , it is not known to form a simple B or hydrated ( B ( H O ) ) cation . The small size of the boron atom enables the preparation of many interstitial alloy - type borides . Analogies between boron and transition metals have been noted in the formation of complexes , and adducts ( for example , BH + CO → BH CO and , similarly , Fe ( CO ) + CO → Fe ( CO ) ) , as well as in the geometric and electronic structures of cluster species such as ( B H ) and ( Ru ( CO ) ) . The aqueous chemistry of boron is characterised by the formation of many different polyborate anions . Given its high charge - to - size ratio , boron bonds covalently in nearly all of its compounds ; the exceptions are the borides as these include , depending on their composition , covalent , ionic and metallic bonding components . Simple binary compounds , such as boron trichloride are Lewis acids as the formation of three covalent bonds leaves a hole in the octet which can be filled by an electron - pair donated by a Lewis base . Boron has a strong affinity for oxygen and a duly extensive borate chemistry . The oxide B O is polymeric in structure , weakly acidic , and a glass former . Organometallic compounds of boron have been known since the 19th century ( see organoboron chemistry ) . Silicon ( edit ) Main article : Silicon Silicon has a blue - grey metallic lustre . Silicon is a crystalline solid with a blue - grey metallic lustre . Like boron , it is less dense ( at 2.33 g / cm ) than aluminium , and is hard and brittle . It is a relatively unreactive element . According to Rochow , the massive crystalline form ( especially if pure ) is `` remarkably inert to all acids , including hydrofluoric '' . Less pure silicon , and the powdered form , are variously susceptible to attack by strong or heated acids , as well as by steam and fluorine . Silicon dissolves in hot aqueous alkalis with the evolution of hydrogen , as do metals such as beryllium , aluminium , zinc , gallium or indium . It melts at 1414 ° C. Silicon is a semiconductor with an electrical conductivity of 10 S cm and a band gap of about 1.11 eV . When it melts , silicon becomes a reasonable metal with an electrical conductivity of 1.0 -- 1.3 × 10 S cm , similar to that of liquid mercury . The chemistry of silicon is generally nonmetallic ( covalent ) in nature . It is not known to form a cation . Silicon can form alloys with metals such as iron and copper . It shows fewer tendencies to anionic behaviour than ordinary nonmetals . Its solution chemistry is characterised by the formation of oxyanions . The high strength of the silicon - oxygen bond dominates the chemical behaviour of silicon . Polymeric silicates , built up by tetrahedral SiO units sharing their oxygen atoms , are the most abundant and important compounds of silicon . The polymeric borates , comprising linked trigonal and tetrahedral BO or BO units , are built on similar structural principles . The oxide SiO is polymeric in structure , weakly acidic , and a glass former . Traditional organometallic chemistry includes the carbon compounds of silicon ( see organosilicon ) . Germanium ( edit ) Main article : Germanium Germanium is sometimes described as a metal Germanium is a shiny grey - white solid . It has a density of 5.323 g / cm and is hard and brittle . It is mostly unreactive at room temperature but is slowly attacked by hot concentrated sulfuric or nitric acid . Germanium also reacts with molten caustic soda to yield sodium germanate Na GeO and hydrogen gas . It melts at 938 ° C. Germanium is a semiconductor with an electrical conductivity of around 2 × 10 S cm and a band gap of 0.67 eV . Liquid germanium is a metallic conductor , with an electrical conductivity similar to that of liquid mercury . Most of the chemistry of germanium is characteristic of a nonmetal . Whether or not germanium forms a cation is unclear , aside from the reported existence of the Ge ion in a few esoteric compounds . It can form alloys with metals such as aluminium and gold . It shows fewer tendencies to anionic behaviour than ordinary nonmetals . Its solution chemistry is characterised by the formation of oxyanions . Germanium generally forms tetravalent ( IV ) compounds , and it can also form less stable divalent ( II ) compounds , in which it behaves more like a metal . Germanium analogues of all of the major types of silicates have been prepared . The metallic character of germanium is also suggested by the formation of various oxoacid salts . A phosphate ( ( HPO ) Ge H O ) and highly stable trifluoroacetate Ge ( OCOCF ) have been described , as have Ge ( SO ) , Ge ( ClO ) and GeH ( C O ) . The oxide GeO is polymeric , amphoteric , and a glass former . The dioxide is soluble in acidic solutions ( the monoxide GeO , is even more so ) , and this is sometimes used to classify germanium as a metal . Up to the 1930s germanium was considered to be a poorly conducting metal ; it has occasionally been classified as a metal by later writers . As with all the elements commonly recognised as metalloids , germanium has an established organometallic chemistry ( see organogermanium chemistry ) . Arsenic ( edit ) Main article : Arsenic Arsenic , sealed in a container to prevent tarnishing Arsenic is a grey , metallic looking solid . It has a density of 5.727 g / cm and is brittle , and moderately hard ( more than aluminium ; less than iron ) . It is stable in dry air but develops a golden bronze patina in moist air , which blackens on further exposure . Arsenic is attacked by nitric acid and concentrated sulfuric acid . It reacts with fused caustic soda to give the arsenate Na AsO and hydrogen gas . Arsenic sublimes at 615 ° C. The vapour is lemon - yellow and smells like garlic . Arsenic only melts under a pressure of 38.6 atm , at 817 ° C. It is a semimetal with an electrical conductivity of around 3.9 × 10 S cm and a band overlap of 0.5 eV . Liquid arsenic is a semiconductor with a band gap of 0.15 eV . The chemistry of arsenic is predominately nonmetallic . Whether or not arsenic forms a cation is unclear . Its many metal alloys are mostly brittle . It shows fewer tendencies to anionic behaviour than ordinary nonmetals . Its solution chemistry is characterised by the formation of oxyanions . Arsenic generally forms compounds in which it has an oxidation state of + 3 or + 5 . The halides , and the oxides and their derivatives are illustrative examples . In the trivalent state , arsenic shows some incipient metallic properties . The halides are hydrolysed by water but these reactions , particularly those of the chloride , are reversible with the addition of a hydrohalic acid . The oxide is acidic but , as noted below , ( weakly ) amphoteric . The higher , less stable , pentavalent state has strongly acidic ( nonmetallic ) properties . Compared to phosphorus , the stronger metallic character of arsenic is indicated by the formation of oxoacid salts such as AsPO , As ( SO ) and arsenic acetate As ( CH COO ) . The oxide As O is polymeric , amphoteric , and a glass former . Arsenic has an extensive organometallic chemistry ( see organoarsenic chemistry ) . Antimony ( edit ) Main article : Antimony Antimony , showing its brilliant lustre Antimony is a silver - white solid with a blue tint and a brilliant lustre . It has a density of 6.697 g / cm and is brittle , and moderately hard ( more so than arsenic ; less so than iron ; about the same as copper ) . It is stable in air and moisture at room temperature . It is attacked by concentrated nitric acid , yielding the hydrated pentoxide Sb O. Aqua regia gives the pentachloride SbCl and hot concentrated sulfuric acid results in the sulfate Sb ( SO ) . It is not affected by molten alkali . Antimony is capable of displacing hydrogen from water , when heated : 2 Sb + 3 H O → Sb O + 3 H. It melts at 631 ° C. Antimony is a semimetal with an electrical conductivity of around 3.1 × 10 S cm and a band overlap of 0.16 eV . Liquid antimony is a metallic conductor with an electrical conductivity of around 5.3 × 10 S cm . Most of the chemistry of antimony is characteristic of a nonmetal . Antimony has some definite cationic chemistry , SbO and Sb ( OH ) being present in acidic aqueous solution ; the compound Sb ( GaCl ) , which contains the homopolycation , Sb , was prepared in 2004 . It can form alloys with one or more metals such as aluminium , iron , nickel , copper , zinc , tin , lead and bismuth . Antimony has fewer tendencies to anionic behaviour than ordinary nonmetals . Its solution chemistry is characterised by the formation of oxyanions . Like arsenic , antimony generally forms compounds in which it has an oxidation state of + 3 or + 5 . The halides , and the oxides and their derivatives are illustrative examples . The + 5 state is less stable than the + 3 , but relatively easier to attain than with arsenic . This is explained by the poor shielding afforded the arsenic nucleus by its 3d electrons . In comparison , the tendency of antimony ( being a heavier atom ) to oxidize more easily partially offsets the effect of its 4d shell . Tripositive antimony is amphoteric ; pentapositive antimony is ( predominately ) acidic . Consistent with an increase in metallic character down group 15 , antimony forms salts or salt - like compounds including a nitrate Sb ( NO ) , phosphate SbPO , sulfate Sb ( SO ) and perchlorate Sb ( ClO ) . The otherwise acidic pentoxide Sb O shows some basic ( metallic ) behaviour in that it can be dissolved in very acidic solutions , with the formation of the oxycation SbO . The oxide Sb O is polymeric , amphoteric , and a glass former . Antimony has an extensive organometallic chemistry ( see organoantimony chemistry ) . Tellurium ( edit ) Main article : Tellurium Tellurium , described by Dmitri Mendeleev as forming a transition between metals and nonmetals Tellurium is a silvery - white shiny solid . It has a density of 6.24 g / cm , is brittle , and is the softest of the commonly recognised metalloids , being marginally harder than sulfur . Large pieces of tellurium are stable in air . The finely powdered form is oxidized by air in the presence of moisture . Tellurium reacts with boiling water , or when freshly precipitated even at 50 ° C , to give the dioxide and hydrogen : Te + 2 H O → TeO + 2 H. It reacts ( to varying degrees ) with nitric , sulfuric and hydrochloric acids to give compounds such as the sulfoxide TeSO or tellurous acid H TeO , the basic nitrate ( Te O H ) ( NO ) , or the oxide sulfate Te O ( SO ) . It dissolves in boiling alkalis , to give the tellurite and telluride : 3 Te + 6 KOH = K TeO + 2 K Te + 3 H O , a reaction that proceeds or is reversible with increasing or decreasing temperature . At higher temperatures tellurium is sufficiently plastic to extrude . It melts at 449.51 ° C. Crystalline tellurium has a structure consisting of parallel infinite spiral chains . The bonding between adjacent atoms in a chain is covalent , but there is evidence of a weak metallic interaction between the neighbouring atoms of different chains . Tellurium is a semiconductor with an electrical conductivity of around 1.0 S cm and a band gap of 0.32 to 0.38 eV . Liquid tellurium is a semiconductor , with an electrical conductivity , on melting , of around 1.9 × 10 S cm . Superheated liquid tellurium is a metallic conductor . Most of the chemistry of tellurium is characteristic of a nonmetal . It shows some cationic behaviour . The dioxide dissolves in acid to yield the trihydroxotellurium ( IV ) Te ( OH ) ion ; the red Te and yellow - orange Te ions form when tellurium is oxidized in fluorosulfuric acid ( HSO F ) , or liquid sulfur dioxide ( SO ) , respectively . It can form alloys with aluminium , silver and tin . Tellurium shows fewer tendencies to anionic behaviour than ordinary nonmetals . Its solution chemistry is characterised by the formation of oxyanions . Tellurium generally forms compounds in which it has an oxidation state of − 2 , + 4 or + 6 . The + 4 state is the most stable . Tellurides of composition X Te are easily formed with most other elements and represent the most common tellurium minerals . Nonstoichiometry is pervasive , especially with transition metals . Many tellurides can be regarded as metallic alloys . The increase in metallic character evident in tellurium , as compared to the lighter chalcogens , is further reflected in the reported formation of various other oxyacid salts , such as a basic selenate 2TeO SeO and an analogous perchlorate and periodate 2TeO HXO . Tellurium forms a polymeric , amphoteric , glass - forming oxide TeO . It is a `` conditional '' glass - forming oxide -- it forms a glass with a very small amount of additive . Tellurium has an extensive organometallic chemistry ( see organotellurium chemistry ) . Elements less commonly recognised as metalloids ( edit ) Carbon ( edit ) Main article : Carbon Carbon ( as graphite ) . Delocalized valence electrons within the layers of graphite give it a metallic appearance . Carbon is ordinarily classified as a nonmetal but has some metallic properties and is occasionally classified as a metalloid . Hexagonal graphitic carbon ( graphite ) is the most thermodynamically stable allotrope of carbon under ambient conditions . It has a lustrous appearance and is a fairly good electrical conductor . Graphite has a layered structure . Each layer comprises carbon atoms bonded to three other carbon atoms in a honeycomb lattice arrangement . The layers are stacked together and held loosely by van der Waals forces and delocalized valence electrons . Like a metal , the conductivity of graphite in the direction of its planes decreases as the temperature is raised ; it has the electronic band structure of a semimetal . The allotropes of carbon , including graphite , can accept foreign atoms or compounds into their structures via substitution , intercalation or doping . The resulting materials are referred to as `` carbon alloys '' . Carbon can form ionic salts , including a hydrogen sulfate , perchlorate , and nitrate ( C X. 2HX , where X = HSO , ClO ; and C NO . 3HNO ) . In organic chemistry , carbon can form complex cations -- termed carbocations -- in which the positive charge is on the carbon atom ; examples are CH and CH , and their derivatives . Carbon is brittle , and behaves as a semiconductor in a direction perpendicular to its planes . Most of its chemistry is nonmetallic ; it has a relatively high ionization energy and , compared to most metals , a relatively high electronegativity . Carbon can form anions such as C ( methanide ) , C ( acetylide ) and C ( sesquicarbide or allylenide ) , in compounds with metals of main groups 1 -- 3 , and with the lanthanides and actinides . Its oxide CO forms carbonic acid H CO . Aluminium ( edit ) Main article : Aluminium High purity aluminium is much softer than its familiar alloys . People who handle it for the first time often ask if it is the real thing . Aluminium is ordinarily classified as a metal . It is lustrous , malleable and ductile , and has high electrical and thermal conductivity . Like most metals it has a close - packed crystalline structure , and forms a cation in aqueous solution . It has some properties that are unusual for a metal ; taken together , these are sometimes used as a basis to classify aluminium as a metalloid . Its crystalline structure shows some evidence of directional bonding . Aluminium bonds covalently in most compounds . The oxide Al O is amphoteric , and a conditional glass - former . Aluminium can form anionic aluminates , such behaviour being considered nonmetallic in character . Classifying aluminium as a metalloid has been disputed given its many metallic properties . It is therefore , arguably , an exception to the mnemonic that elements adjacent to the metal -- nonmetal dividing line are metalloids . Stott labels aluminium as a weak metal . It has the physical properties of a metal but some of the chemical properties of a nonmetal . Steele notes the paradoxical chemical behaviour of aluminium : `` It resembles a weak metal in its amphoteric oxide and in the covalent character of many of its compounds ... Yet it is a highly electropositive metal ... ( with ) a high negative electrode potential '' . Moody says that , `` aluminium is on the ' diagonal borderland ' between metals and non-metals in the chemical sense . '' Selenium ( edit ) Main article : Selenium Grey selenium , being a photoconductor , conducts electricity around 1,000 times better when light falls on it , a property used since the mid-1870s in various light - sensing applications Selenium shows borderline metalloid or nonmetal behaviour . Its most stable form , the grey trigonal allotrope , is sometimes called `` metallic '' selenium because its electrical conductivity is several orders of magnitude greater than that of the red monoclinic form . The metallic character of selenium is further shown by its lustre , and its crystalline structure , which is thought to include weakly `` metallic '' interchain bonding . Selenium can be drawn into thin threads when molten and viscous . It shows reluctance to acquire `` the high positive oxidation numbers characteristic of nonmetals '' . It can form cyclic polycations ( such as Se ) when dissolved in oleums ( an attribute it shares with sulfur and tellurium ) , and a hydrolysed cationic salt in the form of trihydroxoselenium ( IV ) perchlorate ( Se ( OH ) ) ClO . The nonmetallic character of selenium is shown by its brittleness and the low electrical conductivity ( ~ 10 to 10 S cm ) of its highly purified form . This is comparable to or less than that of bromine ( 7.95 × 10 S cm ) , a nonmetal . Selenium has the electronic band structure of a semiconductor and retains its semiconducting properties in liquid form . It has a relatively high electronegativity ( 2.55 revised Pauling scale ) . Its reaction chemistry is mainly that of its nonmetallic anionic forms Se , SeO and SeO . Selenium is commonly described as a metalloid in the environmental chemistry literature . It moves through the aquatic environment similarly to arsenic and antimony ; its water - soluble salts , in higher concentrations , have a similar toxicological profile to that of arsenic . Polonium ( edit ) Main article : Polonium Polonium is `` distinctly metallic '' in some ways . Both of its allotropic forms are metallic conductors . It is soluble in acids , forming the rose - coloured Po cation and displacing hydrogen : Po + 2 H → Po + H. Many polonium salts are known . The oxide PoO is predominantly basic in nature . Polonium is a reluctant oxidizing agent , unlike its lightest congener oxygen : highly reducing conditions are required for the formation of the Po anion in aqueous solution . Whether polonium is ductile or brittle is unclear . It is predicted to be ductile based on its calculated elastic constants . It has a simple cubic crystalline structure . Such a structure has few slip systems and `` leads to very low ductility and hence low fracture resistance '' . Polonium shows nonmetallic character in its halides , and by the existence of polonides . The halides have properties generally characteristic of nonmetal halides ( being volatile , easily hydrolyzed , and soluble in organic solvents ) . Many metal polonides , obtained by heating the elements together at 500 -- 1,000 ° C , and containing the Po anion , are also known . Astatine ( edit ) Main article : Astatine As a halogen , astatine tends to be classified as a nonmetal . It has some marked metallic properties and is sometimes instead classified as either a metalloid or ( less often ) as a metal . Immediately following its production in 1940 , early investigators considered it a metal . In 1949 it was called the most noble ( difficult to reduce ) nonmetal as well as being a relatively noble ( difficult to oxidize ) metal . In 1950 astatine was described as a halogen and ( therefore ) a reactive nonmetal . In 2013 , on the basis of relativistic modelling , astatine was predicted to be a monatomic metal , with a face - centred cubic crystalline structure . Several authors have commented on the metallic nature of some of the properties of astatine . Since iodine is a semiconductor in the direction of its planes , and since the halogens become more metallic with increasing atomic number , it has been presumed that astatine would be a metal if it could form a condensed phase . Astatine may be metallic in the liquid state on the basis that elements with an enthalpy of vaporization ( ∆ H ) greater than ~ 42 kJ / mol are metallic when liquid . Such elements include boron , silicon , germanium , antimony , selenium and tellurium . Estimated values for ∆ H of diatomic astatine are 50 kJ / mol or higher ; diatomic iodine , with a ∆ H of 41.71 , falls just short of the threshold figure . `` Like typical metals , it ( astatine ) is precipitated by hydrogen sulfide even from strongly acid solutions and is displaced in a free form from sulfate solutions ; it is deposited on the cathode on electrolysis . '' Further indications of a tendency for astatine to behave like a ( heavy ) metal are : `` ... the formation of pseudohalide compounds ... complexes of astatine cations ... complex anions of trivalent astatine ... as well as complexes with a variety of organic solvents '' . It has also been argued that astatine demonstrates cationic behaviour , by way of stable At and AtO forms , in strongly acidic aqueous solutions . Some of astatine 's reported properties are nonmetallic . It has the narrow liquid range ordinarily associated with nonmetals ( mp 302 ° C ; bp 337 ° C ) . Batsanov gives a calculated band gap energy for astatine of 0.7 eV ; this is consistent with nonmetals ( in physics ) having separated valence and conduction bands and thereby being either semiconductors or insulators . The chemistry of astatine in aqueous solution is mainly characterised by the formation of various anionic species . Most of its known compounds resemble those of iodine , which is a halogen and a nonmetal . Such compounds include astatides ( XAt ) , astatates ( XAtO ) , and monovalent interhalogen compounds . Restrepo et al. reported that astatine appeared to be more polonium - like than halogen - like . They did so on the basis of detailed comparative studies of the known and interpolated properties of 72 elements . Related concepts ( edit ) Near metalloids ( edit ) Iodine crystals , showing a metallic lustre . Iodine is a semiconductor in the direction of its planes , with a band gap of ~ 1.3 eV . It has an electrical conductivity of 1.7 × 10 S cm at room temperature . This is higher than selenium but lower than boron , the least electrically conducting of the recognised metalloids . In the periodic table , some of the elements adjacent to the commonly recognised metalloids , although usually classified as either metals or nonmetals , are occasionally referred to as near - metalloids or noted for their metalloidal character . To the left of the metal -- nonmetal dividing line , such elements include gallium , tin and bismuth . They show unusual packing structures , marked covalent chemistry ( molecular or polymeric ) , and amphoterism . To the right of the dividing line are carbon , phosphorus , selenium and iodine . They exhibit metallic lustre , semiconducting properties and bonding or valence bands with delocalized character . This applies to their most thermodynamically stable forms under ambient conditions : carbon as graphite ; phosphorus as black phosphorus ; and selenium as grey selenium . Allotropes ( edit ) White tin ( left ) and grey tin ( right ) . Both forms have a metallic appearance . Different crystalline forms of an element are called allotropes . Some allotropes , particularly those of elements located ( in periodic table terms ) alongside or near the notional dividing line between metals and nonmetals , exhibit more pronounced metallic , metalloidal or nonmetallic behaviour than others . The existence of such allotropes can complicate the classification of the elements involved . Tin , for example , has two allotropes : tetragonal `` white '' β - tin and cubic `` grey '' α - tin . White tin is a very shiny , ductile and malleable metal . It is the stable form at or above room temperature and has an electrical conductivity of 9.17 × 10 S cm ( ~ 1 / 6th that of copper ) . Grey tin usually has the appearance of a grey micro-crystalline powder , and can also be prepared in brittle semi-lustrous crystalline or polycrystalline forms . It is the stable form below 13.2 ° C and has an electrical conductivity of between ( 2 -- 5 ) × 10 S cm ( ~ 1 / 250th that of white tin ) . Grey tin has the same crystalline structure as that of diamond . It behaves as a semiconductor ( with a band gap of 0.08 eV ) , but has the electronic band structure of a semimetal . It has been referred to as either a very poor metal , a metalloid , a nonmetal or a near metalloid . The diamond allotrope of carbon is clearly nonmetallic , being translucent and having a low electrical conductivity of 10 to 10 S cm . Graphite has an electrical conductivity of 3 × 10 S cm , a figure more characteristic of a metal . Phosphorus , sulfur , arsenic , selenium , antimony and bismuth also have less stable allotropes that display different behaviours . Abundance , extraction and cost ( edit ) Abundance ( edit ) Z Element Grams / tonne 8 Oxygen 461,000 14 Silicon 282,000 13 Aluminium 82,300 26 Iron 56,300 6 Carbon 200 29 Copper 60 5 Boron 10 33 Arsenic 1.8 32 Germanium 1.5 47 Silver 0.075 34 Selenium 0.05 51 Antimony 0.02 79 Gold 0.004 52 Tellurium 0.001 75 Rhenium 0.0000000007 7 × 10 54 Xenon 0.00000000003 3 × 10 84 Polonium 0.0000000000000002 2 × 10 85 Astatine 0.000000000000000003 3 × 10 The table gives crustal abundances of the elements commonly to rarely recognised as metalloids . Some other elements are included for comparison : oxygen and xenon ( the most and least abundant elements with stable isotopes ) ; iron and the coinage metals copper , silver and gold ; and rhenium , the least abundant stable metal ( aluminium is normally the most abundant metal ) . Various abundance estimates have been published ; these often disagree to some extent . Extraction ( edit ) The recognised metalloids can be obtained by chemical reduction of either their oxides or their sulfides . Simpler or more complex extraction methods may be employed depending on the starting form and economic factors . Boron is routinely obtained by reducing the trioxide with magnesium : B O + 3 Mg → 2 B + 3MgO ; after secondary processing the resulting brown powder has a purity of up to 97 % . Boron of higher purity ( > 99 % ) is prepared by heating volatile boron compounds , such as BCl or BBr , either in a hydrogen atmosphere ( 2 BX + 3 H → 2 B + 6 HX ) or to the point of thermal decomposition . Silicon and germanium are obtained from their oxides by heating the oxide with carbon or hydrogen : SiO + C → Si + CO ; GeO + 2 H → Ge + 2 H O. Arsenic is isolated from its pyrite ( FeAsS ) or arsenical pyrite ( FeAs ) by heating ; alternatively , it can be obtained from its oxide by reduction with carbon : 2 As O + 3 C → 2 As + 3 CO . Antimony is derived from its sulfide by reduction with iron : Sb S → 2 Sb + 3 FeS . Tellurium is prepared from its oxide by dissolving it in aqueous NaOH , yielding tellurite , then by electrolytic reduction : TeO + 2 NaOH → Na TeO + H O ; Na TeO + H O → Te + 2 NaOH + O. Another option is reduction of the oxide by roasting with carbon : TeO + C → Te + CO . Production methods for the elements less frequently recognised as metalloids involve natural processing , electrolytic or chemical reduction , or irradiation . Carbon ( as graphite ) occurs naturally and is extracted by crushing the parent rock and floating the lighter graphite to the surface . Aluminium is extracted by dissolving its oxide Al O in molten cryolite Na AlF and then by high temperature electrolytic reduction . Selenium is produced by roasting the coinage metal selenides X Se ( X = Cu , Ag , Au ) with soda ash to give the selenite : X Se + O + Na CO → Na SeO + 2 X + CO ; the selenide is neutralized by sulfuric acid H SO to give selenous acid H SeO ; this is reduced by bubbling with SO to yield elemental selenium . Polonium and astatine are produced in minute quantities by irradiating bismuth . Cost ( edit ) The recognised metalloids and their closer neighbours mostly cost less than silver ; only polonium and astatine are more expensive than gold , on account of their significant radioactivity . As of 5 April 2014 , prices for small samples ( up to 100 g ) of silicon , antimony and tellurium , and graphite , aluminium and selenium , average around one third the cost of silver ( US $1.5 per gram or about $45 an ounce ) . Boron , germanium and arsenic samples average about three - and - a-half times the cost of silver . Polonium is available for about $100 per microgram . Zalutsky and Pruszynski estimate a similar cost for producing astatine . Prices for the applicable elements traded as commodities tend to range from two to three times cheaper than the sample price ( Ge ) , to nearly three thousand times cheaper ( As ) . See also ( edit ) Properties of metals , metalloids and nonmetals Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ For a related commentary see also : Vernon RE 2013 , ' Which Elements Are Metalloids ? ' , Journal of Chemical Education , vol. 90 , no . 12 , pp. 1703 -- 1707 , doi : 10.1021 / ed3008457 Jump up ^ Definitions and extracts by different authors , illustrating aspects of the generic definition , follow : `` In chemistry a metalloid is an element with properties intermediate between those of metals and nonmetals . '' `` Between the metals and nonmetals in the periodic table we find elements ... ( that ) share some of the characteristic properties of both the metals and nonmetals , making it difficult to place them in either of these two main categories '' `` Chemists sometimes use the name metalloid ... for these elements which are difficult to classify one way or the other . '' `` Because the traits distinguishing metals and nonmetals are qualitative in nature , some elements do not fall unambiguously in either category . These elements ... are called metalloids ... '' More broadly , metalloids have been referred to as : `` elements that ... are somewhat of a cross between metals and nonmetals '' ; or `` weird in - between elements '' . Jump up ^ Gold , for example , has mixed properties but is still recognised as `` king of metals '' . Besides metallic behaviour ( such as high electrical conductivity , and cation formation ) , gold shows nonmetallic behaviour : It has the highest electrode potential It has the third - highest ionization energy among the metals ( after zinc and mercury ) It has the lowest electron affinity Its electronegativity of 2.54 is highest among the metals and exceeds that of some nonmetals ( hydrogen 2.2 ; phosphorus 2.19 ; and radon 2.2 ) It forms the Au auride anion , acting in this way like a halogen It sometimes has a tendency , known as `` aurophilicity '' , to bond to itself ; on halogen character , see also Belpassi et al. , who conclude that in the aurides MAu ( M = Li -- Cs ) gold `` behaves as a halogen , intermediate between Br and I '' ; on aurophilicity , see also Schmidbaur and Schier . Jump up ^ Mann et al. refer to these elements as `` the recognized metalloids '' . Jump up ^ Jones writes : `` Though classification is an essential feature in all branches of science , there are always hard cases at the boundaries . Indeed , the boundary of a class is rarely sharp . '' Jump up ^ The lack of a standard division of the elements into metals , metalloids and nonmetals is not necessarily an issue . There is more or less , a continuous progression from the metallic to the nonmetallic . Potentially , a specified subset of this continuum can serve its particular purpose as well as any other . Jump up ^ The packing efficiency of boron is 38 % ; silicon and germanium 34 ; arsenic 38.5 ; antimony 41 ; and tellurium 36.4 . These values are lower than in most metals ( 80 % of which have a packing efficiency of at least 68 % ) , but higher than those of elements usually classified as nonmetals . ( Gallium is unusual , for a metal , in having a packing efficiency of just 39 % . Other notable values for metals are 42.9 for bismuth and 58.5 for liquid mercury . ) Packing efficiencies for nonmetals are : graphite 17 % , sulfur 19.2 , iodine 23.9 , selenium 24.2 , and black phosphorus 28.5 . Jump up ^ More specifically , the Goldhammer - Herzfeld criterion is the ratio of the force holding an individual atom 's valence electrons in place with the forces on the same electrons from interactions between the atoms in the solid or liquid element . When the interatomic forces are greater than , or equal to , the atomic force , valence electron itinerancy is indicated and metallic behaviour is predicted . Otherwise nonmetallic behaviour is anticipated . Jump up ^ As the ratio is based on classical arguments it does not accommodate the finding that polonium , which has a value of ~ 0.95 , adopts a metallic ( rather than covalent ) crystalline structure , on relativistic grounds . Even so it offers a first order rationalization for the occurrence of metallic character amongst the elements . Jump up ^ Atomic conductance is the electrical conductivity of one mole of a substance . It is equal to electrical conductivity divided by molar volume . Jump up ^ Selenium has an ionization energy ( IE ) of 225 kcal / mol ( 941 kJ / mol ) and is sometimes described as a semiconductor . It has a relatively high 2.55 electronegativity ( EN ) . Polonium has an IE of 194 kcal / mol ( 812 kJ / mol ) and a 2.0 EN , but has a metallic band structure . Astatine has an IE of 215 kJ / mol ( 899 kJ / mol ) and an EN of 2.2 . Its electronic band structure is not known with any certainty . Jump up ^ Oderberg argues on ontological grounds that anything not a metal is therefore a nonmetal , and that this includes semi-metals ( i.e. metalloids ) . Jump up ^ Copernicium is reportedly the only metal thought to be a gas at room temperature . Jump up ^ Metals have electrical conductivity values of from 6.9 × 10 S cm for manganese to 6.3 × 10 for silver . Jump up ^ Metalloids have electrical conductivity values of from 1.5 × 10 S cm for boron to 3.9 × 10 for arsenic . If selenium is included as a metalloid the applicable conductivity range would start from ~ 10 to 10 S cm . Jump up ^ Nonmetals have electrical conductivity values of from ~ 10 S cm for the elemental gases to 3 × 10 in graphite . Jump up ^ Chedd defines metalloids as having electronegativity values of 1.8 to 2.2 ( Allred - Rochow scale ) . He included boron , silicon , germanium , arsenic , antimony , tellurium , polonium and astatine in this category . In reviewing Chedd 's work , Adler described this choice as arbitrary , as other elements whose electronegativities lie in this range include copper , silver , phosphorus , mercury and bismuth . He went on to suggest defining a metalloid as `` a semiconductor or semimetal '' and to include bismuth and selenium in this category . Jump up ^ Olmsted and Williams commented that , `` Until quite recently , chemical interest in the metalloids consisted mainly of isolated curiosities , such as the poisonous nature of arsenic and the mildly therapeutic value of borax . With the development of metalloid semiconductors , however , these elements have become among the most intensely studied '' . Jump up ^ Research published in 2012 suggests that metal - metalloid glasses can be characterised by an interconnected atomic packing scheme in which metallic and covalent bonding structures coexist . Jump up ^ The reaction involved is Ge + 2 MoO → GeO + 2 MoO . Adding arsenic or antimony ( n - type electron donors ) increases the rate of reaction ; adding gallium or indium ( p - type electron acceptors ) decreases it . Jump up ^ Ellern , writing in Military and Civilian Pyrotechnics ( 1968 ) , comments that carbon black `` has been specified for and used in a nuclear air - burst simulator . '' Jump up ^ For a post-1960 example of the former use of the term metalloid to refer to nonmetals see Zhdanov , who divides the elements into metals ; intermediate elements ( H , B , C , Si , Ge , Se , Te ) ; and metalloids ( of which the most typical are given as O , F and Cl ) . Jump up ^ Boron , at 1.56 eV , has the largest band gap amongst the commonly recognised ( semiconducting ) metalloids . Of nearby elements in periodic table terms , selenium has the next highest band gap ( close to 1.8 eV ) followed by white phosphorus ( around 2.1 eV ) . Jump up ^ The synthesis of B borospherene , a `` distorted fullerene with a hexagonal hole on the top and bottom and four heptagonal holes around the waist '' was announced in 2014 . Jump up ^ The BH and Fe ( CO ) species in these reactions are short - lived reaction intermediates . Jump up ^ On the analogy between boron and metals , Greenwood commented that : `` The extent to which metallic elements mimic boron ( in having fewer electrons than orbitals available for bonding ) has been a fruitful cohering concept in the development of metalloborane chemistry ... Indeed , metals have been referred to as `` honorary boron atoms '' or even as `` flexiboron atoms '' . The converse of this relationship is clearly also valid ... '' Jump up ^ The bonding in boron trifluoride , a gas , has been referred to as predominately ionic a description which was subsequently described as misleading . Jump up ^ Boron trioxide B O is sometimes described as being ( weakly ) amphoteric . It reacts with alkalies to give various borates . In its hydrated form ( as H BO , boric acid ) it reacts with sulfur trioxide , the anhydride of sulphuric acid , to form a bisulfate B ( HSO ) . In its pure ( anhydrous ) form it reacts with phosphoric acid to form a `` phosphate '' BPO . The latter compound may be regarded as a mixed oxide of B O and P O . Jump up ^ Organic derivatives of metalloids are traditionally counted as organometallic compounds . Jump up ^ In air , silicon forms a thin coating of amorphous silicon dioxide , 2 to 3 nm thick . This coating is dissolved by hydrogen fluoride at a very low pace -- on the order of two to three hours per nanometre . Silicon dioxide , and silicate glasses ( of which silicon dioxide is a major component ) , are otherwise readily attacked by hydrofluoric acid . Jump up ^ The bonding in silicon tetrafluoride , a gas , has been referred to as predominately ionic a description which was subsequently described as misleading . Jump up ^ Although SiO is classified as an acidic oxide , and hence reacts with alkalis to give silicates , it reacts with phosphoric acid to yield a silicon oxide orthophosphate Si O ( PO ) , and with hydrofluoric acid to give hexafluorosilicic acid H SiF . The latter reaction `` is sometimes quoted as evidence of basic ( that is , metallic ) properties '' . Jump up ^ Temperatures above 400 ° C are required to form a noticeable surface oxide layer . Jump up ^ Sources mentioning germanium cations include : Powell & Brewer who state that the cadmium iodide CdI structure of germanous iodide GeI establishes the existence of the Ge ion ( the CdI structure being found , according to Ladd , in `` many metallic halides , hydroxides and chalcides '' ) ; Everest who comments that , `` it seems probable that the Ge ion can also occur in other crystalline germanous salts such as the phosphite , which is similar to the salt - like stannous phosphite and germanous phosphate , which resembles not only the stannous phosphates , but the manganous phosphates also '' ; Pan , Fu & Huang who presume the formation of the simple Ge ion when Ge ( OH ) is dissolved in a perchloric acid solution , on the basis that , `` ClO4 has little tendency to enter complex formation with a cation '' ; Monconduit et al. who prepared the layer compound or phase Nb Ge Te ( x ≃ 0.9 ) , and reported that this contained a Ge cation ; Richens who records that , `` Ge ( aq ) or possibly Ge ( OH ) ( aq ) is said to exist in dilute air - free aqueous suspensions of the yellow hydrous monoxide ... however both are unstable with respect to the ready formation of GeO. nH O '' ; Rupar et al. who synthesized a cryptand compound containing a Ge cation ; and Schwietzer and Pesterfield who write that , `` the monoxide GeO dissolves in dilute acids to give Ge and in dilute bases to produce GeO , all three entities being unstable in water '' . Sources dismissing germanium cations or further qualifying their presumed existence include : Jolly and Latimer who assert that , `` the germanous ion can not be studied directly because no germanium ( II ) species exists in any appreciable concentration in noncomplexing aqueous solutions '' ; Lidin who says that , `` ( germanium ) forms no aquacations '' ; Ladd who notes that the CdI structure is `` intermediate in type between ionic and molecular compounds '' ; and Wiberg who states that , `` no germanium cations are known '' . Jump up ^ Arsenic also exists as a naturally occurring ( but rare ) allotrope ( arsenolamprite ) , a crystalline semiconductor with a band gap of around 0.3 eV or 0.4 eV . It can also be prepared in a semiconducting amorphous form , with a band gap of around 1.2 -- 1.4 eV . Jump up ^ Sources mentioning cationic arsenic include : Gillespie & Robinson who find that , `` in very dilute solutions in 100 % sulphuric acid , arsenic ( III ) oxide forms arsonyl ( III ) hydrogen sulphate , AsO. HO , which is partly ionized to give the AsO cation . Both these species probably exist mainly in solvated forms , e.g. , As ( OH ) ( SO H ) , and As ( OH ) ( SO H ) respectively '' ; Paul et al. who reported spectroscopic evidence for the presence of As and As cations when arsenic was oxidized with peroxydisulfuryl difluoride S O F in highly acidic media ( Gillespie and Passmore noted the spectra of these species were very similar to S and S and concluded that , `` at present '' there was no reliable evidence for any homopolycations of arsenic ) ; Van Muylder and Pourbaix , who write that , `` As O is an amphoteric oxide which dissolves in water and in solutions of pH between 1 and 8 with the formation of undissociated arsenious acid HAsO ; the solubility ... increases at pH 's below 1 with the formation of ' arsenyl ' ions AsO ... '' ; Kolthoff and Elving who write that , `` the As cation exists to some extent only in strongly acid solutions ; under less acid conditions the tendency is toward hydrolysis , so that the anionic form predominates '' ; Moody who observes that , `` arsenic trioxide , As O , and arsenious acid , H AsO , are apparently amphoteric but no cations , As , As ( OH ) or As ( OH ) are known '' ; and Cotton et al. who write that ( in aqueous solution ) the simple arsenic cation As `` may occur to some slight extent ( along with the AsO cation ) '' and that , `` Raman spectra show that in acid solutions of As O the only detectable species is the pyramidal As ( OH ) '' . Jump up ^ The formulae of AsPO and As ( SO ) suggest straightforward ionic formulations , with As , but this is not the case . AsPO , `` which is virtually a covalent oxide '' , has been referred to as a double oxide , of the form As O P O. It comprises AsO pyramids and PO tetrahedra , joined together by all their corner atoms to form a continuous polymeric network . As ( SO ) has a structure in which each SO tetrahedron is bridged by two AsO trigonal pyramida . Jump up ^ As O is usually regarded as being amphoteric but a few sources say it is ( weakly ) acidic . They describe its `` basic '' properties ( its reaction with concentrated hydrochloric acid to form arsenic trichloride ) as being alcoholic , in analogy with the formation of covalent alkyl chlorides by covalent alcohols ( e.g. , R - OH + HCl → RCl + H O ) Jump up ^ Antimony can also be prepared in an amorphous semiconducting black form , with an estimated ( temperature - dependent ) band gap of 0.06 -- 0.18 eV . Jump up ^ Lidin asserts that SbO does not exist and that the stable form of Sb ( III ) in aqueous solution is an incomplete hydrocomplex ( Sb ( H O ) ( OH ) ) . Jump up ^ Cotton et al. note that TeO appears to have an ionic lattice ; Wells suggests that the Te -- O bonds have `` considerable covalent character '' . Jump up ^ Liquid carbon may or may not be a metallic conductor , depending on pressure and temperature ; see also . Jump up ^ For the sulfate , the method of preparation is ( careful ) direct oxidation of graphite in concentrated sulfuric acid by an oxidising agent , such as nitric acid , chromium trioxide or ammonium persulfate ; in this instance the concentrated sulfuric acid is acting as an inorganic nonaqueous solvent . Jump up ^ Only a small fraction of dissolved CO is present in water as carbonic acid so , even though H CO is a medium - strong acid , solutions of carbonic acid are only weakly acidic . Jump up ^ A mnemonic that captures the elements commonly recognised as metalloids goes : Up , up - down , up - down , up ... are the metalloids ! Jump up ^ Rochow , who later wrote his 1966 monograph The metalloids , commented that , `` In some respects selenium acts like a metalloid and tellurium certainly does '' . Jump up ^ A further option is to include astatine both as a nonmetal and as a metalloid . Jump up ^ A visible piece of astatine would be immediately and completely vaporized because of the heat generated by its intense radioactivity . Jump up ^ The literature is contradictory as to whether boron exhibits metallic conductivity in liquid form . Krishnan et al. found that liquid boron behaved like a metal . Glorieux et al. characterised liquid boron as a semiconductor , on the basis of its low electrical conductivity . Millot et al. reported that the emissivity of liquid boron was not consistent with that of a liquid metal . Jump up ^ Korenman similarly noted that `` the ability to precipitate with hydrogen sulfide distinguishes astatine from other halogens and brings it closer to bismuth and other heavy metals '' . Jump up ^ The separation between molecules in the layers of iodine ( 350 pm ) is much less than the separation between iodine layers ( 427 pm ; cf . twice the van der Waals radius of 430 pm ) . This is thought to be caused by electronic interactions between the molecules in each layer of iodine , which in turn give rise to its semiconducting properties and shiny appearance . Jump up ^ For example : intermediate electrical conductivity ; a relatively narrow band gap ; light sensitivity . Jump up ^ White phosphorus is the least stable and most reactive form . It is also the most common , industrially important , and easily reproducible allotrope , and for these three reasons is regarded as the standard state of the element . Jump up ^ Sample prices of gold , in comparison , start at roughly thirty - five times that of silver . Based on sample prices for B , C , Al , Si , Ge , As , Se , Ag , Sb , Te and Au available on - line from Alfa Aesa ; Goodfellow ; Metallium ; and United Nuclear Scientific . Jump up ^ Based on spot prices for Al , Si , Ge , As , Sb , Se , and Te available on - line from FastMarkets : Minor Metals ; Fast Markets : Base Metals ; EnergyTrend : PV Market Status , Polysilicon ; and Metal - Pages : Arsenic metal prices , news and information . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Chedd 1969 , pp. 58 , 78 ; National Research Council 1984 , p. 43 ^ Jump up to : Atkins et al. 2010 , p. 20 Jump up ^ Cusack 1987 , p. 360 Jump up ^ Kelter , Mosher & Scott 2009 , p. 268 ^ Jump up to : Hill & Holman 2000 , p. 41 Jump up ^ King 1979 , p. 13 Jump up ^ Moore 2011 , p. 81 Jump up ^ Gray 2010 Jump up ^ Hopkins & Bailar 1956 , p. 458 Jump up ^ Glinka 1965 , p. 77 Jump up ^ Wiberg 2001 , p. 1279 Jump up ^ Belpassi et al. 2006 , pp. 4543 -- 4 Jump up ^ Schmidbaur & Schier 2008 , pp. 1931 -- 51 Jump up ^ Tyler Miller 1987 , p. 59 Jump up ^ Goldsmith 1982 , p. 526 ; Kotz , Treichel & Weaver 2009 , p. 62 ; Bettelheim et al. 2010 , p. 46 ^ Jump up to : Mann et al. 2000 , p. 2783 Jump up ^ Hawkes 2001 , p. 1686 ; Segal 1989 , p. 965 ; McMurray & Fay 2009 , p. 767 Jump up ^ Bucat 1983 , p. 26 ; Brown c. 2007 ^ Jump up to : Swift & Schaefer 1962 , p. 100 Jump up ^ Hawkes 2001 , p. 1686 ; Hawkes 2010 ; Holt , Rinehart & Wilson c. 2007 Jump up ^ Dunstan 1968 , pp. 310 , 409 . Dunstan lists Be , Al , Ge ( maybe ) , As , Se ( maybe ) , Sn , Sb , Te , Pb , Bi , and Po as metalloids ( pp. 310 , 323 , 409 , 419 ) . Jump up ^ Tilden 1876 , pp. 172 , 198 -- 201 ; Smith 1994 , p. 252 ; Bodner & Pardue 1993 , p. 354 Jump up ^ Bassett et al. 1966 , p. 127 Jump up ^ Rausch 1960 Jump up ^ Thayer 1977 , p. 604 ; Warren & Geballe 1981 ; Masters & Ela 2008 , p. 190 Jump up ^ Warren & Geballe 1981 ; Chalmers 1959 , p. 72 ; US Bureau of Naval Personnel 1965 , p. 26 Jump up ^ Siebring 1967 , p. 513 Jump up ^ Wiberg 2001 , p. 282 Jump up ^ Rausch 1960 ; Friend 1953 , p. 68 Jump up ^ Murray 1928 , p. 1295 Jump up ^ Hampel & Hawley 1966 , p. 950 ; Stein 1985 ; Stein 1987 , pp. 240 , 247 -- 8 Jump up ^ Hatcher 1949 , p. 223 ; Secrist & Powers 1966 , p. 459 Jump up ^ Taylor 1960 , p. 614 Jump up ^ Considine & Considine 1984 , p. 568 ; Cegielski 1998 , p. 147 ; The American heritage science dictionary 2005 p. 397 Jump up ^ Woodward 1948 , p. 1 Jump up ^ NIST 2010 . Values shown in the above table have been converted from the NIST values , which are given in eV . Jump up ^ Berger 1997 ; Lovett 1977 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Goldsmith 1982 , p. 526 ; Hawkes 2001 , p. 1686 Jump up ^ Hawkes 2001 , p. 1687 Jump up ^ Sharp 1981 , p. 299 Jump up ^ Emsley 1971 , p. 1 Jump up ^ James et al. 2000 , p. 480 Jump up ^ Chatt 1951 , p. 417 `` The boundary between metals and metalloids is indefinite ... '' ; Burrows et al. 2009 , p. 1192 : `` Although the elements are conveniently described as metals , metalloids , and nonmetals , the transitions are not exact ... '' Jump up ^ Jones 2010 , p. 170 Jump up ^ Kneen , Rogers & Simpson 1972 , pp. 218 -- 220 Jump up ^ Rochow 1966 , pp. 1 , 4 -- 7 Jump up ^ Rochow 1977 , p. 76 ; Mann et al. 2000 , p. 2783 Jump up ^ Askeland , Phulé & Wright 2011 , p. 69 Jump up ^ Van Setten et al. 2007 , pp. 2460 -- 1 ; Russell & Lee 2005 , p. 7 ( Si , Ge ) ; Pearson 1972 , p. 264 ( As , Sb , Te ; also black P ) Jump up ^ Russell & Lee 2005 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Russell & Lee 2005 , pp. 6 -- 7 , 387 ^ Jump up to : Pearson 1972 , p. 264 Jump up ^ Okajima & Shomoji 1972 , p. 258 Jump up ^ Kitaĭgorodskiĭ 1961 , p. 108 ^ Jump up to : Neuburger 1936 Jump up ^ Edwards & Sienko 1983 , p. 693 Jump up ^ Herzfeld 1927 ; Edwards 2000 , pp. 100 -- 3 Jump up ^ Edwards & Sienko 1983 , p. 695 ; Edwards et al. 2010 Jump up ^ Edwards 1999 , p. 416 Jump up ^ Steurer 2007 , p. 142 ; Pyykkö 2012 , p. 56 Jump up ^ Edwards & Sienko 1983 , p. 695 Jump up ^ Hill & Holman 2000 , p. 41 . They characterise metalloids ( in part ) on the basis that they are `` poor conductors of electricity with atomic conductance usually less than 10 but greater than 10 ohm cm '' . Jump up ^ Bond 2005 , p. 3 : `` One criterion for distinguishing semi-metals from true metals under normal conditions is that the bulk coordination number of the former is never greater than eight , while for metals it is usually twelve ( or more , if for the body - centred cubic structure one counts next - nearest neighbours as well ) . '' Jump up ^ Jones 2010 , p. 169 Jump up ^ Masterton & Slowinski 1977 , p. 160 list B , Si , Ge , As , Sb and Te as metalloids , and comment that Po and At are ordinarily classified as metalloids but add that this is arbitrary as so little is known about them . Jump up ^ Kraig , Roundy & Cohen 2004 , p. 412 ; Alloul 2010 , p. 83 Jump up ^ Vernon 2013 , pp. 1704 ^ Jump up to : Hamm 1969 , p. 653 Jump up ^ Horvath 1973 , p. 336 ^ Jump up to : Gray 2009 , p. 9 Jump up ^ Rayner - Canham 2011 Jump up ^ Booth & Bloom 1972 , p. 426 ; Cox 2004 , pp. 17 , 18 , 27 -- 8 ; Silberberg 2006 , pp. 305 -- 13 Jump up ^ Cox 2004 , pp. 17 -- 18 , 27 -- 8 ; Silberberg 2006 , p. 305 -- 13 Jump up ^ Rodgers 2011 , pp. 232 -- 3 ; 240 -- 1 Jump up ^ Roher 2001 , pp. 4 -- 6 Jump up ^ Tyler 1948 , p. 105 ; Reilly 2002 , pp. 5 -- 6 Jump up ^ Hampel & Hawley 1976 , p. 174 Jump up ^ Goodrich 1844 , p. 264 ; The Chemical News 1897 , p. 189 ; Hampel & Hawley 1976 , p. 191 ; Lewis 1993 , p. 835 ; Hérold 2006 , pp. 149 -- 50 Jump up ^ Oderberg 2007 , p. 97 Jump up ^ Brown & Holme 2006 , p. 57 Jump up ^ Wiberg 2001 , p. 282 ; Simple Memory Art c. 2005 Jump up ^ Chedd 1969 , pp. 12 -- 13 Jump up ^ Kneen , Rogers & Simpson , 1972 , p. 263 . Columns 2 and 4 are sourced from this reference unless otherwise indicated . Jump up ^ Stoker 2010 , p. 62 ; Chang 2002 , p. 304 . Chang speculates that the melting point of francium would be about 23 ° C . Jump up ^ New Scientist 1975 ; Soverna 2004 ; Eichler et al. 2007 ; Austen 2012 ^ Jump up to : Rochow 1966 , p. 4 Jump up ^ Hunt 2000 , p. 256 Jump up ^ McQuarrie & Rock 1987 , p. 85 Jump up ^ Desai , James & Ho 1984 , p. 1160 ; Matula 1979 , p. 1260 Jump up ^ Choppin & Johnsen 1972 , p. 351 Jump up ^ Schaefer 1968 , p. 76 ; Carapella 1968 , p. 30 ^ Jump up to : Kozyrev 1959 , p. 104 ; Chizhikov & Shchastlivyi 1968 , p. 25 ; Glazov , Chizhevskaya & Glagoleva 1969 , p. 86 Jump up ^ Bogoroditskii & Pasynkov 1967 , p. 77 ; Jenkins & Kawamura 1976 , p. 88 Jump up ^ Hampel & Hawley 1976 , p. 191 ; Wulfsberg 2000 , p. 620 Jump up ^ Swalin 1962 , p. 216 Jump up ^ Bailar et al. 1989 , p. 742 Jump up ^ Metcalfe , Williams & Castka 1974 , p. 86 Jump up ^ Chang 2002 , p. 306 Jump up ^ Pauling 1988 , p. 183 Jump up ^ Chedd 1969 , pp. 24 -- 5 Jump up ^ Adler 1969 , pp. 18 -- 19 Jump up ^ Hultgren 1966 , p. 648 ; Young & Sessine 2000 , p. 849 ; Bassett et al. 1966 , p. 602 Jump up ^ Rochow 1966 , p. 4 ; Atkins et al. 2006 , pp. 8 , 122 -- 3 Jump up ^ Russell & Lee 2005 , pp. 421 , 423 ; Gray 2009 , p. 23 Jump up ^ Olmsted & Williams 1997 , p. 975 ^ Jump up to : Russell & Lee 2005 , p. 401 ; Büchel , Moretto & Woditsch 2003 , p. 278 Jump up ^ Desch 1914 , p. 86 Jump up ^ Phillips & Williams 1965 , p. 620 Jump up ^ Van der Put 1998 , p. 123 Jump up ^ Klug & Brasted 1958 , p. 199 Jump up ^ Good et al. 1813 Jump up ^ Sequeira 2011 , p. 776 Jump up ^ Gary 2013 Jump up ^ Russell & Lee 2005 , pp. 423 -- 4 ; 405 -- 6 Jump up ^ Davidson & Lakin 1973 , p. 627 Jump up ^ Wiberg 2001 , p. 589 Jump up ^ Greenwood & Earnshaw 2002 , p. 749 ; Schwartz 2002 , p. 679 Jump up ^ Antman 2001 Jump up ^ Řezanka & Sigler 2008 ; Sekhon 2012 Jump up ^ Emsley 2001 , p. 67 Jump up ^ Zhang et al. 2008 , p. 360 ^ Jump up to : Science Learning Hub 2009 Jump up ^ Skinner et al. 1979 ; Tom , Elden & Marsh 2004 , p. 135 Jump up ^ Büchel 1983 , p. 226 Jump up ^ Emsley 2001 , p. 391 Jump up ^ Schauss 1991 ; Tao & Bolger 1997 Jump up ^ Eagleson 1994 , p. 450 ; EVM 2003 , pp. 197 ‒ 202 ^ Jump up to : Nielsen 1998 Jump up ^ MacKenzie 2015 , p. 36 ^ Jump up to : Jaouen & Gibaud 2010 Jump up ^ Smith et al. 2014 Jump up ^ Stevens & Klarner , p. 205 Jump up ^ Sneader 2005 , pp. 57 -- 59 Jump up ^ Keall , Martin and Tunbridge 1946 Jump up ^ Emsley 2001 , p. 426 Jump up ^ Oldfield et al. 1974 , p. 65 ; Turner 2011 Jump up ^ Ba et al. 2010 ; Daniel - Hoffmann , Sredni & Nitzan 2012 ; Molina - Quiroz et al. 2012 Jump up ^ Peryea 1998 Jump up ^ Hager 2006 , p. 299 Jump up ^ Apseloff 1999 Jump up ^ Trivedi , Yung & Katz 2013 , p. 209 Jump up ^ Emsley 2001 , p. 382 ; Burkhart , Burkhart & Morrell 2011 Jump up ^ Thomas , Bialek & Hensel 2013 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Perry 2011 , p. 74 Jump up ^ UCR Today 2011 ; Wang & Robinson 2011 ; Kinjo et al. 2011 Jump up ^ Kauthale et al. 2015 Jump up ^ Gunn 2014 , pp. 188 , 191 Jump up ^ Gupta , Mukherjee & Cameotra 1997 , p. 280 ; Thomas & Visakh 2012 , p. 99 Jump up ^ Muncke 2013 Jump up ^ Mokhatab & Poe 2012 , p. 271 Jump up ^ Craig , Eng & Jenkins 2003 , p. 25 Jump up ^ McKee 1984 Jump up ^ Hai et al. 2012 Jump up ^ Kohl & Nielsen 1997 , pp. 699 -- 700 Jump up ^ Chopra et al. 2011 Jump up ^ Le Bras , Wilkie & Bourbigot 2005 , p. v Jump up ^ Wilkie & Morgan 2009 , p. 187 Jump up ^ Locke et al. 1956 , p. 88 Jump up ^ Carlin 2011 , p. 6.2 Jump up ^ Evans 1993 , pp. 257 -- 8 Jump up ^ Corbridge 2013 , p. 1149 ^ Jump up to : Kaminow & Li 2002 , p. 118 Jump up ^ Deming 1925 , pp. 330 ( As O ) , 418 ( B O ; SiO ; Sb O ) ; Witt & Gatos 1968 , p. 242 ( GeO ) Jump up ^ Eagleson 1994 , p. 421 ( GeO ) ; Rothenberg 1976 , 56 , 118 -- 19 ( TeO ) Jump up ^ Geckeler 1987 , p. 20 Jump up ^ Kreith & Goswami 2005 , p. 12 -- 109 Jump up ^ Russell & Lee 2005 , p. 397 Jump up ^ Butterman & Jorgenson 2005 , pp. 9 -- 10 Jump up ^ Shelby 2005 , p. 43 Jump up ^ Butterman & Carlin 2004 , p. 22 ; Russell & Lee 2005 , p. 422 Jump up ^ Träger 2007 , pp. 438 , 958 ; Eranna 2011 , p. 98 Jump up ^ Rao 2002 , p. 552 ; Löffler , Kündig & Dalla Torre 2007 , p. 17 -- 11 Jump up ^ Guan et al. 2012 ; WPI - AIM 2012 Jump up ^ Klement , Willens & Duwez 1960 ; Wanga , Dongb & Shek 2004 , p. 45 Jump up ^ Demetriou et al. 2011 ; Oliwenstein 2011 Jump up ^ Karabulut et al. 2001 , p. 15 ; Haynes 2012 , p. 4 -- 26 Jump up ^ Schwartz 2002 , pp. 679 -- 680 Jump up ^ Carter & Norton 2013 , p. 403 Jump up ^ Maeder 2013 , pp. 3 , 9 -- 11 Jump up ^ Tominaga 2006 , p. 327 -- 8 ; Chung 2010 , p. 285 -- 6 ; Kolobov & Tominaga 2012 , p. 149 Jump up ^ New Scientist 2014 ; Hosseini , Wright & Bhaskaran 2014 ; Farandos et al. 2014 Jump up ^ Ordnance Office 1863 , p. 293 ^ Jump up to : Kosanke 2002 , p. 110 Jump up ^ Ellern 1968 , pp. 246 , 326 -- 7 ^ Jump up to : Conkling & Mocella 2010 , p. 82 Jump up ^ Crow 2011 ; Mainiero 2014 Jump up ^ Schwab & Gerlach 1967 ; Yetter 2012 , pp. 81 ; Lipscomb 1972 , pp. 2 -- 3 , 5 -- 6 , 15 Jump up ^ Ellern 1968 , p. 135 ; Weingart 1947 , p. 9 Jump up ^ Conkling & Mocella 2010 , p. 83 Jump up ^ Conkling & Mocella 2010 , pp. 181 , 213 ^ Jump up to : Ellern 1968 , pp. 209 -- 10 ; 322 Jump up ^ Russell 2009 , pp. 15 , 17 , 41 , 79 -- 80 Jump up ^ Ellern 1968 , p. 324 Jump up ^ Ellern 1968 , p. 328 Jump up ^ Conkling & Mocella 2010 , p. 171 Jump up ^ Conkling & Mocella 2011 , pp. 83 -- 4 Jump up ^ Berger 1997 , p. 91 ; Hampel 1968 , passim Jump up ^ Rochow 1966 , p. 41 ; Berger 1997 , pp. 42 -- 3 ^ Jump up to : Bomgardner 2013 , p. 20 Jump up ^ Russell & Lee 2005 , p. 395 ; Brown et al. 2009 , p. 489 Jump up ^ Haller 2006 , p. 4 : `` The study and understanding of the physics of semiconductors progressed slowly in the 19th and early 20th centuries ... Impurities and defects ... could not be controlled to the degree necessary to obtain reproducible results . This led influential physicists , including W. Pauli and I. Rabi , to comment derogatorily on the ' Physics of Dirt ' . '' ; Hoddeson 2007 , pp. 25 -- 34 ( 29 ) Jump up ^ Bianco et al. 2013 Jump up ^ University of Limerick 2014 ; Kennedy et al. 2014 Jump up ^ Lee et al. 2014 Jump up ^ Russell & Lee 2005 , pp. 421 -- 2 , 424 Jump up ^ He et al. 2014 Jump up ^ Berger 1997 , p. 91 Jump up ^ ScienceDaily 2012 Jump up ^ Reardon 2005 ; Meskers , Hagelüken & Van Damme 2009 , p. 1131 Jump up ^ The Economist 2012 Jump up ^ Whitten 2007 , p. 488 Jump up ^ Jaskula 2013 Jump up ^ German Energy Society 2008 , p. 43 -- 44 Jump up ^ Patel 2012 , p. 248 Jump up ^ Moore 2104 ; University of Utah 2014 ; Xu et al. 2014 Jump up ^ Yang et al. 2012 , p. 614 Jump up ^ Moore 2010 , p. 195 Jump up ^ Moore 2011 Jump up ^ Liu 2014 Jump up ^ Bradley 2014 ; University of Utah 2014 Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary 1989 , ' metalloid ' ; Gordh , Gordh & Headrick 2003 , p. 753 Jump up ^ Foster 1936 , pp. 212 -- 13 ; Brownlee et al. 1943 , p. 293 Jump up ^ Calderazzo , Ercoli & Natta 1968 , p. 257 ^ Jump up to : Klemm 1950 , pp. 133 -- 42 ; Reilly 2004 , p. 4 Jump up ^ Walters 1982 , pp. 32 -- 3 Jump up ^ Tyler 1948 , p. 105 Jump up ^ Foster & Wrigley 1958 , p. 218 : `` The elements may be grouped into two classes : those that are metals and those that are nonmetals . There is also an intermediate group known variously as metalloids , meta - metals , semiconductors , or semimetals . '' Jump up ^ Slade 2006 , p. 16 Jump up ^ Corwin 2005 , p. 80 Jump up ^ Barsanov & Ginzburg 1974 , p. 330 Jump up ^ Bradbury et al. 1957 , pp. 157 , 659 Jump up ^ Miller , Lee & Choe 2002 , p. 21 Jump up ^ King 2004 , pp. 196 -- 8 ; Ferro & Saccone 2008 , p. 233 Jump up ^ Pashaey & Seleznev 1973 , p. 565 ; Gladyshev & Kovaleva 1998 , p. 1445 ; Eason 2007 , p. 294 Jump up ^ Johansen & Mackintosh 1970 , pp. 121 -- 4 ; Divakar , Mohan & Singh 1984 , p. 2337 ; Dávila et al. 2002 , p. 035411 - 3 Jump up ^ Jezequel & Thomas 1997 , pp. 6620 -- 6 Jump up ^ Hindman 1968 , p. 434 : `` The high values obtained for the ( electrical ) resistivity indicate that the metallic properties of neptunium are closer to the semimetals than the true metals . This is also true for other metals in the actinide series . '' ; Dunlap et al. 1970 , pp. 44 , 46 : `` ... α - Np is a semimetal , in which covalency effects are believed to also be of importance ... For a semimetal having strong covalent bonding , like α - Np ... '' Jump up ^ Lister 1965 , p. 54 ^ Jump up to : Cotton et al. 1999 , p. 502 Jump up ^ Pinkerton 1800 , p. 81 Jump up ^ Goldsmith 1982 , p. 526 Jump up ^ Zhdanov 1965 , pp. 74 -- 5 Jump up ^ Friend 1953 , p. 68 ; IUPAC 1959 , p. 10 ; IUPAC 1971 , p. 11 Jump up ^ IUPAC 2005 ; IUPAC 2006 -- Jump up ^ Van Setten et al. 2007 , pp. 2460 -- 1 ; Oganov et al. 2009 , pp. 863 -- 4 Jump up ^ Housecroft & Sharpe 2008 , p. 331 ; Oganov 2010 , p. 212 Jump up ^ Housecroft & Sharpe 2008 , p. 333 Jump up ^ Kross 2011 Jump up ^ Berger 1997 , p. 37 Jump up ^ Greenwood & Earnshaw 2002 , p. 144 Jump up ^ Kopp , Lipták & Eren 2003 , p. 221 Jump up ^ Prudenziati 1977 , p. 242 Jump up ^ Berger 1997 , pp. 87 , 84 ^ Jump up to : Rayner - Canham & Overton 2006 , p. 291 Jump up ^ Siekierski & Burgess 2002 , p. 63 Jump up ^ Wogan 2014 Jump up ^ Siekierski & Burgess 2002 , p. 86 Jump up ^ Greenwood & Earnshaw 2002 , p. 141 ; Henderson 2000 , p. 58 ; Housecroft & Sharpe 2008 , pp. 360 -- 72 Jump up ^ Parry et al. 1970 , pp. 438 , 448 -- 51 ^ Jump up to : Fehlner 1990 , p. 202 Jump up ^ Owen & Brooker 1991 , p. 59 ; Wiberg 2001 , p. 936 ^ Jump up to : Greenwood & Earnshaw 2002 , p. 145 Jump up ^ Houghton 1979 , p. 59 Jump up ^ Fehlner 1990 , pp. 205 Jump up ^ Fehlner 1990 , pp. 204 -- 205 , 207 Jump up ^ Greenwood 2001 , p. 2057 Jump up ^ Salentine 1987 , pp. 128 -- 32 ; MacKay , MacKay & Henderson 2002 , pp. 439 -- 40 ; Kneen , Rogers & Simpson 1972 , p. 394 ; Hiller & Herber 1960 , inside front cover ; p. 225 Jump up ^ Sharp 1983 , p. 56 Jump up ^ Fokwa 2014 , p. 10 ^ Jump up to : Gillespie 1998 ^ Jump up to : Haaland et al. 2000 ^ Jump up to : Puddephatt & Monaghan 1989 , p. 59 Jump up ^ Mahan 1965 , p. 485 Jump up ^ Danaith 2008 , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Lidin 1996 , p. 28 Jump up ^ Kondrat'ev & Mel'nikova 1978 Jump up ^ Holderness & Berry 1979 , p. 111 ; Wiberg 2001 , p. 980 Jump up ^ Toy 1975 , p. 506 ^ Jump up to : Rao 2002 , p. 22 Jump up ^ Fehlner 1992 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Haiduc & Zuckerman 1985 , p. 82 ^ Jump up to : Greenwood & Earnshaw 2002 , p. 331 Jump up ^ Wiberg 2001 , p. 824 Jump up ^ Rochow 1973 , p. 1337 ‒ 38 ^ Jump up to : Russell & Lee 2005 , p. 393 Jump up ^ Zhang 2002 , p. 70 Jump up ^ Sacks 1998 , p. 287 Jump up ^ Rochow 1973 , p. 1337 , 1340 Jump up ^ Allen & Ordway 1968 , p. 152 Jump up ^ Eagleson 1994 , pp. 48 , 127 , 438 , 1194 ; Massey 2000 , p. 191 Jump up ^ Orton 2004 , p. 7 . This is a typical value for high - purity silicon . Jump up ^ Coles & Caplin 1976 , p. 106 Jump up ^ Glazov , Chizhevskaya & Glagoleva 1969 , pp. 59 -- 63 ; Allen & Broughton 1987 , p. 4967 Jump up ^ Cotton , Wilkinson & Gaus 1995 , p. 393 Jump up ^ Wiberg 2001 , p. 834 Jump up ^ Partington 1944 , p. 723 ^ Jump up to : Cox 2004 , p. 27 ^ Jump up to : Hiller & Herber 1960 , inside front cover ; p. 225 Jump up ^ Kneen , Rogers and Simpson 1972 , p. 384 ^ Jump up to : Bailar , Moeller & Kleinberg 1965 , p. 513 Jump up ^ Cotton , Wilkinson & Gaus 1995 , pp. 319 , 321 Jump up ^ Smith 1990 , p. 175 Jump up ^ Poojary , Borade & Clearfield 1993 Jump up ^ Wiberg 2001 , pp. 851 , 858 Jump up ^ Barmett & Wilson 1959 , p. 332 Jump up ^ Powell 1988 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Greenwood & Earnshaw 2002 , p. 371 Jump up ^ Cusack 1967 , p. 193 Jump up ^ Russell & Lee 2005 , pp. 399 -- 400 ^ Jump up to : Greenwood & Earnshaw 2002 , p. 373 Jump up ^ Moody 1991 , p. 273 Jump up ^ Russell & Lee 2005 , p. 399 Jump up ^ Berger 1997 , pp. 71 -- 2 Jump up ^ Jolly 1966 , pp. 125 -- 6 Jump up ^ Powell & Brewer 1938 Jump up ^ Ladd 1999 , p. 55 Jump up ^ Everest 1953 , p. 4120 Jump up ^ Pan , Fu and Huang 1964 , p. 182 Jump up ^ Monconduit et al. 1992 Jump up ^ Richens 1997 , p. 152 Jump up ^ Rupar et al. 2008 Jump up ^ Schwietzer & Pesterfield 2010 , pp. 190 Jump up ^ Jolly & Latimer , p. 2 Jump up ^ Lidin 1996 , p. 140 Jump up ^ Ladd 1999 , p. 56 Jump up ^ Wiberg 2001 , p. 896 Jump up ^ Schwartz 2002 , p. 269 Jump up ^ Eggins 1972 , p. 66 ; Wiberg 2001 , p. 895 Jump up ^ Greenwood & Earnshaw 2002 , p. 383 Jump up ^ Glockling 1969 , p. 38 ; Wells 1984 , p. 1175 Jump up ^ Cooper 1968 , pp. 28 -- 9 Jump up ^ Steele 1966 , pp. 178 , 188 -- 9 Jump up ^ Haller 2006 , p. 3 Jump up ^ See , for example , Walker & Tarn 1990 , p. 590 Jump up ^ Wiberg 2001 , p. 742 ^ Jump up to : Gray , Whitby & Mann 2011 ^ Jump up to : Greenwood & Earnshaw 2002 , p. 552 Jump up ^ Parkes & Mellor 1943 , p. 740 Jump up ^ Russell & Lee 2005 , p. 420 Jump up ^ Carapella 1968 , p. 30 ^ Jump up to : Barfuß et al. 1981 , p. 967 Jump up ^ Greaves , Knights & Davis 1974 , p. 369 ; Madelung 2004 , pp. 405 , 410 Jump up ^ Bailar & Trotman - Dickenson 1973 , p. 558 ; Li 1990 Jump up ^ Bailar , Moeller & Kleinberg 1965 , p. 477 Jump up ^ Gillespie & Robinson 1963 , p. 450 Jump up ^ Paul et al. 1971 ; see also Ahmeda & Rucka 2011 , pp. 2893 , 2894 Jump up ^ Gillespie & Passmore 1972 , p. 478 Jump up ^ Van Muylder & Pourbaix 1974 , p. 521 Jump up ^ Kolthoff & Elving 1978 , p. 210 Jump up ^ Moody 1991 , p. 248 -- 249 Jump up ^ Cotton & Wilkinson 1999 , pp. 396 , 419 Jump up ^ Eagleson 1994 , p. 91 ^ Jump up to : Massey 2000 , p. 267 Jump up ^ Timm 1944 , p. 454 Jump up ^ Partington 1944 , p. 641 ; Kleinberg , Argersinger & Griswold 1960 , p. 419 Jump up ^ Morgan 1906 , p. 163 ; Moeller 1954 , p. 559 Jump up ^ Corbridge 2013 , pp. 122 , 215 Jump up ^ Douglade 1982 Jump up ^ Zingaro 1994 , p. 197 ; Emeléus & Sharpe 1959 , p. 418 ; Addison & Sowerby 1972 , p. 209 ; Mellor 1964 , p. 337 Jump up ^ Pourbaix 1974 , p. 521 ; Eagleson 1994 , p. 92 ; Greenwood & Earnshaw 2002 , p. 572 Jump up ^ Wiberg 2001 , pp. 750 , 975 ; Silberberg 2006 , p. 314 Jump up ^ Sidgwick 1950 , p. 784 ; Moody 1991 , pp. 248 -- 9 , 319 Jump up ^ Krannich & Watkins 2006 Jump up ^ Greenwood & Earnshaw 2002 , p. 553 Jump up ^ Dunstan 1968 , p. 433 Jump up ^ Parise 1996 , p. 112 Jump up ^ Carapella 1968a , p. 23 Jump up ^ Moss 1952 , pp. 174 , 179 Jump up ^ Dupree , Kirby & Freyland 1982 , p. 604 ; Mhiaoui , Sar , & Gasser 2003 Jump up ^ Kotz , Treichel & Weaver 2009 , p. 62 Jump up ^ Cotton et al. 1999 , p. 396 Jump up ^ King 1994 , p. 174 Jump up ^ Lidin 1996 , p. 372 Jump up ^ Lindsjö , Fischer & Kloo 2004 Jump up ^ Friend 1953 , p. 87 Jump up ^ Fesquet 1872 , pp. 109 -- 14 Jump up ^ Greenwood & Earnshaw 2002 , p. 553 ; Massey 2000 , p. 269 Jump up ^ King 1994 , p. 171 Jump up ^ Turova 2011 , p. 46 Jump up ^ Pourbaix 1974 , p. 530 ^ Jump up to : Wiberg 2001 , p. 764 Jump up ^ House 2008 , p. 497 Jump up ^ Mendeléeff 1897 , p. 274 Jump up ^ Emsley 2001 , p. 428 ^ Jump up to : Kudryavtsev 1974 , p. 78 Jump up ^ Bagnall 1966 , pp. 32 -- 3 , 59 , 137 Jump up ^ Swink et al. 1966 ; Anderson et al. 1980 Jump up ^ Ahmed , Fjellvåg & Kjekshus 2000 Jump up ^ Chizhikov & Shchastlivyi 1970 , p. 28 Jump up ^ Kudryavtsev 1974 , p. 77 Jump up ^ Stuke 1974 , p. 178 ; Donohue 1982 , pp. 386 -- 7 ; Cotton et al. 1999 , p. 501 Jump up ^ Becker , Johnson & Nussbaum 1971 , p. 56 ^ Jump up to : Berger 1997 , p. 90 Jump up ^ Chizhikov & Shchastlivyi 1970 , p. 16 Jump up ^ Jolly 1966 , pp. 66 -- 7 Jump up ^ Schwietzer & Pesterfield 2010 , p. 239 Jump up ^ Cotton et al. 1999 , p. 498 Jump up ^ Wells 1984 , p. 715 Jump up ^ Wiberg 2001 , p. 588 Jump up ^ Mellor 1964a , p. 30 ; Wiberg 2001 , p. 589 Jump up ^ Greenwood & Earnshaw 2002 , p. 765 -- 6 Jump up ^ Bagnall 1966 , p. 134 -- 51 ; Greenwood & Earnshaw 2002 , p. 786 Jump up ^ Detty & O'Regan 1994 , pp. 1 -- 2 Jump up ^ Hill & Holman 2000 , p. 124 Jump up ^ Chang 2002 , p. 314 Jump up ^ Kent 1950 , pp. 1 -- 2 ; Clark 1960 , p. 588 ; Warren & Geballe 1981 Jump up ^ Housecroft & Sharpe 2008 , p. 384 ; IUPAC 2006 -- , rhombohedral graphite entry Jump up ^ Mingos 1998 , p. 171 Jump up ^ Wiberg 2001 , p. 781 Jump up ^ Charlier , Gonze & Michenaud 1994 ^ Jump up to : Atkins et al. 2006 , pp. 320 -- 1 Jump up ^ Savvatimskiy 2005 , p. 1138 Jump up ^ Togaya 2000 Jump up ^ Savvatimskiy 2009 Jump up ^ Inagaki 2000 , p. 216 ; Yasuda et al. 2003 , pp. 3 -- 11 Jump up ^ O'Hare 1997 , p. 230 Jump up ^ Traynham 1989 , pp. 930 -- 1 ; Prakash & Schleyer 1997 Jump up ^ Olmsted & Williams 1997 , p. 436 Jump up ^ Bailar et al. 1989 , p. 743 Jump up ^ Moore et al. 1985 Jump up ^ House & House 2010 , p. 526 Jump up ^ Wiberg 2001 , p. 798 Jump up ^ Eagleson 1994 , p. 175 Jump up ^ Atkins et al. 2006 , p. 121 Jump up ^ Russell & Lee 2005 , pp. 358 -- 9 Jump up ^ Keevil 1989 , p. 103 Jump up ^ Russell & Lee 2005 , pp. 358 -- 60 et seq Jump up ^ Harding , Janes & Johnson 2002 , pp. 118 ^ Jump up to : Metcalfe , Williams & Castka 1974 , p. 539 Jump up ^ Cobb & Fetterolf 2005 , p. 64 ; Metcalfe , Williams & Castka 1974 , p. 539 Jump up ^ Ogata , Li & Yip 2002 ; Boyer et al. 2004 , p. 1023 ; Russell & Lee 2005 , p. 359 Jump up ^ Cooper 1968 , p. 25 ; Henderson 2000 , p. 5 ; Silberberg 2006 , p. 314 Jump up ^ Wiberg 2001 , p. 1014 Jump up ^ Daub & Seese 1996 , pp. 70 , 109 : `` Aluminum is not a metalloid but a metal because it has mostly metallic properties . '' ; Denniston , Topping & Caret 2004 , p. 57 : `` Note that aluminum ( Al ) is classified as a metal , not a metalloid . '' ; Hasan 2009 , p. 16 : `` Aluminum does not have the characteristics of a metalloid but rather those of a metal . '' Jump up ^ Holt , Rinehart & Wilson c. 2007 Jump up ^ Tuthill 2011 Jump up ^ Stott 1956 , p. 100 Jump up ^ Steele 1966 , p. 60 Jump up ^ Moody 1991 , p. 303 Jump up ^ Emsley 2001 , p. 382 Jump up ^ Young et al. 2010 , p. 9 ; Craig & Maher 2003 , p. 391 . Selenium is `` near metalloidal '' . 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'' Jump up ^ Legit , Friák & Šob 2010 , p. 214118 - 18 Jump up ^ Manson & Halford 2006 , pp. 378 , 410 Jump up ^ Bagnall 1957 , p. 62 ; Fernelius 1982 , p. 741 Jump up ^ Bagnall 1966 , p. 41 ; Barrett 2003 , p. 119 Jump up ^ Hawkes 2010 ; Holt , Rinehart & Wilson c. 2007 ; Hawkes 1999 , p. 14 ; Roza 2009 , p. 12 Jump up ^ Keller 1985 Jump up ^ Harding , Johnson & Janes 2002 , p. 61 Jump up ^ Long & Hentz 1986 , p. 58 Jump up ^ Vasáros & Berei 1985 , p. 109 Jump up ^ Haissinsky & Coche 1949 , p. 400 Jump up ^ Brownlee et al. 1950 , p. 173 Jump up ^ Hermann , Hoffmann & Ashcroft 2013 Jump up ^ Siekierski & Burgess 2002 , pp. 65 , 122 Jump up ^ Emsley 2001 , p. 48 Jump up ^ Rao & Ganguly 1986 Jump up ^ Krishnan et al. 1998 Jump up ^ Glorieux , Saboungi & Enderby 2001 Jump up ^ Millot et al. 2002 Jump up ^ Vasáros & Berei 1985 , p. 117 Jump up ^ Kaye & Laby 1973 , p. 228 Jump up ^ Samsonov 1968 , p. 590 Jump up ^ Korenman 1959 , p. 1368 Jump up ^ Rossler 1985 , pp. 143 -- 4 Jump up ^ Champion et al. 2010 Jump up ^ Borst 1982 , pp. 465 , 473 Jump up ^ Batsanov 1971 , p. 811 Jump up ^ Swalin 1962 , p. 216 ; Feng & Lin 2005 , p. 157 Jump up ^ Schwietzer & Pesterfield 2010 , pp. 258 -- 60 Jump up ^ Hawkes 1999 , p. 14 Jump up ^ Olmsted & Williams 1997 , p. 328 ; Daintith 2004 , p. 277 Jump up ^ Eberle1985 , pp. 213 -- 16 , 222 -- 7 Jump up ^ Restrepo et al. 2004 , p. 69 ; Restrepo et al. 2006 , p. 411 Jump up ^ Greenwood & Earnshaw 2002 , p. 804 Jump up ^ Greenwood & Earnshaw 2002 , p. 803 Jump up ^ Wiberg 2001 , p. 416 Jump up ^ Craig & Maher 2003 , p. 391 ; Schroers 2013 , p. 32 ; Vernon 2013 , pp. 1704 -- 1705 Jump up ^ Cotton et al. 1999 , p. 42 Jump up ^ Marezio & Licci 2000 , p. 11 ^ Jump up to : Vernon 2013 , p. 1705 Jump up ^ Russell & Lee 2005 , p. 5 Jump up ^ Parish 1977 , pp. 178 , 192 -- 3 Jump up ^ Eggins 1972 , p. 66 ; Rayner - Canham & Overton 2006 , pp. 29 -- 30 Jump up ^ Atkins et al. 2006 , pp. 320 -- 1 ; Bailar et al. 1989 , p. 742 -- 3 Jump up ^ Rochow 1966 , p. 7 ; Taniguchi et al. 1984 , p. 867 : `` ... black phosphorus ... ( is ) characterized by the wide valence bands with rather delocalized nature . '' ; Morita 1986 , p. 230 ; Carmalt & Norman 1998 , p. 7 : `` Phosphorus ... should therefore be expected to have some metalloid properties . '' ; Du et al. 2010 . Interlayer interactions in black phosphorus , which are attributed to van der Waals - Keesom forces , are thought to contribute to the smaller band gap of the bulk material ( calculated 0.19 eV ; observed 0.3 eV ) as opposed to the larger band gap of a single layer ( calculated ~ 0.75 eV ) . Jump up ^ Stuke 1974 , p. 178 ; Cotton et al. 1999 , p. 501 ; Craig & Maher 2003 , p. 391 Jump up ^ Steudel 1977 , p. 240 : `` ... considerable orbital overlap must exist , to form intermolecular , many - center ... ( sigma ) bonds , spread through the layer and populated with delocalized electrons , reflected in the properties of iodine ( lustre , color , moderate electrical conductivity ) . '' ; Segal 1989 , p. 481 : `` Iodine exhibits some metallic properties ... 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Wesley , Reading , Massachusetts , pp. 341 -- 357 Dunstan S 1968 , ' The Metalloids ' , in Principles of Chemistry , D. Van Nostrand Company , London , pp. 407 -- 39 Goldsmith RH 1982 , ' Metalloids ' , Journal of Chemical Education , vol. 59 , no . 6 , pp. 526 -- 527 , doi : 10.1021 / ed059p526 Hawkes SJ 2001 , ' Semimetallicity ' , Journal of Chemical Education , vol. 78 , no . 12 , pp. 1686 -- 7 , doi : 10.1021 / ed078p1686 Metcalfe HC , Williams JE & Castka JF 1974 , ' Aluminum and the Metalloids ' , in Modern Chemistry , Holt , Rinehart and Winston , New York , pp. 538 -- 57 , ISBN 0 - 03 - 089450 - 6 Moeller T , Bailar JC , Kleinberg J , Guss CO , Castellion ME & Metz C 1989 , ' Carbon and the Semiconducting Elements ' , in Chemistry , with Inorganic Qualitative Analysis , 3rd ed. , Harcourt Brace Jovanovich , San Diego , pp. 742 -- 75 , ISBN 0 - 15 - 506492 - 4 Rieske M 1998 , ' Metalloids ' , in Encyclopedia of Earth and Physical Sciences , Marshall Cavendish , New York , vol. 6 , pp. 758 -- 9 , ISBN 0 - 7614 - 0551 - 8 ( set ) Rochow EG 1966 , The Metalloids , DC Heath and Company , Boston Vernon RE 2013 , ' Which Elements are Metalloids ? ' , Journal of Chemical Education , vol. 90 , no . 12 , pp. 1703 -- 7 , doi : 10.1021 / ed3008457 Periodic table Periodic table forms Standard 18 - column 18 - column , large cells 32 - column , large cells Alternative Alternatives Janet 's left step table Extended Extension beyond the 7th period Aufbau Fricke Pyykkö Sets of elements By periodic table structure Groups 1 ( Alkali metals ) 2 ( Alkaline earth metals ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ( Pnictogens ) 16 ( Chalcogens ) 17 ( Halogens ) 18 ( Noble gases ) Periods 5 6 7 8 + Aufbau Fricke Pyykkö Blocks s - block p - block d - block f - block g - block Aufbau principle By metallicity Metals Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Lanthanides Actinides Transition metals Post-transition metals Metalloids Lists of metalloids by source Dividing line Nonmetals Reactive nonmetals Noble gases Other sets Nutritional elements Platinum - group metals ( PGM ) Rare - earth elements Refractory metals Precious metals Coinage metals Noble metal Heavy metals Native metals Transuranium elements Transactinide elements Major actinides Minor actinides Elements Lists By : Abundance ( in humans ) Atomic properties Nuclear stability Production Symbol Properties Atomic weight Crystal structure Electron affinity Electron configuration Electronegativity Allen Pauling Goldschmidt classification Maximum valence Data pages Abundance Atomic radius Boiling point Critical point Density Elasticity Electrical resistivity Electron affinity Electron configuration Electronegativity Hardness Heat capacity Heat of fusion Heat of vaporization Ionization energy Melting point Oxidation state Speed of sound Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion coefficient Vapor pressure History Element discoveries Mendeleev 's predictions Naming etymology controversies for places for people in East Asia See also IUPAC nomenclature systematic element name Trivial name Dmitri Mendeleev Book Category Chemistry Portal hide Periodic table ( Large cells ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 He Li Be O Ne Na Mg Al Si Cl Ar Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te Xe 6 Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 7 Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og Alkali metal Alkaline earth metal Lanthanide Actinide Transition metal Post - ​ transition metal Metalloid Reactive nonmetal Noble gas Unknown chemical properties BNF : cb13179368t ( data ) GND : 4158819 - 8 LCCN : sh85119926 NDL : 00575225 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metalloid&oldid=848304321 '' Categories : Periodic table Metalloids Hidden categories : Pages using div col with small parameter Featured articles Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Aragonés Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย ತುಳು Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 中文 74 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 July 2018 , at 03 : 25 ( UTC ) . 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where do you find metalloids on the periodic table

The six commonly recognised metalloids are boron , silicon , germanium , arsenic , antimony , and tellurium . Five elements are less frequently so classified : carbon , aluminium , selenium , polonium , and astatine . On a standard periodic table , all eleven are in a diagonal area in the p - block extending from boron at the upper left to astatine at lower right , along the dividing line between metals and nonmetals shown on some periodic tables .

Delhi Metro - wikipedia Delhi Metro Metro map Delhi Metro Overview Owner Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Limited ( DMRCL ) Locale NCR , India Transit type Rapid transit / Metro Number of lines 8 color coded lines Number of stations 214 Daily ridership average 2.76 million Annual ridership 1 billion ( FY 2016 -- 17 ) Chief executive Durga Shanker Mishra , IAS Union Housing and Urban Affairs Secretary and ex-officio Chairman , DMRC Mangu Singh , IRSE , Managing Director , DMRC Headquarters Metro Bhawan , Barakhamba Road , New Delhi -- 110001 . Website Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. ( in English ) Operation Began operation 24 December 2002 ; 15 years ago ( 24 December 2002 ) Operator ( s ) Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd ( DMRC ) Number of vehicles 270 Trains Train length 6 / 8 coaches Technical System length 296 km ( 184 mi ) Track gauge 1,676 mm ( 5 ft 6 in ) ( Indian gauge ; phase 1 ) 1,435 mm ( 4 ft 8 ⁄ in ) ( Standard gauge ) Electrification Single phase 25 kV , 50 Hz AC through overhead catenary hide Delhi Metro Rail Network ( 2018 ) The Delhi Metro is a metro system serving Delhi and its satellite cities of Faridabad , Gurgaon , Bahadurgarh , Noida and Ghaziabad in the National Capital Region of India . Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Limited ( DMRC ) , a state - owned company with equal equity participation from the Government of India and the Government of Delhi , built and operates the Delhi Metro . It is the second oldest metro in India after the Kolkata Metro . As of August 2018 , the Delhi Metro is the largest and busiest metro in India , and the world 's 9th longest metro system in length and 16th largest in ridership . A member of CoMET , the network consists of eight colour - coded regular lines , with a total length of 296.1 kilometres ( 184.0 mi ) serving 214 stations ( including 6 on Airport Express line and interchange stations ) . The system has a mix of underground , at - grade , and elevated stations using both broad - gauge and standard - gauge . The power output is supplied by 25 - kilo volt , 50 - hertz alternating current through overhead catenary . The trains are usually of six and eight coaches length . DMRC operates over 2,700 trips daily , with first trains starting at around 05 : 00 and last at 23 : 30 . In the financial year 2016 -- 17 , the Delhi Metro had an average daily ridership of 2.76 million passengers and served 100 crore ( 1.0 billion ) riders in total during the year . The Delhi Metro Rail Corporation was certified by the United Nations in 2011 as the first metro rail and rail - based system in the world to get `` carbon credits for reducing greenhouse gas emissions '' and helping in reducing pollution levels in the city by 630,000 tonnes every year . Planning for the metro started in 1984 when the Delhi Development Authority and the Urban Arts Commission came up with a proposal for developing a multi-modal transport system for the city . Delhi Metro Rail Corporation ( DMRC ) was incorporated in May 1995 , construction started in 1998 , and the first section , on the Red Line , opened in 2002 . The development of the network was divided into phases , Phase I containing 3 lines was completed by 2006 , and Phase II in 2011 . Phase III is scheduled to be mostly complete by 2018 ( originally planned for 2016 ) . The Rapid Metro Gurgaon which opened in 2013 , whilst linked to Delhi Metro by the Yellow Line is a separate metro system ( with a different owner / operator from the Delhi Metro ) , although tokens from the Delhi Metro can be used on its network . Contents 1 History 1.1 Background 1.2 Construction 1.3 Construction accidents 2 Network 2.1 Current routes 2.1. 1 Phase I and Phase II 2.1. 1.1 Red Line 2.1. 1.2 Yellow Line 2.1. 1.3 Blue Line 2.1. 1.4 Green Line 2.1. 1.5 Violet Line 2.1. 1.6 Orange Line : Airport Express 2.1. 2 Phase III 2.1. 2.1 Magenta Line 2.1. 2.2 Pink Line 3 Planned Expansion 3.1 Phase IV 3.1. 1 Proposed for inclusion into Phase IV 3.2 Phase V 4 Finances 4.1 Summary financials 4.2 Funding and capitalisation 5 Operations 5.1 Security 5.2 Ticketing and recharge 5.3 Problems 5.4 Feeder buses 5.5 Ridership 5.6 Delhi Metro snapshot 6 Rolling stock 6.1 Broad gauge 6.2 Standard gauge 6.3 Airport Express 7 Signalling and telecommunication 8 Environment and aesthetics 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Notes 13 Further reading 14 External links History ( edit ) Evolution of the Delhi Metro 2002 ( opening ) to 2017 Background ( edit ) The concept of a mass rapid transit for New Delhi first emerged from a traffic and travel characteristics study which was carried out in the city in 1969 . Over the next several years , many official committees by a variety of Government departments were commissioned to examine issues related to technology , route alignment , and Governmental jurisdiction . In 1984 , the Urban Arts Commission came up with a proposal for developing a multi-modal transport system , which would consist of constructing three underground mass rapid transit corridors as well augmenting the city 's existing suburban railway and road transport networks . While extensive technical studies and the raising of finance for the project were in progress , the city expanded significantly resulting in a twofold rise in population and a fivefold rise in the number of vehicles between 1981 and 1998 . Consequently , traffic congestion and pollution soared , as an increasing number of commuters took to private vehicles with the existing bus system unable to bear the load . An attempt at privatising the bus transport system in 1992 merely compounded the problem , with inexperienced operators plying poorly maintained , noisy and polluting buses on lengthy routes , resulting in long waiting times , unreliable service , extreme overcrowding , unqualified drivers , speeding and reckless driving . To rectify the situation , the Government of India and the Government of Delhi jointly set up a company called the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation ( DMRC ) on 3 May 1995 , with E. Sreedharan as the managing director . Dr. E. Sreedharan handed over the charge as Managing Director of DMRC to Mangu Singh on 31 December 2011 . Construction ( edit ) Physical construction work on the Delhi Metro started on 1 October 1998 . After the previous problems experienced by the Kolkata Metro , which was badly delayed and 12 times over budget due to `` political meddling , technical problems and bureaucratic delays '' , DMRC is a special - purpose organisation vested with great autonomy and powers to execute this gigantic project involving many technical complexities , under a difficult urban environment and within a very limited time frame . DMRC was given full powers to hire people , decide on tenders and control funds . The DMRC then hired the Hong Kong MTRC as a technical consultant on rapid transit operation and construction techniques . As a result , construction proceeded smoothly , except for one major disagreement in 2000 , where the Ministry of Railways forced the system to use broad gauge despite the DMRC 's preference for standard gauge . The first line of the Delhi Metro , the Red Line , was inaugurated by Atal Bihari Vajpayee , the Prime Minister of India , on 24 December 2002 . The Delhi Metro became the second underground rapid transit system in India , after the Kolkata Metro , when the Vishwa Vidyalaya -- Kashmere Gate section of the Yellow Line opened on 20 December 2004 . The first phase of the project was eventually completed in 2006 , on budget and almost three years ahead of schedule , an achievement described by Business Week as `` nothing short of a miracle '' . Construction accidents ( edit ) On 19 October 2008 , a launching gantry and a part of the overhead Blue Line extension under construction in Laxmi Nagar , East Delhi , collapsed and fell on passing vehicles underneath . Workers were using a crane to lift a 400 - tonne concrete span of the bridge when the gantry collapsed along with a 34 - metre - long ( 112 ft ) span of the bridge on top of a Blueline bus , killing the driver and a labourer . On 12 July 2009 , a section of a bridge collapsed while it was being erected at Zamrudpur , near East of Kailash , on the Central Secretariat -- Badarpur corridor . Six people died and 15 were injured . The following day , on 13 July 2009 , a crane that was removing the debris collapsed , and with a bowling pin effect collapsed two other nearby cranes , injuring six . On 22 July 2009 , a worker at Ashok Park Metro station was killed when a steel beam fell on him . Over a hundred people , including 93 workers , have died since work on the metro began in 1998 . On 23 April 2018 , Five people were injured when an iron girder fell off the elevated section of a Metro rail structure being constructed at the Mohan Nagar intersection in Ghaziabad . A car , an auto rickshaw and a motorbike were also damaged in the accident . Network ( edit ) Network map Main article : List of Delhi Metro stations The Delhi Metro is being built in phases . Phase I consisted of 58 stations and 65.0 km ( 40.4 mi ) of route length , of which 13.0 km ( 8.1 mi ) is underground and 52.1 km ( 32.4 mi ) surface or elevated . The inauguration of the Dwarka -- Barakhamba Road corridor of the Blue Line marked the completion of Phase I in October 2006 . Phase II of the network consists of 124.6 km ( 77.4 mi ) of route length and 85 stations , and is fully completed , with the first section opened in June 2008 and the last line opened in August 2011 . Phase - III has 28 underground stations , 2 new lines and 11 route extensions , totalling 167.27 km ( 103.94 mi ) , with a cost of ₹ 350 billion ( US $5.1 billion ) and having a planned completion date of December 2018 . Phase IV ( 113.2 km or 70.3 mi ) is planned to be completed by 2022 . Current routes ( edit ) Line First operational Last extension Stations Length ( km ) Terminals Rolling stock Track gauge ( mm ) Power Average Frequency ( Minutes ) Red Line 2002 - 12 - 24 2008 - 06 - 04 21 25.09 Dilshad Garden Rithala 31 Trains 1676 25 kV OHE 5 Yellow Line 2004 - 12 - 20 2015 - 11 - 10 37 49.31 Samaypur Badli HUDA City Centre 60 Trains 1676 25 kV OHE 5 Blue Line 2005 - 12 - 31 2010 - 10 - 30 44 49.84 Noida City Centre Dwarka Sector 21 70 Trains 1676 25 kV OHE 5 2010 - 01 - 07 2011 - 07 - 14 8 8.74 Yamuna Bank Vaishali 1676 25 kV OHE 5 Green Line 2010 - 04 - 03 2018 - 06 - 24 21 26.32 Inderlok Bahadurgarh City Park 20 Trains 1435 25 kV OHE 5 2011 - 08 - 27 -- 3.32 Ashok Park Main Kirti Nagar 1435 25 kV OHE 5 Violet Line 2010 - 10 - 03 2017 - 05 - 28 32 43.40 Kashmere Gate Escorts Mujesar 44 Trains 1435 25 kV OHE 5 Orange Line 2011 - 02 - 23 -- 6 22.70 New Delhi Dwarka Sector 21 10 Trains 1435 25 kV OHE 10 Magenta Line 2017 - 12 - 25 2018 - 05 - 29 25 37.72 Botanical garden Janakpuri West 26 Trains 1435 25 kV OHE 5 Pink Line 2018 - 03 - 14 2018 - 08 - 06 18 29.66 Majlis Park Lajpat Nagar 23 Trains 1435 25 kV OHE 5 214 296.00 284 Trains Phase I and Phase II ( edit ) Phase I and Phase II routes and stations opened progressively from 25 December 2002 and 3 June 2008 respectively , and become completely operational on 11 November 2006 and 27 August 2011 respectively . Phase I : A total of 65 kilometres ( 40 mi ) long network with 58 stations and the following 3 routes ( initial parts of Red , Yellow and Blue lines ) were built within the limits of Delhi state , stations progressively started to open from 25 December 2002 to 11 November 2006 . Red Line , Line No. 1 : Shahdara - Tri Nagar - Rithala , 22.06 kilometres ( 13.71 mi ) route with 18 stations progressively started to open from 25 December 2002 to 1 April 2004 . Yellow Line , Line No. 2 : Vishwa Vidyalaya - Central Secretariat , 10.84 kilometres ( 6.74 mi ) route with 10 stations progressively started to open from 20 December 2004 to 3 July 2005 . Blue Line , Line No. 3 : Indraprastha - Barakhamba Road - Dwarka Sub City , 32.10 kilometres ( 19.95 mi ) route with 30 stations progressively started to open from December 2005 to 11 November 2006 . Phase II : A total of 124.63 kilometres ( 77.44 mi ) long network with 85 stations and the following 10 new routes and extensions was built , out of which seven routes are extension spurs of the Phase I network , three were new colour - coded lines and three routes connect to other cities ( Yellow Line to Gurgaon , Blue Line to Noida and Blue Line to Ghaziabad ) of the national capital region , outside the physical limits of Delhi state , in the states of Haryana and Uttar Pradesh . At the end of Phases I and II , the cumulative total length of the network became 189.63 km ( 117.83 mi ) with 143 stations progressively becoming operational from 3 June 2008 to 27 August 2011 . Red Line , Shahdara -- Dilshad Garden : 3.09 kilometres ( 1.92 mi ) route with 3 stations , an extension of Phase I , Line 1 became operational on 4 June 2008 . Yellow Line , Vishwavidyalaya -- Jahangir Puri : 6.36 kilometres ( 3.95 mi ) route with 5 stations , an extension of Phase I , Line 2 became operational on 4 February 2009 . Yellow Line , Central Secretariat -- HUDA City Centre : 27.45 kilometres ( 17.06 mi ) route with 19 stations , an extension of Phase I , Line 2 progressively became operational from 21 June 2010 to 3 September 2010 , connects to Gurgaon in Haryana state with an interchange with Rapid Metro Gurgaon at Sikandarpur . Blue Line , Indraprastha -- Noida Sector 32 City Centre : 15.07 kilometres ( 9.36 mi ) route with 11 stations , an extension of Phase I , Line 3 progressively became operational from 10 May 2009 to 13 November 2009 , connects to Noida in Gautam Buddh Nagar district of Uttar Pradesh state . Blue Line , Yamuna Bank -- Anand Vihar ISBT : 6.17 kilometres ( 3.83 mi ) route with 5 stations became operational on 27 January 2010 . Blue Line , Anand Vihar -- KB Vaishali : 2.57 kilometres ( 1.60 mi ) route with 2 stations became operational on 27 January 2010 , connects to Ghaziabad district of Uttar Pradesh state . Blue Line , Dwarka Sector 9 to Dwarka Sector 21 : 2.76 kilometres ( 1.71 mi ) route with 2 stations , an extension of Phase I , Line 3 became operational on 30 October 2010 . Orange Line , Airport Express Line : 22.70 kilometres ( 14.11 mi ) route with 6 stations became operational on 23 February 2011 . Violet Line , Kashmiri Gate -- Badarpur : 20.04 kilometres ( 12.45 mi ) route with 16 stations progressively became operational from 3 October 2010 to 14 January 2011 , its Phase III extensions to Mandi House and Faridabad became operational on 28 June 2014 and 6 September 2015 respectively . Green Line , Inderlok -- Kirti Nagar -- Mundka : 18.46 kilometres ( 11.47 mi ) route with 16 stations became operational on 27 August 2011 . Red Line ( edit ) Red Line Main article : Red Line The Red Line was the first line of the Metro to be opened and connects Rithala in the west to Dilshad Garden in the east , covering a distance of 25.09 kilometres ( 15.59 mi ) . It is partly elevated and partly at grade and crosses the Yamuna River between Kashmere Gate and Shastri Park stations . The inauguration of the first stretch between Shahdara and Tis Hazari on 24 December 2002 caused the ticketing system to collapse due to the line being crowded to four times its capacity by citizens eager to have a ride . Subsequent sections were inaugurated from Tis Hazari -- Trinagar ( later renamed Inderlok ) on 4 October 2003 , Inderlok -- Rithala on 31 March 2004 , and Shahdara -- Dilshad Garden on 4 June 2008 . The red line has two interchange stations , the first Kashmere Gate with the Yellow Line and Violet Line and the second Inderlok with the Green Line . Beginning 24 November 2013 , a total of six - coach trains were eventually commissioned on the Red Line . Yellow Line Yellow Line ( edit ) Inside a Delhi Metro on the yellow line Main article : Yellow Line The Yellow Line was the second line of the Metro and was the first underground line to be opened on the Delhi Metro . It runs for 49 kilometres ( 30 mi ) from north to south and connects Samaypur Badli with HUDA City Centre in Gurgaon . The northern and southern parts of the line are elevated , while the central section which passes through some of the most congested parts of Delhi is underground . The first section between Vishwa Vidyalaya and Kashmere Gate opened on 20 December 2004 , and the subsequent sections of Kashmere Gate -- Central Secretariat opened on 3 July 2005 , and Vishwa Vidyalaya -- Jahangirpuri on 4 February 2009 . This line also possesses the country 's deepest Metro station at Chawri Bazaar , situated 25 metres ( 82 ft ) below ground level . On 21 June 2010 , an additional stretch from Qutub Minar to HUDA City Centre was opened , initially operating separately from the mainline . However , Chhatarpur station on this line opened on 26 August 2010 . Due to delays in acquiring the land for constructing the station , it was constructed using prefabricated structures in a record time of nine months and is the only station in the Delhi Metro network to be made completely of steel . The connecting link between Central Secretariat and Qutub Minar opened on 3 September 2010 . On 10 November 2015 , the line was further extended between Jahangirpuri and Samaypur Badli in Outer Delhi . Interchanges are available with the Red Line and Kashmere Gate ISBT at Kashmere Gate station , Blue Line at Rajiv Chowk Station , Violet Line at Central Secretariat , Airport Express ( Orange ) Line at New Delhi , Rapid Metro Gurgaon at Sikandarpur and with the Indian Railways network at Chandni Chowk and New Delhi . The yellow line is the first line of Delhi Metro which has phased out all four coach trains with six and eight coach configuration . The Metro Museum at Patel Chowk Metro station is a collection of display panels , historical photographs and exhibits , tracing the genesis of the Delhi Metro . The museum was opened on 1 January 2009 . Blue Line ( edit ) Blue Line Main article : Blue Line The Blue Line was the third line of the Metro to be opened and the first to connect areas outside Delhi . Mainly elevated and partly underground , it connects Dwarka Sub City in the west with the satellite city of Noida in the east , covering a distance of 47.4 kilometres ( 29.5 mi ) . The first section of this line between Dwarka and Barakhamba Road was inaugurated on 31 December 2005 , and subsequent sections opened between Dwarka -- Dwarka Sector 9 on 1 April 2006 , Barakhamba Road -- Indraprastha on 11 November 2006 , Indraprastha -- Yamuna Bank on 10 May 2009 , Yamuna Bank -- Noida City Centre on 12 November 2009 , and Dwarka Sector 9 -- Dwarka Sector 21 on 30 October 2010 . This line crosses the Yamuna River between Indraprastha and Yamuna Bank stations , and has India 's second extradosed bridge across the Northern Railways mainlines near Pragati Maidan . A branch of the Blue line , inaugurated on 8 January 2010 , takes off from Yamuna Bank station and runs for 6.25 kilometres ( 3.88 mi ) up to Anand Vihar in east Delhi . It was further extended up to Vaishali which was opened to the public on 14 July 2011 . A small stretch of 2.76 kilometres ( 1.71 mi ) from Dwarka Sector 9 to Dwarka Sector 21 was inaugurated on 30 October 2010 . Interchanges are available with the Yellow Line at Rajiv Chowk station , Green line at Kirti Nagar , Violet line at Mandi House , Airport Express ( Orange ) line at Dwarka Sector 21 and with the Indian Railways network and Interstate Bus Station ( ISBT ) at Anand Vihar station , which connects with Anand Vihar Railway Terminal and Anand Vihar ISBT . Green Line ( edit ) Green Line Main article : Green Line Opened in 2010 , Green Line ( Line 5 ) is the fifth line of the Delhi Metro network and the first line on standard gauge , as opposed to previous broad gauge lines . It runs between Inderlok ( station on the Red Line ) and Bahadurgarh City Park with a branch line connecting the line 's Ashok Park Main station with Kirti Nagar station on the Blue Line . The completely elevated line , built as part of the Phase - II of Delhi Metro runs mostly along the busy NH 10 route in West Delhi . The line consists of 23 stations including an interchange station covering a total length of 29.64 km ( 18.42 mi ) . This line also has the country 's first standard - gauge maintenance depot at Mundka . The line was opened in two stages , with the 15.1 km ( 9.4 mi ) Inderlok -- Mundka section opening on 3 April 2010 and the 3.5 km ( 2.2 mi ) Kirti Nagar -- Ashok Park Main branch line on 27 August 2011 . On 6 August 2012 , in a step that will improve commuting in National Capital Region , the Union Government approved an extension of Delhi Metro from Mundka to Bahadurgarh in Haryana . The 11.18 km ( 6.95 mi ) metro stretch have seven stations at Mundka Industrial Area , Ghevra , Tikri Kalan , Tikri Border , Modern Industrial Estate , Bahadurgarh Bus Stand and City Park between Mundka and Bahadurgarh . This stretch was opened on 24 June 2018 . Violet Line ( edit ) Violet Line Main article : Violet Line The Violet Line is the sixth line of the Metro to be opened , and the second standard - gauge corridor after the Green Line . The 40 - kilometre - long ( 25 mi ) line connects Escorts Mujesar in Faridabad to Kashmere Gate in New Delhi , with 22.8 km ( 14.2 mi ) being overhead and the rest underground . The first section between Central Secretariat and Sarita Vihar was inaugurated on 3 October 2010 , just hours before the inaugural ceremony of the 2010 Commonwealth Games , and connects the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , which was the venue for the opening and closing ceremonies of the event . Completed in just 41 months , it includes a 100 - metre - long ( 330 ft ) bridge over the Indian Railways mainlines and a 167.5 - metre - long ( 550 ft ) cable - stayed bridge across an operational road flyover and connects several hospitals , tourist attractions , and a major industrial estate along its route . Services are provided at intervals of 5 min . An interchange with the Yellow Line is available at Central Secretariat through an integrated concourse . On 14 January 2011 , the remaining portion from Sarita Vihar to Badarpur was opened for commercial service , adding three new stations to the network and marking the completion of the line . The section between Mandi House and Central Secretariat , was opened on 26 June 2014 . After that , a 971 - metre section between ITO and Mandi House was opened on 8 June 2015 . A 14 km ( 8.7 mi ) extension southwards till Escorts Mujesar in Faridabad was inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 6 September 2015 . All the nine Metro stations of the Badarpur -- Escorts Mujesar ( Faridabad ) section of Delhi Metro 's Phase 3 , have been awarded the highest possible rating ( platinum ) for adherence to green building norms , by the Indian Green Building Council ( IGBC ) , which has devised a rating mechanism for Metro stations and buildings on a scale of platinum , gold , silver etc. for following the green building specifications . The awards for these stations were given to DMRC 's Managing Director , Dr. Mangu Singh by Dr. PC Jain , Chairperson , IGBC in the presence of DMRC 's directors and senior officials on 10 September 2015 . Currently , the Faridabad corridor of Delhi Metro Violet Line is the longest metro corridor outside of Delhi , consisting of 9 stations and the total length of corridor being 14 km ( 8.7 mi ) . On 28 May 2017 , the ITO -- Kashmere Gate corridor of the Delhi Metro was formally flagged off for passenger services by the Union Minister of Urban Development , M. Venkaiah Naidu and the Chief Minister of Delhi , Arvind Kejriwal . This section which runs underground is popularly known as the Heritage Line . Orange Line : Airport Express ( edit ) The interior of a Delhi Metro Airport Express train The Airport Express line runs for 22.7 km ( 14.1 mi ) from New Delhi Railway Station to Dwarka Sector 21 , linking the Indira Gandhi International Airport . The line was operated by Delhi Airport Metro Express Pvt . Limited ( DAMEL ) , a subsidiary of Reliance Infrastructure , the concessionaire of the line till 30 June 2013 and is now being operated by DMRC . The line was constructed at a cost of Main article : Delhi Airport Metro Express ₹ 57 billion ( US $830 million ) , of which Reliance Infrastructure invested ₹ 28.85 billion ( US $420 million ) and will pay fees on a revenue - share model . The line has six stations ( Dhaula Kuan and Delhi Aerocity became operational on 15 August 2011 ) , with some featuring check - in facilities , parking , and eateries . Rolling stock consists of six - coach trains operating at intervals of ten minutes and having a maximum speed of 135 km / h ( 84 mph ) . Originally scheduled to open before the 2010 Commonwealth Games , the line failed to obtain the mandatory safety clearance and was opened on 24 February 2011 , after a delay of around 5 months . After 16 months of commencement of operations , the line was shut down for repairs of the viaducts on 8 July 2012 . The line reopened on 22 January 2013 . On 27 June 2013 Reliance Infrastructure Ltd intimated DMRC that they are unable to operate the line beyond 30 June 2013 . Following this DMRC took over operations of Airport Express line from 1 July 2013 with an Operations and Maintenance team of 100 officials to handle the line . In Jan 2015 , DMRC reported that Airport Metro has recorded about 30 percent rise in its ridership following the fare reduction of up to 40 percent in July last year On 14 September 2015 DMRC announced to reduce fares even further to improve the ridership of the line , the new fare structure will have maximum fare of ₹ 60 and minimum of ₹ 10 instead of ₹ 100 and ₹ 20 charged earlier , a reduction of about 40 % . DMRC has stated that this was done to reduce the crowding on Blue line , diverting some of the Dwarka - bound passengers to Airport Express Line , which is underutilised and faster compared to the Blue Line . Phase III ( edit ) Delhi Metro map with Phase I , phase II and phase III routes Phase - I ( Red , Yellow and Blue lines ) and phase - II ( Green , Violet and Orange lines ) had focused on adding new radial lines to expand the network . To reduce the congestion and improve the connectivity , Phase - III includes 11 extensions to the existing lines as well as building two ring lines ( Pink and Magenta lines ) . Phase - III has 28 underground stations , 2 new lines and 11 route extensions , totaling 167.27 km ( 103.94 mi ) , with a cost of ₹ 350 billion ( US $5.1 billion ) . Phase 3 contains 3 new Lines in Delhi Metro System , Pink Line running on Inner Ring Road ( Line 7 ) , Magenta Line running on Outer Ring Road ( Line 8 ) & Gray Line connecting Dwarka and Najafgarh ( Line 09 ) . Work on Phase III started in 2011 , with 2016 being the planned deadline , more than 20 tunnel boring machines were used simultaneously to expedite the work , however , the actual work is planned to be completed by end of 2018 , subject to availability of land in certain pockets . Kalkaji Mandir to Botanical Garden section of Magenta Line was inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on Christmas 2017 , making it the first driverless line of Delhi Metro . The expected daily ridership of the whole network of all phases , after the completion of Phase - III , is 4 million passengers . The communication - based train control ( CBTC ) is being used in Phase - III trains which enables trains to run at a short headway of 90 seconds . Keeping this in mind and other constraints , DMRC changed its decision to build 9 - car - long stations for new lines and instead opting for shorter stations which can accommodate 6 - car trains . Phase - III line completion timelines are given below : Line Stations Length ( km ) Terminals No. of Interchanges Planned Expected Date of Completion / Date of Opening Yellow Line 4.37 Jahangirpuri Samaypur Badli 0 Completed ( 10 November 2015 ) 1.057 Samaypur Badli Siras Pur 0 March 2019 Violet Line 7 9.37 Central Secretariat Kashmere Gate Completed ( 28 May 2017 ) 9 13.875 Badarpur Escorts Mujesar 0 Completed ( 6 September 2015 ) 3.205 Escorts Mujesar metro station Ballabhgarh 0 October 2018 Grey Line 4.295 Dwarka Najafgarh August 2019 1.218 Najafgarh Dhansa Bus Stand 0 2020 / 2021 Blue Line 6 6.675 Noida City Centre Noida Electronic City October 2018 Green Line 7 11.182 Mundka Bahadurgarh City Park 0 Completed ( 24 June 2018 ) Pink Line 12 21.56 Majlis Park Durgabai Deshmukh South Campus 5 Completed ( 14 March 2018 ) 6 8.1 Durgabai Deshmukh South Campus Lajpat Nagar Completed ( 6 August 2018 ) 9.65 Lajpat Nagar Mayur Vihar I October 2018 1.5 Mayur Vihar I Trilokpuri Sanjay Lake 0 August 2019 15 17.8 Trilokpuri Sanjay Lake Shiv Vihar September 2018 Magenta Line 9 12.64 Kalkaji Mandir Botanical Garden Completed ( 25 December 2017 ) 16 25.26 Janakpuri West Kalkaji Mandir Completed ( 29 May 2018 ) Red Line 8 9.41 Dilshad Garden New Bus Adda 0 October 2018 Orange Line 1.878 Dwarka Sector 21 ECC Centre 0 2020 Aqua Line 22 29.7 Noida Sector 52 Depot station October 2018 133 192.7 18 Magenta Line ( edit ) Magenta line trains are the first driverless trains in the Delhi Metro network Main article : Magenta Line ( Delhi Metro ) The Magenta Line is the first new line of the Third Phase of the Delhi Metro that was partially opened on 25 December 2017 between Botanical Garden and Kalkaji Mandir . The entire length of the line was inaugurated on 28 May 2018 . It consists of 25 metro stations from Janakpuri West to Botanical Garden . The Magenta Line provide direct connectivity to Terminal 1D of Indira Gandhi International Airport . The Hauz Khas station on this line and the current Yellow Line is the deepest Metro station at a depth of 29 metres , surpassing the record set by Chawri Bazaar station on the Yellow Line , at a depth of 22 metres . The Magenta line has interchanges with the Yellow , Blue , and the Violet lines of the Delhi Metro network . Pink Line ( edit ) Main article : Pink Line ( Delhi Metro ) The Pink Line is the second new line of the Third Phase of the Delhi Metro that was partially opened on 14 March 2018 , with a further extension opening on 6 August 2018 . Currently , the line is opened between Majlis Park to Lajpat Nagar . It consists of 38 metro stations from Majlis Park to Shiv Vihar , both in North Delhi . Upon completion , the Pink Line with a length of 58.59 kilometres ( 36.41 mi ) , will be the longest line in Delhi Metro , breaking the record set by the operational Blue Line . It will be mostly elevated and will cover Delhi in an almost ' U ' shaped pattern . The Pink Line is also known as the Ring Road Line , as the entire line passes alongside the busy Ring Road in Delhi , that witnesses massive traffic jams everyday . The Pink line has planned interchanges with most of the operational lines of the network such as the Yellow , Red , Blue , Orange Line and Violet lines , as well as with Hazrat Nizamuddin and Anand Vihar Terminal ( Indian Railways ) and the ISBT 's at Anand Vihar and Sarai Kale Khan . The Pink Line has the highest point of Delhi Metro at Dhaula Kuan with a height of 23.6 metres , passing over the Dhaula Kuan grade separator flyovers and the Airport Express Line . Planned expansion ( edit ) Delhi Metro was planned to be built in phases spread over around 20 years as with each phase having a target of five years and end of one phase marking the beginning of another . Phase I ( 65 km or 40 mi ) , Phase II ( 125 km or 78 mi ) were completed in 2006 and 2011 , respectively . Phase III lines are expected to be completed in 2018 , a delay of 2 years from the originally planned timeline of 2016 . Phase IV ( with extensions to the existing Red , Green , Pink and Magenta lines as well the addition of a new Moss Green line ) will commence in 2017 and will be completed by 2022 , respectively . A final 370 kilometres ( 230 mi ) route length of 230 kilometres ( 140 mi ) ( Phase I & II ) and 140 kilometres ( 87 mi ) ( Phase III ) will be added at the completion of Phase I , II and III . Phase IV plan approved by the Delhi Government will add another 103 kilometres ( 64 mi ) between 2017 and 2022 . This makes the total existing and approved route length at the end of Phase IV 456 kilometres ( 283 mi ) long . As of July 2017 , the 29.7 kilometres ( 18.5 mi ) long under - construction Noida - Greater Noida Metro , 4.86 kilometres ( 3.02 mi ) long approved Narela to Kundli ( Sonipat ) and the independently operated existing 11.7 kilometres ( 7.3 mi ) long Rapid Metro Gurgaon opened in November 2013 ( interchanges with the Delhi Metro at Sikandarpur station on Yellow line ) add another 46.26 kilometres ( 28.74 mi ) km to the network , bringing the total network length in NCR to 512.26 kilometres ( 318.30 mi ) . This figure is likely to go up as more extensions are approved by Delhi Government as part of Phase IV as well with the addition of more metro routes being independently added in NCR by Haryana and Utter Pradesh Governments . Phase IV ( edit ) Phase IV has a December 2021 completion deadline . In June 2016 , the Detailed Project Report ( DPR ) for the phase - IV was approved . In January 2017 , the Delhi Government approved the Phase IV plan . In July 2017 , the Delhi cabinet granted the final approval to the INR 50,000 crore ( ~ US $6.7 billion ) plan in July 2017 on a 50 : 50 equity basis with the union Government . The Phase IV approved by the Delhi cabinet will add 103 kilometres ( 64 mi ) long route within Delhi in the following proposed corridors : Since DMRC will complete all the Phase III work within this year , their equipment and personnel will be available and the work will commence on the Phase - IV within 2017 , which will still be completed by December 2021 as per the original master plan . In June 2017 , the Government of Haryana 's cabinet approved the investment of INR 968.20 crore ( US $150 million ) , as its share on the 80 : 20 equity ratio with the union Government , for the 4.86 kilometres ( 3.02 mi ) extension of Delhi Metro from the existing Rithala metro station to Sonipat via Bawana with three elevated stations at Sector 5 of Narela in Delhi , on Delhi border at Kundli Industrial Area and Nathupur Industrial Area in Sonipat , which are planned to be built starting from April 2018 and to be completed by March 2022 as part of the Phase IV . Approved Phase IV Lines Line Stations Length ( km ) Terminals Opening Date Notes Red Line 16 21.73 Rithala Narela 2021 4.86 Narela Nathupur 2022 New Line ( TBA ) 10 12.58 Inderlok Indraprastha 2021 15 20.20 Aerocity Tughlakabad 7 7.96 Lajpat Nagar Saket G Block Pink Line 6 12.54 Mukundpur Depot Maujpur Magenta Line 25 28.92 Janakpuri West RK Ashram Proposed for inclusion into Phase IV ( edit ) Vaishali -- Mohan Nagar : 5.06 kilometres ( 3.14 mi ) long Blue Line extension Old Gurgaon -- Old Faridabad via HUDA City Centre Phase V ( edit ) Former Managing Director of DMRC , Dr. E Sreedharan stated that by the time Phase IV is completed , the city will need Phase V to cope with rising population and transport needs . Planning work for Phase V has not started . However the following corridors , while not specifically tied or approved to any expansion phase have been suggested to be constructed in the past : HUDA City Centre -- Gurgaon railway station : 12 kilometres ( 7.5 mi ) long line that is envisioned to be a metro ring around Gurugram . The proposal was prepared in November 2017 for the two routes : one from HUDA City Centre to Gurgaon railway station and another from IFFCO Chowk -- Dwarka Sector 21 ultimately the government decided to move forward with the line to Gurgaon railway station and pushed the latter to a later implementation date . Yamuna Bank -- Loni Border : 12 kilometres ( 7.5 mi ) long , dropped from Phase IV expansion . Najafgarh -- Narela : proposed for inclusion during the planning of Phase III to be constructed in either Phase III or Phase IV but subsequently dropped for both . A similar line was proposed again during the later stages of planning for Phase IV , this time it was proposed to run between Dwarka -- Prem Piao with the rest of the corridor to Narela transferred over to an extension of the Red Line . The Red Line extension to Narela was approved for Phase IV but the remaining section between Dwarka -- Prem Piao was subsequently dropped from Phase IV . Noida Electronic City -- Sahibabad : 5.11 kilometres ( 3.18 mi ) long Blue Line extension . HUDA City Centre -- Manesar City : Proposed for completion by 2031 and not yet approved . Ballabhgarh -- Palwal City : As of July 2017 , proposed only and not yet approved . City Park -- Rohtak City : As of July 2017 , proposed only and not yet approved . Dhansa Bus Stand -- Jhajjar City : proposed only and not yet approved . Noida -- Noida International Airport : a 35 kilometres ( 22 mi ) long surface running line along the Yamuna Expressway serving the proposed new Noida International Airport . The line is envisioned to be completed by 2022 and will connect with the Noida Metro . Finances ( edit ) Summary financials ( edit ) Fiscal Year ending March Revenue Earnings before Interest Taxes Depreciation & Amortization ( EBITDA ) Profit Before Tax ( PBT ) Reference ( s ) 2007 ₹ 543 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 12 billion or US $170 million in 2017 ) ₹ 399 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 858 crore or US $120 million in 2017 ) ₹ 24 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 52 crore or US $7.5 million in 2017 ) 2008 ₹ 504 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 10 billion or US $150 million in 2017 ) ₹ 300 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 595 crore or US $87 million in 2017 ) ₹ 26 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 52 crore or US $7.5 million in 2017 ) 2009 ₹ 724 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 13 billion or US $190 million in 2017 ) ₹ 473 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 847 crore or US $120 million in 2017 ) ₹ 90 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 144 crore or US $21 million in 2017 ) ₹ 738 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 12 billion or US $170 million in 2017 ) ₹ 356 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 569 crore or US $83 million in 2017 ) - ₹ 90 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 132 crore or US $19 million in 2017 ) 2011 ₹ 1,608 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 24 billion or US $340 million in 2017 ) ₹ 750 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 11 billion or US $160 million in 2017 ) - ₹ 127 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 186 crore or US $27 million in 2017 ) 2012 ₹ 2,248 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 30 billion or US $440 million in 2017 ) ₹ 933 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 13 billion or US $180 million in 2017 ) - ₹ 68 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 91 crore or US $13 million in 2017 ) 2013 ₹ 2,687 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 33 billion or US $470 million in 2017 ) ₹ 1,028 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 12 billion or US $180 million in 2017 ) - ₹ 79 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 96 crore or US $14 million in 2017 ) 2014 ₹ 3,198 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 36 billion or US $530 million in 2017 ) ₹ 1,062 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 12 billion or US $180 million in 2017 ) - ₹ 60 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 68 crore or US $9.9 million in 2017 ) 2015 ₹ 3,571 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 38 billion or US $560 million in 2017 ) ₹ 1,240 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 13 billion or US $190 million in 2017 ) - ₹ 275 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 295 crore or US $43 million in 2017 ) 2016 ₹ 4,344 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 44 billion or US $650 million in 2017 ) ₹ 1,278 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 13 billion or US $190 million in 2017 ) - ₹ 467 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 478 crore or US $70 million in 2017 ) 2017 ₹ 5,388 crore ( US $780 million ) ₹ 1,433 crore ( US $210 million ) - ₹ 348 crore ( US $51 million ) Of note , Delhi Metro has been operating with a loss on an EBT basis for the past few years . EBITDA margin declined from 73 % in Fiscal 2007 to 29 % in Fiscal 2015 . That said , Debt to Equity improved from 1.43 in FY07 to 1.22 in FY16 . Funding and capitalisation ( edit ) DMRC is owned equally by the Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi and the Government of India . As of March 2016 , total debt stood at ₹ 291.5 billion ( US $4.2 billion ) , while equity capital was ₹ 239.9 billion ( US $3.5 billion ) . Cost of the debt is 0 % for Union Government and Delhi Government loans and between 0.01 % and 2.3 % for Japan International Cooperation Agency ( JICA ) loans . Of the equity capital as of 31 March 2016 , ₹ 193.1 billion ( US $2.8 billion ) is paid - up capital and rest is reserves and surplus . Operations ( edit ) Inside the New Delhi Metro station . HUDA City Centre metro station Train at HUDA City Centre metro station The trains operate at a frequency of one to two minutes to five to ten minutes between 05 : 00 and 00 : 00 , depending upon the peak and off - peak hours . Trains operating within the network typically travel at speed up to 50 km / h ( 31 mph ) and stop for about 20 seconds at each station . Automated station announcements are recorded in Hindi and English . Many stations have services such as ATMs , food outlets , cafés , convenience stores and mobile recharge . Eating , drinking , smoking and chewing gum are prohibited in the entire system . The Metro also has a sophisticated fire alarm system for advance warning in emergencies , and fire retardant material is used in trains as well as on the premises of stations . Navigation information is available on Google Transit . Since October 2010 , the first coach of every train is reserved for women . However , last coaches are also reserved when the train changes tracks at the terminal stations in the Red , Green and Violet Lines . To make travelling by metro a smoother experience , Delhi Metro has launched its own official mobile app Delhi Metro Rail for smartphone users , ( iPhone and Android ) that will provide information on various facilities like the location of the nearest metro station , fare , parking availability , tourist spots near metro stations , security and emergency helpline numbers . Security ( edit ) Security on the Delhi Metro is handled by the Central Industrial Security Force ( CISF ) , who have been guarding the system ever since they took over from the Delhi Police in 2007 . Closed - circuit cameras are used to monitor trains and stations , and feed from these is monitored by both the CISF and Delhi Metro authorities at their respective control rooms . Over 7000 CISF personnel have been deployed for security of metro and its installations in addition to metal detectors , X-ray baggage inspection systems , and dog squads which are used to secure the system . To deal with law and order issues in the system , 18 Delhi Metro Rail Police ( A dedicated wing of Delhi Police ) stations have been established . About 5,200 CCTV cameras have been installed , which cover every nook and corner of each Metro station . Each of the underground stations has about 45 to 50 cameras installed while the elevated stations have about 16 to 20 cameras each . The monitoring of these cameras is done by the CISF , which is in charge of security of the Metro , as well as the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation . Intercoms are provided in each train car for emergency communication between the passengers and the train operator . Periodic security drills are carried out at stations and on trains to ensure preparedness of security agencies in emergency situations . DMRC is also looking at raising the station walls and railings for the safety of passengers . Ticketing and recharge ( edit ) Delhi Metro Card for Common Mobility For the convenience of customers , Delhi Metro commuters have three choices for ticket purchase . The RFID tokens are valid only for a single journey on the day of purchase and the value depends on the distance travelled , with fares for a single journey ranging from ₹ 10 ( 15 ¢ US ) to ₹ 60 ( 87 ¢ US ) . Fares have been revised by DMRC and will be applicable from 10 October 2017 . Fares are calculated based on the origin and destination stations using a fare chart . A common ticketing facility for commuters travelling on Delhi Transport Corporation ( DTC ) buses and the Metro was introduced in 2011 . Travel cards are available for longer durations and are most convenient for frequent commuters . They are valid for ten years from the date of purchase or the date of the last recharge and are available in denominations of ₹ 200 ( US $2.90 ) to ₹ 2,000 ( US $29.10 ) . A 10 % discount is given on all travel made on it.An additional 10 % discount is given to travel card holders for entering the metro system in off - peak hours i.e. From the start of revenue services to 0800 hours , from 1200 hours to 1700 hours and after 2100 hours to end of metro service in the night . This additional discount is given only on Weekdays i.e. from Monday to Saturday . A deposit of ₹ 50 ( 73 ¢ US ) needs to be made to buy a new card which is refundable on the return of the card any time before its expiry if the card is not physically damaged . Tourist cards can be used for unlimited travel on the Delhi Metro network over short periods of time . There are two kinds of tourist cards valid for one and three days respectively . The cost of a one - day card is ₹ 200 ( US $2.90 ) and that of a three - day card is ₹ 500 ( US $7.30 ) , including a refundable deposit of ₹ 50 ( 73 ¢ US ) that must be paid at the time of purchasing the card . Problems ( edit ) The Yellow Line at IFFCO Chowk in Gurgaon . After repeated complaints by nearby residents , Delhi Metro installed noise barriers in 2011 to reduce sound pollution from metro trains . Metro station and train entering . As the network has expanded , high ridership in new trains has led to increasing instances of overcrowding and delays on the Delhi Metro . To alleviate the problem , 8 coach trains have been introduced in Yellow line and Blue line and an increase in the frequency of trains has been proposed . Infrequent , overcrowded and erratic feeder bus services connecting stations to nearby localities have also been reported as an area of concern . Feeder buses ( edit ) DMRC operates around 291 feeder buses on 42 routes connecting 54 metro stations in Delhi . Around two lakh people use the feeder bus service on a daily basis. Timings of Feeder Bus operation are 08 : 00 Hours to 20 : 00 Hours at a frequency of 10 to 15 minutes depending upon Road Traffic density . However , if an operator wishes he can operate before / beyond these hours . At present Metro Feeder Bus Depots are located at Shastri Park , Kohat Enclave , Janakpuri West , Dwarka Sector - 9 , Chhatarpur , Yamuna Bank , Azadpur . Ridership ( edit ) Delhi Metro has been registering a continuous increase in ridership since its inception . When Metro services were introduced in 2002 , the average ridership was 80,000 passengers per day . As of FY 2016 -- 17 , average daily ridership has risen to 2.76 million , with the latest daily ridership record set on 17 August 2016 . Most recent Delhi Metro daily ridership record of 3.3 million passengers was reached on the eve of the Rakshabandhan ( 17 August 2016 ) , when commuters poured in large numbers throughout the day . On 25 December 2014 , it was reported that the ridership of the Airport Express had almost doubled in the past year to almost 600,000 passengers per month now , as compared to just above 300,000 at the beginning of the calendar year . Currently , Delhi Metro has about 220 trains of four , six and eight coaches totalling 1,290 coaches . It is further planning to add 421 more coaches on the existing route before the completion of phase 3 . During the financial year 2015 , DMRC on an average pressed 1,083 coaches in an hour ( during peak hour ) , in 2012 -- 13 , the number was 819 . On an average , trains make 2,880 trips per day . Average daily ridership Year Ridership 2004 -- 05 124,000 2005 -- 06 268,000 2006 -- 07 484,000 2007 -- 08 625,000 2008 -- 09 722,000 2009 -- 10 919,000 2010 -- 11 1,259,000 2011 -- 12 1,660,000 2012 -- 13 1,926,000 2013 -- 14 2,190,000 2014 -- 15 2,386,000 2015 -- 16 2,590,000 2016 -- 17 2,760,000 Delhi Metro snapshot ( edit ) Delhi Metro Stations Length ( km ) Ridership millions No. of lines Revenue 208 296 1001 8 ₹ 5,387.856 crore ( US $780 million ) Ranking India Asia 6 7 10 9 World 9 9 16 13 Rolling stock ( edit ) A Phase I broad gauge train , supplied by Hyundai Rotem -- BEML . A Phase II broad gauge train , supplied by Bombardier . One of the six - coach trains . Most trains of Blue & Yellow Lines have been upgraded from 4 to 6 & 8 coaches to increase capacity . The Metro uses rolling stock of two different gauges . Phase I lines use 1,676 mm ( 5.499 ft ) broad gauge rolling stock , while three Phase II lines use 1,435 mm ( 4.708 ft ) standard gauge rolling stock . Trains are maintained at seven depots at Khyber Pass and Sultanpur for the Yellow Line , Mundka for the Green Line , Najafgarh and Yamuna Bank for the Blue Line , Shastri Park for the Red Line , and Sarita Vihar for the Violet Line . Maglev trains were initially considered for some lines of Phase 3 , but DMRC decided to continue with conventional rail in August 2012 . As on 31 March 2015 , the Company has a total of 1306 coaches ( 220 trains ) . Apart from extensions on various existing lines , two new lines viz . Line 7 & 8 are proposed in Phase III . 486 coaches ( 81 six - car trains ) being procured for these two new lines will have an advance feature in Unattended Train Operation ( UTO ) . Additional 258 Broad gauge ( BG ) coaches for Line 1 to 4 and 138 Standard Gauge ( SG ) coaches for Line 5 & 6 are proposed to be procured for augmentation / extensions to cater to the increased traffic . Resultantly , at the end of Phase III , there would be 2188 coaches ( 333 trains ) . Barring a few 4 - car trains on Line 5 , 93 % of the trains would operate either in 6 car or 8 car configuration at the end of Phase III . Broad gauge ( edit ) The rolling stock is manufactured by two major suppliers . For the Phase I , the rolling stock was supplied by a consortium of companies comprising Hyundai Rotem , Mitsubishi Corporation , and MELCO . The coaches have a very similar look to MTR Rotem EMU , except with only 4 doors and use sliding doors . The coaches were initially built in South Korea by ROTEM , then in Bangalore by BEML through a technology transfer arrangement . These trains consist of four 3.2 - metre - wide ( 10 ft ) stainless steel lightweight coaches with vestibules permitting movement throughout their length and can carry up to 1500 passengers , with 50 seated and 330 standing passengers per coach . The coaches are fully air - conditioned , equipped with automatic doors , microprocessor - controlled brakes and secondary air suspension , and are capable of maintaining an average speed of 32 km / h ( 20 mph ) over a distance of 1.1 km ( 0.68 mi ) . The system is extensible up to eight coaches , and platforms have been designed accordingly . The rolling stock for Phase II is being supplied by Bombardier Transportation , which has received an order for 614 cars worth approximately US $ 1.1 billion . While initial trains were made in Görlitz , Germany and Sweden , the remainder will be built at Bombardier 's factory in Savli , near Vadodara . These trains are a mix of four - car and six - car consists , capable of accommodating 1178 and 1792 commuters per train respectively . The coaches possess several improved features like Closed Circuit Television ( CCTV ) cameras with eight - hour backup for added security , charging points in all coaches for cell phones and laptops , improved air conditioning to provide a temperature of 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) even in packed conditions and heaters for winter . Standard gauge ( edit ) The standard gauge rolling stock is manufactured by BEML at its factory in Bangalore ( Most of these trains are supplied to BEML by Hyundai Rotem ) . The trains are four - car consists with a capacity of 1506 commuters per train , accommodating 50 seated and 292 standing passengers in each coach . These trains will have CCTV cameras in and outside the coaches , power supply connections inside coaches to charge mobiles and laptops , better humidity control , microprocessor - controlled disc brakes , and will be capable of maintaining an average speed of 34 km / h ( 21 mph ) over a distance of 1.1 km ( 0.68 mi ) . Airport Express ( edit ) Eight 6 - car trains supplied by CAF Beasain were imported from Spain . CAF held 5 % equity in the DAME project , and Reliance Infrastructure held the remaining 95 % before DMRC took over the operations . The trains on this line are of a premium standard compared to the existing metro trains and have inbuilt noise reduction and padded fabric seats . The coaches are equipped with LCD screens for the entertainment of the passengers and also provide flight information for the convenience of air travellers . The trains are fitted with an event recorder which can withstand high levels of temperature and impact and the wheels have flange lubrication system for less noise and better riding comfort . Signalling and telecommunication ( edit ) Inside a Hyundai Rotem coach . Signalling system on the Delhi Metro The Delhi Metro uses cab signalling along with a centralised automatic train control system consisting of automatic operation , protection and signalling modules . A 380 MHz digital trunked TETRA radio communication system from Motorola is used on all lines to carry both voice and data information . For Blue Line Siemens Transportation Systems has supplied the electronic interlocking Sicas , the operation control system Vicos OC 500 and the automation control system LZB 700 M. An integrated system comprising optical fibre cable , on - train radio , CCTV , and a centralised clock and public address system is used for telecommunication during train operations as well as emergencies . For Red and Yellow lines ALSTOM has supplied signalling system and for Green and Violet lines , Bombardier Transportation has supplied CITYFLO 350 signalling system . The Airport Express line has introduced WiFi services at all stations along the route on 13 January 2012 . Connectivity inside metro trains travelling on the route is expected in the future . The WiFi service is provided by YOU Broadband and Cable India Limited . In August 2017 , Wifi service was launched at all the 50 stations under Blue Line . A fully automated , operatorless train system has been offered to Delhi Metro by the French defence and civilian technologies major Thales . Environment and aesthetics ( edit ) The Delhi Metro has won awards for environmentally friendly practices from organisations including the United Nations , RINA , and the International Organization for Standardization , becoming the second metro in the world , after the New York City Subway , to be ISO 14001 certified for environmentally friendly construction . Most of the Metro stations on the Blue Line conduct rainwater harvesting as an environmental protection measure . It is also the first railway project in the world to earn carbon credits after being registered with the United Nations under the Clean Development Mechanism , and has so far earned 400,000 carbon credits by saving energy through the use of regenerative braking systems on its trains . To reduce its dependence on non-renewable sources of energy , DMRC is looking forward to harnessing solar energy and install solar panels at the Karkardooma , Noida Sector - 21 , Anand Vihar and Pragati Maidan Metro stations and DMRC 's residential complex at Pushp Vihar . As of March 2017 , the DMRC has commissioned 20 MWp ( megawatt peak ) of solar power plants across 21 locations on the metro network . This is planned to increase to 31 MWp by March 2018 , and 50 MWp by 2021 . The Metro has been promoted as an integral part of community infrastructure , and community artwork depicting the local way of life has been put on display at stations . Students of local art colleges have also designed decorative murals at Metro stations , while pillars of the viaduct on some elevated sections have been decorated with mosaic murals created by local schoolchildren . The Metro station at INA Colony has a gallery showcasing artwork and handicrafts from across India , while all stations on the Central Secretariat -- Qutub Minar section of the Yellow Line have panels installed on the monumental architectural heritage of Delhi . The Nobel Memorial Wall at Rajiv Chowk has portraits of the seven Nobel Laureates from India : Rabindranath Tagore , CV Raman , Hargobind Khorana , Mother Teresa , Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar , Amartya Sen and Venkatraman Ramakrishnan and provide details about their contribution to society and a panel each on Alfred Nobel and the Nobel Prizes . See also ( edit ) Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Delhi Transport Corporation Transport in Delhi Delhi Suburban Railway National Capital Region Transport Corporation Rapid transit in India List of rapid transit systems List of metro systems in India List of metro systems Delhi portal Trains portal Railways in India portal Transport portal Infrastructure portal Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ As of August 2018 , the number is 214 if interchange stations ( i.e. different sets of platforms ) are counted multiple times , once for each line , while it 's 196 , including the six stations on the Delhi Airport Metro Express line , if they 're combined . Jump up ^ Not owned by DMRC , owned by NMRC References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Delhi Metro Introduction '' . DMRC . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Delhi Metro 's Cumulative Ridership for the financial year 2016 - 2017 crosses one billion ( 100 crores ) '' . www.delhimetrorail.com . Archived from the original on 16 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Delhi Metro 's Cumulative Ridership for the financial year 2016 - 2017 crosses one billion ( 100 crores ) '' . DMRC . Archived from the original on 16 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mangu Singh to be next Metro chief '' . The Times of India . 20 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` About Us -- Introduction '' . Delhi Metro Rail Corporation . Archived from the original on 3 October 2017 . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ https://themetrorailguy.com/snapshot-of-how-indian-metro-systems-stack-up-with-one-another/ Jump up ^ `` CoMET and Nova Members -- CoMET and Nova Metro Benchmarking Groups '' . cometandnova.org . Archived from the original on 6 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Sood , Jyotika ( 26 July 2017 ) . `` How metro rail networks are spreading across India '' . Livemint . New Delhi : HT Media Ltd . Archived from the original on 16 August 2017 . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` First and Last Train Timings '' ( PDF ) . www.delhimetrorail.com . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 12 July 2017 . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Roy , Sidharatha ( 25 December 2017 ) . `` Delhi Metro : It all started 15 Xmas days ago '' . The Times of India . New Delhi . Archived from the original on 7 January 2018 . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Siemiatycki 2006 , p. 279 Jump up ^ Siemiatycki 2006 , pp. 279 -- 280 ^ Jump up to : `` History of Delhi Metro '' . DMRC . Archived from the original on 25 September 2010 . Retrieved 17 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Pucher , John ; Nisha Korattyswaroopam , ; Neenu Ittyerah ( 2004 ) . `` The Crisis of Public Transport in India '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Public Transportation . 7 ( 4 ) : 1 -- 20 . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on 3 July 2011 . Retrieved 17 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Structure of Delhi Metro '' . DMRC . Archived from the original on 16 September 2010 . Retrieved 17 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Delhi metro rail work begins but without fanfare '' . The Indian Express . Archived from the original on 18 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Delhi Metro showcases public sector success '' . The Indian Express . 13 April 2007 . Archived from the original on 25 December 2008 . Retrieved 10 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 二 零 零 一 度 '' ( PDF ) . MTR Corporation . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Delhi Metro Rail to adopt BG system '' . Business Line . New Delhi : The Hindu . 7 August 2000 . Archived from the original on 1 February 2016 . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Indian PM launches Delhi metro '' . BBC News . 24 December 2002 . Archived from the original on 22 April 2012 . Retrieved 22 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Yellow Line ( Delhi Metro ) '' . Wikipedia . 2017 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` The Tribune , Chandigarh , India -- Delhi and neighbourhood '' . www.tribuneindia.com . Archived from the original on 12 March 2016 . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Tribune -- Magazine section -- Saturday Extra '' . www.tribuneindia.com . Archived from the original on 16 July 2007 . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Nandini Lakshman ( 19 March 2007 ) . `` The Miracle - Worker of the Delhi Metro '' . BusinessWeek . Archived from the original on 25 December 2008 . Retrieved 10 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Delhi Metro bridge collapses ; 1 dead '' . IBN Live . CNN - IBN. 19 October 2008 . Retrieved 19 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` A chronology of Delhi Metro accidents '' . Hindustan Times . 12 July 2009 . Archived from the original on 7 January 2018 . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Suri , Megha ( 14 July 2009 ) . `` Day 2 : 3 cranes fall , Metro image takes beating '' . The Times of India . New Delhi . Archived from the original on 27 June 2014 . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Labourer dies at Delhi Metro construction site '' . Central Chronicle. 22 July 2009 . Archived from the original on 8 July 2011 . Retrieved 22 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Mathur , Atul ( 7 December 2009 ) . `` City 's nightmare on wheels '' . Hindustan Times . Delhi . Archived from the original on 22 January 2018 . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Five injured as iron girder falls off Metro structure in Ghaziabad '' . Hindustan Times . Delhi . 23 April 2018 . Archived from the original on 23 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` PROJECT UPDATE '' . Delhi Metro Rail Corporation . Archived from the original on 23 February 2014 . Retrieved 2 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Phase 1 complete , Pragati Maidan now on Metro map '' . Express India . 27 October 2006 . Retrieved 18 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Ramachandran , Smriti Kak ( 17 September 2007 ) . `` Delhi Metro confident of meeting deadline '' . The Hindu . New Delhi . Archived from the original on 3 March 2018 . Retrieved 10 September 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Metro Station Numbers '' . Delhi Metro Rail Corporation . Archived from the original on 13 February 2014 . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Delhi Metro Route Map '' ( PDF ) . Delhi Metro Rail Corporation . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 20 February 2018 . Retrieved 19 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Delhi Metro Red Line '' . Archived from the original on 5 October 2016 . Retrieved 20 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` On May 2 , Metro to cross Yamuna again '' . The Times of India . New Delhi . 24 April 2009 . Archived from the original on 3 February 2015 . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Prime Minister inaugurates Metro Rail services between Tis Hazari and Shahdara '' ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau , Government of India . 24 December 2002 . Archived from the original on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 29 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Passengers swamp Delhi 's new metro '' . Sydney Morning Herald . 27 December 2002 . Archived from the original on 16 January 2018 . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 70,000 travel by Tri Nagar - Tis Hazari Metro rail '' . The Times of India . New Delhi . 5 October 2003 . Archived from the original on 16 January 2018 . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Metro Station Information '' . DMRC . Archived from the original on 18 September 2010 . Retrieved 29 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` DMRC to introduce six - coach trains on Dilshad Garden - Rithala line on Sunday '' . The Times of India . New Delhi . 23 November 2013 . Archived from the original on 4 February 2015 . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A subterranean journey begins '' . The Times of India . New Delhi . 20 December 2004 . Archived from the original on 3 March 2018 . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Delhi Metro Museum Celebrates 3rd Anniversary '' . RailNews Media India Ltd . Archived from the original on 11 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hauz Khas set to get deepest underground metro station by March 2016 '' . The Indian Express . New Delhi . 16 September 2014 . Archived from the original on 16 January 2018 . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chhattarpur Metro Station To Become Operational From Tomorrow '' ( Press release ) . New Delhi : Delhi Metro Rail Corporation . 25 August 2010 . Archived from the original on 7 November 2017 . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chattarpur station to open today '' . The Times of India . New Delhi . 26 August 2010 . Archived from the original on 3 March 2018 . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gurgaon gets a lifeline as CST - Qutub corridor opens '' . Sify News . New Delhi . 8 September 2010 . Archived from the original on 16 November 2017 . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Jahangirpuri - Samaypur Badli section ( Extension of Line - 2 ) '' . Delhi Metro . Archived from the original on 13 November 2015 . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Sharma , Nidhi ( 29 June 2005 ) . `` New Delhi Metro station , your connect with National rail '' . The Times of India . New Delhi . Archived from the original on 22 January 2018 . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Secretariat to DU in 18 minutes flat '' . The Hindu . New Delhi . 1 July 2005 . Archived from the original on 1 February 2016 . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Metro enters Noida , set to change travelling habits of people '' . Daily News and Analysis . 12 November 2009 . Archived from the original on 31 May 2012 . Retrieved 12 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Metro to travel underground and overhead '' . The Times of India . 28 December 2005 . Archived from the original on 26 January 2013 . Retrieved 4 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Gaurav Vivek Bhatnagar ( 12 November 2006 ) . `` Delhi Metro just got bigger and better '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 29 June 2011 . Retrieved 4 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Delhi Anand Vihar Metro line opens for public '' . The Economic Times . 7 January 2010 . Archived from the original on 10 January 2010 . Retrieved 8 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Anand Vihar -- Vaishali Section To Open For Passenger Services From 14th July 2011 '' ( Press release ) . DMRC. 13 July 2011 . Archived from the original on 27 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Press Release : DMRC Extends Metro Services To Dwarka Sector 21 on Line - 3 '' ( Press release ) . DMRC. 30 October 2010 . Archived from the original on 23 November 2010 . Retrieved 30 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 40000 Footfalls at Anand Vihar Metro on Day 1 '' . Outlook India . 7 January 2010 . Archived from the original on 17 January 2010 . Retrieved 4 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Metro gets first standard gauge depot '' . The Hindu . New Delhi . 23 February 2010 . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Metro from Central Secretariat to Sarita Vihar too '' . Yahoo ! News . New Delhi . 3 October 2010 . Archived from the original on 16 January 2018 . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Suri , Megha ( 16 October 2010 ) . `` Train services on Delhi Metro 's Central Secretariat to Sarita Vihar section will start one hour late ( from 7 am ) from October 17 to October 24 for integration of the section with the extension to Badarpur '' . The Times of India . Archived from the original on 16 January 2018 . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` DMRC opens Sarita Vihar -- Badarpur section '' . Hindustan Times . 14 January 2011 . Archived from the original on 20 October 2012 . Retrieved 14 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Janpath to Faridabad : On Sunday morning , a Metro ride for PM Modi '' . Hindustan Times . PTI. 6 September 2015 . Archived from the original on 6 September 2015 . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Faridabad Metro Stations get highest Green Building Rating '' . www.delhimetrorail.com . Archived from the original on 8 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Ray , Subhendu ( 23 January 2012 ) . `` NCR 's longest Metro line in Faridabad '' . Hindustan Times . Delhi . Archived from the original on 3 March 2018 . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Delhi : Kashmere Gate set to become biggest interchange station '' . The Indian Express . New Delhi . 26 May 2017 . Archived from the original on 25 August 2017 . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Singh , Megha Suri ( 17 August 2010 ) . `` Hawk - eyed vigil on airport metro line '' . The Times of India . New Delhi . Archived from the original on 16 January 2018 . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Delhi Airport Express rail link opens '' . Railway Gazette International . Retrieved 7 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Airport Express Link : Metro gives a preview '' . The Indian Express . New Delhi . 6 November 2009 . Archived from the original on 1 February 2016 . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Airport Metro misses CWG deadline '' . NDTV. 3 October 2010 . Archived from the original on 6 October 2010 . Retrieved 9 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cities / Delhi : Airport to be 20 minutes from Connaught Place from Wednesday '' . The Hindu . 21 February 2011 . Archived from the original on 28 September 2011 . Retrieved 24 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Delhi Airport Metro Express back on track '' . Livemint . New Delhi : HT Media Ltd. 22 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 17 January 2018 . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Delhi Metro takes over operations of Airport Express Line '' . The Hindu . 1 July 2013 . Archived from the original on 4 July 2013 . Retrieved 5 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Airport Metro sees 30 % rise in ridership after fare reduction '' . Business Standard . 1 January 2015 . Archived from the original on 7 January 2015 . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` DMRC to reduce Airport line fares '' . The Times of India . 15 September 2015 . Archived from the original on 18 September 2015 . Retrieved 15 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Delhi Metro rings in the New Year under new chief '' . Jagran Post . New Delhi : Dainik Jagran. 1 January 2012 . Archived from the original on 2 July 2017 . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Metro to cover whole of Delhi by 2012 '' . Economic Times . 11 December 2011 . Retrieved 8 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jung wants better access to all Metro stations '' . The Indian Express . 23 April 2014 . Archived from the original on 24 April 2014 . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Phase 3 Corridors '' ( Press release ) . DMRC . Archived from the original on 6 June 2017 . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tunnelling work starts for Metro 's Phase III '' . Economic Times . 31 January 2012 . Retrieved 8 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Will not let funding row derail Phase - IV : Government Archived 7 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine. , The Economic Times , 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Ray , Amrita , ed. ( 25 December 2017 ) . `` Delhi Metro Inauguration Live Updates : Botanical Garden - Kalkaji Mandir Section Thrown Open To Public '' . NDTV . New Delhi . Archived from the original on 30 December 2017 . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Metro to introduce advanced signalling system in Phase - III '' . Economic Times . 15 December 2011 . Retrieved 8 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Report 2014 - 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Delhi Metrorail . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` GoI Approves & DMRC Invites Bids for Najafgarh -- Dhansa BS Section - The Metro Rail Guy '' . themetrorailguy.com . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Excavation Begins for Delhi Metro Airport Line 's Extn to Dwarka ECC - The Metro Rail Guy '' . themetrorailguy.com . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` IGI metro to expand , reach Dwarka Sector 25 - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` New high for Metro with track at 24m '' . The Indian Express . 26 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Delhi Metro Phase - 4 gets government nod Archived 9 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine. , The Times of India , 6 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Gaurav Vivek Bhatnagar ( 25 December 2006 ) . `` Delhi Metro map to cover Greater Noida '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 1 June 2009 . Retrieved 10 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Megha Suri ( 30 January 2010 ) . `` Pvt metro link to get Central nod soon '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Delhi Metro Phase - 4 gets government nod -- Times of India '' . Archived from the original on 9 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Metro link for Narela Sub City '' . The Hindu . 29 January 2005 . Archived from the original on 10 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Delhi Metro to be extended till Sonepat in Haryana '' . Zee News . 2017 - 06 - 01 . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` DMRC : INFLUENCE ZONE OF DMRC ( FOR NOC ) - PHASE 4 '' . www.delhimetrorail.com . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Selection of Consultant for Carrying out Hydro - geological Study for Delhi MRTS Phase - IV '' ( PDF ) . Delhi Metrorail . March 31 , 2017 . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` DMRC Publishes New Phase 4 Map & Table of Delhi 's Metro Project - The Metro Rail Guy '' . themetrorailguy.com . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Haryana Govt . Approves Delhi Metro 's 4.86 km Extn to Kundli - The Metro Rail Guy '' . themetrorailguy.com . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` DMRC submits plan to extend metro from Noida to Ghaziabad - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` GDA Approves Extn of Delhi 's Blue Line from Vaishali to Mohan Nagar - The Metro Rail Guy '' . themetrorailguy.com . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Govt changes its mind again , no Dwarka - Gurugram Metro in near future - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Now , Khattar says Dwarka - Iffco Metro line in ' extreme final stage ' - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ Kumar , Ashok ( 2017 - 05 - 04 ) . `` Metro to connect HUDA City Centre station with Gurugram railway station '' . The Hindu . ISSN 0971 - 751X . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Delhi Metro to come up with eight new corridors in Phase IV '' . India Today . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Govt proposes 6 new Metro routes - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` DMRC MD Approves Survey for Modified 95.86 km Phase 4 - The Metro Rail Guy '' . themetrorailguy.com . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Metro to run deeper into Noida , Ghaziabad by September - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` TCP department realigns metro route linking Gurgaon to Manesar - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Expected PM Narendra Modi to announce Metro 's extension to other parts of Haryana , says CM Bhupinder Hooda Archived 26 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine. , DNA India News , September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Haryana CM announces extension of Delhi Metro upto Jhajjar town -- RailNews Media India Ltd '' . www.railnews.in . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ YEIDA revives proposal for Greater Noida - Jewar airport Metro Archived 9 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine. , The Economic Times , 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Reports - 2006 - 07 '' ( PDF ) . Delhi Metro Rail Corporation . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 21 September 2017 . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Reports - 2007 - 08 '' ( PDF ) . Delhi Metro Rail Corporation . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 21 September 2017 . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Reports - 2008 - 09 '' ( PDF ) . Delhi Metro Rail Corporation . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 21 September 2017 . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Reports - 2009 - 10 '' ( PDF ) . Delhi Metro Rail Corporation . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 21 September 2017 . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Reports - 2010 - 11 '' ( PDF ) . Delhi Metro Rail Corporation . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 21 September 2017 . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Reports - 2011 - 12 '' ( PDF ) . Delhi Metro Rail Corporation . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 10 January 2017 . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Reports - 2012 - 13 '' ( PDF ) . Delhi Metro Rail Corporation . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Reports - 2013 - 14 '' ( PDF ) . Delhi Metro Rail Corporation . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 16 December 2017 . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Reports 2014 - 15 '' ( PDF ) . Delhi Metro Rail Corporation . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 20 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Annual Reports 2015 - 16 '' ( PDF ) . Delhi Metro Rail Corporation . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 23 January 2018 . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Singh , Sudheer Pal ( 31 May 2016 ) . `` Delhi Metro Rail finances in the red '' . Business Standard . New Delhi . Archived from the original on 30 September 2017 . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Annual Accounts And Directors Report 2016 - 17 '' ( PDF ) . Delhi Metro Rail Corporation . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 3 December 2017 . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Measures to Ensure Safe Passage for Metro Train Passengers '' ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau , Government of India . 27 August 2010 . Archived from the original on 15 July 2015 . Retrieved 27 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Delhi Metro routes now on Google Maps '' . The Economic Times . 5 March 2010 . Archived from the original on 7 March 2010 . Retrieved 11 March 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Delhi Metro to reserve coach for women from October 2 '' . The Times of India . 26 September 2010 . Archived from the original on 28 September 2010 . Retrieved 27 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Women get exclusive coach in Delhi Metro '' . Hindustan Times . 2 October 2010 . Archived from the original on 16 December 2014 . Retrieved 2 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Delhi Metro launches new app with additional features '' . Jump up ^ `` DMRC launches smart phone app '' . The Hindu . New Delhi . 23 August 2013 . Archived from the original on 1 February 2016 . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CISF to take over Delhi Metro security '' . The Times of India . 7 March 2007 . Retrieved 15 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Delhi metro parking areas to be bought under CCTV cameras '' . Daily News and Analysis . 21 March 2010 . Archived from the original on 26 August 2010 . Retrieved 15 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Megha Suri Singh ( 30 March 2010 ) . `` Moscow blasts put Metro security in alert mode '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 15 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Commuters Guide to Security on Delhi Metro '' ( pdf ) . DMRC . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 20 September 2010 . Retrieved 15 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mock drills at 4 Metro stations '' . The Times of India . 26 March 2010 . Retrieved 15 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Metro to raise height of walls at stations '' . The Times of India . 9 May 2012 . Retrieved 9 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Route & fare '' . DMRC . Archived from the original on 17 September 2010 . Retrieved 22 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Common tickets for DTC , Metro by 2011 '' . Sify News . 26 March 2010 . Archived from the original on 2 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 10 % Discount on Metro SMART CARDS '' . DMRC . Archived from the original on 6 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Noise barriers not enough , residents want speed of Metro trains to be slowed '' . Hindustan Times . 2011 . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Dutta , Sweta ( 16 November 2009 ) . `` Widening reach , Metro looks at ways to ease rush '' . The Indian Express . New Delhi . Archived from the original on 28 June 2017 . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Atul Mathur ( 19 November 2009 ) . `` Crowded stations , slow trains '' . Hindustan Times . Archived from the original on 22 November 2009 . Retrieved 21 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Atul Mathur ( 8 December 2009 ) . `` Feeder service or the lack of it '' . Hindustan Times . Archived from the original on 11 July 2011 . Retrieved 8 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Parking , feeder bus woes on Metros Noida line '' . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . Jump up ^ ( http://www.delhimetrorail.com/press_reldetails.aspx?id=ziW90Fh2LBwlld ) Jump up ^ Singh , Pragya ( 25 December 2014 ) . `` 100 per cent rise in Airport Metro Line ridership '' . The Asian Age . Archived from the original on 25 December 2014 . Retrieved 25 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Haidar , Faizan ( 7 October 2015 ) . `` Delhi Metro : Steep rise in ridership beats network expansion '' . Hindustan Times . Archived from the original on 26 August 2017 . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Delhi Metro 's Cumulative Ridership for the financial year 2016 - 2017 crosses one billion ( 100 crores ) '' ( pdf ) . DMRC . Archived from the original on 16 April 2017 . Retrieved 25 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 23 December 2015 . Retrieved 25 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Reuters -- Hyundai Rotem gets m order to supply trains . In.reuters.com . Retrieved on 24 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Delhi Metro gets standard gauge train '' . Business Line . New Delhi : The Hindu . 18 March 2009 . Archived from the original on 11 August 2011 . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Metro gets first standard gauge depot '' . The Hindu . New Delhi . 23 February 2010 . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Delhi Metro , India '' . Railway-Technology.com . Archived from the original on 3 March 2018 . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Delhi Metro says no to Maglev technology '' . The Indian Express . New Delhi . 8 August 2012 . Archived from the original on 1 February 2016 . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ P. Manoj ( 25 August 2005 ) . `` BEML to rake in big money from proposed metro projects '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 28 March 2008 . Retrieved 26 September 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Second Metro rail arrives in Delhi '' . The Times of India . 15 October 2002 . Retrieved 26 September 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rolling Stock : Ensuring Passenger Comfort , Safety and Reliability '' ( jpg ) . DMRC . Archived from the original on 21 October 2010 . Retrieved 27 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Metro Rail gets first train '' . The Hindu . 27 July 2002 . Archived from the original on 8 July 2011 . Retrieved 26 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bombardier to Deliver Further 76 MOVIA Metro Cars to Delhi Metro from Savli India Site '' . Press Release . Bombardier. 5 September 2011 . Archived from the original on 16 November 2011 . Retrieved 3 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bombardier to supply coaches to Delhi Metro '' . projectsmonitor.com . Archived from the original on 14 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Metro to get swankier , bigger coaches '' . The Times of India . 17 September 2009 . Retrieved 26 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` BEML delivers India 's 1st standard gauge metro car '' . The Economic Times . New Delhi . 11 September 2009 . Archived from the original on 15 January 2018 . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Ramachandran , Smriti Kak ( 30 July 2009 ) . `` Trial run begins on first standard gauge Metro line '' . The Hindu . New Delhi . Archived from the original on 3 March 2018 . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Airport line handed over to Reliance Infra '' . The Indian Express . 20 May 2010 . Archived from the original on 5 September 2010 . Retrieved 5 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Delhi Airport line contracts finalised '' ( PDF ) . Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 18 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Technical Notes : Signalling '' . DMRC . Archived from the original on 12 March 2008 . Retrieved 23 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Delhi Metro Railway Corporation , India '' ( PDF ) . Motorola Electronics . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 October 2012 . Retrieved 3 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Metro Line 3 , New Delhi , India '' . Siemens AG . Archived from the original on 11 December 2008 . Retrieved 6 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Technical Notes : Telecommunication '' . DMRC . Archived from the original on 26 December 2007 . Retrieved 23 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Delhi Airport Metro Express '' . Delhi metro times . Archived from the original on 20 January 2015 . Retrieved 4 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Reliance Metro Airport Express , WiFi - enabled , EVS Chakravarthy , CEO YOU Broadband '' . Business Wire India . Retrieved 22 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Delhi Metro launches WiFi on Blue Line stations '' . Economic Times . 25 August 2017 . Retrieved 22 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Delhi Metro offered fully - automated , driverless train system '' . Archived from the original on 29 January 2014 . Retrieved 25 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Delhi Metro gets UN certificate for preventing carbon emission '' . The Times of India . New Delhi . 22 February 2009 . Archived from the original on 17 May 2014 . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Delhi Metro gets OHSAS 18001 '' . DMRC . Archived from the original on 7 June 2008 . Retrieved 10 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Press Release : Delhi Metro Receives ISO 14001 For Eco-friendly Systems '' . USAID. 24 December 2002 . Archived from the original on 13 September 2009 . Retrieved 27 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Delhi Metro shows the way with water harvesting units '' . The Times of India . 26 September 2005 . Retrieved 27 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Delhi Metro is first rail project to earn carbon credits '' . The Economic Times . New Delhi . 5 January 2008 . Archived from the original on 22 January 2018 . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Sinha , Neha ( 20 December 2009 ) . `` Delhi Metro on track to earn carbon credits '' . The Indian Express . New Delhi . Archived from the original on 23 January 2018 . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Metro mulls solar panels at stations to go green '' . The Times of India . New Delhi . 5 June 2012 . Archived from the original on 22 January 2018 . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Delhi Metro to install three new solar power plants '' . Biharprabha . New Delhi : Biharprabha. 3 July 2014 . Archived from the original on 15 July 2014 . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Shaikh , Ateeq ( 23 March 2017 ) . `` Airports , hospitals light up 40 gw rooftop solar plan '' . Daily News and Analysis . Archived from the original on 15 January 2018 . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Siemiatycki 2006 , p. 284 Jump up ^ Mukherjee , Anuradha ( 13 December 2002 ) . `` Vibrant murals bring cheer '' . The Times of India . New Delhi . Archived from the original on 22 January 2018 . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Preeti Jha ( 10 October 2007 ) . `` Murals by Salwan Public School students decorate Metro pillars on Pusa Road '' . The Indian Express . Archived from the original on 14 October 2012 . Retrieved 2 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` At INA Metro station , a gallery for traditional art , crafts '' . The Indian Express . New Delhi . 2 September 2010 . Archived from the original on 1 February 2016 . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Smriti Kak Ramachandran ( 2 September 2010 ) . `` Delhi metro gets a handicrafts gallery '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 29 June 2011 . Retrieved 21 September 2010 . Notes ( edit ) Siemiatycki , Matti ( June 2006 ) . `` Message in a Metro : Building Urban Rail Infrastructure and Image in Delhi , India '' ( PDF ) . International Journal of Urban and Regional Research . 30 ( 2 ) : 259 -- 277 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 August 2009 . Retrieved 17 September 2009 . Further reading ( edit ) Rashmi Sadana ( 30 May -- 2 June 2012 ) . `` Metrocity Journal : Up , Up and Away '' . The Wall Street Journal . Rashmi Sadana ( 13 November 2010 ) . `` On the Delhi Metro : An Ethnographic View '' . Economic and Political Weekly . 45 ( 46 ) : 77 -- 83 . G.S. Dhillon ( 29 January 2004 ) . `` Trenchless tunnelling '' . The Tribune . A dream revisited : an archival journey into the making of the Delhi Metro Rail . DMRC. 2003 . OCLC 54073649 . A journey to remember . DMRC. 2008 . p. 94 . OCLC 300027063 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Delhi Metro . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Delhi . Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd . 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when was the first metro train started in delhi

The first line of the Delhi Metro , the Red Line , was inaugurated by Atal Bihari Vajpayee , the Prime Minister of India , on 24 December 2002 . The Delhi Metro became the second underground rapid transit system in India , after the Kolkata Metro , when the Vishwa Vidyalaya -- Kashmere Gate section of the Yellow Line opened on 20 December 2004 . The first phase of the project was eventually completed in 2006 , on budget and almost three years ahead of schedule , an achievement described by Business Week as `` nothing short of a miracle '' .

Louvre pyramid - wikipedia Louvre pyramid Jump to : navigation , search The Louvre Pyramid The Louvre Pyramid ( Pyramide du Louvre ) is a large glass and metal pyramid designed by Chinese - American architect I.M. Pei , surrounded by three smaller pyramids , in the main courtyard ( Cour Napoléon ) of the Louvre Palace ( Palais du Louvre ) in Paris . The large pyramid serves as the main entrance to the Louvre Museum . Completed in 1989 , it has become a landmark of the city of Paris . Contents ( hide ) 1 Design and construction 2 History 3 Controversy 4 Urban legend of 666 panes 5 La Pyramide Inversée 6 Renovation 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Design and construction ( edit ) Inside the Pyramid : the view of the Louvre Museum in Paris from the underground lobby of the pyramid . Commissioned by the President of France , François Mitterrand , in 1984 , it was designed by the architect I.M. Pei . The structure , which was constructed entirely with glass segments and metal poles , reaches a height of 21.6 metres ( 71 ft ) . Its square base has sides of 34 metres ( 112 ft ) and a base surface area of 1,000 square metres ( 11,000 sq ft ) . It consists of 603 rhombus - shaped and 70 triangular glass segments . The pyramid structure was engineered by Nicolet Chartrand Knoll Ltd. of Montreal ( Pyramid Structure / Design Consultant ) and Rice Francis Ritchie of Paris ( Pyramid Structure / Construction Phase ) . The pyramid and the underground lobby beneath it were created because of a series of problems with the Louvre 's original main entrance , which could no longer handle the enormous number of visitors on an everyday basis . Visitors entering through the pyramid descend into the spacious lobby then ascend into the main Louvre buildings . For design historian Mark Pimlott , `` I.M. Pei 's plan distributes people effectively from the central concourse to myriad destinations within its vast subterranean network ... the architectonic framework evokes , at gigantic scale , an ancient atrium of a Pompeiian villa ; the treatment of the opening above , with its tracery of engineered castings and cables , evokes the atria of corporate office buildings ; the busy movement of people from all directions suggests the concourses of rail termini or international airports . '' Several other museums have duplicated this concept , most notably the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago . The Dolphin Centre , featuring a similar pyramid , was opened in April 1982 , by Prince Richard , Duke of Gloucester . The construction work on the pyramid base and underground lobby was carried out by the Vinci construction company . The large glass pyramid seen at night The large glass pyramid seen by day History ( edit ) In 1839 , according to one newspaper account , in ceremonies commemorating the `` glorious revolution '' of 1830 , `` The tombs of the Louvre were covered with black hangings and adorned with tricolored flags . In front and in the middle was erected an expiatory monument of a pyramidical shape , and surmounted by a funeral vase . '' Controversy ( edit ) The construction of the pyramid triggered many years of strong and lively aesthetic and political debate . Criticisms tended to fall into four areas : ( 1 ) the modernist style of the edifice being inconsistent with the classic French Renaissance style and history of the Louvre ; ( 2 ) the pyramid being an unsuitable symbol of death from ancient Egypt ; ( 3 ) the project being an immodest , pretentious , megalomaniacal folly imposed by then - President François Mitterrand ; and ( 4 ) Chinese - American architect I.M. Pei being insufficiently French to be entrusted with the task of updating the treasured Parisian landmark . Those criticizing the aesthetics said it was `` sacrilegious '' to tamper with the Louvre 's majestic old French Renaissance architecture , and called the pyramid an anachronistic intrusion of an Egyptian death symbol in the middle of Paris . Meanwhile , political critics referred to the structure as Pharaoh Francois ' Pyramid . Many still continue to feel the harsh modernism of the edifice is out of place . During the design phase , there was a proposal that the design include a spire on the pyramid to simplify window washing . Pei objected , however , and this proposal was eliminated . Urban legend of 666 panes ( edit ) It has been claimed by some that the glass panes in the Louvre Pyramid number exactly 666 , `` the number of the beast '' , often associated with Satan . Dominique Stezepfandt 's book François Mitterrand , Grand Architecte de l'Univers declares that `` the pyramid is dedicated to a power described as the Beast in the Book of Revelation ( ... ) The entire structure is based on the number 6 . '' The story of the 666 panes originated in the 1980s , when the official brochure published during construction did indeed cite this number ( even twice , though a few pages earlier the total number of panes was given as 672 instead ) . The number 666 was also mentioned in various newspapers . The Louvre museum , however , states that the finished pyramid contains 673 glass panes ( 603 rhombi and 70 triangles ) . A higher figure was obtained by David A. Shugarts , who reports that the pyramid contains 689 pieces of glass . Shugarts obtained the figure from the Pei 's offices . Elementary arithmetic allows for easy counting of the panes : each of the three sides of the pyramid without an entrance has 18 triangular panes and 17 rows of rhombic ones arranged in a triangle , thus giving 17 ⋅ ( 17 + 1 ) 2 = 153 ( \ displaystyle \ textstyle ( \ frac ( 17 \ cdot ( 17 + 1 ) ) ( 2 ) ) = 153 ) rhombic panes ( 171 panes total ) . The side with the entrance has 11 panes fewer ( 9 rhombic , 2 triangular ) , so the whole pyramid consists of 4 ⋅ 153 − 9 = 603 ( \ displaystyle 4 \ cdot 153 - 9 = 603 ) rhombi and 4 ⋅ 18 − 2 = 70 ( \ displaystyle 4 \ cdot 18 - 2 = 70 ) triangles , 673 panes total . The myth resurfaced in 2003 , when Dan Brown incorporated it in his best - selling novel The Da Vinci Code , in which the protagonist reflects that `` this pyramid , at President Mitterrand 's explicit demand , had been constructed of exactly 666 panes of glass -- a bizarre request that had always been a hot topic among conspiracy buffs who claimed 666 was the number of Satan . '' However , David A. Shugarts reports that according to a spokeswoman of the offices of Pei , the French President never specified the number of panes to be used in the pyramid . Noting how the 666 rumor circulated in some French newspapers in the mid-1980s , she commented : `` If you only found those old articles and did n't do any deeper fact checking , and were extremely credulous , you might believe the 666 story . '' Comparison of approximate profiles of the Louvre Pyramid with other notable pyramidal or near - pyramidal buildings . Dotted lines indicate original heights , where data are available . In its SVG file , hover over a pyramid to highlight and click for its article . La Pyramide Inversée ( edit ) Main article : La Pyramide Inversée La Pyramide Inversée ( The Inverted Pyramid ) is a skylight in the Carrousel du Louvre shopping mall in front of the Louvre Museum . It looks like an upside - down and smaller version of the Louvre Pyramid . Renovation ( edit ) Designed for a museum that attracted 4.5 million visitors a year , the pyramid proved inadequate by the time the Louvre 's attendance had doubled in 2014 . Between 2014 and 2017 , the layout of the foyer area in the Cour Napoleon beneath the glass pyramid is undergoing a thorough redesign , including better access to the pyramid and the Passage Richelieu . See also ( edit ) Paris portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Simons , Marlise ( 28 March 1993 ) . `` 5 Pieces of Europe 's Past Return to Life : France ; A vast new exhibition space as the Louvre renovates '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 7 October 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Architecture : Louvre Pyramid '' . Glass on the Web . June 2005 . Archived from the original on 12 January 2002 . Retrieved 16 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Official Press Release , Louvre . `` '' Pyramid '' Project Launch : The Musée du Louvre is improving visitor reception ( 2014 - 2016 ) '' ( PDF ) . Louvre . p. 10 . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Louvre : Phase I '' . Pei Cobb Freed & Partners . Retrieved 16 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Pimlott , Mark ( 2007 ) . `` The Grand Louvre & I.M. Pei '' . Without and Within : Essays on Territory and the Interior ( Excerpt ) . Rotterdam : Episode Publishers . Retrieved 13 August 2012 -- via artdesigncafe . Jump up ^ Steer , Phil . `` Dolphin Centre : Brief History '' . Romford Now & Then . Archived from the original on 23 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . Vinci . Archived from the original on 1 October 2011 . Retrieved 16 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Paris Sketch Book Of Mr. M.A. Titmarsh '' . Project Gutenberg . Jump up ^ Tempest , Rone . `` Controversial New Pyramid Entrance to the Louvre Opens in Paris '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bernstein , Richard . `` I.M. Pei 's Pyramid : A Provocative Plan for The Louvre '' . The New York Times . The New York Times . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberger , Paul . `` Pei Pyramid and New Louvre Open Today '' . The New York Times . The New York Times . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Stamberg , Susan . `` Landmark At The Louvre : The Pyramid Turns 20 '' . NPR . National Public Radio . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . , Jump up ^ Carbone , Ken . `` Viva Le Louvre ! At 20 , I.M. Pei 's Controversial Pyramid Defies Critics '' . Fast Company . Mansueto Ventures , LLC . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Souza , Eduardo . `` AD Classics : Le Grande Louvre / I.M. Pei '' . Arch Daily . Plataforma Networks Broadcasting Architecture Worldwide . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Secrets of the Code , edited by Dan Burstein , p. 259 . Jump up ^ Dan Brown . The Da Vinci Code , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Pes , Javier ( 28 April 2014 ) . `` Louvre 's Director Makes Unblocking Pyramid Bottleneck a Priority '' . The Art Newspaper . Archived from the original on 29 April 2014 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Louvre Pyramid . Great buildings Louvre The Louvre and Tuileries Musée du Louvre Branch museums The Louvre - Lens The Louvre Abu Dhabi Palais du Louvre Sections in detail Perrault 's Colonnade Lescot Wing Pavillon de Flore Pavillon de l'Horloge Louvre Pyramid La Pyramide Inversée Cour Carrée Louvre castle Architects Raymond du Temple Pierre Lescot Pierre II Chambiges Louis Métezeau Jacques Androuet II Du Cerceau Jacques Lemercier Louis Le Vau François d'Orbay Claude Perrault Ange - Jacques Gabriel Jacques - Germain Soufflot Maximilien Brebion Auguste Cheval de Saint - Hubert Jean - Arnaud Raymond Charles Percier Pierre - François - Léonard Fontaine Félix Louis Jacques Duban Louis - Tullius - Joachim Visconti Hector - Martin Lefuel Edmond Jean Baptiste Guillaume Gaston Redon Victor - Auguste Blavette Camille Lefèvre Albert Ferran I.M. 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when did they start building the louvre pyramid

Commissioned by the President of France , François Mitterrand , in 1984 , it was designed by the architect I.M. Pei . The structure , which was constructed entirely with glass segments and metal poles , reaches a height of 21.6 metres ( 71 ft ) . Its square base has sides of 34 metres ( 112 ft ) and a base surface area of 1,000 square metres ( 11,000 sq ft ) . It consists of 603 rhombus - shaped and 70 triangular glass segments . The pyramid structure was engineered by Nicolet Chartrand Knoll Ltd. of Montreal ( Pyramid Structure / Design Consultant ) and Rice Francis Ritchie of Paris ( Pyramid Structure / Construction Phase ) .

The Three Little pigs - wikipedia The Three Little pigs For other uses , see Three Little Pigs ( disambiguation ) . The Three Little Pigs The wolf blows down the straw house in a 1904 adaptation of the story . Illustration by Leonard Leslie Brooke . Folk tale Name The Three Little Pigs Data Aarne - Thompson grouping 124 Country England Related ' The Three Little Pigs is a fable about three pigs who build three houses of different materials . A big bad wolf blows down the first two pigs ' houses , made of straw and sticks respectively , but is unable to destroy the third pig 's house , made of bricks . Printed versions date back to the 1840s , but the story itself is thought to be much older . The phrases used in the story , and the various morals drawn from it , have become embedded in Western culture . Many versions of The Three Little Pigs have been recreated or have been modified over the years , sometimes making the wolf a kind character . It is a type 124 folktale in the Aarne -- Thompson classification system . Contents ( hide ) 1 Traditional versions 2 Later adaptations 2.1 Disney cartoon 2.2 Warner Brothers and MGM versions 2.3 Singlish Version 2.4 Subsequent retellings 3 References 4 External links Traditional versions ( edit ) Illustration from J. Jacobs , English Fairy Tales ( New York , 1895 ) The Three Little Pigs was included in The Nursery Rhymes of England ( London and New York , c. 1886 ) , by James Halliwell - Phillipps . The story in its arguably best - known form appeared in English Fairy Tales by Joseph Jacobs , first published on June 19 , 1890 and crediting Halliwell as his source . The story begins with the title characters being sent out into the world by their mother , to `` seek out their fortune '' . The first little pig builds a house of straw , but a wolf blows it down and devours him . The second little pig builds a house of sticks , which the wolf also blows down , and the second little pig is also devoured . Each exchange between wolf and pig features ringing proverbial phrases , namely : `` Little pig , little pig , let me come in . '' `` not by the hair on my chinny chin chin . '' `` Then I 'll huff , and I 'll puff , and I 'll blow your house in . '' The third little pig builds a house of bricks . The wolf fails to blow down the house . He then attempts to trick the pig out of the house by asking to meet him at various places , but he is outwitted each time . Finally , the wolf resolves to come down the chimney , whereupon the pig catches the wolf in a cauldron of boiling water , slams the lid on , then cooks and eats him . In some versions , the first and second little pigs are not eaten by the wolf after he demolishes their homes , but instead run to their brother 's house , and after the wolf goes down the chimney he either dies like in the original , or runs away and never returns to eat the three little pigs , who all survive in either case . The story uses the literary rule of three , expressed in this case as a `` contrasting three '' , as the third pig 's brick house turns out to be the only one which is adequate to withstand the wolf . Variations of the tale appeared in Uncle Remus : His Songs and Sayings in 1881 . The story also made an appearance in Nights with Uncle Remus in 1883 , both by Joel Chandler Harris , in which the pigs were replaced by Brer Rabbit . Andrew Lang included it in The Green Fairy Book , published in 1892 , but did not cite his source . In contrast to Jacobs 's version , which left the pigs nameless , Lang 's retelling cast the pigs as Browny , Whitey , and Blacky . It also set itself apart by exploring each pig 's character and detailing interaction between them . The antagonist of this version is a fox , not a wolf . The pigs ' houses are made either of mud , cabbage , or brick . Blacky , the third pig , rescues his brother and sister from the fox 's den after the fox has been defeated . Later adaptations ( edit ) Disney cartoon ( edit ) Main article : The Three Little Pigs ( film ) The most well - known version of the story is an award - winning 1933 Silly Symphony cartoon , which was produced by Walt Disney . The production cast the title characters as Fifer Pig , Fiddler Pig , and Practical Pig . The first two are depicted as both frivolous and arrogant . The story has been somewhat softened . The first two pigs still get their houses blown down , but escape from the wolf . Also , the wolf is not boiled to death but simply burns his behind and runs away . Three sequels soon followed in 1934 , 1936 and 1939 repersentily Fifer Pig , Fiddler Pig , Practical Pig and the Big Bad Wolf appeared in the 2001 series Disney 's House of Mouse in many episodes , and again in Mickey 's Magical Christmas : Snowed in at the House of Mouse . The three pigs can be seen in Walt Disney Parks and Resorts as greetable characters . Warner Brothers and MGM versions ( edit ) In 1942 , there was a Merrie Melodies version made that was a serious musical treatment , plus the usual Friz Freleng visual humor . It parodies both the Disney version , and Fantasia itself . Other versions of the tale were also made . One was an MGM Tex Avery cartoon named Blitz Wolf , a 1942 wartime version with the Wolf as a Nazi . Another animated spoof was a 1952 Warner Brothers cartoon called The Turn - Tale Wolf , directed by Robert McKimson . This cartoon tells the story from the wolf 's point of view and makes the pigs out to be the villains . Another Warner Brothers spoof was Friz Freleng 's The Three Little Bops ( 1957 ) , which depicts the three little pigs as jazz musicians who refuse to let the wolf join their band . Singlish version ( edit ) In 2013 , Singaporean artist Casey Chen re-wrote the story with the Singlish accent and published it as `` The Three Little Pigs Lah ! '' . The storyline largely remains the same , but happened in Singapore setting and comes with visual hints of the country placed subtly in the illustrations found throughout the book . `` The Three Little Pigs Lah ! '' represents an expression of the Singaporean identity , and has received a generally positive response from locals . Subsequent retellings ( edit ) In 1953 , Tex Avery did a Droopy cartoon , `` The Three Little Pups '' . In it , the wolf is a Southern - accented dog catcher ( voiced by Daws Butler ) trying to catch Droopy and his brothers , Snoopy and Loopy , to put in the dog pound . Though successfully blowing the first two houses down , he meets his match when he fails to blow down Droopy 's house of bricks . The dog catcher makes several failed attempts to destroy the house and catch the pups . His last failed attempt ended with him `` going to television '' where he is playing a cowboy on the TV show the pups were watching . The 1989 parody The True Story of the 3 Little Pigs ! is presented as a first - person narrative by the wolf , who portrays the entire incident as a misunderstanding ; he had gone to the pigs to borrow some sugar , had destroyed their houses in a sneezing fit , ate the first two pigs to not waste food ( since they 'd died in the house collapse anyway ) , and was caught attacking the third pig 's house after the pig had continually insulted him . The 1992 Green Jellö song , Three Little Pigs ( and its claymation music video ) sets the story in Los Angeles . The wolf drives a Harley Davidson motorcycle , the first little pig is an aspiring guitarist , the second is a cannabis smoking , dumpster diving evangelist and the third holds a Master of Architecture degree from Harvard University . In the end , with all three pigs barricaded in the brick house , the third pig calls 9 - 1 - 1 . John Rambo is dispatched to the scene , and kills the wolf with a machine gun . The 1993 children 's book The Three Little Wolves and the Big Bad Pig inverts the cast and makes a few changes to the plot : the wolves build a brick house , then a concrete house , then a steel house , and finally a house of flowers . The pig is unable to blow the houses down , destroying them by other means , but eventually gives up his wicked ways when he smells the scent of the flower house , and becomes friends with the wolves . The three pigs and the wolf appear in the four Shrek films , and the specials Shrek the Halls and Scared Shrekless . In 2003 , the Flemish company Studio 100 created a musical called Three Little Pigs ( Dutch : De 3 Biggetjes ) , which follows the three daughters of the pig with the house of stone with new original songs , introducing a completely new story loosely based on the original story . The musical was specially written for the band K3 , who play the three little pigs , Pirky , Parky and Porky ( Dutch : Knirri , Knarri and Knorri ) . In 2014 , Peter Lund let the three little pigs live together in a village in the musical Grimm with Little Red Riding Hood and other fairy tale characters . In 2015 , Saturn Animation Studio , Canada , produced an interactive adaptation of `` Three Little Pigs '' for all mobile devices . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ashliman , Professor D.L. `` Three Little Pigs and other folktales of Aarne - Thompson - Uther type 124 '' . Folklore and Mythology Electronic Texts . University of Pittsburgh . Retrieved 25 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Tatar , Maria ( 2002 ) . The Annotated Classic Fairy Tales . W.W. Norton & Company . pp. 206 -- 211 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 05163 - 6 . Jump up ^ Jacobs , Joseph ( 1890 ) . English Fairy Tales . Oxford University . pp. 68 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Booker , Christopher ( 2005 ) . `` The Rule of Three '' . The Seven Basic Plots : Why We Tell Stories . Continuum International Publishing Group . pp. 230 -- 231 . Jump up ^ Waldman , Steven ( November 1996 ) . `` In search of the real three little pigs - different versions of the story ' The Three Little Pigs ' '' . Washington Monthly . Jump up ^ Three Little Pigs , by Saturn Animation External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Three Little Pigs Wikimedia Commons has media related to Three little pigs . The nursery rhymes of England By James Orchard Halliwell - Phillipps , pp. 37 -- 41 on books.google.com Three Little Pigs fairy tale with an interactive twist The Story of the Three Little Pigs in The nursery rhymes of England , by Halliwell , pp. 37 -- 41 on Archive.org The Three Little Pigs : Pleasure principle versus reality principle , from : The Uses of Enchantment , The Meaning and Importance of Fairy Tales , by Bruno Bettelheim , Vintage Books , NY , 1975 19th century versions of the Three Little Pigs story The Golden Goose Book : The Story of the Three Little Pigs from Google books Three Little Pigs The fairy tale , lushly illustrated in The Colorful Story Book of 1941 . MP3 of the song `` Who 's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf '' The Adventures of the Three Little Pigs , interactive Book '' The Three Little Pigs Lah ! Singlish Fairytale by Casey Chen The Three Little Pigs at The Big Cartoon DataBase hide Pigs Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Artiodactyla Suborder Suina Family Suidae Subfamily Suinae Genus Sus Domestic Breeding Shows Farming Intensive farming Sty Pannage Toilet Hog oiler Gestation crate Cross-fostering Swineherd As food Bacon Ham Lard Pork Scalder Slaughter Suckling Blood Religious restrictions Scottish pork taboo Cuts Back bacon Boston butt Fatback Ham hock Pig 's trotters Pork belly Pork chop Pork jowl Loin Tenderloin Ribs Spare ribs Pork rind Pork steak Ear Tail Other uses Bladder Racing War Wrestling Truffling Wild and Feral Wild boar Heraldry Hunting In the Philippines Razorback Pigs in culture Iron Age pig Flitch of bacon custom Miss Piggy Pigs in Space Porky Pig Piglet `` The Three Little Pigs '' Animal Farm Old Major Napoleon Snowball Squealer Babe Babe : Pig in the City Bad Piggies My Brother the Pig Charlotte 's Web The Sheep - Pig Peppa Pig Super Pig Fair , then Partly Piggy Jakers ! The Adventures of Piggley Winks Olivia ( character TV series ) Pink Floyd pigs Pinky and Perky Preston Pig Rasher Porco Rosso Spider - Ham Spider pig The Tale of Little Pig Robinson The Tale of Pigling Bland `` This Little Piggy '' Toot & Puddle Huxley Pig Wibbly Pig Zhu Bajie Other List of pigs List of fictional pigs Piganino Pigasus ( politics ) `` When pigs fly '' hide The Three Little Pigs Film Three Little Pigs ( 1933 ) The Big Bad Wolf ( 1934 ) Three Little Wolves ( 1936 ) The Practical Pig ( 1939 ) Unstable Fables ( 2008 ) Stage De 3 Biggetjes ( 2003 musical ) Parody films Blitz Wolf ( 1942 ) Pigs in a Polka ( 1943 ) The Windblown Hare ( 1949 ) Three Little Bops ( 1957 ) Parody books The True Story of the 3 Little Pigs ! ( 1989 ) The Three Little Wolves and the Big Bad Pig ( 1993 ) The Three Pigs ( 2001 ) Games Oink ! Songs `` Who 's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf ? '' ( 1933 ) `` Three Little Pigs '' ( 1991 ) Story in story Season 's Greetings Related San zhi xiao zhu Big Bad Wolf ( character ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Three_Little_Pigs&oldid=846356731 '' Categories : Fictional pigs Fictional trios Fables English fairy tales English folklore Literature featuring anthropomorphic characters Animal tales Male characters in fairy tales Pigs in literature Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles containing Dutch - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Brezhoneg Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Перем Коми Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt Walon 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 07 : 05 . 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3 little pigs and big bad wolf story

The Three Little Pigs is a fable about three pigs who build three houses of different materials . A big bad wolf blows down the first two pigs ' houses , made of straw and sticks respectively , but is unable to destroy the third pig 's house , made of bricks . Printed versions date back to the 1840s , but the story itself is thought to be much older . The phrases used in the story , and the various morals drawn from it , have become embedded in Western culture . Many versions of The Three Little Pigs have been recreated or have been modified over the years , sometimes making the wolf a kind character . It is a type 124 folktale in the Aarne -- Thompson classification system .

List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one Singles of 1978 - wikipedia List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one Singles of 1978 These are the Billboard magazine Hot 100 number one hits of 1978 . Key The yellow background indicates the # 1 song on Billboard 's 1978 Year - End Chart of Pop Singles . Issue Date Song Artist ( s ) Reference January 7 `` How Deep Is Your Love '' Bee Gees January 14 `` Baby Come Back '' Player January 21 January 28 February 4 `` Stayin ' Alive '' Bee Gees February 11 February 18 February 25 March 4 `` ( Love Is ) Thicker Than Water '' Andy Gibb March 11 March 18 `` Night Fever '' Bee Gees March 25 April 1 April 8 April 15 April 22 April 29 May 6 May 13 `` If I Ca n't Have You '' Yvonne Elliman May 20 `` With a Little Luck '' Wings May 27 June 3 `` Too Much , Too Little , Too Late '' Johnny Mathis and Deniece Williams June 10 `` You 're the One That I Want '' John Travolta and Olivia Newton - John June 17 `` Shadow Dancing '' Andy Gibb June 24 July 1 July 8 July 15 July 22 July 29 August 5 `` Miss You '' The Rolling Stones August 12 `` Three Times a Lady '' Commodores August 19 August 26 `` Grease '' Frankie Valli September 2 September 9 `` Boogie Oogie Oogie '' A Taste of Honey September 16 September 23 September 30 `` Kiss You All Over '' Exile October 7 October 14 October 21 October 28 `` Hot Child in the City '' Nick Gilder November 4 `` You Needed Me '' Anne Murray November 11 `` MacArthur Park '' Donna Summer November 18 November 25 December 2 `` You Do n't Bring Me Flowers '' Barbra Streisand and Neil Diamond December 9 `` Le Freak '' Chic December 16 `` You Do n't Bring Me Flowers '' Barbra Streisand and Neil Diamond December 23 `` Le Freak '' Chic December 30 Sources ( edit ) Fred Bronson 's Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits , 5th Edition ( ISBN 0 - 8230 - 7677 - 6 ) Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 2008 , 12 Edition ( ISBN 0 - 89820 - 180 - 2 ) Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Hot 100 Charts : The Seventies ( ISBN 0 - 89820 - 076 - 8 ) Additional information obtained can be verified within Billboard 's online archive services and print editions of the magazine . See also ( edit ) 1978 in music List of Cash Box Top 100 number - one singles of 1978 Lists of Billboard number - one singles 1940 -- 1959 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 -- 1979 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 -- 1999 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2000 -- present 2017 2018 By decade 1930s 1940s 1950 -- 1958 1958 -- 1969 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s See also Top - ten singles Hot 100 Year - end List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number-one_singles_of_1978&oldid=787133598 '' Categories : 1978 record charts Lists of Billboard Hot 100 number - one songs Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Русский Slovenčina Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 June 2017 , at 16 : 51 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

what was the number one song on july 2 1978

Issue Date Song Artist ( s ) Reference January 7 `` How Deep Is Your Love '' Bee Gees January 14 `` Baby Come Back '' Player January 21 January 28 February 4 `` Stayin ' Alive '' Bee Gees February 11 February 18 February 25 March 4 `` ( Love Is ) Thicker Than Water '' Andy Gibb March 11 March 18 `` Night Fever '' Bee Gees March 25 April 1 April 8 April 15 April 22 April 29 May 6 May 13 `` If I Ca n't Have You '' Yvonne Elliman May 20 `` With a Little Luck '' Wings May 27 June 3 `` Too Much , Too Little , Too Late '' Johnny Mathis and Deniece Williams June 10 `` You 're the One That I Want '' John Travolta and Olivia Newton - John June 17 `` Shadow Dancing '' Andy Gibb June 24 July 1 July 8 July 15 July 22 July 29 August 5 `` Miss You '' The Rolling Stones August 12 `` Three Times a Lady '' Commodores August 19 August 26 `` Grease '' Frankie Valli September 2 September 9 `` Boogie Oogie Oogie '' A Taste of Honey September 16 September 23 September 30 `` Kiss You All Over '' Exile October 7 October 14 October 21 October 28 `` Hot Child in the City '' Nick Gilder November 4 `` You Needed Me '' Anne Murray November 11 `` MacArthur Park '' Donna Summer November 18 November 25 December 2 `` You Do n't Bring Me Flowers '' Barbra Streisand and Neil Diamond December 9 `` Le Freak '' Chic December 16 `` You Do n't Bring Me Flowers '' Barbra Streisand and Neil Diamond December 23 `` Le Freak '' Chic December 30

Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) - Wikipedia Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) Jump to : navigation , search Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) Region 1 DVD cover Starring See List of Game of Thrones cast Country of origin United States No. of episodes 7 Release Original network HBO Original release July 16 ( 2017 - 07 - 16 ) -- August 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 27 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 6 Next → Season 8 List of Game of Thrones episodes The seventh season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered on HBO on July 16 , 2017 , and concluded on August 27 , 2017 . Unlike previous seasons that consisted of ten episodes each , the seventh season consisted of only seven . Like the previous season , it largely consisted of original content not found in George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire series , while also incorporating material Martin revealed to showrunners about the upcoming novels in the series . The series was adapted for television by David Benioff and D.B. Weiss . The penultimate season focuses primarily on the convergence of the show 's main plotlines , featuring major events such as Daenerys Targaryen arriving in Westeros with her army and three dragons and waging war against the Lannisters , Jon Snow forging an alliance with Daenerys in an attempt to unite their forces against the White Walker army , Arya and Bran returning to Winterfell and reuniting with their sister Sansa , and the army of the dead breaching the Wall ( with the help of a reanimated wight dragon ) and entering the Seven Kingdoms . HBO ordered the seventh season on April 21 , 2016 , three days before the premiere of the show 's sixth season , and began filming on August 31 , 2016 . The season was filmed primarily in Northern Ireland , Spain , Croatia and Iceland . Game of Thrones features a large ensemble cast , including Peter Dinklage , Nikolaj Coster - Waldau , Lena Headey , Emilia Clarke , and Kit Harington . The season introduces several new cast members , including Jim Broadbent and Tom Hopper . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Guest cast 2.2. 1 In the North , including the Wall 2.2. 2 Beyond the Wall 2.2. 3 In the Riverlands 2.2. 4 In King 's Landing 2.2. 5 In Oldtown 2.2. 6 At Dragonstone 2.2. 7 In flashbacks 3 Production 3.1 Crew 3.2 Writing 3.3 Filming 3.4 Casting 3.5 Episodes 3.6 Music 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Ratings 4.3 Accolades 5 Release 5.1 Broadcast 5.2 Marketing 5.3 Home media 5.4 Illegal distribution 6 References 7 External links Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Game of Thrones episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 61 `` Dragonstone '' Jeremy Podeswa David Benioff & D.B. Weiss July 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 16 ) 10.11 At the Twins , Arya fatally poisons the remaining lords of House Frey . The White Walkers march toward the Wall , where Tollett allows Bran and Meera inside . At Winterfell , despite Sansa 's disapproval , Jon secures the loyalties of Houses Umber and Karstark , who fought alongside Ramsay in the Battle of the Bastards . At the Citadel , Samwell steals books that reveal a large reservoir of dragonglass in Dragonstone , and sends word to Jon . He later finds Jorah in a cell . In the Riverlands , Arya meets a group of friendly Lannister soldiers , who take her intention to kill Cersei as a joke . Thoros shows Sandor a vision in the fire . The revelation leads him to believe in the Lord of Light . In King 's Landing , Jaime tells Cersei of the crucial need for allies . She welcomes Euron , who proposes marriage to her in exchange for his Iron Fleet and a chance to kill Theon and Yara . Cersei declines citing trust as a concern , so Euron promises to return with a `` gift '' to prove his loyalty . Daenerys arrives at Dragonstone , the home of House Targaryen once occupied by Stannis , with her army and dragons . 62 `` Stormborn '' Mark Mylod Bryan Cogman July 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 23 ) 9.27 Daenerys sends the Dornishmen with Yara 's fleet to Sunspear and the Unsullied to Casterly Rock , deciding to place King 's Landing under siege . She questions Varys ' loyalty and threatens to burn him alive if he ever betrays her . Melisandre arrives and encourages her to invite Jon Snow to Dragonstone . Grey Worm and Missandei consummate their relationship . Cersei gathers several lords , asking for their fealties and elevating Randyll Tarly as Warden of the South . Qyburn shows Cersei a prototype ballista capable of harming dragons . Arya meets with Hot Pie and learns of Jon 's ascension to King in the North , halting plans to travel to King 's Landing and instead setting course for Winterfell . After receiving Samwell 's letter , Jon leaves for Dragonstone in hopes of convincing Daenerys to support the fight against the White Walkers . He leaves Sansa in charge and aggressively warns Littlefinger to keep his distance . Samwell applies a forbidden treatment on Jorah 's greyscale infection . Euron 's fleet attacks Yara 's . Obara and Nymeria are killed , while Ellaria , Tyene , and Yara are captured . Theon shows flashes of his time as Reek , hesitating to challenge Euron before fleeing the carnage by jumping into the sea . 63 `` The Queen 's Justice '' Mark Mylod David Benioff & D.B. Weiss July 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 30 ) 9.25 Jon arrives at Dragonstone . Daenerys demands his fealty . He refuses and focuses instead on convincing her to fight the Army of the Dead . Following Tyrion 's advice , Daenerys grants Jon access to the island 's dragonglass . Melisandre hides her presence from Jon and leaves for Volantis . Bran arrives at Winterfell and reveals his newfound role as the Three - Eyed Raven to Sansa . In King 's Landing , Euron returns with Ellaria and Tyene as a gift for Cersei , who promises to marry him after the war is won . She also awards him co-control of her military alongside Jaime . Cersei administers to Tyene the same poison used to kill Myrcella , forcing Ellaria to watch her daughter 's impending death . In Oldtown , a healed Jorah leaves to find Daenerys . Ebrose forgives Samwell . Grey Worm and the Unsullied attack Casterly Rock , only to find it mostly abandoned . Jaime led most of the Lannister forces in an attack on Highgarden , while Euron 's fleet ambushes and destroys the Unsullied 's ships . The Lannister forces overwhelm Olenna 's army . Jaime induces Olenna to drink poison , offering her a quick and painless death . After drinking it , she confesses to poisoning Joffrey . 64 `` The Spoils of War '' Matt Shakman David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 06 ) 10.17 Arya returns to Winterfell , where she reunites with Sansa and spars with Brienne , both of whom are unnerved by her exceptional fighting skills . Bran unemotionally bids farewell to Meera , divulging that he is no longer the boy she accompanied through the North . Littlefinger presents Bran with the dagger that was previously used in his attempted assassination . Cersei assures the Iron Bank a full return on their investment , as a train carrying gold from Highgarden is on its way to King 's Landing . In a cave filled with dragonglass , Jon reveals ancient paintings to Daenerys depicting the First Men and the Children of the Forest joining forces against the undead . Later , Daenerys learns of the sacking of Highgarden by Lannister forces and realizes her attack on Casterly Rock was a distraction . Despite Tyrion 's protests , she decides to take action . Led by Daenerys riding Drogon , the Dothraki cavalry catches the Lannister army by surprise and decimate or capture its remaining forces . Drogon is wounded during the fight by a spear fired from the scorpion ballista being manned by Bronn . Jaime mounts a desperate charge on horseback at a vulnerable Daenerys , but Drogon spews fire in time to thwart the attack . Bronn tackles Jaime into the river in time to save him . 65 5 `` Eastwatch '' Matt Shakman Dave Hill August 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 13 ) 10.72 Jaime and Bronn return to King 's Landing . Against Tyrion 's advice , Daenerys has Drogon burn Randyll and Dickon Tarly alive for remaining allegiant to Cersei , forcing the other captives to pledge fealty to the former . Jorah arrives at Dragonstone and reunites with Daenerys . Maester Wolkan alerts Jon and the Citadel about the approaching wights to Eastwatch by the Sea . Jon decides to travel beyond the Wall and capture a wight in order to convince Cersei for a temporary alliance . Davos smuggles Tyrion inside King 's Landing , where he secretly meets with Jaime and offers an armistice , which Cersei accepts , informing Jaime that she is pregnant . Davos rendezvouses with Gendry and returns him to Dragonstone . With the Citadel ignoring Wolkan 's letter , Samwell steals several books and leaves with Gilly and Little Sam . At Winterfell , Littlefinger notices Arya spying on him and leads her to take a letter written by Sansa from his room . Jon , Jorah , and Gendry , joined by the Hound , the Brotherhood , and a group of the Free Folk led by Tormund , leave Eastwatch and pass the Wall , intending to capture a wight as evidence for Cersei that the Army of the Dead is real . 66 6 `` Beyond the Wall '' Alan Taylor David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 20 ) 10.24 At Winterfell , Littlefinger plots to isolate Sansa . Tensions between Arya and Sansa grow following Arya 's discovery of the letter Sansa sent as a child begging for Robb 's fealty to Joffrey . Sansa discovers Arya 's bag of faces she took from Braavos . At Dragonstone , Tyrion counsels Daenerys about her upcoming negotiations with Cersei . Beyond the Wall , Jon leads a raiding party to capture a wight to bring South as evidence of the White Walkers ' existence . After successfully capturing one , the group is besieged by the White Walker army . Jon has Gendry return to Eastwatch and send a raven to Daenerys to request her help . Thoros freezes to death overnight . Daenerys arrives and saves the group from the wights , with the help of her dragons . The Night King , leader of the White Walkers , throws an ice spear at Viserion , one of Daenerys ' dragons , and kills it . Daenerys flies off , along with the raiding party , but is unable to save Jon . Benjen Stark intervenes and sacrifices himself to allow Jon to escape . When Jon and Daenerys are reunited , Jon pledges himself and the North to Daenerys as Queen . The Night King resurrects Viserion , making the dragon a part of his army . 67 7 `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' Jeremy Podeswa David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 27 ) 12.07 At King 's Landing , the wight is presented to the Lannisters . Cersei demands Jon 's neutrality in the Great War , but he upholds his oath to Daenerys , provoking Cersei to leave . Tyrion meets privately with Cersei , apparently persuading her to ally . Cersei later reveals to Jaime that she was lying and instead intends to use the Golden Company of Braavos to secure her hold on Westeros . Disgusted , Jaime deserts her and rides north . Bound for White Harbor , Jon and Daenerys make love . At Dragonstone , Theon earns the respect of his men and leads them to rescue Yara . At Winterfell , Littlefinger sows dissent using Arya 's threatening demeanor with Sansa , who assembles a trial . After listing Littlefinger 's acts of treason against House Stark and the North , Sansa has Arya execute him . Samwell arrives at Winterfell and meets with Bran , where both discuss Jon 's parentage . They realise Jon is a trueborn Targaryen named Aegon and valid heir to the Iron Throne , with his parents -- Rhaegar Targaryen and Lyanna Stark -- having married in secret . At Eastwatch , the Night King rides the undead dragon Viserion and collapses a section of the Wall with blue dragon fire , allowing the Army of the Dead to march south . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of Game of Thrones characters Peter Dinklage ( Tyrion Lannister ) Nikolaj Coster - Waldau ( Jaime Lannister ) Lena Headey ( Cersei Lannister ) Emilia Clarke ( Daenerys Targaryen ) Kit Harington ( Jon Snow ) Sophie Turner ( Sansa Stark ) Main cast ( edit ) Peter Dinklage as Tyrion Lannister Nikolaj Coster - Waldau as Jaime Lannister Lena Headey as Cersei Lannister Emilia Clarke as Daenerys Targaryen Kit Harington as Jon Snow Aidan Gillen as Petyr `` Littlefinger '' Baelish Liam Cunningham as Davos Seaworth Sophie Turner as Sansa Stark Maisie Williams as Arya Stark Carice van Houten as Melisandre Nathalie Emmanuel as Missandei Indira Varma as Ellaria Sand Alfie Allen as Theon Greyjoy Gwendoline Christie as Brienne of Tarth Conleth Hill as Varys John Bradley as Samwell Tarly Isaac Hempstead Wright as Bran Stark Hannah Murray as Gilly Kristofer Hivju as Tormund Giantsbane Rory McCann as Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane Jerome Flynn as Bronn Joe Dempsie as Gendry Iain Glen as Jorah Mormont Guest cast ( edit ) The recurring actors listed here are those who appeared in season 7 . They are listed by the region in which they first appear . In the North , including the Wall ( edit ) Richard Dormer as Beric Dondarrion Paul Kaye as Thoros of Myr Ben Crompton as Eddison Tollett Ellie Kendrick as Meera Reed Bella Ramsey as Lyanna Mormont Tim McInnerny as Robett Glover Megan Parkinson as Alys Karstark Daniel Portman as Podrick Payne Richard Rycroft as Maester Wolkan Rupert Vansittart as Yohn Royce Beyond the Wall ( edit ) Vladimir Furdik as the Night King Joseph Mawle as Benjen Stark Neil Fingleton as giant wight Ian Whyte as giant wight In the Riverlands ( edit ) David Bradley as Walder Frey Ben Hawkey as Hot Pie In King 's Landing ( edit ) Pilou Asbæk as Euron Greyjoy Anton Lesser as Qyburn Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson as Gregor Clegane James Faulkner as Randyll Tarly Tom Hopper as Dickon Tarly Mark Gatiss as Tycho Nestoris In Oldtown ( edit ) Jim Broadbent as Archmaester Ebrose At Dragonstone ( edit ) Jacob Anderson as Grey Worm Diana Rigg as Olenna Tyrell Gemma Whelan as Yara Greyjoy Jessica Henwick as Nymeria Sand Rosabell Laurenti Sellers as Tyene Sand Keisha Castle - Hughes as Obara Sand Brendan Cowell as Harrag Staz Nair as Qhono In flashbacks ( edit ) Aisling Franciosi as Lyanna Stark Wilf Scolding as Rhaegar Targaryen Robert Aramayo as Eddard Stark Production ( edit ) Crew ( edit ) Series creators and executive producers David Benioff and D.B. Weiss serve as showrunners for the seventh season . The directors for the seventh season are Jeremy Podeswa ( episodes 1 and 7 ) , Mark Mylod ( episodes 2 and 3 ) , Matt Shakman ( episodes 4 and 5 ) and Alan Taylor ( episode 6 ) . This marks Taylor 's return to the series after an absence since the second season . Shakman is a first - time Game of Thrones director , with the rest each having directed multiple episodes in previous seasons . Michele Clapton returned to the show as costume designer , after spending some time away from the show in the sixth season . She previously worked on the show for the first five seasons , as well as the end of the sixth season . Writing ( edit ) The seventh season contains original material not found in the A Song of Ice and Fire series . Some of the show 's sixth season also consists of material revealed to the writers of the television series during discussions with Martin . Filming ( edit ) The shores of Gaztelugatxe were used as a location for filming Season 7 . Filming began on August 31 , 2016 , at Titanic Studios in Belfast , and ended in February 2017 . In an interview with the showrunners , it was announced that the filming of the seventh season would be delayed until later in the year due to necessary weather conditions for filming . The showrunners stated `` We 're starting a bit later because , you know , at the end of this season , winter is here , and that means that sunny weather does n't really serve our purposes any more . We kind of pushed everything down the line so we could get some grim , gray weather even in the sunnier places that we shoot . '' Girona , Spain did not return as one of the filming locations . Girona stood in for Braavos and parts of King 's Landing . It was later announced that the seventh season would film in Northern Ireland , Spain and Iceland , with filming in Northern Ireland beginning in August 2016 . The series filmed in the Spanish cities Seville , Cáceres , Almodóvar del Río , Santiponce , Zumaia and Bermeo . Spanish sources announced that the series would be filming the seventh season on Muriola Beach in Barrika , Las Atarazanas , the Royal Dockyards of Seville and at the shores of San Juan de Gaztelugatxe , an islet belonging to the city of Bermeo . The series returned to film at The Dark Hedges in Stranocum , which was previously used as the Kingsroad in the second season . Some scenes were filmed in Iceland . Filming also occurred in Dubrovnik , Croatia , which is used for location of King 's Landing . The scene where Arya was reunited with Nymeria was filmed in Alberta , Canada . Casting ( edit ) Deadline reported on June 21 , 2016 , that the five main cast members , Peter Dinklage , Nikolaj Coster - Waldau , Lena Headey , Emilia Clarke , and Kit Harington had been in contract negotiations for the final two seasons . It was reported that the cast members have increased their salary to $500,000 per episode for the seventh and eighth season . It was later reported that the actors had gone through a renegotiation , for which they had increased their salary to $1.1 million per episode for the last two seasons . On August 31 , 2016 , Entertainment Weekly reported that Jim Broadbent had been cast for the seventh season in a `` significant '' role . It was announced that the role of Dickon Tarly has been recast , with Tom Hopper replacing Freddie Stroma , who had previously played the role in `` Blood of My Blood '' . The seventh season sees the return of Mark Gatiss as Tycho Nestoris , who did not appear in the sixth season , Ben Hawkey as Hot Pie , who last appeared in the fourth season , and Joe Dempsie as Gendry , who last appeared in the third season and maintains his status as starring cast member . Members of the British indie pop band Bastille were reported to have filmed cameo appearances . British singer - songwriter Ed Sheeran also makes a cameo appearance in the season . Guitarist / vocalist of American heavy metal band Mastodon , Brent Hinds , has also revealed he would have a cameo appearance . This is Hinds ' second cameo in the series , following his appearance ( along with bandmates Brann Dailor and Bill Kelliher ) in the fifth season . Episodes ( edit ) On April 21 , 2016 , HBO officially ordered the seventh season of Game of Thrones , just three days prior to the premiere of the show 's sixth season . In a June 2016 interview with Variety , co-creators David Benioff and D.B. Weiss revealed the seventh season would likely consist of fewer episodes , stating at the time of the interview that they were `` down to our final 13 episodes after this season . We 're heading into the final lap . '' Director Jack Bender , who worked on the show 's sixth season , said that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes . Benioff and Weiss stated that they were unable to produce 10 episodes in the show 's usual 12 to 14 month time frame , as Weiss said `` It 's crossing out of a television schedule into more of a mid-range movie schedule . '' HBO confirmed on July 18 , 2016 , that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes , and would premiere later than usual in mid-2017 because of the later filming schedule . Later it was confirmed that the season would debut on July 16 . The seventh season of the series includes its longest episode , with the finale running for 81 minutes . The penultimate episode also runs for 71 minutes -- around 16 minutes longer than an average Game of Thrones episode . The first five episodes mostly run longer than average ( 55 minutes ) , at 59 , 59 , 63 , 50 , and 59 minutes respectively . The previous longest episode in the series was the sixth - season finale , `` The Winds of Winter '' , which ran for 69 minutes . Music ( edit ) See also : Game of Thrones : Season 7 ( soundtrack ) Ramin Djawadi returned as the composer of the show for the seventh season . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) On Metacritic , the season ( based on the first episode ) has a score of 77 out of 100 based on 12 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . On Rotten Tomatoes , the seventh season has a 95 % approval rating from 42 critics with an average rating of 8.31 out of 10 , and a 92 % average episode score , with the site 's consensus reading `` After a year - long wait , Game of Thrones roars back with powerful storytelling and a focused interest in its central characters -- particularly the female ones . '' Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) : Critical reception by episode Season 7 ( 2017 ) : Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes Ratings ( edit ) The series premiere surpassed 30 million viewers across all of the network 's domestic platforms weeks after its release . The show 's numbers continued to climb in other countries as well . In the UK , the premiere got up to 4.7 million viewers after seven days , setting a new record for Sky Atlantic . Compared to the previous season , HBO Asia saw an increases of between 24 percent to 50 percent . HBO Latin America saw a record viewership in the region , with a 29 percent climb . In Germany , the show went up 210 percent , in Russia it climbed 40 percent and in Italy it saw a 61 percent increase . In the United States , the finale was watched by 12.1 million viewers on its first airing on television , and 16.5 million when viewings on HBO Now and HBO Go apps are included . Over the season , the viewer numbers averaged at over 30 million per episode across all platforms . No . Title Air date Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Dragonstone '' July 16 , 2017 4.7 10.11 1.1 2.62 5.8 12.74 `` Stormborn '' July 23 , 2017 4.3 9.27 1.4 3.08 5.7 12.37 `` The Queen 's Justice '' July 30 , 2017 4.3 9.25 1.1 2.72 5.4 11.97 `` The Spoils of War '' August 6 , 2017 4.6 10.17 1.7 3.76 6.3 13.94 5 `` Eastwatch '' August 13 , 2017 5.0 10.72 1.6 3.67 6.6 14.41 6 `` Beyond the Wall '' August 20 , 2017 4.7 10.24 1.6 3.74 6.3 13.98 7 `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' August 27 , 2017 5.7 12.07 1.4 3.35 7.1 15.44 ^ 1 Live + 7 ratings were not available , so Live + 3 ratings have been used instead . Game of Thrones : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Season Ep. 1 Ep. 2 Ep. 3 Ep. 4 Ep. 5 Ep. 6 Ep. 7 Ep. 8 Ep. 9 Ep. 10 Average 2.22 2.20 2.44 2.45 2.58 2.44 2.40 2.72 2.66 3.04 2.52 3.86 3.76 3.77 3.65 3.90 3.88 3.69 3.86 3.38 4.20 3.80 4.37 4.27 4.72 4.87 5.35 5.50 4.84 5.13 5.22 5.39 4.97 6.64 6.31 6.59 6.95 7.16 6.40 7.20 7.17 6.95 7.09 6.84 5 8.00 6.81 6.71 6.82 6.56 6.24 5.40 7.01 7.14 8.11 6.88 6 7.94 7.29 7.28 7.82 7.89 6.71 7.80 7.60 7.66 8.89 7.69 7 10.11 9.27 9.25 10.17 10.72 10.24 12.07 N / A 10.26 Source : Nielsen Media Research Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Game of Thrones Year Award Category Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2017 American Film Institute Awards 2017 AFI TV Award Game of Thrones Won 2017 American Society of Cinematographers Awards Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Regular Series for Non-Commercial Television Robert McLachlan ( for `` The Spoils of War '' ) Nominated Gregory Middleton ( for `` Dragonstone '' ) Nominated IGN Awards Best Action Series Game of Thrones Won Best TV Episode `` The Spoils of War '' Won IGN People 's Choice Award Best Action Series Game of Thrones Won Best TV Episode `` The Spoils of War '' Won Humanitas Prize 60 Minute Network or Syndicated Television David Benioff , D.B. Weiss ( for `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' ) Nominated Hollywood Post Alliance Outstanding Color Grading Joe Finley ( for `` Dragonstone '' ) Nominated Outstanding Editing Tim Porter ( for `` Stormborn '' ) Nominated Jesse Parker ( for `` The Queen 's Justice '' ) Nominated Crispin Green ( for `` Dragonstone '' ) Nominated Outstanding Sound Tim Kimmel , Paula Fairfield , Mathew Waters , Onnalee Blank , Bradley C. Katona , Paul Bercovitch ( for `` The Spoils of War '' ) Nominated 2018 22nd Satellite Awards Best Genre Series Game of Thrones Won 23rd National Television Awards Best Drama Game of Thrones Nominated 8th Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Drama Series Game of Thrones Nominated Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Peter Dinklage Nominated Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Emilia Clarke Nominated 75th Golden Globe Awards Best Television Series -- Drama Game of Thrones Nominated 24th Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Game of Thrones Nominated Outstanding Action Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Television Series Game of Thrones Won Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series Peter Dinklage Nominated 60th Annual Grammy Awards Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media Ramin Djawadi Nominated American Cinema Editors Awards 2018 Best Edited Drama Series for Non-Commercial Television Tim Porter ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' ) Nominated 45th Annie Awards Outstanding Achievement , Character Animation in a Live Action Production Paul Story , Todd Labonte , Matthew Muntean , Cajun Hylton , Georgy Arevshatov ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' ) Nominated Art Directors Guild Awards 2017 One - Hour Single Camera Period Or Fantasy Television Series Deborah Riley ( for `` Dragonstone '' , `` The Queen 's Justice '' , and `` Eastwatch '' ) Won Cinema Audio Society Awards 2017 Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing -- Television Series -- One Hour Ronan Hill , Richard Dyer , Onnalee Blank , Mathew Waters , Brett Voss ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' ) Won Costume Designers Guild Awards 2017 Outstanding Fantasy Television Series Michele Clapton Won 70th Directors Guild of America Awards Dramatic Series Jeremy Podeswa ( for `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' ) Nominated Matt Shakman ( for `` The Spoils of War '' ) Nominated Alan Taylor ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' ) Nominated Make - Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Best Period and / or Character Makeup -- Television Jane Walker , Nicola Matthews Won Best Period and / or Character Hair Styling -- Television Kevin Alexander , Candice Banks Nominated Best Special Makeup Effects -- Television Barrie Gower , Sarah Gower Won Producers Guild of America Awards 2017 `` The Norman Felton Award for Outstanding Producer of Episodic Television , Drama '' David Benioff , D.B. Weiss , Bernadette Caulfield , Frank Doelger , Carolyn Strauss , Bryan Cogman , Lisa McAtackney , Chris Newman , Greg Spence Nominated Writers Guild of America Awards 2017 Television Drama Series David Benioff , Bryan Cogman , Dave Hill , D.B. Weiss Nominated 16th Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Visual Effects in a Photoreal Episode Joe Bauer , Steve Kullback , Chris Baird , David Ramos , Sam Conway ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' ) Won Outstanding Animated Character in an Episode or Real - Time Project Paul Story , Todd Labonte , Matthew Muntean , Nicholas Wilson ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' -- `` Zombie Polar Bear '' ) Nominated Jonathan Symmonds , Thomas Kutschera , Philipp Winterstein , Andreas Krieg ( for `` Eastwatch '' -- `` Drogon Meets Jon '' ) Nominated Murray Stevenson , Jason Snyman , Jenn Taylor , Florian Friedmann ( for `` The Spoils of War '' -- `` Drogon Loot Train Attack '' ) Won Outstanding Created Environment in an Episode , Commercial or Real - Time Project Daniel Villalba , Antonio Lado , José Luis Barreiro , Isaac de la Pompa ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' -- `` Frozen Lake '' ) Won Patrice Poissant , Deak Ferrand , Dominic Daigle , Gabriel Morin ( for `` Eastwatch '' ) Nominated Outstanding Effects Simulations in an Episode , Commercial , or Real - Time Project Manuel Ramírez , Óscar Márquez , Pablo Hernández , David Gacituaga ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' -- `` Frozen Lake '' ) Nominated Thomas Hullin , Dominik Kirouac , Sylvain Nouveau , Nathan Arbuckle ( for `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' -- `` Wall Destruction '' ) Won Outstanding Compositing in a Photoreal Episode Óscar Perea , Santiago Martos , David Esteve , Michael Crane ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' -- `` Frozen Lake '' ) Nominated Thomas Montminy Brodeur , Xavier Fourmond , Reuben Barkataki , Sébastien Raets ( for `` Eastwatch '' ) Nominated Dom Hellier , Thijs Noij , Edwin Holdsworth , Giacomo Matteucci ( for `` The Spoils of War '' -- `` Loot Train Attack '' ) Won Golden Reel Awards Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing - Episodic Short Form -- Effects / Foley Tim Kimmel , Paula Fairfield , Bradley Katona , Brett Voss and Jeffrey Wilhoit ( for `` The Spoils of War '' ) Won Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing - Episodic Short Form -- Dialogue / ADR Tim Kimmel , Paul Bercovitch and Tim Hands ( for `` The Spoils of War '' ) Won Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing - Episodic Short Form -- Music / Musical David Klotz ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' ) Nominated 15th Irish Film & Television Awards Best Television Drama Game of Thrones Won Actor in a Supporting Role -- Television Liam Cunningham Won Aidan Gillen Nominated Best Sound Ronan Hill , Onnalee Blank and Matthew Waters Nominated Best VFX Ed Bruce & Nicholas Murphy Nominated 5th Location Managers Guild Awards Outstanding Locations in a Period Television Series Robert Boake , Matt Jones , Tate Araez Guzman Won 44th Saturn Awards Best Fantasy Television Series Game of Thrones Pending Best Actress on a Television Series Lena Headey Pending Best Supporting Actor on a Television Series Kit Harington Pending Nikolaj Coster - Waldau Pending 2018 British Academy Television Awards Must - See Moment `` Viserion is Killed by the Night King '' ( for Beyond the Wall ) Pending 2018 British Academy Television Craft Awards Costume Design Michele Clapton Won Production Design Deborah Riley , Rob Cameron Won Special Award Game of Thrones Won Webby Award Best Overall Social Presence Game of Thrones Won Best Trailer Game of Thrones Won Best Digital Campaign Game of Thrones Won 2018 MTV Movie & TV Awards Best Show Game of Thrones Pending Best Performance in a Show Maisie Williams Pending Best Hero Emilia Clarke Pending Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The season was simulcast around the world by HBO and its broadcast partners in 186 countries . In some countries , it aired the day after its first release . Marketing ( edit ) On July 23 , 2016 , a teaser production trailer was released by HBO at the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con . The trailer mostly consisted of voice overs , and shots of crew members creating sets and props . The first footage from the season was revealed in a new promotional video released by HBO highlighting its new and returning original shows for the coming year on November 28 , 2016 , showcasing Jon Snow , Sansa Stark and Arya Stark . On March 1 , 2017 , HBO and Game of Thrones teamed up with Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for a cross-promotional partnership . At least 19 individual teams participated in this promotion . On March 8 , 2017 , HBO released the first promotional poster for the season ahead of the SXSW Festival in Austin , Texas , which teases the battle of `` ice vs. fire '' . Showrunners Benioff and Weiss also spoke at the event , along with fellow cast members Sophie Turner and Maisie Williams . On March 9 , 2017 , HBO hosted a live stream on the Game of Thrones Facebook page that revealed the premiere date for the seventh season as being July 16 , 2017 . It was accompanied by a teaser trailer . On March 30 , 2017 , the first official promo for the show was released , highlighting the thrones of Daenerys Targaryen , Jon Snow , and Cersei Lannister . On April 20 , 2017 , HBO released 15 official photos shot during the season . On May 22 , 2017 , HBO released several new photos from the new season . On May 23 , 2017 , HBO released the official posters featuring the Night King . The first official trailer for season 7 was released on May 24 , 2017 . The trailer set a world record for being the most viewed show trailer ever , being viewed 61 million times across digital platforms , in the first 24 hours . The second official trailer was released on June 21 , 2017 . The season premiere was screened at the Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles on July 12 , 2017 . Home media ( edit ) The season was released on Blu - ray and DVD in region 1 on December 12 , 2017 . Illegal distribution ( edit ) The season premiere was pirated 90 million times in the first three days after it aired . On August 4 , 2017 , it was reported that , two days before its original broadcast , the fourth episode of the season was leaked online from Star India , one of HBO 's international network partners . The leaked copy has the `` for internal viewing only '' watermark . On July 31 , 2017 , due to a security breach , HBO was the victim of 1.5 terabytes of stolen data . However , `` this was not related to this episode leak '' , according to The Verge . On August 16 , 2017 , four days before its intended release , it was reported that HBO Spain and HBO Nordic accidentally allowed the sixth episode of the series on - demand viewing for one hour before being removed . Data from piracy monitoring firm MUSO indicates that season seven was pirated more than one billion times mostly by unauthorized streaming , with torrent and direct downloads accounting for about 15 percent of this piracy . On average , each episode is estimated to have been pirated 140 million times , making Game of Thrones the most - pirated television series in 2017 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` HBO Renews Hit Series `` Game of Thrones , '' `` Silicon Valley '' and `` Veep '' for 2017 '' ( Press release ) . HBO . April 21 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Opam , Kwame ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 premieres on July 16th '' . The Verge . 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Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Phelps vs. Shark ' strong , ' Game of Thrones ' boosts ' Ballers , ' ' Insecure ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Rick & Morty ' returns strong , more highs for ' Insecure ' and ' Ballers ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Sharknado 5 ' lacks bite , ' Game of Thrones ' hits total - viewer high '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' scores another series high '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2017 . 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Twitter . October 12 , 2016 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2017 . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Evans , Greg ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` New Game Of Thrones Season 7 Trailer : ' Fight Every Battle ! ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wigler , Josh ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Trailer : `` The Great War is Here '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collins , Sean T. ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 : Everything We Know So Far '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hooton , Christopher ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 spoilers : Tom Hopper lands recast role '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2016 . 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Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Jessica Henwick 's Sandsnake almost vanished from show '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2017 . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kurp , Josh ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` Everyone 's Least Favorite ' Game Of Thrones ' Characters Are Returning In Season 7 '' . Uproxx . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 directors revealed '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` What We Can Expect from Game of Thrones Season 7 '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . 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Jump up ^ Riefe , Jordan ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Parodies Proliferate as Filming Wraps on Season 7 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2017 . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( July 6 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 7 Production Delayed '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2016 . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Trivedi , Sachin ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 : Braavos may not be featured ; Multiple battles near castles '' . International Business Times . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EMMY ® - AND GOLDEN GLOBE - WINNING HBO SERIES GAME OF THRONES TO BEGIN PRODUCTION ON SEASON SEVEN THIS SUMMER '' ( Press release ) . HBO . July 18 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ZUMAIA Y ZONA NORTE : '' . Facebook . August 31 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved September 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Las Atarazanas será escenario del rodaje de la séptima temporada de ' Juego de Tronos ' '' . El Correoweb . September 6 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Juego de Tronos ' grabará en Trujillo el 18 de noviembre '' . Hoy.es . August 20 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2016 . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` We have had confirmation that The Dark Hedges at Stranocum in Ireland will be used for # GameOfThrones Season 7 filming this week # KingsRoad '' . Twitter . October 11 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones Season 7 '' . Hollywood Reporter . Los Angeles . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE -- Game of Thrones is back in Dubrovnik '' . The Dubrovnik Times . December 14 , 2016 . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2017 . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mertz , Emily ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' was in Banff to film some scenes with wolves '' . Global News . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Stars Set For Potential Season 8 On HBO With Big Raises '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Are These Characters `` Safe '' After Renewing Contracts Through Season 8 ? `` . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` Robert De Niro 's Making How Much ? ! TV Is Becoming an ATM for Top Talent '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2017 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 : Bastille ' film cameo in battle sequence ' '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Huff , Lauren ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran to Appear in ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Toney , Jordan ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` Mastodon 's Brent Hinds is returning back to ' Game of Thrones ' '' . Alternative Press . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Renewed for Season 7 '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Birnbaum , Debra ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Creators Mull Shorter Final Seasons ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Considering Shorter Final Seasons '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Director Jack Bender Talks Direwolf Deaths , Lost , and Holding That Door '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Van Boom , Daniel ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' season 7 finale will be pretty damn long '' . CNET . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Will Have the Show 's Longest Episode Ever '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tassi , Paul ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` HBO 's ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Finale Is Practically Movie - Length '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Bill ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Composer Says You 're Not Hearing What You Think You Are '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Season 7 '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season 7 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2016 . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones boom : Ratings hit 30 million viewers '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Koblin , John ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Finale Sets Ratings Record '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Nashville ' and ' Orphan Black ' lead the cable Live + 7 ratings for July 10 -- 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Descendants 2 ' make big gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for July 17 -- 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' rules the cable Live + 3 ratings for July 24 -- 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Sinner ' premiere triples in cable Live + 7 ratings for July 31 - Aug. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Nashville , ' ' Orphan Black ' finales score in cable Live + 7 ratings for Aug. 7 - 13 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2017 . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Sinner ' makes more strong gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for Aug. 14 - 20 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2017 . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' finale reaches all - time highs : Cable Live + 7 ratings for Aug. 21 - 27 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Four Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 18 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Five Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 16 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Six Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 28 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Seven Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . August 29 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Updated : ' Game of Thrones ' Ratings : Season One '' . TV by the Numbers . June 19 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFI AWARDS 2017 '' . American Film Institute . 2017 . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Blade Runner , ' ' Mudbound , ' ' Game of Thrones ' Land ASC Cinematography Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2017 '' . IGN. 2017 . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Black - ish ' Top Humanitas Prize Finalists '' . Variety . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` HPA Awards : ' Dunkirk ' Wins Best Editing in a Feature '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 NOMINEES '' . International Press Academy . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Rebecca ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` National Television Awards 2018 winners '' . Metro . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards 2018 : Netflix , FX 's FEUD Lead TV Nominations '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Globe Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` SAG Award Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , Paul ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 Grammys : Full list of winners at the 60th Grammy Awards ( UPDATING LIVE ) '' . GoldDerby . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` Best Edited Drama Series for Non-Commercial Television - Eddie Awards : ' Dunkirk , ' ' I , Tonya ' Top American Cinema Editors ' Honors '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Annie Awards : Disney / Pixar 's ' Coco ' Tops Nominations '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grobar , Matt ; Petski , Denise ( January 27 , 2018 ) . `` ADG Awards : ' The Shape Of Water ' , ' Blade Runner 2049 ' , ' Logan ' & ' Coco ' Take Film Trophies -- Complete Winners List '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 24 , 2018 ) . `` Cinema Audio Society Awards : Sound Mixers Hear ' Dunkirk ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Brockington , Ariana ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' I , Tonya , ' ' The Shape of Water ' Win at 2018 Costume Designers Guild Awards '' . Variety . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` DGA Announces Nominees for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Television , Commercials and Documentary for 2017 '' . Directors Guild of America . January 10 , 2018 . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Darkest Hour ' Tops Makeup Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dupre , Elyse ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 Producers Guild Award Nominations : The Full List of Film and TV Nominees '' . E ! News . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` Writers Guild Award TV Nominations : ' The Americans , ' ' Handmaid 's Tale , ' ' GLOW ' Grab Multiple Mentions '' . Variety . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` Visual Effects Society Awards : ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Wins Big '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 18 , 2018 ) . `` Golden Reel Awards : Oscar Nominees ' Blade Runner 2049 , ' ' Dunkirk ' Among Sound Editor Winners '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ifta Awards 2018 : the full list of nominations '' . The Irish Times . January 11 , 2018 . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IFTAs : Full list of winners as Gabriel Byrne is honoured with Lifetime Achievement Award '' . Irish Independent . February 16 , 2018 . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Caranicas , Peter ( April 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' Baby Driver ' Score Motion Picture Wins at LMGI Awards '' . Variety . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Crown ' Battles It Out With ' Black Mirror ' & ' Line Of Duty ' As BAFTA TV Nominations Are Unveiled '' . Deadline Hollywood . April 4 , 2018 . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BAFTA TV Craft Award Winners Include ' Game Of Thrones ' & ' The Crown ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . April 22 , 2018 . Retrieved April 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Webby Awards : ' Game Of Thrones ' , Lin - Manuel Miranda , Lady Gaga Among Winners '' . Deadline Hollywood . April 24 , 2018 . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` MTV Movie & TV Awards : ' Black Panther ' , ' Stranger Things ' Lead Pack In Nominations '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Setaro , Shawn ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Drops Season 7 Teaser '' . Complex . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2016 . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kiberley ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Does First Season 7 Footage Hint at Stark Reunion ? '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2016 . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vincent , Alice ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` Starks back on form as Game of Thrones season 7 teaser trailer airs '' . The Daily Telegraph . London , England . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , David ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Teams With Major League Baseball For Cross Promotions '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 first poster teases ice vs. fire '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Watch the Haunting First Season 7 Teaser Trailer Now '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones first season 7 photos '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2017 . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones unleashes epic season 7 dragon war photo '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 7 : The Night King Is Coming in Eerie New Poster '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Season 7 Trailer Snags 61 Million Views In First 24 Hours , HBO Says '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Inside the ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Premiere as HBO Brings Winter to Downtown L.A. '' The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - ' The Complete 7th Season ' Already Planned for DVD and Blu - ray Disc '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dornnush , Jonathon ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Season 7 Blu - Ray , DVD , Digital Download Release Dates , Bonus Features Announced '' . IGN . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2017 . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Price , Rob ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` The ' Game of Thrones ' season 7 premiere was pirated a staggering 90 million times '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones episode 4 leaks online '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Plaugic , Lizzie ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones script and other HBO episodes reportedly leak online following hack '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Latest Game of Thrones episode leaks online before TV broadcast '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` HBO has accidentally broadcast this week 's Game of Thrones '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ernesto ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 7 Pirated Over a Billion Times '' . TorrentFreak . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2017 . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Van der Sar , Ernesto ( December 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Most Torrented TV - Show of 2017 '' . TorrentFreak . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2017 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website -- ( U.S. ) Official website -- ( U.K. ) Game of Thrones -- The Viewers Guide on HBO.com Making Game of Thrones on HBO.com List of Game of Thrones episodes on IMDb List of Game of Thrones episodes at TV.com George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 7 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Myrcella Baratheon Joffrey Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom Book Category Game of Thrones episodes Seasons : 1 5 6 7 8 Season 7 `` Dragonstone '' `` Stormborn '' `` The Queen 's Justice '' `` The Spoils of War '' `` Eastwatch '' `` Beyond the Wall '' `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Television Series 24 , season 6 ( 2007 ) Heroes , season 3 , part I ( 2008 ) 24 , season 7 ( 2009 ) True Blood , season 3 ( 2010 ) Game of Thrones , season 1 ( 2011 ) Game of Thrones , season 2 ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones , season 3 ( 2013 ) Game of Thrones , season 4 ( 2014 ) Game of Thrones , season 5 ( 2015 ) Game of Thrones , season 6 ( 2016 ) Game of Thrones , season 7 ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Game_of_Thrones_(season_7)&oldid=843377931 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons Game of Thrones Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from September 2017 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from August 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Languages Azərbaycanca Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 19 : 23 . 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when does game of thrones season 7 come out on dvd

The season was released on Blu - ray and DVD in region 1 on December 12 , 2017 .

Pro Football Hall of Fame game - wikipedia Pro Football Hall of Fame game Jump to : navigation , search Pro Football Hall of Fame Game Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium before the start of the 2017 Pro Football Hall of Fame Game Recent and upcoming games 2017 season Dallas Cowboys 20 Arizona Cardinals 18 2018 season TBA The Pro Football Hall of Fame Game is an annual National Football League exhibition game that is held the weekend of the Pro Football Hall of Fame 's induction ceremonies . The game is played at Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium , which is located adjacent to the Hall of Fame building in Canton , Ohio . It is traditionally the first game in the NFL 's preseason , marking the end of the NFL 's six - month offseason . Contents ( hide ) 1 Team selection 1.1 Expansion clubs 1.2 Scheduling 2 Television and radio 3 Game history 4 Standings 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Team selection ( edit ) The two teams that play in the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game are typically selected by the league in advance of the remainder of the preseason schedule . The participants are usually announced around the time that the new Hall of Fame members are announced , which coincides with Super Bowl week . Often if a particularly notable player will be entering the Hall of Fame that year a team they were strongly associated with may be selected to play in the game to help maximize attendance and publicity of the game itself . Since 1971 , the opponents for each game have traditionally included one AFC team and one NFC team . In 2009 , as recognition of the 50th anniversary of the American Football League , the game paired two AFC teams who were part of the `` original eight '' franchises of the AFL , the Tennessee Titans ( dressed as their previous incarnation , the Houston Oilers ) and the Buffalo Bills , whose owner , Ralph Wilson , was inducted into the Hall that year . An all - NFC matchup was scheduled for 2011 , but it was canceled due to the 2011 NFL lockout ; the following year , another intra-conference matchup of two NFC teams took its place . Since 2012 , both competing teams in the game has had at least one prominent alumnus being inducted into the Hall that year . Because this game and the Hall of Fame 's induction ceremonies are scheduled on the weekend before the league 's regular four - week exhibition season begins , both teams end up playing five exhibition games instead of the normal four , and unlike the Canadian Football League , the league does not remove an exhibition game from another week . Expansion clubs ( edit ) The last four expansion teams to have been added to the league each played in the Hall of Fame Game as their first game . In 1995 , expansion clubs Jacksonville and Carolina played one another , and in 2002 , Houston was one of the participants . When the Cleveland Browns returned to the league with a rebooted roster in 1999 , they too played in the Hall of Fame Game . ( The Baltimore Ravens , while officially considered as being established in 1996 , did not play in the Hall of Fame Game that year , nor have they played at any time in their existence . ) Scheduling ( edit ) Prior to the AFL - NFL merger , the Hall of Fame Game was played in August or September , in some cases at the end of the preseason . In 1970 , it was moved to the beginning of the preseason . Prior to 2002 , it was not uncommon for the game to be played in July . Since 2002 , when the league permanently moved the start of the season to the weekend after Labor Day , the game has always been played in early August . The 2011 game was originally scheduled between the St. Louis Rams and the Chicago Bears , but the game was canceled due to an ongoing labor dispute that had disrupted nearly all league activity during the 2011 offseason . The two clubs had set a deadline of July 22 to ratify a resolution in enough time to prepare for the game . The league and players did not ratify the agreement until July 25 , forcing cancellation of the game . The 2016 edition , which was scheduled to be played between the Green Bay Packers and the Indianapolis Colts , was canceled due to unsafe playing conditions . Mike Silver of NFL.com reported that on the morning of game day , the logos at midfield and the end zones had been painted using paint which was not intended for use on artificial turf . When it was apparent the paint was n't drying fast enough , the field was heated to speed up the drying process , but this caused the turf 's rubber to melt . These issues led to unfavorable play conditions . The affected areas were described as being slick and `` like cement , '' making it impossible to get decent footing . Stadium officials attempted to address this by applying a solvent , reportedly paint thinner , to the turf . A Packers employee noticed a label warning that this substance could result in burns when exposed to skin , and alerted others to the discovery . When officially cancelling the game , both the league and the Players Association cited safety concerns . Both teams were told at 6 : 40 p.m. -- an hour and 20 minutes before kickoff -- that the game was going to be canceled . However , fans in the stadium only learned of the pending cancellation via social media . No official announcement was made until just before the scheduled 8 p.m. kickoff . On December 28 , 2016 , the NFL announced that the 2017 edition of the game would be played on Thursday , August 3 , 2017 . The scheduling change makes the Hall of Fame Game the first event of the Hall of Fame Weekend . On February 23 , 2017 , it was announced the 2017 edition will be played between the Dallas Cowboys and the Arizona Cardinals . Television and radio ( edit ) Unlike the majority of NFL preseason games , which air on local networks , the Hall of Fame Game airs nationwide . From 1999 to 2005 , the game was held on Monday night , televised as part of ABC 's Monday Night Football package . It had previously been held typically on Saturday afternoons , except from 1963 to 1965 on Sunday afternoons , televised as part of ABC 's Wide World of Sports package ( still using the MNF crew ) . In 1998 , the game was put in the MNF package , and played on a Saturday night , which served as a test run for the move to Monday night . Starting in 2006 , it was moved to Sunday night , coinciding with the new NBC Sunday Night Football television package . The 2007 game was telecast on NFL Network as NBC was intending to televise the China Bowl game in Beijing , China ( a game which was postponed to 2009 and later canceled ) . The Hall of Fame Game has since bounced between both networks . The 2012 game aired on NFL Network due to NBC 's coverage of the Summer Olympics . After a two - year absence , the game returned to NBC in 2013 and remained on the network until 2015 . The 2016 game was scheduled to air on ESPN as it was to be played two days into the 2016 Summer Olympics but the game was canceled due to field conditions , it returned to NBC in 2017 and will remain on the network until 2019 . Westwood One owns national radio rights ; it is the only preseason game to air on a nationwide network . Each team 's radio network is also allowed to broadcast the games ( albeit usually with fewer affiliates since exhibition games are traditionally much lower priority to non-sports and non-flagship stations ) . In 2007 and 2008 , the game was broadcast live in both Ireland and the United Kingdom by Sky Sports . It was not shown in 2009 because of a dispute between Sky Sports and the NFL over TV rights . ESPN America ( formerly North American Sports Network ) broadcasts the game in the rest of Europe . From 1998 to 2005 , the Global Television Network aired the game in Canada , simulcasting ABC ; upon the move to Sunday night in 2006 , the CTV Television Network aired the game until 2010 . With CTV airing the 2012 Summer Olympics , TSN broadcast the Hall of Fame Game in 2012 . Azteca 7 aired Spanish - language coverage of the Hall of Fame Game in Mexico from 1998 to 2005 ; the Game moved to Canal 5 in 2006 and aired on that station until 2010 . Due to the cancellation of the 2011 Hall of Fame Game and Televisa 's Summer Olympics coverage , the Hall of Fame Game moved to Televisa Deportes in 2012 and then to Galavision in 2013 . Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium is part of the Cleveland market , and is also within 75 miles of numerous other television markets in northeast Ohio and western Pennsylvania . As such , the NBC affiliates ( and before them , the ABC affiliates ) are within league requirements to blackout the game in the rare event the game does not sell out . Because the stadium only holds 22,375 fans ( less than half the NFL 's minimum requirements for its stadiums ) and the Hall of Fame induction ceremonies bring large numbers of outside fans to Canton , the game has , to date , always sold out ( several NFL teams , as well as the Super Bowl , have similarly enjoyed long sellout streaks ) . Game history ( edit ) Date Away team Away score Home team Home score Recap August 11 , 1962 New York Giants 21 St. Louis Cardinals 21 Recap September 8 , 1963 Cleveland Browns 7 Pittsburgh Steelers 16 Recap September 6 , 1964 Baltimore Colts 48 Pittsburgh Steelers 17 Recap September 12 , 1965 Detroit Lions Washington Redskins 20 Recap August 5 , 1967 Cleveland Browns 13 Philadelphia Eagles 28 Recap August 3 , 1968 Dallas Cowboys 24 Chicago Bears 30 Recap September 13 , 1969 Green Bay Packers 38 Atlanta Falcons 24 Recap August 8 , 1970 New Orleans Saints 14 Minnesota Vikings 13 Recap July 31 , 1971 Houston Oilers 6 Los Angeles Rams 17 Recap July 29 , 1972 Kansas City Chiefs 23 New York Giants 17 Recap July 28 , 1973 San Francisco 49ers 20 New England Patriots 7 Recap July 27 , 1974 Buffalo Bills 13 St. Louis Cardinals 21 Recap August 2 , 1975 Washington Redskins 17 Cincinnati Bengals 9 Recap July 24 , 1976 Denver Broncos 10 Detroit Lions 7 Recap July 30 , 1977 Chicago Bears 20 New York Jets 6 Recap July 29 , 1978 Miami Dolphins Philadelphia Eagles 17 Recap July 28 , 1979 Dallas Cowboys 13 Oakland Raiders 20 Recap August 2 , 1980 San Diego Chargers 0 Green Bay Packers 0 Recap August 1 , 1981 Atlanta Falcons 10 Cleveland Browns 24 Recap August 7 , 1982 Baltimore Colts 14 Minnesota Vikings 30 Recap July 30 , 1983 New Orleans Saints 14 Pittsburgh Steelers 27 Recap July 28 , 1984 Seattle Seahawks 38 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 0 Recap August 3 , 1985 New York Giants 21 Houston Oilers 20 Recap August 2 , 1986 New England Patriots 21 St. Louis Cardinals 16 Recap August 8 , 1987 San Francisco 49ers 20 Kansas City Chiefs 7 Recap July 30 , 1988 Cincinnati Bengals 14 Los Angeles Rams 7 Recap August 5 , 1989 Washington Redskins 31 Buffalo Bills 6 Recap August 4 , 1990 Cleveland Browns 0 Chicago Bears 13 Recap July 27 , 1991 Detroit Lions 14 Denver Broncos Recap August 1 , 1992 New York Jets 41 Philadelphia Eagles 14 Recap July 31 , 1993 Green Bay Packers Los Angeles Raiders 19 Recap July 30 , 1994 San Diego Chargers 17 Atlanta Falcons 21 Recap July 29 , 1995 Carolina Panthers 20 Jacksonville Jaguars 14 Recap July 27 , 1996 Indianapolis Colts 10 New Orleans Saints Recap July 26 , 1997 Minnesota Vikings 28 Seattle Seahawks 26 Recap August 1 , 1998 Pittsburgh Steelers 6 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 30 Recap August 9 , 1999 Dallas Cowboys 17 Cleveland Browns 20 Recap July 31 , 2000 New England Patriots 20 San Francisco 49ers 0 Recap August 6 , 2001 St. Louis Rams 17 Miami Dolphins 10 Recap August 5 , 2002 Houston Texans 17 New York Giants 34 Recap August 4 , 2003 Kansas City Chiefs 9 Green Bay Packers 0 Recap August 9 , 2004 Denver Broncos 17 Washington Redskins 20 Recap August 8 , 2005 Chicago Bears 27 Miami Dolphins 24 Recap August 6 , 2006 Oakland Raiders 16 Philadelphia Eagles 10 Recap August 5 , 2007 New Orleans Saints 7 Pittsburgh Steelers 20 Recap August 3 , 2008 Indianapolis Colts 16 Washington Redskins 30 Recap August 9 , 2009 Buffalo Bills 18 Tennessee Titans 21 Recap August 8 , 2010 Dallas Cowboys 16 Cincinnati Bengals 7 Recap August 7 , 2011 Canceled due to 2011 NFL lockout Ref . August 5 , 2012 Arizona Cardinals 10 New Orleans Saints 17 Recap August 4 , 2013 Miami Dolphins 20 Dallas Cowboys 24 Recap August 3 , 2014 New York Giants 17 Buffalo Bills 13 Recap August 9 , 2015 Pittsburgh Steelers Minnesota Vikings 14 Recap August 7 , 2016 Canceled due to poor field conditions Ref . August 3 , 2017 Dallas Cowboys 20 Arizona Cardinals 18 Recap August 5 , 2018 TBA TBA Standings ( edit ) Team PCT Last appearance Washington Redskins 5 0 0 1.000 2008 Chicago Bears 0 0 1.000 2005 Oakland / Los Angeles Raiders 0 0 1.000 2006 Carolina Panthers 0 0 1.000 1995 Minnesota Vikings 0 . 750 2015 Pittsburgh Steelers 0 . 500 2015 New England Patriots 0 . 667 2000 San Francisco 49ers 0 . 667 2000 Los Angeles / St. Louis Rams 0 . 667 Kansas City Chiefs 0 . 667 2003 New York Giants . 625 2014 Dallas Cowboys 0 . 500 2017 Indianapolis / Baltimore Colts 0 . 500 2008 Philadelphia Eagles 0 . 500 2006 New York Jets 0 . 500 Seattle Seahawks 0 . 500 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 0 . 500 1998 Cleveland Browns 0 . 400 1999 New Orleans Saints 0 . 400 2012 Green Bay Packers . 375 2003 Cincinnati Bengals 0 . 333 Atlanta Falcons 0 . 333 1994 Denver Broncos 0 . 333 Detroit Lions 0 . 333 1991 Tennessee Titans / Houston Oilers 0 . 333 2009 Arizona / St. Louis Cardinals . 300 2017 Los Angeles / San Diego Chargers 0 . 250 1994 Baltimore Ravens 0 0 0 -- N / A Houston Texans 0 0 . 000 2002 Jacksonville Jaguars 0 0 . 000 1995 Buffalo Bills 0 0 . 000 2014 Miami Dolphins 0 0 . 000 2013 Most appearances -- 6 : Pittsburgh Steelers ( 1963 , 1964 , 1983 , 1998 , 2007 , and 2015 ) and Dallas Cowboys ( 1968 , 1979 , 1999 , 2010 , 2013 , and 2017 ) Most wins -- 5 : Washington Redskins ( 1965 , 1975 , 1989 , 2004 , and 2008 ) Longest active drought without Hall of Fame Game appearance -- 26 seasons : Detroit Lions ( last appearance -- 1991 ) ; 25 seasons : New York Jets ( last appearance -- 1992 ) ; 23 seasons : Atlanta Falcons and Los Angeles Chargers ( last appearance -- 1994 ) ; 22 seasons : Carolina Panthers and Jacksonville Jaguars ( last appearance -- 1995 ) Active teams to have never made a Hall of Fame Game appearance -- Baltimore Ravens Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Game ended with 5 : 29 remaining in the fourth quarter due to severe lightning . Jump up ^ Game ended with 5 : 49 remaining in the third quarter due to severe lightning . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Individual Tickets & Festival Fan Packages '' . Profootballhof.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Silver , Mike ( 2016 - 08 - 04 ) . `` Hall of Fame Game cancellation : NFL made the right decision '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ Demovsky , Rob ( August 7 , 2016 ) . `` Poor field conditions force cancellation of Hall of Fame game '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Fame Game fiasco : How the wrong paint , melted rubber , and caustic paint thinner nixed Packers - Colts '' . Acme Packing Company ( SBNation ) . Vox Media . Retrieved 10 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Doyel , Gregg ( 2016 - 08 - 07 ) . `` Doyel : NFL fans deserve better '' . The Indianapolis Star . Jump up ^ `` Annual Hall of Fame Game moved to Thursday night '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 29 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Sunday Night Football '' Debuts `` . NBC Sports History Page . 2006 NFL Record and Fact Book . p. 401 . ISBN 1 - 933405 - 32 - 5 . `` AFC - NFC Hall of Fame Game '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on 2006 - 09 - 04 . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 08 . External links ( edit ) Pro Football Hall of Fame American Football League Legacy Game Pro Football Dallas Cowboys Hall of Fame Game 2017 National Football League ( 2017 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history AFL Championship ( 1960 -- 1969 ) NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Other Owners Officials Properties Stadiums ( chronology ) Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Awards All - Pro Numbers ( retired ) Hall of Fame Lore Nicknames AFL Merger International Foreign players London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Media TV NFL Network Radio Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement NFLPA Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Tied games Canceled games Lockouts Controversies Cheerleading Mascots Color Rush Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pro_Football_Hall_of_Fame_Game&oldid=806474076 '' Categories : Pro Football Hall of Fame Game 1962 establishments in Ohio American football in Ohio Annual sporting events in the United States National Football League competitions National Football League exhibition season Pro Football Hall of Fame Recurring sporting events established in 1962 Sports in Canton , Ohio Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2017 , at 07 : 32 . 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who plays in the nfl hall of fame game

The two teams that play in the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game are typically selected by the league in advance of the remainder of the preseason schedule . The participants are usually announced around the time that the new Hall of Fame members are announced , which coincides with Super Bowl week . Often if a particularly notable player will be entering the Hall of Fame that year a team they were strongly associated with may be selected to play in the game to help maximize attendance and publicity of the game itself . Since 1971 , the opponents for each game have traditionally included one AFC team and one NFC team . In 2009 , as recognition of the 50th anniversary of the American Football League , the game paired two AFC teams who were part of the `` original eight '' franchises of the AFL , the Tennessee Titans ( dressed as their previous incarnation , the Houston Oilers ) and the Buffalo Bills , whose owner , Ralph Wilson , was inducted into the Hall that year . An all - NFC matchup was scheduled for 2011 , but it was canceled due to the 2011 NFL lockout ; the following year , another intra-conference matchup of two NFC teams took its place . Since 2012 , both competing teams in the game has had at least one prominent alumnus being inducted into the Hall that year .

Tornado Climatology - wikipedia Tornado Climatology Jump to : navigation , search This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : article is repetitive , and ungrammatical in key sentences ; technical details are not explained Please help improve this article if you can . ( September 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Areas worldwide with the highest frequency of tornadoes are indicated by orange shading . Tornadoes have been recorded on all continents except Antarctica and are most common in the middle latitudes where conditions are often favorable for convective storm development . The United States has the most tornadoes of any country , as well as the strongest and most violent tornadoes . A large portion of these tornadoes form in an area of the central United States popularly known as Tornado Alley . Other areas of the world that have frequent tornadoes include significant portions of Europe , South Africa , Philippines , Bangladesh , parts of Argentina , Uruguay , and southern and southeast Brazil , New Zealand , and far eastern Asia . The United States averaged 1,274 tornadoes per year in the last decade while Canada reports nearly 100 annually ( largely in the southern regions ) . However , the UK has most tornadoes per area per year , 0.14 per 1000 km2 , although these tornadoes are generally weak , and many other European countries have a similar number of tornadoes per area . The severity of tornadoes is commonly measured by the Enhanced Fujita Scale , which scales tornado intensity from EF0 to EF5 by wind speed and the amount of damage they do to human environments . These judgments are made after the tornado has dissipated and the damage trail is carefully studied by weather professionals . Tornadoes are most common in spring and least common in winter . The seasonal transition during autumn and spring promotes the development of extratropical cyclones and frontal systems that support strong convective storms . Tornadoes are also common in landfalling tropical cyclones , where they are focused in the right poleward section of the cyclone . Tornadoes can also be spawned as a result of eyewall mesovortices , which persist until landfall . However , favorable conditions for tornado development can occur any time of the year . Tornado occurrence is highly dependent on the time of day , because of solar heating . Worldwide , most tornadoes occur in the late afternoon , between 3 pm and 7 pm local time , with a peak near 5 pm . Destructive tornadoes can occur at any time of day , as evidenced by the Gainesville Tornado of 1936 ( one of the deadliest tornadoes in history ) that occurred at 8 : 30 am local time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 2 Tornadoes in the USA 2.1 Common misconceptions 3 Tornadoes in Canada 4 Europe 5 Asia 6 South America 6.1 South American Tornadoes 7 Africa 8 Oceania 9 Frequency of occurrence 10 Time of occurrence 10.1 Diurnality 10.2 Seasonality 11 Long - term trends 12 See also 13 References 13.1 Book references 14 Further reading 15 External links Geography ( edit ) The United States has the most tornadoes of any country . Many of these form in an area of the central ( with some definitions including Southern ) United States known as Tornado Alley . This area extends into Canada , particularly the Prairie Provinces and Ontario ; however , activity in Canada is less frequent and intense than that of the US . The high frequency of tornadoes in North America is largely due to geography , as moisture from the Gulf of Mexico is easily advected into the midcontinent with few topographic barriers in the way . The Rocky Mountains block Pacific - sourced moisture and buckle the atmospheric flow , forcing drier air at mid-levels of the troposphere due to downsloping winds and causing cyclogenesis downstream to the east of the mountains . Downsloping winds off the Rockies force the formation of a dry line when the flow aloft is strong , while the Gulf of Mexico fuels abundant low - level moisture . This unique topography allows for frequent collisions of warm and cold air , the conditions that breed strong , long - lived storms throughout the year . This area extends into Canada , particularly Ontario and the Prairie Provinces , and strong tornadoes can also occur in northern Mexico . A large region of South America is characterized by storms that reach the level of supercells and produce intense hailstorms , floods , and tornadoes during the spring , summer , and early fall . The region recently appointed as the Tornado Corridor ( South America ) is considered as the second largest in the world in terms of the formation of extreme weather events . It covers most of central Argentina , southern Paraguay , southeastern Brazil , and Uruguay . Bangladesh and surrounding areas of eastern India suffer from a couple tornadoes annually of similar severity to stronger tornadoes in the US . These occur with a greater recurrence interval ( although over a smaller region ) , and tend to be under - reported due to the scarcity of media coverage of a developing country . The annual human death toll from tornadoes in Bangladesh is estimated at about 179 deaths per year , which is much greater than in the US . This is likely due to the density of population , poor quality of construction , lack of tornado safety knowledge and warnings , and other factors . Other areas of the world that have frequent strong tornadoes include Germany , the Czech Republic , Slovakia , Italy , Spain , China , and the Philippines . Australia , France , Russia , areas of the Middle East , Japan , and parts of Mexico have a history of multiple damaging tornado events . Tornadoes in the USA ( edit ) Average annual tornado reports in the United States . Further information : Tornadoes in the United States This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The United States averaged 1,274 tornadoes per year in the last decade . April 2011 saw the most tornadoes ever recorded for any month in the US National Weather Service 's history , 875 ; the previous record was 542 in one month . It has more tornadoes yearly than any other country and reports more violent ( F4 and F5 ) tornadoes than anywhere else . Tornadoes are common in many states but are most common to the west of the Appalachian Mountains and to the east of the Rockies . The Atlantic seaboard states -- North Carolina , South Carolina , Georgia and Virginia -- are also very vulnerable , as well as Florida . The areas most vulnerable to tornadoes are the Southern Plains and Florida , though most Florida tornadoes are relatively weak . The Southern USA is one of the worst affected regions in terms of casualties . Tornado reports have been officially collated since 1950 . These reports have been gathered by the National Climatic Data Center ( NCDC ) , based in Asheville , North Carolina . A tornado can be reported more than once , such as when a storm crosses a county line and reports are made from two counties . Common misconceptions ( edit ) Some people mistakenly believe that tornadoes only occur in the countryside . This is hardly the case . While it is true that the plains states are the most tornado - prone places in the nation , it should be noted that tornadoes have been reported in every U.S state , including Alaska and Hawaii . One likely reason tornadoes are so common in the central U.S is because this is where Arctic air , cold fronts that have not been `` weakened '' yet first collide with warm tropical air from the Gulf of Mexico . As these fronts head further east , they sometimes lose their strength as they travel over more warm air . For this reason , tornadoes are not as common on the East Coast as they are in the Midwest . However , they have happened on rare occasion , such as the F3 twister that struck Limerick Township , Pennsylvania near Philadelphia on 27 July 1994 , the F2 twister that struck the northern suburbs of New York City on 12 July 2006 , the EF2 twister in the borough of Brooklyn on 8 August 2007 , or the F4 twister that struck La Plata , Maryland on 28 April 2002 . Tornadoes can occur west of the continental divide , but they are infrequent and usually relatively weak and short - lived . Recently , tornadoes have struck the Pacific coast town of Lincoln City , Oregon ( 1996 ) , Sunnyvale , California ( 1998 ) , and downtown Salt Lake City , Utah ( 1999 - see Salt Lake City Tornado ) . The California Central Valley is an area of some frequency for tornadoes , albeit of weak intensity . Though tornadoes that occur on the Western Seaboard are typically weak , more powerful and damaging tornadoes , such as the tornado that occurred on 22 May 2008 in Perris , California , can also occur . More tornadoes occur in Texas than in any other US state . The state which has the highest number of tornadoes per unit area is Florida , although most of the tornadoes in Florida are weak tornadoes of EF0 or EF1 intensity . A number of Florida 's tornadoes occur along the edge of hurricanes that strike the state . The state with the highest number of strong tornadoes per unit area is Oklahoma . The neighboring state of Kansas is also a particularly notorious tornado state . It records the most EF4 and EF5 tornadoes in the country . Tornadoes in Canada ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Canada also experiences numerous tornadoes , although fewer than the United States . On average 62 are reported per year , but this number is expected to be higher due to undetected tornadoes in large expanses of underpopulated areas . NOAA has a higher average 100 per year in Canada . This causes tens of millions of dollars in damage . Most are weak F0 or F1 in intensity , but there are on average a few F2 or stronger that touch down each season . For example , the tornado frequency of Southwestern Ontario is about half that of the most tornado - prone areas of the central US plains . The last multiple tornado - related deaths in Canada were caused by a tornado in Ear Falls , Ontario on 9 July 2009 , where 3 died , and the last killer tornado was on 21 August 2011 in Goderich , Ontario . The two deadliest tornadoes on Canadian soil were the Regina Cyclone of 30 June 1912 ( 28 fatalities ) and the Edmonton Tornado of 31 July 1987 ( 27 fatalities ) . Both of these storms were rated an F4 on the Fujita scale . The city of Windsor was struck by strong tornadoes four times within a 61 - year span ( 1946 , 1953 , 1974 , 1997 ) ranging in strength from an F2 to F4 . Windsor has been struck by more significant tornadoes than any other city in Canada . Canada 's first official F5 tornado struck Elie , Manitoba on 22 June 2007 . Tornadoes are most frequent in the provinces of Alberta , Saskatchewan , Manitoba , and Ontario . Europe ( edit ) Europe has about 300 tornadoes per year -- much more than estimated by Alfred Wegener in his classic book Wind - und Wasserhosen in Europa ( `` Tornadoes and Waterspouts in Europe '' ) . They are most common in June -- August , especially in the inlands -- rarest in January -- March . Strong and violent tornadoes ( F3 -- F5 ) do occur , especially in some of the interior areas and in the south -- but are not as common as in parts of the USA . As in the USA , tornadoes are far from evenly distributed . Europe has some small `` tornado alleys '' -- probably because of frontal collisions as in the south and east of England , but also because Europe is partitioned by mountain ranges like the Alps . Parts of Styria ( Steiermark ) in Austria may be such a tornado alley , and this county has had at least three F3 tornadoes since 1900 . F3 and perhaps one F4 tornado have occurred as far north as Finland . Since 1900 , deadly tornadoes have occurred in Austria , Belgium , Cyprus , Finland , France , Germany , Italy ( such as the F5 / T10 of Udine - Treviso on 24 July 1930 , which killed 23 people , ) , Malta , Poland , Portugal ( such as the F3 / T7 of Castelo Branco on 6 November 1954 , which killed 5 and injured 220 ) , Romania , Russia and the United Kingdom . The 1984 Ivanovo -- Yaroslavl outbreak , with more than 400 fatalities and 213 injured , was the century 's deadliest tornado or outbreak in Europe . It included at least one F5 and one F4. Europe 's perhaps deadliest tornado ever ( and probably one of the World 's deadliest tornadoes ) hit Malta in 1551 ( or 1556 ) and killed about 600 . One notable tornado of recent years was the Birmingham Tornado ( UK ) which struck Birmingham , United Kingdom , in July 2005 . A row of houses was destroyed , but no one was killed . A strong F3 ( T7 ) Tornado hit the small town Micheln in Saxony - Anhalt , Germany on 23 July 2004 leaving 6 people injured and more than 250 buildings massively damaged . Asia ( edit ) Bangladesh and the eastern parts of India are very exposed to destructive tornadoes causing higher deaths and injuries . Bangladesh , Philippines , and Japan have the highest number of reported tornadoes in Asia . The world 's single deadliest tornado struck the Manikganj District of Bangladesh on April 26 , 1989 , killing an estimated 1,300 people , injuring 12,000 , and leaving approximately 80,000 people homeless . Five other recorded tornadic events have killed more than 500 people in Bangladesh , the most recent on May 13 , 1996 when multiple tornadoes swept through the Jamalpur and Tangail districts , killing more than 600 . In June 2016 , a storm producing multiple tornadoes and hail struck a densely populated area of farms and factories near the city of Yancheng in Jiangsu province , about 800 kilometers ( 500 miles ) south of Beijing , killing at least 78 people and destroying buildings . Nearly 500 people were injured , 200 of them critically , the official Xinhua News Agency reported . South America ( edit ) South America has its own tornado alley , composed of central and northern Argentina , southern and southeast Brazil , Uruguay , and part of Paraguay , and is considered the second highest frequency tornado region in the world . Argentina has areas with high tornadic activity , and the strongest tornadoes in the southern hemisphere like the F5 in San Justo , and the tornado outbreak in Buenos Aires with more than 300 tornadoes registered in less than 24 hours . This region is favorable for tornadoes and severe thunderstorms , due to the large size of the Pampas Plain where the cold air from Patagonia and Antarctica collides with warm , moist air from areas of Brazil , northern Argentina and Paraguay , and dry air from the Andes . Zone of tornadoes ( South America ) . Gray zone high risk , red zone medium risk South American tornadoes ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) On 16 September 1816 , one of the first tornadoes recorded in South America destroyed the town of Rojas ( 240 kilometres ( 150 mi ) west of Buenos Aires ) An EF4 tornado struck the city of Encarnación , Paraguay , on 20 September 1926 and killed over 300 people , making it the second deadliest tornado in South America . On 21 April 1970 , an F4 struck Fray Marcos in Uruguay and killed 11 , making it the strongest in Uruguay 's history . On 10 January 1973 , an F5 struck the city of San Justo , Argentina , 105 km ( 65 mi ) north of the city of Santa Fe . The San Justo tornado is considered the worst tornado ever to occur in the Southern Hemisphere , with winds that exceeded 400 kilometres per hour ( 250 mph ) . On 6 May 1992 , Estación López ( in Spanish ) , in Buenos Aires Province , was devastated by an EF4 tornado that caused 4 deaths among the 150 residents . The province of Buenos Aires ( Argentina ) was impacted by the largest tornado outbreak in South American history on 13 April 1993 . More than 300 tornadoes were recorded over 24 hours with intensities ranging from F1 to F3 . On 28 October 1978 , an EF4 tornado with winds of 270 km / h ( 170 mph ) hit the city of Morteros in the province of Córdoba , killing 5 people . The 26 December 2003 Córdoba Tornado ( in Spanish ) struck 6 km ( 3.7 mi ) west of Córdoba 's city center . It was rated an F3 with winds exceeding 300 km / h ( 190 mph ) , killing 5 and injuring hundreds . An EF4 tornado destroyed the town of San Pedro , Misiones , on the night of 7 September 2009 , killing 11 people . The same tornado hit the nearby town of Guaraciaba , Brazil , killing 6 . The neighboring towns of Veloso Santo and Santa Cecilia were seriously damaged and were declared in a state of emergency . Africa ( edit ) Tornadoes do occur in South Africa . In October 2011 ( i.e. in the spring ) , two people were killed and nearly 200 were injured after a tornado formed , near Ficksburg in the Free State ; more than 1,000 shacks and houses were flattened . Oceania ( edit ) Australia has about 16 tornadoes per year -- excluding waterspouts , which are common . In New Zealand , a tornado hit the northern suburbs of Auckland on 3 May 2011 , killing one and injuring at least 16 people . Frequency of occurrence ( edit ) Tornadoes can form in any month , providing the conditions are favorable . For example , a freak tornado hit South St. Louis County Missouri on 31 December 2010 , causing pockets of heavy damage to a modest area before dissipating . The temperature was unseasonably warm that day . They are least common during the winter and most common in spring . Since autumn and spring are transitional periods ( warm to cool and vice versa ) there are more chances of cooler air meeting with warmer air , resulting in thunderstorms . Tornadoes in the late summer and fall can also be caused by hurricane landfall . Not every thunderstorm , supercell , squall line , or tropical cyclone will produce a tornado . Precisely the right atmospheric conditions are required for the formation of even a weak tornado . On the other hand , 700 or more tornadoes a year are reported in the contiguous United States . On average , the United States experiences 100,000 thunderstorms each year , resulting in more than 1,200 tornadoes and approximately 50 deaths per year . The deadliest U.S. tornado recorded is the 18 March 1925 , Tri-State Tornado that swept across southeastern Missouri , southern Illinois and southern Indiana , killing 695 people . The biggest tornado outbreak on record -- with 353 tornadoes over the course of just 3 1 / 2 days , including four F5 and eleven F4 tornadoes -- occurred starting on 25 April 2011 and intensifying on 26 April and especially the record - breaking day of 27 April before ending on 28 April . It is referred to as the 2011 Super Outbreak . Previously , the record was 148 tornadoes , dubbed the 1974 Super Outbreak . Another such significant storm system was the Palm Sunday tornado outbreak of 1965 , which affected the United States Midwest on 11 April 1965 . A series of continuous tornado outbreaks is known as a tornado outbreak sequence , with significant occurrences in May 1917 , 1930 , 1949 , and 2003 . Time of occurrence ( edit ) Diurnality ( edit ) Tornado occurrence is highly dependent on the time of day . Austria , Finland , Germany , and the United States ' peak hour of occurrence is 5 pm , with roughly half of all tornado occurrence between 3 p.m. and 7 p.m. local time , due to this being the time of peak atmospheric heating , and thus the maximum available energy for storms ; some researchers , including Howard B. Bluestein of the University of Oklahoma , have referred to this phenomenon as `` five o'clock magic . '' Despite this , there are several morning tornadoes reported , like the Seymour , Texas one in April 1980 . Seasonality ( edit ) The time of year is a big factor of the intensity and frequency of tornadoes . On average , in the United States as a whole , the month with the most tornadoes is May , followed by the months June , April , and July . There is no `` tornado season '' though , as tornadoes , including violent tornadoes and major outbreaks , can and do occur anywhere at any time of year if favorable conditions develop . Major tornado outbreaks have occurred in every month of the year . July is the peak month in Austria , Finland , and Germany . On average , there are around 294 tornadoes throughout the United States during the month of May , and as many as 543 tornadoes have been reported in the month of May alone ( in 2003 ) . The months with the fewest tornadoes are usually December and January , although major tornado outbreaks can and sometimes do occur even in those months . In general , in the Midwestern and Plains states , springtime ( especially the month of May ) is the most active season for tornadoes , while in the far northern states ( like Minnesota and Wisconsin ) , the peak tornado season is usually in the summer months ( June and July ) . In the colder late autumn and winter months ( from early December to late February ) , tornado activity is generally limited to the southern states , where it is possible for warm Gulf of Mexico air to penetrate . The reason for the peak period for tornado formation being in the spring has much to do with temperature patterns in the U.S. Tornadoes often form when cool , polar air traveling southeastward from the Rockies overrides warm , moist , unstable Gulf of Mexico air in the eastern states . Tornadoes therefore tend to be commonly found in front of a cold front , along with heavy rains , hail , and damaging winds . Since both warm and cold weather are common during the springtime , the conflict between these two air masses tends to be most common in the spring . As the weather warms across the country , the occurrence of tornadoes spreads northward . Tornadoes are also common in the summer and early fall because they can also be triggered by hurricanes , although the tornadoes caused by hurricanes are often much weaker and harder to spot . Winter is the least common time for tornadoes to occur , since hurricane activity is virtually non-existent at this time , and it is more difficult for warm , moist maritime tropical air to take over the frigid Arctic air from Canada , occurrences are found mostly in the Gulf states and Florida during winter ( although there have been some notable exceptions ) . Interestingly , there is a second active tornado season of the year , late October to mid-November . Autumn , like spring , is a time of the year when warm weather alternates with cold weather frequently , especially in the Midwest , but the season is not as active as it is during the springtime and tornado frequencies are higher along the Atlantic Coastal plain as opposed to the Midwest . They usually appear in late summer . Long - term trends ( edit ) U.S. Annual January -- December Tornado Count 1976 -- 2011 from NOAA National Climatic Data Center The reliable climatology of tornadoes is limited in geographic and temporal scope ; only since 1976 in the United States and 2000 in Europe have thorough and accurate tornado statistics been logged . However , some trends can be noted in tornadoes causing significant damage in the United States , as somewhat reliable statistics on damaging tornadoes exist as far back as 1880 . The highest incidence of violent tornadoes seems to shift from the Southeastern United States to the southern Great Plains every few decades . Also , the 1980s seemed to be a period of unusually low tornado activity in the United States , and the number of multi-death tornadoes decreased every decade from the 1920s to the 1980s , suggesting a multi-decadal pattern of some sort . See also ( edit ) Tornado intensity and damage Tornado records List of tornadoes and tornado outbreaks List of F5 and EF5 tornadoes List of tornadoes by calendar day Tornadogenesis Tornado myths References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Tornado Climatology National Centers for Environmental Information ( NCEI ) formerly known as National Climatic Data Center ( NCDC ) '' . www.ncdc.noaa.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Tornado Alley National Centers for Environmental Information ( NCEI ) formerly known as National Climatic Data Center ( NCDC ) '' . www.ncdc.noaa.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica . `` Tornado : Global occurrence '' . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ Graf , Michael ( June 2008 ) . `` Synoptical and mesoscale weather situations associated with tornadoes in Europe '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Enhanced Fujita Tornado Scale , NOAA '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : Grazulis , Thomas P ( July 1993 ) . Significant Tornadoes 1680 -- 1991 . St. Johnsbury , VT : The Tornado Project of Environmental Films . ISBN 1 - 879362 - 03 - 1 . Jump up ^ Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory , Hurricane Research Division ( 4 October 2006 ) . `` Frequently Asked Questions : Are TC tornadoes weaker than midlatitude tornadoes ? '' . NOAA . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Kelly , Schaefer , McNulty ; et al. ( 10 April 1978 ) . `` An Augmented Tornado Climatology '' ( PDF ) . Monthly Weather Review . p. 12 . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 13 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Tornado : Diurnal patterns '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . 2007 . p. 6 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Holzer , A.M. ( 2000 ) . `` Tornado Climatology of Austria '' . Atmospheric Research ( 56 ) : 203 -- 211 . Archived from the original on 19 February 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Dotzek , Nikolai ( 16 May 2000 ) . `` Tornadoes in Germany '' ( PDF ) . Atmospheric Research . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` South African Tornadoes '' . South African Weather Service . 2003 . Archived from the original on 26 May 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Finch , Jonathan D. ; Dewan , Ashraf M. `` Bangladesh Tornado Climatology '' . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Perkins , Sid ( 11 May 2002 ) . `` Tornado Alley , USA '' . Science News . pp. 296 -- 298 . Archived from the original on 25 August 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Paul , Bhuiyan ( 2004 ) . `` The April 2004 Tornado in North - Central Bangladesh : A Case for Introducing Tornado Forecasting and Warning Systems '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/2011_tornado_information.html Jump up ^ http://media.pottsmerc.com/2014/07/30/1994-limerick-tornado/#1 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ O'Connor , Anahad ( 14 July 2006 ) . `` It 's Official : That Severe Storm in Westchester Was a Tornado '' . The New York Times . C1 control character in last = at position 2 ( help ) ; C1 control character in title = at position 3 ( help ) Jump up ^ Reyes , David ( 23 May 2008 ) . `` Tornadoes , hail and snow deliver a May surprise '' . The Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Vettese , Dayna . `` Tornadoes in Canada : Everything you need to know '' . The Weather Network . Retrieved 26 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Tornado Climatology '' . NOAA . Retrieved 26 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Environment Canada News Release : Elie Tornado Upgraded to Highest Level on Damage Scale Archived 11 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Tornado '' . About.com Education . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Paul Rincon : UK , Holland top twister league . By Paul Rincon , BBC Science Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 1 October 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` I tornado in Italia - I tornado storici in Italia '' . www.tornadoit.org . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Sävert , Thomas . `` 2004 tornado in Micheln ( in German ) '' . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Chris Dolce ( 17 April 2014 ) . `` The Deadliest Tornado in the World '' . The Weather Channel . Retrieved 19 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NASA Satellite Identifies the World 's Most Intense Thunderstorms '' . Jump up ^ es : 1816 Jump up ^ http://www.slideshare.net/escuelarural207/tornados-en-uruguay Jump up ^ San Justo tornado Jump up ^ es : Tornado de Córdoba Jump up ^ http://www.tandar.cnea.gov.ar/eventos/seminariosGIyA/2012/diapositivas/20120605-Diferentes_formas_de_las_trazas_de_danios_en_tornados-Agosta+Altinger.pdf Jump up ^ `` SOUTH AFRICA : Tornadoes kill two , leave thousands homeless '' . Los Angeles Times . 3 October 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2010/06/04/2918660.htm Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica . Tornadoes . Retrieved on 2006 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ A.M. Holzer . Tornado Climatology of Austria . Archived 19 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 2006 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ N. Dotzek . Tornadoes in Germany . Retrieved on 2006 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ Jenni Teittinen . A Climatology of Tornadoes in Finland . Retrieved on 2006 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ Grazulis , pg. 194 Jump up ^ `` ESSL ( ESWD Project and Data Use ) '' . European Severe Storms Laboratory . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ Grazulis , 196 -- 198 Book references ( edit ) Grazulis , Thomas P ( July 1993 ) . Significant Tornadoes 1680 -- 1991 . St. Johnsbury , VT : The Tornado Project of Environmental Films . ISBN 1 - 879362 - 03 - 1 . Further reading ( edit ) Brooks , Harold E. ( 2004 ) . `` Estimating the Distribution of Severe Thunderstorms and Their Environments Around the World '' ( PDF ) . International Conference on Storms . Brisbane , Queensland , Australia . Brooks , Harold ; C.A. Doswell III ( January 2001 ) . `` Some aspects of the international climatology of tornadoes by damage classification '' . Atmos . Res. 56 ( 1 -- 4 ) : 191 -- 201 . Bibcode : 2001AtmRe ... 56 ... 191B . doi : 10.1016 / S0169 - 8095 ( 00 ) 00098 - 3 . Brooks , Harold E. ; J.W. Lee ; J.P. Craven ( July 2003 ) . `` The spatial distribution of severe thunderstorm and tornado environments from global reanalysis data '' ( PDF ) . Atmos . Res. 67 -- 68 : 73 -- 94 . Bibcode : 2003AtmRe ... 67 ... 73B . doi : 10.1016 / S0169 - 8095 ( 03 ) 00045 - 0 . Dotzek , Nikolai ; J. Grieser ; H.E. Brooks ( Jul -- Sep 2003 ) . `` Statistical modeling of tornado intensity distributions '' ( PDF ) . Atmos . Res. 67 -- 68 : 163 -- 87 . Bibcode : 2003AtmRe ... 67 ... 163D . doi : 10.1016 / S0169 - 8095 ( 03 ) 00050 - 4 . Feuerstein , Bernold ; N. Dotzek ; Jürgen Grieser ( February 2005 ) . `` Assessing a Tornado Climatology from Global Tornado Intensity Distributions '' . J. Climate. 18 ( 4 ) : 585 -- 96 . Bibcode : 2005JCli ... 18 ... 585F . doi : 10.1175 / JCLI - 3285.1 . External links ( edit ) U.S. Severe Thunderstorm Climatology ( NSSL ) U.S. Tornado Climatology ( NCDC ) U.S. Tornado Climatology ( University of Nebraska -- Lincoln ) When and Where Do Tornadoes Occur ? ( National Atlas of the United States ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tornado_climatology&oldid=797182131 '' Categories : Tornado Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs CS1 errors : invisible characters Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from November 2015 Articles needing cleanup from September 2010 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from September 2010 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from September 2010 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Articles needing additional references from February 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from June 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Articles needing additional references from April 2014 Articles with Spanish - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 August 2017 , at 12 : 27 . 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who gets the most tornadoes in the world

Tornadoes have been recorded on all continents except Antarctica and are most common in the middle latitudes where conditions are often favorable for convective storm development . The United States has the most tornadoes of any country , as well as the strongest and most violent tornadoes . A large portion of these tornadoes form in an area of the central United States popularly known as Tornado Alley . Other areas of the world that have frequent tornadoes include significant portions of Europe , South Africa , Philippines , Bangladesh , parts of Argentina , Uruguay , and southern and southeast Brazil , New Zealand , and far eastern Asia .

Battle of Gettysburg - wikipedia Battle of Gettysburg Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Battle of Gettysburg ( disambiguation ) . Battle of Gettysburg Part of the American Civil War The Battle of Gettysburg , by Thure de Thulstrup Date July 1 -- 3 , 1863 Location Gettysburg , Adams County , Pennsylvania 39 ° 48 ′ 40 '' N 77 ° 13 ′ 30 '' W  /  39.811 ° N 77.225 ° W  / 39.811 ; - 77.225 Coordinates : 39 ° 48 ′ 40 '' N 77 ° 13 ′ 30 '' W  /  39.811 ° N 77.225 ° W  / 39.811 ; - 77.225 Result Union victory Belligerents United States Confederate States Commanders and leaders George G. Meade Robert E. Lee Units involved Army of the Potomac Army of Northern Virginia Strength 104,256 ( `` present for duty '' ) 71,000 -- 75,000 ( estimated ) Casualties and losses 23,049 total ( 3,155 killed ; 14,529 wounded ; 5,365 captured / missing ) 23,000 -- 28,000 ( estimated ) Gettysburg Campaign Franklin 's Crossing Brandy Station 2nd Winchester Aldie Middleburg Upperville Fairfax Court House Corbit 's Charge Hanover Sporting Hill Carlisle Gettysburg Retreat from Gettysburg Fairfield Monterey Williamsport Boonsboro Funkstown Manassas Gap Northern Virginia , Maryland and Pennsylvania ( 1861 - 1865 ) Gettysburg Campaign , ( 1863 ) Battlefield of Gettysburg , ( 1863 ) The Battle of Gettysburg ( locally / ˈɡɛtɪsbɜːrɡ / ( listen ) , with an / s / sound ) was fought July 1 -- 3 , 1863 , in and around the town of Gettysburg , Pennsylvania , by Union and Confederate forces during the American Civil War . The battle involved the largest number of casualties of the entire war and is often described as the war 's turning point . Union Maj. Gen. George Meade 's Army of the Potomac defeated attacks by Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia , halting Lee 's invasion of the North . After his success at Chancellorsville in Virginia in May 1863 , Lee led his army through the Shenandoah Valley to begin his second invasion of the North -- the Gettysburg Campaign . With his army in high spirits , Lee intended to shift the focus of the summer campaign from war - ravaged northern Virginia and hoped to influence Northern politicians to give up their prosecution of the war by penetrating as far as Harrisburg , Pennsylvania , or even Philadelphia . Prodded by President Abraham Lincoln , Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker moved his army in pursuit , but was relieved of command just three days before the battle and replaced by Meade . Elements of the two armies initially collided at Gettysburg on July 1 , 1863 , as Lee urgently concentrated his forces there , his objective being to engage the Union army and destroy it . Low ridges to the northwest of town were defended initially by a Union cavalry division under Brig. Gen. John Buford , and soon reinforced with two corps of Union infantry . However , two large Confederate corps assaulted them from the northwest and north , collapsing the hastily developed Union lines , sending the defenders retreating through the streets of the town to the hills just to the south . On the second day of battle , most of both armies had assembled . The Union line was laid out in a defensive formation resembling a fishhook . In the late afternoon of July 2 , Lee launched a heavy assault on the Union left flank , and fierce fighting raged at Little Round Top , the Wheatfield , Devil 's Den , and the Peach Orchard . On the Union right , Confederate demonstrations escalated into full - scale assaults on Culp 's Hill and Cemetery Hill . All across the battlefield , despite significant losses , the Union defenders held their lines . On the third day of battle , fighting resumed on Culp 's Hill , and cavalry battles raged to the east and south , but the main event was a dramatic infantry assault by 12,500 Confederates against the center of the Union line on Cemetery Ridge , known as Pickett 's Charge . The charge was repulsed by Union rifle and artillery fire , at great loss to the Confederate army . Lee led his army on a torturous retreat back to Virginia . Between 46,000 and 51,000 soldiers from both armies were casualties in the three - day battle , the most costly in US history . On November 19 , President Lincoln used the dedication ceremony for the Gettysburg National Cemetery to honor the fallen Union soldiers and redefine the purpose of the war in his historic Gettysburg Address . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Military situation 1.2 Initial movements to battle 2 Opposing forces 2.1 Union 2.2 Confederate 3 First day of battle 3.1 Herr Ridge , McPherson Ridge and Seminary Ridge 4 Second day of battle 4.1 Plans and movement to battle 4.2 Attacks on the Union left flank 4.3 Attacks on the Union right flank 5 Third day of battle 5.1 Lee 's plan 5.2 The largest artillery bombardment of the war 5.3 Pickett 's Charge 5.4 Cavalry battles 6 Aftermath 6.1 Casualties 6.2 Confederate retreat 6.3 Union reaction to the news of the victory 6.4 Effect on the Confederacy 6.5 Gettysburg Address 7 Historical assessment 7.1 Decisive victory controversies 7.2 Lee vs. Meade 8 Battlefield preservation 9 Commemoration in U.S. postage and coinage 10 In popular culture 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 13.1 Memoirs and primary sources 14 Further reading 15 External links Background Military situation Main articles : Gettysburg Campaign and Gettysburg Battlefield Further information : Battle of Chancellorsville , Eastern Theater of the American Civil War , and American Civil War Gettysburg Campaign ( through July 3 ) ; cavalry movements shown with dashed lines Confederate Union This 1863 oval - shaped map depicts Gettysburg Battlefield during July 1 -- 3 , 1863 , showing troop and artillery positions and movements , relief hachures , drainage , roads , railroads , and houses with the names of residents at the time of the Battle of Gettysburg . A Harper 's Weekly illustration showing Confederate troops escorting captured African American civilians south into slavery . En route to Gettysburg , the Army of Northern Virginia kidnapped approximately 40 black civilians and sent them south into slavery . Shortly after the Army of Northern Virginia won a major victory over the Army of the Potomac at the Battle of Chancellorsville ( April 30 -- May 6 , 1863 ) , Robert E. Lee decided upon a second invasion of the North ( the first was the unsuccessful Maryland Campaign of September 1862 , which ended in the bloody Battle of Antietam ) . Such a move would upset U.S. plans for the summer campaigning season and possibly reduce the pressure on the besieged Confederate garrison at Vicksburg . The invasion would allow the Confederates to live off the bounty of the rich Northern farms while giving war - ravaged Virginia a much - needed rest . In addition , Lee 's 72,000 - man army could threaten Philadelphia , Baltimore , and Washington , and possibly strengthen the growing peace movement in the North . Initial movements to battle Thus , on June 3 , Lee 's army began to shift northward from Fredericksburg , Virginia . Following the death of Thomas J. `` Stonewall '' Jackson , Lee reorganized his two large corps into three new corps , commanded by Lt. Gen. James Longstreet ( First Corps ) , Lt. Gen. Richard S. Ewell ( Second ) , and Lt. Gen. A.P. Hill ( Third ) ; both Ewell and Hill , who had formerly reported to Jackson as division commanders , were new to this level of responsibility . The Cavalry Division remained under the command of Maj. Gen. J.E.B. Stuart . The Union Army of the Potomac , under Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker , consisted of seven infantry corps , a cavalry corps , and an Artillery Reserve , for a combined strength of more than 100,000 men . The first major action of the campaign took place on June 9 between cavalry forces at Brandy Station , near Culpeper , Virginia . The 9,500 Confederate cavalrymen under Stuart were surprised by Maj. Gen. Alfred Pleasonton 's combined arms force of two cavalry divisions ( 8,000 troopers ) and 3,000 infantry , but Stuart eventually repulsed the Union attack . The inconclusive battle , the largest predominantly cavalry engagement of the war , proved for the first time that the Union horse soldier was equal to his Southern counterpart . By mid-June , the Army of Northern Virginia was poised to cross the Potomac River and enter Maryland . After defeating the U.S. garrisons at Winchester and Martinsburg , Ewell 's Second Corps began crossing the river on June 15 . Hill 's and Longstreet 's corps followed on June 24 and 25 . Hooker 's army pursued , keeping between the U.S. capital and Lee 's army . The U.S. crossed the Potomac from June 25 to 27 . Lee gave strict orders for his army to minimize any negative impacts on the civilian population . Food , horses , and other supplies were generally not seized outright , although quartermasters reimbursing Northern farmers and merchants with Confederate money were not well received . Various towns , most notably York , Pennsylvania , were required to pay indemnities in lieu of supplies , under threat of destruction . During the invasion , the Confederates seized some 40 northern African Americans . A few of them were escaped fugitive slaves , but most were freemen ; all were sent south into slavery under guard . On June 26 , elements of Maj. Gen. Jubal Early 's division of Ewell 's Corps occupied the town of Gettysburg after chasing off newly raised Pennsylvania militia in a series of minor skirmishes . Early laid the borough under tribute but did not collect any significant supplies . Soldiers burned several railroad cars and a covered bridge , and destroyed nearby rails and telegraph lines . The following morning , Early departed for adjacent York County . Meanwhile , in a controversial move , Lee allowed J.E.B. Stuart to take a portion of the army 's cavalry and ride around the east flank of the Union army . Lee 's orders gave Stuart much latitude , and both generals share the blame for the long absence of Stuart 's cavalry , as well as for the failure to assign a more active role to the cavalry left with the army . Stuart and his three best brigades were absent from the army during the crucial phase of the approach to Gettysburg and the first two days of battle . By June 29 , Lee 's army was strung out in an arc from Chambersburg ( 28 miles ( 45 km ) northwest of Gettysburg ) to Carlisle ( 30 miles ( 48 km ) north of Gettysburg ) to near Harrisburg and Wrightsville on the Susquehanna River . In a dispute over the use of the forces defending the Harpers Ferry garrison , Hooker offered his resignation , and Abraham Lincoln and General - in - Chief Henry W. Halleck , who were looking for an excuse to get rid of him , immediately accepted . They replaced Hooker early on the morning of June 28 with Maj. Gen. George Gordon Meade , then commander of the V Corps . On June 29 , when Lee learned that the Army of the Potomac had crossed the Potomac River , he ordered a concentration of his forces around Cashtown , located at the eastern base of South Mountain and eight miles ( 13 km ) west of Gettysburg . On June 30 , while part of Hill 's Corps was in Cashtown , one of Hill 's brigades , North Carolinians under Brig. Gen. J. Johnston Pettigrew , ventured toward Gettysburg . In his memoirs , Maj. Gen. Henry Heth , Pettigrew 's division commander , claimed that he sent Pettigrew to search for supplies in town -- especially shoes . When Pettigrew 's troops approached Gettysburg on June 30 , they noticed Union cavalry under Brig. Gen. John Buford arriving south of town , and Pettigrew returned to Cashtown without engaging them . When Pettigrew told Hill and Heth what he had seen , neither general believed that there was a substantial U.S. force in or near the town , suspecting that it had been only Pennsylvania militia . Despite General Lee 's order to avoid a general engagement until his entire army was concentrated , Hill decided to mount a significant reconnaissance in force the following morning to determine the size and strength of the enemy force in his front . Around 5 a.m. on Wednesday , July 1 , two brigades of Heth 's division advanced to Gettysburg . Opposing forces Union Key commanders ( Army of the Potomac ) Maj. Gen . George Meade , ( Commanding ) USA Maj. Gen . John F. Reynolds , USA Maj. Gen . Winfield Scott Hancock , USA Maj. Gen . Daniel Sickles , USA Maj. Gen . George Sykes , USA Maj. Gen . John Sedgwick , USA Maj. Gen . Oliver Otis Howard , USA Maj. Gen . Henry Warner Slocum , USA Maj. Gen . Alfred Pleasonton , USA Further information : Union order of battle The Army of the Potomac , initially under Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker ( Maj. Gen. George Meade replaced Hooker in command on June 28 ) , consisted of more than 100,000 men in the following organization : I Corps , commanded by Maj. Gen. John F. Reynolds , with divisions commanded by Brig. Gen. James S. Wadsworth , Brig. Gen. John C. Robinson , and Maj. Gen. Abner Doubleday . II Corps , commanded by Maj. Gen. Winfield Scott Hancock , with divisions commanded by Brig . Gens . John C. Caldwell , John Gibbon , and Alexander Hays . III Corps , commanded by Maj. Gen. Daniel Sickles , with divisions commanded by Maj. Gen. David B. Birney and Maj. Gen. Andrew A. Humphreys . V Corps , commanded by Maj. Gen. George Sykes ( George G. Meade until June 28 ) , with divisions commanded by Brig . Gens . James Barnes , Romeyn B. Ayres , and Samuel W. Crawford . VI Corps , commanded by Maj. Gen. John Sedgwick , with divisions commanded by Brig. Gen. Horatio G. Wright , Brig. Gen. Albion P. Howe , and Maj. Gen. John Newton . XI Corps , commanded by Maj. Gen. Oliver Otis Howard , with divisions commanded by Brig. Gen. Francis C. Barlow , Brig. Gen. Adolph von Steinwehr , and Maj. Gen. Carl Schurz . XII Corps , commanded by Maj. Gen. Henry W. Slocum , with divisions commanded by Brig . Gens . Alpheus S. Williams and John W. Geary . Cavalry Corps , commanded by Maj. Gen. Alfred Pleasonton , with divisions commanded by Brig . Gens . John Buford , David McM . Gregg , and H. Judson Kilpatrick . Artillery Reserve , commanded by Brig. Gen. Robert O. Tyler . ( The preeminent artillery officer at Gettysburg was Brig. Gen. Henry J. Hunt , chief of artillery on Meade 's staff . ) During the advance on Gettysburg , Maj. Gen. Reynolds was in operational command of the left , or advanced , wing of the Army , consisting of the I , III , and XI Corps . Note that many other Union units ( not part of the Army of the Potomac ) were actively involved in the Gettysburg Campaign , but not directly involved in the Battle of Gettysburg . These included portions of the Union IV Corps , the militia and state troops of the Department of the Susquehanna , and various garrisons , including that at Harpers Ferry . Confederate Key commanders ( Army of Northern Virginia ) Gen . Robert E. Lee , ( Commanding ) CSA Lt. Gen . James Longstreet , CSA Lt ... Gen . Richard S. Ewell , CSA Lt. Gen . A.P. Hill , CSA Maj. Gen . J.E.B. Stuart , CSA Further information : Confederate order of battle In reaction to the death of Lt. Gen. Thomas J. `` Stonewall '' Jackson after Chancellorsville , Lee reorganized his Army of Northern Virginia ( 75,000 men ) from two infantry corps into three . First Corps , commanded by Lt. Gen. James Longstreet , with divisions commanded by Maj . Gens . Lafayette McLaws , George Pickett , and John Bell Hood . Second Corps , commanded by Lt. Gen. Richard S. Ewell , with divisions commanded by Maj . Gens . Jubal A. Early , Edward `` Allegheny '' Johnson , and Robert E. Rodes . Third Corps , commanded by Lt. Gen. A.P. Hill , with divisions commanded by Maj . Gens . Richard H. Anderson , Henry Heth , and W. Dorsey Pender . Cavalry division , commanded by Maj. Gen. J.E.B. Stuart , with brigades commanded by Brig . Gens . Wade Hampton , Fitzhugh Lee , Beverly H. Robertson , Albert G. Jenkins , William E. `` Grumble '' Jones , and John D. Imboden , and Col. John R. Chambliss . First day of battle Further information : Battle of Gettysburg , First Day Overview map of the first day of the Battle of Gettysburg , July 1 , 1863 Herr Ridge , McPherson Ridge and Seminary Ridge Anticipating that the Confederates would march on Gettysburg from the west on the morning of July 1 , Buford laid out his defenses on three ridges west of the town : Herr Ridge , McPherson Ridge and Seminary Ridge . These were appropriate terrain for a delaying action by his small cavalry division against superior Confederate infantry forces , meant to buy time awaiting the arrival of Union infantrymen who could occupy the strong defensive positions south of town at Cemetery Hill , Cemetery Ridge , and Culp 's Hill . Buford understood that if the Confederates could gain control of these heights , Meade 's army would have difficulty dislodging them . First shot monument Heth 's division advanced with two brigades forward , commanded by Brig . Gens . James J. Archer and Joseph R. Davis . They proceeded easterly in columns along the Chambersburg Pike . Three miles ( 5 km ) west of town , about 7 : 30 a.m. on July 1 , the two brigades met light resistance from vedettes of Union cavalry , and deployed into line . According to lore , the Union soldier to fire the first shot of the battle was Lt. Marcellus Jones . In 1886 Lt. Jones returned to Gettysburg to mark the spot where he fired the first shot with a monument . Eventually , Heth 's men reached dismounted troopers of Col. William Gamble 's cavalry brigade , who raised determined resistance and delaying tactics from behind fence posts with fire from their breechloading carbines . Still , by 10 : 20 a.m. , the Confederates had pushed the Union cavalrymen east to McPherson Ridge , when the vanguard of the I Corps ( Maj. Gen. John F. Reynolds ) finally arrived . North of the pike , Davis gained a temporary success against Brig. Gen. Lysander Cutler 's brigade but was repulsed with heavy losses in an action around an unfinished railroad bed cut in the ridge . South of the pike , Archer 's brigade assaulted through Herbst ( also known as McPherson 's ) Woods . The U.S. Iron Brigade under Brig. Gen. Solomon Meredith enjoyed initial success against Archer , capturing several hundred men , including Archer himself . General Reynolds was shot and killed early in the fighting while directing troop and artillery placements just to the east of the woods . Shelby Foote wrote that the Union cause lost a man considered by many to be `` the best general in the army . '' Maj. Gen. Abner Doubleday assumed command . Fighting in the Chambersburg Pike area lasted until about 12 : 30 p.m. It resumed around 2 : 30 p.m. , when Heth 's entire division engaged , adding the brigades of Pettigrew and Col. John M. Brockenbrough . As Pettigrew 's North Carolina Brigade came on line , they flanked the 19th Indiana and drove the Iron Brigade back . The 26th North Carolina ( the largest regiment in the army with 839 men ) lost heavily , leaving the first day 's fight with around 212 men . By the end of the three - day battle , they had about 152 men standing , the highest casualty percentage for one battle of any regiment , North or South . Slowly the Iron Brigade was pushed out of the woods toward Seminary Ridge . Hill added Maj. Gen. William Dorsey Pender 's division to the assault , and the I Corps was driven back through the grounds of the Lutheran Seminary and Gettysburg streets . As the fighting to the west proceeded , two divisions of Ewell 's Second Corps , marching west toward Cashtown in accordance with Lee 's order for the army to concentrate in that vicinity , turned south on the Carlisle and Harrisburg roads toward Gettysburg , while the Union XI Corps ( Maj. Gen. Oliver O. Howard ) raced north on the Baltimore Pike and Taneytown Road . By early afternoon , the U.S. line ran in a semicircle west , north , and northeast of Gettysburg . However , the U.S. did not have enough troops ; Cutler , whose brigade was deployed north of the Chambersburg Pike , had his right flank in the air . The leftmost division of the XI Corps was unable to deploy in time to strengthen the line , so Doubleday was forced to throw in reserve brigades to salvage his line . Around 2 p.m. , the Confederate Second Corps divisions of Maj . Gens . Robert E. Rodes and Jubal Early assaulted and out - flanked the Union I and XI Corps positions north and northwest of town . The Confederate brigades of Col. Edward A. O'Neal and Brig. Gen. Alfred Iverson suffered severe losses assaulting the I Corps division of Brig. Gen. John C. Robinson south of Oak Hill . Early 's division profited from a blunder by Brig. Gen. Francis C. Barlow , when he advanced his XI Corps division to Blocher 's Knoll ( directly north of town and now known as Barlow 's Knoll ) ; this represented a salient in the corps line , susceptible to attack from multiple sides , and Early 's troops overran Barlow 's division , which constituted the right flank of the Union Army 's position . Barlow was wounded and captured in the attack . As U.S. positions collapsed both north and west of town , Gen. Howard ordered a retreat to the high ground south of town at Cemetery Hill , where he had left the division of Brig. Gen. Adolph von Steinwehr in reserve . Maj. Gen. Winfield S. Hancock assumed command of the battlefield , sent by Meade when he heard that Reynolds had been killed . Hancock , commander of the II Corps and Meade 's most trusted subordinate , was ordered to take command of the field and to determine whether Gettysburg was an appropriate place for a major battle . Hancock told Howard , `` I think this the strongest position by nature upon which to fight a battle that I ever saw . '' When Howard agreed , Hancock concluded the discussion : `` Very well , sir , I select this as the battle - field . '' Hancock 's determination had a morale - boosting effect on the retreating Union soldiers , but he played no direct tactical role on the first day . General Lee understood the defensive potential to the Union if they held this high ground . He sent orders to Ewell that Cemetery Hill be taken `` if practicable . '' Ewell , who had previously served under Stonewall Jackson , a general well known for issuing peremptory orders , determined such an assault was not practicable and , thus , did not attempt it ; this decision is considered by historians to be a great missed opportunity . The first day at Gettysburg , more significant than simply a prelude to the bloody second and third days , ranks as the 23rd biggest battle of the war by number of troops engaged . About one quarter of Meade 's army ( 22,000 men ) and one third of Lee 's army ( 27,000 ) were engaged . Second day of battle Robert E. Lee 's plan for July 2 , 1863 Further information : Battle of Gettysburg , Second Day ; Little Round Top ; Culp 's Hill ; and Cemetery Hill Plans and movement to battle Throughout the evening of July 1 and morning of July 2 , most of the remaining infantry of both armies arrived on the field , including the Union II , III , V , VI , and XII Corps . Two of Longstreet 's brigades were on the road : Brig. Gen. George Pickett , had begun the 22 mile ( 35 km ) march from Chambersburg , while Brig. Gen. E.M. Law had begun the march from Guilford . Both arrived late in the morning . Law completed his 28 - mile ( 45 km ) march in eleven hours . The Union line ran from Culp 's Hill southeast of the town , northwest to Cemetery Hill just south of town , then south for nearly two miles ( 3 km ) along Cemetery Ridge , terminating just north of Little Round Top . Most of the XII Corps was on Culp 's Hill ; the remnants of I and XI Corps defended Cemetery Hill ; II Corps covered most of the northern half of Cemetery Ridge ; and III Corps was ordered to take up a position to its flank . The shape of the Union line is popularly described as a `` fishhook '' formation . The Confederate line paralleled the Union line about a mile ( 1,600 m ) to the west on Seminary Ridge , ran east through the town , then curved southeast to a point opposite Culp 's Hill . Thus , the Union army had interior lines , while the Confederate line was nearly five miles ( 8 km ) long . Lee 's battle plan for July 2 called for a general assault of Meade 's positions . On the right , Longstreet 's First Corps was to position itself to attack the Union left flank , facing northeast astraddle the Emmitsburg Road , and to roll up the U.S. line . The attack sequence was to begin with Maj . Gens . John Bell Hood 's and Lafayette McLaws 's divisions , followed by Maj. Gen. Richard H. Anderson 's division of Hill 's Third Corps . On the left , Lee instructed Ewell to position his Second Corps to attack Culp 's Hill and Cemetery Hill when he heard the gunfire from Longstreet 's assault , preventing Meade from shifting troops to bolster his left . Though it does not appear in either his or Lee 's Official Report , Ewell claimed years later that Lee had changed the order to simultaneously attack , calling for only a `` diversion '' , to be turned into a full - scale attack if a favorable opportunity presented itself . Lee 's plan , however , was based on faulty intelligence , exacerbated by Stuart 's continued absence from the battlefield . Though Lee personally reconnoitered his left during the morning , he did not visit Longstreet 's position on the Confederate right . Even so , Lee rejected suggestions that Longstreet move beyond Meade 's left and attack the Union flank , capturing the supply trains and effectively blocking Meade 's escape route . Lee did not issue orders for the attack until 11 : 00 a.m. About noon , General Anderson 's advancing troops were discovered by General Sickles ' outpost guard and the Third Corps -- upon which Longstreet 's First Corps was to form -- did not get into position until 1 : 00 p.m. Hood and McLaws , after their long march , were not yet in position and did not launch their attacks until just after 4 p.m. and 5 p.m. , respectively . Attacks on the Union left flank Overview map of the second day of the Battle of Gettysburg , July 2 , 1863 As Longstreet 's left division , under Maj. Gen. Lafayette McLaws , advanced , they unexpectedly found Maj. Gen. Daniel Sickles 's III Corps directly in their path . Sickles had been dissatisfied with the position assigned him on the southern end of Cemetery Ridge . Seeing ground better suited for artillery positions a half mile ( 800 m ) to the west -- centered at the Sherfy farm 's Peach Orchard -- he violated orders and advanced his corp to the slightly higher ground along the Emmitsburg Road , moving away from Cemetery Ridge . The new line ran from Devil 's Den , northwest to the Peach Orchard , then northeast along the Emmitsburg Road to south of the Codori farm . This created an untenable salient at the Peach Orchard ; Brig. Gen. Andrew A. Humphreys 's division ( in position along the Emmitsburg Road ) and Maj. Gen. David B. Birney 's division ( to the south ) were subject to attacks from two sides and were spread out over a longer front than their small corps could defend effectively . The Confederate artillery was ordered to open fire at 3 : 00 p.m. After failing to attend a meeting at this time of Meade 's corps commanders , Meade rode to Sickles ' position and demanded an explanation of the situation . Knowing a Confederate attack was imminent and a retreat would be endangered , Meade refused Sickles ' offer to withdraw . Meade was forced to send 20,000 reinforcements : the entire V Corps , Brig. Gen. John C. Caldwell 's division of the II Corps , most of the XII Corps , and portions of the newly arrived VI Corps . Hood 's division moved more to the east than intended , losing its alignment with the Emmitsburg Road , attacking Devil 's Den and Little Round Top . McLaws , coming in on Hood 's left , drove multiple attacks into the thinly stretched III Corps in the Wheatfield and overwhelmed them in Sherfy 's Peach Orchard . McLaws 's attack eventually reached Plum Run Valley ( the `` Valley of Death '' ) before being beaten back by the Pennsylvania Reserves division of the V Corps , moving down from Little Round Top . The III Corps was virtually destroyed as a combat unit in this battle , and Sickles 's leg was amputated after it was shattered by a cannonball . Caldwell 's division was destroyed piecemeal in the Wheatfield . Anderson 's division , coming from McLaws 's left and starting forward around 6 p.m. , reached the crest of Cemetery Ridge , but could not hold the position in the face of counterattacks from the II Corps , including an almost suicidal bayonet charge by the 1st Minnesota regiment against a Confederate brigade , ordered in desperation by Hancock to buy time for reinforcements to arrive . As fighting raged in the Wheatfield and Devil 's Den , Col. Strong Vincent of V Corps had a precarious hold on Little Round Top , an important hill at the extreme left of the Union line . His brigade of four relatively small regiments was able to resist repeated assaults by Brig. Gen. Evander M. Law 's brigade of Hood 's division . Meade 's chief engineer , Brig. Gen. Gouverneur K. Warren , had realized the importance of this position , and dispatched Vincent 's brigade , an artillery battery , and the 140th New York to occupy Little Round Top mere minutes before Hood 's troops arrived . The defense of Little Round Top with a bayonet charge by the 20th Maine , ordered by Col. Joshua L. Chamberlain but possibly led by Lt. Holman S. Melcher , was one of the most fabled episodes in the Civil War and propelled Col. Chamberlain into prominence after the war . Attacks on the Union right flank Union breastworks on Culp 's Hill Ewell interpreted his orders as calling only for a cannonade . His 32 guns , along with A.P. Hill 's 55 guns , engaged in a two - hour artillery barrage at extreme range that had little effect . Finally , about six o'clock , Ewell sent orders to each of his division commanders to attack the Union lines in his front . Maj. Gen. Edward `` Allegheny '' Johnson 's Division `` had not been pushed close to ( Culp 's Hill ) in preparation for an assault , although one had been contemplated all day . It now had a full mile ( 1,600 m ) to advance and Rock Creek had to be crossed . This could only be done at few places and involved much delay . Only three of Johnson 's four brigades moved to the attack . '' Most of the hill 's defenders , the Union XII Corps , had been sent to the left to defend against Longstreet 's attacks , leaving only a brigade of New Yorkers under Brig. Gen. George S. Greene behind strong , newly constructed defensive works . With reinforcements from the I and XI Corps , Greene 's men held off the Confederate attackers , though giving up some of the lower earthworks on the lower part of Culp 's Hill . Early was similarly unprepared when he ordered Harry T. Hays ' and Isaac E. Avery 's Brigades to attack the Union XI Corps positions on East Cemetery Hill . Once started , fighting was fierce : Col. Andrew L. Harris of the Union 2nd Brigade , 1st Division , came under a withering attack , losing half his men . Avery was wounded early on , but the Confederates reached the crest of the hill and entered the Union breastworks , capturing one or two batteries . Seeing he was not supported on his right , Hays withdrew . His right was to be supported by Robert E. Rodes ' Division , but Rodes -- like Early and Johnson -- had not been ordered up in preparation for the attack . He had twice as far to travel as Early ; by the time he came in contact with the Union skirmish line , Early 's troops had already begun to withdraw . Jeb Stuart and his three cavalry brigades arrived in Gettysburg around noon but had no role in the second day 's battle . Brig. Gen. Wade Hampton 's brigade fought a minor engagement with newly promoted 23 - year - old Brig. Gen. George Armstrong Custer 's Michigan cavalry near Hunterstown to the northeast of Gettysburg . Third day of battle Further information : Culp 's Hill ; Pickett 's Charge ; and Battle of Gettysburg , Third Day cavalry battles Overview map of the third day of the Battle of Gettysburg , July 3 , 1863 Lee 's plan General Lee wished to renew the attack on Friday , July 3 , using the same basic plan as the previous day : Longstreet would attack the U.S. left , while Ewell attacked Culp 's Hill . However , before Longstreet was ready , Union XII Corps troops started a dawn artillery bombardment against the Confederates on Culp 's Hill in an effort to regain a portion of their lost works . The Confederates attacked , and the second fight for Culp 's Hill ended around 11 a.m. Harry Pfanz judged that , after some seven hours of bitter combat , `` the Union line was intact and held more strongly than before . '' Lee was forced to change his plans . Longstreet would command Pickett 's Virginia division of his own First Corps , plus six brigades from Hill 's Corps , in an attack on the U.S. II Corps position at the right center of the Union line on Cemetery Ridge . Prior to the attack , all the artillery the Confederacy could bring to bear on the U.S. positions would bombard and weaken the enemy 's line . Much has been made over the years of General Longstreet 's objections to General Lee 's plan . In his memoirs , Longstreet described their discussion as follows : ( Lee ) rode over after sunrise and gave his orders . His plan was to assault the enemy 's left centre by a column to be composed of McLaws 's and Hood 's divisions reinforced by Pickett 's brigades . I thought that it would not do ; that the point had been fully tested the day before , by more men , when all were fresh ; that the enemy was there looking for us , as we heard him during the night putting up his defences ; that the divisions of McLaws and Hood were holding a mile ( 1,600 m ) along the right of my line against twenty thousand men , who would follow their withdrawal , strike the flank of the assaulting column , crush it , and get on our rear towards the Potomac River ; that thirty thousand men was the minimum of force necessary for the work ; that even such force would need close co-operation on other parts of the line ; that the column as he proposed to organize it would have only about thirteen thousand men ( the divisions having lost a third of their numbers the day before ) ; that the column would have to march a mile ( 1,600 m ) under concentrating battery fire , and a thousand yards ( 900 m ) under long - range musketry ; that the conditions were different from those in the days of Napoleon , when field batteries had a range of six hundred yards ( 550 m ) and musketry about sixty yards ( 55 m ) . He said the distance was not more than fourteen hundred yards ( 1280 m ) . General Meade 's estimate was a mile or a mile and a half ( 1.6 or 2.4 km ) ( Captain Long , the guide of the field of Gettysburg in 1888 , stated that it was a trifle over a mile ) . He then concluded that the divisions of McLaws and Hood could remain on the defensive line ; that he would reinforce by divisions of the Third Corps and Pickett 's brigades , and stated the point to which the march should be directed . I asked the strength of the column . He stated fifteen thousand . Opinion was then expressed that the fifteen thousand men who could make successful assault over that field had never been arrayed for battle ; but he was impatient of listening , and tired of talking , and nothing was left but to proceed . The `` High Water Mark '' on Cemetery Ridge as it appears today . The monument to the 72nd Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry Regiment ( `` Baxter 's Philadelphia Fire Zouaves '' ) appears at right , the Copse of Trees to the left . The largest artillery bombardment of the War Around 1 p.m. , from 150 to 170 Confederate guns began an artillery bombardment that was probably the largest of the war . In order to save valuable ammunition for the infantry attack that they knew would follow , the Army of the Potomac 's artillery , under the command of Brig. Gen. Henry Jackson Hunt , at first did not return the enemy 's fire . After waiting about 15 minutes , about 80 U.S. cannons added to the din . The Army of Northern Virginia was critically low on artillery ammunition , and the cannonade did not significantly affect the Union position . Pickett 's charge Around 3 p.m. , the cannon fire subsided , and 12,500 Southern soldiers stepped from the ridgeline and advanced the three - quarters of a mile ( 1,200 m ) to Cemetery Ridge in what is known to history as `` Pickett 's Charge '' . As the Confederates approached , there was fierce flanking artillery fire from Union positions on Cemetery Hill and north of Little Round Top , and musket and canister fire from Hancock 's II Corps . In the Union center , the commander of artillery had held fire during the Confederate bombardment ( in order to save it for the infantry assault , which Meade had correctly predicted the day before ) , leading Southern commanders to believe the Northern cannon batteries had been knocked out . However , they opened fire on the Confederate infantry during their approach with devastating results . Nearly one half of the attackers did not return to their own lines . Although the U.S. line wavered and broke temporarily at a jog called the `` Angle '' in a low stone fence , just north of a patch of vegetation called the Copse of Trees , reinforcements rushed into the breach , and the Confederate attack was repulsed . The farthest advance of Brig. Gen. Lewis A. Armistead 's brigade of Maj. Gen. George Pickett 's division at the Angle is referred to as the `` High - water mark of the Confederacy '' , arguably representing the closest the South ever came to its goal of achieving independence from the Union via military victory . Union and Confederate soldiers locked in hand - to - hand combat , attacking with their rifles , bayonets , rocks and even their bare hands . Armistead ordered his Confederates to turn two captured cannons against Union troops , but discovered that there was no ammunition left , the last double canister shots having been used against the charging Confederates . Armistead was wounded shortly afterward three times . Cavalry battles There were two significant cavalry engagements on July 3 . Stuart was sent to guard the Confederate left flank and was to be prepared to exploit any success the infantry might achieve on Cemetery Hill by flanking the U.S. right and hitting their trains and lines of communications . Three miles ( 5 km ) east of Gettysburg , in what is now called `` East Cavalry Field '' ( not shown on the accompanying map , but between the York and Hanover Roads ) , Stuart 's forces collided with U.S. cavalry : Brig. Gen. David McMurtrie Gregg 's division and Brig. Gen. Custer 's brigade . A lengthy mounted battle , including hand - to - hand sabre combat , ensued . Custer 's charge , leading the 1st Michigan Cavalry , blunted the attack by Wade Hampton 's brigade , blocking Stuart from achieving his objectives in the U.S. rear . Meanwhile , after hearing news of the day 's victory , Brig. Gen. Judson Kilpatrick launched a cavalry attack against the infantry positions of Longstreet 's Corps southwest of Big Round Top . Brig. Gen. Elon J. Farnsworth protested against the futility of such a move , but obeyed orders . Farnsworth was killed in the attack , and his brigade suffered significant losses . Aftermath Casualties `` The Harvest of Death '' : Union dead on the battlefield at Gettysburg , Pennsylvania , photographed July 5 or July 6 , 1863 , by Timothy H. O'Sullivan The two armies suffered between 46,000 and 51,000 casualties . Union casualties were 23,055 ( 3,155 killed , 14,531 wounded , 5,369 captured or missing ) , while Confederate casualties are more difficult to estimate . Many authors have referred to as many as 28,000 Confederate casualties , and Busey and Martin 's more recent 2005 work , Regimental Strengths and Losses at Gettysburg , documents 23,231 ( 4,708 killed , 12,693 wounded , 5,830 captured or missing ) . Nearly a third of Lee 's general officers were killed , wounded , or captured . The casualties for both sides during the entire campaign were 57,225 . In addition to being the deadliest battle of the war in terms of total casualties , Gettysburg also had the highest number of Generals killed in action of any battle in the war . The Confederacy lost generals Paul Jones Semmes , William Barksdale , Richard Garnett , and Lewis Armistead , as well as J. Johnston Pettigrew during the retreat after the battle . The Union lost Generals John Reynolds , Samuel K. Zook , Stephen H. Weed , and Elon J. Farnsworth , as well as Strong Vincent , who after being mortally wounded was given a deathbed promotion to brigadier general . Additional senior officer casualties included the wounding of Union Generals Dan Sickles ( lost a leg ) , Francis C. Barlow , and Winfield Scott Hancock . For the Confederacy , Major General John Bell Hood lost the use of his left arm , while Major General Henry Heth received a shot to the head on the first day of battle ( though incapacitated for the rest of the battle , he remarkably survived without long term injuries , credited in part due to his hat stuffed full of paper dispatches ) . Confederate Generals James Kemper and Isaac R. Trimble were severely wounded during Pickett 's charge and captured during the Confederate retreat . General James J. Archer , in command of a brigade that most likely was responsible for killing Reynolds , was taken prisoner shortly after Reynolds ' death . The following tables summarize casualties by corps for the Union and Confederate forces during the three - day battle . Union Corps Casualties ( k / w / m ) I Corps 6059 ( 666 / 3231 / 2162 ) II Corps 4369 ( 797 / 3194 / 378 ) III Corps 4211 ( 593 / 3029 / 589 ) V Corps 2187 ( 365 / 1611 / 211 ) VI Corps 242 ( 27 / 185 / 30 ) XI Corps 3807 ( 369 / 1924 / 1514 ) XII Corps 1082 ( 204 / 812 / 66 ) Cavalry Corps 852 ( 91 / 354 / 407 ) Artillery Reserve 242 ( 43 / 187 / 12 ) Confederate Corps Casualties ( k / w / m ) First Corps 7665 ( 1617 / 4205 / 1843 ) Second Corps 6686 ( 1301 / 3629 / 1756 ) Third Corps 8495 ( 1724 / 4683 / 2088 ) Cavalry Corps 380 ( 66 / 174 / 140 ) Bruce Catton wrote , `` The town of Gettysburg looked as if some universal moving day had been interrupted by catastrophe . '' But there was only one documented civilian death during the battle : Ginnie Wade ( also widely known as Jennie ) , 20 years old , was hit by a stray bullet that passed through her kitchen in town while she was making bread . Another notable civilian casualty was John L. Burns , a 69 - year old veteran of the War of 1812 who walked to the front lines on the first day of battle and participated in heavy combat as a volunteer , receiving numerous wounds in the process . Despite his age and injuries , Burns survived the battle and lived until 1872 . Nearly 8,000 had been killed outright ; these bodies , lying in the hot summer sun , needed to be buried quickly . Over 3,000 horse carcasses were burned in a series of piles south of town ; townsfolk became violently ill from the stench . Meanwhile , the town of Gettysburg , with its population of just 2,400 , found itself tasked with taking care of 14,000 wounded Union troops and an additional 8,000 Confederate prisoners . Confederate retreat Further information : Retreat from Gettysburg Gettysburg Campaign ( July 5 -- July 14 , 1863 ) The armies stared at one another in a heavy rain across the bloody fields on July 4 , the same day that the Vicksburg garrison surrendered to Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant . Lee had reformed his lines into a defensive position on Seminary Ridge the night of July 3 , evacuating the town of Gettysburg . The Confederates remained on the battlefield , hoping that Meade would attack , but the cautious Union commander decided against the risk , a decision for which he would later be criticized . Both armies began to collect their remaining wounded and bury some of the dead . A proposal by Lee for a prisoner exchange was rejected by Meade . Lee started his Army of Northern Virginia in motion late the evening of July 4 towards Fairfield and Chambersburg . Cavalry under Brig. Gen. John D. Imboden was entrusted to escort the miles - long wagon train of supplies and wounded men that Lee wanted to take back to Virginia with him , using the route through Cashtown and Hagerstown to Williamsport , Maryland . Meade 's army followed , although the pursuit was half - spirited . The recently rain - swollen Potomac trapped Lee 's army on the north bank of the river for a time , but when the Union troops finally caught up , the Confederates had forded the river . The rear - guard action at Falling Waters on July 14 added some more names to the long casualty lists , including General Pettigrew , who was mortally wounded . General James Kemper , severely wounded during Pickett 's charge , was captured during Lee 's retreat . In a brief letter to Maj. Gen. Henry W. Halleck written on July 7 , Lincoln remarked on the two major Union victories at Gettysburg and Vicksburg . He continued : Now , if Gen. Meade can complete his work so gloriously prosecuted thus far , by the literal or substantial destruction of Lee 's army , the rebellion will be over . Halleck then relayed the contents of Lincoln 's letter to Meade in a telegram . Despite repeated pleas from Lincoln and Halleck , which continued over the next week , Meade did not pursue Lee 's army aggressively enough to destroy it before it crossed back over the Potomac River to safety in the South . The campaign continued into Virginia with light engagements until July 23 , in the minor Battle of Manassas Gap , after which Meade abandoned any attempts at pursuit and the two armies took up positions across from each other on the Rappahannock River . Union reaction to the news of the victory The news of the Union victory electrified the North . A headline in The Philadelphia Inquirer proclaimed `` VICTORY ! WATERLOO ECLIPSED ! '' New York diarist George Templeton Strong wrote : The results of this victory are priceless ... The charm of Robert E. Lee 's invincibility is broken . The Army of the Potomac has at last found a general that can handle it , and has stood nobly up to its terrible work in spite of its long disheartening list of hard - fought failures ... Copperheads are palsied and dumb for the moment at least ... Government is strengthened four-fold at home and abroad . -- George Templeton Strong , Diary , p. 330 . However , the Union enthusiasm soon dissipated as the public realized that Lee 's army had escaped destruction and the war would continue . Lincoln complained to Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles that `` Our army held the war in the hollow of their hand and they would not close it ! '' Brig. Gen. Alexander S. Webb wrote to his father on July 17 , stating that such Washington politicians as `` Chase , Seward and others , '' disgusted with Meade , `` write to me that Lee really won that Battle ! '' Effect on the Confederacy In fact , the Confederates had lost militarily and also politically . During the final hours of the battle , Confederate Vice President Alexander Stephens was approaching the Union lines at Norfolk , Virginia , under a flag of truce . Although his formal instructions from Confederate President Jefferson Davis had limited his powers to negotiate on prisoner exchanges and other procedural matters , historian James M. McPherson speculates that he had informal goals of presenting peace overtures . Davis had hoped that Stephens would reach Washington from the south while Lee 's victorious army was marching toward it from the north . President Lincoln , upon hearing of the Gettysburg results , refused Stephens 's request to pass through the lines . Furthermore , when the news reached London , any lingering hopes of European recognition of the Confederacy were finally abandoned . Henry Adams wrote , `` The disasters of the rebels are unredeemed by even any hope of success . It is now conceded that all idea of intervention is at an end . '' Compounding the effects of the defeat would be end of the Siege of Vicksburg , which surrendered to Grant 's Federal armies in the West on July 4 , the day after the Gettysburg battle . The immediate reaction of the Southern military and public sectors was that Gettysburg was a setback , not a disaster . The sentiment was that Lee had been successful on July 1 and had fought a valiant battle on July 2 -- 3 , but could not dislodge the Union Army from the strong defensive position to which it fled . The Confederates successfully stood their ground on July 4 and withdrew only after they realized Meade would not attack them . The withdrawal to the Potomac that could have been a disaster was handled masterfully . Furthermore , the Army of the Potomac had been kept away from Virginia farmlands for the summer and all predicted that Meade would be too timid to threaten them for the rest of the year . Lee himself had a positive view of the campaign , writing to his wife that the army had returned `` rather sooner than I had originally contemplated , but having accomplished what I proposed on leaving the Rappahannock , viz. , relieving the Valley of the presence of the enemy and drawing his Army north of the Potomac . '' He was quoted as saying to Maj . John Seddon , brother of the Confederate secretary of war , `` Sir , we did whip them at Gettysburg , and it will be seen for the next six months that that army will be as quiet as a sucking dove . '' Some Southern publications , such as the Charleston Mercury , criticized Lee 's actions in the campaign and on August 8 , he offered his resignation to President Davis , who quickly rejected it . Gettysburg became a postbellum focus of the `` Lost Cause '' , a movement by writers such as Edward A. Pollard and Jubal Early to explain the reasons for the Confederate defeat in the war . A fundamental premise of their argument was that the South was doomed because of the overwhelming advantage in manpower and industrial might possessed by the North . However , they claim it also suffered because Robert E. Lee , who up until this time had been almost invincible , was betrayed by the failures of some of his key subordinates at Gettysburg : Ewell , for failing to seize Cemetery Hill on July 1 ; Stuart , for depriving the army of cavalry intelligence for a key part of the campaign ; and especially Longstreet , for failing to attack on July 2 as early and as forcefully as Lee had originally intended . In this view , Gettysburg was seen as a great lost opportunity , in which a decisive victory by Lee could have meant the end of the war in the Confederacy 's favor . After the war , General Pickett was asked why Confederates lost at Gettysburg . He replied `` I always thought the Yankees had something to do with it . '' Gettysburg Address Main article : Gettysburg Address Gettysburg , November 19 , 1863 . Crowd of citizens , soldiers , and etc. , with a red arrow indicating Abraham Lincoln Gettysburg National Cemetery The ravages of war were still evident in Gettysburg more than four months later when , on November 19 , the Soldiers ' National Cemetery was dedicated . During this ceremony , President Abraham Lincoln honored the fallen and redefined the purpose of the war in his historic Gettysburg Address . Historical assessment Decisive victory controversies The nature of the result of the Battle of Gettysburg has been the subject of controversy for years . Although not seen as overwhelmingly significant at the time , particularly since the war continued for almost two years , in retrospect it has often been cited as the `` turning point '' , usually in combination with the fall of Vicksburg the following day . This is based on the observation that after Gettysburg Lee 's army conducted no more strategic offensives -- his army merely reacted to the initiative of Ulysses S. Grant in 1864 and 1865 -- and by the speculative viewpoint of the Lost Cause writers that a Confederate victory at Gettysburg might have resulted in the end of the war . ( The Army of the Potomac ) had won a victory . It might be less of a victory than Mr. Lincoln had hoped for , but it was nevertheless a victory -- and , because of that , it was no longer possible for the Confederacy to win the war . The North might still lose it , to be sure , if the soldiers or the people should lose heart , but outright defeat was no longer in the cards . Bruce Catton , Glory Road It is currently a widely held view that Gettysburg was a decisive victory for the Union , but the term is considered imprecise . It is inarguable that Lee 's offensive on July 3 was turned back decisively and his campaign in Pennsylvania was terminated prematurely ( although the Confederates at the time argued that this was a temporary setback and that the goals of the campaign were largely met ) . However , when the more common definition of `` decisive victory '' is intended -- an indisputable military victory of a battle that determines or significantly influences the ultimate result of a conflict -- historians are divided . For example , David J. Eicher called Gettysburg a `` strategic loss for the Confederacy '' and James M. McPherson wrote that `` Lee and his men would go on to earn further laurels . But they never again possessed the power and reputation they carried into Pennsylvania those palmy summer days of 1863 . '' However , Herman Hattaway and Archer Jones wrote that the `` strategic impact of the Battle of Gettysburg was ... fairly limited . '' Steven E. Woodworth wrote that `` Gettysburg proved only the near impossibility of decisive action in the Eastern theater . '' Edwin Coddington pointed out the heavy toll on the Army of the Potomac and that `` after the battle Meade no longer possessed a truly effective instrument for the accomplishments of his task . The army needed a thorough reorganization with new commanders and fresh troops , but these changes were not made until Grant appeared on the scene in March 1864 . '' Joseph T. Glatthaar wrote that `` Lost opportunities and near successes plagued the Army of Northern Virginia during its Northern invasion , '' yet after Gettysburg , `` without the distractions of duty as an invading force , without the breakdown of discipline , the Army of Northern Virginia ( remained ) an extremely formidable force . '' Ed Bearss wrote , `` Lee 's invasion of the North had been a costly failure . Nevertheless , at best the Army of the Potomac had simply preserved the strategic stalemate in the Eastern Theater ... '' Furthermore , the Confederacy soon proved it was still capable of winning significant victories over the Northern forces in both the East ( Battle of Cold Harbor ) and West ( Battle of Chickamauga ) . Peter Carmichael refers to the military context for the armies , the `` horrendous losses at Chancellorsville and Gettysburg , which effectively destroyed Lee 's offensive capacity , '' implying that these cumulative losses were not the result of a single battle . Thomas Goss , writing in the U.S. Army 's Military Review journal on the definition of `` decisive '' and the application of that description to Gettysburg , concludes : `` For all that was decided and accomplished , the Battle of Gettysburg fails to earn the label ' decisive battle ' . '' The military historian John Keegan agrees . Gettysburg was a landmark battle , the largest of the war and it would not be surpassed . The Union had restored to it the belief in certain victory , and the loss dispirited the Confederacy . If `` not exactly a decisive battle '' , Gettysburg was the end of Confederate use of Northern Virginia as a military buffer zone , the setting for Grant 's Overland Campaign . Lee vs. Meade George G. Meade Prior to Gettysburg , Robert E. Lee had established a reputation as an almost invincible general , achieving stunning victories against superior numbers -- although usually at the cost of high casualties to his army -- during the Seven Days , the Northern Virginia Campaign ( including the Second Battle of Bull Run ) , Fredericksburg , and Chancellorsville . Only the Maryland Campaign , with its tactically inconclusive Battle of Antietam , had been less than successful . Therefore , historians have attempted to explain how Lee 's winning streak was interrupted so dramatically at Gettysburg . Although the issue is tainted by attempts to portray history and Lee 's reputation in a manner supporting different partisan goals , the major factors in Lee 's loss arguably can be attributed to : ( 1 ) his overconfidence in the invincibility of his men ; ( 2 ) the performance of his subordinates , and his management thereof ; ( 3 ) his failing health , and ( 4 ) the performance of his opponent , George G. Meade , and the Army of the Potomac . Robert E. Lee Throughout the campaign , Lee was influenced by the belief that his men were invincible ; most of Lee 's experiences with the Army of Northern Virginia had convinced him of this , including the great victory at Chancellorsville in early May and the rout of the Union troops at Gettysburg on July 1 . Since morale plays an important role in military victory when other factors are equal , Lee did not want to dampen his army 's desire to fight and resisted suggestions , principally by Longstreet , to withdraw from the recently captured Gettysburg to select a ground more favorable to his army . War correspondent Peter W. Alexander wrote that Lee `` acted , probably , under the impression that his troops were able to carry any position however formidable . If such was the case , he committed an error , such however as the ablest commanders will sometimes fall into . '' Lee himself concurred with this judgment , writing to President Davis , `` No blame can be attached to the army for its failure to accomplish what was projected by me , nor should it be censured for the unreasonable expectations of the public -- I am alone to blame , in perhaps expecting too much of its prowess and valor . '' The most controversial assessments of the battle involve the performance of Lee 's subordinates . The dominant theme of the Lost Cause writers and many other historians is that Lee 's senior generals failed him in crucial ways , directly causing the loss of the battle ; the alternative viewpoint is that Lee did not manage his subordinates adequately , and did not thereby compensate for their shortcomings . Two of his corps commanders -- Richard S. Ewell and A.P. Hill -- had only recently been promoted and were not fully accustomed to Lee 's style of command , in which he provided only general objectives and guidance to their former commander , Stonewall Jackson ; Jackson translated these into detailed , specific orders to his division commanders . All four of Lee 's principal commanders received criticism during the campaign and battle : James Longstreet suffered most severely from the wrath of the Lost Cause authors , not the least because he directly criticized Lee in postbellum writings and became a Republican after the war . His critics accuse him of attacking much later than Lee intended on July 2 , squandering a chance to hit the Union Army before its defensive positions had firmed up . They also question his lack of motivation to attack strongly on July 2 and 3 because he had argued that the army should have maneuvered to a place where it would force Meade to attack them . The alternative view is that Lee was in close contact with Longstreet during the battle , agreed to delays on the morning of July 2 , and never criticized Longstreet 's performance . ( There is also considerable speculation about what an attack might have looked like before Dan Sickles moved the III Corps toward the Peach Orchard . ) J.E.B. Stuart deprived Lee of cavalry intelligence during a good part of the campaign by taking his three best brigades on a path away from the army 's . This arguably led to Lee 's surprise at Hooker 's vigorous pursuit ; the meeting engagement on July 1 that escalated into the full battle prematurely ; and it also prevented Lee from understanding the full disposition of the enemy on July 2 . The disagreements regarding Stuart 's culpability for the situation originate in the relatively vague orders issued by Lee , but most modern historians agree that both generals were responsible to some extent for the failure of the cavalry 's mission early in the campaign . Richard S. Ewell has been universally criticized for failing to seize the high ground on the afternoon of July 1 . Once again the disagreement centers on Lee 's orders , which provided general guidance for Ewell to act `` if practicable . '' Many historians speculate that Stonewall Jackson , if he had survived Chancellorsville , would have aggressively seized Culp 's Hill , rendering Cemetery Hill indefensible , and changing the entire complexion of the battle . A differently worded order from Lee might have made the difference with this subordinate . A.P. Hill has received some criticism for his ineffective performance . His actions caused the battle to begin and then escalate on July 1 , despite Lee 's orders not to bring on a general engagement ( although historians point out that Hill kept Lee well informed of his actions during the day ) . However , Hill 's illness minimized his personal involvement in the remainder of the battle , and Lee took the explicit step of temporarily removing troops from Hill 's corps and giving them to Longstreet for Pickett 's Charge . Winfield S. Hancock In addition to Hill 's illness , Lee 's performance was affected by heart troubles , which would eventually lead to his death in 1870 ; he had been diagnosed with pericarditis by his staff physicians in March 1863 , though modern doctors believe he had in fact suffered a heart attack . He wrote to Jefferson Davis that his physical condition prevented him from offering full supervision in the field , and said , `` I am so dull that in making use of the eyes of others I am frequently misled . '' As a final factor , Lee faced a new and formidable opponent in George G. Meade , and the Army of the Potomac fought well on its home territory . Although new to his army command , Meade deployed his forces relatively effectively ; relied on strong subordinates such as Winfield S. Hancock to make decisions where and when they were needed ; took great advantage of defensive positions ; nimbly shifted defensive resources on interior lines to parry strong threats ; and , unlike some of his predecessors , stood his ground throughout the battle in the face of fierce Confederate attacks . Lee was quoted before the battle as saying Meade `` would commit no blunders on my front and if I make one ... will make haste to take advantage of it . '' That prediction proved to be correct at Gettysburg . Stephen Sears wrote , `` The fact of the matter is that George G. Meade , unexpectedly and against all odds , thoroughly outgeneraled Robert E. Lee at Gettysburg . '' Edwin B. Coddington wrote that the soldiers of the Army of the Potomac received a `` sense of triumph which grew into an imperishable faith in ( themselves ) . The men knew what they could do under an extremely competent general ; one of lesser ability and courage could well have lost the battle . '' Meade had his own detractors as well . Similar to the situation with Lee , Meade suffered partisan attacks about his performance at Gettysburg , but he had the misfortune of experiencing them in person . Supporters of his predecessor , Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker , lambasted Meade before the U.S. Congress 's Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War , where Radical Republicans suspected that Meade was a Copperhead and tried in vain to relieve him from command . Daniel E. Sickles and Daniel Butterfield accused Meade of planning to retreat from Gettysburg during the battle . Most politicians , including Lincoln , criticized Meade for what they considered to be his half - hearted pursuit of Lee after the battle . A number of Meade 's most competent subordinates -- Winfield S. Hancock , John Gibbon , Gouverneur K. Warren , and Henry J. Hunt , all heroes of the battle -- defended Meade in print , but Meade was embittered by the overall experience . Battlefield preservation Battle of Gettysburg Protected area M1857 12 - Pounder `` Napoleon '' at Gettysburg National Military Park Gettysburg , Pennsylvania . Country United States State Pennsylvania County Adams Municipalities Cumberland , Franklin Straban Campaign Theater Gettysburg Eastern Landmark High Water Mark monument @ The Angle on Cemetery Ridge Owners private , federal Website : Park Home ( NPS.gov ) Today , the Gettysburg National Cemetery and Gettysburg National Military Park are maintained by the U.S. National Park Service as two of the nation 's most revered historical landmarks . Although Gettysburg is one of the best known of all Civil War battlefields , it too faces threats to its preservation and interpretation . Many historically significant locations on the battlefield lie outside the boundaries of Gettysburg National Military Park and are vulnerable to residential or commercial development . On July 20 , 2009 , a Comfort Inn and Suites opened on Cemetery Hill , adjacent to Evergreen Cemetery , just one of many modern edifices infringing on the historic field . The Baltimore Pike corridor attracts development that concerns preservationists . Some preservation successes have emerged in recent years . Two proposals to open a casino at Gettysburg were defeated in 2006 and most recently in 2011 , when public pressure forced the Pennsylvania Gaming Control Board to reject the proposed gambling hub at the intersection of Routes 15 and 30 , near East Cavalry Field . The Civil War Trust also successfully purchased and transferred 95 acres at the former site of the Gettysburg Country Club to the control of the U.S. Department of the Interior in 2011 . Less than half of the over 11,500 acres on the old Gettysburg Battlefield have been preserved for posterity thus far . The Civil War Trust has preserved 815 acres around the site , some of which is now part of the 4,998 acres of Gettysburg National Military Park . Commemoration in U.S. postage and coinage Gettysburg Centennial Commemorative issue of 1963 Gettysburg National Military Park Quarter , issued 2011 During the Civil War Centennial , the U.S. Post Office issued five postage stamps commemorating the 100th anniversaries of famous battles , as they occurred over a four - year period , beginning with the Battle of Fort Sumter Centennial issue of 1961 . The Battle of Shiloh commemorative stamp was issued in 1962 , the Battle of Gettysburg in 1963 , the Battle of the Wilderness in 1964 , and the Appomattox Centennial commemorative stamp in 1965 . A commemorative half dollar for the battle was produced in 1936 . As was typical for the period , mintage for the coin was very low , just 26,928 . On January 24 , 2011 , the America the Beautiful quarters released a 25 - cent coin commemorating Gettysburg National Military Park and the Battle of Gettysburg . The reverse side of the coin depicts the monument on Cemetery Ridge to the 72nd Pennsylvania Infantry . In popular culture Film records survive of two Gettysburg reunions , held on the battlefield . At the 50th anniversary ( 1913 ) , veterans re-enacted Pickett 's Charge in a spirit of reconciliation , a meeting that carried great emotional force for both sides . At the 75th anniversary ( 1938 ) , 2500 veterans attended , and there was a ceremonial mass hand - shake across a stone wall . This was recorded on sound film , and some Confederates can be heard giving the Rebel Yell . Iced Earth 's three - part song cycle Gettysburg ( 1863 ) , published in 2004 , dramatizes the battle . The Battle of Gettysburg was depicted in the 1993 film Gettysburg , based on Michael Shaara 's 1974 novel The Killer Angels . The film and novel focused primarily on the actions of Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain , John Buford , Robert E. Lee , and James Longstreet during the battle . The first day focused on Buford 's cavalry defense , the second day on Chamberlain 's defense at Little Round Top , and the third day on Pickett 's Charge . The south winning the Battle of Gettysburg is a popular premise for a point of divergence in American Civil War alternate histories . Here are some examples which either depict or make significant reference to an alternate Battle of Gettysburg ( sometimes simply inserting fantasy or sci - fi elements in an account of the battle ) : Novels : Bring the Jubilee by Ward Moore ; If the South Had Won the Civil War by Mackinlay Kantor ; Civil War Trilogy ( Gettysburg , Grant Comes East , Never Call Retreat ) by Newt Gingrich , William R. Forstchen , and Albert S. Hanser ; Stonewall Jackson at Gettysburg by Douglas Lee Gibboney ; By Force of Arms by Billy Bennett . Also : Harry Turtledove 's Southern Victory series has an analogous battle taking place at Camp Hill , another southeast Pennsylvania town . Short fiction : `` If Lee Had NOT Won the Battle of Gettysburg '' by Winston Churchill in If It Had Happened Otherwise and If , or History Rewritten , `` Sidewise in Time '' by Murray Leinster in various collections , `` A Hard Day for Mother '' by William R. Forstchen in Alternate Generals 1 , `` An Old Man 's Summer '' by Esther Friesner also in AG 1 , `` If the Lost Order Had n't Been Lost '' by James M. McPherson in What If ? and What Ifs ? of American History , `` East of Appomattox '' by Lee Allred in Alternate Generals 3 . Also : In `` Maureen Birnbaum on the Art of War '' ( tribute to Horseclans ) within George Alec Effinger 's sword and sorcery spoof Maureen Birnbaum , Barbarian Swordsperson , two armies in a post-apocalyptic world fight a battle at the Gettysburg site sometime in our distant future . Film and television : The Time Tunnel episode 25 `` The Death Merchant , '' Twin Peaks Season 2 ( as a play within a play acted out by characters in the 1990s ) , C.S.A. : The Confederate States of America , Abraham Lincoln : Vampire Hunter X-Men : Origins Wolverine Ultimate General : Gettysburg is a tactical battle simulator video game first released in June 2014 that allows the player to lead soldiers of either side in the Battle of Gettysburg . An expanded version of the game , Ultimate General : Civil War , covering the entire 4 - year conflict , was pre-released in November 2016 . See also American Civil War portal Bibliography of the American Civil War Troop engagements of the American Civil War , 1863 List of costliest American Civil War land battles Gettysburg Cyclorama , a painting by the French artist Paul Philippoteaux depicting Pickett 's Charge Armies in the American Civil War Battles of the American Civil War Bibliography of Ulysses S. Grant Notes Jump up ^ Coddington , p. 573 . See the discussion regarding historians ' judgment on whether Gettysburg should be considered a decisive victory . Jump up ^ Official Records , Series I , Volume XXVII , Part 1 , pages 155 - 168 Jump up ^ Official Records , Series I , Volume XXVII , Part 2 , pages 283 - 291 Jump up ^ Official Records , Series I , Volume XXVII , Part 1 , page 151 ^ Jump up to : Busey and Martin , p. 125 : `` Engaged strength '' at the battle was 93,921 . ^ Jump up to : Busey and Martin , p. 260 , state that `` engaged strength '' at the battle was 71,699 ; McPherson , p. 648 , lists the strength at the start of the campaign as 75,000 . Jump up ^ Official Records , Series I , Volume XXVII , Part 1 , page 187 ^ Jump up to : Busey and Martin , p. 125 . ^ Jump up to : Busey and Martin , p. 260 , cite 23,231 total ( 4,708 killed ; 12,693 wounded ; 5,830 captured / missing ) . See the section on casualties for a discussion of alternative Confederate casualty estimates , which have been cited as high as 28,000 . Jump up ^ Official Records , Series I , Volume XXVII , Part 2 , pages 338 - 346 Jump up ^ Robert D. Quigley , Civil War Spoken Here : A Dictionary of Mispronounced People , Places and Things of the 1860 's ( Collingswood , NJ : C.W. Historicals , 1993 ) , p. 68 . ISBN 0 - 9637745 - 0 - 6 . Jump up ^ The Battle of Antietam , the culmination of Lee 's first invasion of the North , had the largest number of casualties in a single day , about 23,000 . ^ Jump up to : Rawley , p. 147 ; Sauers , p. 827 ; Gallagher , Lee and His Army , p. 83 ; McPherson , p. 665 ; Eicher , p. 550 . Gallagher and McPherson cite the combination of Gettysburg and Vicksburg as the turning point . Eicher uses the arguably related expression , `` High - water mark of the Confederacy '' . Jump up ^ `` Battle of Gettysburg '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Britannica.com. 15 February 2017 . Retrieved 3 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Murray , Williamson ; Hsieh , Wayne Wei - siang ( 2016 ) . `` The War in the East , 1863 '' . A Savage War : A Military History of the Civil War . Princeton University Press . p. 278 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 69 - 116940 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Symonds , pp. 49 -- 54 . ^ Jump up to : Loewen , James W. ( 1999 ) . Lies Across America : What American Historic Sites Get Wrong . New York City , New York : Touchstone , Simon & Schuster , Inc. p. 350 . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . Lee 's troops seized scores of free black people in Maryland and Pennsylvania and sent them south into slavery . This was in keeping with Confederate national policy , which virtually re-enslaved free people of color into work gangs on earthworks throughout the south . ^ Jump up to : Simpson , Brooks D. ( July 5 , 2015 ) . `` The Soldiers ' Flag ? '' . Crossroads . WordPress . ( T ) he Army of Northern Virginia was under orders to capture and send south supposed escaped slaves during that army 's invasion of Pennsylvania in 1863 . Jump up ^ Coddington , pp. 8 -- 9 ; Eicher , p. 490 . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 489 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Symonds , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Trudeau , pp. 45 , 66 . Jump up ^ Moore , Frank ( September 25 , 1864 ) . `` The Rebellion Record : A Diary of American Events , with Documents , Narratives Illustrative Incidents , Poetry , Etc '' . Putnam -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Nye , pp. 272 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Symonds , pp. 41 -- 43 ; Sears , pp. 103 -- 106 ; Esposito , text for Map 94 ( Map 34b in the online version ) ; Eicher , pp. 504 -- 507 ; McPherson , p. 649 . Jump up ^ Sears , p. 123 ; Trudeau , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Coddington , pp. 181 , 189 . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 508 -- 509 , discounts Heth 's claim because the previous visit by Early to Gettysburg would have made the lack of shoe factories or stores obvious . However , many mainstream historians accept Heth 's account : Sears , p. 136 ; Foote , p. 465 ; Clark , p. 35 ; Tucker , pp. 97 -- 98 ; Martin , p. 25 ; Pfanz , First Day , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 508 ; Tucker , pp. 99 -- 102 . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 502 -- 503 . Jump up ^ Coddington , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 503 . Jump up ^ Sears , pp. 155 -- 58 . Jump up ^ `` Battle of Gettysburg : Who Really Fired the First Shot - HistoryNet '' . www.historynet.com . Jump up ^ `` The Battle of Gettysburg and the American Civil War - The First Shot Marker '' . archive.org . Jump up ^ Martin , pp. 80 -- 81 . The troopers carried single - shot , breechloading carbines manufactured by Sharps , Burnside , and others . It is a modern myth that they were armed with multi-shot repeating carbines . Nevertheless , they were able to fire two or three times faster than a muzzle - loaded carbine or rifle . Jump up ^ Symonds , p. 71 ; Coddington , p. 266 ; Eicher , pp. 510 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Tucker , pp. 112 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Foote , p. 468 Jump up ^ Tucker , p. 184 ; Symonds , p. 74 ; Pfanz , First Day , pp. 269 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Busey and Martin , pp. 298 , 501 . Jump up ^ Pfanz , First Day , pp. 275 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Clark , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Pfanz , First Day , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Pfanz , First Day , p. 230 . Jump up ^ Pfanz , First Day , pp. 156 -- 238 . Jump up ^ Pfanz , First Day , p. 294 . Jump up ^ Pfanz , First Day , pp. 337 -- 38 ; Sears , pp. 223 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Martin , pp. 482 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Pfanz , First Day , p. 344 ; Eicher , p. 517 ; Sears , p. 228 ; Trudeau , p. 253 . Both Sears and Trudeau record `` if possible . '' Jump up ^ Martin , p. 9 , citing Thomas L. Livermore 's Numbers & Losses in the Civil War in America ( Houghton Mifflin , 1900 ) . Jump up ^ Longstreet , From Manassas to Appomattox : Memoirs of the Civil War in America , ( Philadelphia : J.B. Lippincott , 1896 ) , pp. 364 , 365 Jump up ^ Clark , p. 74 ; Eicher , p. 521 . Jump up ^ James Longstreet , From Manassas to Appomattox . ( Philadelphia , PA : J.R. Lippincott company , 1896 ) , p. 365 . Jump up ^ Sears , p. 255 ; Clark , p. 69 . ^ Jump up to : Edward Porter Alexander , Military Memoirs of a Confederate . ( New York : Charles Scribner & Sons , 1907 ) , p. 408 Jump up ^ Longstreet , From Manassas to Appomattox : Memoirs of the Civil War in America , ( Philadelphia : J.B. Lippincott , 1896 ) , pp. 364 , 368 Jump up ^ Longstreet , From Manassas to Appomattox : Memoirs of the Civil War in America , ( Philadelphia : J.B. Lippincott , 1896 ) , p. 365 Jump up ^ Longstreet , From Mannassas to Appomattox : Memoirs of the Civil War in America , p. 366 Jump up ^ Pfanz , Second Day , pp. 119 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Pfanz , Second Day , pp. 93 -- 97 ; Eicher , pp. 523 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Longstreet , From Manassas to Appomattox : Memoirs of the Civil War in America , p. 369 Jump up ^ Eicher Jump up ^ Harman , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Harman , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Sears , pp. 312 -- 24 ; Eicher , pp. 530 -- 35 ; Coddington , p. 423 . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 527 -- 30 ; Clark , pp. 81 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Morgan , James . `` Who saved Little Round Top ? '' . Camp Chase Gazette . Retrieved February 21 , 2016 . Col. Chamberlain did not lead the charge . Lt. Holman Melcher was the first officer down the slope . Jump up ^ Edward Porter Alexander , Military Memoirs of a Confederate . ( New York : Charles Scribner & Sons , 1907 ) , p. 409 Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 537 -- 38 ; Sauers , p. 835 ; Pfanz , Culp 's Hill , pp. 205 -- 34 ; Clark , pp. 115 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Report of Maj. Gen. R.E. Rodes , CSA , commanding division . JUNE 3 - AUGUST 1 , 1863. -- The Gettysburg Campaign . O.R. -- SERIES I -- VOLUME XXVII / 2 ( S # 44 ) Jump up ^ Sears , p. 257 ; Longacre , pp. 198 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Harman , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Pfanz , Culp 's Hill , pp. 284 -- 352 ; Eicher , pp. 540 -- 41 ; Coddington , pp. 465 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 542 ; Coddington , pp. 485 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Longstreet , From Manassas to Appomattox : Memoirs of the Civil War in America , ( Philadelphia : J.B. Lippincott , 1896 ) , pp. 386 - 387 Jump up ^ See discussion of varying gun estimates in Pickett 's Charge article footnote . Jump up ^ McPherson , pp. 661 -- 63 ; Clark , pp. 133 -- 44 ; Symonds , pp. 214 -- 41 ; Eicher , pp. 543 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 549 -- 50 ; Longacre , pp. 226 -- 31 , 240 - 44 ; Sauers , p. 836 ; Wert , pp. 272 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Examples of the varying Confederate casualties for July 1 -- 3 are Sears , p. 498 ( 22,625 ) ; Coddington , p. 536 ( 20,451 , `` and very likely more '' ) ; Trudeau , p. 529 ( 22,874 ) ; Eicher , p. 550 ( 22,874 , `` but probably actually totaled 28,000 or more '' ) ; McPherson , p. 664 ( 28,000 ) ; Esposito , map 99 ( `` near 28,000 '' ) ; Clark , p. 150 ( 20,448 , `` but probably closer to 28,000 , '' which he inaccurately cites as a nearly 40 % loss ) ; Woodworth , p. 209 ( `` at least equal to Meade 's and possibly as high as 28,000 '' ) ; NPS ( 28,000 ) Jump up ^ Glatthaar , p. 282 . Jump up ^ Sears , p. 513 . Jump up ^ Busey and Martin , pp. 125 -- 47 , 260 -- 315 . Headquarters element casualties account for the minor differences in army totals stated previously . Jump up ^ Catton , p. 325 . Jump up ^ Sears , p. 391 . Jump up ^ `` Gettysburg 's Most Unlikely Hero , An Elderly Citizen Who Volunteered '' . Jump up ^ Sears , p. 511 . Jump up ^ Woodworth , p. 216 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Pat . `` Nursing the Wounded at Gettysburg '' . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 550 ; Coddington , pp. 539 -- 44 ; Clark , pp. 146 -- 47 ; Sears , p. 469 ; Wert , p. 300 . Jump up ^ Clark , pp. 147 -- 57 ; Longacre , pp. 268 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Coddington , p. 564 . Jump up ^ Coddington , pp. 535 -- 74 ; Sears , pp. 496 -- 97 ; Eicher , p. 596 ; Wittenberg et al. , One Continuous Fight , pp. 345 -- 46 ... Jump up ^ McPherson , p. 664 . Jump up ^ Donald , p. 446 ; Woodworth , p. 217 . Jump up ^ Coddington , p. 573 . Jump up ^ McPherson , pp. 650 , 664 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Lee and His Army , pp. 86 , 93 , 102 - 05 ; Sears , pp. 501 -- 502 ; McPherson , p. 665 , in contrast to Gallagher , depicts Lee as `` profoundly depressed '' about the battle . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Lee and His Generals , pp. 207 -- 208 ; Sears , p. 503 ; Woodworth , p. 221 . Gallagher 's essay `` Jubal A. Early , The Lost Cause , and Civil War History : A Persistent Legacy '' in Lee and His Generals is a good overview of the Lost Cause movement . Jump up ^ `` This site is temporarily unavailable '' . www.brotherswar.com . Jump up ^ White , p. 251 . White refers to Lincoln 's use of the term `` new birth of freedom '' and writes , `` The new birth that slowly emerged in Lincoln 's politics meant that on November 19 at Gettysburg he was no longer , as in his inaugural address , defending an old Union but proclaiming a new Union . The old Union contained and attempted to restrain slavery . The new Union would fulfill the promise of liberty , the crucial step into the future that the Founders had failed to take . '' Jump up ^ McPherson , p. 665 ; Gallagher , Lee and His Generals , pp. 207 -- 208 . Jump up ^ Catton , p. 331 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 550 ; McPherson , p. 665 Jump up ^ Hattaway and Jones , p. 415 ; Woodworth , p. xiii ; Coddington , p. 573 ; Glatthaar , p. 288 ; Bearss , p. 202 . Jump up ^ Carmichael , p. xvii ; Goss , Major Thomas ( July -- August 2004 ) . `` Gettysburg 's `` Decisive Battle '' '' ( PDF ) . Military Review : 11 -- 16 . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Keegan , pp. 202 , 239 . Jump up ^ Sears , pp. 499 -- 500 ; Glatthaar , p. 287 ; Fuller , p. 198 , states that Lee 's `` overweening confidence in the superiority of his soldiers over his enemy possessed him . '' Jump up ^ For example , Sears , p. 504 : `` In the final analysis , it was Robert E. Lee 's inability to manage his generals that went to the heart of the failed campaign . '' Glatthaar , pp. 285 -- 86 , criticizes the inability of the generals to coordinate their actions as a whole . Fuller , p. 198 , states that Lee `` maintained no grip over the operations '' of his army . Jump up ^ Fuller , p. 195 , for example , refers to orders to Stuart that `` were as usual vague . '' Fuller , p. 197 , wrote `` As was ( Lee 's ) custom , he relied on verbal instructions , and left all details to his subordinates . '' Jump up ^ Woodworth , pp. 209 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Sears , pp. 501 -- 502 ; McPherson , pp. 656 -- 57 ; Coddington , pp. 375 -- 80 ; A more detailed collection of historical assessments of Longstreet at Gettysburg may be found in James Longstreet # Gettysburg . Jump up ^ Sears , p. 502 ; A more detailed collection of historical assessments of Stuart in the Gettysburg Campaign may be found in J.E.B. Stuart # Gettysburg . Jump up ^ McPherson , p. 654 ; Coddington , pp. 317 -- 19 ; Eicher , pp. 517 -- 18 ; Sears , p. 503 . Jump up ^ Sears , pp. 502 -- 503 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Jim ( June 25 , 2008 ) . `` Civil War Medicine ( and Writing ) : Medical Department # 18 - Lee 's Health at Gettysburg '' . Jump up ^ Sears , p. 500 . Jump up ^ Sears , p. 506 ; Coddington , p. 573 . Jump up ^ Sears , pp. 505 -- 507 . Jump up ^ `` Preservation Trust Helps Secure Key Piece of Ground in Gettysburg , Baltimore Civil War Roundtable Newsletter , August 2004 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Gettysburg casino plan defeated , Penn State Civil War History Center , April 15 , 2011 Archived April 20 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Writer , SCOT ANDREW PITZER Times Staff . `` Country club site acquisition ends 25 - year Park Service effort '' . Jump up ^ `` Gettysburg - Civil War Trust '' . www.civilwar.org . Jump up ^ `` Arago : 1963 Civil War Centennial Issue '' . arago.si.edu . Jump up ^ HNAI US Coin Auction Catalog # 1145 , Stamford , CT . Heritage Capital Corporation . 2010 . p. 160 . Jump up ^ `` America the Beautiful Quarters ® Program - U.S. Mint '' . www.usmint.gov . References Bearss , Edwin C. Fields of Honor : Pivotal Battles of the Civil War . Washington , D.C. : National Geographic Society , 2006 . ISBN 0 - 7922 - 7568 - 3 . Busey , John W. , and David G. Martin . Regimental Strengths and Losses at Gettysburg , 4th ed . Hightstown , NJ : Longstreet House , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 944413 - 67 - 6 . Carmichael , Peter S. , ed . Audacity Personified : The Generalship of Robert E. Lee . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 2929 - 1 . Catton , Bruce . Glory Road . Garden City , NY : Doubleday and Company , 1952 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 04167 - 5 . Clark , Champ , and the Editors of Time - Life Books . Gettysburg : The Confederate High Tide . Alexandria , VA : Time - Life Books , 1985 . ISBN 0 - 8094 - 4758 - 4 . Coddington , Edwin B . The Gettysburg Campaign ; a study in command . New York : Scribner 's , 1968 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 84569 - 5 . Donald , David Herbert . Lincoln . New York : Simon & Schuster , 1995 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 80846 - 3 . Eicher , David J. The Longest Night : A Military History of the Civil War . New York : Simon & Schuster , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 84944 - 5 . Esposito , Vincent J. West Point Atlas of American Wars . New York : Frederick A. Praeger , 1959 . OCLC 5890637 . The collection of maps ( without explanatory text ) is available online at the West Point website . Foote , Shelby . The Civil War : A Narrative . Vol. 2 , Fredericksburg to Meridian . New York : Random House , 1958 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 49517 - 9 . Fuller , Maj. Gen. J.F.C. Grant and Lee : A Study in Personality and Generalship . Bloomington : Indiana University Press , 1957 . ISBN 0 - 253 - 13400 - 5 . Gallagher , Gary W. Lee and His Army in Confederate History . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 2001 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 2631 - 7 . Gallagher , Gary W. Lee and His Generals in War and Memory . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 2958 - 5 . Glatthaar , Joseph T. General Lee 's Army : From Victory to Collapse . New York : Free Press , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 82787 - 2 . Harman , Troy D. Lee 's Real Plan at Gettysburg . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole Books , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 0054 - 2 . Hattaway , Herman , and Archer Jones . How the North Won : A Military History of the Civil War . Urbana : University of Illinois Press , 1983 . ISBN 0 - 252 - 00918 - 5 . Keegan , John . The American Civil War : A Military History . New York : Alfred A. Knopf , 2009 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 26343 - 8 . Longacre , Edward G . The Cavalry at Gettysburg . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press , 1986 . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 7941 - 8 . McPherson , James M. Battle Cry of Freedom : The Civil War Era . Oxford History of the United States . New York : Oxford University Press , 1988 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 503863 - 0 . Martin , David G. Gettysburg July 1 . rev . ed . Conshohocken , PA : Combined Publishing , 1996 . ISBN 0 - 938289 - 81 - 0 . Murray , Williamson and Wayne Wei - siang Hsieh . `` A Savage War : A Military History of the Civil War '' . Princeton : Princeton University Press , 2016 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 69 - 116940 - 8 . Nye , Wilbur S. Here Come the Rebels ! Dayton , OH : Morningside House , 1984 . ISBN 0 - 89029 - 080 - 6 . First published in 1965 by Louisiana State University Press . Pfanz , Harry W. Gettysburg -- The First Day . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 2624 - 3 . Pfanz , Harry W. Gettysburg -- The Second Day . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 1987 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 1749 - X . Pfanz , Harry W. Gettysburg : Culp 's Hill and Cemetery Hill . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 1993 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 2118 - 7 . Rawley , James A. ( 1966 ) . Turning Points of the Civil War . University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 8935 - 9 . OCLC 44957745 . Sauers , Richard A. `` Battle of Gettysburg . '' In Encyclopedia of the American Civil War : A Political , Social , and Military History , edited by David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler . New York : W.W. Norton & Company , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 04758 - X . Sears , Stephen W. Gettysburg . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 395 - 86761 - 4 . Symonds , Craig L. American Heritage History of the Battle of Gettysburg . New York : HarperCollins , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 019474 - X . Tagg , Larry . The Generals of Gettysburg . Campbell , CA : Savas Publishing , 1998 . ISBN 1 - 882810 - 30 - 9 . Trudeau , Noah Andre . Gettysburg : A Testing of Courage . New York : HarperCollins , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 019363 - 8 . Tucker , Glenn . High Tide at Gettysburg . Dayton , OH : Morningside House , 1983 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 914427 - 82 - 7 . First published 1958 by Bobbs - Merrill Co . Wert , Jeffry D. Gettysburg : Day Three . New York : Simon & Schuster , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 85914 - 9 . White , Ronald C. , Jr . The Eloquent President : A Portrait of Lincoln Through His Words . New York : Random House , 2005 . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 6119 - 9 . Wittenberg , Eric J. , J. David Petruzzi , and Michael F. Nugent . One Continuous Fight : The Retreat from Gettysburg and the Pursuit of Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia , July 4 -- 14 , 1863 . New York : Savas Beatie , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932714 - 43 - 2 . Woodworth , Steven E. Beneath a Northern Sky : A Short History of the Gettysburg Campaign . Wilmington , DE : SR Books ( scholarly Resources , Inc . ) , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 8420 - 2933 - 8 . Memoirs and primary sources Paris , Louis - Philippe - Albert d'Orléans . The Battle of Gettysburg : A History of the Civil War in America . Digital Scanning , Inc. , 1999 . ISBN 1 - 58218 - 066 - 0 . First published 1869 by Germer Baillière . New York ( State ) , William F. Fox , and Daniel Edgar Sickles . New York at Gettysburg : Final Report on the Battlefield of Gettysburg . Albany , NY : J.B. Lyon Company , Printers , 1900 . OCLC 607395975 . U.S. War Department , The War of the Rebellion : a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies . Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office , 1880 -- 1901 . Further reading Adkin , Mark . The Gettysburg Companion : The Complete Guide to America 's Most Famous Battle . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole Books , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8117 - 0439 - 7 . Bachelder , John B . The Bachelder Papers : Gettysburg in Their Own Words . Edited by David L. Ladd and Audrey J. Ladd. 3 vols . Dayton , OH : Morningside Press , 1994 . ISBN 0 - 89029 - 320 - 1 . Bachelder , John B. Gettysburg : What to See , and How to See It : Embodying Full Information for Visiting the Field . Boston : Bachelder , 1873 . OCLC 4637523 . Ballard , Ted , and Billy Arthur . Gettysburg Staff Ride Briefing Book . Carlisle , PA : United States Army Center of Military History , 1999 . OCLC 42908450 . Bearss , Edwin C. Receding Tide : Vicksburg and Gettysburg : The Campaigns That Changed the Civil War . Washington DC : National Geographic Society , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4262 - 0510 - 1 . Boritt , Gabor S. , ed . The Gettysburg Nobody Knows . New York : Oxford University Press , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 510223 - 1 . Desjardin , Thomas A. These Honored Dead : How the Story of Gettysburg Shaped American Memory . New York : Da Capo Press , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81267 - 3 . Frassanito , William A. Early Photography at Gettysburg . Gettysburg , PA : Thomas Publications , 1995 . ISBN 1 - 57747 - 032 - X . Lyon Fremantle , Arthur J. The Fremantle Diary : A Journal of the Confederacy . Edited by Walter Lord . Short Hills , NJ : Burford Books , 2002 . ISBN 1 - 58080 - 085 - 8 . First published 1954 by Capicorn Books . Gallagher , Gary W. , ed . Three Days at Gettysburg : Essays on Confederate and Union Leadership . Kent , OH : Kent State University Press , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 87338 - 629 - 9 . Gottfried , Bradley M. Brigades of Gettysburg . New York : Da Capo Press , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81175 - 8 . Gottfried , Bradley M. The Maps of Gettysburg : An Atlas of the Gettysburg Campaign , June 3 -- 13 , 1863 . New York : Savas Beatie , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932714 - 30 - 2 . Grimsley , Mark , and Brooks D. Simpson . Gettysburg : A Battlefield Guide . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 7077 - 1 . Guelzo , Allen C. Gettysburg : The Last Invasion . New York : Vintage Books , 2013 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 74069 - 4 . First published in 2013 by Alfred A. Knopf . Hall , Jeffrey C. The Stand of the U.S. Army at Gettysburg . Bloomington : Indiana University Press , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 253 - 34258 - 9 . Haskell , Frank Aretas . The Battle of Gettysburg . Whitefish , MT : Kessinger Publishing , 2006 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4286 - 6012 - 0 . Hawthorne , Frederick W. Gettysburg : Stories of Men and Monuments . Gettysburg , PA : Association of Licensed Battlefield Guides , 1988 . ISBN 0 - 9657444 - 0 - X . Hoptak , John David . Confrontation at Gettysburg : A Nation Saved , a Cause Lost . Charleston , SC : The History Press , 2012 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60949 - 426 - 1 . Huntington , Tom . Pennsylvania Civil War Trails : The Guide to Battle Sites , Monuments , Museums and Towns . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole Books , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8117 - 3379 - 3 . Laino , Philip , Gettysburg Campaign Atlas , 2nd ed . Dayton , OH : Gatehouse Press 2009 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 934900 - 45 - 1 . McMurry , Richard M. `` The Pennsylvania Gambit and the Gettysburg Splash . '' In The Gettysburg Nobody Knows , edited by Gabor Boritt . New York : Oxford University Press , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 510223 - 1 . McPherson , James M. Hallowed Ground : A Walk at Gettysburg . New York : Crown Publishers , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 609 - 61023 - 6 . Petruzzi , J. David , and Steven Stanley . The Complete Gettysburg Guide . New York : Savas Beatie , 2009 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932714 - 63 - 0 . Shaara , Michael . The Killer Angels : A Novel . New York : Ballantine Books , 2001 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 44412 - 7 . First published 1974 by David McKay Co . Stackpole , Gen. Edward J. They Met at Gettysburg . Harrisburg , PA : Stackpole Books , 1956 , OCLC 22643644 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Gettysburg , Gettysburg Battlefield and Gettysburg National Military Park . 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0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Gettysburg&oldid=807742113 '' Categories : Battle of Gettysburg Battles of the Gettysburg Campaign Battles of the American Civil War in Pennsylvania Battles of the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War 1863 in Pennsylvania Battles in Pennsylvania Gettysburg Campaign Gettysburg Battlefield Conflicts in 1863 1863 in the United States History of Adams County , Pennsylvania Union victories of the American Civil War Last stand battles July 1863 events Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from November 2013 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations ( English ) All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from March 2016 Geobox usage tracking for protected area type Articles with Internet Archive links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Good articles Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Lietuvių Magyar မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2017 , at 21 : 57 . 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how many confederate soldiers died in the battle of gettysburg

Battle of Gettysburg Part of the American Civil War The Battle of Gettysburg , by Thure de Thulstrup Date July 1 -- 3 , 1863 Location Gettysburg , Adams County , Pennsylvania 39 ° 48 ′ 40 '' N 77 ° 13 ′ 30 '' W  /  39.811 ° N 77.225 ° W  / 39.811 ; - 77.225 Coordinates : 39 ° 48 ′ 40 '' N 77 ° 13 ′ 30 '' W  /  39.811 ° N 77.225 ° W  / 39.811 ; - 77.225 Result Union victory Belligerents United States Confederate States Commanders and leaders George G. Meade Robert E. Lee Units involved Army of the Potomac Army of Northern Virginia Strength 104,256 ( `` present for duty '' ) 71,000 -- 75,000 ( estimated ) Casualties and losses 23,049 total ( 3,155 killed ; 14,529 wounded ; 5,365 captured / missing ) 23,000 -- 28,000 ( estimated )

Las Vegas Strip - wikipedia Las Vegas Strip Jump to : navigation , search `` Vegas Strip '' and `` The Strip '' redirect here . For the TV series , see Vegas Strip ( TV series ) . For other uses , see The Strip ( disambiguation ) . Las Vegas Strip The Strip South Las Vegas Boulevard Clockwise from top : Las Vegas Boulevard , CityCenter , New York - New York , MGM Grand Las Vegas , The Venetian Las Vegas , Bally 's Las Vegas & Paris Las Vegas , Bellagio Length 4.2 mi ( 6.8 km ) 36 ° 07 ′ 11 '' N 115 ° 10 ′ 21 '' W  /  36.119684 ° N 115.172599 ° W  / 36.119684 ; - 115.172599 South end Russell Road North end Sahara Avenue The Las Vegas Strip is a stretch of South Las Vegas Boulevard in Clark County , Nevada , known for its concentration of resort hotels and casinos . The Strip is approximately 4.2 miles ( 6.8 km ) in length , located immediately south of the Las Vegas city limits in the unincorporated towns of Paradise and Winchester . However , the Strip is often referred to as being in Las Vegas . Many of the largest hotel , casino , and resort properties in the world are located on the Las Vegas Strip . Its cityscape is highlighted by its use of contemporary architecture , lights and wide variety of attractions . Its hotels , casinos , restaurants , residential high - rises , entertainment offerings , and skyline have established the Las Vegas Strip as one of the most popular and iconic tourist destinations in the United States , and the world . Most of the Strip has also been designated an All - American Road , and is considered a scenic route at night . Contents ( hide ) 1 Boundaries 2 History 2.1 Early years ( 1930s -- 1990s ) 2.2 Recent years ( 2000 -- present ) 2.3 Future developments 3 Transportation 3.1 Pedestrian traffic 4 Attractions on the Strip 4.1 Golf 4.2 Amusement parks and rides 4.3 Shopping 4.4 Entertainment 4.5 Venues 5 Locations of major landmarks 5.1 Current landmarks 5.2 Former hotel / casino locations 6 Demolished or closed Strip casinos and hotels 7 Gallery 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Boundaries ( edit ) looking north , 2013 Looking south Historically , the casinos that were not in Downtown Las Vegas along Fremont Street were limited to outside the city limits on Las Vegas Boulevard . In 1959 , the Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign was constructed exactly 4.5 miles ( 7.2 km ) outside the city limits . The sign is today located in the median just south of Russell Road , across from the now - demolished Klondike Hotel & Casino , about 0.4 miles ( 0.64 km ) south of the southernmost entrance to Mandalay Bay ( the southernmost casino ) . In the strictest sense , `` the Strip '' refers only to the stretch of Las Vegas Boulevard that is roughly between Sahara Avenue and Russell Road , a distance of 4.2 miles ( 6.8 km ) . However , the term is often used to refer not only to the road but also to the various casinos and resorts that line the road , and even to properties that are not on the road but in proximity . Phrases such as Strip Area , Resort Corridor or Resort District are sometimes used to indicate a larger geographical area , including properties 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) or more away from Las Vegas Boulevard , such as the Hard Rock , Rio , Palms , and Hooters casinos . A long - standing definition considers the Strip 's northern terminus as the SLS , though travel guides typically extend it to include the Stratosphere , 0.4 miles ( 0.64 km ) to the north . Mandalay Bay , located just north of Russell Road , is the southernmost resort considered to be on the Strip ( the Klondike was the southernmost until 2006 , when it was closed , although it was not included in Las Vegas Strip on some definitions and travel guides ) . Because of the number and size of the resorts , the Resort Corridor can be quite wide . Interstate 15 runs roughly parallel and 0.5 to 0.8 miles ( 0.80 to 1.29 km ) to the west of Las Vegas Boulevard for the entire length of the Strip . Paradise Road runs to the east in a similar fashion , and ends at St. Louis Avenue . The eastern side of the Strip is bounded by McCarran International Airport south of Tropicana Avenue . North of this point , the Resort Corridor can be considered to extend as far east as Paradise Road , although some consider Koval Lane as a less inclusive boundary . Interstate 15 is sometimes considered the western edge of the Resort Corridor from Interstate 215 to Spring Mountain Road . North of this point , Industrial Road serves as the western edge . Newer resorts such as South Point and the M Resort are on Las Vegas Boulevard South as distant as 8 miles south of the `` Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas '' sign . Marketing for these casinos usually states that they are on southern Las Vegas Boulevard and not `` Strip '' properties . Southern half of Las Vegas Strip at night with CityCenter construction on the bottom right , 2007 Las Vegas Strip from the south east , 2012 History ( edit ) Early years ( 1930s -- 1990s ) ( edit ) The first casino to be built on Highway 91 was the Pair - o - Dice Club in 1931 , but the first on what is currently the Strip was the El Rancho Vegas , opening on April 3 , 1941 , with 63 rooms . That casino stood for almost 20 years before being destroyed by a fire in 1960 . Its success spawned a second hotel on what would become the Strip , the Hotel Last Frontier , in 1942 . Organized crime figures such as New York 's Bugsy Siegel took interest in the growing gaming center leading to other resorts such as the Flamingo , which opened in 1946 , and the Desert Inn , which opened in 1950 . The funding for many projects was provided through the American National Insurance Company , which was based in the then notorious gambling empire of Galveston , Texas . The Strip in the 1940s . Pictured is the gas station of the Hotel Last Frontier , the second hotel on the Strip . Las Vegas Boulevard South was previously called Arrowhead Highway , or Los Angeles Highway . The Strip was named by Los Angeles police officer and businessman Guy McAfee , after his hometown 's Sunset Strip . Caesars Palace was established in 1966 . In 1968 , Kirk Kerkorian purchased the Flamingo and hired Sahara Hotels Vice President Alex Shoofey as President . Alex Shoofey brought along 33 of Sahara 's top executives . The Flamingo was used to train future employees of the International Hotel , which was under construction . Opening in 1969 , the International Hotel , with 1,512 rooms , began the era of mega-resorts . The International is known as Westgate Las Vegas today . The first MGM Grand Hotel and Casino , also a Kerkorian property , opened in 1973 with 2,084 rooms . At the time , this was one of the largest hotels in the world by number of rooms . The Rossiya Hotel built in 1967 in Moscow , for instance , had 3,200 rooms ; however , most of the rooms in the Rossiya Hotel were single rooms of 118 sq. ft ( roughly 1 / 4 size of a standard room at the MGM Grand Resort ) . On November 21 , 1980 , the MGM Grand suffered the worst resort fire in the history of Las Vegas as a result of electrical problems , killing 87 people . It reopened eight months later . In 1986 , Kerkorian sold the MGM Grand to Bally Manufacturing , and it was renamed Bally 's . The Wet ' n Wild water park opened in 1985 and was located on the south side of the Sahara hotel . The park closed at the end of the 2004 season and was later demolished . The opening of The Mirage in 1989 set a new level to the Las Vegas experience , as smaller hotels and casinos made way for the larger mega-resorts . The Rio and the Excalibur opened in 1990 . These huge facilities offer entertainment and dining options , as well as gambling and lodging . This change affected the smaller , well - known and now historic hotels and casinos , like The Dunes , The Sands , the Stardust , and the Sahara . The lights along the Strip have been dimmed in a sign of respect to six performers and one other major Las Vegas figure upon their deaths . They are Elvis Presley ( 1977 ) , Sammy Davis Jr. ( 1990 ) , Dean Martin ( 1995 ) , George Burns ( 1996 ) , Frank Sinatra ( 1998 ) , former UNLV basketball head coach Jerry Tarkanian ( 2015 ) , and Don Rickles ( 2017 ) . The Strip lights were dimmed later in 2017 as a memorial to victims of a mass shooting at a concert held adjacent to the Strip . In 2005 , Clark County renamed a section of Industrial Road ( south of Twain Avenue ) as Dean Martin Drive , also as a tribute to the famous Rat Pack singer , actor , and frequent Las Vegas entertainer . In an effort to attract families , resorts offered more attractions geared toward youth , but had limited success . The ( current ) MGM Grand opened in 1993 with MGM Grand Adventures Theme Park , but the park closed in 2000 due to lack of interest . Similarly , in 2003 Treasure Island closed its own video arcade and abandoned the previous pirate theme , adopting the new ti name . In addition to the large hotels , casinos and resorts , the Strip is home to a few smaller casinos and other attractions , such as M&M World , Adventuredome and the Fashion Show Mall . Starting in the mid-1990s , the Strip became a popular New Year 's Eve celebration destination . Recent years ( 2000 -- present ) ( edit ) Four - segment panorama of The Cosmopolitan , Bellagio , and Caesars Palace ( left to right ) from the Las Vegas Strip , across from the Bellagio fountains . Gondolas outside of The Venetian . With the opening of Bellagio , Venetian , Palazzo , Wynn and Encore resorts , the strip trended towards the luxurious high end segment through most of the 2000s , while some older resorts added major expansions and renovations , including some de-theming of the earlier themed hotels . High end dining , specialty retail , spas and nightclubs increasingly became options for visitors in addition to gambling at most Strip resorts . There was also a trend towards expensive residential condo units on the strip . In 2004 , MGM Mirage announced plans for CityCenter , a 66 - acre ( 27 ha ) , $7 billion multi-use project on the site of the Boardwalk hotel and adjoining land . It consists of hotel , casino , condo , retail , art , business and other uses on the site . City Center is currently the largest such complex in the world . Construction began in April 2006 , with most elements of the project opened in late 2009 . Also in 2006 , the Las Vegas Strip lost its longtime status as the world 's highest - grossing gambling center , falling to second place behind Macau . In 2012 , the High Roller Ferris wheel and a retail district called The LINQ Promenade broke ground , in an attempt to diversify attractions beyond that of casino resorts . Renovations and rebrandings such as The Cromwell Las Vegas and the SLS Las Vegas continued to transform The Strip in 2014 . The Las Vegas Festival Grounds opened in 2015 . In 2016 , the T - Mobile Arena , The Park , the Lucky Dragon Hotel and Casino , and the Park Theatre opened . Smaller changes and developments are taking place as well . On October 1 , 2017 , a mass shooting incident occurred on the Strip at the Route 91 Harvest country music festival , adjacent to the Mandalay Bay hotel . This incident became the deadliest mass shooting in modern United States history . Future developments ( edit ) CityCenter Las Vegas The Monte Carlo Resort and Casino will undergo a two - year , $450 million makeover to be completed by end of 2018 . The Wynn Resorts board approved phase one of the Wynn Paradise Park . Construction will be phased with the lagoon and beach amenities expected to be completed by early 2019 . Construction of the All Net Resort and Arena is expected to be completed by spring 2020 . Work on the Las Vegas Stadium is planned to begin in 2017 and be completed in time for the 2020 NFL season . Genting Group bought the site of the Stardust in 2013 with plans to build and open Resorts World Las Vegas in 2020 . The unfinished Fontainebleau was sold in August 2017 , but it is not yet known what will happen to it . The unfinished Skyvue ferris wheel is for sale , as is the land of the former La Concha Motel and the site of the New Frontier after plans to build the Alon Las Vegas were abandoned in May 2017 . Transportation ( edit ) The Las Vegas Monorail . RTC Transit ( previously Citizens Area Transit , or CAT ) provides bus service on the Strip with double decker buses known as The Deuce . The Deuce runs between Mandalay Bay at the southern end of the Strip ( and to the Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign and South Strip Transfer Terminal after midnight ) to the Bonneville Transit Center ( BTC ) and the Fremont Street Experience in Downtown Las Vegas , with stops near every casino . RTC also operates an express bus called the Strip and Downtown Express ( SDX ) . This route connects the Strip to the Las Vegas Convention Center and Downtown Las Vegas to the north , with stops at selected hotels and shopping attractions ( Las Vegas Premium Outlets North & South ) . While not on the Strip itself , the Las Vegas Monorail runs on the east side of the Strip corridor from Tropicana Avenue to Sahara Avenue . Several free trams operate on the west side of the Strip : Mandalay Bay Tram connecting the Mandalay Bay , Luxor , and Excalibur Aria Express connecting the Monte Carlo , Crystals ( also stop for Aria ) , and Bellagio Between Treasure Island and The Mirage Prior to CAT bus service beginning operations in 1992 , mass transit on the Strip was provided by a private transit company , Las Vegas Transit . The Strip route was their only profitable route and supported the whole bus system . The Deuce bus ( CAT Enviro500 ) Aria Express Mandalay Bay Tram Pedestrian traffic ( edit ) The Strip traffic during the day , looking north from the MGM Grand . The strip has a number of pedestrian footbridges . Concerning pedestrian safety and to help alleviate traffic congestion at popular intersections , several pedestrian footbridges were erected in 1990s . Some feature designs that match the theme of the nearby resorts . The Tropicana -- Las Vegas Boulevard footbridges were the first to be installed , and based on the success of this project additional footbridges have been built on Las Vegas Boulevard at the Flamingo Road intersection connecting Bellagio , Caesars Palace , Bally 's , and The Cromwell ; between The Mirage / Treasure Island and The Venetian , and at the Las Vegas Boulevard - Spring Mountain and Sands Avenue intersection connecting the Wynn with the Fashion Show Mall , The Palazzo and Treasure Island . The latest to be completed connects Planet Hollywood , CityCenter and The Cosmopolitan at the Harmon Avenue intersection . According to the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority 's annual Las Vegas Visitor Profile Study , only 36 % of people said they walked around the Strip , a figure that is a drop from 2013 ( 52 % ) . Attractions on the Strip ( edit ) Golf ( edit ) Wynn Golf and Country Club In 2000 , Bali Hai Golf Club opened just south of Mandalay Bay and the Strip . In recent years , all golf courses on the Strip but the Desert Inn Golf Course have been removed to make way for building projects . Even though many golf courses along the Strip were being torn down , such as the Tropicana Country Club and the Dunes golf course , developer Steve Wynn , founder of previously owned Mirage Resorts , purchased the Desert Inn and golf course for his new company Wynn Resorts . The Wynn Golf Club is `` ... the only golf course attached to a resort on the Las Vegas Strip ... '' . In 2005 , he opened Wynn Las Vegas , complete with remodeled golf course providing tee times to hotel guests only . In 2016 , a TopGolf opened near the Strip . Amusement parks and rides ( edit ) The strip is home to many amusement parks and rides . These include : Big Shot X-Scream SkyJump Las Vegas Adventuredome The Roller Coaster High Roller Shopping ( edit ) The Forum Shops at Caesar 's Palace Bonanza Gift Shop is billed as the `` World 's Largest Gift Shop '' , with over 40,000 square feet ( 3,700 m ) of shopping space . The Shoppes at The Palazzo feature luxury stores including the only Barneys New York department store in Las Vegas . Fashion Show Mall is adjacent to Treasure Island and opposite Wynn Las Vegas . Grand Canal Shoppes is a luxury mall connected to The Venetian with canals , gondolas and singing gondoliers . The LINQ Promenade is an open - air retail , dining , and entertainment district located between The Linq and Flamingo resorts that began a soft open in January 2014 . It leads from a Strip - side entrance to the High Roller . Miracle Mile Shops is part of the Planet Hollywood hotel . The Forum Shops at Caesars is a luxury mall connected to Caesars Palace , with more than 160 shops and 11 restaurants . Crystals at CityCenter is a luxury high - fashion mall at CityCenter . Harmon Corner is a three story retail center located next to Planet Hollywood with shops and restaurants . Showcase Mall is next to MGM Grand , and displays a 100 - foot Coca - Cola bottle . The Park , a short east - west street between the Monte Carlo and New York - New York resorts is a park - like boulevard lined with retail shops and restaurants , leading to T - Mobile Arena . Entertainment ( edit ) Nevada National Guard assist with New Year 's Eve security The Las Vegas Strip is well known for its lounges , showrooms , theaters and nightclubs ; most of the attractions and shows on the Strip are located on the hotel casino properties . Some of the more popular free attractions visible from the Strip include the water fountains at Bellagio , the volcano at The Mirage , and the Fall of Atlantis and Festival Fountain at Caesars Palace . There are several Cirque du Soleil shows , such as Kà at the MGM Grand , O at Bellagio , Mystère at Treasure Island , Zumanity ( for ages 18 and older ) at New York - New York , Criss Angel Mindfreak at the Luxor , and Michael Jackson : One at Mandalay Bay . Many notable artists have performed in Las Vegas , including Elvis Presley , Frank Sinatra , Judy Garland , Wayne Newton , Liza Minnelli , Dean Martin , Sammy Davis Jr. and Liberace , and in more recent years Celine Dion , Britney Spears , Barry Manilow , Cher , Elton John , Bette Midler , Donny and Marie Osmond , Garth Brooks , Jennifer Lopez , Reba McEntire , Mariah Carey and Olivia Newton - John have had residencies in the various resorts on the Strip . Currently , the only movie theatre directly on the Strip is the 10 - screen Regal Showcase Theatre in the Showcase Mall next to the MGM Grand ( opened in 1997 and operated by Regal Entertainment Group ) . Gambling has become less of a mainstay in recent years with only 4 % of visitors in 2016 saying they came to Las Vegas to gamble , down from 15 % in 2013 , 12 % in 2014 and 10 % in 2015 . Venues ( edit ) The Strip is home to many entertainment venues . Most of the resorts have a showroom , nightclub and / or live music venue on the property and a few have large multipurpose arenas . Major venues include : All Net Resort and Arena ( planned ) The AXIS The Colosseum at Caesars Palace Las Vegas Festival Grounds Las Vegas Stadium ( planned ) Mandalay Bay Events Center MGM Grand Garden Arena T - Mobile Arena Locations of major landmarks ( edit ) Current landmarks ( edit ) For a full list of hotels on the Strip , see List of Las Vegas Strip hotels . North towards Fremont Street ↑ Stratosphere Aztec Inn Allure , Bonanza Gift Shop Sahara Avenue Sahara Avenue Festival Grounds SLS Hilton Grand Vacations Club All Net Resort and Arena ( construction ) Sky Circus Circus Fontainebleau ( construction ) , Turnberry Slots - A-Fun Global Business District ( construction ) Resorts World ( construction ) Guardian Angel Cathedral Desert Inn Road Desert Inn Road Trump , Alon ( abandoned ) Encore Fashion Show Mall Wynn Spring Mountain Road Sands Avenue Treasure Island Palazzo , Sands Expo Venetian Mirage Casino Royale Harrah 's Linq , High Roller Flamingo Caesars Palace Cromwell , Westin Flamingo Road Flamingo Road Bellagio Bally 's Paris Cosmopolitan Planet Hollywood , Elara Harmon Corner Harmon Avenue Harmon Avenue CityCenter ( Aria , Vdara , Mandarin Oriental ) Grand Chateau , Signature Monte Carlo Showcase Mall T - Mobile Arena , New York - New York MGM Grand Tropicana Avenue Tropicana Avenue Excalibur Tropicana , Hooters Luxor Las Vegas Village Delano , Mandalay Bay Skyvue ( abandoned ) Russell Road The Little Church of the West ↓ Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign South towards Interstate 215 Former hotel / casino locations ( edit ) North towards Fremont Street ↑ Vegas World / Million Dollar Casino Jackpot Casino / Money Tree Casino Holy Cow / Foxy 's Firehouse Sahara Avenue Sahara Avenue El Rancho Vegas Sahara / Club Bingo Wet ' n Wild Thunderbird / Silverbird / El Rancho Riviera Westward Ho La Concha Motel Silver City / Riata Stardust / Royal Nevada Desert Inn Road Desert Inn Road Silver Slipper / Golden Slipper New Frontier / Last Frontier / Frontier Desert Inn Spring Mountain Road Sands Avenue Sands Castaways Nob Hill Casino Holiday Casino , Holiday Inn Flamingo Capri / Imperial Palace / Quad O'Sheas Casino Barbary Coast / Bill 's Flamingo Road Flamingo Road Dunes MGM Grand Aladdin / Tally Ho / King 's Crown Boardwalk Harmon Avenue Marina Tropicana Avenue Tropicana Avenue Hacienda Russell Road Glass Pool Inn Klondike / Kona Kai ↓ South towards Interstate 215 Demolished or Closed Strip casinos and hotels ( edit ) Aladdin Hotel & Casino : Opened in 1963 as the Tally Ho , became the King 's Crown in 1965 , the Aladdin in 1966 , and was demolished in 1998 , and reopened in 2000 . In 2007 , the Aladdin was renamed Planet Hollywood . Big Red 's Casino : Opened in 1981 and closed in 1982 . Property developed for CBS Sports World Casino in 1997 . Changed name to Sports World Casino after CBS threatened to sue . Closed in 2001 , now a shopping center . Barbary Coast Hotel and Casino : Closed in 2007 , now The Cromwell . Boardwalk Hotel and Casino : Closed on January 6 , 2006 , demolished May 9 , 2006 to make way for CityCenter . Castaways Hotel and Casino : Opened in 1957 as the San Souci Hotel and became the Castaways in 1963 and was demolished in 1987 . Now The Mirage . Desert Inn : Closed on August 28 , 2000 , demolished in 2004 , now Wynn Las Vegas and Encore Las Vegas ; Desert Inn golf course was retained and improved . Dunes Hotel and Casino : Closed on January 26 , 1993 , demolished in 1993 , now Bellagio . The Dunes golf course is now occupied by parts of Monte Carlo , New York - New York , CityCenter , Cosmopolitan , and T - Mobile Arena . El Rancho ( formerly Thunderbird / Silverbird ) : Closed in 1992 and demolished in 2000 . Now the unfinished Fontainebleau . El Rancho Vegas : Burned down in 1960 . The Hilton Grand Vacations Club timeshare now exists on the south edge of the site where the resort once stood ; the remainder is now the Las Vegas Festival Grounds . Hacienda : Closed in 1996 , demolished in 1996 , now Mandalay Bay . Until 2015 , a separate Hacienda operated outside Boulder City , formerly the Gold Strike Inn . Holiday Casino : Opened in 1973 and closed in 1992 . Now Harrah 's Las Vegas . Holy Cow Casino and Brewery : First micro brewery in Las Vegas . Closed in 2002 , property currently vacant . Imperial Palace Hotel and Casino : Opened in 1959 as the Flamingo Capri and became the Imperial Palace in 1979 and The Quad in 2012 . Now The Linq . Jackpot Casino : Closed in 1977 , now part of Bonanza Gift Shop Klondike Hotel & Casino : Closed in 2006 , demolished in 2008 . Little Caesars Casino : Opened in 1970 and closed in 1994 . Paris Las Vegas now occupies the area . MGM Grand Hotel and Casino : Closed in 1986 and now Bally 's Las Vegas . Money Tree Casino : Closed in 1979 , now Bonanza Gift Shop . Marina Hotel and Casino : Closed , adapted into MGM Grand , now the West Wing of the MGM Grand . New Frontier : Closed July 16 , 2007 , demolished November 13 , 2007 . Currently being redeveloped as Alon Las Vegas . Nob Hill Casino : Opened in 1979 and closed in 1990 . Now Best Western + Casino Royale Riviera Hotel and Casino : Opened in 1955 ; Closed in May 2015 to make way for the Las Vegas Global Business District . Sahara Hotel and Casino : Closed on May 16 , 2011 . Reopened August 23 , 2014 as SLS Las Vegas . Sands Hotel and Casino : Closed on June 30 , 1996 , demolished in 1996 , now The Venetian . Silver City Casino : Closed in 1999 , now the Silver City Plaza Shopping Center . Silver Slipper Casino : Opened in 1950 and closed and demolished in 1988 . It became the parking lot for the New Frontier until its closure and demolition in 2007 . Stardust Resort & Casino : Closed on November 1 , 2006 , demolished on March 13 , 2007 . Currently being redeveloped as Resorts World Las Vegas . Vegas World : Opened in 1979 and closed in 1995 . Now the Stratosphere Las Vegas Westward Ho Hotel and Casino : Closed in 2005 , demolished in 2006 . Currently being redeveloped as Resorts World Las Vegas . Gallery ( edit ) The iconic Welcome to Las Vegas sign was built in 1959 . The Strip in 2009 . A view of the southern end of the Strip . Looking northward from Tropicana Avenue . View of the Strip from the Eiffel Tower of the Paris Las Vegas . Photo taken May 21 , 2010 , a view of the Strip from the Renaissance Hotel . View of Monte Carlo Resort and Casino with City Center in the background The Bellagio Fountains as seen from the hotel The Cosmopolitan The Las Vegas High Roller is the tallest Ferris wheel in the world Las Vegas Boulevard at night Wynn Las Vegas See also ( edit ) Las Vegas portal List of Las Vegas Strip hotels Downtown ( Nevada gaming area ) West Las Vegas References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Google ( June 17 , 2010 ) . `` Overview of the Las Vegas Strip '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lukas , Scott A. ( 2007 ) . `` Theming as a Sensory Phenomenon : Discovering the Senses on the Las Vegas Strip '' . In Scott A. Lukas . The Themed Space : Locating Culture , Nation , and Self . Lexington Books . pp. 75 -- 95 . ISBN 0 - 7391 - 2142 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Transportation Deputy Secretary Downey Announces New All - American Roads , National Scenic Byways in 20 States '' ( Press release ) . Federal Highway Administration . June 15 , 2000 . Retrieved June 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas Strip Named All - American Road '' ( Press release ) . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2006 . Retrieved June 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Scenic Byways '' . Scenicnevada.org . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Alia , K. ( 14 August 2015 ) . `` Las Vegas Escorts , Strippers , Erotic Massages '' . Hustling.net . Adult Classifieds . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Joe Schoenmann ( February 3 , 2010 ) . `` Vegas not alone in wanting in on . vegas '' . Las Vegas Sun . Jump up ^ `` County Turns 100 July 1 , Dubbed ' Centennial Day ' '' ( Press release ) . Clark County , Nevada . June 23 , 2009 . Retrieved February 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Newton , Michael ( 2009 ) . Mr. Mob : The Life and Crimes of Moe Dalitz . McFarland . pp. 40 -- 41 . ISBN 9780786453627 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Hal ( 2003 ) . Neon metropolis : how Las Vegas started the twenty - first century . Routledge . p. 16 . ISBN 9780415926133 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas : An Unconventional History '' . American Experience . PBS . Retrieved June 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Lights to Dim On Vegas Strip in Memory of Entertainer With AM - Sammy Davis Jr '' . Associated Press . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UNLV honors Jerry Tarkanian '' . ESPN . Associated Press . February 19 , 2015 . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Strip Lights Dimmed In Fitting Tribute To Rickles '' . Norm. Vegas . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Apgar , Blake ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` Watch the Las Vegas Strip marquees go dark '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Treasure Island Show Symbolizes New Era for Strip Resort '' ( Press release ) . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2008 . Retrieved June 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Barboza , David ( January 24 , 2007 ) . `` Asian Rival Moves Past Las Vegas '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Vegas4Visitors - Coming Soon '' . Vegas4visitors.com . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hernandez , Dan ; McCarthy , Tom ; McGowan , Michael ( 2017 - 10 - 02 ) . `` Mandalay Bay attack : at least 50 killed in America 's deadliest mass shooting '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Velotta , Richard N. ( June 3 , 2016 ) . `` Monte Carlo will transform to Park MGM in $450 M makeover '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Daniels , Jeff ( 2017 - 04 - 25 ) . `` Wynn Resorts board gives nod for $1.5 billion lagoon - theme park in Las Vegas , stock pops 4 % on earnings beat '' . CNBC . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Work on Steve Wynn 's Paradise Park to begin late ' 17 or early ' 18 '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . 2017 - 04 - 25 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` County OKs expanded plans for arena on Las Vegas Strip '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . 2017 - 10 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Redesign pushes Resorts World Las Vegas opening date to 2020 '' . LasVegasSun.com. 2017 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Fontainebleau on Las Vegas Strip sells for $600 M '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . 2017 - 08 - 29 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Site of stalled SkyVue observation wheel for sale on the south Strip '' . VegasInc.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Half - price sale : Vacant land on north Strip -- $16 M an acre '' . September 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Crown pulls out of Las Vegas market with land sale '' . www.gamblinginsider.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Oskar ( March 11 , 2011 ) . `` Frugal travel : Vegas offers fun at low stakes '' . San Jose Mercury News . Associated Press . Retrieved August 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nordahl , Darrin ( 2002 ) . The Architecture of Mobility : Enhancing the Urban Experience Along the Las Vegas Strip . University of California , Berkeley . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 10 takeaways from the annual Las Vegas Visitor Profile Study '' . www.casinocitytimes.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Moran , Craig ( August 2 , 2010 ) . `` Money - losing golf club may become industrial park '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved August 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas Golfing - Wynn Las Vegas & Encore '' . Jump up ^ `` Topgolf will develop multimillion - dollar , three - level center in Overland Park '' . Bizjournals.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Hubble Smith ( September 30 , 2011 ) . `` Portion of Showcase mall sold for $93.5 million '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved July 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New York - New York , Monte Carlo To Be Transformed Into Park - Like District '' . VegasChatter. April 18 , 2013 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas Nightclubs '' . Las Vegas Nightclubs . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Glusac , Elaine ( September 14 , 2007 ) . `` The Unlikely All - Ages Appeal of Las Vegas '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 25 Greatest Headliners in Las Vegas History '' . Las Vegas Weekly . Jump up ^ `` Showcase Theater '' . Fandango.com . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Geer , Carri ( May 25 , 1998 ) . `` CBS Broadcasting , casino settle in trademark dispute '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved August 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas Little Caesar 's Casino Chips including the Sports Book Chips '' . Oldvegaschips.com . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Las Vegas Strip . Schmid , H. ( 2009 ) , Economy of Fascination : Dubai and Las Vegas as Themed Urban Landscapes , Stuttgart ; Berlin : E. Schweizerbart Science Publishers , ISBN 978 - 3 - 443 - 37014 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Route map : Google KML file ( edit help ) Display on Google Maps Template : Attached KML / Las Vegas Strip KML is from Wikidata Las Vegas Strip South end Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign West side casinos Aria Bellagio Caesars Palace Circus Circus Cosmopolitan Excalibur Lucky Dragon Luxor Mandalay Bay The Mirage Monte Carlo New York - New York Resorts World ( proposed ) Slots - A-Fun Stratosphere Treasure Island East side casinos Bally 's Casino Royale Cromwell Encore Flamingo Fontainebleau ( on hold ) Harrah 's The Linq MGM Grand O'Sheas Palazzo Paris Planet Hollywood SLS Tropicana Venetian Wynn Former casinos Boardwalk Castaways Desert Inn Dunes El Rancho El Rancho Vegas Hacienda Klondike Marina New Frontier Riviera Sahara Sands Silver City Silver Slipper Stardust Thunderbird Westward Ho Shopping Crystals Fashion Show Mall The Forum Shops Grand Canal Shoppes Harmon Corner Miracle Mile Shops Showcase Mall Attractions Adventuredome High Roller The Roller Coaster Shark Reef at Mandalay Bay Skyvue T - Mobile Arena Transportation Aria Express The Deuce Las Vegas Monorail Mandalay Bay Tram RTC Transit McCarran Airport Related List of Las Vegas Strip hotels Paradise , Nevada Winchester , Nevada 2017 Las Vegas shooting Strip Gaming Area Las Vegas Valley Las Vegas -- Paradise , NV MSA State of Nevada Transportation Airports McCarran International Airport North Las Vegas Airport Henderson Executive Airport Las Vegas Monorail RTC Transit Amtrak station ( defunct ) Arts and museums 18b The Las Vegas Arts District Southern Nevada Zoological - Botanical Park Symphony Park Smith Center for the Performing Arts Huntridge Theater Lance Burton Theatre Las Vegas Little Theater Smith Center for the Performing Arts The AXIS Museums in Clark County , Nevada Active Boulder City / Hoover Dam Museum Burlesque Hall of Fame Clark County Museum Discovery Children 's Museum Erotic Heritage Museum Howard W. Cannon Aviation Museum Imperial Palace Auto Collection Las Vegas Gambling Museum Las Vegas Historical Society Las Vegas Natural History Museum Lost City Museum Madame Tussauds Marjorie Barrick Museum of Art Mob Museum National Atomic Testing Museum Neon Museum Nevada State Museum Nevada Southern Railroad Museum Old Las Vegas Mormon Fort State Historic Park Pinball Hall of Fame Shelby Museum Southern Nevada Museum of Fine Art Thunderbirds Museum Previous Elvis - A-Rama Museum Guinness World of Records Guggenheim Hermitage Museum History of the Future Museum Hollywood Movie Museum Las Vegas Art Museum Liberace Museum Star Trek : The Experience Sports T - Mobile Arena Sam Boyd Stadium Cashman Field Thomas & Mack Center Darling Tennis Center Bettye Wilson Soccer Complex Las Vegas Motor Speedway Las Vegas Stadium Las Vegas Ballpark Government Las Vegas City Hall Clark County Government Center Lloyd D. George Federal Courthouse Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department Communities Cities Henderson Las Vegas North Las Vegas Census - designated places Blue Diamond Enterprise Paradise Spring Valley Summerlin South Sunrise Manor Whitney Winchester Neighborhoods Aliante Anthem / Anthem Country Club Chinatown Downtown Las Vegas Green Valley Lake Las Vegas Las Vegas Country Club MacDonald Highlands Mountain 's Edge Paradise Palms Queensridge / One Queensridge Place Seven Hills Southern Highlands Summerlin Summerlin South The Lakes The Ridges West Las Vegas Research and education University of Nevada , Las Vegas University of Nevada Medical School Nevada State College National University Touro University Nevada College of Southern Nevada Roseman University of Health Sciences Parks and public spaces Acacia Demonstration Gardens Clark County Shooting Complex Clark County Wetlands Park Floyd Lamb Park at Tule Springs Lake Mead National Recreation Area Springs Preserve Mount Charleston Red Rock Canyon National Conservation Area Spring Mountains National Recreation Area Sunset Park Tule Springs Fossil Beds National Monument Valley of Fire State Park Area shopping Bonanza Gift Shop The Boulevard Mall The Shops at Crystals Downtown Summerlin Galleria at Sunset Grand Canal Shoppes Fantastic Indoor Swap Meet Fashion Outlets of Las Vegas Fashion Show Mall The Forum Shops at Caesars Las Vegas Premium Outlets North Meadows Mall Miracle Mile Shops Stratosphere Tower Shops Studio Walk at MGM Grand Downtown Summerlin The Shoppes at the Palazzo Tivoli Village Town Square Other Architecture History Timeline Landmarks Skyscrapers Las Vegas Strip WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Las_Vegas_Strip&oldid=807418182 '' Categories : All - American Roads Landmarks in Nevada Las Vegas Strip Nevada Scenic Byways Paradise , Nevada Streets in the Las Vegas Valley U.S. Route 91 Shopping districts and streets in the United States Entertainment districts in the United States Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2008 Articles using KML from Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Svenska Українська Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 20 : 29 . 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what were the original casinos in las vegas

The first casino to be built on Highway 91 was the Pair - o - Dice Club in 1931 , but the first on what is currently the Strip was the El Rancho Vegas , opening on April 3 , 1941 , with 63 rooms . That casino stood for almost 20 years before being destroyed by a fire in 1960 . Its success spawned a second hotel on what would become the Strip , the Hotel Last Frontier , in 1942 . Organized crime figures such as New York 's Bugsy Siegel took interest in the growing gaming center leading to other resorts such as the Flamingo , which opened in 1946 , and the Desert Inn , which opened in 1950 . The funding for many projects was provided through the American National Insurance Company , which was based in the then notorious gambling empire of Galveston , Texas .

Gulf War - wikipedia Gulf War 1990 -- 1991 war between Iraq and Coalition Forces This article is about the war in 1990 -- 1991 . For other wars of that name , see Gulf War ( disambiguation ) . `` Desert Storm '' and `` Operation Desert Storm '' redirect here . For other uses , see Desert Storm ( disambiguation ) . Gulf War Clockwise from top : USAF F - 15Es , F - 16s , and a F - 15C flying over burning Kuwaiti oil wells ; British troops from the Staffordshire Regiment in Operation Granby ; camera view from a Lockheed AC - 130 ; Highway of Death ; M728 Combat Engineer Vehicle . Date Invasion of Kuwait 2 -- 4 August 1990 Operation Desert Storm 17 January -- 28 February 1991 ( 1 month , 1 week and 4 days ) Location Iraq , Kuwait , Saudi Arabia , Israel , and the Persian Gulf Result Coalition victory Iraqi forces expelled from Kuwait Kuwaiti monarchy restored Destruction of Iraqi and Kuwaiti infrastructure Failed Shia / Kurdish uprisings against the Iraqi government Saddam Hussein regime of the Iraqi Baathist government retains power in Iraq UN sanctions against Iraq Iraqi no - fly zones established United Nations Security Council Resolution 687 establishes cease - fire terms , beginning of the Iraq disarmament timeline 1990 -- 2003 Territorial changes Republic of Kuwait and the Kuwait Governorate of the de facto 19th governorate of Iraq returned to the State of Kuwait Iraqi Kurdistan obtains autonomy , establishment of the northern Iraq no fly zone by the US Belligerents Kuwait United States United Kingdom France Saudi Arabia Coalition forces ( show ) Egypt Syria Morocco Oman Pakistan Canada United Arab Emirates Qatar Bangladesh Italy Australia Netherlands Niger Philippines Sweden Argentina Senegal Spain Bahrain Belgium Poland South Korea Singapore Norway Czechoslovakia Greece Denmark New Zealand Hungary Supported by : Soviet Union Iraq Supported by : Yemen PLO Commanders and leaders Sheikh Jaber Al Ahmad Sheikh Saad Al Abdullah George Bush Dick Cheney Colin Powell Norman Schwarzkopf John J. Yeosock Walter E. Boomer Charles Horner Stanley Arthur J. William Kime King Fahd Saleh Al - Muhaya Khalid bin Sultan Margaret Thatcher John Major Peter de la Billière Brian Mulroney Hussain Muhammad Ershad Shahabuddin Ahmed François Mitterrand Michel Roquejeoffre Saddam Hussein Tariq Aziz Ali Hassan al - Majid Izzat Ibrahim al - Douri Salah Aboud Mahmoud Hussein Kamel al - Majid Abid Hamid Mahmud Strength 956,600 , including 700,000 US troops 650,000 soldiers Casualties and losses Coalition : 292 killed ( 147 killed by enemy action , 145 non-hostile deaths ) 467 wounded in action 776 wounded 31 tanks destroyed / disabled 28 Bradley IFVs destroyed / damaged 1 M113 APC destroyed 2 British Warrior APCs destroyed 1 Artillery Piece destroyed 75 Aircraft destroyed Kuwait : 4,200 killed 12,000 captured ≈ 200 tanks destroyed / captured 850 + other armored vehicles destroyed / captured 57 aircraft lost At least 8 aircraft captured ( Mirage F1s ) 17 ships sunk , 6 captured Iraqi : 25,000 -- 50,000 killed 75,000 + wounded 80,000 captured 3,300 tanks destroyed 2,100 APCs destroyed 2,200 Artillery Pieces destroyed 110 Aircraft destroyed 137 Aircraft escaped to Iran 19 naval ships sunk , 6 damaged Kuwaiti civilian losses : Over 1,000 killed 600 missing people Iraqi civilian losses : About 3,664 killed Other civilian losses : 300 civilians killed , more injured Persian Gulf Wars Iranian Revolution ( 1978 -- 79 ) Iran -- Iraq War ( 1980 -- 88 ) Invasion of Kuwait ( 1990 ) Gulf War ( 1990 -- 91 ) Iraqi Kurdish / Shi'a uprisings ( 1991 ) Iraq no - fly zones conflict ( 1991 -- 2003 ) Iraq missile strikes ( 1993 ) Iraq missile strikes ( 1996 ) Iraq bombing ( 1998 ) 1999 Shia uprising in Iraq Iraq conflict ( 2003 -- present ) Iraq War ( 2003 -- 11 ) Iraqi insurgency ( 2011 -- 13 ) Iraqi Civil War ( 2014 -- present ) Gulf War Invasion of Kuwait Kuwaiti Bridges Dasman Palace Failaka British Airways Flight 149 Coalition intervention Khafji Wadi Al - Batin Naval operations Ad - Dawrah Qurah Maradim Bubiyan Air campaign Air to Air combat `` Package Q '' Air Strike Ras Tanura Samurra Amiriyah Liberation of Kuwait Order of battle 67 Easting 73 Easting Al Busayyah Phase Line Bullet Medina Ridge Highway of Death Jalibah Norfolk Kuwait International Airport Post-ceasefire Rumaila Safwan Part of a series on Ba'athism Organisations ( show ) Arab Ba'ath 1940 -- 1947 Arab Ba'ath Movement 1940 -- 1947 Ba'ath Party 1947 -- 1966 Ba'ath Party ( pro-Iraqi ) 1968 -- 2003 Ba'ath Party ( pro-Syrian ) 1966 -- present People ( show ) Zaki al - Arsuzi Michel Aflaq Salah al - Din al - Bitar Abdullah Rimawi Wahib al - Ghanim Fuad al - Rikabi Salah Jadid Hafez al - Assad Ahmed Hassan al - Bakr Saddam Hussein Bashar al - Assad Izzat Ibrahim al - Douri Literature ( show ) On the Way of Resurrection The Battle for One Destiny The Genius of Arabic in Its Tongue History ( show ) Ba'athist Iraq Ramadan Revolution November 1963 coup d'état 17 July Revolution Iran -- Iraq War Gulf War UN sanctions Iraq War De-Ba'athification Ba'athist Syria Syrian Committee to Help Iraq 1963 / 1966 coup d'états Corrective Revolution Civil War Regional organisations ( show ) Algeria pro-Iraq pro-Syria Bahrain pro-Iraq pro-Syria Egypt pro-Iraq pro-Syria Iraq pro-Iraq pro-Syria Jordan pro-Iraq pro-Syria Kuwait pro-Iraq Lebanon pro-Iraq pro-Syria Libya pro-Iraq Mauritania pro-Iraq pro-Syria Palestine pro-Iraq pro-Syria Sudan pro-Iraq pro-Syria Syria pro-Iraq pro-Syria Tunisia pro-Iraq pro-Syria Yemen pro-Iraq pro-Syria Splinter groups ( show ) Arab Socialist Revolutionary Ba'ath Party 1960 -- 1962 / 63 Socialist Lebanon 1965 -- 1970 Arab Revolutionary Workers Party 1966 -- present Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party 1970 -- present Sudanese Ba'ath Party 2002 -- present Related topics ( show ) Arab nationalism Arab socialism Nasserism Pan-Arabism Chavism Politics portal Socialism portal This article is part of a series about George H.W. 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Bush ( CVN - 77 ) The Gulf War ( 2 August 1990 -- 28 February 1991 ) , codenamed Operation Desert Shield ( 2 August 1990 -- 17 January 1991 ) for operations leading to the buildup of troops and defense of Saudi Arabia and Operation Desert Storm ( 17 January 1991 -- 28 February 1991 ) in its combat phase , was a war waged by coalition forces from 35 nations led by the United States against Iraq in response to Iraq 's invasion and annexation of Kuwait . The war is also known under other names , such as the Persian Gulf War , First Gulf War , Gulf War I , Kuwait War , First Iraq War or Iraq War , before the term `` Iraq War '' became identified instead with the 2003 Iraq War . The Iraqi Army 's occupation of Kuwait that began 2 August 1990 was met with international condemnation and brought immediate economic sanctions against Iraq by members of the UN Security Council . Together with the UK 's prime minister Margaret Thatcher -- who had resisted the invasion by Argentina of the Falkland Islands a decade earlier -- George Bush deployed US forces into Saudi Arabia , and urged other countries to send their own forces to the scene . An array of nations joined the coalition , forming the largest military alliance since World War II . The great majority of the coalition 's military forces were from the US , with Saudi Arabia , the United Kingdom and Egypt as leading contributors , in that order . Kuwait and Saudi Arabia paid around US $32 billion of the US $60 billion cost . The war was marked by the introduction of live news broadcasts from the front lines of the battle , principally by the US network CNN . The war has also earned the nickname Video Game War after the daily broadcast of images from cameras on board US bombers during Operation Desert Storm . The initial conflict to expel Iraqi troops from Kuwait began with an aerial and naval bombardment on 17 January 1991 , continuing for five weeks . This was followed by a ground assault on 24 February . This was a decisive victory for the coalition forces , who liberated Kuwait and advanced into Iraqi territory . The coalition ceased its advance and declared a ceasefire 100 hours after the ground campaign started . Aerial and ground combat was confined to Iraq , Kuwait , and areas on Saudi Arabia 's border . Iraq launched Scud missiles against coalition military targets in Saudi Arabia and against Israel . Contents 1 Background 2 Invasion of Kuwait 2.1 Kuwaiti resistance movement 3 Run - up to the war 3.1 Diplomatic means 3.2 Military means 3.2. 1 Creating a coalition 3.2. 2 Justification for intervention 4 Early battles 4.1 Air campaign 4.2 Iraqi Scud missile strikes on Israel and Saudi Arabia 4.3 Iraqi invasion of Saudi Arabia ( Battle of Khafji ) 5 Counter reconnaissance 6 Breach 7 Ground campaign 7.1 Kuwait 's liberation 7.2 Initial moves into Iraq 7.3 Coalition forces enter Iraq 8 The end of active hostilities 9 Coalition involvement 9.1 Australia 9.2 Argentina 9.3 Canada 9.4 France 9.5 United Kingdom 10 Casualties 10.1 Civilian 10.2 Iraqi 10.3 Coalition 10.3. 1 Friendly fire 11 Controversies 11.1 Gulf War Illness 11.2 Effects of depleted uranium 11.3 Highway of Death 11.4 Bulldozer assault 11.5 Palestinian exodus from Kuwait 11.6 Coalition bombing of Iraq 's civilian infrastructure 11.7 Abuse of Coalition POWs 11.8 Operation Southern Watch 11.9 Sanctions 11.10 Draining of the Qurna Marshes 11.11 Oil spill 11.12 Kuwaiti oil fires 12 Cost 12.1 Effect on developing countries 13 Media coverage 14 Terminology 14.1 Operational names 14.2 Campaign names 15 Technology 15.1 Scud and Patriot missiles 16 Popular culture 17 See also 18 Notes 19 References 20 Bibliography 20.1 Films 20.2 Novels 21 External links Background See also : Iraq -- United States relations and List of modern conflicts in the Middle East Throughout the Cold War , Iraq had been an ally of the Soviet Union , and there was a history of friction between it and the United States . The US was concerned with Iraq 's position on Israeli -- Palestinian politics . The US also disliked Iraqi support for many Arab and Palestinian militant groups such as Abu Nidal , which led to Iraq 's inclusion on the developing US list of State Sponsors of Terrorism on 29 December 1979 . The US remained officially neutral after Iraq 's invasion of Iran in 1980 , which became the Iran -- Iraq War , although it provided resources , political support , and some `` non-military '' aircraft to Iraq . In March 1982 , Iran began a successful counteroffensive ( Operation Undeniable Victory ) , and the US increased its support for Iraq to prevent Iran from forcing a surrender . In a US bid to open full diplomatic relations with Iraq , the country was removed from the US list of State Sponsors of Terrorism . Ostensibly , this was because of improvement in the regime 's record , although former US Assistant Defense Secretary Noel Koch later stated : `` No one had any doubts about ( the Iraqis ' ) continued involvement in terrorism ... The real reason was to help them succeed in the war against Iran . '' With Iraq 's newfound success in the war , and the Iranian rebuff of a peace offer in July , arms sales to Iraq reached a record spike in 1982 . When Iraqi President Saddam Hussein expelled Abu Nidal to Syria at the US 's request in November 1983 , the Reagan administration sent Donald Rumsfeld to meet Saddam as a special envoy and to cultivate ties . By the time the ceasefire with Iran was signed in August 1988 , Iraq was heavily debt - ridden and tensions within society were rising . Most of its debt was owed to Saudi Arabia and Kuwait . Iraq pressured both nations to forgive the debts , but they refused . Map of Kuwait The Iraq -- Kuwait dispute also involved Iraqi claims to Kuwait as Iraqi territory . Kuwait had been a part of the Ottoman Empire 's province of Basra , something that Iraq claimed made it rightful Iraqi territory . Its ruling dynasty , the al - Sabah family , had concluded a protectorate agreement in 1899 that assigned responsibility for its foreign affairs to the United Kingdom . The UK drew the border between the two countries in 1922 , making Iraq virtually landlocked . Kuwait rejected Iraqi attempts to secure further provisions in the region . Iraq also accused Kuwait of exceeding its OPEC quotas for oil production . In order for the cartel to maintain its desired price of $18 a barrel , discipline was required . The United Arab Emirates and Kuwait were consistently overproducing ; the latter at least in part to repair losses caused by Iranian attacks in the Iran -- Iraq War and to pay for the losses of an economic scandal . The result was a slump in the oil price -- as low as $10 a barrel -- with a resulting loss of $7 billion a year to Iraq , equal to its 1989 balance of payments deficit . Resulting revenues struggled to support the government 's basic costs , let alone repair Iraq 's damaged infrastructure . Jordan and Iraq both looked for more discipline , with little success . The Iraqi government described it as a form of economic warfare , which it claimed was aggravated by Kuwait slant - drilling across the border into Iraq 's Rumaila oil field . At the same time , Saddam looked for closer ties with those Arab states that had supported Iraq in the war . This was supported by the US , who believed that Iraqi ties with pro-Western Gulf states would help bring and maintain Iraq inside the US ' sphere of influence . In 1989 , it appeared that Saudi -- Iraqi relations , strong during the war , would be maintained . A pact of non-interference and non-aggression was signed between the countries , followed by a Kuwaiti - Iraqi deal for Iraq to supply Kuwait with water for drinking and irrigation , although a request for Kuwait to lease Iraq Umm Qasr was rejected . Saudi - backed development projects were hampered by Iraq 's large debts , even with the demobilization of 200,000 soldiers . Iraq also looked to increase arms production so as to become an exporter , although the success of these projects was also restrained by Iraq 's obligations ; in Iraq , resentment to OPEC 's controls mounted . Donald Rumsfeld as US special envoy to the Middle East , meets Saddam Hussein on 19 -- 20 December 1983 . Iraq 's relations with its Arab neighbors -- in particular Egypt -- were degraded by mounting violence in Iraq against expatriate groups , well - employed during the war , by Iraqi unemployed , among them demobilized soldiers . These events drew little notice outside the Arab world because of fast - moving events directly related to the fall of Communism in Eastern Europe . However , the US did begin to condemn Iraq 's human rights record , including the well - known use of torture . The UK also condemned the execution of Farzad Bazoft , a journalist working for the British newspaper The Observer . Following Saddam 's declaration that `` binary chemical weapons '' would be used on Israel if it used military force against Iraq , Washington halted part of its funding . A UN mission to the Israeli - occupied territories , where riots had resulted in Palestinian deaths , was vetoed by the US , making Iraq deeply skeptical of US foreign policy aims in the region , combined with the US ' reliance on Middle Eastern energy reserves . In early July 1990 , Iraq complained about Kuwait 's behavior , such as not respecting their quota , and openly threatened to take military action . On the 23rd , the CIA reported that Iraq had moved 30,000 troops to the Iraq - Kuwait border , and the US naval fleet in the Persian Gulf was placed on alert . Saddam believed an anti-Iraq conspiracy was developing -- Kuwait had begun talks with Iran , and Iraq 's rival Syria had arranged a visit to Egypt . Upon review by the Secretary of Defense , it was found that Syria indeed planned a strike against Iraq in the coming days . Saddam immediately used funding to incorporate central intelligence into Syria and ultimately prevented the impending air strike . On 15 July 1990 , Saddam 's government laid out its combined objections to the Arab League , including that policy moves were costing Iraq $1 billion a year , that Kuwait was still using the Rumaila oil field , that loans made by the UAE and Kuwait could not be considered debts to its `` Arab brothers '' . He threatened force against Kuwait and the UAE , saying : `` The policies of some Arab rulers are American ... They are inspired by America to undermine Arab interests and security . '' The US sent aerial refuelling planes and combat ships to the Persian Gulf in response to these threats . Discussions in Jeddah , Saudi Arabia , mediated on the Arab League 's behalf by Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak , were held on 31 July and led Mubarak to believe that a peaceful course could be established . On the 25th , Saddam met with April Glaspie , the US Ambassador to Iraq , in Baghdad . The Iraqi leader attacked American policy with regards to Kuwait and the UAE : So what can it mean when America says it will now protect its friends ? It can only mean prejudice against Iraq . This stance plus maneuvers and statements which have been made has encouraged the UAE and Kuwait to disregard Iraqi rights ... If you use pressure , we will deploy pressure and force . We know that you can harm us although we do not threaten you . But we too can harm you . Everyone can cause harm according to their ability and their size . We can not come all the way to you in the United States , but individual Arabs may reach you ... We do not place America among the enemies . We place it where we want our friends to be and we try to be friends . But repeated American statements last year made it apparent that America did not regard us as friends . Glaspie replied : I know you need funds . We understand that and our opinion is that you should have the opportunity to rebuild your country . But we have no opinion on the Arab - Arab conflicts , like your border disagreement with Kuwait ... Frankly , we can only see that you have deployed massive troops in the south . Normally that would not be any of our business . But when this happens in the context of what you said on your national day , then when we read the details in the two letters of the Foreign Minister , then when we see the Iraqi point of view that the measures taken by the UAE and Kuwait is , in the final analysis , parallel to military aggression against Iraq , then it would be reasonable for me to be concerned . Saddam stated that he would attempt last - ditch negotiations with the Kuwaitis but Iraq `` would not accept death . '' According to Glaspie 's own account , she stated in reference to the precise border between Kuwait and Iraq , `` ... that she had served in Kuwait 20 years before ; ' then , as now , we took no position on these Arab affairs ' . '' Glaspie similarly believed that war was not imminent . Invasion of Kuwait Main articles : Invasion of Kuwait and Timeline of Gulf War Kuwaiti Armed Forces M - 84 main battle tanks Kuwait Air Force McDonnell Douglas A-4KU Skyhawk ground - attack aircraft The result of the Jeddah talks was an Iraqi demand for $10 billion to cover the lost revenues from Rumaila ; Kuwait offered $9 billion . The Iraqi response was to immediately order the invasion , which started on 2 August 1990 with the bombing of Kuwait 's capital , Kuwait City . At the time of the invasion , the Kuwaiti military was believed to have numbered 16,000 men , arranged into three armored , one mechanised infantry and one under - strength artillery brigade . The pre-war strength of the Kuwait Air Force was around 2,200 Kuwaiti personnel , with 80 fixed - wing aircraft and 40 helicopters . In spite of Iraqi saber rattling , Kuwait did not mobilize its force ; the army had been stood down on 19 July , and at the time of the Iraqi invasion many Kuwaiti military personnel were on leave . By 1988 , at the Iran -- Iraq war 's end , the Iraqi Army was the world 's fourth largest army ; it consisted of 955,000 standing soldiers and 650,000 paramilitary forces in the Popular Army . According to John Childs and André Corvisier , a low estimate shows the Iraqi Army capable of fielding 4,500 tanks , 484 combat aircraft and 232 combat helicopters . According to Michael Knights , a high estimate shows the Iraqi Army capable of fielding one million men and 850,000 reservists , 5,500 tanks , 3,000 artillery pieces , 700 combat aircraft and helicopters ; and held 53 divisions , 20 special - forces brigades , and several regional militias , and had a strong air defense . Iraqi Army T - 72 M main battle tanks . The T - 72M tank was a common Iraqi battle tank used in the Gulf War . An Iraqi Air Force Bell 214ST transport helicopter , after being captured by a US Marine Corps unit at the start of the ground phase of Operation Desert Storm Iraqi commandos infiltrated the Kuwaiti border first to prepare for the major units which began the attack at midnight . The Iraqi attack had two prongs , with the primary attack force driving south straight for Kuwait City down the main highway , and a supporting attack force entering Kuwait farther west , but then turning and driving east , cutting off Kuwait City from the country 's southern half . The commander of a Kuwaiti armored battalion , 35th Armoured Brigade , deployed them against the Iraqi attack and was able to conduct a robust defense at the Battle of the Bridges near Al Jahra , west of Kuwait City . Kuwaiti aircraft scrambled to meet the invading force , but approximately 20 % were lost or captured . A few combat sorties were flown against Iraqi ground forces . The main Iraqi thrust into Kuwait City was conducted by commandos deployed by helicopters and boats to attack the city from the sea , while other divisions seized the airports and two airbases . The Iraqis attacked the Dasman Palace , the Royal Residence of Kuwait 's Emir , Jaber Al - Ahmad Al - Jaber Al - Sabah , which was defended by the Emiri Guard supported with M - 84 tanks . In the process , the Iraqis killed Fahad Al - Ahmed Al - Jaber Al - Sabah , the Emir 's youngest brother . Within 12 hours , most resistance had ended within Kuwait and the royal family had fled , leaving Iraq in control of most of Kuwait . After two days of intense combat , most of the Kuwaiti military were either overrun by the Iraqi Republican Guard , or had escaped to Saudi Arabia . The Emir and key ministers were able to get out and head south along the highway for refuge in Saudi Arabia . Iraqi ground forces consolidated their control of Kuwait City , then headed south and redeployed along the Saudi border . After the decisive Iraqi victory , Saddam initially installed a puppet regime known as the `` Provisional Government of Free Kuwait '' before installing his cousin Ali Hassan al - Majid as Kuwait 's governor on 8 August . After the invasion , the Iraqi military looted over $1,000,000,000 in banknotes from Kuwait 's Central Bank . At the same time , Saddam Hussein made the Kuwaiti dinar equal to the Iraqi dinar , thereby lowering the Kuwaiti currency to one - twelfth of its original value . In response , Sheikh Jaber al - Ahmad al - Sabah ruled the banknotes as invalid and refused to reimburse stolen notes , which became worthless because of a UN embargo . After the conflict ended , many of the stolen banknotes made their way back into circulation . Today , the stolen banknotes are a collectible for numismatists . Kuwaiti resistance movement Kuwaitis founded a local armed resistance movement following the Iraqi occupation of Kuwait . The Kuwaiti resistance 's casualty rate far exceeded that of the coalition military forces and Western hostages . The resistance predominantly consisted of ordinary citizens who lacked any form of training and supervision . Run - up to the War Diplomatic means A key element of US political - military and energy economic planning occurred in early 1984 . The Iran -- Iraq war had been going on for five years by that time and there were significant casualties on both sides , reaching into the hundreds of thousands . Within President Ronald Reagan 's National Security Council concern was growing that the war could spread beyond the boundaries of the two belligerents . A National Security Planning Group meeting was formed , chaired by then Vice President George Bush to review US options . It was determined that there was a high likelihood that the conflict would spread into Saudi Arabia and other Gulf states , but that the United States had little capability to defend the region . Furthermore , it was determined that a prolonged war in the region would induce much higher oil prices and threaten the fragile recovery of the world economy which was just beginning to gain momentum . On 22 May 1984 , President Reagan was briefed on the project conclusions in the Oval Office by William Flynn Martin who had served as the head of the NSC staff that organized the study . The full declassified presentation can be seen here . The conclusions were threefold : first oil stocks needed to be increased among members of the International Energy Agency and , if necessary , released early in the event of oil market disruption ; second the United States needed to beef up the security of friendly Arab states in the region and thirdly an embargo should be placed on sales of military equipment to Iran and Iraq . The plan was approved by President Reagan and later affirmed by the G - 7 leaders headed by Great Britain 's Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher in the London Summit of 1984 . The plan was implemented and became the basis for US preparedness to respond to the Iraqi occupation of Kuwait in 1991 . Within hours of the invasion , Kuwait and US delegations requested a meeting of the UN Security Council , which passed Resolution 660 , condemning the invasion and demanding a withdrawal of Iraqi troops . On 3 August , the Arab League passed its own resolution , which called for a solution to the conflict from within the league , and warned against outside intervention ; Iraq and Libya were the only two Arab League states which opposed a resolution for Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait . The PLO opposed it as well . The Arab states of Yemen and Jordan -- a Western ally which bordered Iraq and relied on the country for economic support -- opposed military intervention from non-Arab states . The Arab state of Sudan aligned itself with Saddam . On 6 August , Resolution 661 placed economic sanctions on Iraq . Resolution 665 followed soon after , which authorized a naval blockade to enforce the sanctions . It said the `` use of measures commensurate to the specific circumstances as may be necessary ... to halt all inward and outward maritime shipping in order to inspect and verify their cargoes and destinations and to ensure strict implementation of resolution 661 . '' President Bush visiting American troops in Saudi Arabia on Thanksgiving Day , 1990 The US administration had at first been indecisive with an `` undertone ... of resignation to the invasion and even adaptation to it as a fait accompli '' until the UK 's prime minister Margaret Thatcher played a powerful role , reminding the President that appeasement in the 1930s had led to war , that Saddam would have the whole Gulf at his mercy along with 65 per cent of the world 's oil supply , and famously urging President Bush `` not to go wobbly '' . Once persuaded , US officials insisted on a total Iraqi pullout from Kuwait , without any linkage to other Middle Eastern problems , accepting the British view that any concessions would strengthen Iraqi influence in the region for years to come . On 12 August 1990 , Saddam `` propose ( d ) that all cases of occupation , and those cases that have been portrayed as occupation , in the region , be resolved simultaneously '' . Specifically , he called for Israel to withdraw from occupied territories in Palestine , Syria , and Lebanon , Syria to withdraw from Lebanon , and `` mutual withdrawals by Iraq and Iran and arrangement for the situation in Kuwait . '' He also called for a replacement of US troops that mobilized in Saudi Arabia in response to Kuwait 's invasion with `` an Arab force '' , as long as that force did not involve Egypt . Additionally , he requested an `` immediate freeze of all boycott and siege decisions '' and a general normalization of relations with Iraq . From the beginning of the crisis , President Bush was strongly opposed to any `` linkage '' between Iraq 's occupation of Kuwait and the Palestinian issue . On 23 August , Saddam appeared on state television with Western hostages to whom he had refused exit visas . In the video , he asks a young British boy , Stuart Lockwood , whether he is getting his milk , and goes on to say , through his interpreter , `` We hope your presence as guests here will not be for too long . Your presence here , and in other places , is meant to prevent the scourge of war . '' Another Iraqi proposal communicated in August 1990 was delivered to US National Security Advisor Brent Scowcroft by an unidentified Iraqi official . The official communicated to the White House that Iraq would `` withdraw from Kuwait and allow foreigners to leave '' provided that the UN lifted sanctions , allowed `` guaranteed access to the Persian Gulf through the Kuwaiti islands of Bubiyan and Warbah '' , and allowed Iraq to `` gain full control of the Rumaila oil field that extends slightly into Kuwaiti territory '' . The proposal also `` include ( d ) offers to negotiate an oil agreement with the United States ' satisfactory to both nations ' national security interests , ' develop a joint plan ' to alleviate Iraq 's economical and financial problems ' and ' jointly work on the stability of the gulf . ' '' In December 1990 , Iraq made a proposal to withdraw from Kuwait provided that foreign troops left the region and that an agreement was reached regarding the Palestinian problem and the dismantlement of both Israel 's and Iraq 's weapons of mass destruction . The White House rejected the proposal . The PLO 's Yasser Arafat expressed that neither he nor Saddam insisted that solving the Israel -- Palestine issues should be a precondition to solving the issues in Kuwait , though he did acknowledge a `` strong link '' between these problems . Ultimately , the US and UK stuck to their position that there would be no negotiations until Iraq withdrew from Kuwait and that they should not grant Iraq concessions , lest they give the impression that Iraq benefited from its military campaign . Also , when US Secretary of State James Baker met with Tariq Aziz in Geneva , Switzerland , for last minute peace talks in early 1991 , Aziz reportedly made no concrete proposals and did not outline any hypothetical Iraqi moves . On 29 November 1990 , the Security Council passed Resolution 678 which gave Iraq until 15 January 1991 to withdraw from Kuwait and empowered states to use `` all necessary means '' to force Iraq out of Kuwait after the deadline . On 14 January 1991 , France proposed that the UN Security Council call for `` a rapid and massive withdrawal '' from Kuwait along with a statement to Iraq that Council members would bring their `` active contribution '' to a settlement of the region 's other problems , `` in particular , of the Arab -- Israeli conflict and in particular to the Palestinian problem by convening , at an appropriate moment , an international conference '' to assure `` the security , stability and development of this region of the world . '' The French proposal was supported by Belgium ( at the moment one of the rotating Council members ) , Germany , Spain , Italy , Algeria , Morocco , Tunisia , and several non-aligned nations . The US , the UK , and the Soviet Union rejected it ; US Ambassador to the UN Thomas Pickering stated that the French proposal was unacceptable , because it went beyond previous Council resolutions on the Iraqi invasion . France dropped this proposal when it found `` no tangible sign of interest '' from Baghdad . Military means `` Operation Desert Shield '' redirects here . For the 2006 operation by the Iraqi insurgency , see Operation Desert Shield ( Iraq ) . F - 15Es parked during Operation Desert Shield One of the West 's main concerns was the significant threat Iraq posed to Saudi Arabia . Following Kuwait 's conquest , the Iraqi Army was within easy striking distance of Saudi oil fields . Control of these fields , along with Kuwaiti and Iraqi reserves , would have given Saddam control over the majority of the world 's oil reserves . Iraq also had a number of grievances with Saudi Arabia . The Saudis had lent Iraq some 26 billion dollars during its war with Iran . The Saudis had backed Iraq in that war , as they feared the influence of Shia Iran 's Islamic revolution on its own Shia minority . After the war , Saddam felt he should not have to repay the loans due to the help he had given the Saudis by fighting Iran . Soon after his conquest of Kuwait , Saddam began verbally attacking the Saudis . He argued that the US - supported Saudi state was an illegitimate and unworthy guardian of the holy cities of Mecca and Medina . He combined the language of the Islamist groups that had recently fought in Afghanistan with the rhetoric Iran had long used to attack the Saudis . US Army soldiers from the 11th Air Defense Artillery Brigade during the Gulf War Acting on the Carter Doctrine 's policy , and out of fear the Iraqi Army could launch an invasion of Saudi Arabia , US President George Bush quickly announced that the US would launch a `` wholly defensive '' mission to prevent Iraq from invading Saudi Arabia under the codename Operation Desert Shield . Operation Desert Shield began on 7 August 1990 , when US troops were sent to Saudi Arabia due also to the request of its monarch , King Fahd , who had earlier called for US military assistance . This `` wholly defensive '' doctrine was quickly abandoned when , on 8 August , Iraq declared Kuwait to be Iraq 's 19th province and Saddam named his cousin , Ali Hassan Al - Majid , as its military - governor . The US Navy dispatched two naval battle groups built around the aircraft carriers USS Dwight D. Eisenhower and USS Independence to the Persian Gulf , where they were ready by 8 August . The US also sent the battleships USS Missouri and USS Wisconsin to the region . A total of 48 US Air Force F - 15s from the 1st Fighter Wing at Langley Air Force Base , Virginia , landed in Saudi Arabia and immediately commenced round - the - clock air patrols of the Saudi -- Kuwait -- Iraq border to discourage further Iraqi military advances . They were joined by 36 F - 15 A-Ds from the 36th Tactical Fighter Wing at Bitburg , Germany . The Bitburg contingent was based at Al Kharj Air Base , approximately an hour south east of Riyadh . The 36th TFW would be responsible for 11 confirmed Iraqi Air Force aircraft shot down during the war . There were also two Air National Guard units stationed at Al Kharj Air Base , the South Carolina Air National Guard 's 169th Fighter Wing flew bombing missions with 24 F - 16s flying 2,000 combat missions and dropping 4 million pounds of munitions , and the New York Air National Guard 's 174th Fighter Wing from Syracuse flew 24 F - 16s on bombing missions . Military buildup continued from there , eventually reaching 543,000 troops , twice the number used in the 2003 invasion of Iraq . Much of the material was airlifted or carried to the staging areas via fast sealift ships , allowing a quick buildup . Creating a coalition Nations that deployed coalition forces or provided support A series of UN Security Council resolutions and Arab League resolutions were passed regarding Iraq 's invasion of Kuwait . One of the most important was Resolution 678 , passed on 29 November 1990 , which gave Iraq a withdrawal deadline until 15 January 1991 , and authorized `` all necessary means to uphold and implement Resolution 660 '' , and a diplomatic formulation authorizing the use of force if Iraq failed to comply . To ensure that economic backing , Baker went on an 11 - day journey to nine countries that the press dubbed `` The Tin Cup Trip '' . The first stop was Saudi Arabia , which a month before had already granted permission to the United States to use its facilities . However , Baker believed that Saudi Arabia , an immensely wealthy nation , should assume some of the cost of the military efforts , since one of the most important military objectives was to defend Saudi Arabia . When Baker asked King Fahd for 15 billion dollars , the King readily agreed , with the promise that Baker ask Kuwait for the same amount . The next day , 7 September , he did just that , and the Emir of Kuwait , displaced in a Sheraton hotel outside his invaded country , easily agreed . Baker then moved to enter talks with Egypt , whose leadership he considered to be `` the moderate voice of the Middle East '' . President Mubarak of Egypt was furious with Saddam for his invasion of Kuwait , and for the fact that Saddam had assured Mubarak that an invasion was not his intention . Therefore , he was willing to commit troops to the coalition forces to quell Saddam , as well as relieved the United States was willing to forgive his country 's 7.1 billion dollar debt . After stops in Helsinki and Moscow to smooth out Iraqi demands for a Middle - Eastern peace conference with the Soviet Union , Baker traveled to Syria to discuss its role in the crisis with its President Hafez Assad . Assad had a deep personal enmity towards Saddam , which was defined by the fact that `` Saddam had been trying to kill him ( Assad ) for years '' . Harboring this animosity and being impressed with Baker 's diplomatic initiative to visit Damascus ( relations had been severed since the 1983 bombing of US Marine barracks in Beirut ) , Assad agreed to pledge up to 100,000 Syrian troops to the coalition effort . This was a vital step in ensuring Arab states were represented in the coalition . Baker flew to Rome for a brief visit with the Italians in which he was promised the use of some military equipment , before journeying to Germany to meet with American ally Chancellor Kohl . Although Germany 's constitution ( which was brokered essentially by the United States ) prohibited military involvement in outside nations , Kohl was willing to repay his gratitude for the United States with a two billion dollar contribution to the coalition 's war effort , as well as further economic and military support of coalition ally Turkey , and the execution of the transport of Egyptian soldiers and ships to the Persian Gulf . General Norman Schwarzkopf , Jr. and President George Bush visit US troops in Saudi Arabia on Thanksgiving Day , 1990 . A coalition of forces opposing Iraq 's aggression was formed , consisting of forces from 34 countries : Argentina , Australia , Bahrain , Bangladesh , Belgium , Canada , Denmark , Egypt , France , Greece , Italy , Kuwait , Morocco , Netherlands , New Zealand , Niger , Norway , Oman , Pakistan , Poland , Portugal , Qatar , South Korea , Saudi Arabia , Senegal , Sierra Leone , Singapore , Spain , Syria , the United Arab Emirates , the United Kingdom , and the US itself . It was the largest coalition since World War II . US Army General Norman Schwarzkopf , Jr. was designated to be the commander of the coalition forces in the Persian Gulf area . The Soviet Union also supported United States intervention . Although they did not contribute any forces , Japan and Germany made financial contributions totaling $10 billion and $6.6 billion respectively . US troops represented 73 % of the coalition 's 956,600 troops in Iraq . Many of the coalition countries were reluctant to commit military forces . Some felt that the war was an internal Arab affair or did not want to increase US influence in the Middle East . In the end , however , many nations were persuaded by Iraq 's belligerence towards other Arab states , offers of economic aid or debt forgiveness , and threats to withhold aid . Justification for intervention Dick Cheney meets with Prince Sultan , Minister of Defence and Aviation in Saudi Arabia to discuss how to handle the invasion of Kuwait . The US and the UN gave several public justifications for involvement in the conflict , the most prominent being the Iraqi violation of Kuwaiti territorial integrity . In addition , the US moved to support its ally Saudi Arabia , whose importance in the region , and as a key supplier of oil , made it of considerable geopolitical importance . Shortly after the Iraqi invasion , US Defense Secretary Dick Cheney made the first of several visits to Saudi Arabia where King Fahd requested US military assistance . During a speech in a special joint session of the US Congress given on 11 September 1990 , US President George Bush summed up the reasons with the following remarks : `` Within three days , 120,000 Iraqi troops with 850 tanks had poured into Kuwait and moved south to threaten Saudi Arabia . It was then that I decided to act to check that aggression . '' The Pentagon stated that satellite photos showing a buildup of Iraqi forces along the border were this information 's source , but this was later alleged to be false . A reporter for the St. Petersburg Times acquired two commercial Soviet satellite images made at the time in question , which showed nothing but empty desert . Gen. Colin Powell ( left ) , Gen. Norman Schwarzkopf , Jr. , and Paul Wolfowitz ( right ) listen as Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney addresses reporters regarding the 1991 Gulf War . Other justifications for foreign involvement included Iraq 's history of human rights abuses under Saddam . Iraq was also known to possess biological weapons and chemical weapons , which Saddam had used against Iranian troops during the Iran -- Iraq War and against his own country 's Kurdish population in the Al - Anfal campaign . Iraq was also known to have a nuclear weapons program , but the report about it from January 1991 was partially declassified by the CIA on 26 May 2001 . Although there were human rights abuses committed in Kuwait by the invading Iraqi military , the alleged incidents which received most publicity in the US were inventions of the public relations firm hired by the government of Kuwait to influence US opinion in favor of military intervention . Shortly after Iraq 's invasion of Kuwait , the organization Citizens for a Free Kuwait was formed in the US . It hired the public relations firm Hill & Knowlton for about $11 million , paid by Kuwait 's government . Among many other means of influencing US opinion , such as distributing books on Iraqi atrocities to US soldiers deployed in the region , `` Free Kuwait '' T - shirts and speakers to college campuses , and dozens of video news releases to television stations , the firm arranged for an appearance before a group of members of the US Congress in which a woman identifying herself as a nurse working in the Kuwait City hospital described Iraqi soldiers pulling babies out of incubators and letting them die on the floor . The story was an influence in tipping both the public and Congress towards a war with Iraq : six Congressmen said the testimony was enough for them to support military action against Iraq and seven Senators referenced the testimony in debate . The Senate supported the military actions in a 52 -- 47 vote . However , a year after the war , this allegation was revealed to be a fabrication . The woman who had testified was found to be a member of Kuwait 's Royal Family , in fact the daughter of Kuwait 's ambassador to the US . She had n't lived in Kuwait during the Iraqi invasion . The details of the Hill & Knowlton public relations campaign , including the incubator testimony , were published in John R. MacArthur 's Second Front : Censorship and Propaganda in the Gulf War ( Berkeley , CA : University of California Press , 1992 ) , and came to wide public attention when an Op - ed by MacArthur was published in The New York Times . This prompted a reexamination by Amnesty International , which had originally promoted an account alleging even greater numbers of babies torn from incubators than the original fake testimony . After finding no evidence to support it , the organization issued a retraction . President Bush then repeated the incubator allegations on television . At the same time , the Iraqi Army committed several well - documented crimes during its occupation of Kuwait , such as the summary execution without trial of three brothers after which their bodies were stacked in a pile and left to decay in a public street . Iraqi troops also ransacked and looted private Kuwaiti homes ; one residence was repeatedly defecated in . A resident later commented : `` The whole thing was violence for the sake of violence , destruction for the sake of destruction ... Imagine a surrealistic painting by Salvador Dalí '' . Early battles Air campaign Main article : Gulf War air campaign The USAF F - 117 Nighthawk , one of the key players in Desert Storm The Gulf War began with an extensive aerial bombing campaign on 16 January 1991 . For 42 consecutive days and nights , the coalition forces subjected Iraq to one of the most intensive air bombardments in military history . The coalition flew over 100,000 sorties , dropping 88,500 tons of bombs , and widely destroying military and civilian infrastructure . The air campaign was commanded by USAF Lieutenant General Chuck Horner , who briefly served as US Central Command 's Commander - in - Chief -- Forward while General Schwarzkopf was still in the US . A day after the deadline set in Resolution 678 , the coalition launched a massive air campaign , which began the general offensive codenamed Operation Desert Storm . The first priority was the destruction of Iraq 's Air Force and anti-aircraft facilities . The sorties were launched mostly from Saudi Arabia and the six carrier battle groups ( CVBG ) in the Persian Gulf and Red Sea . An Iraqi T - 54A or Type 59 tank lies destroyed after a coalition bombing attack during Operation Desert Storm . The next targets were command and communication facilities . Saddam Hussein had closely micromanaged Iraqi forces in the Iran -- Iraq War , and initiative at lower levels was discouraged . Coalition planners hoped that Iraqi resistance would quickly collapse if deprived of command and control . The air campaign 's third and largest phase targeted military targets throughout Iraq and Kuwait : Scud missile launchers , weapons research facilities , and naval forces . About a third of the coalition 's air power was devoted to attacking Scuds , some of which were on trucks and therefore difficult to locate . US and British special operations forces had been covertly inserted into western Iraq to aid in the search for and destruction of Scuds . Iraqi anti-aircraft defenses , including man - portable air - defense systems , were surprisingly ineffective against enemy aircraft and the coalition suffered only 75 aircraft losses in over 100,000 sorties , 44 due to Iraqi action . Two of these losses are the result of aircraft colliding with the ground while evading Iraqi ground - fired weapons . One of these losses is a confirmed air - air victory . Iraqi Scud missile strikes on Israel and Saudi Arabia Scud Transporter Erector Launcher ( TEL ) with missile in upright position Iraq 's government made no secret that it would attack if invaded . Prior to the war 's start , in the aftermath of the failed US -- Iraq peace talks in Geneva , Switzerland , a reporter asked Iraq 's English - speaking Foreign Minister and Deputy Prime Minister Tariq Aziz : `` Mr. Foreign Minister , if war starts ... will you attack ? '' His response was : `` Yes , absolutely , yes . '' Five hours after the first attacks , Iraq 's state radio broadcast declaring that `` The dawn of victory nears as this great showdown begins . '' Iraq fired eight missiles the next day . These missile attacks were to continue throughout the war . A total of 88 Scud missiles were fired by Iraq during the war 's seven weeks . Iraq hoped to provoke a military response from Israel . The Iraqi government hoped that many Arab states would withdraw from the Coalition , as they would be reluctant to fight alongside Israel . Following the first attacks , Israeli Air Force jets were deployed to patrol the northern airspace with Iraq . Israel prepared to militarily retaliate , as its policy for the previous 40 years had always been retaliation . However , President Bush pressured Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir not to retaliate and withdraw Israeli jets , fearing that if Israel attacked Iraq , the other Arab nations would either desert the coalition or join Iraq . It was also feared that if Israel used Syrian or Jordanian airspace to attack Iraq , they would intervene in the war on Iraq 's side or attack Israel . The coalition promised to deploy Patriot missiles to defend Israel if it refrained from responding to the Scud attacks . Israeli civilians taking shelter from rockets ( left ) and aftermath of attack in Ramat Gan , Tel Aviv ( right ) The Scud missiles targeting Israel were relatively ineffective , as firing at extreme range resulted in a dramatic reduction in accuracy and payload . According to the Jewish Virtual Library , a total of 74 Israelis died as a result of the Iraqi attacks : two directly and the rest from suffocation and heart attacks . Approximately 230 Israelis were injured . Extensive property damage was also caused , and according to Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs , `` Damage to general property consisted of 1,302 houses , 6,142 apartments , 23 public buildings , 200 shops and 50 cars . '' It was feared that Iraq would fire missiles filled with nerve agents such as sarin . As a result , Israel 's government issued gas masks to its citizens . When the first Iraqi missiles hit Israel , some people injected themselves with an antidote for nerve gas . It has been suggested that the sturdy construction techniques used in Israeli cities , coupled with the fact that Scuds were only launched at night , played an important role in limiting the number of casualties from Scud attacks . Aftermath of an Iraq Armed Forces strike on US barracks In response to the threat of Scuds on Israel , the US rapidly sent a Patriot missile air defense artillery battalion to Israel along with two batteries of MIM - 104 Patriot missiles for the protection of civilians . The Royal Netherlands Air Force also deployed a Patriot missile squadron to Israel and Turkey . The Dutch Defense Ministry later stated that the military use of the Patriot missile system was largely ineffective , but its psychological value for the affected populations was high . Coalition air forces were also extensively exercised in `` Scud hunts '' in the Iraqi desert , trying to locate the camouflaged trucks before they fired their missiles at Israel or Saudi Arabia . On the ground , special operations forces also infiltrated Iraq , tasked with locating and destroying Scuds . Once special operations were combined with air patrols , the number of attacks fell sharply , then increased slightly as Iraqi forces adjusted to coalition tactics . As the Scud attacks continued , the Israelis grew increasingly impatient , and considered taking unilateral military action against Iraq . On 22 January 1991 , a Scud missile hit the Israeli city of Ramat Gan , after two coalition Patriots failed to intercept it . Three elderly people suffered fatal heart attacks , another 96 people were injured , and 20 apartment buildings were damaged . After this attack , the Israelis warned that if the US failed to stop the attacks , they would . At one point , Israeli commandos boarded helicopters prepared to fly into Iraq , but the mission was called off after a phone call from US Defense Secretary Dick Cheney , reporting on the extent of coalition efforts to destroy Scuds and emphasizing that Israeli intervention could endanger US forces . In addition to the attacks on Israel , 47 Scud missiles were fired into Saudi Arabia , and one missile was fired at Bahrain and another at Qatar . The missiles were fired at both military and civilian targets . One Saudi civilian was killed , and 78 others were injured . No casualties were reported in Bahrain or Qatar . The Saudi government issued all its citizens and expatriates with gas masks in the event of Iraq using missiles with chemical or biological warheads . The government broadcast alerts and ' all clear ' messages over television to warn citizens during Scud attacks . On 25 February 1991 , a Scud missile hit a US Army barracks of the 14th Quartermaster Detachment , out of Greensburg , Pennsylvania , stationed in Dhahran , Saudi Arabia , killing 28 soldiers and injuring over 100 . Iraqi invasion of Saudi Arabia ( battle of Khafji ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Battle of Khafji Military operations during Khafji 's liberation On 29 January , Iraqi forces attacked and occupied the lightly defended Saudi city of Khafji with tanks and infantry . The Battle of Khafji ended two days later when the Iraqis were driven back by the Saudi Arabian National Guard , supported by Qatari forces and US Marines . The allied forces used extensive artillery fire . Both sides suffered casualties , although Iraqi forces sustained substantially more dead and captured than the allied forces . Eleven Americans were killed in two separate friendly fire incidents , an additional 14 US airmen were killed when their AC - 130 gunship was shot down by an Iraqi surface - to - air missile , and two US soldiers were captured during the battle . Saudi and Qatari forces had a total of 18 dead . Iraqi forces in Khafji had 60 -- 300 dead and 400 captured . The Battle of Khafji was an example of how air power could single - handedly hinder the advance of enemy ground forces . Upon learning of Iraqi troop movements , 140 coalition aircraft were diverted to attack an advancing column consisting of two armored divisions in battalion - sized units . Precision stand - off attacks were conducted during the night and through to the next day . Iraqi vehicle losses included 357 tanks , 147 armored personnel carriers , and 89 mobile artillery pieces . Some crews simply abandoned their vehicles upon realizing that they could be destroyed by guided bombs without warning , stopping the divisions from massing for an organized attack on the town . One Iraqi soldier , who had fought in the Iran -- Iraq War , remarked that his brigade `` had sustained more punishment from allied airpower in 30 minutes at Khafji than in eight years of fighting against Iran . '' Counter reconnaissance Main article : Battle of Norfolk See also : Task Force 1 - 41 Infantry Iraqi tanks destroyed by Task Force 1 - 41 Infantry during the 1st Gulf War , February 1991 Task Force 1 - 41 Infantry was a U.S. Army heavy battalion task force from the 2nd Armored Division ( Forward ) . It was the spearhead of VII Corps . It consisted primarily of the 1st Battalion , 41st Infantry Regiment , 3rd Battalion , 66th Armor Regiment , and the 4th Battalion , 3rd Field Artillery Regiment . Task Force 1 -- 41 was the first coalition force to breach the Saudi Arabian border on 15 February 1991 and conduct ground combat operations in Iraq engaging in direct and indirect fire fights with the enemy on 17 February 1991 . Shortly after arrival in theatre Task Force 1 -- 41 Infantry received a counter-reconnaissance mission . 1 -- 41 Infantry was assisted by the 1st Squadron , 4th Armored Cavalry Regiment . This joint effort would become known as Task Force Iron . Counter-reconnaissance generally includes destroying or repelling the enemy 's reconnaissance elements and denying their commander any observation of friendly forces . On 15 February 1991 4th Battalion of the 3rd Field Artillery Regiment fired on a trailer and a few trucks in the Iraqi sector that were observing American forces . On 16 February 1991 several groups of Iraqi vehicles appeared to be performing reconnaissance on the Task Force and were driven away by fire from 4 -- 3 FA . Another enemy platoon , including six vehicles , was reported as being to the northeast of the Task Force . They were engaged with artillery fire from 4 -- 3 FA . Later that evening another group of Iraqi vehicles was spotted moving towards the center of the Task Force . They appeared to be Iraqi Soviet - made BTRs and tanks . For the next hour the Task Force fought several small battles with Iraqi reconnaissance units . TF 1 -- 41 IN fired TOW missiles at the Iraqi formation destroying one tank . The rest of the formation was destroyed or driven away by artillery fire from 4 -- 3 FA . On 17 February 1991 the Task Force took enemy mortar fire ; however , the enemy forces managed to escape . Later that evening the Task Force received enemy artillery fire but suffered no casualties . Soldiers of 2nd Platoon , Company C , 1st Battalion , 41st Infantry Regiment pose with a captured Iraqi tank during the 1st Gulf War , February 1991 . Destroyed Iraqi tanks burning at the Battle of Norfolk during the 1st Gulf War , February 1991 . An Iraqi Republican Guard tank destroyed by Task Force 1 -- 41 Infantry during the 1st Gulf War , February 1991 M270 Multiple Launch Rocket Systems attack Iraqi positions during the 1st Gulf War , February 1991 . Breach Main article : Battle of Norfolk See also : Task Force 1 - 41 Infantry Task Force 1 - 41 Infantry was the first coalition force to breach the Saudi Arabian border on 15 February 1991 and conduct ground combat operations in Iraq engaging in direct and indirect fire fights with the enemy on 17 February 1991 . Prior to this action the Task Force 's primary fire support battalion , 4th Battalion of the 3rd Field Artillery Regiment , participated in a massive artillery preparation . Around 300 guns from multiple nations participated in the artillery barrage . Over 14,000 rounds were fired during these missions . M270 Multiple Launch Rocket Systems contributed an additional 4,900 rockets fired at Iraqi targets . Iraq lost close to 22 artillery battalions during the initial stages of this barrage . This included the destruction of approximately 396 Iraqi artillery pieces . By the end of these raids Iraqi artillery assets had all but ceased to exist . One Iraqi unit that was totally destroyed during the preparation was the Iraqi 48th Infantry Division Artillery Group . The group 's commander stated his unit lost 83 of its 100 guns to the artillery preparation . This artillery prep was supplemented by air attacks by B - 52 bombers and Lockheed AC - 130 fixed wing gunships . 1st Infantry Division Apache helicopters and B - 52 bombers conducted raids against Iraq 's 110th Infantry Brigade . The 1st Engineer Battalion and 9th Engineer Battalion marked and proofed assault lanes under direct and indirect enemy fire to secure a foothold in enemy territory and pass the 1st Infantry Division and the British 1st Armored Division forward . On 24 February 1991 the 1st Cavalry Division conducted a couple artillery missions against Iraqi artillery units . One artillery mission struck a series of Iraqi bunkers , reinforced by Iraqi T - 55 tanks , in the sector of the Iraqi 25th Infantry Division . The same day the 2nd Brigade , 1st Cavalry Division with the 1st Battalion , 5th Cavalry , 1st Battalion , 32nd Armor , and the 1st Battalion , 8th Cavalry destroyed Iraqi bunkers and combat vehicles in the sector of the Iraqi 25th Infantry Division . On 24 February 1991 2nd Brigade , 1st Infantry Division rolled through the breach in the Iraqi defense west of Wadi Al - Batin and also cleared the northeastern sector of the breach site of enemy resistance . Task Force 3 - 37th Armor breached the Iraqi defense clearing four passage lanes and expanding the gap under direct enemy fire . Also , on 24 February the 1st Infantry Division along with the 1st Cavalry Division destroyed Iraqi outposts and patrols belonging to the Iraqi 26th Infantry Division . The two divisions also began capturing prisoners . The 1st Infantry Division also cleared a zone between Phase Line Vermont and Phase Line Kansas . Once the 1st Infantry Division 's 3rd Battalion , 37th Armor reached the Iraqi rear defensive positions it destroyed an Iraqi D - 30 artillery battery and many trucks and bunkers . Task Force 1 - 41 Infantry was given the task of breaching Iraq 's initial defensive positions along the Iraq -- Saudi Arabia border . The 1st Squadron , 4th Armored Cavalry Regiment handled similar responsibilities in its sector of operations . The 1st Infantry Division 's 5th Battalion , 16th Infantry also played a significant role clearing the trenches and captured 160 Iraqi soldiers in the process . Once into Iraqi territory Task Force 1 - 41 Infantry encountered multiple Iraqi defensive positions and bunkers . These defensive positions were occupied by a brigade - sized element . Task Force 1 - 41 Infantry elements dismounted and prepared to engage the enemy soldiers which occupied these well - prepared and heavily fortified bunkers . The Task Force found itself engaged in six hours of combat in order to clear the extensive bunker complex . The Iraqis engaged the Task Force with small arms fire , RPGs , mortar fire , and what was left of Iraqi artillery assets . A series of battles unfolded which resulted in heavy Iraqi casualties and the Iraqis being removed from their defensive positions with many becoming prisoners of war . Some escaped to be killed or captured by other coalition forces . In the process of clearing the bunkers Task Force 1 - 41 captured two brigade command posts and the command post of the Iraqi 26th Infantry Division . The Task Force also captured a brigade commander , several battalion commanders , company commanders , and staff officers . As combat operations progressed Task Force 1 - 41 Infantry engaged at short range multiple dug in enemy tanks in ambush positions . For a few hours , bypassed Iraqi RPG - equipped anti-tank teams , T - 55 tanks , and dismounted Iraqi infantry fired at passing American vehicles , only to be destroyed by other US tanks and fighting vehicles following the initial forces . The 1st Infantry Division 's Task Force 2 - 16 Infantry cleared four lanes simultaneously through an enemy fortified trench system while inflicting heavy casualties on Iraqi forces . Task Force 2 - 16 continued the attack clearing over 13 miles of entrenched enemy positions resulting in the capture and destruction of numerous enemy vehicles , equipment , personnel and command bunkers . Ground campaign See also : Battle of Al Busayyah , Battle of Phase Line Bullet , Battle of 73 Easting , Battle of Norfolk , Battle of Medina Ridge , Battle of Kuwait International Airport , and Battle of Rumaila Ground troop movements 24 -- 28 February 1991 during Operation Desert Storm The ground campaign consisted of three if not four of the largest tank battles in American military history . The battles at 73 Easting , Norfolk , and Medina Ridge are well noted for their historic significance . Some consider the battle of Medina Ridge the largest tank battle of the war . The U.S. Marine Corps also fought the biggest tank battle in its history at Kuwait International Airport . The U.S. 3rd Armored Division also fought a significant battle at Objective Dorset not far from where the battle of Norfolk was taking place . The U.S. 3rd Armored Division destroyed approximately 300 enemy combat vehicles during this particular encounter with Iraqi forces . The Iraqis suffered the loss of over 3,000 tanks and over 2,000 other combat vehicles during these battles against the American - led coalition . Kuwait 's liberation Main article : Liberation of Kuwait campaign See also : Gulf War order of battle ground campaign US decoy attacks by air attacks and naval gunfire the night before Kuwait 's liberation were designed to make the Iraqis believe the main coalition ground attack would focus on central Kuwait . US M1A1 Abrams tanks from the 3rd Armored Division along the Line of Departure . Iraqi Type 69 tank on the road into Kuwait City during the Gulf War Two Iraqi tanks lie abandoned near Kuwait City on 26 February 1991 . For months , American units in Saudi Arabia had been under almost constant Iraqi artillery fire , as well as threats from Scud missile or chemical attacks . On 24 February 1991 , the 1st and 2nd Marine Divisions and the 1st Light Armored Infantry Battalion crossed into Kuwait and headed toward Kuwait City . They encountered trenches , barbed wire , and minefields . However , these positions were poorly defended , and were overrun in the first few hours . Several tank battles took place , but otherwise coalition troops encountered minimal resistance , as most Iraqi troops surrendered . The general pattern was that the Iraqis would put up a short fight before surrendering . However , Iraqi air defenses shot down nine US aircraft . Meanwhile , forces from Arab states advanced into Kuwait from the east , encountering little resistance and suffering few casualties . Despite the successes of coalition forces , it was feared that the Iraqi Republican Guard would escape into Iraq before it could be destroyed . It was decided to send British armored forces into Kuwait 15 hours ahead of schedule , and to send US forces after the Republican Guard . The coalition advance was preceded by a heavy artillery and rocket barrage , after which 150,000 troops and 1,500 tanks began their advance . Iraqi forces in Kuwait counterattacked against US troops , acting on a direct order from Saddam Hussein himself . Despite the intense combat , the Americans repulsed the Iraqis and continued to advance towards Kuwait City . Kuwaiti forces were tasked with liberating the city . Iraqi troops offered only light resistance . The Kuwaitis quickly liberated the city despite losing one soldier and having one plane was shot down . On 27 February , Saddam ordered a retreat from Kuwait , and President Bush declared it liberated . However , an Iraqi unit at Kuwait International Airport appeared not to have received the message and fiercely resisted . US Marines had to fight for hours before securing the airport , after which Kuwait was declared secure . After four days of fighting , Iraqi forces were expelled from Kuwait . As part of a scorched earth policy , they set fire to nearly 700 oil wells and placed land mines around the wells to make extinguishing the fires more difficult . Initial moves into Iraq Destroyed LAV - 25 The war 's ground phase was officially designated Operation Desert Saber . The first units to move into Iraq were three patrols of the British Special Air Service 's B squadron , call signs Bravo One Zero , Bravo Two Zero , and Bravo Three Zero , in late January . These eight - man patrols landed behind Iraqi lines to gather intelligence on the movements of Scud mobile missile launchers , which could not be detected from the air , as they were hidden under bridges and camouflage netting during the day . Other objectives included the destruction of the launchers and their fiber - optic communications arrays that lay in pipelines and relayed coordinates to the TEL operators that were launching attacks against Israel . The operations were designed to prevent any possible Israeli intervention . Due to lack of sufficient ground cover to carry out their assignment , One Zero and Three Zero abandoned their operations , while Two Zero remained , and was later compromised , with only Sergeant Chris Ryan escaping to Syria . Iraqi T - 62 knocked out by 3rd Armored Division fire Elements of the 2nd Brigade , 1st Battalion 5th Cavalry of the 1st Cavalry Division of the US Army performed a direct attack into Iraq on 15 February 1991 , followed by one in force on 20 February that led directly through seven Iraqi divisions which were caught off guard . On 17 January 1991 the 101st Airborne Division Aviation Regiment fired the first shots of the war when eight AH - 64 helicopters successfully destroyed two Iraqi early warning radar sites . From 15 -- 20 February , the Battle of Wadi Al - Batin took place inside Iraq ; this was the first of two attacks by 1 Battalion 5th Cavalry of the 1st Cavalry Division . It was a feint attack , designed to make the Iraqis think that a coalition invasion would take place from the south . The Iraqis fiercely resisted , and the Americans eventually withdrew as planned back into the Wadi Al - Batin . Three US soldiers were killed and nine wounded , with one M2 Bradley IFV turret destroyed , but they had taken 40 prisoners and destroyed five tanks , and successfully deceived the Iraqis . This attack led the way for the XVIII Airborne Corps to sweep around behind the 1st Cav and attack Iraqi forces to the west . On 22 February 1991 , Iraq agreed to a Soviet - proposed ceasefire agreement . The agreement called for Iraq to withdraw troops to pre-invasion positions within six weeks following a total ceasefire , and called for monitoring of the ceasefire and withdrawal to be overseen by the UN Security Council . The coalition rejected the proposal , but said that retreating Iraqi forces would not be attacked , and gave 24 hours for Iraq to withdraw its forces . On 23 February , fighting resulted in the capture of 500 Iraqi soldiers . On 24 February , British and American armored forces crossed the Iraq -- Kuwait border and entered Iraq in large numbers , taking hundreds of prisoners . Iraqi resistance was light , and four Americans were killed . Coalition forces enter Iraq Destroyed Iraqi civilian and military vehicles on the Highway of Death Aerial view of destroyed Iraqi T - 72 tank , BMP - 1 and Type 63 armored personnel carriers and trucks on Highway 8 in March 1991 The oil fires caused were a result of the scorched earth policy of Iraqi military forces retreating from Kuwait . Remains of downed F - 16C Bradley IFV burns after being hit by Iraqi T - 72 fire Shortly afterwards , the US VII Corps , in full strength and spearheaded by the 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment , launched an armored attack into Iraq early on 24 February , just to the west of Kuwait , taking Iraqi forces by surprise . Simultaneously , the US XVIII Airborne Corps launched a sweeping `` left - hook '' attack across southern Iraq 's largely undefended desert , led by the US 3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment and the 24th Infantry Division ( Mechanized ) . This movement 's left flank was protected by the French Division Daguet . The 101st Airborne Division conducted a combat air assault into enemy territory . The 101st Airborne Division had struck 155 miles behind enemy lines . It was the deepest air assault operation in history . Approximately 400 helicopters transported 2,000 soldiers into Iraq where they destroyed Iraqi columns trying to flee westward and prevented the escape of Iraqi forces . The 101st Airborne Division travelled a further fifty to sixty miles into Iraq . By nightfall , the 101st cut off Highway 8 which was a vital supply line running between Basra and the Iraqi forces . The 101st had lost 16 soldiers in action during the 100 - hour war and captured thousands of enemy prisoners of war . The French force quickly overcame Iraq 's 45th Infantry Division , suffering light casualties and taking a large number of prisoners , and took up blocking positions to prevent an Iraqi counterattack on the coalition 's flank . The movement 's right flank was protected by the United Kingdom 's 1st Armoured Division . Once the allies had penetrated deep into Iraqi territory , they turned eastward , launching a flank attack against the elite Republican Guard before it could escape . The Iraqis resisted fiercely from dug - in positions and stationary vehicles , and even mounted armored charges . Unlike many previous engagements , the destruction of the first Iraqi tanks did not result in a mass surrender . The Iraqis suffered massive losses and lost dozens of tanks and vehicles , while US casualties were comparatively low , with a single Bradley knocked out . Coalition forces pressed another 10 km into Iraqi territory , and captured their objective within three hours . They took 500 prisoners and inflicted heavy losses , defeating Iraq 's 26th Infantry Division . A US soldier was killed by an Iraqi land mine , another five by friendly fire , and 30 wounded during the battle . Meanwhile , British forces attacked Iraq 's Medina Division and a major Republican Guard logistics base . In nearly two days of some of the war 's most intense fighting , the British destroyed 40 enemy tanks and captured a division commander . Meanwhile , US forces attacked the village of Al Busayyah , meeting fierce resistance . The US force destroyed a considerable amount of military hardware and took prisoners , while suffering no casualties . On 25 February 1991 , Iraqi forces fired a Scud missile at an American barracks in Dhahran , Saudi Arabia . The missile attack killed 28 US military personnel . The coalition 's advance was much swifter than US generals had expected . On 26 February , Iraqi troops began retreating from Kuwait , after they had set 737 of its oil wells on fire . A long convoy of retreating Iraqi troops formed along the main Iraq - Kuwait highway . Although they were retreating , this convoy was bombed so extensively by coalition air forces that it came to be known as the Highway of Death . Thousands of Iraqi troops were killed . American , British , and French forces continued to pursue retreating Iraqi forces over the border and back into Iraq , eventually moving to within 150 miles ( 240 km ) of Baghdad , before withdrawing back to Iraq 's border with Kuwait and Saudi Arabia . One hundred hours after the ground campaign started , on 28 February , President Bush declared a ceasefire , and he also declared that Kuwait had been liberated . The end of active hostilities Main article : 1991 uprisings in Iraq Civilians and coalition military forces wave Kuwaiti and Saudi Arabian flags as they celebrate the retreat of Iraqi forces from Kuwait . Persian Gulf Veterans National Medal of the US military In coalition - occupied Iraqi territory , a peace conference was held where a ceasefire agreement was negotiated and signed by both sides . At the conference , Iraq was authorized to fly armed helicopters on their side of the temporary border , ostensibly for government transit due to the damage done to civilian infrastructure . Soon after , these helicopters and much of Iraq 's military were used to fight an uprising in the south . The rebellions were encouraged by an airing of `` The Voice of Free Iraq '' on 2 February 1991 , which was broadcast from a CIA - run radio station out of Saudi Arabia . The Arabic service of the Voice of America supported the uprising by stating that the rebellion was well supported , and that they soon would be liberated from Saddam . In the North , Kurdish leaders took American statements that they would support an uprising to heart , and began fighting , hoping to trigger a coup d'état . However , when no US support came , Iraqi generals remained loyal to Saddam and brutally crushed the Kurdish uprising . Millions of Kurds fled across the mountains to Turkey and Kurdish areas of Iran . These events later resulted in no - fly zones being established in northern and southern Iraq . In Kuwait , the Emir was restored , and suspected Iraqi collaborators were repressed . Eventually , over 400,000 people were expelled from the country , including a large number of Palestinians , because of PLO support of Saddam . Yasser Arafat did n't apologize for his support of Iraq , but after his death , the Fatah under Mahmoud Abbas ' authority formally apologized in 2004 . There was some criticism of the Bush administration , as they chose to allow Saddam to remain in power instead of pushing on to capture Baghdad and overthrowing his government . In their co-written 1998 book , A World Transformed , Bush and Brent Scowcroft argued that such a course would have fractured the alliance , and would have had many unnecessary political and human costs associated with it . In 1992 , the US Defense Secretary during the war , Dick Cheney , made the same point : I would guess if we had gone in there , we would still have forces in Baghdad today . We 'd be running the country . We would not have been able to get everybody out and bring everybody home . And the final point that I think needs to be made is this question of casualties . I do n't think you could have done all of that without significant additional US casualties , and while everybody was tremendously impressed with the low cost of the ( 1991 ) conflict , for the 146 Americans who were killed in action and for their families , it was n't a cheap war . And the question in my mind is , how many additional American casualties is Saddam ( Hussein ) worth ? And the answer is , not that damned many . So , I think we got it right , both when we decided to expel him from Kuwait , but also when the President made the decision that we 'd achieved our objectives and we were not going to go get bogged down in the problems of trying to take over and govern Iraq . Instead of a greater involvement of its own military , the US hoped that Saddam would be overthrown in an internal coup d'état . The CIA used its assets in Iraq to organize a revolt , but the Iraqi government defeated the effort . On 10 March 1991 , 540,000 US troops began moving out of the Persian Gulf . Coalition involvement Coalition troops from Egypt , Syria , Oman , France and Kuwait during Operation Desert Storm Main article : Coalition of the Gulf War Coalition members included Argentina , Australia , Bahrain , Bangladesh , Belgium , Canada , Czechoslovakia , Denmark , Egypt , France , Greece , Honduras , Hungary , Italy , Kuwait , Malaysia , Morocco , Netherlands , New Zealand , Niger , Norway , Oman , Pakistan , Philippines , Poland , Portugal , Qatar , Romania , Saudi Arabia , Senegal , South Korea , Spain , Sweden , Syria , Turkey , United Arab Emirates , United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , and the United States of America . Germany and Japan provided financial assistance and donated military hardware , although they did not send direct military assistance . This later became known as checkbook diplomacy . Australia HMAS Sydney in the Persian Gulf in 1991 Main article : Australian contribution to the 1991 Gulf War Australia contributed a Naval Task Group , which formed part of the multi-national fleet in the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman , under Operation Damask . In addition , medical teams were deployed aboard a US hospital ship , and a naval clearance diving team took part in de-mining Kuwait 's port facilities following the end of combat operations . Australian forces experienced a number of incidents in the first number of weeks of the Desert Storm Campaign including the detection of significant air threats from Iraq as a part of the outer perimeter of Battle Force Zulu ; the detection of free sea floating mines and assistance to the aircraft carrier USS Midway . The Australian Task Force was also placed at great risk with regard to the sea mine threat , with HMAS Brisbane narrowly avoiding a mine by a small distance . The Australians played a significant role in enforcing the sanctions put in place against Iraq following Kuwait 's invasion . Following the war 's end , Australia deployed a medical unit on Operation Habitat to northern Iraq as part of Operation Provide Comfort . Argentina Argentine Navy Alouette III helicopter onboard USNS Comfort , February 1991 Argentina was the only Latin American country to participate in the 1991 Gulf War sending a destroyer , ARA Almirante Brown ( D - 10 ) , a corvette , ARA Spiro ( P - 43 ) ( later replaced by another corvette , ARA Rosales ( P - 42 ) ) and a supply ship ( ARA Bahía San Blas ( B - 4 ) ) to participate on the United Nations blockade and sea control effort of the Persian Gulf . The success of `` Operación Alfil '' ( English : `` Operation Bishop '' ) as it was known , with more than 700 interceptions and 25,000 miles sailed in the theatre of operations helped to overcome the so - called `` Malvinas syndrome '' . Argentina was later classified by the U.S. as major non-NATO ally due to her contributions during the war . Canada Canadian CF - 18 Hornets participated in combat during the Gulf War . See also : Operation FRICTION Canada was one of the first countries to condemn Iraq 's invasion of Kuwait , and it quickly agreed to join the US - led coalition . In August 1990 , Prime Minister Brian Mulroney committed the Canadian Forces to deploy a Naval Task Group . The destroyers HMCS Terra Nova and HMCS Athabaskan joined the maritime interdiction force supported by the supply ship HMCS Protecteur in Operation Friction . The Canadian Task Group led the coalition 's maritime logistics forces in the Persian Gulf . A fourth ship , HMCS Huron , arrived in - theater after hostilities had ceased and was the first allied ship to visit Kuwait . Following the UN-authorized use of force against Iraq , the Canadian Forces deployed a CF - 18 Hornet and CH - 124 Sea King squadron with support personnel , as well as a field hospital to deal with casualties from the ground war . When the air war began , the CF - 18s were integrated into the coalition force and were tasked with providing air cover and attacking ground targets . This was the first time since the Korean War that Canada 's military had participated in offensive combat operations . The only CF - 18 Hornet to record an official victory during the conflict was an aircraft involved in the beginning of the Battle of Bubiyan against the Iraqi Navy . The Canadian Commander in the Middle East was Commodore Kenneth J. Summers . France French and American soldiers inspecting an Iraqi Type 69 tank destroyed by the French Division Daguet during Operation Desert Storm The second largest European contingent was from France , which committed 18,000 troops . Operating on the left flank of the US XVIII Airborne Corps , the French Army force was the Division Daguet , including troops from the French Foreign Legion . Initially , the French operated independently under national command and control , but coordinated closely with the Americans ( via CENTCOM ) and Saudis . In January , the Division was placed under the tactical control of the XVIII Airborne Corps . France also deployed several combat aircraft and naval units . The French called their contribution Opération Daguet . United Kingdom Main article : Battle of Norfolk British Army Challenger 1 main battle tank during Operation Desert Storm The United Kingdom committed the largest contingent of any European state that participated in the war 's combat operations . Operation Granby was the code name for the operations in the Persian Gulf . British Army regiments ( mainly with the 1st Armoured Division ) , Royal Air Force squadrons and Royal Navy vessels were mobilized in the Persian Gulf . The Royal Air Force , using various aircraft , operated from airbases in Saudi Arabia . The United Kingdom played a major role in the Battle of Norfolk where its forces destroyed over 200 Iraqi tanks and a large quantity of other vehicles . After 48 hours of combat the British 1st Armoured Division destroyed or isolated four Iraqi infantry divisions ( the 26th , 48th , 31st , and 25th ) and overran the Iraqi 52nd Armored Division in several sharp engagements . Chief Royal Navy vessels deployed to the Persian Gulf included Broadsword - class frigates , and Sheffield - class destroyers ; other R.N. and R.F.A. ships were also deployed . The light aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal was deployed to the Mediterranean Sea . Special operations forces were deployed in the form of several SAS squadrons . A British Challenger 1 achieved the longest range confirmed tank kill of the war , destroying an Iraqi tank with an armour - piercing fin - stabilized discarding - sabot ( APFSDS ) round fired over a distance of 4,700 metres ( 2.9 mi ) -- the longest tank - on - tank kill shot recorded . Casualties Civilian Over 1,000 Kuwaiti civilians were killed by Iraqis . More than 600 Kuwaitis went missing during Iraq 's occupation , and approximately 375 remains were found in mass graves in Iraq . The increased importance of air attacks from both coalition warplanes and cruise missiles led to controversy over the number of civilian deaths caused during Desert Storm 's initial stages . Within Desert Storm 's first 24 hours , more than 1,000 sorties were flown , many against targets in Baghdad . The city was the target of heavy bombing , as it was the seat of power for Saddam and the Iraqi forces ' command and control . This ultimately led to civilian casualties . In one noted incident , two USAF stealth planes bombed a bunker in Amiriyah , causing the deaths of 408 Iraqi civilians who were in the shelter . Scenes of burned and mutilated bodies were subsequently broadcast , and controversy arose over the bunker 's status , with some stating that it was a civilian shelter , while others contended that it was a center of Iraqi military operations , and that the civilians had been deliberately moved there to act as human shields . Saddam 's government gave high civilian casualty figures in order to draw support from Islamic countries . The Iraqi government claimed that 2,300 civilians died during the air campaign . According to the Project on Defense Alternatives study , 3,664 Iraqi civilians were killed in the conflict . An investigation by Beth Osborne Daponte estimated total civilian fatalities at about 3,500 from bombing , and some 100,000 from the war 's other effects . Iraqi The exact number of Iraqi combat casualties is unknown , but is believed to have been heavy . Some estimate that Iraq sustained between 20,000 and 35,000 fatalities . A report commissioned by the US Air Force estimated 10,000 -- 12,000 Iraqi combat deaths in the air campaign , and as many as 10,000 casualties in the ground war . This analysis is based on Iraqi prisoner of war reports . According to the Project on Defense Alternatives study , between 20,000 and 26,000 Iraqi military personnel were killed in the conflict while 75,000 others were wounded . Coalition Coalition troops killed by country Country Total Enemy action Accident Friendly fire Ref United States 146 111 35 35 Senegal 92 92 United Kingdom 47 38 9 Saudi Arabia 24 18 6 . France 9 United Arab Emirates 6 6 Qatar Syria Egypt 11 5 . Kuwait Sailors from a US Navy honor guard carry Navy pilot Scott Speicher 's remains . The U.S. Department of Defense reports that US forces suffered 148 battle - related deaths ( 35 to friendly fire ) , with one pilot listed as MIA ( his remains were found and identified in August 2009 ) . A further 145 Americans died in non-combat accidents . The UK suffered 47 deaths ( nine to friendly fire , all by US forces ) , France nine , and the other countries , not including Kuwait , suffered 37 deaths ( 18 Saudis , one Egyptian , six UAE and three Qataris ) . At least 605 Kuwaiti soldiers were still missing 10 years after their capture . The largest single loss of life among coalition forces happened on 25 February 1991 , when an Iraqi Al Hussein missile hit a US military barrack in Dhahran , Saudi Arabia , killing 28 US Army Reservists from Pennsylvania . In all , 190 coalition troops were killed by Iraqi fire during the war , 113 of whom were American , out of a total of 358 coalition deaths . Another 44 soldiers were killed and 57 wounded by friendly fire . 145 soldiers died of exploding munitions or non-combat accidents . The largest accident among coalition forces happened on 21 March 1991 , a Royal Saudi Air Force C - 130H crashed in heavy smoke on approach to Ras Al - Mishab Airport , Saudi Arabia . 92 Senegalese soldiers and six Saudi crew members were killed . The number of coalition wounded in combat was 776 , including 458 Americans . 190 coalition troops were killed by Iraqi combatants , the rest of the 379 coalition deaths being from friendly fire or accidents . This number was much lower than expected . Among the American dead were three female soldiers . Friendly fire While the death toll among coalition forces engaging Iraqi combatants was very low , a substantial number of deaths were caused by accidental attacks from other Allied units . Of the 148 US troops who died in battle , 24 % were killed by friendly fire , a total of 35 service personnel . A further 11 died in detonations of coalition munitions . Nine British military personnel were killed in a friendly fire incident when a USAF A-10 Thunderbolt II destroyed a group of two Warrior IFVs . Controversies Gulf War illness Main article : Gulf War syndrome Many returning coalition soldiers reported illnesses following their action in the war , a phenomenon known as Gulf War syndrome or Gulf War illness . Common symptoms that were reported are chronic fatigue , fibromyalgia , and gastrointestinal disorder . There has been widespread speculation and disagreement about the causes of the illness and the possibly related birth defects . Researchers found that infants born to male veterans of the 1991 war had higher rates of two types of heart valve defects . Some children born after the war to Gulf War veterans had a certain kidney defect that was not found in Gulf War veterans ' children born before the war . Researchers have said that they did not have enough information to link birth defects with exposure to toxic substances . Effects of depleted uranium Approximate area and major clashes in which DU rounds were used Main article : Depleted uranium § Health considerations Depleted uranium was used in the war in tank kinetic energy penetrators and 20 -- 30 mm cannon ordnance . Significant controversy regarding the long term safety of depleted uranium exists , although detractors claim pyrophoric , genotoxic , and teratogenic heavy metal effects . Many have cited its use during the war as a contributing factor to a number of instances of health issues in the conflict 's veterans and surrounding civilian populations . However , scientific opinion on the risk is mixed . Depleted uranium has 40 % less radioactivity than natural uranium , but the negative effects should not be overlooked . Some say that depleted uranium is not a significant health hazard unless it is taken into the body . External exposure to radiation from depleted uranium is generally not a major concern because the alpha particles emitted by its isotopes travel only a few centimeters in air or can be stopped by a sheet of paper . Also , the uranium - 235 that remains in depleted uranium emits only a small amount of low - energy gamma radiation . However , if allowed to enter the body , depleted uranium , like natural uranium , has the potential for both chemical and radiological toxicity with the two important target organs being the kidneys and the lungs . Highway of death Main article : Highway of Death On the night of 26 -- 27 February 1991 , some Iraqi forces began leaving Kuwait on the main highway north of Al Jahra in a column of some 1,400 vehicles . A patrolling E-8 Joint STARS aircraft observed the retreating forces and relayed the information to the DDM - 8 air operations center in Riyadh , Saudi Arabia . These vehicles and the retreating soldiers were subsequently attacked by two A-10 aircraft , resulting in a 60 km stretch of highway strewn with debris -- the Highway of Death . New York Times reporter Maureen Dowd wrote , `` With the Iraqi leader facing military defeat , Mr. Bush decided that he would rather gamble on a violent and potentially unpopular ground war than risk the alternative : an imperfect settlement hammered out by the Soviets and Iraqis that world opinion might accept as tolerable . '' Chuck Horner , Commander of US and allied air operations , has written : ( By February 26 ) , the Iraqis totally lost heart and started to evacuate occupied Kuwait , but airpower halted the caravan of Iraqi Army and plunderers fleeing toward Basra . This event was later called by the media `` The Highway of Death . '' There were certainly a lot of dead vehicles , but not so many dead Iraqis . They 'd already learned to scamper off into the desert when our aircraft started to attack . Nevertheless , some people back home wrongly chose to believe we were cruelly and unusually punishing our already whipped foes . ( ... ) By February 27 , talk had turned toward terminating the hostilities . Kuwait was free . We were not interested in governing Iraq . So the question became `` How do we stop the killing . '' Bulldozer assault An armored bulldozer similar to the ones used in the attack Another incident during the war highlighted the question of large - scale Iraqi combat deaths . This was the `` bulldozer assault '' , wherein two brigades from the US 1st Infantry Division ( Mechanized ) were faced with a large and complex trench network , as part of the heavily fortified `` Saddam Hussein Line '' . After some deliberation , they opted to use anti-mine plows mounted on tanks and combat earthmovers to simply plow over and bury alive the defending Iraqi soldiers . Not a single American was killed during the attack . Reporters were banned from witnessing the attack , near the neutral zone that touches the border between Saudi Arabia and Iraq . Every American in the assault was inside an armored vehicle . One newspaper story reported that US commanders estimated thousands of Iraqi soldiers surrendered , escaping live burial during the two - day assault 24 -- 26 February 1991 . Patrick Day Sloyan of Newsday reported , `` Bradley Fighting Vehicles and Vulcan armored carriers straddled the trench lines and fired into the Iraqi soldiers as the tanks covered them with mounds of sand . ' I came through right after the lead company , ' ( Col. Anthony ) Moreno said . ' What you saw was a bunch of buried trenches with peoples ' arms and things sticking out of them ... ' '' However , after the war , the Iraqi government said that only 44 bodies were found . In his book The Wars Against Saddam , John Simpson alleges that US forces attempted to cover up the incident . After the incident , the commander of the 1st Brigade said : `` I know burying people like that sounds pretty nasty , but it would be even nastier if we had to put our troops in the trenches and clean them out with bayonets . '' Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney did not mention the First Division 's tactics in an interim report to Congress on Operation Desert Storm . In the report , Cheney acknowledged that 457 enemy soldiers were buried during the ground war . Palestinian exodus from Kuwait Main article : Palestinian exodus from Kuwait ( Gulf War ) A Palestinian exodus from Kuwait took place during and after the Gulf War . During the Gulf War , more than 200,000 Palestinians voluntarily fled Kuwait during the Iraqi occupation of Kuwait due to harassment and intimidation by Iraqi security forces , in addition to getting fired from work by Iraqi authority figures in Kuwait . After the Gulf War , the Kuwaiti authorities forcibly pressured nearly 200,000 Palestinians to leave Kuwait in 1991 . Kuwait 's policy , which led to this exodus , was a response to alignment of Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat and the PLO with Saddam Hussein . The Palestinians who fled Kuwait were Jordanian citizens . In 2013 , there were 280,000 Jordanian citizens of Palestinian origin in Kuwait . In 2012 , 80,000 Palestinians ( without Jordanian citizenship ) lived in Kuwait . Saudi Arabia expelled Yemeni workers after Yemen supported Saddam during the Gulf War . Coalition bombing of Iraq 's civilian infrastructure In the 23 June 1991 edition of The Washington Post , reporter Bart Gellman wrote : `` Many of the targets were chosen only secondarily to contribute to the military defeat of Iraq ... Military planners hoped the bombing would amplify the economic and psychological impact of international sanctions on Iraqi society ... They deliberately did great harm to Iraq 's ability to support itself as an industrial society ... '' In the Jan / Feb 1995 edition of Foreign Affairs , French diplomat Eric Rouleau wrote : `` ( T ) he Iraqi people , who were not consulted about the invasion , have paid the price for their government 's madness ... Iraqis understood the legitimacy of a military action to drive their army from Kuwait , but they have had difficulty comprehending the Allied rationale for using air power to systematically destroy or cripple Iraqi infrastructure and industry : electric power stations ( 92 percent of installed capacity destroyed ) , refineries ( 80 percent of production capacity ) , petrochemical complexes , telecommunications centers ( including 135 telephone networks ) , bridges ( more than 100 ) , roads , highways , railroads , hundreds of locomotives and boxcars full of goods , radio and television broadcasting stations , cement plants , and factories producing aluminum , textiles , electric cables , and medical supplies . '' However , the UN subsequently spent billions rebuilding hospitals , schools , and water purification facilities throughout the country . Abuse of coalition POWs During the conflict , coalition aircrew shot down over Iraq were displayed as prisoners of war on TV , most with visible signs of abuse . Amongst several testimonies to poor treatment , USAF Captain Richard Storr was allegededly tortured by Iraqis during the Persian Gulf War . Iraqi secret police broke his nose , dislocated his shoulder and punctured his eardrum . Royal Air Force Tornado crew John Nichol and John Peters have both alleged that they were tortured during this time . Nichol and Peters were forced to make statements against the war in front of television cameras . Members of British Special Air Service Bravo Two Zero were captured while providing information about an Iraqi supply line of Scud missiles to coalition forces . Only one , Chris Ryan , evaded capture while the group 's other surviving members were violently tortured . Flight surgeon ( later General ) Rhonda Cornum was raped by one of her captors after the Black Hawk helicopter in which she was riding was shot down while searching for a downed F - 16 pilot . Operation southern Watch Main article : Operation Southern Watch Since the war , the US has had a continued presence of 5,000 troops stationed in Saudi Arabia -- a figure that rose to 10,000 during the 2003 conflict in Iraq . Operation Southern Watch enforced the no - fly zones over southern Iraq set up after 1991 ; oil exports through the Persian Gulf 's shipping lanes were protected by the Bahrain - based US Fifth Fleet . Since Saudi Arabia houses Mecca and Medina , Islam 's holiest sites , many Muslims were upset at the permanent military presence . The continued presence of US troops in Saudi Arabia after the war was one of the stated motivations behind the 11 September terrorist attacks , the Khobar Towers bombing , and the date chosen for the 1998 US embassy bombings ( 7 August ) , which was eight years to the day that US troops were sent to Saudi Arabia . Osama bin Laden interpreted the Islamic prophet Muhammad as banning the `` permanent presence of infidels in Arabia '' . In 1996 , bin Laden issued a fatwa , calling for US troops to leave Saudi Arabia . In a December 1999 interview with Rahimullah Yusufzai , bin Laden said he felt that Americans were `` too near to Mecca '' and considered this a provocation to the entire Islamic world . Sanctions Main articles : United Nations Security Council Resolution 661 and Sanctions against Iraq Wikisource has original text related to this article : United Nations Security Council Resolution 661 On 6 August 1990 , after Iraq 's invasion of Kuwait , the UN Security Council adopted Resolution 661 which imposed economic sanctions on Iraq , providing for a full trade embargo , excluding medical supplies , food and other items of humanitarian necessity , these to be determined by the Council 's sanctions committee . From 1991 until 2003 , the effects of government policy and sanctions regime led to hyperinflation , widespread poverty and malnutrition . During the late 1990s , the UN considered relaxing the sanctions imposed because of the hardships suffered by ordinary Iraqis . Studies dispute the number of people who died in south and central Iraq during the years of the sanctions . Draining of the Qurna Marshes Main article : Draining of the Mesopotamian Marshes The draining of the Qurna Marshes was an irrigation project in Iraq during and immediately after the war , to drain a large area of marshes in the Tigris -- Euphrates river system . Formerly covering an area of around 3,000 square kilometers , the large complex of wetlands were almost completely emptied of water , and the local Shi'ite population relocated , following the war and 1991 uprisings . By 2000 , United Nations Environment Programme estimated that 90 % of the marshlands had disappeared , causing desertification of over 7,500 square miles ( 19,000 km ) . The draining of the Qurna Marshes also called The Draining of the Mesopotamian Marshes occurred in Iraq and to a smaller degree in Iran between the 1950s and 1990s to clear large areas of the marshes in the Tigris - Euphrates river system . Formerly covering an area of around 20,000 km ( 7,700 sq mi ) , the large complex of wetlands was 90 % drained prior to the 2003 Invasion of Iraq . The marshes are typically divided into three main sub-marshes , the Hawizeh , Central , and Hammar Marshes and all three were drained at different times for different reasons . Initial draining of the Central Marshes was intended to reclaim land for agriculture but later all three marshes would become a tool of war and revenge . Many international organizations such as the UN Human Rights Commission , the Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq , the Wetlands International , and Middle East Watch have described the project as a political attempt to force the Marsh Arabs out of the area through water diversion tactics . Oil spill Main article : Gulf War oil spill On 23 January , Iraq dumped 400 million US gallons ( 1,500,000 m ) of crude oil into the Persian Gulf , causing the largest offshore oil spill in history at that time . It was reported as a deliberate natural resources attack to keep US Marines from coming ashore ( Missouri and Wisconsin had shelled Failaka Island during the war to reinforce the idea that there would be an amphibious assault attempt ) . About 30 -- 40 % of this came from allied raids on Iraqi coastal targets . Kuwaiti oil fires Main article : Kuwaiti oil fires See also : Environmental impact of war Oil well fires rage outside Kuwait City in 1991 The Kuwaiti oil fires were caused by the Iraqi military setting fire to 700 oil wells as part of a scorched earth policy while retreating from Kuwait in 1991 after conquering the country but being driven out by coalition forces . The fires started in January and February 1991 , and the last one was extinguished by November . The resulting fires burned out of control because of the dangers of sending in firefighting crews . Land mines had been placed in areas around the oil wells , and a military cleaning of the areas was necessary before the fires could be put out . Somewhere around 6 million barrels ( 950,000 m ) of oil were lost each day . Eventually , privately contracted crews extinguished the fires , at a total cost of US $1.5 billion to Kuwait . By that time , however , the fires had burned for approximately 10 months , causing widespread pollution . Cost The cost of the war to the United States was calculated by the US Congress in April 1992 to be $61.1 billion ( equivalent to $96.5 billion in 2016 ) . About $52 billion of that amount was paid by other countries : $36 billion by Kuwait , Saudi Arabia and other Arab states of the Persian Gulf ; $16 billion by Germany and Japan ( which sent no combat forces due to their constitutions ) . About 25 % of Saudi Arabia 's contribution was paid in the form of in - kind services to the troops , such as food and transportation . US troops represented about 74 % of the combined force , and the global cost was therefore higher . Effect on developing countries Apart from the impact on Arab States of the Persian Gulf , the resulting economic disruptions after the crisis affected many states . The Overseas Development Institute ( ODI ) undertook a study in 1991 to assess the effects on developing states and the international community 's response . A briefing paper finalized on the day that the conflict ended draws on their findings which had two main conclusions : Many developing states were severely affected and while there has been a considerable response to the crisis , the distribution of assistance was highly selective . The ODI factored in elements of `` cost '' which included oil imports , remittance flows , re-settlement costs , loss of export earnings and tourism . For Egypt , the cost totaled $1 billion , 3 % of GDP . Yemen had a cost of $830 million , 10 % of GDP , while it cost Jordan $1.8 billion , 32 % of GDP . International response to the crisis on developing states came with the channeling of aid through The Gulf Crisis Financial Co-ordination Group . They were 24 states , comprising most of the OECD countries plus some Gulf states : Saudi Arabia , United Arab Emirates , Qatar and Kuwait . The members of this group agreed to disperse $14 billion in development assistance . The World Bank responded by speeding up the disbursement of existing project and adjustment loans . The International Monetary Fund adopted two lending facilities -- the Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility ( ESAF ) and the Compensatory & Contingency Financing Facility ( CCFF ) . The European Community offered $2 billion in assistance . Media coverage The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( January 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Media coverage of the Gulf War The war was heavily televised . For the first time , people all over the world were able to watch live pictures of missiles hitting their targets and fighters departing from aircraft carriers . Allied forces were keen to demonstrate their weapons ' accuracy . In the United States , the `` big three '' network anchors led the war 's network news coverage : ABC 's Peter Jennings , CBS 's Dan Rather , and NBC 's Tom Brokaw were anchoring their evening newscasts when air strikes began on 16 January 1991 . ABC News correspondent Gary Shepard , reporting live from Baghdad , told Jennings of the city 's quietness . But , moments later , Shepard was back on the air as flashes of light were seen on the horizon and tracer fire was heard on the ground . On CBS , viewers were watching a report from correspondent Allen Pizzey , who was also reporting from Baghdad , when the war began . Rather , after the report was finished , announced that there were unconfirmed reports of flashes in Baghdad and heavy air traffic at bases in Saudi Arabia . On the NBC Nightly News , correspondent Mike Boettcher reported unusual air activity in Dhahran , Saudi Arabia . Moments later , Brokaw announced to his viewers that the air attack had begun . Still , it was CNN whose coverage gained the most popularity and indeed its wartime coverage is often cited as one of the landmark events in the network 's history , ultimately leading to the establishment of CNN International . CNN correspondents John Holliman and Peter Arnett and CNN anchor Bernard Shaw relayed audio reports from Baghdad 's Al - Rashid Hotel as the air strikes began . The network had previously convinced the Iraqi government to allow installation of a permanent audio circuit in their makeshift bureau . When the telephones of all of the other Western TV correspondents went dead during the bombing , CNN was the only service able to provide live reporting . After the initial bombing , Arnett remained behind and was , for a time , the only American TV correspondent reporting from Iraq . In the United Kingdom , the BBC devoted the FM portion of its national speech radio station BBC Radio 4 to an 18 - hour rolling news format creating Radio 4 News FM . The station was short lived , ending shortly after President Bush declared the ceasefire and Kuwait 's liberation . However , it paved the way for the later introduction of Radio Five Live . Two BBC journalists , John Simpson and Bob Simpson ( no relation ) , defied their editors and remained in Baghdad to report on the war 's progress . They were responsible for a report which included an `` infamous cruise missile that travelled down a street and turned left at a traffic light . '' Newspapers all over the world also covered the war and Time magazine published a special issue dated 28 January 1991 , the headline `` War in the Gulf '' emblazoned on the cover over a picture of Baghdad taken as the war began . US policy regarding media freedom was much more restrictive than in the Vietnam War . The policy had been spelled out in a Pentagon document entitled Annex Foxtrot . Most of the press information came from briefings organized by the military . Only selected journalists were allowed to visit the front lines or conduct interviews with soldiers . Those visits were always conducted in the presence of officers , and were subject to both prior approval by the military and censorship afterward . This was ostensibly to protect sensitive information from being revealed to Iraq . This policy was heavily influenced by the military 's experience with the Vietnam War , in which public opposition within the US grew throughout the war 's course . It was not only the limitation of information in the Middle East ; media were also restricting what was shown about the war with more graphic depictions like Ken Jarecke 's image of a burnt Iraqi soldier being pulled from the American AP wire whereas in Europe it was given extensive coverage . At the same time , the war 's coverage was new in its instantaneousness . About halfway through the war , Iraq 's government decided to allow live satellite transmissions from the country by Western news organizations , and US journalists returned en masse to Baghdad . NBC 's Tom Aspell , ABC 's Bill Blakemore , and CBS News ' Betsy Aaron filed reports , subject to acknowledged Iraqi censorship . Throughout the war , footage of incoming missiles was broadcast almost immediately . A British crew from CBS News , David Green and Andy Thompson , equipped with satellite transmission equipment , traveled with the front line forces and , having transmitted live TV pictures of the fighting en route , arrived the day before the forces in Kuwait City , broadcasting live television from the city and covering the entrance of the Arab forces the next day . Alternative media outlets provided views in opposition to the war . Deep Dish Television compiled segments from independent producers in the US and abroad , and produced a 10 - hour series that was distributed internationally , called The Gulf Crisis TV Project . The series ' first program War , Oil and Power was compiled and released in 1990 , before the war broke out . News World Order was the title of another program in the series ; it focused on the media 's complicity in promoting the war , as well as Americans ' reactions to the media coverage . In San Francisco , Paper Tiger Television West produced a weekly cable television show with highlights of mass demonstrations , artists ' actions , lectures , and protests against mainstream media coverage at newspaper offices and television stations . Local media outlets in cities across the USA screened similar oppositional media . The organization Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting ( FAIR ) critically analyzed media coverage during the war in various articles and books , such as the 1991 Gulf War Coverage : The Worst Censorship was at Home . Terminology The following names have been used to describe the conflict itself : Gulf War and Persian Gulf War are the most common terms for the conflict used within western countries , though it may also be called the First Gulf War ( to distinguish it from the 2003 invasion of Iraq and the subsequent Iraq War ) . Some authors have called it the Second Gulf War to distinguish it from the Iran -- Iraq War . Liberation of Kuwait ( Arabic : تحرير الكويت ‎ ) ( taḥrīr al - kuwayt ) is the term used by Kuwait and most of the coalition 's Arab states , including Saudi Arabia , Bahrain , Egypt , and the United Arab Emirates . Terms in other languages include French : la Guerre du Golfe and German : Golfkrieg ( Gulf War ) ; German : Zweiter Golfkrieg ( Second Gulf War ) ; French : Guerre du Koweït ( War of Kuwait ) . Operational names Most of the coalition states used various names for their operations and the war 's operational phases . These are sometimes incorrectly used as the conflict 's overall name , especially the US Desert Storm : Operation Desert Shield was the US operational name for the US buildup of forces and Saudi Arabia 's defense from 2 August 1990 , to 16 January 1991 . Operation Desert Storm was the US name of the airland conflict from 17 January 1991 , through 11 April 1991 . Operation Desert Sabre ( early name Operation Desert Sword ) was the US name for the airland offensive against the Iraqi Army in the Kuwaiti Theater of Operations ( the `` 100 - hour war '' ) from 24 -- 28 February 1991 , in itself , part of Operation Desert Storm . Operation Desert Farewell was the name given to the return of US units and equipment to the US in 1991 after Kuwait 's liberation , sometimes referred to as Operation Desert Calm . Operation Granby was the British name for British military activities during the operations and conflict . Opération Daguet was the French name for French military activities in the conflict . Operation Friction was the name of the Canadian operations Operazione Locusta ( Italian for Locust ) was the Italian name for the operations and conflict . Campaign names The US divided the conflict into three major campaigns : Defense of Saudi Arabian country for the period 2 August 1990 , through 16 January 1991 . Liberation and Defense of Kuwait for the period 17 January 1991 , through 11 April 1991 . Southwest Asia Cease - Fire for the period 12 April 1991 , through 30 November 1995 , including Operation Provide Comfort . Technology Further information : List of Gulf War military equipment The USS Missouri launches a Tomahawk missile . The Gulf War was the last conflict in which battleships were deployed in a combat role ( as of 2017 ) Precision - guided munitions were heralded as key in allowing military strikes to be made with a minimum of civilian casualties compared to previous wars , although they were not used as often as more traditional , less accurate bombs . Specific buildings in downtown Baghdad could be bombed while journalists in their hotels watched cruise missiles fly by . Precision - guided munitions amounted to approximately 7.4 % of all bombs dropped by the coalition . Other bombs included cluster bombs , which disperse numerous submunitions , and daisy cutters , 15,000 - pound bombs which can disintegrate everything within hundreds of yards . Global Positioning System ( GPS ) units were relatively new at the time and were important in enabling coalition units to easily navigate across the desert . Since military GPS receivers were not available for most troops , many used commercially available units . To permit these to be used to best effect , the `` selective availability '' feature of the GPS system was turned off for the duration of Desert Storm , allowing these commercial receivers to provide the same precision as the military equipment . Airborne Warning and Control System ( AWACS ) and satellite communication systems were also important . Two examples of this are the US Navy 's Grumman E-2 Hawkeye and the US Air Force 's Boeing E-3 Sentry . Both were used in command and control area of operations . These systems provided essential communications links between air , ground , and naval forces . It is one of several reasons coalition forces dominated the air war . American - made color photocopiers were used to produce some of Iraq 's battle plans . Some of the copiers contained concealed high - tech transmitters that revealed their positions to American electronic warfare aircraft , leading to more precise bombings . Scud and Patriot missiles Military personnel examine the remains of a Scud The role of Iraq 's Scud missiles featured prominently in the war . Scud is a tactical ballistic missile that the Soviet Union developed and deployed among the forward deployed Soviet Army divisions in East Germany . The role of the Scuds which were armed with nuclear and chemical warheads was to destroy command , control , and communication facilities and delay full mobilization of Western German and Allied Forces in Germany . It could also be used to directly target ground forces . Scud missiles utilize inertial guidance which operates for the duration that the engines operate . Iraq used Scud missiles , launching them into both Saudi Arabia and Israel . Some missiles caused extensive casualties , while others caused little damage . Concerns were raised of possible chemical or biological warheads on these rockets , but if they existed , they were not used . The US Patriot missile was used in combat for the first time . The US military claimed a high effectiveness against Scuds at the time , but later analysis gives figures as low as 9 % , with 45 % of the 158 Patriot launches being against debris or false targets . The Dutch Ministry of Defense , which also sent Patriot missiles to protect civilians in Israel and Turkey , later disputed the higher claim . Further , there is at least one incident of a software error causing a Patriot missile 's failure to engage an incoming Scud , resulting in deaths . Both the US Army and the missile manufacturers maintained the Patriot delivered a `` miracle performance '' in the Gulf War . Popular culture The Gulf War has been the subject of several video games including Conflict : Desert Storm , Conflict : Desert Storm II and Gulf War : Operation Desert Hammer . There have also been numerous depictions in film including Jarhead ( 2005 ) , which is based on U.S. Marine Anthony Swofford 's 2003 memoir of the same name . See also Iraq portal Kuwait portal United States portal War portal 1990s portal 1973 Samita border skirmish United Nations Iraq -- Kuwait Observation Mission ( April 1991 -- October 2003 ) Iraq -- Russia relations Organization of United States Air Force Units in the Gulf War SIPRI Arms Transfers Database , Iraq 1973 -- 1990 Loss of Strength Gradient Military history of the United States Post -- World War II air - to - air combat losses Notes Jump up ^ The numbering of Persian Gulf conflicts depends on whether the Iran -- Iraq War ( 1980 -- 1988 ) is referred to as the First ( Persian ) Gulf War ( English language sources prior to the start of the Kuwait war in 1990 usually called it the Gulf War ) , which would make the 1990 war the Second ( Persian ) Gulf War . Different sources may call the conflicts by different names . The name ' Persian Gulf ' is itself a subject of dispute . The start date of the Kuwait War can also be seen as either August 1990 ( when Iraq 's Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait ) or as January 1991 ( the start of Operation Desert Storm , when the US - led coalition forced Iraq out of Kuwait ) , so that the war is also often called the 1991 Gulf War , the 1990 -- 1991 Gulf War , the 1990s Gulf War , etc ... This dating is also used to distinguish it from the other two ' Gulf Wars ' . References ^ Jump up to : Miller , Judith . `` Syria Plans to Double Gulf Force . '' The New York Times , 27 March 1991 . Jump up ^ `` Den 1 . Golfkrig '' . Forsvaret.dk. 24 September 2010 . Archived from the original on 12 January 2011 . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . Jump up ^ https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/gulf/oral/gorbachev/1.html Jump up ^ Persian Gulf War , the Sandhurst - trained Prince Khaled bin Sultan al - Saud was co-commander with General Norman Schwarzkopf www.casi.org.uk/discuss Jump up ^ General Khaled was Co-Commander , with US General Norman Schwarzkopf , of the allied coalition that liberated Kuwait www.thefreelibrary.com Jump up ^ Gulf War coalition forces ( latest available ) by country `` www.nationmaster.com '' . Archived from the original on 5 November 2013 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 13 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Hersh , Seymour ( 2005 ) . Chain of Command . Penguin Books . p. 181 . ^ Jump up to : `` Persian Gulf War '' . MSN Encarta . Archived from the original on 1 November 2009 . Jump up ^ 18 M1 Abrams , 11 M60 , 2 AMX - 30 Jump up ^ CheckPoint , Ludovic Monnerat - . `` Guerre du Golfe : le dernier combat de la division Tawakalna '' . Jump up ^ Scales , Brig. Gen. Robert H. : Certain Victory . Brassey 's , 1994 , p. 279 . Jump up ^ Halberstadt 1991 . p. 35 Jump up ^ Atkinson , Rick . Crusade , The untold story of the Persian Gulf War . Houghton Mifflin Company , 1993 . pp. 332 -- 3 Jump up ^ Captain Todd A. Buchs , B. Co . Commander , Knights In the Desert . Publisher / Editor Unknown . p. 111 . Jump up ^ Malory , Marcia . `` Tanks During the First Gulf War -- Tank History '' . Retrieved 5 July 2016 . Jump up ^ M60 vs T - 62 Cold War Combatants 1956 -- 92 by Lon Nordeen & David Isby Jump up ^ `` TAB H -- Friendly - fire Incidents '' . Retrieved 5 July 2016 . Jump up ^ NSIAD - 92 - 94 , `` Operation Desert Storm : Early Performance Assessment of Bradley and Abrams '' . US General Accounting Office , 10 January 1992 . Quote : `` According to information provided by the Army 's Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations and Plans , 20 Bradleys were destroyed during the Gulf war . Another 12 Bradleys were damaged , but four of these were quickly repaired . Friendly fire accounted for 17 of the destroyed Bradleys and three of the damaged ones ^ Jump up to : Pike , John . `` Operation Desert Storm '' . Retrieved 5 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait ; 1990 ( Air War ) . Acig.org . Retrieved on 12 June 2011 ^ Jump up to : Bourque P. 455 Jump up ^ `` The Use of Terror during Iraq 's invasion of Kuwait '' . The Jewish Agency for Israel . Archived from the original on 24 January 2005 . Retrieved 22 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kuwait : missing people : a step in the right direction '' . Red Cross . Jump up ^ `` The Wages of War : Iraqi Combatant and Noncombatant Fatalities in the 2003 Conflict '' . Project on Defense Alternatives . Retrieved 9 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Fetter , Steve ; Lewis , George N. ; Gronlund , Lisbeth ( 28 January 1993 ) . `` Why were Casualties so low ? '' ( PDF ) . Nature . 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Jump up ^ Simons ( 2003 ) . pp. 341 -- 342 . ^ Jump up to : Simons ( 2003 ) . pp. 343 -- 344 . Jump up ^ Simons ( 2003 ) . pp. 339 -- 340 . ^ Jump up to : Simons ( 2003 ) . p. 341 . Jump up ^ Cleveland , William L. A History of the Modern Middle East . 2nd Ed pg. 464 ^ Jump up to : Simons ( 2003 ) . p. 334 . Jump up ^ Simons ( 2003 ) . p. 335 . Jump up ^ Simons ( 2003 ) . p. 336 . Jump up ^ Simons ( 2003 ) . pp. 337 -- 338 . Jump up ^ Simons ( 2003 ) . p. 338 . ^ Jump up to : Simons ( 2003 ) . p. 343 . Jump up ^ Yousseff M. Ibrahim , `` Iraq Threatens Emirates And Kuwait on Oil Glut '' New York Times , 18 July 1990 Jump up ^ Michael R. Gordon , `` U.S. Deploys Air and Sea Forces After Iraq Threatens 2 Neighbors '' New York Times , 25 July 1990 ^ Jump up to : Finlan ( 2003 ) . pp. 25 -- 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` CONFRONTATION IN THE GULF ; Excerpts From Iraqi Document on Meeting With U.S. Envoy '' New York Times , 23 September 1990 Jump up ^ `` Saddam 's message of friendship to president Bush ( Wikileaks telegram 90BAGHDAD4237 ) '' . US Department of State . 25 July 1990 . Archived from the original on 7 January 2011 . Retrieved 2 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Finlan ( 2003 ) . p. 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kuwait : Organization and Mission of the Forces '' . Library of Congress Country Studies . Retrieved 14 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Finlan ( 2003 ) . p. 25 . Jump up ^ Childs , John ; Corvisier , André ( 1994 ) . A Dictionary of Military History and the Art of War . Wiley - Blackwell . p. 403 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 16848 - 5 . Jump up ^ Knights , Michael ( 2005 ) . 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Archived from the original on 2005 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Report of the Security Council : 16 June 1990 -- 15 June 1991 . New York : United Nations . 1993 . pp. 33 -- 35 . ISSN 0082 - 8238 . Jump up ^ * Finlan ( 2003 ) . p. 29 . * `` Resolution 661 ( 1990 ) '' . United Nations . Retrieved 13 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Report of the Security Council : 16 June 1990 -- 15 June 1991 . New York : United Nations . 1993 . pp. 52 -- 53 . ISSN 0082 - 8238 . Jump up ^ Lori Fisler Damrosch , International Law , Cases and Materials , West Group , 2001 ^ Jump up to : Friedman , Thomas L. ( 22 August 1990 ) . `` Confrontation in the Gulf : Behind Bush 's Hard Line ; Washington Considers a Clear Iraqi Defeat To Be Necessary to Bolster Its Arab Allies '' . The New York Times . New York . pp. A1 . Retrieved 16 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Confrontation in the Gulf ; Proposals by Iraqi President : Excerpts From His Address '' . The New York Times . New York . 13 August 1990 . pp. A8 . Retrieved 17 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Waldman , Shmuel ( 2005 ) . Beyond a Reasonable Doubt . Feldheim Publishers , p. 179 . ISBN 1 - 58330 - 806 - 7 Jump up ^ BBC News . `` 1990 : Outrage at Iraqi TV hostage show '' . Retrieved 2 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Royce , Knut ( 29 August 1990 ) . `` MIDDLE EAST CRISIS Secret Offer Iraq Sent Pullout Deal to U.S '' . Newsday . New York . Retrieved 17 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Royce , Knut ( 3 January 1991 ) . `` Iraq Offers Deal to Quit Kuwait U.S. rejects it , but stays ' interested ' '' . Newsday Washington Bureau . Long Island , N.Y. p. 5 . Retrieved 24 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Tyler , Patrick E. ( 3 January 1991 ) . `` CONFRONTATION IN THE GULF ; Arafat Eases Stand on Kuwait - Palestine Link '' . The New York Times . New York . Retrieved 17 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Thomas L. ( 11 January 1991 ) . `` CONFRONTATION IN THE GULF ; As U.S. Officials See It , Hands of Aziz Were Tied '' . The New York Times . pp. A10 . Retrieved 30 September 2010 . Jump up ^ See Paul Lewis , `` Confrontation in the Gulf : The U.N. ; France and 3 Arab States Issue an Appeal to Hussein , '' New York Times , 15 January 1991 , p . A12 Jump up ^ Michael Kranish et al. , `` World waits on brink of war : Late effort at diplomacy in gulf fails , '' Boston Globe , 16 January 1991 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Ellen Nimmons , A.P. , `` Last - ditch pitches for peace ; But U.S. claims Iraqis hold key , '' Houston Chronicle , 15 January 1991 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Alan Riding , `` CONFRONTATION IN THE GULF : France ; Paris Says Its Last - Ditch Peace Effort Has Failed '' New York Times 16 January 1991 Jump up ^ Gilles Kepel Jihad : The Trail of Political Islam . Jump up ^ `` The Operation Desert Shield / Desert Storm Timeline '' . Archived from the original on 26 May 2008 . Retrieved 30 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 15 Years After Desert Storm , U.S. Commitment to Region Continues '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 08 . Retrieved 29 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Essential Documents : UN Security Council Resolution 678 '' . Council on Foreign Relations . Archived from the original on 14 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Baker , James Addison , and Thomas M. DeFrank . The Politics of Diplomacy : Revolution , War , and Peace , 1989 -- 1992 . New York : Putnam , 1995 . Jump up ^ `` The Unfinished War : A Decade Since Desert Storm '' . CNN In - Depth Specials. 2001 . Archived from the original on 17 March 2008 . Retrieved 5 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Freedman , Lawrence , and Efraim Karsh . The Gulf Conflict 1990 -- 1991 : Diplomacy and War in the New World Order . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press , 1993 . Print . Jump up ^ Lynch , Colum ( 1 November 2006 ) . `` Security Council Seat Tied to Aid '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 18 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Bush , George H.W. ( 11 September 1990 ) . `` Address Before a Joint Session of Congress '' . Miller Center of Public Affairs . Archived from the original on 16 January 2011 . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Heller , Jean ( 6 January 1991 ) . `` Photos do n't show buildup '' . St. Petersburg Times . Retrieved 13 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists , Volume 59 , page 33 , Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science ( Chicago , Ill . ) , Atomic Scientists of Chicago , Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists ( Organization ) , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` How PR Sold the War in the Persian Gulf Center for Media and Democracy '' . Prwatch.org . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Rowse , Ted ( 1992 ) . `` Kuwaitgate -- killing of Kuwaiti babies by Iraqi soldiers exaggerated '' . Washington Monthly . Jump up ^ Makiya 1993 , p 40 . Jump up ^ Makiya 1993 , pp 31 -- 33 Jump up ^ Makiya 1993 , p 32 . Jump up ^ name = cnnstats Edwin E. Moïse . `` Limited War : The Stereotypes '' . Clemson University . Retrieved 2 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Operation Desert Storm globalsecurity.com Jump up ^ `` CNN.com In - depth specials -- Gulf War ( via Internet Archive ) '' . CNN . 2001 . Archived from the original on 12 June 2008 . Retrieved 23 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Lee , Robin J. ( 2002 ) . `` Fixed - Wing Combat Aircraft Attrition in Desert Storm '' . Retrieved 30 January 2012 . Sources : Gulf War Airpower Survey , Vol. 5 ; Norman Friedman , Desert Victory ; World Air Power Journal . Additionally , Mark Bovankovich and LT Chuck Chase offered corrections and several intriguing details on these incidents . All errors , however , remain entirely mine . Jump up ^ Atkinson , Rick ( 1994 ) . Crusade : The Untold Story of the Persian Gulf War . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt , p. 47 . ISBN 0 - 395 - 71083 - 9 Jump up ^ Lawrence Freedman and Efraim Karsh , The Gulf Conflict : Diplomacy and War in the New World Order , 1990 -- 1991 ( Princeton , 1993 ) , 332 . Jump up ^ Post Video To Facebook ( 9 January 1991 ) . `` Geneva Meeting on Persian Gulf Crisis '' . C - SPAN . Archived from the original on 1 May 2011 . Retrieved 18 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Rostker , Bernard ( 2000 ) . `` Information Paper : Iraq 's Scud Ballistic Missiles '' . Wisconsin Project on Nuclear Arms Control from 2000 to 2006 . Retrieved 21 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Lawrence Freedman and Efraim Karsh , The Gulf Conflict : Diplomacy and War in the New World Order , 1990 -- 1991 ( Princeton , 1993 ) , 331 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Gordon , Gideon 's Spies : The Secret History of the Mossad Jump up ^ `` The Gulf War '' . www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org . Jump up ^ Fetter , Steve ; Lewis , George N. ; Gronlund , Lisbeth ( 28 January 1993 ) . `` Why were Casualties so low ? '' ( PDF ) . Nature . London : Nature Publishing Group . 361 ( 6410 ) : 293 -- 296 . doi : 10.1038 / 361293a0 . Jump up ^ `` The Gulf War ( 1991 ) '' . Retrieved 5 July 2016 . 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Jump up ^ Chediac , Joyce . `` The massacre of withdrawing Soldieers on the highway of death '' . Archived from the original on 14 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Clancy & Horner 1999 , pp. 499 -- 500 . ^ Jump up to : Sloyan , Patrick . `` Iraqis Buried Alive -- U.S. Attacked With Bulldozers During War Ground Attack '' . The Seattle Times . 12 September 1991 . Retrieved 4 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sloyan , Patrick Day ( 12 September 1991 ) , `` Buried Alive : U.S. Tanks Used Plows To Kill Thousands In Gulf War Trenches '' , Newsday , New York , p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` The gulf war : appendix : Iraqi death toll '' . Frontline . Retrieved 4 December 2005 . Jump up ^ Simpson , John ( 2003 ) , The Wars Against Saddam , Basingstoke : MacMillan . ^ Jump up to : Shafeeq Ghabra ( 8 May 1991 ) . `` The PLO in Kuwait '' . Jump up ^ Yann Le Troquer ; Rozenn Hommery al - Oudat ( Spring 1999 ) . `` From Kuwait to Jordan : The Palestinians ' Third Exodus '' . Journal of Palestine Studies . pp. 37 -- 51 . 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New York Daily News . Lexis Nexis Academic . 12 May . 2004 . Web . 15 April . 2014 Jump up ^ `` The Flight That Changed My Life '' . Johnnichol.com . Archived from the original on 29 April 2011 . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` War Story : John Peters '' . Pbs.org . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . Jump up ^ The One that Got Away by Chris Ryan & Bravo Two Zero by Andy McNab Jump up ^ `` A Woman 's Burden '' . Time . 28 March 2003 . ^ Jump up to : `` US pulls out of Saudi Arabia '' . BBC News . 29 April 2003 . Retrieved 29 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Plotz , David ( 2001 ) What Does Osama Bin Laden Want ? , Slate Jump up ^ Bergen , Peter L. ( 2001 ) . Holy War Inc . Simon & Schuster . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Yusufzai , Rahimullah ( 26 September 2001 ) . `` Face to face with Osama '' . The Guardian . London . Archived from the original on 19 January 2008 . Retrieved 30 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Iraq surveys show ' humanitarian emergency ' '' . 12 August 1999 . Retrieved 29 November 2009 . 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Jump up ^ `` V : `` Thunder And Lightning '' - The War With Iraq ( Subsection : The War At Sea ) `` . The United States Navy in `` Desert Shield '' / `` Desert Storm '' . United States Navy . Archived from the original on 5 December 2006 . Retrieved 26 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Leckie , Robert ( 1998 ) . The Wars of America . Castle Books . Jump up ^ Wellman , Robert Campbell ( 14 February 1999 ) . `` '' Iraq and Kuwait : 1972 , 1990 , 1991 , 1997 . '' Earthshots : Satellite Images of Environmental Change `` . U.S. Geological Survey . Archived from the original on 2002 - 10 - 28 . Retrieved 27 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Husain , T. ( 1995 ) . Kuwaiti Oil Fires : Regional Environmental Perspectives . Oxford : BPC Wheatons Ltd. p. 68 . ^ Jump up to : `` How much did the Gulf War cost the US ? '' . People.psych.cornell.edu. 20 May 1997 . Archived from the original on 21 August 2010 . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Ryland ; Williamson , Samuel H. ( 2018 ) . `` What Was the U.S. GDP Then ? '' . MeasuringWorth . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the Measuring Worth series . ^ Jump up to : `` The Impact of the Gulf Crisis on Developing Countries '' . ODI Briefing Paper . March 1991 . Retrieved 29 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Peter Ruff ( 31 July 2006 ) . `` Obituary : Bob Simpson '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 4 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Lori Robertson ( 2007 ) . `` Images of War '' . AJR . Archived from the original on 24 July 2013 . Retrieved 20 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Ken Jarecke 's account to the BBC World Service programme ( 9 May 2005 ) . `` Picture power : Death of an Iraqi soldier '' . BBC News . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Lucas , Dean ( 2007 ) . `` Famous Pictures Magazine -- Iraqi Soldier '' . Famous Pictures Magazine . Retrieved 23 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Series ( The Gulf Crisis TV Project ) '' . archive.org. 11 July 2010 . Archived from the original on 11 July 2010 . Retrieved 17 January 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` War , Oil and Power '' . Retrieved 17 January 2017 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ `` News World Order '' . Retrieved 17 January 2017 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Naureckas , Jim ( April 1991 ) . `` Gulf War Coverage : The Worst Censorship Was at Home '' . Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting ( FAIR ) . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Iraq and the Second Gulf War : State Building and Regime Security , Mohammad - Mahmoud Mohamedou , 1997 Jump up ^ `` Dumb Bombs '' . Fas.org . Archived from the original on 28 March 2010 . Retrieved 18 March 2010 . Jump up ^ McNamara , Joel . GPS for Dummies . Jump up ^ `` Something wrong with our * * * * chips today '' . The Economist. 7 April 2011 . Retrieved 13 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Cirincione , Joseph ( October 1992 ) . `` The Performance of the Patriot Missile in the war '' ( PDF ) . Carnegie Endowment for International Peace . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 December 2003 . Retrieved 4 December 2005 . Jump up ^ `` The Patriot Missile Failure '' . Ima.umn.edu . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Adams , Tim ( 2003 - 03 - 23 ) . `` Observer review : Jarhead by Anthony Swofford '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 13 . Works cited Victoria , William L. Cleveland , late of Simon Fraser University , Martin Bunton , University of ( 2013 ) . A History of the Modern Middle East ( Fifth edition . ed . ) . Boulder , CO : Westview Press . p. 450 . ISBN 978 - 0813348339 . Last paragraph : `` On 16 January 1991 the air war against Iraq began Bourque , Stephen A. ( 2001 ) . Jayhawk ! The 7th Corps in the Persian Gulf War . Center of Military History , United States Army . LCCN 2001028533 . OCLC 51313637 . Desert Storm : Ground War by Hans Halberstadt Col H. Avery Chenoweth ( 2005 ) Semper Fi : The Definitive Illustrated History of the U.S. Marines Bibliography Arbuthnot , Felicity ( 17 September 2000 ) . `` Allies Deliberately Poisoned Iraq Public Water Supply in Gulf War '' . Scotland : Sunday Herald . Archived from the original on 5 December 2005 . Retrieved 4 December 2005 . Atkinson , Rick ; Devroy , Ann ( 12 January 1991 ) . `` U.S. Claims Iraqi Nuclear Reactors Hit Hard '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 4 December 2005 . Austvik , Ole Gunnar ( 1993 ) . `` The War Over the Price of Oil '' . International Journal of Global Energy Issues . Bard , Mitchell . `` The Gulf War '' . Jewish Virtual Library . Retrieved 25 May 2009 . Barzilai , Gad ( 1993 ) . Klieman , Aharon ; Shidlo , Gil , eds . The Gulf Crisis and Its Global Aftermath . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 08002 - 9 . Blum , William ( 1995 ) . Killing Hope : U.S. Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II . Common Courage Press . ISBN 1 - 56751 - 052 - 3 . Archived from the original on 23 January 2008 . Retrieved 4 December 2005 . Bolkom , Christopher ; Pike , Jonathan . `` Attack Aircraft Proliferation : Areas for Concern '' . Archived from the original on 27 December 2005 . Retrieved 4 December 2005 . Brown , Miland . `` First Persian Gulf War '' . Archived from the original on 21 January 2007 . Emering , Edward John ( 2005 ) . The Decorations and Medals of the Persian Gulf War ( 1990 to 1991 ) . Claymont , DE : Orders and Medals Society of America . ISBN 1 - 890974 - 18 - 8 . OCLC 62859116 . Finlan , Alastair ( 2003 ) . The Gulf War 1991 . Osprey . ISBN 1 - 84176 - 574 - 0 . Forbes , Daniel ( 15 May 2000 ) . `` Gulf War crimes ? '' . Salon Magazine . Retrieved 4 December 2005 . Graham. , Bob ( 2012 ) . GULF in the WAR STORY : A US Navy Personnel Manager Confides in You . Florida u.a. : CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform . ISBN 978 - 1475147056 . Hawley. , T.M. ( 1992 ) . Against the Fires of Hell : The Environmental Disaster of the Gulf War . New York u.a. : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich . ISBN 0 - 15 - 103969 - 0 . Hiro , Dilip ( 1992 ) . Desert Shield to Desert Storm : The Second Gulf War . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 90657 - 9 . Clancy , Tom ; Horner , Chuck ( 1999 ) . Every Man a Tiger : The Gulf War Air Campaign . Putnam . ISBN 978 - 0 - 399 - 14493 - 6 . Hoskinson , Ronald Andrew ; Jarvis , Norman ( 1994 ) . `` Gulf War Photo Gallery '' . Retrieved 4 December 2005 . Kepel , Gilles ( 2002 ) . `` From the Gulf War to the Taliban Jihad / Jihad : The Trail of Political Islam '' . Latimer , Jon ( 2001 ) . Deception in War . London : John Murray . ISBN 0 - 7195 - 5605 - 8 . Little , Allan ( 1 December 1997 ) . `` Iraq coming in from the cold ? '' . BBC . Retrieved 4 December 2005 . Lowry , Richard S . `` The Gulf War Chronicles '' . iUniverse ( 2003 and 2008 ) . Archived from the original on 15 April 2008 . MacArthur , John . `` Independent Policy Forum Luncheon Honoring '' . Retrieved 4 December 2005 . Makiya , Kanan ( 1993 ) . Cruelty and Silence : War , Tyranny , Uprising , and the Arab World . W.W. Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 03108 - 9 . Moise , Edwin . `` Bibliography : The First U.S. -- Iraq War : Desert Shield and Desert Storm ( 1990 -- 1991 ) '' . Retrieved 21 March 2009 . Munro , Alan ( 2006 ) . Arab Storm : Politics and Diplomacy Behind the Gulf War . I.B. Tauris . ISBN 1 - 84511 - 128 - 1 . Naval Historical Center ( 15 May 1991 ) . `` The United States Navy in Desert Shield / Desert Storm '' . Retrieved 4 December 2005 . Wright , Steven ( 2007 ) . The United States and Persian Gulf Security : The Foundations of the War on Terror . Ithaca Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86372 - 321 - 6 . Niksch , Larry A ; Sutter , Robert G ( 23 May 1991 ) . `` Japan 's Response to the Persian Gulf Crisis : Implications for U.S. - Japan Relations '' . Congressional Research Service , Library of Congress . Retrieved 4 December 2005 . Odgers , George ( 1999 ) . 100 Years of Australians at War . Sydney : Lansdowne . ISBN 1 - 86302 - 669 - X . Riley , Jonathon ( 2010 ) . Decisive Battles : From Yorktown to Operation Desert Storm . Continuum . ISBN 1 - 84725 - 250 - 8 . Roberts , Paul William ( 1998 ) . The Demonic Comedy : Some Detours in the Baghdad of Saddam Hussein . New York : Farrar , Straus and Giroux . ISBN 978 - 0 - 374 - 13823 - 3 . Sifry , Micah ; Cerf , Christopher ( 1991 ) . The Gulf War Reader . New York , NY : Random House . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 1947 - 5 . Simons , Geoff ( 2004 ) . Iraq : from Sumer to post-Saddam ( 3 ed . ) . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 1 - 4039 - 1770 - 1 . Smith , Jean Edward ( 1992 ) . George Bush 's War . New York : Henry Holt . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 1388 - 7 . Tucker , Spencer ( 2010 ) . The Encyclopedia of Middle East Wars : The United States in the Persian Gulf , Afghanistan , and Iraq Conflicts . ABC - Clio . ISBN 1 - 84725 - 250 - 8 . Turnley , Peter ( December 2002 ) . `` The Unseen Gulf War ( photo essay ) '' . Retrieved 4 December 2005 . Walker , Paul ; Stambler , Eric ( 1991 ) . `` ... and the dirty little weapons '' . Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists Vol 47 , Number 4 . Archived from the original on 3 February 2007 . Retrieved 30 June 2010 . Frank , Andre Gunder ( 20 May 1991 ) . `` Third World War in the Gulf : A New World Order '' . Political Economy Notebooks for Study and Research , no . 14 , pp. 5 -- 34 . Retrieved 4 December 2005 . PBS Frontline . `` The Gulf War : an in - depth examination of the 1990 -- 1991 Persian Gulf crisis '' . Retrieved 4 December 2005 . `` Report to Congress on the Conduct of the Persian Gulf War , Chapter 6 '' . Retrieved 4 December 2005 . Films Dawn of the World ( 2008 ) Bravo Two Zero ( 1999 ) Courage Under Fire ( 1996 ) The Finest Hour ( 1991 ) The Heroes of Desert Storm ( 1991 ) Lessons of Darkness ( 1992 ) ( a documentary ) Live from Baghdad ( 2002 ) Towelhead ( 2007 ) Three Kings ( 1999 ) The Manchurian Candidate ( 2004 ) Used as a back drop for the film The Big Lebowski ( 1998 ) . It is frequently discussed as well . Used in retconned backstory for The Punisher ( 2004 ) Airlift ( 2016 ) -- A Bollywood film based on the true story of the evacuation of 170,000 Indians stranded in the war zone . Novels Braving the Fear -- The True Story of Rowdy US Marines in the Gulf War ( by Douglas Foster ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 4137 - 9902 - 6 Bravo Two Zero ( by Andy McNab ) ISBN 0 - 440 - 21880 - 2 The Fist of God ( by Frederick Forsyth ) ISBN 0 - 553 - 09126 - 3 Glass ( Pray the Electrons Back to Sand ) ( by James Chapman ) Gulf in the War Story : A US Navy Personnel Manager Confides in You ( diary from inside the real Top Gun , VF - 1 `` Wolfpack '' by Bob Graham ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 4751 - 4705 - 6 Hogs dime novel series by James Ferro Jarhead ( by Anthony Swofford ) ISBN 0 - 7432 - 3535 - 5 Savant ( by James Follett ) Summer 1990 ( by Firyal AlShalabi ) Third Graders at War ( by Felix G ) To Die in Babylon by Harold Livingston M60 vs T - 62 Cold War Combatants 1956 -- 92 ( by Lon Nordeen & David Isby ) External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gulf War ( 1990 - 1991 ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Gulf War Barbara Walters Interview with General Schwarzkopf , Coalition commander in the Persian Gulf War ( Video : ABC , 1991 ) Operation Desert Storm -- GlobalSecurity.org Gulf War Discussion from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives Historical Context from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives CBC Digital Archives -- The 1991 Gulf War Master Index of Desert Storm Oral History Interviews by the United States Army Center of Military History Bibliography of the Desert Shield and Desert Storm compiled by the United States Army Center of Military History ( via Wayback Machine ) Desert Shield / Desert Storm Photographs US Army Heritage and Education Center , Carlisle , Pennsylvania Persian Gulf War 20th Anniversary of Desert Storm in Photos Air Force and Air Defense of Iraq before the war ( not translated ) exact list of the technical details Liberating Kuwait United States Marine Corps Baath Ground Forces Equipment -- GlobalSecurity.org Friendly - fire Incidents -- www.gulflink.osd.mil https://history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/vua_citations.html Gulf War Conflict timeline Disarmament timeline Background Iran -- Iraq War Operation Simoom Ba'athist Iraq Petroleum industry in Iraq Invasion of Kuwait Battle of Dasman Palace Battle of the Bridges Battle of Failaka U.N. Resolution 660 Coalition intervention U.N. Resolution 661 Coalition Iraq -- United States relations Carter Doctrine Military equipment Battles Air campaign `` Package Q '' air strike Khafji Wadi Al - Batin Samurra Al Busayyah 67 Easting 73 Easting Phase Line Bullet Medina Ridge 2nd Kuwait Highway of Death Jalibah Norfolk Rumaila Safwan Aftermath Operation Southern Watch Iraq sanctions Kuwaiti oil fires 1991 uprisings Draining of the marshes Gulf War oil spill Depleted uranium Gulf War syndrome Awards Operation Provide Comfort Iraq -- Kuwait barrier Memorials London Military techology History of the M1 Abrams Lion of Babylon ( tank ) Saddam Hussein 28 April 1937 -- 30 December 2006 Biography 17 July Revolution 1979 Ba'ath Party Purge Iran -- Iraq War ( U.S. support ) Anfal genocide Gulf War ( 1991 uprisings ) Human rights record Relationship with Al - Qaeda timeline Capture Interrogation Trial Execution Books Zabibah and the King The Fortified Castle Men and the City Begone , Demons Propaganda Killing babies Alleged shredder Family Father : Hussein ' Abid al - Majid Mother : Subha Tulfah al - Mussallat Half - brothers : Watban , Sabawi , and Barzan Wives : Sajida Talfah and Samira Shahbandar Uncle and Father - in - Law : Khairallah Talfah Sons : Uday and Qusay Daughters : Rana , Raghad , and Hala Grandchildren : Mustapha Hussein Media House of Saddam South Park The Devil 's Double Wikimedia : Wiktionary Wikibooks Wikiquote Wikisource Commons Wikinews Wikibook Category Iraq articles History Ancient Sumer Akkadian Empire Babylonia Assyria Neo-Assyrian Empire Neo-Babylonian Empire Achaemenid Assyria Seleucid Babylonia Parthian Babylonia Sassanid Asorestan 638 -- 1958 Muslim conquest of Persia Abbasid Caliphate Buyid dynasty Kara Koyunlu Ak Koyunlu Safavids Ottoman Iraq ( Mamluk dynasty ) Mandatory Iraq Kingdom of Iraq Arab Federation Republic 1958 -- 68 1968 -- 2003 2003 -- 11 2011 -- present Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party -- Iraq Region ( National Command ) Saddam Hussein Iran -- Iraq War Invasion of Kuwait Gulf War Sanctions Iraq War U.S. invasion Iraqi insurgency U.S. troop withdrawal Insurgency ( 2011 -- 2013 ) Civil War ( 2014 -- present ) Mosul liberation Geography Al - Faw Peninsula Al - Jazira Euphrates Hamrin Mountains Persian Gulf Islands Mesopotamia Mesopotamian Marshes Places Lakes Shatt al - Arab Syrian Desert Tigris Umm Qasr Zagros Mountains Politics Administrative divisions Constitution Council of Representatives ( legislative ) Elections Foreign aid Foreign relations Government Council of Ministers Presidency Council President Prime Minister Human rights in pre-Saddam Iraq in Saddam Hussein 's Iraq in post-invasion Iraq in ISIL - controlled territory LGBT Freedom of religion Women Law Military Police Political parties Judiciary Wars and conflicts Economy Central Bank Dinar ( currency ) Infrastructure Oil Industry Oil reserves Reconstruction Stock Exchange Telecommunications Transportation Society Cinema Cuisine Culture Education Health Media Music Smoking Sports Demographics Iraqis diaspora refugees Languages Arabic Aramaic Kurdish Persian Iraqi Turkmen / Turkoman dialects Minorities Armenians Assyrians Circassians Kurds Mandaeans Marsh Arabs Persians Solluba Iraqi Turkmen / Turkoman Jews Religion Islam Christianity Mandaeism Yazidis Outline Index Category Portal List of modern conflicts in the Middle East 1910s World War I Middle Eastern theatre Arab Revolt Armenian Genocide Assyrian genocide Mount Lebanon starvation Unification of Saudi Arabia Simko Shikak revolt Egyptian revolution of 1919 Turkish War of Independence Greco - Turkish War Turkish -- Armenian War Franco - Turkish War Revolts Mahmud Barzanji revolts 1920s Franco - Syrian War Iraqi revolt against the British Sectarian conflict in Mandatory Palestine Adwan Rebellion Arab separatism in Khuzestan Great Syrian Revolt Sheikh Said rebellion 1921 Persian coup d'état 1930s Ararat rebellion Ahmed Barzani revolt Simele massacre Saudi -- Yemeni War ( 1934 ) Goharshad Mosque rebellion 1935 -- 36 Iraqi Shia revolts 1935 Yazidi revolt Dersim rebellion 1940s World War II Italian bombing of Palestine Anglo - Iraqi War Syria -- Lebanon Campaign Anglo - Soviet invasion of Iran 1943 Barzani revolt Alwaziri coup Al - Wathbah uprising Kurdish separatism in Iran Iran crisis of 1946 Arab -- Israeli conflict 1950s Egyptian revolution of 1952 1953 Iranian coup d'état Jebel Akhdar War Cypriot ethnic crisis Yemeni -- Adenese clan violence 1958 Lebanon crisis 1958 Iraqi revolution 1959 Mosul uprising 1960s Iraqi -- Kurdish conflict First Iraqi -- Kurdish War Dhofar Rebellion North Yemen Civil War Feb. 1963 Iraqi coup Mar. 1963 Syrian coup Nov. 1963 Iraqi coup Aden Emergency 1964 Hama riot Israeli -- Palestinian conflict 1966 Syrian coup d'état 1970s Black September in Jordan 1972 North Yemen -- South Yemen war Turkish invasion of Cyprus Lebanese Civil War Political violence in Turkey ( 1976 -- 80 ) Libyan -- Egyptian War Islamist uprising in Syria NDF Rebellion Iranian Revolution Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution 1979 Qatif Uprising Grand Mosque seizure 1980s Sadr uprising ( 1980 ) Iran -- Iraq War 1980 Turkish coup d'état Kurdish separatism in Turkey Turkey - PKK conflict South Yemen Civil War 1986 Egyptian conscripts riot 1986 Damascus bombings Mecca massacre Abu Nidal 's executions 1990s Gulf War ( 1990 -- 1991 ) 1991 uprisings in Iraq Terror campaign in Egypt ( 1990s ) Yemeni Civil War ( 1994 ) Islamic insurgency in Saudi Arabia ( 2000 -- present ) Operation Desert Fox al - Qaeda insurgency in Yemen 1999 Shia uprising in Iraq 2000s Iraq War Balochi insurgency in Iran 2004 Qamishli riots Houthi insurgency in Yemen Iran -- Israel proxy conflict 2006 Lebanon War Fatah -- Hamas conflict Nahr al - Bared fighting 2008 conflict in Lebanon South Yemen insurgency 2009 -- 10 Iranian election protests 2010s Bahraini uprising of 2011 Egyptian Crisis Sinai insurgency Insurgency in Egypt ( 2013 -- present ) Syrian Civil War Turkish involvement in Syria Syrian War spillover in Lebanon Iraqi insurgency ( 2011 -- 13 ) Iraqi Civil War ( 2014 -- present ) Yemeni Crisis Taiz offensives This list includes post-Ottoman conflicts ( after 1918 ) of at least 100 fatalities each Prolonged conflicts are listed in the decade when initiated ; ongoing conflicts are marked italic and conflict with + 100,000 killed with bold . Armed conflicts involving the United States Armed Forces listed chronologically Domestic Shays ' Rebellion Whiskey Rebellion John Fries Rebellion German Coast Uprising Mormon War Dorr Rebellion Bleeding Kansas Utah War Civil War Brooks -- Baxter War Range War Lincoln County War Johnson County War Coal Creek War Homestead strike Battle of Blair Mountain Bonus Army Battle of Athens Foreign Revolutionary War Cherokee War of 1776 Northwest Indian War Cherokee War of 1786 Coldwater Indian War Cherokee - Franklin War of 1788 Southwest Territory Indian War Quasi-War First Barbary War Tecumseh 's War War of 1812 Creek War Second Barbary War First Seminole War First Sumatran expedition Second Seminole War Second Sumatran expedition Ivory Coast Expedition Mexican -- American War Jicarilla War Battle of the Diablo Mountains First Fiji Expedition Third Seminole War Second Opium War Antelope Hills expedition Battle of Little Robe Creek Second Fiji Expedition Battle of Pease River First Battle of Adobe Walls Formosa Expedition Korean Expedition Spanish -- American War Philippine -- American War Boxer Rebellion Santo Domingo Affair Mexican Revolution United States occupation of Nicaragua First United States occupation of Nicaragua United States occupation of Haiti United States occupation of the Dominican Republic World War I Russian Civil War Posey War Second United States occupation of Nicaragua World War II Korean War Vietnam War 1958 Lebanon crisis Laotian Civil War Bay of Pigs Invasion Communist insurgency in Thailand Korean DMZ Conflict Dominican Civil War Insurgency in Bolivia Cambodian Civil War Shaba II Operation Eagle Claw Gulf of Sidra incident Lebanese Civil War Operation Urgent Fury Action in the Gulf of Sidra Operation El Dorado Canyon Tanker War 1989 air battle near Tobruk Operation Just Cause Gulf War Iraqi no - fly zones Somali Civil War Bosnian War Operation Uphold Democracy Kosovo War Operation Infinite Reach USS Cole bombing Afghanistan War Al - Qaeda insurgency in Yemen Operation Enduring Freedom -- Horn of Africa Iraq War Second Liberian Civil War United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti War in North - West Pakistan Insurgency in the Maghreb Libyan Civil War Operation Enduring Freedom -- Philippines Intervention against ISIL Iraq Syria Cameroon Libya Yemeni Civil War Related articles List of conflicts in the U.S. List of wars involving the U.S. Timeline of U.S. military operations Length of U.S. participation in major wars Overseas expansion Military history Covert regime - change actions Casualties of war Peace movement List of anti-war organizations Conscientious objector War on Terror History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial 1776 -- 1789 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 1865 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 1945 1945 -- 1964 1964 -- 1980 1980 -- 1991 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women Category Portal Cold War USA USSR ANZUS NATO Non-Aligned Movement SEATO Warsaw Pact Cold War II 1940s Morgenthau Plan Hukbalahap Rebellion Dekemvriana Percentages agreement Yalta Conference Guerrilla war in the Baltic states Forest Brothers Operation Priboi Operation Jungle Occupation of the Baltic states Cursed soldiers Operation Unthinkable Operation Downfall Potsdam Conference Gouzenko Affair Division of Korea Operation Masterdom Operation Beleaguer Operation Blacklist Forty Iran crisis of 1946 Greek Civil War Baruch Plan Corfu Channel incident Turkish Straits crisis Restatement of Policy on Germany First Indochina War Truman Doctrine Asian Relations Conference May 1947 Crises Marshall Plan Comecon 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Tito -- Stalin Split Berlin Blockade Western betrayal Iron Curtain Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Chinese Civil War ( Second round ) Malayan Emergency Albanian Subversion 1950s Papua conflict Bamboo Curtain Korean War McCarthyism Algerian War Egyptian Revolution of 1952 1953 Iranian coup d'état Uprising of 1953 in East Germany Dirty War ( Mexico ) Bricker Amendment 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Partition of Vietnam Vietnam War First Taiwan Strait Crisis Geneva Summit ( 1955 ) Bandung Conference Poznań 1956 protests Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Suez Crisis `` We will bury you '' Operation Gladio Arab Cold War Syrian Crisis of 1957 1958 Lebanon crisis Iraqi 14 July Revolution Sputnik crisis Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 1959 Tibetan uprising Cuban Revolution Kitchen Debate Sino - Soviet split 1960s Congo Crisis Simba rebellion 1960 U-2 incident Bay of Pigs Invasion 1960 Turkish coup d'état Soviet -- Albanian split Berlin Crisis of 1961 Berlin Wall Portuguese Colonial War Angolan War of Independence Guinea - Bissau War of Independence Mozambican War of Independence Cuban Missile Crisis Sino - Indian War Communist insurgency in Sarawak Iraqi Ramadan Revolution Eritrean War of Independence Sand War North Yemen Civil War Aden Emergency 1963 Syrian coup d'état Vietnam War Shifta War Guatemalan Civil War Colombian conflict Nicaraguan Revolution 1964 Brazilian coup d'état Dominican Civil War South African Border War Transition to the New Order Domino theory ASEAN Declaration Laotian Civil War 1966 Syrian coup d'état Argentine Revolution Korean DMZ Conflict Greek military junta of 1967 -- 74 Years of Lead ( Italy ) USS Pueblo incident Six - Day War War of Attrition Dhofar Rebellion Al - Wadiah War Nigerian Civil War Protests of 1968 French May Tlatelolco massacre Cultural Revolution Prague Spring 1968 Polish political crisis Communist insurgency in Malaysia Invasion of Czechoslovakia Iraqi Ba'athist Revolution 1969 Libyan coup d'état Goulash Communism Sino - Soviet border conflict CPP -- NPA -- NDF rebellion Corrective Move 1970s Détente Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Black September in Jordan Corrective Movement ( Syria ) Cambodian Civil War Koza riot Realpolitik Ping - pong diplomacy Uganda -- Tanzania War 1971 Turkish military memorandum Corrective Revolution ( Egypt ) Four Power Agreement on Berlin Bangladesh Liberation War 1972 Nixon visit to China North Yemen - South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 Yemenite War of 1972 Communist insurgency in Bangladesh NDF Rebellion Eritrean Civil Wars 1973 Chilean coup d'état Yom Kippur War 1973 oil crisis Carnation Revolution Spanish transition Metapolitefsi Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Rhodesian Bush War Angolan Civil War Mozambican Civil War Oromo conflict Ogaden War Ethiopian Civil War Lebanese Civil War Sino - Albanian split Cambodian -- Vietnamese War Sino - Vietnamese War Operation Condor Dirty War ( Argentina ) 1976 Argentine coup d'état German Autumn Korean Air Lines Flight 902 Yemenite War of 1979 Grand Mosque seizure Iranian Revolution Saur Revolution New Jewel Movement 1979 Herat uprising Seven Days to the River Rhine Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union 1980s Soviet -- Afghan War 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 1980 Turkish coup d'état Peruvian conflict Casamance conflict Ugandan Bush War Lord 's Resistance Army insurgency Eritrean Civil Wars 1982 Ethiopian -- Somali Border War Ndogboyosoi War United States invasion of Grenada Able Archer 83 Star Wars Iran -- Iraq War Somali Rebellion 1986 Black Sea incident 1988 Black Sea bumping incident South Yemen Civil War Bougainville Civil War 8888 Uprising Solidarity Soviet reaction Contras Central American crisis RYAN Korean Air Lines Flight 007 People Power Revolution Glasnost Perestroika Nagorno - Karabakh War Afghan Civil War United States invasion of Panama 1988 Polish strikes Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 Revolutions of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall Velvet Revolution Romanian Revolution Peaceful Revolution Die Wende 1990s Mongolian Revolution of 1990 German reunification Yemeni unification Fall of communism in Albania Breakup of Yugoslavia Dissolution of the Soviet Union Dissolution of Czechoslovakia Frozen conflicts Abkhazia China - Taiwan Korea Nagorno - Karabakh South Ossetia Transnistria Sino - Indian border dispute North Borneo dispute Foreign policy Truman Doctrine Containment Eisenhower Doctrine Domino theory Hallstein Doctrine Kennedy Doctrine Peaceful coexistence Ostpolitik Johnson Doctrine Brezhnev Doctrine Nixon Doctrine Ulbricht Doctrine Carter Doctrine Reagan Doctrine Rollback Sovereignty of Puerto Rico during the Cold War Ideologies Capitalism Chicago school Keynesianism Monetarism Neoclassical economics Reaganomics Supply - side economics Thatcherism Communism Marxism -- Leninism Castroism Eurocommunism Guevarism Hoxhaism Juche Maoism Trotskyism Naxalism Stalinism Titoism Other Fascism Islamism Liberal democracy Social democracy Third - Worldism White supremacy Apartheid Organizations ASEAN CIA Comecon EEC KGB MI6 Non-Aligned Movement SAARC Safari Club Stasi Propaganda Active measures Crusade for Freedom Izvestia Pravda Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty Red Scare TASS Voice of America Voice of Russia Races Arms race Nuclear arms race Space Race See also Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War Soviet espionage in the United States Soviet Union -- United States relations USSR -- USA summits Russian espionage in the United States American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation Russia -- NATO relations Brinkmanship CIA and the Cultural Cold War Cold War II Category Commons Portal Timeline List of conflicts BNF : cb12181105h ( data ) GND : 4243780 - 5 LCCN : sh91001459 NARA : 10644531 NDL : 00966493 NKC : ph127339 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gulf_War&oldid=854208318 '' Categories : Gulf War 1990 in the United States 1991 in the United States 1990 in the Soviet Union 1991 in the Soviet Union 1990 in Iraq 1991 in Iraq 1990 in Saudi Arabia 1991 in Saudi Arabia 1990 in Kuwait 1991 in Kuwait 20th - century military history of the United States Operations involving special forces United States Marine Corps in the 20th century Wars involving Argentina Wars involving Australia Wars involving Bahrain Wars involving Bangladesh Wars involving Belgium Wars involving Canada Wars involving Czechoslovakia Wars involving Denmark Wars involving Egypt Wars involving France Wars involving Greece Wars involving Hungary Wars involving Iraq Wars involving Italy Wars involving Kuwait Wars involving Morocco Wars involving the Netherlands Wars involving New Zealand Wars involving Niger Wars involving Norway Wars involving Oman Wars involving Pakistan Wars involving Poland Wars involving Qatar Wars involving Saudi Arabia Wars involving Senegal Wars involving South Korea Wars involving the Soviet Union Wars involving Spain Wars involving Sweden Wars involving Syria Wars involving the United Arab Emirates Wars involving the United Kingdom Wars involving the United States DEFCON 2 Conflicts Proxy wars Presidency of George H.W. 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important result of the persian gulf war of 1990

Gulf War Clockwise from top : USAF F - 15Es , F - 16s , and a F - 15C flying over burning Kuwaiti oil wells ; British troops from the Staffordshire Regiment in Operation Granby ; camera view from a Lockheed AC - 130 ; Highway of Death ; M728 Combat Engineer Vehicle . Date Invasion of Kuwait 2 -- 4 August 1990 Operation Desert Storm 17 January -- 28 February 1991 ( 1 month , 1 week and 4 days ) Location Iraq , Kuwait , Saudi Arabia , Israel , and the Persian Gulf Result Coalition victory Iraqi forces expelled from Kuwait Kuwaiti monarchy restored Destruction of Iraqi and Kuwaiti infrastructure Failed Shia / Kurdish uprisings against the Iraqi government Saddam Hussein regime of the Iraqi Baathist government retains power in Iraq UN sanctions against Iraq Iraqi no - fly zones established United Nations Security Council Resolution 687 establishes cease - fire terms , beginning of the Iraq disarmament timeline 1990 -- 2003 Territorial changes Republic of Kuwait and the Kuwait Governorate of the de facto 19th governorate of Iraq returned to the State of Kuwait Iraqi Kurdistan obtains autonomy , establishment of the northern Iraq no fly zone by the US Belligerents Kuwait United States United Kingdom France Saudi Arabia Coalition forces ( show ) Egypt Syria Morocco Oman Pakistan Canada United Arab Emirates Qatar Bangladesh Italy Australia Netherlands Niger Philippines Sweden Argentina Senegal Spain Bahrain Belgium Poland South Korea Singapore Norway Czechoslovakia Greece Denmark New Zealand Hungary Supported by : Soviet Union Iraq Supported by : Yemen PLO Commanders and leaders Sheikh Jaber Al Ahmad Sheikh Saad Al Abdullah George Bush Dick Cheney Colin Powell Norman Schwarzkopf John J. Yeosock Walter E. Boomer Charles Horner Stanley Arthur J. William Kime King Fahd Saleh Al - Muhaya Khalid bin Sultan Margaret Thatcher John Major Peter de la Billière Brian Mulroney Hussain Muhammad Ershad Shahabuddin Ahmed François Mitterrand Michel Roquejeoffre Saddam Hussein Tariq Aziz Ali Hassan al - Majid Izzat Ibrahim al - Douri Salah Aboud Mahmoud Hussein Kamel al - Majid Abid Hamid Mahmud Strength 956,600 , including 700,000 US troops 650,000 soldiers Casualties and losses Coalition : 292 killed ( 147 killed by enemy action , 145 non-hostile deaths ) 467 wounded in action 776 wounded 31 tanks destroyed / disabled 28 Bradley IFVs destroyed / damaged 1 M113 APC destroyed 2 British Warrior APCs destroyed 1 Artillery Piece destroyed 75 Aircraft destroyed Kuwait : 4,200 killed 12,000 captured ≈ 200 tanks destroyed / captured 850 + other armored vehicles destroyed / captured 57 aircraft lost At least 8 aircraft captured ( Mirage F1s ) 17 ships sunk , 6 captured Iraqi : 25,000 -- 50,000 killed 75,000 + wounded 80,000 captured 3,300 tanks destroyed 2,100 APCs destroyed 2,200 Artillery Pieces destroyed 110 Aircraft destroyed 137 Aircraft escaped to Iran 19 naval ships sunk , 6 damaged Kuwaiti civilian losses : Over 1,000 killed 600 missing people Iraqi civilian losses : About 3,664 killed Other civilian losses : 300 civilians killed , more injured

Death by natural causes - Wikipedia Death by natural causes `` Natural death '' redirects here . For Horse the Band 's album , see A Natural Death . `` Natural causes '' redirects here . For other uses , see Natural causes ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A death by natural causes , as recorded by coroners and on death certificates and associated documents , is the end result of an illness or an internal malfunction of the body not directly caused by external forces , typically due to old age . This is especially true when an elderly person has several different conditions or diseases , but where it appears that none of them alone or together may clearly lead to the death , and it is uncertain which condition was the final factor causing death . Contrary to the statement before , everything is natural at some point . For example , a person dying from complications from influenza ( an infection ) or a heart attack ( an internal body malfunction ) or sudden heart failure would be listed as having died from natural causes . Health departments discourage listing old age as the cause of death because doing so does not benefit public health or medical research . Old age is not a scientifically recognized cause of death ; there is always a more direct cause , although it may be unknown in certain cases and could be one of a number of aging - associated diseases . By contrast , death caused by active intervention is called unnatural death . The `` unnatural '' causes are usually given as accident ( implying no unreasonable voluntary risk ) , misadventure ( accident following a willful and dangerous risk , which can include drug or alcohol overdose ) , suicide , or homicide . In some settings , other categories may be added . For example , a prison may track the deaths of inmates caused by acute intoxication separately . Additionally , a cause of death can be recorded as `` undetermined '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Reporting Causes of Death for the Elderly '' ( PDF ) . Oregon Health Authority . Retrieved 15 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Clifton D. ( 2003 ) . Handbook of death & dying . Thousand Oaks : Sage Publications . p. 968 . ISBN 0 - 7619 - 2514 - 7 . Jump up ^ Stark , Martha ( 2000 ) . A physician 's guide to clinical forensic medicine . Totowa , NJ : Humana Press . p. 225 . ISBN 0 - 89603 - 742 - 8 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Brian ( 21 December 2009 ) . `` What , Exactly , Are `` Natural Causes '' ? `` . Slate.com . External links ( edit ) Death by Natural Causes Bristol Royal Infirmary Inquiry , Annex A : ' Unnatural death ' and ' death by natural causes ' Actual Causes of Death in the US , 2000 Death Outline In medicine Cell death Necrosis Avascular necrosis Coagulative necrosis Liquefactive necrosis Gangrenous necrosis Caseous necrosis Fat necrosis Fibrinoid necrosis Temporal lobe necrosis Programmed cell death AICD Anoikis Apoptosis Autophagy Intrinsic apoptosis Necroptosis Paraptosis Parthanatos Phenoptosis Pseudoapoptosis Pyroptosis Autolysis Autoschizis Eschar Immunogenic cell death Ischemic cell death Pyknosis Karyorrhexis Karyolysis Mitotic catastrophe Suicide gene Abortion Accidental death Autopsy Brain death Brainstem death Clinical death DOA Death by natural causes Death rattle Dysthanasia End - of - life care Euthanasia Lazarus sign Lazarus syndrome Medical definition of death Organ donation Terminal illness Unnatural death Lists Causes of death by rate Expressions related to death Natural disasters People by cause of death Premature obituaries Preventable causes of death Notable deaths by year Unusual deaths TV actors who died during production Mortality Birthday effect Child mortality Gompertz -- Makeham law of mortality Holiday effect Immortality Biological Digital Infant mortality Karōshi Maternal death Maternal mortality in fiction Memento mori Micromort Mortality displacement Mortality rate RAMR Mortality salience Perinatal mortality After death Body Stages Pallor mortis Algor mortis Rigor mortis Livor mortis Putrefaction Decomposition Skeletonization Fossilization Preservation Cryopreservation Cryonics Neuropreservation Embalming Maceration Mummification Plastination Prosection Taxidermy Disposal Burial Bed burial Burial at sea Chariot burial Jar burial Natural burial Premature burial Secondary burial Ship burial Sky burial Space burial Cannibalism Cremation Dismemberment Excarnation Promession Resomation Beating heart cadaver Body donation Cadaveric spasm Coffin birth Death erection Dissection Gibbeting Postmortem caloricity Post-mortem interval Other aspects Afterlife Cemetery Consciousness Customs Death mask Eternal oblivion Examination Funeral Grief Intermediate state Internet Mourning Obituary Resurrection Taboo on the dead Vigil Paranormal Ghosts Near - death experience Near - death studies Necromancy Out - of - body experience Reincarnation research Séance Legal Abortion law Administration Capital punishment Cause of death Civil death Coroner Death - qualified jury Death certificate Declared death in absentia Death row Dying declaration Faked death Inquest Legal death Murder Prohibition of death Right to die Suspicious death Trust law Will Fields Forensic pathology Funeral director Mortuary science Necrobiology Post-mortem chemistry Post-mortem photography Taphonomy Biostratinomy Thanatology Other Apparent death Dark tourism Darwin Awards Dead pool Death and culture Death anniversary Death anxiety Death deity Personification of death Dying - and - rising god Psychopomp Death camp Death drive Death education Death from laughter Death hoax Death knell Death march Death messenger Death notification Death panel Death poem Death pose Death - positive movement Death squad Death threat Death trajectory Dignified death Extinction Fan death Festival of the Dead Fascination with death Homicide Information - theoretic death Last rites Martyr Megadeath Museum of Death Necronym Necrophilia Necrophobia The Order of the Good Death Predation Sacrifice human animal Spiritual death Suicide Assisted suicide Thanatosensitivity Undead Voodoo death Portal WikiProject This death - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Death_by_natural_causes&oldid=843505503 '' Categories : Causes of death Medical terminology Death stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2016 All articles needing additional references All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Eesti Euskara فارسی Gàidhlig 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Polski Русский Simple English 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 15 : 52 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

what does it mean if someone dies of natural causes

A death by natural causes , as recorded by coroners and on death certificates and associated documents , is the end result of an illness or an internal malfunction of the body not directly caused by external forces , typically due to old age . This is especially true when an elderly person has several different conditions or diseases , but where it appears that none of them alone or together may clearly lead to the death , and it is uncertain which condition was the final factor causing death . Contrary to the statement before , everything is natural at some point . For example , a person dying from complications from influenza ( an infection ) or a heart attack ( an internal body malfunction ) or sudden heart failure would be listed as having died from natural causes . Health departments discourage listing old age as the cause of death because doing so does not benefit public health or medical research . Old age is not a scientifically recognized cause of death ; there is always a more direct cause , although it may be unknown in certain cases and could be one of a number of aging - associated diseases .

List of tallest buildings in Miami - wikipedia List of tallest buildings in Miami The Downtown Miami skyline in May 2011 with the bayfront buildings tagged . Brickell skyline from the south showing the previously tallest Four Seasons Hotel and Tower center Downtown viewed from the north in 2011 . Downtown and Brickell skyline from the west in 2012 . The U.S. city of Miami , Florida has the country 's third - tallest skyline with over 300 high - rises , 70 of which stand taller than 400 feet ( 120 m ) , mainly according to Emporis , SkyscraperPage , and The Skyscraper Center , which is the online database of the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat . The tallest building in the city is the 85 - story Panorama Tower , which rises 868 feet ( 265 m ) in Miami 's Brickell district and on March 24 , 2017 surpassed all other buildings in height . It is to be completed by the end of 2017 . Eight of the ten tallest buildings in Florida are located in Miami . By 2020 there will be 10 more buildings in Miami with more than 65 stories each . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 History 1.2 Present 1.3 FAA height limits 2 Tallest buildings list 2.1 Summary 2.2 Tallest buildings in each neighborhood 3 Tallest under construction or approved 3.1 Under construction 3.2 Approved 4 Timeline of tallest buildings 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) History ( edit ) Miami 's history of high - rises began with the 1912 completion of the six -- story Burdine 's Department Store , although the Freedom Tower , built in 1925 , is Miami 's best - known early skyscraper and remains an icon of the city . From the mid-1990s through the late 2000s , Miami went through the largest building boom in the city 's history . In what was dubbed a `` Manhattanization wave '' , there were nearly 60 structures proposed , approved or under construction in the city that were planned to rise over 492 feet ( 150 m ) in height . As a result of the construction boom , only two of the city 's 25 tallest buildings were completed before the year 2000 , and the city has one of largest skylines in the United States , generally ranking only behind New York City and Chicago . The boom , however , ended abruptly around 2008 when the real estate market crashed and the late - 2000s recession began . By 2011 the market began to return , with new office and condominium projects such as Brickell House announced for construction beginning in 2012 . This was followed by a second boom that is currently active As of January 2018 . This second boom has more proposed towers for the region than were built in the first boom from 2003 to 2010 . Only 10 buildings out of 75 on the list were built before 2000 , and only 18 were built before 2005 . Present ( edit ) The tallest skyscraper currently under construction is Panorama Tower in Brickell . It has reached the height taller than any other building in Miami , ( Aug 2017 ) and will continue to rise . The tallest active proposals include One Bayfront Plaza ( OBP ) and One Brickell City Centre ( OBCC ) , both of which may rise over 1,000 feet ( 305 m ) . One Bayfront Plaza is a mixed - use building proposed for 100 South Biscayne Boulevard , approved for construction since 2007 , and scheduled to be completed as early as 2018 . Since then , it has gone through several design changes and does not have a reliable construction date . By the end of 2016 , there were about ten proposals for supertall buildings in downtown and Brickell . In addition to OBCC and OPB , these included The Towers by Foster + Partners , One MiamiCentral , 300 Biscayne , Capital at Brickell ( CCCC Miami ) , World Trade Center of the Americas , Skyrise ( tower ) , as well as the more speculative Sky Plaza and One Fifth . FAA height limits ( edit ) One Bayfront Plaza was for many years the tallest building ever to be approved for construction in the city , at the maximum FAA height limit of 1,049 feet ( 320 m ) , though several other buildings were approved at similar heights in the mid-2010s . It was later reduced and is expected to rise 1,010 feet ( 308 m ) , with 80 floors . It also has the distinction of being the first skyscraper over 1,000 feet ( 305 m ) , known as a `` supertall '' , to be approved in Miami . Several other buildings have been proposed to rise over 1,000 feet ( 305 m ) , including One Brickell City Centre , but have been reduced by the FAA . Approvals for comparably tall buildings in Miami are very rare due to the proximity of Miami International Airport ( MIA ) . The main runways of MIA align planes taking off and landing directly over the greater downtown area , and for this reason the Federal Aviation Administration sets precise height limits for construction in Downtown Miami . The fate of high rise construction in Miami was greatly threatened by a `` One Engine Inoperative '' ( OEI ) policy proposed by the FAA in 2014 . This proposal would drastically reduce the maximum permitted height of structures around 388 airports in the country , even causing existing structures to be modified . In the end , the FAA did not go forward with the extreme limitations and even began giving quicker approvals to buildings with heights up to 1,049 feet ( 320 m ) above sea level , leading to many proposed and approved supertall projects . Tallest buildings list ( edit ) This lists ranks the tallest buildings in Miami that stand at least 400 ft ( or 122m ) tall , based on standard height measurement . This includes spires and architectural details but does not include antenna masts . An equals sign ( = ) following a rank indicates the same height between two or more buildings . The `` Year '' column indicates the year in which a building was completed or topped - out . Where applicable , floor counts are given by the observed measurements , as reported floor counts may include many skipped floors , not limited to floor 13 . Rank Name Image Height ft ( m ) Floors Year Neighborhood Notes Panorama Tower 868 ( 265 ) 82 2017 Brickell Tallest building in Miami and Florida since 2017 . 40th tallest in United States Four Seasons Hotel Miami 781 ( 238 ) 70 2003 Brickell 68th - tallest in the United States ; had been the tallest building in Miami and Florida since 2003 . Tallest building built in Miami and Florida in the 2000s . The building 's total Building Area stands at 690,000 sq. ft . Southeast Financial Center 764 ( 233 ) 55 1984 Downtown Tallest all - office building in the city and the state ; tallest building built in Miami in the 1980s . The building has won the TOBY Building of the Year Award in 1990 , 1996 and 1999 , and in 1997 was chosen by the Wall Street Journal as one of the 50 best buildings in the US . Most floors have 9 corner offices , with the top twelve floors having as many as 16 . One Thousand Museum 712 ( 216 ) 62 2018 Park West 83 - unit residential condominium tower . The tower was designed by world - renowned architect Zaha Hadid . Construction began in December 2014 . Marquis 679 ( 207 ) 63 2009 Park West 5 900 Biscayne Bay 650 ( 198 ) 63 2008 Park West Tallest all - residential skyscraper in Miami and Florida . 6 Wells Fargo Center 647 ( 197 ) 47 Downtown Formerly known as Met 2 Financial Center 7 SLS Lux 24.0 648 ( 198 ) 57 2017 Brickell This is the third tower in the Brickell Heights development project . Construction began in 2015 and will include 450 condominiums and a 60 - room SLS Hotel . Site work began in June 2014 . 8 Echo Brickell 01.0 635 ( 193 ) 57 2017 Brickell Announced in Spring 2013 . Topped out early 2017 . 9 Mint at Riverfront 631 ( 192.3 ) 55 2008 Downtown 10 Infinity at Brickell 630 ( 192 ) 52 2008 Brickell 11 Miami Tower 625 ( 191 ) 47 1986 Downtown Designed by I.M. Pei & Partners . Formerly known as CenTrust Tower and Bank of America Tower . The building contains the Knight Center Metromover station . 216 ultra-modern LED fixtures placed on the setbacks and rooftops of neighboring blocks light the tower in multicolored displays . 12 Marinablue 615 ( 187 ) 57 2007 Park West 13 Plaza on Brickell Tower I 610 ( 186 ) 56 2007 Brickell 14 Epic 601 ( 183 ) 54 2009 Downtown 15 SLS Brickell 24.0 599 ( 183 ) 52 2016 Brickell Announced in Fall 2012 . Construction began in January 2014 , topped - out by early 2016 for late 2016 occupancy . 16 = Icon Brickell North Tower 586 ( 179 ) 58 2008 Brickell 16 = Icon Brickell South Tower 586 ( 179 ) 58 2008 Brickell 18 Ten Museum Park 585 ( 178 ) 50 2007 Park West 19 Paramount Bay at Edgewater Square 555 ( 169 ) 47 2009 Edgewater Designed by Arquitectonica Architects , Creative Vision by Lenny Kravitz for Kravitz Design Inc . 20 = 50 Biscayne 554 ( 169 ) 55 2007 Downtown 20 = Quantum on the Bay South Tower 554 ( 169 ) 52 2008 Omni Tallest building in Omni 22 Biscayne Beach 24.0 550 ( 168 ) 51 2016 Edgewater Residential apartment tower began construction in May 2014 . Tower will have 399 units and a private `` beach club . '' Topped of summer 2016 . 23 Brickell Heights Tower I 24.0 549 ( 167 ) 52 2016 - 2017 Brickell Formerly announced in 2006 as Premiere Towers . The project was cancelled by the Great Recession and re-announced in October 2013 as a twin 690 unit residential tower . Construction began in June 2014 . 24 = 1010 Brickell 548 ( 167 ) 50 2016 Brickell 352 - unit residential condominium tower . The tower is to be built on the current parking garage of the 1010 Brickell office building . The tower is set to begin construction with the demolition of the existing parking garage by Spring 2014 . 24 = Paraíso Bay Tower I 24.0 548 ( 167 ) 55 2016 Edgewater Announced in early 2013 . Part of Paraiso Bay complex . Approved in July 2013 . This twin residential tower project is located on NE 31st Street on the Biscayne Bay waterfront . Site work construction began June 2014 . 26 Opera Tower 543 ( 165 ) 56 2007 Omni 27 Viceroy 542 ( 165 ) 50 2008 Brickell 28 = Vizcayne North Tower 538 ( 164 ) 50 2008 Downtown 28 = Vizcayne South Tower 538 ( 164 ) 49 2008 Downtown 30 Quantum on the Bay North Tower 536 ( 163 ) 45 2008 Omni 31 Brickell Heights Tower II 24.0 529 ( 161 ) 52 2016 - 2017 Brickell Formerly announced in 2006 as Premiere Towers . The project was cancelled by the Great Recession and re-announced in October 2013 as a twin 690 unit residential tower . Construction began in June 2014 and topped out fall 2016 . 32 Jade at Brickell Bay 528 ( 161 ) 48 Brickell 33 Plaza on Brickell Tower II 525 ( 160 ) 48 2007 Brickell 34 = Santa Maria 520 ( 158 ) 51 Brickell Tallest building constructed in Miami in the 1990s 34 = Rise 520 ( 158 ) 46 2015 Brickell Brickell City Centre project also includes construction of 48,310 m2 ( 520,000 ft2 ) of retail , and two office towers with a height of 80 meters ( 262 feet ) each . 36 EAST 516 ( 158 ) 44 2015 Brickell Project also includes construction of 48,310 m2 ( 520,000 ft2 ) of retail , and two office towers with a height of 80 meters ( 262 feet ) each . 37 The Ivy 512 ( 156 ) 45 2008 Downtown 38 Stephen P. Clark Government Center 510 ( 155 ) 28 1985 Downtown Also known as Government Center and Miami - Dade Center 39 Brickell House 509 ( 155 ) 48 2014 Brickell Building topped out in January 2014 . 40 Reach 503 ( 153 ) 44 2015 Brickell Brickell City Centre project also includes construction of 48,310 m2 ( 520,000 ft2 ) of retail , and two office towers with a height of 80 meters ( 262 feet ) each . 41 JW Marriott Marquis Miami 502 ( 153 ) 41 Downtown Connected to the Wells Fargo Center . 42 Wind 501 ( 153 ) 41 2008 Downtown 43 1450 Brickell 500 ( 152 ) 34 Brickell Formerly known as Park Place at Brickell II . 1450 Brickell has been certified GOLD by The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design ( LEED ) Green Building Rating System . 44 One Biscayne Tower 492 ( 150 ) 39 1973 Downtown Tallest building built in Miami in the 1970s . Surpassed as tallest by Wachovia Financial Center ( now Southeast Financial Center ) in 1984 . 45 The Bond at Brickell 24.0 491 ( 150 ) 44 2015 Brickell 323 - unit residential tower at 1080 Brickell Avenue . Announced in Fall 2012 . Broke ground in January 2014 . 46 Brickell Arch 487 ( 148 ) 36 Brickell US headquarters of Espirito Santo Bank . The building also contains a Conrad Hotel and 116 luxury condos . Designed by Kohn Pederson Fox Associates , the front façade features a concaved arch intended to symbolize the gateway to Latin America . 47 = Brickell World Plaza 484 ( 148 ) 40 2011 Brickell Topped out in early 2009 ; previously known as Brickell Financial Centre I 47 = Miami Center 484 ( 148 ) 34 Downtown 49 Asia 483 ( 147 ) 36 2008 Brickell Key Tallest building on Brickell Key . 50 Brickell on the River North Tower 482 ( 147 ) 42 2006 Brickell 51 = Three Tequesta Point 480 ( 146 ) 46 2001 Brickell Key 51 = Avenue on Brickell East Tower 480 ( 146 ) 47 2007 Brickell 53 Latitude on the River 476 ( 145 ) 44 2007 Brickell 54 1100 Millecento 470 ( 143 ) 42 2015 Brickell Residential tower with 382 condominiums located at 1100 South Miami Avenue . Construction began in September 2012 . Topped off in early 2014 . 55 Melody 467 ( 142 ) 36 2016 Omni Located at 245 NE 14th Street , across from the Arsht Center . Construction began in May 2014 . Will include 497 apartments , 591 parking spaces , and 10,000 square feet of commercial space for ground floor restaurants . Topped out January 2016 . 56 One Miami East Tower 460 ( 140 ) 44 2005 Downtown 57 701 Brickell Avenue 450 ( 137 ) 33 1986 Brickell Formerly known as The Lincoln Center 58 One Miami West Tower 449 ( 137 ) 45 2005 Downtown 59 Icon Bay 448 ( 137 ) 42 2015 Edgewater Residential tower with 300 apartments located at 452 NE 29th Street . Construction began in September 2012 . Topped off in July 2014 . 60 Met 1 440 ( 134 ) 40 2007 Downtown 61 The Loft 2 433 ( 132 ) 35 2007 Downtown The Loft 2 straddles the Metromover , being built with a 7 - story clearance over the rail and without disrupting train service during construction . 62 Sabadell Financial Center 430 ( 131 ) 31 2000 Brickell Also known as Barclays Financial Center ; formerly known as Mellon Financial Center 63 Centro Lofts 24.0 428 ( 130 ) 36 2015 Downtown Announced in Fall 2012 . Construction began in December 2013 . Topped out in 2015 , opening in 2016 . 64 = 500 Brickell East Tower 426 ( 130 ) 42 2007 Brickell 64 = 500 Brickell West Tower 426 ( 130 ) 42 2007 Brickell 66 Blue on the Bay 425 ( 130 ) 36 2005 Edgewater 67 = Vue at Brickell 423 ( 129 ) 36 Brickell 67 = 1800 Club 423 ( 129 ) 40 2007 Omni 67 = Brickell on the River South Tower 423 ( 129 ) 42 2007 Brickell 70 The Mark on Brickell 420 ( 128 ) 36 2001 Brickell 71 = Axis at Brickell Village North Tower 418 ( 127 ) 40 2008 Brickell 71 = Axis at Brickell Village South Tower 418 ( 127 ) 40 2008 Brickell 73 One Broadway 413 ( 126 ) 40 2005 Brickell Formerly known as Park Place at Brickell 74 The Club at Brickell Bay 411 ( 125 ) 42 Brickell Also known as Brickell Bay Plaza 75 Two Tequesta Point 410 ( 125 ) 40 1999 Brickell Key 76 Carbonell Condominium 407 ( 124 ) 40 2005 Brickell Key 77 Courthouse Center 405 ( 123 ) 30 1986 Downtown 78 The Palace 400 ( 122 ) 42 1981 Brickell Brickell skyline as seen from the Rusty Pelican in 2014 . Downtown and Brickell Key visible to the right . Downtown skyline as seen in 2011 from the Port of Miami . Summary ( edit ) ≥ 1,000 ft ≥ 900 ft ≥ 800 ft ≥ 700 ft ≥ 600 ft ≥ 500 ft ≥ 400 ft Total 0 0 11 29 35 78 Tallest buildings in each neighborhood ( edit ) This lists the tallest building in each neighborhood , district , or sub-district of Miami . Note that all buildings over 400 feet ( 120 m ) are within the Greater Downtown area between the Julia Tuttle Causeway and Rickenbacker Causeway , east of Interstate 95 . The `` Year '' column indicates the year in which a building was completed or topped - out for still under construction or stalled buildings . District Name Height ft ( m ) Floors Year Source Brickell Panorama Tower 868 ( 265 ) 82 2017 Central Business District ( downtown ) Southeast Financial Center 764 ( 233 ) 55 1984 Park West Marquis Miami 679 ( 207 ) 63 2009 Omni Quantum on the Bay 554 ( 169 ) 52 2008 Edgewater Paramount Bay at Edgewater Square 555 ( 169 ) 47 2009 Brickell Key Asia 483 ( 147 ) 36 2008 Tallest under construction or approved ( edit ) All of the planned high - rise buildings that were not constructed by the 2008 financial crisis were either put on hold or cancelled altogether until 2011 as the market was becoming stable once again . Under construction ( edit ) This lists buildings that are currently under construction in Miami and are planned to rise at least 400 feet ( 122 m ) . Buildings that have already been topped out are moved to the main list . Name Height ft ( m ) Floors Year * ( est . ) Neighborhood Notes Aston Martin Residences 01.0 817 ( 249 ) 66 2021 Downtown Will contain 391 condominiums and be one of Miami 's tallest buildings when completed . Brickell Flatiron 01.0 793 ( 242 ) 65 2018 Brickell Residential tower with 549 condominiums and 3,716 square meters of ground floor retail . Site is located on the corner of South Miami Avenue and Brickell Plaza . Typical of Miami residential construction , financing will use the Latin American finance method . Construction began in March 2016 . Paramount Miami Worldcenter 748 ( 228 ) Unknown 2019 Park West Residential tower with 444 apartments as part of the Miami World Center development . Broke ground in late 2015 . One Thousand Museum 03.0 721 ( 219 ) 62 2017 Park West 83 - unit residential condominium tower . The tower was designed by world - renowned architect Zaha Hadid . Construction began in December 2014 . Missoni Baia 01.0 649 ( 198 ) 57 2021 Edgewater Construction began in October 2017 . Elysee 01.0 644 ( 196 ) 57 2018 Edgewater Construction began in March 2017 . One Paraíso 24.0 600 ( 183 ) 55 2017 Edgewater Announced in early 2013 . Part of Paraiso Bay complex . Approved in July 2013 . This twin residential tower project is located on NE 31st Street on the Biscayne Bay waterfront . Site work construction began June 2014 . GranParaíso 24.0 548 ( 167 ) 55 2017 Edgewater Announced in early 2013 as part of Pariso Bay complex . Approved in July 2013 . This twin residential tower project is located on NE 31st Street on the Biscayne Bay waterfront . Site work construction began June 2014 . Solitair Brickell 555 ( 169 ) 50 2017 Brickell 438 - unit residential condominium tower . The tower is being built where the parking garage of the Brickell Bayview Center office building had been located . Construction began in July 2015 . Met Square 24.0 545 ( 166 ) 42 2017 Downtown 391 - unit rental apartment tower . Tower will contain restaurant space and 1,778 - seat movie theatre . The tower will also contain a Tequesta Indian display after artifacts and structures of the tribe were unearthed at the site . Construction began in July 2015 . Aria On The Bay 03.0 535 ( 163 ) 50 2017 Omni 647 Unit condo tower by Melo Group . Construction began in April 2015 . Paraiso Bayviews 500 ( 152 ) 44 2018 Edgewater Construction began in 2015 . Part of Paraiso Bay complex . Seventh Street Apartments Tower I 24.0 442 ( 135 ) 43 2018 Downtown Part of the Miami World Center Development . Construction began in June 2017 . Seventh Street Apartments Tower II 24.0 413 ( 126 ) 40 2018 Downtown Part of the Miami World Center Development . Construction began in June 2017 . 300 Biscayne Rentals 24.0 409 ( 125 ) 36 2018 Downtown Also known as Vice . Construction began in 2016 . Canvas 24.0 403 ( 123 ) 37 2018 Omni Construction began in 2017 . * Table entries with dashes ( -- ) indicate that information regarding expected building dates of completion has not yet been released . Approved ( edit ) This list contains buildings that are approved by the city for construction and are planned to rise at least 400 feet ( 122 m ) . Many of these buildings were approved during the 2000s Miami Skyscraper Boom , but were put on hold during the Great Recession and have been announced to start construction in 2013 and early 2014 . Name Image Height ft / m Floors Year ( est . ) Neighborhood Notes & References One Brickell City Centre 01.0 1,049 ( 320 ) 82 2020 Brickell Announced in November 2013 . Since its approval in 2014 , the tower would be the 12th - tallest tower in the United States upon completion , the 64th - tallest in the world , and the tallest American tower in terms of roof height outside of New York City and Chicago . One Bayfront Plaza 01.0 1,049 ( 320 ) 92 2020s Downtown Miami Announced in 2010 . One Bayfront Plaza would be the tallest office tower in Miami and Florida . SkyRise Miami 01.0 990 ( 301 ) 2018 Downtown Announced in November 2013 . SkyRise Miami will be an observation tower . While not a habitable building , towers may be included for comparison purposes ; however , they are not ranked . 18 954 ( 291 ) 78 n / a Brickell Announced in 2016 North Squared 520 ( 158 ) 45 2017 Brickell Announced in Spring 2012 . Phase I of BCC has broken ground and consists of a shopping center , 2 residential towers , smaller office and a wellness center . This property is part of an approved Phase II at the vacant site between SE 5th and 6th streets , and is not yet under construction . Elysee 649 ( 198 ) Unknown 2018 Edgewater The tower is soon to start construction before the end of 2016 . Marriott Marquis at Miami World Center 635 ( 194 ) 55 2017 Park West 1,800 room Marriott Marquis hotel to be built at 700 North Miami Avenue as part of the Miami World Center development . Will include a convention center and a 1,500 theatre . Official height of building and floor count has not been publicized . To break ground in late 2014 . Miami World Center Residential Tower II 450 + ( 137 + ) Unknown 2017 Park West Residential tower with approximately 400 apartments as part of the Miami World Center development . To break ground in late 2014 . Miami World Center Residential Tower III ~ 450 ( ~ 137 ) 40 2017 Park West Residential tower with approximately 400 apartments as part of the Miami World Center development . To break ground in late 2014 . Timeline of tallest buildings ( edit ) There have been several buildings in Miami that have served as the tallest building in the city . While the 5 - story Burdine 's Department Store was the first high - rise building in the city , the Freedom Tower is generally regarded as Miami 's first skyscraper . From 2003 to 2008 , the Manhattanization of the city led to a huge amount of new development . Several buildings were under construction , and many that were approved or proposed could have earned the title of tallest building in the city upon completion . However , other than the Four Seasons Hotel ( 2003 ) , none of them made it before the market crashed in 2007 . In 2017 , Panorama Tower will overtake Four Seasons as the tallest in the city and the state . In a second building boom from 2014 to 2017 , many more skyscrapers in excess of 800 feet ( 240 m ) were approved by the FAA , including several 1,000 - foot ( 300 m ) supertalls . Name Image Street address Year ( s ) as tallest Height ft / m Floors Reference Burdines Department Store South Miami Avenue and SW 1st Street 1912 -- 1917 N / A 6 Now Macy 's Ralston Building 40 NE 1st Avenue 1917 88 / 27 8 McAllister Hotel 50 Biscayne Boulevard 1917 -- 1925 120 / 37 10 This building was destroyed in 1988 and is now the location of 50 Biscayne . Freedom Tower 600 Biscayne Boulevard 1925 -- 1928 256 / 78 17 Tallest building in Miami 1925 - 1928 . Tallest building in Florida upon completion until surpassed in 1926 by the Biltmore Hotel in Coral Gables . Dade County Courthouse 75 West Flagler Street 1928 -- 1972 360 / 110 28 Tallest building in Florida 1928 - 1967 . One Biscayne Tower 2 South Biscayne Boulevard 1972 -- 1984 492 / 150 39 Southeast Financial Center 200 South Biscayne Boulevard 1984 -- 2003 764 / 233 55 Tallest building in Florida 1984 - 2003 . Four Seasons Hotel Miami 1441 Brickell Avenue 2003 -- 2017 789 / 240 64 Tallest building in Florida 2003 -- present . Panorama Tower 1101 Brickell Avenue 2017 -- present 868 / 265 82 See also ( edit ) Miami portal List of tallest buildings in Florida List of tallest buildings in Fort Lauderdale List of tallest buildings in Jacksonville List of tallest buildings in Miami Beach List of tallest buildings in Orlando List of tallest buildings in Sunny Isles Beach List of tallest buildings in St. Petersburg List of tallest buildings in Tampa Notes ( edit ) A. ^ Due to strict zoning in the City of Miami and the FAA approval needed for each building , none of the tallest buildings in Miami have a defined spire . B . ^ This building was originally known as the Ralston Building , but has since been renamed the Carrion Jewelry Center . References ( edit ) General skyscrapercenter.com - miami Emporis.com -- Miami Specific Jump up ^ `` About : Miami '' . Emporis.com . Archived from the original on 13 August 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Cities with the most skyscrapers '' . Emporis.com . Archived from the original on 3 October 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Brickell House '' . SkyscraperPage.com . Archived from the original on 7 August 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Zalewsky , Peter ( December 7 , 2014 ) . `` 300th new condo tower of this real estate cycle proposed for South Florida '' . The Miami Herald . Archived from the original on 8 December 2014 . Retrieved December 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 8 December 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 4 February 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 10 September 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Dozen Towers Are Now Vying To Become Miami 's First Supertall '' . The Next Miami ( blog ) . November 3 , 2016 . Archived from the original on 4 November 2016 . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` One Bayfront Plaza '' . Emporis.com . Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` FAA Approves Two Miami Supertall Towers '' . ctbuh . Archived from the original on 1 February 2016 . Retrieved 28 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Lowy , Joan ( June 26 , 2014 ) . `` FAA , developers clash over tall buildings '' . The Miami Herald . Archived from the original on 11 November 2014 . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Panorama Tower '' . Emporis.com . Archived from the original on 7 March 2016 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Four Seasons Hotel & Tower - The Skyscraper Center '' . www.skyscrapercenter.com . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 2 February 2016 . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Four Seasons Hotel & Tower , Miami '' . www.emporis.com . Archived from the original on 7 March 2016 . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Four Seasons '' . CrediFi . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Southeast Financial Center - The Skyscraper Center '' . www.skyscrapercenter.com . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 2 February 2016 . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wachovia Financial Center , Miami '' . www.emporis.com . Archived from the original on 22 April 2016 . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` One Thousand Museum - The Skyscraper Center '' . skyscrapercenter.com . Archived from the original on 26 January 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Marquis '' . The Skyscraper Center . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 15 October 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Marquis , Miami '' . www.emporis.com . Archived from the original on 14 March 2016 . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 900 Biscayne Bay - The Skyscraper Center '' . skyscrapercenter.com . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 2 February 2016 . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 900 Biscayne Bay , Miami '' . www.emporis.com . Archived from the original on 7 March 2016 . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wells Fargo Tower - The Skyscraper Center '' . skyscrapercenter.com . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 1 February 2016 . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wells Fargo Center , Miami '' . www.emporis.com . Archived from the original on 14 March 2016 . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SLS Lux Brickell - The Skyscraper Center '' . skyscrapercenter.com . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Echo Brickell - The Skyscraper Center '' . skyscrapercenter.com . Archived from the original on 2 February 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mint at Riverfront - The Skyscraper Center '' . www.skyscrapercenter.com . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 30 January 2016 . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mint , Miami '' . www.emporis.com . Archived from the original on 10 March 2016 . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Infinity at Brickell - The Skyscraper Center '' . skyscrapercenter.com . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 1 February 2016 . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Infinity at Brickell , Miami '' . www.emporis.com . Archived from the original on 26 February 2015 . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Miami Tower - The Skyscraper Center '' . skyscrapercenter.com . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 18 November 2015 . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Miami Tower , Miami '' . www.emporis.com . Emporis . Archived from the original on 10 March 2016 . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Marina Blue - The Skyscraper Center '' . skyscrapercenter.com . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 2 February 2016 . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Marina Blue , Miami '' . www.emporis.com . Archived from the original on 22 April 2016 . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Plaza on Brickell Tower I - The Skyscraper Center '' . skyscrapercenter.com . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 2 February 2016 . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Plaza on Brickell Tower I , Miami '' . www.emporis.com . Archived from the original on 11 March 2016 . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Epic Residences & Hotel - The Skyscraper Center '' . skyscrapercenter.com . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 1 February 2016 . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Epic Residences & Hotel , Miami '' . www.emporis.com . Archived from the original on 2 February 2016 . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SLS Brickell - The Skyscraper Center '' . skyscrapercenter.com . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 1 February 2016 . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SLS Hotels & Residences Brickell , Miami '' . www.emporis.com . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Icon Brickell North Tower - The Skyscraper Center '' . skyscrapercenter.com . CBUH . Archived from the original on 1 February 2016 . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Icon Brickell North Tower , Miami '' . www.emporis.com . Archived from the original on 14 March 2016 . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Icon Brickell South Tower - The Skyscraper Center '' . skyscrapercenter.com . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 1 February 2016 . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Icon Brickell South Tower , Miami '' . www.emporis.com . Archived from the original on 11 March 2016 . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ten Museum Park - The Skyscraper Center '' . skyscrapercenter.com . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 1 February 2016 . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ten Museum Park , Miami '' . www.emporis.com . Archived from the original on 11 March 2016 . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` vision '' . paramountbay.com . Archived from the original on 14 March 2016 . Retrieved 5 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Paramount at Edgewater Square - The Skyscraper Center '' . skyscrapercenter.com . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 31 January 2016 . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Paramount Bay at Edgewater Square , Miami '' . www.emporis.com . Archived from the original on 14 March 2016 . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Biscayne - The Skyscraper Center '' . skyscrapercenter.com . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 2 February 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Biscayne , Miami '' . www.emporis.com . Archived from the original on 8 March 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Quantum on the Bay South Tower - The Skyscraper Center '' . skyscrapercenter.com . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 31 January 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Quantum on the Bay South Tower , Miami '' . www.emporis.com . Archived from the original on 10 March 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Biscayne Beach - The Skyscraper Center '' . skyscrapercenter.com . Archived from the original on 3 February 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brickell Heights North Tower - The Skyscraper Center '' . skyscrapercenter.com . Archived from the original on 2 February 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1010 Brickell - The Skyscraper Center '' . skyscrapercenter.com . Archived from the original on 3 February 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Paraiso Bay Complex - The Skyscraper Center '' . Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat . Archived from the original on 15 February 2016 . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Paraiso Bay Tower 1 - The Skyscraper Center '' . skyscrapercenter.com . Archived from the original on 3 February 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Opera Tower - The Skyscraper Center '' . skyscrapercenter.com . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 1 February 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Opera Tower , Miami '' . www.emporis.com . Archived from the original on 10 March 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Viceroy - The Skyscraper Center '' . skyscrapercenter.com . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 1 February 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Viceroy , Miami '' . www.emporis.com . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vizcayne , North Tower - The Skyscraper Center '' . skyscrapercenter.com . Archived from the original on 2 February 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Everglades on the Bay , North Tower , Miami '' . www.emporis.com . Archived from the original on 8 March 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vizcayne , South Tower - The Skyscraper Center '' . skyscrapercenter.com . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 1 February 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Everglades on the Bay , South Tower , Miami '' . www.emporis.com . Archived from the original on 8 March 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Quantum on the Bay North Tower - The Skyscraper Center '' . skyscrapercenter.com . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 2 February 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Quantum on the Bay North Tower , Miami '' . www.emporis.com . Archived from the original on 8 March 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brickell Heights South Tower - The Skyscraper Center '' . skyscrapercenter.com . Archived from the original on 2 February 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jade at Brickell Bay - The Skyscraper Center '' . skyscrapercenter.com . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 1 February 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jade at Brickell Bay , Miami '' . www.emporis.com . Archived from the original on 22 April 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Plaza on Brickell Tower II - The Skyscraper Center '' . skyscrapercenter.com . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 1 February 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Plaza on Brickell Tower II , Miami '' . www.emporis.com . Archived from the original on 10 March 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Santa Maria - The Skyscraper Center '' . skyscrapercenter.com . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 1 February 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Santa Maria , Miami '' . www.emporis.com . Archived from the original on 10 March 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rise - The Skyscraper Center '' . skyscrapercenter.com . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 25 March 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brickell City Centre Rise Condominiums , Miami '' . www.emporis.com . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EAST , Miami - The Skyscraper Center '' . skyscrapercenter.com . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 27 November 2015 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brickell City Centre East Hotel , Miami '' . www.emporis.com . Archived from the original on 13 July 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Ivy - The Skyscraper Center '' . skyscrapercenter.com . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 1 February 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Ivy , Miami '' . www.emporis.com . Archived from the original on 10 March 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen P. Clark Center - The Skyscraper Center '' . skyscrapercenter.com . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 1 February 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen P. Clark Center , Miami '' . www.emporis.com . Archived from the original on 11 March 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BrickellHouse - The Skyscraper Center '' . www.skyscrapercenter.com . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 1 February 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brickell House , Miami '' . www.emporis.com . Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Reach - The Skyscraper Center '' . skyscrapercenter.com . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 25 March 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brickell City Centre Reach Condominiums , Miami '' . www.emporis.com . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Met 2 Marriott Marquis - The Skyscraper Center '' . skyscrapercenter.com . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 1 February 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Met 2 Marriott Marquis , Miami '' . www.emporis.com . Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wind - The Skyscraper Center '' . skyscrapercenter.com . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 2 February 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wind , Miami '' . www.emporis.com . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1450 BRICKELL - The Skyscraper Center '' . skyscrapercenter.com . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 1 February 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Park Place at Brickell II , Miami '' . www.emporis.com . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` One Biscayne Tower - The Skyscraper Center '' . skyscrapercenter.com . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 1 February 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` One Biscayne Tower , Miami '' . www.emporis.com . Archived from the original on 8 March 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Bond at Brickell - The Skyscraper Center '' . skyscrapercenter.com . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 2 February 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Bond on Brickell , Miami '' . www.emporis.com . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Espirito Santo Plaza - The Skyscraper Center '' . skyscrapercenter.com . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 2 February 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Espirito Santo Plaza , Miami '' . www.emporis.com . Archived from the original on 3 April 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brickell World Plaza at 600 Brickell - The Skyscraper Center '' . skyscrapercenter.com . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 1 February 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brickell Financial Centre Phase I , Miami '' . www.emporis.com . Archived from the original on 19 November 2015 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Miami Center - The Skyscraper Center '' . skyscrapercenter.com . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 2 February 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Miami Center , Miami '' . www.emporis.com . Archived from the original on 7 March 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Asia - The Skyscraper Center '' . skyscrapercenter.com . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 31 January 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Asia , Miami '' . www.emporis.com . Archived from the original on 10 April 2015 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brickell on the River North Tower - The Skyscraper Center '' . skyscrapercenter.com . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 1 February 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brickell on the River North Tower , Miami '' . www.emporis.com . Archived from the original on 14 March 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Three Tequesta Point - The Skyscraper Center '' . skyscrapercenter.com . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 1 February 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Three Tequesta Point , Miami '' . www.emporis.com . Archived from the original on 7 July 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Avenue Brickell Tower - The Skyscraper Center '' . skyscrapercenter.com . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 1 February 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Avenue Brickell Tower , Miami '' . www.emporis.com . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Latitude on the River - The Skyscraper Center '' . skyscrapercenter.com . Archived from the original on 1 February 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Latitude on the River Condominium , Miami '' . www.emporis.com . Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1100 Millicento Residences - The Skyscraper Center '' . skyscrapercenter.com . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 1 February 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Millecento , Miami '' . www.emporis.com . Archived from the original on 7 March 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Melody at Arsht Center - The Skyscraper Center '' . skyscrapercenter.com . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 1 February 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Melody , Miami '' . www.emporis.com . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` One Miami East Tower - The Skyscraper Center '' . skyscrapercenter.com . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 2 February 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` One Miami East Tower , Miami '' . www.emporis.com . Archived from the original on 21 May 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 701 Brickell Avenue - The Skyscraper Center '' . skyscrapercenter.com . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 1 February 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 701 Brickell Avenue , Miami '' . www.emporis.com . Archived from the original on 13 March 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` One Miami West Tower - The Skyscraper Center '' . skyscrapercenter.com . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 1 February 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` One Miami West Tower , Miami '' . www.emporis.com . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Icon Bay - The Skyscraper Center '' . skyscrapercenter.com . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 1 February 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Icon Bay , Miami '' . www.emporis.com . Archived from the original on 10 November 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Met 1 - The Skyscraper Center '' . skyscrapercenter.com . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 2 February 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Met 1 , Miami '' . www.emporis.com . Archived from the original on 12 March 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Loft 2 - The Skyscraper Center '' . skyscrapercenter.com . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 1 February 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Loft 2 , Miami '' . www.emporis.com . Archived from the original on 22 April 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1111 Brickell Avenue '' . skyscrapercenter.com . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 2 February 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mellon Financial Center , Miami '' . www.emporis.com . Archived from the original on 13 March 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Centro Lofts Miami '' . skyscrapercenter.com . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 26 January 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Centro Miami , Miami '' . www.emporis.com . Archived from the original on 7 March 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 500 Brickell East Tower '' . skyscrapercenter.com . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 2 February 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 500 Brickell , East Tower , Miami '' . www.emporis.com . Archived from the original on 22 April 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 500 Brickell West Tower '' . skyscrapercenter.com . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 1 February 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 500 Brickell , West Tower , Miami '' . www.emporis.com . Archived from the original on 22 April 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Blue on the Bay '' . skyscrapercenter.com . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 1 February 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Blue on the Bay , Miami '' . www.emporis.com . Archived from the original on 7 March 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` VUE at Brickell '' . skyscrapercenter.com . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 2 February 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vue at Brickell , Miami '' . www.emporis.com . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1800 Club '' . skyscrapercenter.com . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 1 February 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1800 Club , Miami '' . www.emporis.com . Archived from the original on 18 November 2015 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brickell on the River South Tower '' . skyscrapercenter.com . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 2 February 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brickell on the River South Tower , Miami '' . www.emporis.com . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Mark on Brickell '' . skyscrapercenter.com . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 1 February 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Mark on Brickell , Miami '' . www.emporis.com . Archived from the original on 13 March 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Axis on Brickell North Tower '' . skyscrapercenter.com . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 1 February 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Axis at Brickell Village North , Miami '' . www.emporis.com . Archived from the original on 15 March 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Axis on Brickell South Tower '' . skyscrapercenter.com . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 1 February 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Axis at Brickell Village South , Miami '' . www.emporis.com . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` One Broadway on Brickell '' . skyscrapercenter.com . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 2 February 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` One Broadway , Miami '' . www.emporis.com . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Club at Brickell Bay '' . skyscrapercenter.com . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 1 February 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Club at Brickell Bay , Miami '' . www.emporis.com . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Two Tequesta Point '' . skyscrapercenter.com . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 2 February 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Two Tequesta Point , Miami '' . www.emporis.com . Archived from the original on 8 July 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Carbonell Condominium '' . skyscrapercenter.com . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 1 February 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Carbonell Condominium , Miami '' . www.emporis.com . Archived from the original on 7 July 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Courthouse Center '' . skyscrapercenter.com . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 1 February 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Courthouse Center , Miami '' . www.emporis.com . Archived from the original on 15 March 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Palace '' . skyscrapercenter.com . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 1 February 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Palace , Miami '' . www.emporis.com . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Southeast Financial Center '' . skyscrapercenter.com . Archived from the original on 2 February 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Marquis Miami '' . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 26 January 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Quantum on the Bay South Tower '' . skyscrapercenter.com . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 31 January 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Paramount at Edgewater Square '' . skyscrapercenter.com . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 31 January 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Asia '' . skyscrapercenter.com . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 31 January 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Aston Martin Residences breaks ground in Miami '' . Archived from the original on 20 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brickell Flatiron Building '' . nextmiami.com . Archived from the original on 2 March 2016 . Retrieved 28 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brickell Flatiron '' . Emporis . Retrieved November 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Paramount Miami Worldcenter '' . Archived from the original on 20 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Construction Begins At 57 - Story Missoni Baia '' . Retrieved 20 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Work Begins at Elysee Site '' . Retrieved 9 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Paraiso Bay Tower 2 - The Skyscraper Center '' . skyscrapercenter.com . Archived from the original on 3 February 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Solitair Brickell - The Skyscraper Center '' . Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat . Archived from the original on 3 February 2016 . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Avant at Met Square - The Skyscraper Center '' . skyscrapercenter.com . Archived from the original on 3 February 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Aria on the Bay - The Skyscraper Center '' . skyscrapercenter.com . Archived from the original on 3 February 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Paraiso Bayviews -- next in series -- to come out of the ground '' . The Real Deal Miami . Archived from the original on 10 April 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` One Brickell City Centre '' . skyscrapercenter.com . Archived from the original on 26 January 2016 . Retrieved 28 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` One Bayfront Plaza '' . skyscrapercenter.com . Archived from the original on 4 February 2016 . Retrieved 28 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Skyrise Miami - The Skyscraper Center '' . skyscrapercenter.com . Archived from the original on 3 February 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SkyRise Miami , Miami '' . www.emporis.com . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brickell CitiCentre Office Tower 3 '' . SkyscraperPage.com . Archived from the original on 7 August 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Elysee Begins Converting Reservations To Contracts , Finalizes Utilities '' . The Next Miami . Archived from the original on 19 March 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Marriott Miami Worldcenter '' . skyscrapercenter.com . Archived from the original on 4 February 2016 . Retrieved 28 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Marriott Marquis at Miami World Center '' . emporis.com . Archived from the original on 1 August 2015 . Retrieved 28 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Macy 's Department Store '' . Emporis.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Carrion Jewelry '' . Emporis.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` McAllister Hotel '' . Emporis . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` McAllister Hotel '' . SkyscraperPage.com . Archived from the original on 13 October 2012 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Freedom Tower - The Skyscraper Center '' . skyscrapercenter.com . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 3 February 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Freedom Tower , Miami '' . www.emporis.com . Archived from the original on 22 April 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Miami - Dade County Courthouse - The Skyscraper Center '' . skyscrapercenter.com . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 3 February 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Miami - Dade County Courthouse , Miami '' . www.emporis.com . Archived from the original on 17 October 2015 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Miami skylines . Diagram of Miami skyscrapers on SkyscraperPage Miami structures on Structurae Miami 's Future Skyscrapers -- Metro Atlantic Skyscrapers in Miami Brickell 500 Brickell 701 Brickell Avenue 1010 Brickell 1060 Brickell 1100 Millecento 1450 Brickell Asia Axis The Bond on Brickell Brickell Arch Brickell Bayview Center Brickell Heights Brickell House Brickell on the River Carbonell Condominium The Club at Brickell Bay Echo Brickell Four Seasons Hotel Icon Brickell Infinity Jade Latitude on the River The Mark on Brickell One Broadway The Palace Panorama Tower Plaza on Brickell Sabadell Financial Center Santa María SLS Brickell SLS Lux Three Tequesta Point Two Tequesta Point Vue at Brickell Downtown 50 Biscayne Centro Lofts The Congress Building Courthouse Center Epic Freedom Tower InterContinental Miami The Ivy JW Marriott Marquis Miami The Loft 2 Met 1 Met 3 Miami Center Miami Tower Miami - Dade County Courthouse Museum Tower New World Tower One Biscayne Tower One Miami Mint Southeast Financial Center Stephen P. Clark Government Center SunTrust International Center Vizcayne Wells Fargo Center Wind Edgewater Biscayne Beach Blue on the Bay One Paraiso Paramount Bay Omni 1800 Club The Grand Doubletree Melody Opera Tower Quantum on the Bay Park West 900 Biscayne Bay Marinablue Marquis Ten Museum Park See also : Future Miami skyscrapers List of tallest buildings in Miami Future skyscrapers in Miami Under construction 300 Biscayne Aria on the Bay Aston Martin Residences Brickell City Centre Brickell Flatiron Canvas Elysee Tower Met Square One Thousand Museum Paraíso Bay SkyRise Miami Solitair Brickell Square Station Approved Brickell Financial Centre II Miami Worldcenter One Bayfront Plaza One Brickell City Centre Presumed cancelled 300 Grove Bay Capital at Brickell Villa Magna Visionary Empire World Towers See also : Skyscrapers in Miami List of tallest buildings in Miami City of Miami Accent Arts Climate Companies Downtown Education Fire Government Mayors Historic Landmarks History Timeline Library Media Music Neighborhoods People Police Skyscrapers Sports Television Transportation Miami metropolitan area Florida Lists of tallest buildings in the United States Tallest buildings in the United States Tallest buildings by state Tallest buildings by pinnacle height Tallest under construction , approved , and proposed buildings Timeline of tallest buildings Tallest demolished buildings Akron , OH Albany , NY Albuquerque Amarillo , TX Anchorage , AK Arlington , VA Atlanta Atlantic City Augusta , GA Aurora , CO Austin Baltimore Baton Rouge , LA Beaumont , TX Bellevue , WA Billings , MT Biloxi , MS Birmingham , AL Boise , ID Boston Brooklyn , NY Buffalo Camden , NJ Charleston , SC Charleston , WV Charlotte , NC Chicago Cincinnati Cleveland Colorado Springs Columbia , MO Columbia , SC Columbus , OH Corpus Christi , TX Dallas Dayton , OH Denver Des Moines , IA Detroit Duluth , MN Durham , NC El Paso , TX Fort Lauderdale , FL Fort Lee , NJ Fort Wayne , IN Fort Worth Fresno , CA Gary , IN Grand Rapids , MI Hartford , CT Honolulu Houston Indianapolis Jackson , MS Jacksonville , FL Jersey City , NJ Kansas City , MO Knoxville , TN Lansing , MI Las Vegas Lexington , KY Little Rock , AR Long Beach , CA Louisville , KY Los Angeles Lubbock , TX Macon , GA Madison , WI Manchester , NH Memphis , TN Metairie , LA Miami Miami Beach , FL Midland , TX Milwaukee Minneapolis Mobile , AL Montgomery , AL Myrtle Beach , SC Nashville , TN New Brunswick , NJ New Haven , CT New Orleans New York City Newark , NJ Norfolk , VA North Hudson , NJ Oakland , CA Oklahoma City Omaha , NE Orlando , FL Paterson , NJ Peoria , IL Philadelphia Phoenix Pittsburgh Portland , OR Providence , RI Quad Cities Raleigh , NC Richmond , VA Riverside , CA Rochester , MN Rochester , NY Sacramento , CA Salt Lake City San Antonio , TX San Diego Sandy Springs , GA San Francisco San Jose Savannah , GA Seattle Shreveport , LA Spokane , WA Springfield , MA Springfield , MO St. Louis Saint Paul St. Petersburg Sunny Isles Beach Syracuse , NY Tacoma Tampa Toledo , OH Tucson , AZ Tulsa , OK Tysons , VA Virginia Beach , VA Washington , DC Wichita , KS Wilmington , DE Winston - Salem , NC Worcester , MA Tallest buildings and structures Buildings Overview History Skyscraper Storey By region Africa Asia South Southeast Europe Balkans Baltic states Scandinavia Oceania South America Central America Latin America By country Albania Algeria Argentina Australia Azerbaijan Bangladesh Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Bulgaria Cambodia Canada Chile China Colombia Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Ecuador Egypt Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hong Kong Iceland India Indonesia Israel Italy Japan Kazakhstan Kenya Kosovo Kuwait Latvia Lebanon Lithuania Macau Macedonia , Republic of Malaysia Malta Mexico Mongolia Morocco Netherlands Nigeria North Korea Norway Pakistan Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Romania Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Slovenia South Africa South Korea Spain Sweden Taiwan Tanzania Thailand Turkey Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Venezuela Vietnam Zimbabwe By other British Empire and Commonwealth European Union Lists 100 + floors Architects Buildings by height to roof Cities with most high - rise buildings Cities with most skyscrapers Churches Eastern Orthodox Early skyscrapers Educational Future Hospitals Hotels Most expensive Residential Supertall Twin buildings Voluntarily demolished Wood Structures ( of any type ) By region Africa Europe Middle East South America former Soviet Union former Yugoslavia By country Albania Algeria Australia Austria Bahrain Belgium Bulgaria Canada China Czech Republic Denmark Egypt Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Ireland Italy Japan Kosovo Luxembourg Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Romania Saudi Arabia Serbia Slovakia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Sweden Switzerland Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan United Kingdom United States By other Commonwealth of Nations Lists 300 to 400 metres 400 to 500 metres Before the 20th century Bridges Chimneys Crosses Dams Freestanding Lighthouses Statues Towers Twin structures Related topics Additionally guyed tower Air traffic obstacle All buildings and structures Antenna height considerations Architectural engineering Construction Early skyscrapers Height restriction laws Oil platform Partially guyed tower Tower block Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Miami&oldid=845538651 '' Categories : Lists of tallest buildings in the United States by city Skyscrapers in Miami Miami - related lists Lists of buildings and structures in Florida Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Featured lists Use dmy dates from February 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Հայերեն Polski Русский Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 12 June 2018 , at 12 : 25 ( UTC ) . 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what is the tallest building in miami florida

The U.S. city of Miami , Florida has the country 's third - tallest skyline with over 300 high - rises , 70 of which stand taller than 400 feet ( 120 m ) , mainly according to Emporis , SkyscraperPage , and The Skyscraper Center , which is the online database of the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat . The tallest building in the city is the 85 - story Panorama Tower , which rises 868 feet ( 265 m ) in Miami 's Brickell district and on March 24 , 2017 surpassed all other buildings in height . It is to be completed by the end of 2017 . Eight of the ten tallest buildings in Florida are located in Miami . By 2020 there will be 10 more buildings in Miami with more than 65 stories each .

Education in the United States - wikipedia Education in the United States Jump to : navigation , search Education in the United States of America National education budget ( 2007 ) Budget $1 trillion ( public and private , all levels ) General details Primary languages English System type State , private Literacy Male 100 % Female 100 % Enrollment Total 81.5 million Primary 37.9 million Secondary 26.1 million ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Post secondary 20.5 million Attainment Secondary diploma 81 % Post-secondary diploma 30 % Includes kindergarten Includes graduate school Education in the United States By state and in insular areas By subject area History of Issues : Finance -- Law -- Literacy -- Reform Levels : Pre-kindergarten -- Primary -- Secondary -- Higher Organizations Education portal United States portal Education in the United States is provided by public , private and home schools . State governments set overall educational standards , often mandate standardized tests for K -- 12 public school systems and supervise , usually through a board of regents , state colleges and universities . Funding comes from the state , local , and federal government . Private schools are generally free to determine their own curriculum and staffing policies , with voluntary accreditation available through independent regional accreditation authorities , although some state regulation can apply . In 2013 , about 87 % of school - age children ( those below higher education ) attended state funded public schools , about 10 % attended tuition - and foundation - funded private schools and roughly 3 % were home - schooled . By state law , education is compulsory over an age range starting between five and eight and ending somewhere between ages sixteen and eighteen , depending on the state . This requirement can be satisfied in public schools , state - certified private schools , or an approved home school program . In most schools , compulsory education is divided into three levels : elementary school , middle or junior high school , and high school . Children are usually divided by age groups into grades , ranging from kindergarten ( 5 -- 6 year olds ) and first grade for the youngest children , up to twelfth grade ( 17 -- 18 years olds ) as the final year of high school . There are also a large number and wide variety of publicly and privately administered institutions of higher education throughout the country . Post-secondary education , divided into college , as the first tertiary degree , and graduate school , is described in a separate section below . The United States spends more per student on education than any other country . In 2014 , the Pearson / Economist Intelligence Unit rated US education as 14th best in the world , just behind Russia . In 2015 , the Programme for International Student Assessment rated U.S. high school students No. 40 globally in Math and No. 24 in Science and Reading . The President of the National Center on Education and the Economy said of the results `` the United States can not long operate a world - class economy if our workers are , as the OECD statistics show , among the worst - educated in the world '' . Former U.S. Education Secretary John B. King , Jr. acknowledged the results in conceding U.S. students were well behind their peers . According to a report published by the U.S. News & World Report , of the top ten colleges and universities in the world , eight are American ( the other two are Oxford and Cambridge , in the United Kingdom ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 19th century 1.2 20th century 1.3 21st century 2 Statistics 3 Educational stages 3.1 Variations 4 K -- 12 education 4.1 Preschool and pre-kindergarten 4.2 Primary education 4.3 Secondary education 4.4 Grading scale 4.5 Standardized testing 4.6 Extracurricular activities 4.7 Home schooling 4.8 Education of students with special needs 4.9 Public and private schools 4.10 Funding for K -- 12 schools 4.10. 1 Judicial intervention 4.10. 2 Pensions 4.11 Test performance for primary and secondary schools 5 Higher education 5.1 Cost 5.2 The status ladder 5.3 Criticism 5.4 Funding for college 6 Issues 6.1 American education crisis 6.2 Affirmative action 6.3 Attainment 6.3. 1 Student proficiency and college graduation rates 6.3. 2 Gender differences 6.3. 3 Racial achievement differences 6.3. 4 International comparison 6.3. 5 Wider economic impact 6.4 Behavior 6.4. 1 Corporal punishment 6.4. 2 School security 6.4. 3 Cheating 6.5 Charter schools 6.6 Curriculum 6.6. 1 English in the classroom 6.6. 1.1 Other languages 6.6. 2 Evolution in Kansas 6.6. 3 Sex education 6.6. 4 Textbook review and adoption 6.6. 5 Culturally - responsive curriculum 6.6. 5.1 Reality pedagogy 6.6. 5.2 Gender - sensitive curriculum 6.6. 5.3 LGBTQ - inclusive curriculum 6.6. 5.4 Ability - inclusive curriculum 6.7 Governance 6.8 Tracking ( streaming ) 7 Reading and writing habits 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 10.1 Bibliography 10.2 History 11 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of education in the United States 19th century ( edit ) Colonial New England encouraged its towns to support free public schools funded by taxation . In the early 19th century Massachusetts took the lead in school reform , with programs designed by Horace Mann that were widely emulated across the North . Teachers were especially trained in normal schools and taught the three Rs ( of reading , writing , and arithmetic ) and also history and geography . Public education was at the elementary level in most places . After the Civil War , the cities began building high schools . the South was far behind northern standards on every educational measure , and gave weak support to its segregated all - black schools . However northern philanthropy and northern churches provided assistance to private black colleges across the South . Religious denominations across the country set up their private colleges . states also open state universities , but they were quite small well into the 20th century . In 1823 , the Reverend Samuel Read Hall founded the first normal school , the Columbian School in Concord , Vermont , aimed at improving the quality of the burgeoning common school system by producing more qualified teachers . In the mid-20th century , the rapidly increasing Catholic population led to the formation of parochial schools in the largest cities . Theologically oriented Episcopalian , Lutheran and Jewish bodies on a smaller scale set up their own parochial schools . There were debates over whether tax money could be used to support them , with the answer typically being no . From about 1876 , thirty - nine states passed a constitutional amendment to their state constitutions , called Blaine Amendments after James G. Blaine , one of their chief promoters , forbidding the use of public tax money to fund local parochial schools . States passed laws to make schooling compulsory between 1852 ( Massachusetts ) and 1917 ( Mississippi ) . They also used federal funding designated by the Morrill Land - Grant Colleges Acts of 1862 and 1890 to set up land grant colleges specializing in agriculture and engineering . By 1870 , every state had free elementary schools , albeit only in urban centers . Following Reconstruction the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute was founded in 1881 as a state college , in Tuskegee , Alabama , to train `` Colored Teachers , '' led by Booker T. Washington , ( 1856 -- 1915 ) , who was himself a freed slave . His movement spread , leading many other Southern states to establish small colleges for `` Colored or Negro '' students entitled `` A. & M. , '' ( `` Agricultural and Mechanical '' ) or `` A. & T. , '' ( `` Agricultural and Technical '' ) , some of which later developed into state universities . Before the 1940s , there were very few black students at private or state colleges in the North , and almost none in this South . Responding to the many competing academic philosophies being promoted at the time , an influential working group of educators , known as the Committee of Ten and established in 1892 by the National Education Association , recommended that children should receive twelve years of instruction , consisting of eight years of elementary education ( in what were also known as `` grammar schools '' ) followed by four years in high school ( `` freshmen , '' `` sophomores , '' `` juniors , '' and `` seniors '' ) . Gradually by the late 1890s , regional associations of high schools , colleges and universities were being organized to coordinate proper accrediting standards , examinations , and regular surveys of various institutions in order to assure equal treatment in graduation and admissions requirements , as well as course completion and transfer procedures . 20th century ( edit ) By 1910 , 72 percent of children were attending school . Private schools spread during this time , as well as colleges and -- in the rural centers -- land grant colleges also . Between 1910 and 1940 the high school movement resulted in rapidly increasing public high school enrollment and graduations . By 1930 , 100 percent of children were attending school ( excluding children with significant disabilities or medical concerns ) . During World War II , enrollment in high schools and colleges plummeted as many high school and college students -- and teachers -- dropped out to enlist or take war jobs . The 1946 National School Lunch Act , which is still in operation , provided low - cost or free school lunch meals to qualified low - income students through subsidies to schools , based on the idea that a `` full stomach '' during the day supported class attention and studying . The 1954 Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka , Kansas made racial desegregation of public elementary and high schools mandatory , although private schools expanded to accommodate white families attempting to avoid desegregation by sending their children to private secular or religious schools . In 1965 , the far - reaching Elementary and Secondary Education Act ( ' ESEA ' ) , passed as a part of President Lyndon B. Johnson 's War on Poverty , provided funds for primary and secondary education ( ' Title I funding ' ) . Title VI explicitly forbade the establishment of a national curriculum . Title IV of the Higher Education Act of 1965 created the Pell Grant program which provides financial support to students from low - income families to access higher education . In 1975 , the Education for All Handicapped Children Act established funding for special education in schools . The Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 made standardized testing a requirement . The Higher Education Amendments of 1972 made changes to the Pell Grants . The 1975 Education for All Handicapped Children Act ( EHA ) required all public schools accepting federal funds to provide equal access to education and one free meal a day for children with physical and mental disabilities . The 1983 National Commission on Excellence in Education report , famously titled A Nation at Risk , touched off a wave of local , state , and federal reform efforts , but by 1990 the country still spent only 2 per cent of its budget on education , compared with 30 per cent on support for the elderly . In 1990 , the EHA was replaced with the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act ( IDEA ) , which placed more focus on students as individuals , and also provided for more post-high school transition services . 21st century ( edit ) The 2002 No Child Left Behind Act , passed by a bipartisan coalition in Congress provided federal aid to the states in exchange for measures to penalize schools that were not meeting the goals as measured by standardized state exams in mathematics and language skills . In the same year , the U.S. Supreme Court diluted some of the century - old `` Blaine '' laws upheld an Ohio law allowing aid to parochial schools under specific circumstances . The 2006 Commission on the Future of Higher Education evaluated higher education . In December 2015 , President Barack Obama signed legislation replacing No Child Left Behind with the Every Student Succeeds Act . The Great Recession of 2008 - 09 caused a sharp decline in tax revenues in all cities and states . The response was to cut education budgets . Obama 's $800 billion stimulus package included $100 billion for public schools , which every state used to protect its educational budget . In terms of sponsoring innovation , however , Obama and his Education Secretary Arne Duncan pursued K - 12 education reform through the Race to the Top grant program . With over $15 billion of grants at stake , 34 states quickly revised their education laws according to the proposals of advanced educational reformers . In the competition points were awarded for allowing charter schools to multiply , for compensating teachers on a merit basis including student test scores , and for adopting higher educational standards . There were incentives for states to establish college and career - ready standards , which in practice meant adopting the Common Core State Standards Initiative that had been developed on a bipartisan basis by the National Governors Association , and the Council of Chief State School Officers . The criteria were not mandatory , they were incentives to improve opportunities to get a grant . Most states revised their laws accordingly , even though they realized it was unlikely they would when a highly competitive new grant . Race to the Top had strong bipartisan support , with centrist elements from both parties . It was opposed by the left wing of the Democratic Party , and by the right wing of the Republican Party , and criticized for centralizing too much power in Washington . Complaints also came from middle - class families , who were annoyed at the increasing emphasis on teaching to the test , rather than encouraging teachers to show creativity and stimulating students ' imagination . Statistics ( edit ) In 2000 , 76.6 million students had enrolled in schools from kindergarten through graduate schools . Of these , 72 percent aged 12 to 17 were considered academically `` on track '' for their age , i.e. enrolled in at or above grade level . Of those enrolled elementary and secondary schools , 5.2 million ( 10.4 percent ) were attending private schools . Over 85 percent of the adult population have completed high school and 27 percent have received a bachelor 's degree or higher . The average salary for college or university graduates is greater than $51,000 , exceeding the national average of those without a high school diploma by more than $23,000 , according to a 2005 study by the U.S. Census Bureau . The 2010 unemployment rate for high school graduates was 10.8 % ; the rate for college graduates was 4.9 % . The country has a reading literacy rate of 99 % of the population over age 15 , while ranking below average in science and mathematics understanding compared to other developed countries . In 2014 , a record high of 82 % of high school seniors graduated , although one of the reasons for that success might be a decline in academic standards . The poor performance has pushed public and private efforts such as the No Child Left Behind Act . In addition , the ratio of college - educated adults entering the workforce to general population ( 33 % ) is slightly below the mean of other developed countries ( 35 % ) and rate of participation of the labor force in continuing education is high . A 2000s ( decade ) study by Jon Miller of Michigan State University concluded that `` A slightly higher proportion of American adults qualify as scientifically literate than European or Japanese adults '' . In 2006 , there were roughly 600,000 homeless students in the United States , but after the Great Recession this number more than doubled to approximately 1.36 million . Educational stages ( edit ) Formal education in the U.S. is divided into a number of distinct educational stages . Most children enter the public education system around ages five or six . Children are assigned into year groups known as grades . The American school year traditionally begins at the end of August or early in September , after a traditional summer recess . Children customarily advance together from one grade to the next as a single cohort or `` class '' upon reaching the end of each school year in late May or early June . Depending upon their circumstances , they may begin school in pre-kindergarten , kindergarten or first grade . They normally attend 12 grades of study over 12 calendar years of primary / elementary and secondary education before graduating and earning a diploma that makes them eligible for admission to higher education . Education is mandatory until age 16 ( 18 in some states ) . In the U.S. , ordinal numbers ( e.g. , first grade ) are used for identifying grades . Typical ages and grade groupings in contemporary , public and private schools may be found through the U.S. Department of Education . Generally there are three stages : elementary school ( K -- 5th / 6th grade ) , middle school ( 6th / 7th -- 8th grades ) and high school ( 9th -- 12th grades ) . Diagram of education in the United States There is considerable variability in the exact arrangement of grades , as the following table indicates . General level ( or category ) Level Student age range ( at the beginning of academic year ) Preschool Pre-kindergarten 3 -- 5 Compulsory education Elementary school Kindergarten 5 -- 6 1st grade 6 -- 7 2nd grade 7 -- 8 3rd grade 8 -- 9 4th grade 9 -- 10 5th grade 10 -- 11 Middle school 6th grade 11 -- 12 Junior high school 7th grade 12 -- 13 8th grade 13 -- 14 High school Freshman / 9th grade 14 -- 15 Senior high school Sophomore / 10th grade 15 -- 16 Junior / 11th grade 16 -- 17 Senior / 12th grade 17 -- 18 Higher education College ( University ) Undergraduate school First year : `` Freshman year '' 18 -- 19 Second year : `` Sophomore year '' 19 -- 20 Third year : `` Junior year '' 20 -- 21 Fourth year : `` Senior year '' 21 -- 22 Graduate school ( with various degrees and curricular partitions thereof ) Ages vary Continuing education Vocational school Ages vary Adult education Students completing high school may choose to attend a college or university , which offer undergraduate degrees such as Associate 's degrees or Bachelor 's degrees ( baccalaureate ) . Community college or junior college typically offer two - year associate degrees , although some community colleges offer a limited number of bachelor 's degrees . Some community college students choose to transfer to a four - year institution to pursue a bachelor 's degree . Community colleges are generally publicly funded ( usually by local cities or counties ) and offer career certifications and part - time programs . Four - year institutions may be public or private colleges or universities . Some counties and cities have established and funded four - year institutions . Some of these institutions , such as the City University of New York , are still operated by local governments . Others such as the University of Louisville and Wichita State University are now operated as state universities . Private institutions are privately funded and there is a wide variety in size , focus , and operation . Some private institutions are large research universities , while others are small liberal arts colleges that concentrate on undergraduate education . Some private universities are nonsectarian and secular , while others are religiously - affiliated . While most private institutions are non-profit , a growing number in the past decade have been established as for - profit . Curriculum varies widely depending on the institution . Typically , an undergraduate student will be able to select an academic `` major '' or concentration , which comprises the main or special subjects , and students may change their major one or more times . Some students , typically those with a bachelor 's degree , may choose to continue on to graduate or professional school , sometimes attached to a university . Graduate degrees may be either master 's degrees ( e.g. , M.A. , M.S. , M.B.A. , M.S.W. ) or doctorate degrees ( e.g. , Ph. D. , J.D. , ( `` Doctor of Law '' ) , M.D. , D.O. ) . Programs range from full - time , evening and executive which allows for flexibility with students ' schedules . Academia - focused graduate school typically includes some combination of coursework and research ( often requiring a thesis or dissertation to be written ) , while professional graduate - level schools grants a first professional degree . These include medical , law , business , education , divinity , art , journalism , social work , architecture , and engineering schools . Variations ( edit ) In K -- 12 education , sometimes students who receive failing grades are held back a year and repeat coursework in the hope of earning satisfactory scores on the second try . High school graduates sometimes take a gap year before the first year of college , for travel , work , public service , or independent learning . Many undergraduate college programs now commonly are five year programs . This is especially common in technical fields , such as engineering . The five - year period often includes one or more periods of internship with an employer in the chosen field . Of students who were freshmen in 2005 seeking bachelor 's degrees at public institutions , 32 % took four years , 12 % took five years , 6 % took six years , and 43 % did not graduate within six years . The numbers for private non-profit institutions were 52 % in four , 10 % in five , 4 % in six , and 35 % failing to graduate . Some undergraduate institutions offer an accelerated three - year bachelor 's degree , or a combined five - year bachelor 's and master 's degrees . Many graduate students do not start professional schools immediately after finishing undergraduate studies , but work for a time while saving up money or deciding on a career direction . The National Center for Education Statistics found that in 1999 -- 2000 , 73 % of people attending institutions of higher education were non-traditional students . K -- 12 education ( edit ) Schooling is compulsory for all children in the United States , but the age range for which school attendance is required varies from state to state . Some states allow students to leave school between 14 -- 17 with parental permission , before finishing high school ; other states require students to stay in school until age 18 . Public ( free ) education is typically from kindergarten to grade 12 ( frequently abbreviated K -- 12 ) . Most parents send their children to either a public or private institution . According to government data , one - tenth of students are enrolled in private schools . Approximately 85 % of students enter the public schools , largely because they are tax - subsidized ( tax burdens by school districts vary from area to area ) . School districts are usually separate from other local jurisdictions , with independent officials and budgets . There are more than 14,000 school districts in the country , and more than $500 billion is spent each year on public primary and secondary education . Most states require that their school districts within the state teach for 180 days a year . In 2010 , there were 3,823,142 teachers in public , charter , private , and Catholic elementary and secondary schools . They taught a total of 55,203,000 students , who attended one of 132,656 schools . Most children begin elementary education with kindergarten ( usually five to six years old ) and finish secondary education with twelfth grade ( usually 17 -- 18 years old ) . In some cases , pupils may be promoted beyond the next regular grade . Parents may also choose to educate their own children at home ; 1.7 % of children are educated in this manner . Around 3 million students between the ages of 16 and 24 drop out of high school each year , a rate of 6.6 percent as of 2012 . In the United States , 75 percent of crimes are committed by high school dropouts . Around 60 percent of black dropouts end up spending time incarcerated . The incarceration rate for African - American male high school dropouts was about 50 times the national average as of 2010 . States do not require reporting from their school districts to allow analysis of efficiency of return on investment . The Center for American Progress commends Florida and Texas as the only two states that provide annual school - level productivity evaluations which report to the public how well school funds are being spent at the local level . This allows for comparison of school districts within a state . In 2010 , American students rank 17th in the world . The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development says that this is due to focusing on the low end of performers . All of the recent gains have been made , deliberately , at the low end of the socioeconomic scale and among the lowest achievers . The country has been outrun , the study says , by other nations because the US has not done enough to encourage the highest achievers . About half of the states encourage schools to recite the Pledge of Allegiance to the flag . Teachers worked from about 35 to 46 hours a week , in a survey taken in 1993 . In 2011 , American teachers worked 1,097 hours in the classroom , the most for any industrialized nation measured by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development . They spend 1,913 hours a year on their work , just below the national average of 1,932 hours for all workers . In 2011 , the average annual salary of a preK -- 12 teacher was $55,040 . Transporting students to and from school is a major concern for most school districts . School buses provide the largest mass transit program in the country , 8.8 billion trips per year . Non-school transit buses give 5.2 billion trips annually . 440,000 yellow school buses carry over 24 million students to and from schools . In 1971 , the Supreme Court ruled unanimously that forced busing of students may be ordered to achieve racial desegregation . This ruling resulted in a white flight from the inner cities which largely diluted the intent of the order . This flight had other , non-educational ramifications as well . Integration took place in most schools though de facto segregation often determined the composition of the student body . By the 1990s , most areas of the country have been released from mandatory busing . School start times are computed with busing in mind . There are often three start times : for elementary , for middle / junior high school , and for high school . One school district computed its cost per bus ( without the driver ) at $20,575 annually . It assumed a model where the average driver drove 80 miles per day . A driver was presumed to cost $. 62 per mile ( 1.6 km ) . Elementary schools started at 7 : 30 , middle schools / junior high school started at 8 : 30 , and high schools at 8 : 15 . While elementary school started earlier , they also finish earlier , at 2 : 30 , middle schools at 3 : 30 and high schools at 3 : 20 . All school districts establish their own times and means of transportation within guidelines set by their own state . Preschool and pre-kindergarten ( edit ) Main article : Pre-kindergarten Preschool refers to non-compulsory classroom - based early - childhood education . Pre-kindergarten ( also called Pre-K or PK ) is the preschool year immediately before Kindergarten . Preschool education may be delivered through a preschool or as a reception year in elementary school . Head Start program , the federally funded pre-kindergarten program founded in 1965 prepares children , especially those of a disadvantaged population , to better succeed in school . However , limited seats are available to students aspiring to take part in the Head Start program . Many community - based programs , commercial enterprises , non-profit organizations , faith communities , and independent childcare providers offer preschool education . Preschool may be general or may have a particular focus , such as arts education , religious education , sports training , or foreign language learning , along with providing general education . Primary education ( edit ) Main article : Primary education in the United States A teacher and her students in an elementary school classroom Historically , in the United States , local public control ( and private alternatives ) have allowed for some variation in the organization of schools . Elementary school includes kindergarten through sixth grade ( or sometimes , to fourth grade , fifth grade or eighth grade ) . Basic subjects are taught in elementary school , and students often remain in one classroom throughout the school day , except for specialized programs , such as physical education , library , music , and art classes . There are ( as of 2001 ) about 3.6 million children in each grade in the United States . Typically , the curriculum in public elementary education is determined by individual school districts or county school system . The school district selects curriculum guides and textbooks that reflect a state 's learning standards and benchmarks for a given grade level . The most recent curriculum that has been adopted by most states is Common Core . Learning Standards are the goals by which states and school districts must meet adequate yearly progress ( AYP ) as mandated by No Child Left Behind ( NCLB ) . This description of school governance is simplistic at best , however , and school systems vary widely not only in the way curricular decisions are made but also in how teaching and learning take place . Some states or school districts impose more top - down mandates than others . In others , teachers play a significant role in curriculum design and there are few top - down mandates . Curricular decisions within private schools are often made differently from in public schools , and in most cases without consideration of NCLB . Public elementary school teachers typically instruct between twenty and thirty students of diverse learning needs . A typical classroom will include children with a range of learning needs or abilities , from those identified as having special needs of the kinds listed in the Individuals with Disabilities Act IDEA to those that are cognitively , athletically or artistically gifted . At times , an individual school district identifies areas of need within the curriculum . Teachers and advisory administrators form committees to develop supplemental materials to support learning for diverse learners and to identify enrichment for textbooks . There are special education teachers working with the identified students . Many school districts post information about the curriculum and supplemental materials on websites for public access . In general , a student learns basic arithmetic and sometimes rudimentary algebra in mathematics , English proficiency ( such as basic grammar , spelling , and vocabulary ) , and fundamentals of other subjects . Learning standards are identified for all areas of a curriculum by individual States , including those for mathematics , social studies , science , physical development , the fine arts , and reading . While the concept of State Learning standards has been around for some time , No Child Left Behind has mandated that standards exist at the State level . Secondary education ( edit ) A high - school senior ( twelfth grade ) classroom in Calhan , Colorado Main article : Secondary education in the United States Secondary education is often divided into two phases , middle / junior high school and high school . Students are usually given more independence , moving to different classrooms for different subjects , and being allowed to choose some of their class subjects ( electives ) . `` Middle school '' ( or `` junior high school '' ) has a variable range between districts . It usually includes seventh and eighth grades and occasionally also includes one or more of the sixth , ninth , and very occasionally fifth grades as well . High school ( occasionally senior high school ) includes grades 9 through 12 . Students in these grades are commonly referred to as freshmen ( grade 9 ) , sophomores ( grade 10 ) , juniors ( grade 11 ) and seniors ( grade 12 ) . At the high school level , students generally take a broad variety of classes without specializing in any particular subject , with the exception of vocational schools . Students are generally required to take a broad range of mandatory subjects , but may choose additional subjects ( `` electives '' ) to fill out their required hours of learning . High school grades normally are included in a student 's official transcript , e.g. for college admission . Each state sets minimum requirements for how many years of various mandatory subjects are required ; these requirements vary widely , but generally include 2 -- 4 years of each of : Science , Mathematics , English , Social sciences , Physical education ; some years of a foreign language and some form of art education are often also required , as is a health curriculum in which students learn about anatomy , nutrition , first aid , sexuality , drug awareness , and birth control . In many cases , however , options are provided for students to `` test out '' of this requirement or complete independent study to meet it . Many high schools provide Honors , Advanced Placement ( AP ) or International Baccalaureate ( IB ) courses . These are special forms of honors classes where the curriculum is more challenging and lessons more aggressively paced than standard courses . Honors , AP or IB courses are usually taken during the 11th or 12th grade of high school , but may be taken as early as 9th grade . Some international schools offer international school leaving qualifications , to be studied for and awarded instead of or alongside of the high school diploma , Honors , Advanced Placement , or International Baccalaureate . Regular honors courses are more intense and faster paced than typical college preparatory courses . AP and IB on the other hand , are college - level classes . Grading scale ( edit ) In schools in the United States children are assessed throughout the school year by their teachers , and report cards are issued to parents at varying intervals . Generally the scores for individual assignments and tests are recorded for each student in a grade book , along with the maximum number of points for each assignment . End - of - term or - year evaluations are most frequently given in the form of a letter grade on an A-F scale , whereby A is the best possible grade and F is a failing grade ( most schools do not include the letter E in the assessment scale ) , or a numeric percentage . The Waldorf schools , most democratic schools , and some other private schools , give ( often extensive ) verbal characterizations of student progress rather than letter or number grades . Some school districts allow flexibility in grading scales at the Student information system level , allowing custom letters or symbols to be used ( though transcripts must use traditional A-F letters ) Example grading scale E or F + -- + -- + -- + -- 100.0 -- 97.0 96.9 -- 93.0 92.9 -- 90.0 89.9 -- 87.0 86.9 -- 83.0 82.9 -- 80.0 79.9 -- 77.0 76.9 -- 73.0 72.9 -- 70.0 69.9 -- 67.0 66.9 -- 63.0 62.9 -- 60.0 59.9 -- 0.0 Standardized testing ( edit ) See also : Test ( student assessment ) Under the No Child Left Behind Act and Every Student Succeeds Acts , all American states must test students in public schools statewide to ensure that they are achieving the desired level of minimum education , such as on the New York Regents Examinations , the Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test ( FCAT ) or the Massachusetts Comprehensive Assessment System ( MCAS ) ; students being educated at home or in private schools are not included . The act also required that students and schools show adequate yearly progress . This means they must show some improvement each year . When a student fails to make adequate yearly progress , NCLB mandated that remediation through summer school or tutoring be made available to a student in need of extra help . On December 10 , 2015 President Barack Obama signed legislation replacing NCLB with the Every Student Succeeds Act ( ESSA ) . However , the enactment of ESSA did not eliminate provisions relating to the periodic standardized tests given to students . Academic performance impacts the perception of a school 's educational program . Rural schools fare better than their urban counterparts in two key areas : test scores and drop - out rate . First , students in small schools performed equal to or better than their larger school counterparts . In addition , on the 2005 National Assessment of Education Progress , 4th and 8th grade students scored as well or better in reading , science , and mathematics . During high school , students ( usually in 11th grade ) may take one or more standardized tests depending on their post-secondary education preferences and their local graduation requirements . In theory , these tests evaluate the overall level of knowledge and learning aptitude of the students . The SAT and ACT are the most common standardized tests that students take when applying to college . A student may take the SAT , ACT , or both depending upon the post-secondary institutions the student plans to apply to for admission . Most competitive schools also require two or three SAT Subject Tests ( formerly known as SAT IIs ) , which are shorter exams that focus strictly on a particular subject matter . However , all these tests serve little to no purpose for students who do not move on to post-secondary education , so they can usually be skipped without affecting one 's ability to graduate . Standardized testing has become increasingly controversial in recent years . Creativity and the need for applicable knowledge are becoming rapidly more valuable than simple memorization . Opponents of standardized education have stated that it is the system of standardized education itself that is to blame for employment issues and concerns over the questionable abilities of recent graduates . Others consider standardized tests to be a valuable objective check on grade inflation . In recent years , grade point averages ( particularly in suburban schools ) have been rising while SAT scores have been falling . Suggestions for improving standardized testing include evaluating a student 's overall growth , possibly including non-cognitive qualities such as social and emotional behaviors , not just achievement ; introducing 21st century skills and values ; and making the tests open - ended , authentic , and engaging . Extracurricular activities ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A major characteristic of American schools is the high priority given to sports , clubs and activities by the community , the parents , the schools and the students themselves . Extracurricular activities are educational activities not falling within the scope of the regular curriculum but under the supervision of the school . These activities can extend to large amounts of time outside the normal school day ; home - schooled students , however , are not normally allowed to participate . Student participation in sports programs , drill teams , bands , and spirit groups can amount to hours of practices and performances . Most states have organizations that develop rules for competition between groups . These organizations are usually forced to implement time limits on hours practiced as a prerequisite for participation . Many schools also have non-varsity sports teams ; however , these are usually afforded fewer resources and less attention . Sports programs and their related games , especially football and basketball , are major events for American students and for larger schools can be a major source of funds for school districts . High school athletic competitions often generate intense interest in the community . In addition to sports , numerous non-athletic extracurricular activities are available in American schools , both public and private . Activities include Quizbowl , musical groups , marching bands , student government , school newspapers , science fairs , debate teams , and clubs focused on an academic area ( such as the Spanish Club ) or community service interests ( such as Key Club ) . Home schooling ( edit ) Main article : Homeschooling in the United States In 2014 , approximately 1.5 million children were homeschooled , up 84 % from 1999 when the U.S. Department of Education first started keeping statistics . This was 2.9 % of all children . Many select moral or religious reasons for homeschooling their children . The second main category is unschooling , those who prefer a non-standard approach to education . Opposition to homeschooling comes from varied sources , including teachers ' organizations and school districts . The National Education Association , the largest labor union in the United States , has been particularly vocal in the past . Opponents ' stated concerns fall into several broad categories , including fears of poor academic quality , and lack of socialization with others . At this time , over half of states have oversight into monitoring or measuring the academic progress of home schooled students , with all but ten requiring some form of notification to the state . Education of students with special needs ( edit ) Main article : Special education in the United States Commonly known as special classes , are taught by teachers with training in adapting curricula to meet the needs of students with special needs . According to the National Association of School Nurses , 5 % of students in 2009 have a seizure disorder , another 5 % have ADHD and 10 % have mental or emotional disorders . On January 25 , 2013 , the Office for Civil Rights of the US Department of Education issued guidance , clarifying school districts ' existing legal obligations to give disabled students an equal chance to compete in extracurricular sports alongside their able - bodied classmates . Educating children with disabilities The federal law , Individuals with Disabilities Education Act ( IDEA ) requires states to ensure that all government - run schools provide services to meet the individual needs of students with special needs , as defined by the law . All students with special needs are entitled to a free and appropriate public education ( FAPE ) . Schools meet with the parents or guardians to develop an Individualized Education Program that determines best placement for the child . Students must be placed in the least restrictive environment ( LRE ) that is appropriate for the student 's needs . Public schools that fail to provide an appropriate placement for students with special needs can be taken to due process wherein parents may formally submit their grievances and demand appropriate services for the child . Nationwide , 62 % of students with disabilities attending public schools graduate high school . Criticism At - risk students ( those with educational needs that are not associated with a disability ) are often placed in classes with students with minor emotional and social disabilities . Critics assert that placing at - risk students in the same classes as these disabled students may impede the educational progress of both the at - risk and the disabled students . Some research has refuted this assertion , and has suggested this approach increases the academic and behavioral skills of the entire student population . See also : Special education Public and private schools ( edit ) In the United States , state and local government have primary responsibility for education . The Federal Department of Education plays a role in standards setting and education finance , and some primary and secondary schools , for the children of military employees , are run by the Department of Defense . K -- 12 students in most areas have a choice between free tax - funded public schools , or privately funded private schools . Public school systems are supported by a combination of local , state , and federal government funding . Because a large portion of school revenues come from local property taxes , public schools vary widely in the resources they have available per student . Class size also varies from one district to another . Curriculum decisions in public schools are made largely at the local and state levels ; the federal government has limited influence . In most districts , a locally elected school board runs schools . The school board appoints an official called the superintendent of schools to manage the schools in the district . Local property taxes for public school funding may have disadvantages depending on how wealthy or poor these cities may be . Some of the disadvantages may be not having the proper electives of students interest or advanced placement courses to further the knowledge and education of these students . Cases such as these limit students and causes inequality in education because there is no easy way to gain access to those courses since the education system might not view them as necessary . The public education system does provide the classes needed to obtain a GED ( General Education Development ) and obtain a job or pursue higher education . The largest public school system in the United States is in New York City , where more than one million students are taught in 1,200 separate public schools . Because of its immense size -- there are more students in the system than residents in the eight smallest US states -- the New York City public school system is nationally influential in determining standards and materials , such as textbooks . Admission to individual public schools is usually based on residency . To compensate for differences in school quality based on geography , school systems serving large cities and portions of large cities often have magnet schools that provide enrollment to a specified number of non-resident students in addition to serving all resident students . This special enrollment is usually decided by lottery with equal numbers of males and females chosen . Some magnet schools cater to gifted students or to students with special interests , such as the sciences or performing arts . Private schools in the United States include parochial schools ( affiliated with religious denominations ) , non-profit independent schools , and for - profit private schools . Private schools charge varying rates depending on geographic location , the school 's expenses , and the availability of funding from sources , other than tuition . For example , some churches partially subsidize private schools for their members . Some people have argued that when their child attends a private school , they should be able to take the funds that the public school no longer needs and apply that money towards private school tuition in the form of vouchers . This is the basis of the school choice movement . 5,072,451 students attended 33,740 private elementary and secondary schools in 2007 . 74.5 % of these were Caucasian , non-Hispanic , 9.8 % were African American , 9.6 % were Hispanic . 5.4 % were Asian or Pacific Islander , and . 6 % were American Indian . Average school size was 150.3 students . There were 456,266 teachers . The number of students per teacher was about 11 . 65 % of seniors in private schools in 2006 - -- 7 went on to attend a 4 - year college . Private schools have various missions : some cater to college - bound students seeking a competitive edge in the college admissions process ; others are for gifted students , students with learning disabilities or other special needs , or students with specific religious affiliations . Some cater to families seeking a small school , with a nurturing , supportive environment . Unlike public school systems , private schools have no legal obligation to accept any interested student . Admission to some private schools is often highly selective . Private schools also have the ability to permanently expel persistently unruly students , a disciplinary option not legally available to public school systems . Private schools offer the advantages of smaller classes , under twenty students in a typical elementary classroom , for example ; a higher teacher / student ratio across the school day , greater individualized attention and in the more competitive schools , expert college placement services . Unless specifically designed to do so , private schools usually can not offer the services required by students with serious or multiple learning , emotional , or behavioral issues . Although reputed to pay lower salaries than public school systems , private schools often attract teachers by offering high - quality professional development opportunities , including tuition grants for advanced degrees . According to elite private schools themselves , this investment in faculty development helps maintain the high quality program that they offer . An August 17 , 2000 article by the Chicago Sun - Times refers to the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago Office of Catholic Schools as the largest private school system in the United States . Funding for K -- 12 schools ( edit ) According to a 2005 report from the OECD , the United States is tied for first place with Switzerland when it comes to annual spending per student on its public schools , with each of those two countries spending more than $11,000 . However , the United States is ranked 37th in the world in education spending as a percentage of gross domestic product . All but seven of the leading countries are developing countries ; ranked high because of a low GDP . Figures exist for education spending in the United States , both total and per student , and by state and school district . They show a very wide range in spending , but due to the varying spending policies and circumstances among school districts , a cost - effectiveness analysis is very difficult to perform . Changes in funding appear to have little effect on a school system 's performance . Between 1970 and 2012 , the full amount spent by all levels of government on the K -- 12 education of an individual public school student graduating in any given year , adjusted for inflation , increased by 185 % . The average funding by state governments increased by 120 % per student . However , scores in mathematics , science and language arts over that same period remained almost unchanged . Multi-year periods in which a state 's funding per student declined substantially also appear to have had little effect . Property taxes as a primary source of funding for public education have become highly controversial , for a number of reasons . First , if a state 's population and land values escalate rapidly , many longtime residents may find themselves paying property taxes much higher than anticipated . In response to this phenomenon , California 's citizens passed Proposition 13 in 1978 , which severely restricted the ability of the Legislature to expand the state 's educational system to keep up with growth . Some states , such as Michigan , have investigated or implemented alternate schemes for funding education that may sidestep the problems of funding based mainly on property taxes by providing funding based on sales or income tax . These schemes also have failings , negatively impacting funding in a slow economy . One of the biggest debates in funding public schools is funding by local taxes or state taxes . The federal government supplies around 8.5 % of the public school system funds , according to a 2005 report by the National Center for Education Statistics . `` Revenues and Expenditures for Public Elementary and Secondary Education , Table 1 '' . National Center for Education Statistics . Retrieved June 4 , 2014 . The remaining split between state and local governments averages 48.7 percent from states and 42.8 percent from local sources . Rural schools struggle with funding concerns . State funding sources often favor wealthier districts . The state establishes a minimum flat amount deemed `` adequate '' to educate a child based on equalized assessed value of property taxes . This favors wealthier districts with a much larger tax base . This , combined with the history of slow payment in the state , leaves rural districts searching for funds . Lack of funding leads to limited resources for teachers . Resources that directly relate to funding include access to high - speed internet , online learning programs and advanced course offerings . These resources can enhance a student 's learning opportunities , but may not be available to everyone if a district can not afford to offer specific programs . One study found that school districts spend less efficiently in areas in which they face little or no competition from other public schools , in large districts , and in areas in which residents are poor or less educated . Judicial intervention ( edit ) The reliance on local funding sources has led to a long history of court challenges about how states fund their schools . These challenges have relied on interpretations of state constitutions after a U.S. Supreme Court ruling that school funding was not a matter of the U.S. Constitution ( San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez , 411 U.S. 1 ( 1973 ) ) . The state court cases , beginning with the California case of Serrano v. Priest , 5 Cal. 3d 584 ( 1971 ) , were initially concerned with equity in funding , which was defined in terms of variations in spending across local school districts . More recently , state court cases have begun to consider what has been called ' adequacy . ' These cases have questioned whether the total amount of spending was sufficient to meet state constitutional requirements . Perhaps the most famous adequacy case is Abbott v. Burke , 100 N.J. 269 , 495 A. 2d 376 ( 1985 ) , which has involved state court supervision over several decades and has led to some of the highest spending of any U.S. districts in the so - called Abbott districts . The background and results of these cases are analyzed in a book by Eric Hanushek and Alfred Lindseth . That analysis concludes that funding differences are not closely related to student outcomes and thus that the outcomes of the court cases have not led to improved policies . In McCleary v. Washington State ( 2012 ) , Supreme Court decision that found the state had failed to `` amply '' fund public education for Washington 's 1 million school children . Washington state had budgeted $18.2 billion for education spending in the two - year fiscal period ending in July 2015 . The state Supreme Court decided that this budget must be boosted by $3.3 billion in total by July 2019 . On September 11 , 2014 , the state Supreme Court found the legislature in contempt for failing to uphold a court order to come up with a plan to boost its education budget by billions of dollars over the next five years . The state had argued that it had adequately funded education and said diverting tax revenue could lead to shortfalls in other public services . Pensions ( edit ) While the hiring of teachers for public schools is done at the local school district level , the pension funds for teachers are usually managed at the state level . Some states have significant deficits when future requirements for teacher pensions are examined . In 2014 , these were projected deficits for various states : Illinois - $187 billion , Connecticut - $57 billion , Kentucky - $41 billion , Hawaii - $16.5 billion , and Louisiana - $45.6 billion . These deficits range from 184 % to 318 % of these states annual total budget . Test performance for primary and secondary schools ( edit ) The test scores of students attending U.S. public schools are lower than student scores in schools of other developed countries , in the areas of reading , math , and science . Out of 21 industrialized countries , U.S. 12th graders ranked 19th in math , 16th in science , and last in advanced physics . Higher education ( edit ) 2008 -- 2012 Bachelor 's degree or higher ( 5 - year estimate ) by County ( percent ) Educational attainment in the United States , Age 25 and Over ( 2009 ) Education Percentage High school graduate 86.68 % Some college 55.60 % Associate or bachelor 's degree 38.54 % Bachelor 's degree 29.0 % Master 's degree 7.62 % Doctorate or professional degree 2.94 % Main article : Higher education in the United States A building of New York Institute of Technology on its Manhattan campus The University of Chicago team that worked on the production of the world 's first man - made , self - sustaining nuclear reaction , including Enrico Fermi in the front row and Leó Szilárd in the second . Higher education in the United States is an optional final stage of formal learning following secondary education , often at one of the 4,495 colleges or universities and junior colleges in the country . In 2008 , 36 % of enrolled students graduated from college in four years . 57 % completed their undergraduate requirements in six years , at the same college they first enrolled in . The U.S. ranks 10th among industrial countries for percentage of adults with college degrees . Over the past 40 years the gap in graduation rates for wealthy students and low income students has widened significantly . 77 % of the wealthiest quartile of students obtained undergraduate degrees by age 24 in 2013 , up from 40 % in 1970 . 9 % of the least affluent quartile obtained degrees by the same age in 2013 , up from 6 % in 1970 . Like high school , the four undergraduate grades are commonly called freshman , sophomore , junior , and senior years ( alternatively called first year , second year , etc . ) . Students traditionally apply for admission into colleges . Schools differ in their competitiveness and reputation . Admissions criteria involve the rigor and grades earned in high school courses taken , the students ' GPA , class ranking , and standardized test scores ( Such as the SAT or the ACT tests ) . Most colleges also consider more subjective factors such as a commitment to extracurricular activities , a personal essay , and an interview . While colleges will rarely list that they require a certain standardized test score , class ranking , or GPA for admission , each college usually has a rough threshold below which admission is unlikely . Once admitted , students engage in undergraduate study , which consists of satisfying university and class requirements to achieve a bachelor 's degree in a field of concentration known as a major . ( Some students enroll in double majors or `` minor '' in another field of study . ) The most common method consists of four years of study leading to a Bachelor of Arts ( B.A. ) , a Bachelor of Science ( B.S. ) , or sometimes another bachelor 's degree such as Bachelor of Fine Arts ( B.F.A. ) , Bachelor of Social Work ( B.S.W. ) , Bachelor of Engineering ( B. Eng. , ) or Bachelor of Philosophy ( B. Phil . ) Five - Year Professional Architecture programs offer the Bachelor of Architecture Degree ( B. Arch . ) Professional degrees such as law , medicine , pharmacy , and dentistry , are offered as graduate study after earning at least three years of undergraduate schooling or after earning a bachelor 's degree depending on the program . These professional fields do not require a specific undergraduate major , though medicine , pharmacy , and dentistry have set prerequisite courses that must be taken before enrollment . Some students choose to attend a community college for two years prior to further study at another college or university . In most states , community colleges are operated either by a division of the state university or by local special districts subject to guidance from a state agency . Community colleges may award Associate of Arts ( AA ) or Associate of Science ( AS ) degree after two years . Those seeking to continue their education may transfer to a four - year college or university ( after applying through a similar admissions process as those applying directly to the four - year institution , see articulation ) . Some community colleges have automatic enrollment agreements with a local four - year college , where the community college provides the first two years of study and the university provides the remaining years of study , sometimes all on one campus . The community college awards the associate degree , and the university awards the bachelor 's and master 's degrees . Graduate study , conducted after obtaining an initial degree and sometimes after several years of professional work , leads to a more advanced degree such as a master 's degree , which could be a Master of Arts ( MA ) , Master of Science ( MS ) , Master of Business Administration ( MBA ) , or other less common master 's degrees such as Master of Education ( MEd ) , and Master of Fine Arts ( MFA ) . Some students pursue a graduate degree that is in between a master 's degree and a doctoral degree called a Specialist in Education ( Ed. S . ) . After additional years of study and sometimes in conjunction with the completion of a master 's degree or Ed. S. degree , students may earn a Doctor of Philosophy ( Ph. D . ) , a first professional degree , or other doctoral degree , such as Doctor of Arts , Doctor of Education , Doctor of Theology , Doctor of Medicine , Doctor of Pharmacy , Doctor of Physical Therapy , Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine , Doctor of Podiatry Medicine , Doctor of Veterinary Medicine , Doctor of Dentistry Doctor of Psychology , or Juris Doctor . Some programs , such as medicine and psychology , have formal apprenticeship procedures post-graduation , such as residencies and internships , which must be completed after graduation and before one is considered fully trained . Other professional programs like law and business have no formal apprenticeship requirements after graduation ( although law school graduates must take the bar exam to legally practice law in nearly all states ) . Entrance into graduate programs usually depends upon a student 's undergraduate academic performance or professional experience as well as their score on a standardized entrance exam like the Graduate Record Examination ( GRE - graduate schools in general ) , the Medical College Admission Test ( MCAT ) , or the Law School Admission Test ( LSAT ) . Many graduate and law schools do not require experience after earning a bachelor 's degree to enter their programs ; however , business school candidates are usually required to gain a few years of professional work experience before applying . 8.9 percent of students receive postgraduate degrees . Most , after obtaining their bachelor 's degree , proceed directly into the workforce . Cost ( edit ) Study comparing college revenue per student by tuition and state funding in 2008 dollars . Cost of US college education relative to the consumer price index ( inflation ) . See also : College tuition in the United States A few charity institutions cover all of the students ' tuition , although scholarships ( both merit - based and need - based ) are widely available . Generally , private universities charge much higher tuition than their public counterparts , which rely on state funds to make up the difference . Because each state supports its own university system with state taxes , most public universities charge much higher rates for out - of - state students . Annual undergraduate tuition varies widely from state to state , and many additional fees apply . In 2009 , average annual tuition at a public university ( for residents of the state ) was $7,020 . Tuition for public school students from outside the state is generally comparable to private school prices , although students can often qualify for state residency after their first year . Private schools are typically much higher , although prices vary widely from `` no - frills '' private schools to highly specialized technical institutes . Depending upon the type of school and program , annual graduate program tuition can vary from $15,000 to as high as $50,000 . Note that these prices do not include living expenses ( rent , room / board , etc . ) or additional fees that schools add on such as `` activities fees '' or health insurance . These fees , especially room and board , can range from $6,000 to $12,000 per academic year ( assuming a single student without children ) . The mean annual total cost ( including all costs associated with a full - time post-secondary schooling , such as tuition and fees , books and supplies , room and board ) , as reported by collegeboard.com for 2010 : Public university ( 4 years ) : $27,967 ( per year ) Private university ( 4 years ) : $40,476 ( per year ) Total , four - year schooling : Public university : $111,868 Private university : $161,904 College costs are rising at the same time that state appropriations for aid are shrinking . This has led to debate over funding at both the state and local levels . From 2002 to 2004 alone , tuition rates at public schools increased over 14 percent , largely due to dwindling state funding . An increase of 6 percent occurred over the same period for private schools . Between 1982 and 2007 , college tuition and fees rose three times as fast as median family income , in constant dollars . From the US Census Bureau , the median salary of an individual who has only a high school diploma is $27,967 ; The median salary of an individual who has a bachelor 's degree is $47,345 . Certain degrees , such as in engineering , typically result in salaries far exceeding high school graduates , whereas degrees in teaching and social work fall below . The debt of the average college graduate for student loans in 2010 was $23,200 . A 2010 study indicates that the return on investment for graduating from the top 1000 colleges exceeds 4 % over a high school degree . According to Uni in the USA , `` One of the reasons American universities have thrived is due to their remarkable management of financial resources . '' To combat costs colleges have hired adjunct professors to teach . In 2008 these teachers cost about $1,800 per 3 - credit class as opposed to $8,000 per class for a tenured professor . Two - thirds of college instructors were adjuncts . There are differences of opinion whether these adjuncts teach better or worse than regular professors . There is a suspicion that student evaluation of adjuncts , along with their subsequent continued employment , can lead to grade inflation . The status ladder ( edit ) American college and university faculty , staff , alumni , students , and applicants monitor rankings produced by magazines such as U.S. News and World Report , Washington Monthly , Academic Ranking of World Universities , test preparation services such as The Princeton Review or another university itself such as the Top American Research Universities by the University of Florida 's The Center . These rankings are based on factors like brand recognition , selectivity in admissions , generosity of alumni donors , and volume of faculty research . In the Times Higher Education World University Rankings , 27 of the top 50 universities , and 72 institutions of the top 200 , are located within the United States . The US has thereby more than twice as many universities represented in the top 200 as does the country with the next highest number , the United Kingdom , which has 29 . A small percentage of students who apply to these schools gain admission . Included among the top 20 institutions identified by ARWU in 2009 are six of the eight schools in the Ivy League ; 4 of the 10 schools in the University of California system ( Berkeley , Los Angeles , San Diego and San Francisco ) ; the private Universities of Stanford , Chicago , and Johns Hopkins ; the public Universities of Washington and Wisconsin ; and the Massachusetts and California Institutes of Technology . Also renowned within the United States are the so - called Little Ivies and a number of prestigious liberal arts colleges . Certain public universities ( sometimes referred to as Public Ivies ) are also recognized for their outstanding record in scholarship . Some of these institutions currently place among the elite in certain measurements of graduate education and research , especially among engineering and medical schools . Each state in the United States maintains its own public university system , which is always non-profit . The State University of New York and the California State University are the largest public higher education systems in the United States ; SUNY is the largest system that includes community colleges , while CSU is the largest without . Most areas also have private institutions , which may be for - profit or non-profit . Unlike many other nations , there are no public universities at the national level outside of the military service academies . Prospective students applying to attend four of the five military academies require , with limited exceptions , nomination by a member of Congress . Like acceptance to `` top tier '' universities , competition for these limited nominations is intense and must be accompanied by superior scholastic achievement and evidence of `` leadership potential . '' Aside from these aforementioned schools , academic reputations vary widely among the ' middle - tier ' of American schools , ( and even among academic departments within each of these schools . ) Most public and private institutions fall into this ' middle ' range . Some institutions feature honors colleges or other rigorous programs that challenge academically exceptional students , who might otherwise attend a ' top - tier ' college . Aware of the status attached to the perception of the college that they attend , students often apply to a range of schools . Some apply to a relatively prestigious school with a low acceptance rate , gambling on the chance of acceptance but , as a backup , also apply to a safety school . Lower status institutions include community colleges . These are primarily two - year public institutions , which individual states usually require to accept all local residents who seek admission , and offer associate 's degrees or vocational certificate programs . Many community colleges have relationships with four - year state universities and colleges or even private universities that enable their students to transfer to these universities for a four - year degree after completing a two - year program at the community college . Regardless of perceived prestige , many institutions feature at least one distinguished academic department , and most post-secondary American students attend one of the 2,400 four - year colleges and universities or 1,700 two - year colleges not included among the twenty - five or so ' top - tier ' institutions . Criticism ( edit ) Economics professor Alan Zagier blames credential inflation for the admission of so many unqualified students into college . He reports that the number of new jobs requiring college degrees is less than the number of college graduates . He states that the more money that a state spends on higher education , the slower the economy grows , the opposite of long held notions . Other studies have shown that the level of cognitive achievement attained by students in a country ( as measured by academic testing ) is closely correlated with the country 's economic growth , but that `` increasing the average number of years of schooling attained by the labor force boosts the economy only when increased levels of school attainment also boost cognitive skills . In other words , it is not enough simply to spend more time in school ; something has to be learned there . '' Funding for college ( edit ) At the college and university level student loan funding is split in half ; half is managed by the Department of Education directly , called the Federal Direct Student Loan Program ( FDSLP ) . The other half is managed by commercial entities such as banks , credit unions , and financial services firms such as Sallie Mae , under the Federal Family Education Loan Program ( FFELP ) . Some schools accept only FFELP loans ; others accept only FDSLP . Still others accept both , and a few schools will not accept either , in which case students must seek out private alternatives for student loans . Grant funding is provided by the federal Pell Grant program . Issues ( edit ) Major issues include assessment of proficiency versus growth , funding and legal protection of special education , and excessive student loan debt . American education crisis ( edit ) It has been alleged , since the 1950s and especially in recent years , that American schooling is undergoing a crisis in which academic performance is behind other countries , such as Russia , Japan , or China , in core subjects . Congress passed the National Defense Education Act in 1958 in an attempt to rectify these problems , and a series of other legislative acts in later decades such as No Child Left Behind . According to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development , however , American students of 2012 ranked 25th in math , 17th in science , and 14th in reading compared with students in 27 other countries . In 2013 , Amanda Ripley published The Smartest Kids in the World ( And How They Got That Way ) , a comparative study of how the American education system differs from top - performing countries such as Finland and South Korea . Recent allegations take the perspective of employers who demand more vocational training . Voters in both major parties have been critical of the Common Core initiative . Affirmative action ( edit ) Further information : Affirmative action in the United States Acceptance rates at private universities ( 2005 ) Overall admit rate Black admit rate % difference Harvard 10.0 % 16.7 % + 67.0 % MIT 15.9 % 31.6 % + 98.7 % Brown 16.6 % 26.3 % + 58.4 % Penn 21.2 % 30.1 % + 42.0 % Georgetown 22.0 % 30.7 % + 39.5 % In 2003 a Supreme Court decision concerning affirmative action in universities allowed educational institutions to consider race as a factor in admitting students , but ruled that strict point systems are unconstitutional . Opponents of racial affirmative action argue that the program actually benefits middle - and upper - class non-Asian people of color at the expense of lower class European Americans and Asian Americans . Prominent African American academics Henry Louis Gates and Lani Guinier , while favoring affirmative action , have argued that in practice , it has led to recent black immigrants and their children being greatly overrepresented at elite institutions , at the expense of the historic African American community made up of descendants of slaves . In 2006 , Jian Li , a Chinese undergraduate at Yale University , filed a civil rights complaint with the Office for Civil Rights against Princeton University , stating that his race played a role in their decision to reject his application for admission . Attainment ( edit ) Main article : Educational attainment in the United States Educational attainment since 1940 . The rise of the high school movement in the beginning of the 20th century was unique in the United States , such that , high schools were implemented with property - tax funded tuition , openness , non-exclusivity , and were decentralized . The academic curriculum was designed to provide the students with a terminal degree . The students obtained general knowledge ( such as mathematics , chemistry , English composition , etc . ) applicable to the high geographic and social mobility in the United States . The provision of the high schools accelerated with the rise of the second industrial revolution . The increase in white collar and skilled blue - collar work in manufacturing was reflected in the demand for high school education . In the 21st century , the educational attainment of the US population is similar to that of many other industrialized countries with the vast majority of the population having completed secondary education and a rising number of college graduates that outnumber high school dropouts . As a whole , the population of the United States is becoming increasingly more educated . Post-secondary education is valued very highly by American society and is one of the main determinants of class and status . As with income , however , there are significant discrepancies in terms of race , age , household configuration and geography . Since the 1980s the number of educated Americans has continued to grow , but at a slower rate . Some have attributed this to an increase in the foreign born portion of the workforce . However , the decreasing growth of the educational workforce has instead been primarily due to slowing down in educational attainment of people schooled in the United States . Student proficiency and college graduation rates ( edit ) High schools and colleges sharply disagree about the college readiness of high school graduates , in that 90 % of high school teachers believe graduating students are well - prepared , while 44 % of college faculty believe that first - year students are not ready for writing at the college level . Although the high school graduation rate is about 91 % nationwide , the proficiency rates of twelfth - grade students are only 37 % in English and 25 % in mathematics . Despite having a high school diploma that includes a college - preparatory curriculum , along with appropriate high school exit examination scores , 60 % of first - year college students must take noncredit remedial courses in order to bring their literary and mathematical skills up to an adequate level . Even then , only 58 % of students in four - year programs at public colleges will have graduated after six years . The cause can not be excessively demanding college courses , since grade inflation has made those courses increasingly easy in recent decades . Gender differences ( edit ) According to research from within the past 20 years , girls generally outperform boys in the classroom on measures of grades across all subjects and graduation rates . This is a turnaround from the early 20th century when boys usually outperformed girls . Boys have still been found to score higher on standardized tests than girls and go on to be better represented in the more prestigious , high - paying STEM fields . There is an ongoing debate over which gender is the most short - changed in the classroom . Parents and educators are concerned about how to motivate males to become better students . Racial achievement differences ( edit ) Further information : Racial achievement gap in the United States , Race and intelligence , and African - American family structure NAEP reading long - term trends for ages 9 ( light gray ) , 13 ( dark gray ) , and 17 ( black ) . The racial achievement gap in the US refers to the educational disparities between Black and Hispanic students compared with Asian and Caucasian students . This disparity manifests itself in a variety of ways : African - American and Hispanic students are more likely to receive lower grades , score lower on standardized tests , drop out of high school , and are less likely to enter and complete college . Several reasons have been suggested for these disparities . One explanation is the disparity in income that exists between African Americans and Whites . This school of thought argues that the origin of this `` wealth gap '' is the slavery and racism that made it extremely difficult for African - Americans to accumulate wealth for almost 100 years after slavery was abolished . A comparable history of discrimination created a similar gap between Hispanics and Whites . This results in many minority children being born into low socioeconomic backgrounds , which in turn affects educational opportunities . Another explanation has to do with family structure . Professor Lino Graglia has suggested that Blacks and Hispanics are falling behind in education because they are increasingly raised in single - parent families . A third explanation which has been suggested , by , for example University of California , Berkeley Professor Arthur Jensen , in a controversial paper published in 1969 , is that there is an innate difference in intelligence between blacks and whites . Other publications are critical of Jensen 's methods and disagree with his conclusions . The idea that the difference in achievement is primarily genetic is controversial , and few members of the academic community accept these findings as fact . Other explanations offered for the racial achievement gap include : social class , institutional racism , lower quality of schools and teachers in minority communities , and civil injustice . Most authors mention several such factors as influential on outcomes , both in the United States and worldwide . International comparison ( edit ) In the OECD 's Programme for International Student Assessment 2003 , which emphasizes problem solving , American 15 - year - olds ranked 24th of 38 in mathematics , 19th of 38 in science , 12th of 38 in reading , and 26th of 38 in problem solving . In the 2006 assessment , the U.S. ranked 35th out of 57 in mathematics and 29th out of 57 in science . Reading scores could not be reported due to printing errors in the instructions of the U.S. test booklets . U.S. scores were behind those of most other developed nations . However , the picture changes when low achievers , Blacks and Hispanics , in the U.S. are broken out by race . White and Asian students in the United States are generally among the best - performing pupils in the world ; black and Hispanic students in the U.S. are among the lowest - achieving pupils . Black and Hispanic students in the US do out perform their counterparts in all African and Hispanic countries . US fourth and eighth graders tested above average on the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study tests , which emphasizes traditional learning . The United States is one of three OECD countries where the government spends more on schools in rich neighborhoods than in poor neighborhoods , with the others being Turkey and Israel . Poor education also carries on as students age . The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development 's ( OECD ) administer another survey called the Survey of Adult Skills , which is a part of its Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies ( PIAAC ) . In the most recent survey done in 2013 , 33 nations took part with adults ages 16 to 65 in numeracy , literacy and problem - solving . The Educational Testing Service ( ETS ) found that millennials -- age from teens to early 30s -- scored low . Millennials in Spain and Italy scored lower than those in the U.S. , while in numeracy , the three countries tied for last . U.S. millennials came in last among all 33 nations for problem - solving skills . Wider Economic impact ( edit ) Current education trends in the United States represent multiple achievement gaps across ethnicities , income levels , and geography . In an economic analysis , consulting firm McKinsey & Company reports that closing the educational achievement gap between the United States and nations such as Finland and Korea would have increased US GDP by 9 - to - 16 % in 2008 . Narrowing the gap between white students and black and Hispanic students would have added another 2 -- 4 % GDP , while closing the gap between poor and other students would have yielded a 3 - to - 5 % increase in GDP , and that of under - performing states and the rest of the nation another 3 - to - 5 % GDP . In sum , McKinsey 's report suggests , `` These educational gaps impose on the United States the economic equivalent of a permanent national recession . '' Overall the households and demographics featuring the highest educational attainment in the United States are also among those with the highest household income and wealth . Thus , while the population of the US is becoming increasingly educated on all levels , a direct link between income and educational attainment remains . ACT Inc. reports that 25 % of US graduating high school seniors meet college - readiness benchmarks in English , reading , mathematics , and science . Including the 22 % of students who do not graduate on time , fewer than 20 % of the American youth , who should graduate high school each year , do so prepared for college . The United States has fallen behind the rest of the developed world in education , creating a global achievement gap that alone costs the nation 9 - to - 16 % of potential GDP each year . In 2007 , Americans stood second only to Canada in the percentage of 35 - to 64 - year - olds holding at least two - year degrees . Among 25 - to 34 - year - olds , the country stands tenth . The nation stands 15 out of 29 rated nations for college completion rates , slightly above Mexico and Turkey . A five - year , $14 million study of U.S. adult literacy involving lengthy interviews of U.S. adults , the most comprehensive study of literacy ever commissioned by the U.S. government , was released in September 1993 . It involved lengthy interviews of over 26,700 adults statistically balanced for age , gender , ethnicity , education level , and location ( urban , suburban , or rural ) in 12 states across the U.S. and was designed to represent the U.S. population as a whole . This government study showed that 21 % to 23 % of adult Americans were not `` able to locate information in text '' , could not `` make low - level inferences using printed materials '' , and were unable to `` integrate easily identifiable pieces of information . '' The U.S. Department of Education 's 2003 statistics indicated that 14 % of the population -- or 32 million adults -- had very low literacy skills . Statistics were similar in 2013 . In addition to its economic impact , social science provides evidence that the level of educational attainment of a community also has quantifiable impacts on many aspects of well - being , including life expectancy , low birthweight rates , crime , and political engagement . Behavior ( edit ) A 2011 study found that students who were expelled were three times as likely to become involved with the juvenile justice system the following school year . Corporal punishment ( edit ) The United States is one of the very few developed countries where corporal punishment is officially permitted and practiced in its public schools , although the practice has been banned in an increasing number of states beginning in the 1970s . The punishment virtually always consists of spanking the buttocks of a student with a paddle in a punishment known as `` paddling . '' Students can be physically punished from kindergarten to the end of high school , meaning that even adults who have reached the age of majority are sometimes spanked by school officials . Although uncommon relative to the overall U.S. student population , more than 167,000 students were paddled in the 2011 -- 2012 school year in American public schools . Virtually all paddling in public schools occurs in the Southern United States , however , with 70 % of paddled students living in just five states : Mississippi , Texas , Alabama , Arkansas , and Georgia . The practice has been on a steady decline in American schools . School security ( edit ) For some schools , a police officer , titled a school resource officer , is on site to screen students for firearms and to help avoid disruptions . Cheating ( edit ) Main article : Academic dishonesty In 2006 , one survey found that 50 % to 95 % of American students admitted to having cheated in high school or college at one time or another , results that cast some doubt on measured academic attainment tests . Charter schools ( edit ) Main article : Charter schools in the United States The charter school movement began in 1990 and have spread rapidly in the United States , members , parents , teachers , and students to allow for the `` expression of diverse teaching philosophies and cultural and social life styles . '' Curriculum ( edit ) President George W. Bush signing the No Child Left Behind Act Curricula in the United States can vary widely from district to district . Different schools offer classes centering on different topics , and vary in quality . Some private schools even include religious classes as mandatory for attendance . This raises the question of government funding vouchers in states with anti-Catholic Blaine Amendments in their constitution . This in turn has produced camps of argument over the standardization of curricula and to what degree it should exist . These same groups often are advocates of standardized testing , which is mandated by the No Child Left Behind Act . There is debate over which subjects should receive the most focus , with astronomy and geography among those cited as not being taught enough in schools . English in the classroom ( edit ) Schools in the 50 states , the District of Columbia , the U.S. Virgin Islands , Guam , and the Northern Mariana Islands , teach primarily in English , with the exception of specialized language immersion programs . Other languages ( edit ) In 2015 , 584,000 students in Puerto Rico were taught in Spanish , their native language . The Native American Cherokee Nation instigated a 10 - year language preservation plan that involved growing new fluent speakers of the Cherokee language from childhood on up through school immersion programs as well as a collaborative community effort to continue to use the language at home . In 2010 , 84 children were being educated in this manner . Some 9.7 million children aged 5 to 17 primarily speak a language other than English at home . Of those , about 1.3 million children do not speak English well or at all . Evolution in Kansas ( edit ) Main article : Kansas evolution hearings In 1999 the School Board of the state of Kansas caused controversy when it decided to eliminate teaching of evolution in its state assessment tests . Scientists from around the country objected . Many religious and family values groups , on the other hand , stated that evolution is `` simply a theory '' in the colloquial sense ( not the academic sense , which means specific and well supported reasoning ) , and as such creationist ideas should therefore be taught alongside it as an alternative viewpoint . A majority of the board supported teaching intelligent design or creationism in public schools . The new standards , including Intelligent Design , were enacted on November 8 , 2005 . On February 13 , 2007 , the board rejected these amended science standards enacted in 2005 , overturning the mandate to teach Intelligent Design . Sex education ( edit ) Main article : Sex education in the United States Almost all students in the U.S. receive some form of sex education at least once between grades 7 and 12 ; many schools begin addressing some topics as early as grades 4 or 5 . However , what students learn varies widely , because curriculum decisions are so decentralized . Many states have laws governing what is taught in sex education classes or allowing parents to opt out . Some state laws leave curriculum decisions to individual school districts . For example , a 1999 study by the Guttmacher Institute found that most U.S. sex education courses in grades 7 through 12 cover puberty , HIV , STDs , abstinence , implications of teenage pregnancy , and how to resist peer pressure . Other studied topics , such as methods of birth control and infection prevention , sexual orientation , sexual abuse , and factual and ethical information about abortion , varied more widely . However , according to a 2004 survey , a majority of the 1001 parent groups polled wants complete sex education in the schools . The American people are heavily divided over the issue . Over 80 % of polled parents agreed with the statement `` Sex education in school makes it easier for me to talk to my child about sexual issues , '' while under 17 % agreed with the statement that their children were being exposed to `` subjects I do n't think my child should be discussing . '' 10 percent believed that their children 's sexual education class forced them to discuss sexual issues `` too early . '' On the other hand , 49 percent of the respondents ( the largest group ) were `` somewhat confident '' that the values taught in their children 's sex ed classes were similar to those taught at home , and 23 percent were less confident still . ( The margin of error was plus or minus 4.7 percent . ) According to The 74 , an American education news website , the United States uses two methods to teach sex education . Comprehensive sex education focuses on sexual risk reduction . This method focuses on the benefits of contraception and safe sex . The abstinence - emphasized curriculum focuses on sexual risk avoidance , discouraging activity that could become a `` gateway '' to sexual activities . Textbook Review and adoption ( edit ) In some states , textbooks are selected for all students at the state level , and decisions made by larger states , such as California and Texas , that represent a considerable market for textbook publishers and can exert influence over the content of textbooks generally , thereby influencing the curriculum taught in public schools , In 2010 , the Texas Board of Education passed more than 100 amendments to the curriculum standards , affecting history , sociology and economics courses to ' add balance ' given that academia was ' skewed too far to the left ' . One specific result of these amendments is to increase education on Moses ' influences on the founding of the United States , going as far as calling him a `` founding father '' . This effect is however reduced with modern publishing techniques which allow books to be tailored to individual states . As of January 2009 , the four largest college textbook publishers in the United States were : Pearson Education ( including such imprints as Addison - Wesley and Prentice Hall ) , Cengage Learning ( formerly Thomson Learning ) , McGraw - Hill Education , Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . Other US textbook publishers include : John Wiley & Sons , Jones and Bartlett Publishers , F.A. Davis Company , W.W. Norton & Company , SAGE Publications , and Flat World Knowledge . Culturally - responsive curriculum ( edit ) Culturally - responsive curriculum is a framework for teaching that acknowledges and the various cultural backgrounds of all students in the classroom to make learning more accessible , especially for students of color . It is the outgrowth of research evidence that suggests that attitudes towards others , especially with regard to race , are socially constructed ( or learned ) at a young age . Therefore , the values that we attach to various groups of people are a reflection of the behavior we have observed around us , especially in the classroom . Culturally - responsive curriculum responds to the importance of teachers connecting with students in increasingly diverse classrooms in the US by incorporating sociocultural elements into curriculum . The goal of culturally - responsive curriculum is to ensure equitable access to education for students from all cultures . Culturally - responsive curriculum draws directly on the idea of a `` hidden curriculum '' or system of values that teachers impart on students in the classroom . Culturally - responsive curriculum attempts to break down the dominant cultural bias that often pervades curriculum and instruction . Similar to the anti-bias approach , culturally - responsive curriculum is intended to help students and teachers `` recognize the connections between ethnicity , gender , religion , and social class , and power , privilege , prestige , and opportunity . '' Culturally - responsive curriculum specifically responds to the cultural needs of students as learners in the classroom . A study by Howard in 2001 , documents student 's responses to culturally - responsive curriculum and teaching strategies . The study found that these methods had a positive effect on student engagement and effort in the classroom . These findings are consistent with the theoretical claims of culturally - responsive curriculum . Teachers can gain in - depth understandings of their students ' individual needs by engaging with parents , learning about culturally - specific ways of communicating and learning , and allowing students to direct their learning and to collaborate on assignments that are both culturally and socially relevant to them . Culturally - responsive curriculum is also implemented at the level of preservice teacher education . One study by Evans - Winters and Hoff found that preservice teachers do not necessarily recognize or acknowledge the intersections of race and other social factors in understanding and characterizing systems of oppression . A shift in preservice training has been made toward a more self - reflective model that encourages teachers to be reflective of the types of cultural and social attitudes they are promoting in their teaching practices . This kind of preservice education can help teachers anticipate social - identity related tensions that might occur in the classroom and think critically about how to approach them . Reality pedagogy ( edit ) Reality pedagogy is one model of culturally - responsive pedagogy that uses individual student backgrounds to adapt curriculum and instruction . It was introduced by Columbia Teachers ' College professor , Christopher Emdin , and elaborated in his book For White Folks who Teach in the Hood ... and the Rest of Y'all Too : Reality Pedagogy and Urban Education . Emdin promotes the use of cultural code - switching in the classroom to connect vernacular concepts with academic concepts . Reality pedagogy is a form of culturally - responsive pedagogy that attempts to bridge community - based knowledge with classroom learning experiences . Gender - sensitive curriculum ( edit ) The notion of gender - sensitive curriculum acknowledges the current reality of our bi-gender world and attempts to break down socialized learning outcomes that reinforce the notion that girls and boys are good at different things . Research has shown that while girls do struggle more in the areas of math and science and boys in the area of language arts , this is a socialization phenomenon , rather than a physiological one . One key to creating a gender - friendly classroom is `` differentiation '' which essentially means when teachers plan and deliver their instruction with an awareness of gender and other student differences . Teachers can strategically group students for learning activities by a variety of characteristics so as to maximize individual strengths and contributions . Research has also shown that teacher 's differ in how they treat girls and boys in the classroom . Gender - sensitive practices necessitate equitable and appropriate attention to all learners . Teacher attention to content is also extremely important . For example , when trying to hold boy 's attention teachers will often use examples that reference classically male roles , perpetuating a gender bias in content . In addition to curriculum that recognizes that gender impacts all students and their learning , other gender - sensitive curriculum directly engages gender - diversity issues and topics . Some curricular approaches include integrating gender through story problems , writing prompts , readings , art assignments , research projects and guest lectures that foster spaces for students to articulate their own understandings and beliefs about gender . LGBTQ - inclusive curriculum ( edit ) LGBTQ - inclusive curriculum is curriculum that includes positive representations of LGBTQ people , history , and events . LGBTQ curriculum also attempts to integrate these narratives without biasing the LGBTQ experience as a separate and fragmented from overarching social narratives and not as intersecting with ethnic , racial , and other forms of diversity that exist among LGBTQ individuals . The purpose of LGBTQ - inclusive curriculum is to ensure that LGBTQ students feel properly represented in curriculum narratives and therefore safer coming to school and more comfortable discussing LGBTQ - related topics . A study by GLSEN examined the impact of LGBTQ - inclusive practices on LGBTQ student 's perceptions of safety . They study found that LGBT students in inclusive school - settings were much less likely to feel unsafe because of their identities and more likely to perceive their peers as accepting and supportive . Implementation of LGBTQ - inclusive curriculum involves both curriculum decisions and harnessing teachable moments in the classroom . One study by Snapp et al. showed that teachers often failed to intervene in LGBTQ - bullying . Other research has suggested that education for healthcare professionals on how to better support LGBTQ patients has benefits for LGBTQ - healthcare service . Education in how to be empathic and conscientious of the needs of LGBTQ patients fits within the larger conversation about culturally - responsive healthcare . Ability - inclusive curriculum ( edit ) Ability - inclusive curriculum is another curriculum model that adapts to the social , physical , and cultural needs of the students . Inclusion in the US education system refers to the approach to educating students with special needs in a mainstream classroom . This model involves cultivating a strong relationship between teacher and student , and between non-special needs students and special needs students . Like the other models of culturally - inclusive curriculum , ability - inclusive curriculum often involves collaboration , parental - involvement , the creation of a safe and welcoming environment , returning agency to the students over their learning , and fostering open discussion about individual differences and strengths . Research generally demonstrates neutral or positive effects of inclusive education . A study by Kreimeyer et al. showed that a group of deaf / hard - of - hearing students in an inclusive classroom scored better than the national averages on reading comprehension , vocabulary , and mathematical problem solving measures . Another study showed that inclusive practices increased literacy rates for autistic students . Many theorists champion the potential socio - emotional benefits of inclusion . However research on the social dynamics of inclusive classrooms suggest that special needs students might occupy a lower social standing that non-special needs students . Governance ( edit ) Currently , the state and national governments share power over public education , with the states exercising most of the control . Except for Hawaii , states delegate power to county , city or township - level school boards that exercise control over a school district . Some school districts may further delegate significant authority to principals , such as those who have adopted the Portfolio strategy . The U.S. federal government exercises its control through the U.S. Department of Education . Education is not mentioned in the constitution of the United States , but the federal government uses the threat of decreased funding to enforce laws pertaining to education . Under recent administrations , initiatives such as the No Child Left Behind Act and Race to the Top have attempted to assert more central control in a heavily decentralized system . Nonprofit private schools are widespread , are largely independent of the government , and include secular as well as parochial schools . Educational accreditation decisions for private schools are made by voluntary regional associations . Tracking ( streaming ) ( edit ) See also : Tracking ( education ) Tracking is the practice of dividing students at the primary or secondary school level into classes on the basis of ability or achievement . One common use is to offer different curricula for students preparing for college and for those preparing for direct entry into technical schools or the workplace . Reading and writing habits ( edit ) Libraries have been considered important to educational goals . Library books are more readily available to Americans than to people in Germany , Britain , France , the Netherlands , Austria and all the Mediterranean nations . The average American borrowed more library books in 2001 than his or her peers in Germany , Austria , Norway , Ireland , Luxembourg , France and throughout the Mediterranean . Americans buy more books than people in Europe . Teachers have been frustrated with lack of parent involvement in the learning process , particularly in the earlier grades . Children spend about 26 % of their time in school , sleep 40 % , leaving about 34 % of their time left - over . Teachers believe that parents are not supervising their children 's free time to encourage the learning process , such as basic literacy , which is crucial not only to later success in life , but also to keeping them out of prison . See also ( edit ) United States portal Education portal Academic grading in the United States College Board examinations Education in the Thirteen Colonies Educational reform Language education in the United States List of heads of state educated in the United States List of state graduation exams in the United States Lists of school districts in the United States Outcome - based education School prayer # United States Sex differences in education in the United States Social programs in the United States and education First - generation college students in the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Bureau , U.C. ( 2009 ) . The 2009 Statistical Abstract , Retrieved from National Data Book '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The World Factbook '' . Cia.gov . Retrieved September 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Bachelor Degree Rate Passes Milestone '' . The New York Times . February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` School Finance '' . 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Lindseth , Schoolhouses , Courthouses , and Statehouses : Solving the funding - achievement puzzle in America 's public schools ( Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press , 2010 ) Jump up ^ McCleary v. Washington State Jump up ^ Cavaliere , Victoria . `` Washington 's Supreme Court holds state in contempt over education '' . Reuters . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Racioppi , Dustin ( March 23 , 2014 ) . `` Dire Straits for some state pensions '' . USA Today . pp. 6B . Retrieved March 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who 's No. 1 ? Finland , Japan and Korea , Says OECD '' . Siteselection.com . December 10 , 2001 . Retrieved April 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Note that these add up to more than 100 % because they are cumulative ; e.g. it is assumed that all people with doctorates also have undergraduate and high school degrees , and are thus counted twice in the `` lower '' categories . It is not assumed , however , that all doctorates or professional degrees have Master 's degrees . Age 25 is used rather than age 18 because there are few people aged 18 or over with advanced degrees . `` Educational Attainment in the United States : 2009 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . September 22 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2010 . Retrieved January 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nat'l Ctr . for Educ . Statistics , Degree - Granting Institutions and Branches , by Type and Control of Institution and State of Jurisdiction , 2009 -- 10 Archived March 2 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . ( September 2010 ) . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 ^ Jump up to : Michelle Singletary ( October 22 , 2009 ) . `` The Color of Money : Getting through college these days almost requires a degree in thrift '' . Washington Post . pp. 20A . Jump up ^ Melissa Korn ( February 3 , 2015 ) . Big Gap in College Graduation Rates for Rich and Poor , Study Finds The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Educational attainment of persons 18 years old and over '' . 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Teachers College Press . ^ Jump up to : Day , C.B. , & Allvin , R.E. ( 2016 ) . America 's Racial Wounds : Healing Needs to Start Early . YC : Young Children , 71 ( 2 ) , 44 -- 46 . ^ Jump up to : `` Culturally Responsive Teaching Teaching Diverse Learners '' . www.brown.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Howard , Tyrone C. ( 2001 - 06 - 01 ) . `` Telling Their Side of the Story : African - American Students ' Perceptions of Culturally Relevant Teaching '' . The Urban Review . 33 ( 2 ) : 131 -- 149 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1010393224120 . ISSN 0042 - 0972 . Jump up ^ V.E. Evans - Winters , P.T. Hoff . The aesthetics of white racism in pre-service teacher education : a critical race theory perspective . Race , Ethnicity and Education , 14 ( 4 ) ( 2011 ) , pp. 461 -- 479 Jump up ^ Pauline , Roberts , . `` Reflection : A Renewed and Practical Focus for an Existing Problem in Teacher Education . '' . Australian Journal of Teacher Education . 41 ( 7 ) . ISSN 0313 - 5373 . Jump up ^ Ambrose , S.A. , Bridges , M.W. , DiPietro , M. & Lovett , M.C. ( 2010 ) . How learning works : Seven research - based principles for smart teaching . San Francisco , CA : Jossey Bass . ^ Jump up to : Emdin , Christopher ( 2016 ) . For White Folks Who Teach In the Hood ... And the Rest of Y'all Too : Reality Pedagogy and Urban Education Jump up ^ American Association of University Women ( 1992 ) . How schools shortchange girls . New York Jump up ^ `` Education '' . Gender Spectrum . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` LGBT - Inclusive Curriculum Guide for Educators '' . GLSEN . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Snapp , S.D. , Burdge , H. , Licona , A.C. , Moody , R.L. , & Russell , S.T. ( 2015 ) . Students ' Perspectives on LGBTQ - Inclusive Curriculum . Equity & Excellence In Education , 48 ( 2 ) , 249 -- 265 . Jump up ^ Pearce , L. ( 2017 ) . MAKING NURSE EDUCATION LGBT - FRIENDLY . Nursing Standard , 31 ( 23 ) , 22 -- 24 . Jump up ^ `` How to Support Special Needs Students '' . PhdinSpecialEducation.com Jump up ^ Kreimeyer , K.H. , Crooke , P. , Drye , C. , Egbert , V. , & Klein , B. ( 2000 ) . Academic and Social Benefits of a Co-enrollment Model of Inclusive Education for Deaf and Hard - of - Hearing Children . Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education , ( 2 ) . 174 . Jump up ^ Chandler - Olcott , K. , & Kluth , P. ( 2009 ) . Why Everyone Benefits From Including Students With Autism in Literacy Classrooms . Reading Teacher , 62 ( 7 ) , 548 -- 557 . Jump up ^ Ruijs , Nienke M. ; Peetsma , Thea T.D. `` Effects of inclusion on students with and without special educational needs reviewed '' . Educational Research Review . 4 ( 2 ) : 67 -- 79 . doi : 10.1016 / j. edurev. 2009.02. 002 . Jump up ^ `` Education Commissioner Highlights Importance of Libraries -- Massachusetts Department of Elementary and Secondary Education '' . Doe.mass.edu . June 5 , 2002 . Retrieved July 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Trans - Atlantic Comparisons , part 2 : Why Europeans Have It Wrong About Americans '' . Spiegel Online . May 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Length of School Day '' . uft.org/ . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Reed , Matt ( October 19 , 2013 ) . `` Brevard 's new literacy crusade : United Way '' . Florida Today . Melbourne , Florida . pp. 1A . Retrieved October 19 , 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Sennholz , Hans F. , ed . Public Education and Indoctrination , in series , The Freeman Classics . Irvington - on - Hudson , N.Y. : Foundation for Economic Education , 1993 . iv , 203 p . N.B. : Sennholz is not clearly identified as the editor of this collection of essays on the subject , but his editorship seems probable . Bibliography ( edit ) Berliner , David C . Goldstein , Dana ( 2014 ) . The Teacher Wars : A History of America 's Most Embattled Profession . Doubleday . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 53695 - 0 . Green , Elizabeth ( 2014 ) . Building a Better Teacher : How Teaching Works ( and How to Teach It to Everyone ) . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 08159 - 6 . Hanushek , Eric ( 2013 ) . Endangering Prosperity : A Global View of the American School . Brookings Institution . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8157 - 0373 - 0 . Woodring , Paul . A Fourth of a Nation . New York : McGraw - Hill Book Co. , 1957 . 255 p . N.B. : Philosophical and practical reflections on education , teaching , educational psychology , and the training of teachers . History ( edit ) for more detailed bibliography see History of Education in the United States : Bibliography James D. Anderson , The Education of Blacks in the South , 1860 -- 1935 ( University of North Carolina Press , 1988 ) . Axtell , J. The school upon a hill : Education and society in colonial New England . Yale University Press . ( 1974 ) . Maurice R. Berube ; American School Reform : Progressive , Equity , and Excellence Movements , 1883 -- 1993 . 1994 . online version Brint , S. , & Karabel , J. The Diverted Dream : Community colleges and the promise of educational opportunity in America , 1900 -- 1985 . Oxford University Press . ( 1989 ) . Button , H. Warren and Provenzo , Eugene F. , Jr . History of Education and Culture in America . Prentice - Hall , 1983 . 379 pp . Cremin , Lawrence A . The Transformation of the School : Progressivism in American Education , 1876 -- 1957 . ( 1961 ) . Cremin , Lawrence A. American Education : The Colonial Experience , 1607 -- 1783 . ( 1970 ) ; American Education : The National Experience , 1783 -- 1876 . ( 1980 ) ; American Education : The Metropolitan Experience , 1876 -- 1980 ( 1990 ) ; standard 3 vol detailed scholarly history Curti , M.E. The social ideas of American educators , with new chapter on the last twenty - five years . ( 1959 ) . Dorn , Sherman . Creating the Dropout : An Institutional and Social History of School Failure . Praeger , 1996 . 167 pp . Gatto , John Taylor . The Underground History of American Education : An Intimate Investigation into the Prison of Modern Schooling . Oxford Village Press , 2001 , 412 pp. online version Herbst , Juergen . The once and future school : Three hundred and fifty years of American secondary education . ( 1996 ) . Herbst , Juergen . School Choice and School Governance : A Historical Study of the United States and Germany 2006 . ISBN 1 - 4039 - 7302 - 4 . Kemp , Roger L. `` Town & Gown Relations : A Handbook of Best Practices , '' McFarland and Company , Inc. , Publisher , Jefferson , North Carolina , USA , and London , England ( UK ) ( 2013 ) . ISBN 9780786463992 . Krug , Edward A . The shaping of the American high school , 1880 -- 1920 . ( 1964 ) ; The American high school , 1920 -- 1940 . ( 1972 ) . standard 2 vol scholarly history Lucas , C.J. American higher education : A history . ( 1994 ) . pp. ; reprinted essays from History of Education Quarterly Parkerson , Donald H. and Parkerson , Jo Ann . Transitions in American Education : A Social History of Teaching . Routledge , 2001 . 242 pp . Parkerson , Donald H. and Parkerson , Jo Ann . The Emergence of the Common School in the U.S. Countryside . Edwin Mellen , 1998 . 192 pp . Peterson , Paul E. The politics of school reform , 1870 -- 1940 . ( 1985 ) . Ravitch , Diane . Left Back : A Century of Failed School Reforms . Simon & Schuster , 2000 . 555 pp . John L. Rury ; Education and Social Change : Themes in the History of American Schooling . ' ; Lawrence Erlbaum Associates . 2002 . online version Sanders , James W The education of an urban minority : Catholics in Chicago , 1833 -- 1965 . ( 1977 ) . Solomon , Barbara M. In the company of educated women : A history of women and higher education in America . ( 1985 ) . Theobald , Paul . Call School : Rural Education in the Midwest to 1918 . Southern Illinois U. Pr. , 1995 . 246 pp . David B. Tyack . The One Best System : A History of American Urban Education ( 1974 ) , Tyack , David and Cuban , Larry . Tinkering Toward Utopia : A Century of Public School Reform . Harvard U. Pr. , 1995 . 184 pp . Tyack , David B. , & Hansot , E. Managers of virtue : Public school leadership in America , 1820 -- 1980 . ( 1982 ) . Veysey Lawrence R . The emergence of the American university . ( 1965 ) . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Education in the United States . Wikisource has the text of the 1920 Encyclopedia Americana article Education in the United States . EducationUSA : Your Guide to US Higher Education National Center for Education Statistics National Assessment of Educational Progress Essay about public education paradigms on YouTube Information on studying in the US High School Grade Point Average Calculator -- Standard grade point average calculator for US High Schools . Information on education in United States , OECD -- Contains indicators and information about United States and how it compares to other OECD and non-OECD countries Diagram of American education system , OECD -- Using 1997 ISCED classification of programmes and typical ages . Library guides Brown University Library . `` Education '' . Research Guides . Rhode Island . Fordham University Libraries . `` Education '' . Research Guides . New York . Harvard Graduate School of Education -- Gutman Library . `` Research Guides '' . Massachusetts . University of Texas at San Antonio Libraries . `` Education '' . Research Guides . 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how many schools do we have in the usa

There are more than 14,000 school districts in the country , and more than $500 billion is spent each year on public primary and secondary education . Most states require that their school districts within the state teach for 180 days a year . In 2010 , there were 3,823,142 teachers in public , charter , private , and Catholic elementary and secondary schools . They taught a total of 55,203,000 students , who attended one of 132,656 schools .

Nuclear power by country - wikipedia Nuclear power by country Jump to : navigation , search The Cattenom Nuclear Power Plant in France . France produces around three quarters of its electricity by nuclear power . The Grafenrheinfeld Nuclear Power Plant in Germany . Chancellor Angela Merkel 's coalition announced on 30 May 2011 , that Germany 's 14 nuclear power stations will be shut down by 2022 , in a policy reversal following Japan 's Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster . Nuclear power plants operate in 31 countries . Most are in Europe , Northern America , East Asia and South Asia . France has the largest share of electricity generated by nuclear power . China has the fastest growing nuclear power program with 28 new reactors under construction , and a considerable number of new reactors are also being built in India , Russia and South Korea . At the same time , at least 100 older and smaller reactors will `` most probably be closed over the next 10 -- 15 years '' . In 2010 , before the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster , it was reported that an average of about 10 nuclear reactors were expected to become operational per year , although according to the World Nuclear Association , of the 17 civilian reactors planned to become operational between 2007 and 2009 , only five actually came on stream . As of 2016 , Italy closed all of its nuclear stations and Belgium , Germany , Spain , and Switzerland are phasing - out nuclear power while Netherlands , Sweden , and Taiwan have some same intentions . Lithuania and Kazakhstan shut down lone nuclear stations earlier but plan to build new ones instead . Armenia earlier shut down its lone nuclear plant but then started to use it again . Austria never started to use its first nuclear plant that was completely built . Due to financial , politic and technical reasons , Cuba , Libya , North Korea , and Poland never completed the construction of their first nuclear plants ( but the latter two plan the nuclear stations again ) and Australia , Azerbaijan , Georgia , Ghana , Ireland , Kuwait , Oman , Peru , Singapore , and Venezuela never built their planned first nuclear plants . Global nuclear electricity generation in 2012 was at its lowest level since 1999 . As of 2011 , countries such as Australia , Austria , Denmark , Greece , Ireland , Italy , Latvia , Liechtenstein , Luxembourg , Malaysia , Malta , New Zealand , Norway , Philippines , and Portugal have no nuclear power stations and remain opposed to them . Canada 's Bruce Nuclear Generating Station is the largest nuclear power plant now whereas Japanese Kashiwazaki - Kariwa was regarded as such earlier . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 List of nuclear power reactors by country 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Overview ( edit ) Of the 31 countries in which nuclear power plants operate , only France , Slovakia , Ukraine , Belgium , and Hungary use them as the source for a majority of the country 's electricity supply , although many other countries still have significant amounts of nuclear power generation capacity . According to the World Nuclear Association , a nuclear power advocacy group , over 45 countries are giving `` serious consideration '' to introducing a nuclear power capability , with Belarus , Iran , Jordan , Turkey , the United Arab Emirates and Vietnam at the forefront . China , India and South Korea are pursuing ambitious expansions of their nuclear power capacities , with China aiming to increase capacity to at least 80 GW by 2020 , 200 GW by 2030 and 400 GW by 2050 . South Korea plans to expand its nuclear capacity from 20.7 GW in 2012 to 27.3 GW in 2020 and to 43 GW by 2030 . India aims to have 14.6 GW nuclear power generation capacity by 2020 and 63 GW by 2032 and to have 25 % of all electricity supplied by nuclear power by 2050 . Nuclear power by country in 2016 Country Number of operated reactors Capacity Net - total ( MW ) Generated electricity ( GWh ) % - share of total usage Argentina 1632 7677.36 5.6 % Armenia 375 2194.85 31.4 % Belgium 7 5913 41430.45 51.7 % Brazil 1884 14970.46 2.9 % Bulgaria 1926 15083.45 35 % Canada 19 13554 95650.19 15.6 % China 36 31384 197829.04 3.6 % Czech Republic 6 3930 22729.87 29.4 % Finland 2764 22280.1 33.7 % France 58 63130 386452.88 72.3 % Germany 8 10799 80069.61 13.1 % Hungary 1889 15183.01 51.3 % India 22 6240 35006.83 3.4 % Iran 915 5923.97 2.1 % Japan 43 40290 17537.14 2.2 % Korea , Republic of 25 23077 154306.65 30.3 % Mexico 1552 10272.29 6.2 % Netherlands 482 3749.81 3.4 % Pakistan 1005 5438.9 4.4 % Romania 1306 10388.20 17.1 % Russia 36 26528 184054.09 17.1 % Slovakia 1814 13733.35 54.1 % Slovenia 688 5431.27 35.2 % South Africa 1860 15209.47 6.6 % Spain 7 7121 56102.44 21.4 % Sweden 10 9740 60647.40 40.0 % Switzerland 5 3333 20303.12 34.4 % Taiwan 6 5052 30461.09 13.7 % Ukraine 15 13107 76077.79 52.3 % United Kingdom 15 8918 65148.98 20.4 % United States 100 100351 804872.94 19.7 % World total 451 392553 MW 2,476 TWh 10.9 % Timeline of commissioned and decommissioned nuclear capacity since the 1950s . Positive numbers show the commissioned capacity for each year ; negative numbers show the decommissioned capacity for each year . Global status of nuclear deployment as of 2017 ( source : see file description ) Operating reactors , building new reactors Operating reactors , planning new build No reactors , building new reactors No reactors , planning new build Operating reactors , stable Operating reactors , considering phase - out Civil nuclear power is illegal No reactors Nations based on nuclear output as a percentage of national power output . Nuclear power plants in Europe List of nuclear power reactors by country ( edit ) Only the commercial reactors registered with the International Atomic Energy Agency ( as of October 2017 ) are listed below . Country Operating Under construction References and notes Argentina Armenia 0 Replacement Belarus 0 Under construction Belgium 7 0 Brazil Bulgaria 0 Four reactors were shut down in 2004 and 2007 . Belene Nuclear Power Plant construction was officially terminated in March 2012 . Canada 19 0 China 38 19 58 GWe by 2020 Czech Republic 6 0 Egypt 0 0 4 reactors expected to be completed by 2024 . Finland As of 2012 , TVO is planning a new reactor to be built and operational by 2020 . France 58 First French EPR under construction at Flamanville Germany 8 0 Phase - out in place by 2022 . Hungary 0 Paks2 ( 2 * 1200MW ) signed with Rosatom in 2014 . India 22 6 Six reactors with a cumulative capacity of 4300 MW are under construction as of 2016 . Iran 0 The first reactor of Bushehr Plant has power generation capacity of 915 MW Japan 42 After Fukushima , Japan shut down all of its 54 nuclear reactors , 12 of them permanently ; 42 remain in operational condition , of which 24 have requested permission to restart , and 5 reactors have been restarted . Mexico 0 Netherlands 0 Pakistan 5 KANUUP - II and KANUUP - III are under construction and are expected to be completed by 2020 . Romania 0 20 January 2011 , GDF Suez , Iberdrola and RWE pulled out of the project . Russia 35 7 7 new reactors expected to be completed by 2020 Saudi Arabia 0 0 16 nuclear power reactors over the next 25 years Slovakia Slovenia 0 South Africa 0 South Africa will be building a further 9600 MW , 6 - 8 reactors , by 2030 South Korea 24 Spain 7 0 Stable Sweden 8 0 Switzerland 5 0 Phase - out in place , first decommissioning 2029 . Taiwan 6 All nuclear power plants planned to be phased - out by 2025 , however , the viability of this is highly uncertain . Turkey 0 Ukraine 15 2 new reactors by 2018 . United Arab Emirates 0 4 reactors expected to be operational 2018 -- 2020 United Kingdom 15 0 United States 99 World 448 57 References : See also ( edit ) List of nuclear reactors Nuclear energy policy by country Nuclear power accidents by country Uranium reserves World Nuclear Industry Status Report Nuclear industry in Canada Category : Nuclear power by country References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` World Nuclear Power Reactors & Uranium Requirements '' . World Nuclear Association . 1 October 2010 . Retrieved 23 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Annika Breidthardt ( 30 May 2011 ) . `` German government wants nuclear exit by 2022 at latest '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ `` China Nuclear Power - Chinese Nuclear Energy '' . ^ Jump up to : Michael Dittmar . Taking stock of nuclear renaissance that never was Sydney Morning Herald , 18 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Duroyan Fertl ( 5 June 2011 ) . `` Germany : Nuclear power to be phased out by 2022 '' . Green Left . Jump up ^ James Kanter ( 25 May 2011 ) . `` Switzerland Decides on Nuclear Phase - Out '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ WNA ( 20 June 2013 ) . `` Nuclear power down in 2012 '' . World Nuclear News . Jump up ^ `` The Nuclear Renaissance '' . Jump up ^ `` Nuclear power : When the steam clears '' . The Economist. 24 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nuclear Share of Electricity Generation in 2016 '' . IAEA. 19 April 2017 . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Emerging Nuclear Energy Countries '' . World Nuclear Association . April 2013 . Retrieved 14 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` China Nuclear Power '' . World Nuclear Association . April 2013 . Retrieved 14 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nuclear Power in South Korea '' . World Nuclear Association . February 2013 . Retrieved 14 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nuclear Power in India '' . World Nuclear Association . 10 April 2013 . Retrieved 14 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Operational & Long - Term Shutdown Reactors '' . IAEA. 13 April 2013 . Retrieved 14 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Key World Energy Statistics '' ( PDF ) . IEA. 2016 . p. 18 . World electricity generation by fuels in 2015 ; from the international Energy Agency report Key World Energy Statistic , 2016 edition . Jump up ^ `` USA supports new nuclear build in Armenia '' . World Nuclear News . 23 November 2007 . Retrieved 25 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Agência Estado ( 12 September 2008 ) . `` Lobão diz que país fará uma usina nuclear por ano em 50 anos '' ( in Portuguese ) . G1.globo.com . Retrieved 15 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Bulgaria quits Belene Nuclear Power Plant project , Novinite , 28 March 2012 Jump up ^ `` Egypt , Russia sign deal to build a nuclear power plant '' . reuters.com . Jump up ^ `` Kolme uutta reaktoria , Jees ! '' . Tekniikka ja talous. 15 October 2009 . Retrieved 3 December 2009 . Jump up ^ F_405 . `` Iran 's Bushehr nuke power plant at full capacity from May 23 : Russian contractor - People 's Daily Online '' . English.peopledaily.com.cn . Retrieved 28 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nuclear Power in Japan Japanese Nuclear Energy - World Nuclear Association '' . www.world-nuclear.org . World Nuclear Association . Retrieved 26 August 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-o-s/saudi-arabia.aspx Jump up ^ `` Nuclear Power in South Africa '' . Retrieved 12 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` S. Africa wants nuclear contracts to stay at home '' . Reuters. 23 April 2012 . Retrieved 28 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Nuclear power in Spain , World Nuclear Association , URL accessed 13 June 2006 Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 28 September 2011 ) . `` Swiss Nuclear Power Plan Moves Toward Phase - Out Of Reactors '' . Huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved 28 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Taiwan to end nuclear power generation in 2025 : The Asahi Shimbun '' . The Asahi Shimbun . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` BBC NEWS Politics New nuclear plants get go - ahead '' . News.bbc.co.uk. 10 January 2008 . Retrieved 18 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nuclear Power in Ukraine '' . World Nuclear Association . August 2008 . Retrieved 22 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Nuclear Power United Arab Emirates UAE Nuclear Energy Abu Dhabi Dubai '' . www.world-nuclear.org . Retrieved 19 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UAE 's fourth power reactor under construction - EE Publishers '' . EE Publishers . Retrieved 19 October 2015 . External links ( edit ) World Nuclear Statistics 2006 statistics in Neutron Physics by Paul Reuss Nuclear power by country GW > 10 Canada China France Germany Japan Russia South Korea Ukraine United States GW > 2 Belgium Czech Republic Finland India Taiwan Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom GW > 1 Argentina Brazil Bulgaria Hungary Mexico Romania Slovakia South Africa Pakistan GW < 1 Armenia Iran Netherlands Slovenia Planned Albania Algeria Bangladesh Belarus Chile Indonesia Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Lithuania Morocco Myanmar Nigeria North Korea Poland Syria Saudi Arabia Sri Lanka Thailand Tunisia Turkey UAE Vietnam Abandoning plans for new plants Australia Austria Azerbaijan Cuba Georgia Ghana Ireland Kuwait Libya Oman Peru Portugal Singapore Taiwan Venezuela Phasing - out Austria ( already ) Belgium Germany Italy ( already ) Spain Switzerland Taiwan Other opposed Australia Denmark Greece Ireland Israel Latvia Liechtenstein Luxembourg Malaysia Malta New Zealand Norway Philippines List of nuclear power stations Nuclear energy policy Nuclear energy policy by country Nuclear accidents Nuclear technology portal Lists of countries by energy rankings Oil Proven reserves Production Consumption Exports Imports All Natural gas Proven reserves Production Consumption Exports Imports Recoverable shale gas Coal Proven reserves Production Exports Imports Nuclear power Uranium Proven reserves Production Generation Renewable energy Hydroelectricity Wind Photovoltaic Geothermal Solar water heating Electric energy Consumption Exports Imports Production Total energy Consumption and production per capita Intensity Summary of top exporters List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_power_by_country&oldid=805557502 '' Categories : Nuclear power by country Nuclear technology Hidden categories : CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Use dmy dates from December 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Чӑвашла Cymraeg Deutsch Esperanto فارسی Français Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Norsk Română Русский Shqip Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 October 2017 , at 04 : 25 . 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total number of nuclear power plants in the world

Nuclear power by country in 2016 Country Number of operated reactors Capacity Net - total ( MW ) Generated electricity ( GWh ) % - share of total usage Argentina 1632 7677.36 5.6 % Armenia 375 2194.85 31.4 % Belgium 7 5913 41430.45 51.7 % Brazil 1884 14970.46 2.9 % Bulgaria 1926 15083.45 35 % Canada 19 13554 95650.19 15.6 % China 36 31384 197829.04 3.6 % Czech Republic 6 3930 22729.87 29.4 % Finland 2764 22280.1 33.7 % France 58 63130 386452.88 72.3 % Germany 8 10799 80069.61 13.1 % Hungary 1889 15183.01 51.3 % India 22 6240 35006.83 3.4 % Iran 915 5923.97 2.1 % Japan 43 40290 17537.14 2.2 % Korea , Republic of 25 23077 154306.65 30.3 % Mexico 1552 10272.29 6.2 % Netherlands 482 3749.81 3.4 % Pakistan 1005 5438.9 4.4 % Romania 1306 10388.20 17.1 % Russia 36 26528 184054.09 17.1 % Slovakia 1814 13733.35 54.1 % Slovenia 688 5431.27 35.2 % South Africa 1860 15209.47 6.6 % Spain 7 7121 56102.44 21.4 % Sweden 10 9740 60647.40 40.0 % Switzerland 5 3333 20303.12 34.4 % Taiwan 6 5052 30461.09 13.7 % Ukraine 15 13107 76077.79 52.3 % United Kingdom 15 8918 65148.98 20.4 % United States 100 100351 804872.94 19.7 % World total 451 392553 MW 2,476 TWh 10.9 %

Deposit ( politics ) - wikipedia Deposit ( politics ) Jump to : navigation , search In an electoral system , a deposit is the sum of money that a candidate for an elected office , such as a seat in a legislature , is required to pay to an electoral authority before he or she is permitted to stand for election . In the typical case , the deposit collected is repaid to the candidate after the poll if the candidate obtains a specified proportion of the votes cast . The purpose of the deposit is to reduce the prevalence of ' fringe ' candidates or parties with no realistic chance of winning a seat . If the candidate does not achieve the refund threshold , the deposit is forfeited . Contents ( hide ) 1 Australia 2 Canada 3 Hong Kong 4 India 5 Republic of Ireland 6 Japan 7 Korea 8 Malaysia 9 New Zealand 10 Singapore 11 United Kingdom 12 References Australia ( edit ) In Australia , a candidate for the Australian House of Representatives is required to pay a deposit of $1000 , and a candidate for the Australian Senate is required to pay a deposit of $2000 . The deposit is refunded if the candidate or group gains at least 4 % of first preference votes in the relevant electoral division . The states have other deposit requirements and repayment thresholds . Canada ( edit ) In Canada , a candidate for Member of Parliament must place a $1,000 deposit . Formerly , failure to reach a set percentage of the vote , either 10 % or 15 % depending on the era , would have their deposits forfeited . At present , all candidates receive their deposit back if they turn in their properly completed financial paperwork on time , and a portion of election expenses are reimbursed if 10 % is reached . Nevertheless , the phrases `` lose one 's deposit '' and `` get one 's deposit back '' are still commonly heard in political circles . Hong Kong ( edit ) Each list of candidates for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong is subject to a deposit of HK $50,000 for a geographical constituency , and HK $25,000 for a `` functional constituency '' . The deposit is forfeited should the list ( or candidate ) fails to secure at least 3 % of the valid votes cast in the constituency . For District Council elections , the deposit amount is HK $3000 . India ( edit ) In the Republic of India , candidates for election to the lower house of the parliament -- Lok Sabha -- must pay a security deposit of ₹ 25000 . For state assembly elections the amount is ₹ 10000 . For Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes candidates the amounts are 5000 and 5000 respectively . A defeated candidate who fails to secure more than one - sixth of the total valid votes cast in a first - past - the - post voting system would both forfeit his or her deposit and bail rights . Republic of Ireland ( edit ) In the Republic of Ireland , candidates for election to Dáil Éireann who have been nominated by political parties registered to contest Dáil elections , as well as non-party candidates who are able to provide detailed information of 30 electors in the constituency who have assented to their nomination , are not required to pay a deposit . Candidates who fail to meet either of these criteria , however , must pay a deposit of € 500 . This follows a High Court ruling ; the court found that the obligatory payment of deposits by all candidates was repugnant to the Constitution of Ireland . Candidates who paid the deposit are returned if their final vote total , under the single transferable vote electoral system , exceeds one - quarter of the Droop quota for their constituency ; i.e. in a four - seat constituency , the quota is 20 % therefore the deposit threshold is 5 % . This is also the threshold that candidates ' votes must exceed in order for them to claim an election expenses allowance from the State . Japan ( edit ) Japan 's electoral deposit is the most expensive by far among the countries having such a system . Currently , a candidate for a constituency seat of the lower house or the upper house must place a ¥ 3 million deposit . It is refunded provided that the lower house candidate gains one - tenth ( 10 % ) or more of the total valid votes cast in the constituency , or provided that the upper house candidate gains one - eighth ( 12.5 % ) or more of the total valid votes divided by the number of the seats for the constituency . The deposit for a proportional seat of both houses is ¥ 6 million and the refund would depend on the number of seats that the party won . It is refunded in full amount if half or more of its candidates won seats . Local elections including gubernatorial and mayoral elections also have the deposit system with the amounts ranging from ¥ 300,000 to ¥ 3 million . For town and village council elections , candidates are not required to pay deposit . The deposit system in Japan , modelled on that of the UK , was introduced as part of the General Election Law of 1925 to prevent frivolous candidates from running simply for publicity or to disrupt election campaigns . However , it is sometimes claimed that its real purpose is to limit the number of candidates and make sure that those with financial power also hold political power . Hiroshi Kamiwaki ( 上脇 博之 ) , a professor specializing in the Constitution at Kobe Gakuin University , has argued that it is against Article 44 of the Constitution , which prohibits discrimination concerning the eligibility of lawmakers based on property and income . Korea ( edit ) In South Korea , candidates for election to a constituency seat of the National Assembly must pay a deposit of 15 million won , which is reimbursed in full if they obtain at least 15 % of the valid votes cast . Half of the amount is reimbursed if they receive over 10 % but less than 15 % of the votes . Candidates running for proportional seats are also required to pay the same amount , which can be reimbursed if the party represented wins at least one seat . Malaysia ( edit ) In Malaysia , the deposit is RM 10,000 to contest a parliamentary seat and RM 5,000 to contest a state assembly seat ( increased from RM 5,000 and RM 3,000 , respectively , in 2004 ) . Since 2004 , it was required that each candidate provide an additional RM 5,000 deposit for cleaning up banners and posters after the election . This increase is seen by some as having led to the government winning a record number of seats without contest in 2004 ( 17 parliamentary seats were won without contest ) . The deposit is used to pay for infringements of election laws and is returned after polling day unless the candidate loses and fails to garner more than one - eighth of the votes cast . New Zealand ( edit ) In New Zealand Parliament elections , registered parties may submit a party list on payment of a $1000 deposit . This deposit is refunded if the party reaches 0.5 % of the party votes . The deposit for an electorate candidate is $300 which is refunded if the candidate reaches 5 % . Singapore ( edit ) In Singapore , the election deposit per candidate for the Parliament is 8 per cent of the total allowances paid to a Member of Parliament in the preceding year , rounded to the nearest $500 . The deposit varies in each case : In the previous general election on 2015 , and in the recent by - election in 2016 , the figures were S $ 14,500 and S $13,500 , respectively . For Group Representative Constituencies , the deposit amount is multiplied by the number of MPs in that GRC . For Presidential Elections , the deposit amount is tripled . For instance , in 2011 , the figure was S $48,000 ( which is a triple of S $16,000 , the same deposit allocated for GE2011 held on the same year ) . In the 2017 elections ( elected by uncontested walkover ) , the figure was S $43,500 ( which is a triple of S $14,500 ) . In all cases , candidates who fail to secure at least one - eighth ( 12.5 % ) of the valid votes in their constituencies will have their deposit forfeited . United Kingdom ( edit ) Since 1985 the deposit in elections to the House of Commons has been £ 500 , which must be handed in , in cash , banker 's draft , or other forms of legal tender , when the candidate submits nomination papers . It is refunded if the candidate gains 5 % or more of the valid votes cast . Between 1918 and 1985 , the cost was £ 150 -- in 1918 this equates to £ 6,600 in 2015 , when adjusted for inflation . By 1985 , inflation had eroded the value to equate to £ 400 in 2015 ( real terms ) . The threshold for refunding the candidate 's money was higher : winning 1⁄8 ( 12.5 % ) of valid votes cast . Deposits must be paid by candidates for election to : the Scottish Parliament , the National Assembly for Wales , the London Assembly , the Northern Ireland Assembly , A deposit of £ 500 is also required for mayoral elections in those English or Welsh local authorities led by an executive mayor , A £ 5000 deposit must be paid by candidates for election to : Police and Crime Commissioner of the police areas of England and Wales Mayor of a combined authority . the Mayoralty of London To run a party list to the European Parliament . Loss of major parties ' candidate 's deposit is regarded as an embarrassment . The deposit has been criticised for making it difficult for smaller parties to engage in politics and the Electoral Commission has suggested scrapping them for general elections . Deposits are not required to pay for candidates standing in council elections . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Paggie Leung , `` Deposit forfeitures nearly double '' , South China Morning Post , Page A4 , 9 September 2008 Jump up ^ `` FAQs -- Contesting for Elections '' . Election Commission of India . Retrieved 8 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Electoral system in India '' ( PDF ) . National Institute of Open schooling . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 March 2012 . Retrieved 8 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Forfeited deposits fill EC coffers '' . Times of India . 24 April 2004 . Retrieved 8 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Election Commission of India '' . Jump up ^ ( eISB ) , electronic Irish Statute Book . `` electronic Irish Statute Book ( eISB ) '' . Jump up ^ Collins , Geraldine ( 22 March 2002 ) . `` Law to abolish election deposit '' . Irish Independent . Retrieved 8 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Candidate deposit requirement guarantees same faces on the ballot Yen for Living ( The Japan Times blog ) October 26th , 2012 Jump up ^ Union , Inter-Parliamentary . `` IPU PARLINE database : REPUBLIC OF KOREA ( Kuk Hoe ) , Electoral system '' . Jump up ^ Rahman , Rashid A. ( 1994 ) . The Conduct of Elections in Malaysia , p. 133 . Kuala Lumpur : Berita Publishing . ISBN 967 - 969 - 331 - 7 . Jump up ^ Halimah Yacob to be sworn in as Singapore 's 8th President on Thursday : PMO ( Strait Times Newspaper ) Retrieved September 13th , 2017 . Jump up ^ Presidential Election : Polling day set for Sept 23 ( Today Newspaper ) Retrieved August 28th , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Electoral Commission Factsheet , August 2009 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Who can stand as an MP ? '' . 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Election Resources on the Internet : Parliamentary Elections in the U.K. - Elections to the House of Commons '' . Electionresources.org . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` 81877 - COI - EC - Part C - Scots '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` naw - report - booklet - eng. qxp '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived December 9 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Guidance for candidates and agents , Northern Ireland Assembly elections , March 2007 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Mayoral Election 2009 '' . Bedford.gov.uk . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/146870/MAY-2a-Standing-as-an-independent-candidate.pdf ^ Jump up to : `` Greater Manchester mayor : Communist League candidate Peter Clifford pulls out of race '' . 8 March 2017 -- via www.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/148744/PCC-Part-2a-Standing-as-an-independent-candidate.pdf Jump up ^ UK 's Tory - LibDem coalition avert by - election embarrassment , can forge ahead shrinking government , Washington Examiner , 14 January 2011 Jump up ^ `` Scrap general election deposits , says watchdog '' . 13 January 2015 -- via www.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ Surrey County Council , http://new.surreycc.gov.uk/your-council/councillors-and-committees/how-to-become-a-councillor Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deposit_(politics)&oldid=800382505 '' Categories : Elections in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Polski Русский தமிழ் 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 05 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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when do you lose your deposit in an election

In the typical case , the deposit collected is repaid to the candidate after the poll if the candidate obtains a specified proportion of the votes cast . The purpose of the deposit is to reduce the prevalence of ' fringe ' candidates or parties with no realistic chance of winning a seat . If the candidate does not achieve the refund threshold , the deposit is forfeited .

United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit - wikipedia United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit `` The template Infobox U.S. court of appeals is being considered for merging . '' United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit ( 6th Cir . ) Location Potter Stewart U.S. Courthouse Cincinnati , Ohio Appeals from Eastern District of Kentucky Western District of Kentucky Eastern District of Michigan Western District of Michigan Northern District of Ohio Southern District of Ohio Eastern District of Tennessee Middle District of Tennessee Western District of Tennessee Established December 10 , 1869 Chief Judge R. Guy Cole Jr . Active judges 16 Senior judges 12 Circuit justice Elena Kagan Official website The United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit ( in case citations , 6th Cir . ) is a federal court with appellate jurisdiction over the district courts in the following districts : Eastern District of Kentucky Western District of Kentucky Eastern District of Michigan Western District of Michigan Northern District of Ohio Southern District of Ohio Eastern District of Tennessee Middle District of Tennessee Western District of Tennessee The court is composed of sixteen judges and is based at the Potter Stewart U.S. Courthouse in Cincinnati , Ohio . It is one of thirteen United States courts of appeals . Elena Kagan is the circuit justice for the Sixth Circuit . William Howard Taft , the only person ever to serve as both President and Chief Justice of the United States , once served on the circuit . Four other judges of the Sixth Circuit have been elevated to serve on the Supreme Court . Decisions issued by the Sixth Circuit were reversed by the United States Supreme Court 24 out of the 25 times they were reviewed in the five annual terms starting in October 2008 and ending in June 2013 , a higher rate of reversal than for any other federal appellate court during that time period . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current composition of the court 2 Vacancies and Pending Nominations 3 List of former judges 4 Chief judges 5 Succession of seats 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Current composition of the court ( edit ) # Title Judge Duty station Term of service Appointed by Active Chief Senior 56 Chief Judge R. Guy Cole Jr . Columbus , OH 1951 1995 -- present 2014 -- present -- Clinton 53 Circuit Judge Alice M. Batchelder Medina , OH 1944 1991 -- present 2009 -- 2014 -- G.H.W. Bush 55 Circuit Judge Karen Nelson Moore Cleveland , OH 1948 1995 -- present -- -- Clinton 57 Circuit Judge Eric L. Clay Detroit , MI 1948 1997 -- present -- -- Clinton 59 Circuit Judge Julia Smith Gibbons Memphis , TN 1950 2002 -- present -- -- G.W. Bush 61 Circuit Judge Jeffrey Sutton Columbus , OH 1960 2003 -- present -- -- G.W. Bush 62 Circuit Judge Deborah L. Cook Akron , OH 1952 2003 -- present -- -- G.W. Bush 64 Circuit Judge Richard Allen Griffin Traverse City , MI 1952 2005 -- present -- -- G.W. Bush 66 Circuit Judge Raymond Kethledge Ann Arbor , MI 1966 2008 -- present -- -- G.W. Bush 67 Circuit Judge Helene White Detroit , MI 1954 2008 -- present -- -- G.W. Bush 68 Circuit Judge Jane Branstetter Stranch Nashville , TN 1953 2010 -- present -- -- Obama 69 Circuit Judge Bernice B. Donald Memphis , TN 1951 2011 -- present -- -- Obama 70 Circuit Judge Amul Thapar Covington , KY 1969 2017 -- present -- -- Trump 71 Circuit Judge John K. Bush Louisville , KY 1964 2017 -- present -- -- Trump 72 Circuit Judge Joan Larsen Ann Arbor , MI 1968 2017 -- present -- -- Trump 73 Circuit Judge John B. Nalbandian Cincinnati , OH 1969 2018 -- present -- -- Trump 36 Senior Circuit Judge Damon Keith Detroit , MI 1922 1977 -- 1995 -- 1995 -- present Carter 37 Senior Circuit Judge Gilbert S. Merritt Jr . Nashville , TN 1936 1977 -- 2001 1989 -- 1996 2001 -- present Carter 44 Senior Circuit Judge Harry W. Wellford inactive 1924 1982 -- 1991 -- 1991 -- present Reagan 46 Senior Circuit Judge Ralph B. Guy Jr . Ann Arbor , MI 1929 1985 -- 1994 -- 1994 -- present Reagan 48 Senior Circuit Judge James L. Ryan inactive 1932 1985 -- 2000 -- 2000 -- present Reagan 49 Senior Circuit Judge Danny Julian Boggs Louisville , KY 1944 1986 -- 2017 2003 -- 2009 2017 -- present Reagan 50 Senior Circuit Judge Alan Eugene Norris Columbus , OH 1935 1986 -- 2001 -- 2001 -- present Reagan 51 Senior Circuit Judge Richard Fred Suhrheinrich Lansing , MI 1936 1990 -- 2001 -- 2001 -- present G.H.W. Bush 52 Senior Circuit Judge Eugene Edward Siler Jr . London , KY 1936 1991 -- 2001 -- 2001 -- present G.H.W. Bush 54 Senior Circuit Judge Martha Craig Daughtrey Nashville , TN 1942 1993 -- 2009 -- 2009 -- present Clinton 58 Senior Circuit Judge Ronald Lee Gilman Memphis , TN 1942 1997 -- 2010 -- 2010 -- present Clinton 60 Senior Circuit Judge John M. Rogers Lexington , KY 1948 2002 -- 2018 -- 2018 -- present G.W. Bush 63 Senior Circuit Judge David McKeague Lansing , MI 1946 2005 -- 2017 -- 2017 -- present G.W. Bush Vacancies and Pending Nominations ( edit ) Seat Prior Judge 's Duty Station Seat Last Held By Vacancy Reason Date of Vacancy Nominee Date of Nomination 9 Medina , OH Alice M. Batchelder Senior Status TBD Eric E. Murphy June 18 , 2018 Akron , OH Deborah L. Cook Chad A. Readler List of former judges ( edit ) # Judge State Born -- died Active service Chief Judge Senior status Appointed by Reason for termination Jackson , Howell Edmunds Howell Edmunds Jackson TN 1832 -- 1895 1891 -- 1893 -- -- elevated to Supreme Court Taft , William Howard William Howard Taft OH 1857 -- 1930 1892 -- 1900 -- -- Harrison , B. B. Harrison resignation Lurton , Horace Harmon Horace Harmon Lurton TN 1844 -- 1914 1893 -- 1909 -- -- Cleveland , Cleveland elevated to Supreme Court Day , William R. William R. Day OH 1849 -- 1923 1899 -- 1903 -- -- McKinley , McKinley elevated to Supreme Court 5 Severens , Henry Franklin Henry Franklin Severens MI 1835 -- 1923 1900 -- 1911 -- -- McKinley , McKinley resignation 6 Richards , John K. John K. Richards OH 1856 -- 1909 1903 -- 1909 -- -- Roosevelt , T. T. Roosevelt death 7 Warrington , John Wesley John Wesley Warrington OH 1844 -- 1921 1909 -- 1919 -- 1919 -- 1921 Taft , Taft death 8 Knappen , Loyal Edwin Loyal Edwin Knappen MI 1854 -- 1930 1910 -- 1924 -- 1924 -- 1930 Taft , Taft death 9 Denison , Arthur Carter Arthur Carter Denison MI 1861 -- 1942 1911 -- 1931 -- -- Taft , Taft resignation 10 Donahue , Maurice H. Maurice H. Donahue OH 1864 -- 1928 1919 -- 1928 -- -- Wilson , Wilson death 11 Moorman , Charles Harwood Charles Harwood Moorman KY 1876 -- 1938 1925 -- 1938 -- -- Coolidge , Coolidge death 12 Hicks , Xenophon Xenophon Hicks TN 1872 -- 1952 1928 -- 1952 1948 -- 1952 1952 -- 1952 Coolidge , Coolidge death 13 Hickenlooper , Smith Smith Hickenlooper OH 1880 -- 1933 1928 -- 1933 -- -- Coolidge , Coolidge death -- Mack , Julian Julian Mack 1866 -- 1943 1929 -- 1930 -- -- reassignment to 2nd Cir . 14 Simons , Charles Casper Charles Casper Simons MI 1876 -- 1964 1932 -- 1959 1952 -- 1958 1959 -- 1964 Hoover , Hoover death 15 Allen , Florence Ellinwood Florence Ellinwood Allen OH 1884 -- 1966 1934 -- 1959 1958 -- 1959 1959 -- 1966 Roosevelt , F. F. Roosevelt death 16 Hamilton , Elwood Elwood Hamilton KY 1883 -- 1945 1938 -- 1945 -- -- Roosevelt , F. F. Roosevelt death 17 Arant , Herschel Whitfield Herschel Whitfield Arant OH 1887 -- 1941 1939 -- 1941 -- -- Roosevelt , F. F. Roosevelt death 18 Martin Sr. , John Donelson John Donelson Martin Sr . TN 1883 -- 1962 1940 -- 1962 1959 -- 1959 -- Roosevelt , F. F. Roosevelt death 19 McAllister , Thomas Francis Thomas Francis McAllister MI 1896 -- 1976 1941 -- 1963 1959 -- 1961 1963 -- 1976 Roosevelt , F. F. Roosevelt death 20 Miller Jr. , Shackelford Shackelford Miller Jr . KY 1892 -- 1965 1945 -- 1965 1961 -- 1962 1965 -- 1965 Truman , Truman death 21 Stewart , Potter Potter Stewart OH 1915 -- 1985 1954 -- 1958 -- -- Eisenhower , Eisenhower elevated to Supreme Court 22 Cecil , Lester LeFevre Lester LeFevre Cecil OH 1893 -- 1983 1959 -- 1965 1962 -- 1963 1965 -- 1982 Eisenhower , Eisenhower death 23 Weick , Paul Charles Paul Charles Weick OH 1899 -- 1997 1959 -- 1981 1963 -- 1969 1981 -- 1997 Eisenhower , Eisenhower death 24 O'Sullivan , Clifford Patrick Clifford Patrick O'Sullivan MI 1897 -- 1975 1960 -- 1969 -- 1969 -- 1975 Eisenhower , Eisenhower death 25 Phillips , Harry Harry Phillips TN 1909 -- 1985 1963 -- 1979 1969 -- 1979 1979 -- 1985 Kennedy , Kennedy death 26 Edwards Jr. , George Clifton George Clifton Edwards Jr . MI 1914 -- 1995 1963 -- 1985 1979 -- 1983 1985 -- 1995 Kennedy , Kennedy death 27 Celebrezze , Anthony J. Anthony J. Celebrezze OH 1910 -- 1998 1965 -- 1980 -- 1980 -- 1998 Johnson , L. L. Johnson death 28 Peck II , John Weld John Weld Peck II OH 1913 -- 1993 1966 -- 1978 -- 1978 -- 1993 Johnson , L. L. Johnson death 29 McCree , Wade H. Wade H. McCree MI 1920 -- 1987 1966 -- 1977 -- -- Johnson , L. L. Johnson resignation 30 Combs , Bert T. Bert T. Combs KY 1911 -- 1991 1967 -- 1970 -- -- Johnson , L. L. Johnson resignation 31 Brooks , Henry Luesing Henry Luesing Brooks KY 1905 -- 1971 1969 -- 1971 -- -- Nixon , Nixon death 32 Miller , William Ernest William Ernest Miller TN 1908 -- 1976 1970 -- 1976 -- -- Nixon , Nixon death 33 Kent , W. Wallace W. Wallace Kent MI 1916 -- 1973 1970 -- 1973 -- -- Nixon , Nixon death 34 Pierce Lively KY 1921 -- 2016 1972 -- 1989 1983 -- 1988 1989 -- 2016 Nixon , Nixon death 35 Engel Jr. , Albert J. Albert J. Engel Jr . MI 1924 -- 2013 1973 -- 1989 1988 -- 1989 1989 -- 2013 Nixon , Nixon death 38 Brown , Bailey Bailey Brown TN 1917 -- 2004 1979 -- 1982 -- 1982 -- 1997 Carter , Carter retirement 39 Cornelia Groefsema Kennedy MI 1923 -- 2014 1979 -- 1999 -- 1999 -- 2014 Carter , Carter death 40 Martin Jr. , Boyce F. Boyce F. Martin Jr . KY 1935 -- 2016 1979 -- 2013 1996 -- 2003 -- Carter , Carter retirement 41 Jones , Nathaniel R. Nathaniel R. Jones OH 1926 -- present 1979 -- 1995 -- 1995 -- 2002 Carter , Carter retirement 42 Contie Jr. , Leroy John Leroy John Contie Jr . OH 1920 -- 2001 1982 -- 1986 -- 1986 -- 2001 Reagan , Reagan death 43 Krupansky , Robert B. Robert B. Krupansky OH 1921 -- 2004 1982 -- 1991 -- 1991 -- 2004 Reagan , Reagan death 45 Milburn , Herbert Theodore Herbert Theodore Milburn TN 1931 -- 2016 1984 -- 1996 -- 1996 -- 2016 Reagan , Reagan death 47 Nelson , David Aldrich David Aldrich Nelson OH 1932 -- 2010 1985 -- 1999 -- 1999 -- 2010 Reagan , Reagan death 65 Neilson , Susan Bieke Susan Bieke Neilson MI 1956 -- 2006 2005 -- 2006 -- -- Bush , G.W. G.W. Bush death Chief judges ( edit ) Chief Judge Hicks 1948 -- 1952 Simons 1952 -- 1958 Allen 1958 -- 1959 Martin 1959 -- 1959 McAllister 1959 -- 1961 S. Miller , Jr . 1961 -- 1962 Cecil 1962 -- 1963 Weick 1963 -- 1969 Phillips 1969 -- 1979 Edwards , Jr . 1979 -- 1983 Lively 1983 -- 1988 Engel , Jr . 1988 -- 1989 Merritt , Jr . 1989 -- 1996 Martin , Jr . 1996 -- 2003 Boggs 2003 -- 2009 Batchelder 2009 -- 2014 Cole , Jr . 2014 -- present Chief judges have administrative responsibilities with respect to their circuits , and preside over any panel on which they serve unless the circuit justice ( i.e. , the Supreme Court justice responsible for the circuit ) is also on the panel . Unlike the Supreme Court , where one justice is specifically nominated to be chief , the office of chief judge rotates among the circuit judges . To be chief , a judge must have been in active service on the court for at least one year , be under the age of 65 , and have not previously served as chief judge . A vacancy is filled by the judge highest in seniority among the group of qualified judges . The chief judge serves for a term of seven years or until age 70 , whichever occurs first . The age restrictions are waived if no members of the court would otherwise be qualified for the position . When the office was created in 1948 , the chief judge was the longest - serving judge who had not elected to retire on what has since 1958 been known as senior status or declined to serve as chief judge . After August 6 , 1959 , judges could not become or remain chief after turning 70 years old . The current rules have been in operation since October 1 , 1982 . Succession of seats ( edit ) The court has sixteen seats for active judges , numbered in the order in which they were filled . Judges who retire into senior status remain on the bench but leave their seat vacant . That seat is filled by the next circuit judge appointed by the president . Seat 1 Established on December 10 , 1869 by the Judiciary Act of 1869 as a circuit judgeship for the Sixth Circuit Reassigned to the United States Circuit Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit by the Judiciary Act of 1891 Jackson TN 1891 -- 1893 Lurton TN 1893 -- 1909 Knappen MI 1910 -- 1924 Moorman KY 1925 -- 1938 Hamilton KY 1938 -- 1945 S. Miller , Jr . KY 1945 -- 1965 Combs KY 1967 -- 1970 Kent MI 1971 -- 1973 Engel , Jr . MI 1973 -- 1989 Suhrheinrich MI 1990 -- 2001 McKeague MI 2005 -- 2017 Larsen MI 2017 -- present Seat 2 Established on June 16 , 1891 by the Judiciary Act of 1891 Taft OH 1892 -- 1900 Severens MI 1900 -- 1911 Denison MI 1911 -- 1931 Simons MI 1932 -- 1959 O'Sullivan MI 1960 -- 1969 W. Miller TN 1970 -- 1976 Merritt , Jr . TN 1977 -- 2001 Gibbons TN 2002 -- present Seat 3 Established on January 25 , 1899 by 30 Stat. 803 Day OH 1899 -- 1903 Richards OH 1903 -- 1909 Warrington OH 1909 -- 1919 Donahue OH 1919 -- 1928 Hickenlooper OH 1928 -- 1933 Allen OH 1934 -- 1959 Weick OH 1959 -- 1981 Krupansky OH 1982 -- 1991 Moore OH 1995 -- present Seat 4 Established on May 8 , 1928 by 45 Stat. 492 Hicks TN 1928 -- 1952 Stewart OH 1954 -- 1958 Cecil OH 1959 -- 1965 Celebrezze OH 1965 -- 1980 Contie , Jr . OH 1982 -- 1986 Norris OH 1986 -- 2001 Cook OH 2003 -- present Seat 5 Established on May 31 , 1938 by 52 Stat. 584 Arant OH 1939 -- 1941 McAllister MI 1941 -- 1963 Edwards , Jr . MI 1963 -- 1985 Ryan MI 1985 -- 2000 Kethledge MI 2008 -- present Seat 6 Established on May 24 , 1940 by 54 Stat. 219 J. Martin TN 1940 -- 1962 Phillips TN 1963 -- 1979 Brown TN 1979 -- 1982 Wellford TN 1982 -- 1991 Siler , Jr . KY 1991 -- 2001 Rogers KY 2002 -- 2018 Nalbandian KY 2018 -- present Seat 7 Established on March 18 , 1966 by 80 Stat. 75 Peck OH 1966 -- 1978 Jones OH 1979 -- 1995 Cole , Jr . OH 1995 -- present Seat 8 Established on March 18 , 1966 by 80 Stat. 75 McCree MI 1966 -- 1977 Keith MI 1977 -- 1995 Griffin MI 2005 -- present Seat 9 Established on June 18 , 1968 by 82 Stat. 184 Brooks KY 1969 -- 1971 Lively KY 1972 -- 1989 Batchelder OH 1991 -- present Seat 10 Established on October 20 , 1978 by 92 Stat. 1629 Kennedy MI 1979 -- 1999 Neilson MI 2005 -- 2006 White MI 2008 -- present Seat 11 Established on October 20 , 1978 by 92 Stat. 1629 B. Martin , Jr . KY 1979 -- 2013 Thapar KY 2017 -- present Seat 12 Established on July 10 , 1984 by 98 Stat. 333 Milburn TN 1984 -- 1996 Gilman TN 1997 -- 2010 Donald TN 2011 -- present Seat 13 Established on July 10 , 1984 by 98 Stat. 333 Guy , Jr . MI 1985 -- 1994 Clay MI 1997 -- present Seat 14 Established on July 10 , 1984 by 98 Stat. 333 Nelson OH 1985 -- 1999 Sutton OH 2003 -- present Seat 15 Established on July 10 , 1984 by 98 Stat. 333 Boggs KY 1986 -- 2017 Bush KY 2017 -- present Seat 16 Established on December 1 , 1990 by 104 Stat. 5089 Daughtrey TN 1993 -- 2009 Stranch TN 2010 -- present See also ( edit ) Federal judicial appointment history # Sixth Circuit Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ U.S. Supreme Court : Allotment Order ( September 28 , 2010 ) Jump up ^ Kedar Bhatia , October Term 2012 summary memo , SCOTUSblog ( Jun. 29 , 2013 , 10 : 25 AM ) Jump up ^ Future Judicial Vacancies Jump up ^ Jackson was appointed to as a circuit judge for the Sixth Circuit in 1886 by Grover Cleveland . The Judiciary Act of 1891 reassigned his seat to what is now the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit . Jump up ^ Mack did not have a permanent seat on this court . Instead , he was appointed to the ill - fated United States Commerce Court in 1911 by William Howard Taft . Aside from their duties on the Commerce Court , the judges of the Commerce Court also acted as at - large appellate judges , able to be assigned by the Chief Justice of the United States to whichever circuit most needed help . Mack was assigned to the Seventh Circuit immediately prior to his assignment to the Sixth Circuit . References ( edit ) `` Standard Search '' . Federal Law Clerk Information System . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2005 . Retrieved June 26 , 2005 . primary but incomplete source for the duty stations `` Instructions for Judicial Directory '' . Website of the University of Texas Law School . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2005 . Retrieved July 4 , 2005 . secondary source for the duty stations data is current to 2002 `` U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit '' . Official website of the Federal Judicial Center . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2005 . Retrieved June 26 , 2005 . source for the state , lifetime , term of active judgeship , term of chief judgeship , term of senior judgeship , appointer , termination reason , and seat information `` Susan Bieke Neilson : She had a passion for justice '' . Detroit Free Press . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2006 . Retrieved February 7 , 2006 . obituary for death of Susan Bieke Neilson External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original works on the topic : United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit Recent opinions from FindLaw Current judges of the United States courts of appeals 1st Circuit Active Howard Torruella Lynch Thompson Kayatta Barron Senior Campbell Selya Boudin Stahl Lipez 2nd Circuit Active Katzmann Jacobs Cabranes Pooler Raggi Hall Livingston Chin Lohier Carney Droney 2 seats vacant Senior Newman Kearse Winter Walker Leval Calabresi Straub Sack Parker Wesley Lynch 3rd Circuit Active D. Smith McKee Ambro Chagares Jordan Hardiman Greenaway Vanaskie Shwartz Krause Restrepo Bibas 2 seats vacant Senior Sloviter Stapleton Greenberg Scirica Cowen Nygaard Roth Rendell Barry Fuentes Fisher 4th Circuit Active Gregory Wilkinson Niemeyer Motz Traxler King Duncan Agee Keenan Wynn Diaz Floyd Thacker Harris 1 seat vacant Senior Hamilton Shedd 5th Circuit Active Stewart Jones Smith Dennis Owen Elrod Southwick Haynes Graves Higginson Costa Willett Ho Duncan Engelhardt 2 seats vacant Senior King Reavley Higginbotham Jolly Davis Duhé Barksdale Wiener Benavides Clement 6th Circuit Active Cole Batchelder Moore Clay Gibbons Sutton Cook Griffin Kethledge White Stranch Donald Thapar Bush Larsen Nalbandian Senior Keith Merritt Wellford Guy Ryan Boggs Norris Suhrheinrich Siler Daughtrey Gilman Rogers McKeague 7th Circuit Active Wood Flaum Easterbrook Kanne Rovner Sykes Hamilton Barrett Brennan Scudder St. Eve Senior Bauer Ripple Manion 8th Circuit Active L. Smith Wollman Loken Colloton Gruender Benton Shepherd Kelly Erickson Grasz Stras Senior Bowman Beam Hansen Arnold Riley Melloy 9th Circuit Active Thomas Graber McKeown Wardlaw Fletcher Gould Paez Berzon Rawlinson Bybee Callahan Bea M. Smith Ikuta N. Smith Murguia Christen Nguyen Watford Hurwitz Owens Friedland 7 seats vacant Senior Goodwin Wallace Schroeder Farris Nelson Canby O'Scannlain Leavy Trott Fernandez Kleinfeld Hawkins Tashima Fisher Silverman Tallman Clifton 10th Circuit Active Tymkovich Briscoe Lucero Hartz Holmes Matheson Bacharach Phillips McHugh Moritz Eid Carson Senior McKay Seymour Porfilio Anderson Baldock Brorby Ebel Kelly Murphy O'Brien 11th Circuit Active E. Carnes Tjoflat Marcus Wilson W. Pryor Martin Jordan Rosenbaum J. Pryor Newsom Branch 1 seat vacant Senior Fay Anderson Edmondson Cox Dubina Black Hull J. Carnes D.C. Circuit Active Garland Henderson Rogers Tatel Griffith Kavanaugh Srinivasan Millett Pillard Wilkins Katsas Senior Edwards Silberman Buckley Williams Ginsburg Sentelle Randolph Federal Circuit Active Prost Newman Lourie Dyk Moore O'Malley Reyna Wallach Taranto Chen Hughes Stoll Senior Mayer Plager Clevenger Schall Bryson Linn Current senior judges of the United States courts of appeals 1st Circuit Campbell Selya Boudin Stahl Lipez 2nd Circuit Newman Kearse Winter Walker Leval Calabresi Straub Sack Parker Wesley Lynch 3rd Circuit Sloviter Stapleton Greenberg Scirica Cowen Nygaard Roth Rendell Barry Fuentes Fisher 4th Circuit Hamilton Shedd 5th Circuit King Reavley Higginbotham Jolly Davis Duhé Jr . Barksdale Wiener Benavides Clement 6th Circuit Keith Merritt Wellford Guy Ryan Boggs Norris Suhrheinrich Siler Daughtrey Gilman Rogers McKeague 7th Circuit Bauer Ripple Manion 8th Circuit Bowman Beam Hansen Arnold Riley Melloy 9th Circuit Goodwin Wallace Schroeder Farris Nelson Canby O'Scannlain Leavy Trott Fernandez Kleinfeld Hawkins Tashima Silverman Fisher Tallman Clifton 10th Circuit McKay Seymour Porfilio Anderson Baldock Brorby Ebel Kelly Murphy O'Brien 11th Circuit Fay Anderson Edmondson Cox Dubina Black Hull J. Carnes D.C. Circuit Edwards Silberman Buckley Williams Ginsburg Sentelle Randolph Federal Circuit Mayer Plager Clevenger Schall Bryson Linn Current active district judges of the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals E. Kentucky Caldwell Reeves Bunning Van Tatenhove Boom Wier W. Kentucky McKinley Stivers Hale Boom Jennings E. Michigan Hood Borman Roberts Lawson Cox Ludington Murphy Goldsmith Drain Berg Leitman Levy Michelson Parker 1 seat vacant W. 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where is the sixth circuit court of appeals located

United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit ( 6th Cir . ) Location Potter Stewart U.S. Courthouse Cincinnati , Ohio Appeals from Eastern District of Kentucky Western District of Kentucky Eastern District of Michigan Western District of Michigan Northern District of Ohio Southern District of Ohio Eastern District of Tennessee Middle District of Tennessee Western District of Tennessee Established December 10 , 1869 Chief Judge R. Guy Cole Jr . Active judges 16 Senior judges 12 Circuit justice Elena Kagan Official website

Crowne Plaza - wikipedia Crowne Plaza This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Crowne Plaza Hotels & Resorts Type Upscale Hotels & Resorts Industry Hotel Founded Headquarters Denham , United Kingdom Number of locations 410 Area served Worldwide Parent InterContinental Hotels Group Website Crowne Plaza Crowne Plaza is a multinational chain of full service , upscale hotels headquartered in the United Kingdom . It is catering to business travelers and to the meetings and conventions market . It forms part of the InterContinental Hotels Group family of brands , which include InterContinental Hotels & Resorts and Holiday Inn Hotels & Resorts , and operates in 52 countries with more than 400 hotels , usually located in city centers , resorts , coastal towns or near major airports . Contents 1 History 2 Notable properties 3 Sponsorship 4 Gallery 5 References History ( edit ) Crowne Plaza in Kochi , India A room at Crowne Plaza London Docklands Originally branded as `` Holiday Inn Crowne Plaza '' , the first United States Holiday Inn Crowne Plaza Hotel was opened in Rockville , Maryland , in 1983 . Within a couple of years the brand was spun off as an independent chain ( still owned at the time by Holiday Inn ) . The first Crowne Plaza Resort opened in Madeira , Portugal , in 1999 . Today , the brand represents 410 hotels globally in 52 countries with 112,317 rooms ( as of March 2016 ) and an expanding 81 hotels in the pipeline . In 1990 , the InterContinental Hotels Group purchased the Holiday Inn family ; today its portfolio includes the luxury brand InterContinental Hotels & Resorts , the upscale boutique brand Hotel Indigo , the upscale extended stay brand Staybridge Suites , the midscale extended stay brand Candlewood Suites , the midscale , full service brand Holiday Inn Hotels & Resorts , Holiday Inn Club Vacations , EVEN Hotels , HUALUXE Hotels & Resorts , and the midscale limited service brand Holiday Inn Express . Notable properties ( edit ) The Crowne Plaza Liverpool John Lennon Airport is the former terminal building of Liverpool Speke Airport , constructed in the 1930s and used until 1986 . Its notable art deco features led to its listing as a heritage building , and subsequent conversion to a hotel . The Crowne Plaza Copenhagen Towers is the first hotel in Denmark to generate all of its power from renewable sources , including solar panels and geothermal heating and cooling pumps . Its stationary bicycles are connected to generators , which provide electricity to the hotel . Crowne Plaza Belgrade , renovated 2012 -- 13 , is the biggest Crowne Plaza hotel in Europe . Crowne Plaza Hong Kong Causeway Bay opened in 2009 and is the first Crowne Plaza in Hong Kong . Sponsorship ( edit ) Crowne Plaza Hotels & Resorts is the title sponsor of the Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial - a PGA Tour golf tournament held annually in Fort Worth , Texas . Starting in 2012 , they are also officially sponsoring PGA Tour 's 2010 's Rookie of the Year , Rickie Fowler . Crowne Plaza Hotels & Resorts have been the sponsor of the British FIA World Touring Car Championship driver Andy Priaulx , a multiple touring car champion , since 2006 . They now continue to support him in the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters ( DTM ) , a popular European touring car championship , as an official sponsor of BMW Motorsport along with the American LeMans Series ( ALMS ) where Californian Joey Hand represents the brand for both series . Gallery ( edit ) Crowne Plaza Bangkok Lumpini Park , Bangkok , Thailand . Hamilton Crowne Plaza , Washington , D.C. Edmonton , Alberta , Canada Shanghai , Jiading , China Prague , Czech Republic Nuevo Laredo , Mexico Torreón , Mexico İzmir , Turkey Bratislava , Slovakia Kansas City , Missouri , USA New York City , New York , USA Huizhou , China Kochi , India Crowne Plaza Belgrade , Serbia Newton , Massachusetts , USA Sinks of the restrooms in Crowne Plaza Vientiane References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` InterContinental Hotels Group - About our brands - Crowne Plaza Hotels & Resorts '' . InterContinental Hotels Group ( IHG ) . 2013 - 03 - 29 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Crowne Plaza arrives in Hongkong via Causeway Bay '' . Business Traveler Asia . 10 November 2009 . Retrieved 31 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nomination of Rickie Fowler as Rookie of the Year 2010 on '' . Pgatour.com. 2010 - 12 - 05 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Official partnerships of Crowne Plaza Hotels & Resorts '' . Ichotelsgroup.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Crowne Plaza . InterContinental Hotels Group Brands Current Avid Hotels Candlewood Suites Crowne Plaza Even Hotels Holiday Inn Holiday Inn Express Holiday Inn Garden Court Hotel Indigo HUALUXE Hotels & Resorts IHG Army Hotels InterContinental Kimpton Hotels & Restaurants Staybridge Suites Former Holiday Inn Sunspree Resorts Notable hotels Crowne Plaza Crowne Plaza Beirut Crowne Plaza Belgrade Crowne Plaza Billings Crowne Plaza Christchurch ( former ) Crowne Plaza Christchurch ( current ) Crowne Plaza İzmir Crowne Plaza Liverpool John Lennon Airport Crowne Plaza Niagara Falls -- Fallsview Crowne Plaza San Antonio Crowne Plaza Shanghai Anting Golf Crowne Plaza Times Square New York InterContinental InterContinental Amstel Amsterdam InterContinental Bali InterContinental Boston InterContinental Bucharest InterContinental Carlton Cannes InterContinental Davos InterContinental Dhaka InterContinental Dublin InterContinental Geneva InterContinental Hanoi Landmark 72 InterContinental Hong Kong InterContinental Kabul ( former ) InterContinental Kuwait Downtown InterContinental Kyiv InterContinental London Park Lane InterContinental Marseille Hotel Dieu InterContinental Miami InterContinental New York Barclay InterContinental Nha Trang InterContinental Paris Le Grand InterContinental Phnom Penh Hotel Ponce Intercontinental InterContinental San Francisco InterContinental Mark Hopkins San Francisco Shimao Wonderland Intercontinental InterContinental Toronto Centre InterContinental Warsaw Willard InterContinental Washington People Patrick Cescau Andy Cosslett Ian Prosser Richard Solomons Juan Trippe Kemmons Wilson Other Crowne Plaza Copenhagen Challenge Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial Category Commons Hotel chains Accor Adagio Fairmont Hotels Formule 1 / F1 / Formula 1 Ibis Budget Styles Mama Shelter Mercure / Grand Mercure MGallery Mövenpick Novotel Suite Novotel Pullman Raffles The Sebel Sofitel Swissotel Thalassa sea & spa Best Western Best Western Best Western Plus Best Western Premier BW Premier Collection BW Signature Collection Executive Residency Glo SureStay SureStay Collection SureStay Plus Vib BTG Homeinns Fairyland Hotel Home Inn Jianguo Jinglun Motel 168 Nanyuan Yitel Choice Hotels Ascend Collection Cambria Hotels & Suites Clarion Comfort Inn Comfort Suites Econo Lodge MainStay Suites Quality Inn Rodeway Inn Sleep Inn Suburban Extended Stay Hotel Hilton Canopy by Hilton Conrad Hotels Curio Collection DoubleTree Embassy Suites Hampton by Hilton Hilton Garden Inn Hilton Grand Vacations Hilton Hotels & Resorts Home2 Suites Homewood Suites Tapestry Collection by Hilton Tru by Hilton Waldorf Astoria Hospitality International Downtowner Inns Master Host Inns Passport Inns Red Carpet Inn Scottish Inns Hyatt Andaz Grand Hyatt Hyatt Hyatt Centric Hyatt House Hyatt Place Hyatt Regency Hyatt Zilara / Hyatt Ziva Park Hyatt InterContinental Avid Hotels Candlewood Suites Crowne Plaza Even Hotels Holiday Inn Holiday Inn Express Hotel Indigo InterContinental Kimpton Hotels Regent Staybridge Suites Jinjiang 7 Days Inn Bestay Goldmet Inn Jin Jiang Hotels Jinjiang Inn Louvre Hotels Metropolo Vienna Marriott AC Hotels Aloft Hotels Autograph Collection Bulgari Hotels & Resorts Courtyard Delta Hotels Design Hotels EDITION Hotels Element by Westin ExecuStay Fairfield Inn Four Points Gaylord Hotels Grand Residences JW Marriott Le Méridien The Luxury Collection Marriott Conference Centers Marriott Executive Apartments Marriott Golf Marriott Hotels & Resorts Marriott Vacation Club Moxy Hotels Protea Hotels Renaissance Hotels Residence Inn Ritz - Carlton Ritz - Carlton Destination Club St. Regis Sheraton SpringHill Suites TownePlace Suites Tribute Portfolio W Hotels Westin Okura Nikko Hotel JAL Nikko Okura Pan Pacific Pan Pacific Parkroyal Radisson Country Inns & Suites Park Inn Park Plaza Quorvus Collection Radisson Radisson Blu Radisson Red Red Lion 3 Palms Hotels & Resorts America 's Best Inns Americas Best Value Inns Canadas Best Value Inns Country Hearth Inns & Suites GuestHouse Hotel RL Jameson Inn Knights Inn Lexington Hotels & Inns Red Lion Hotels Red Lion Inn & Suites Settle Inn Shangri - La Hotels Hotel Jen Kerry Hotels Shangri - La Traders Hotels Taj Hotels Gateway Ginger Taj Vivanta Two Roads Alila Hotels & Resorts Destination Hotels Joie de Vivre Hotels Thompson Hotels tommie Wyndham AmericInn Baymont Inn & Suites Days Inn Dolce Hotels and Resorts Hawthorn Suites Howard Johnson La Quinta Microtel Inn And Suites Ramada Super 8 Travelodge TRYP by Wyndham Wingate by Wyndham Wyndham Grand Wyndham Hotels & Resorts Other Ace Aerowisata Aman Resorts Apex Aqua Archipelago Boscolo Budget Host Budget Suites of America Canad Inns Canalta Center Parcs Club Med Club Quarters Coast Cobblestone Dan Dream Hotels Drury Hotels Easy Hotel Extended Stay America Fiesta Inn Four Seasons Hoshino Huazhu Hotels Iberostar InTown Suites Isrotel ITC Hotels Jumeirah Kempinski Leading Hotels of the World Loews Lotte Magnuson Mandarin Oriental Marco Polo Masters Inn Meliá MGM Resorts Millennium & Copthorne Morgans Motel 6 Motel One My Place Hotels NH Night Hotels Oberoi Omni Outrigger Paradores Peninsula Pestana Pousadas de Portugal Premier Inn Prince Pueblo Bonito Red Roof Inn RIU Rocco Forte Sandman Santika Indonesia Scandic Standard Steigenberger Swiss - Belhotel The Leela Thistle Toyoko Inn Trident Trump Value Place Virgin Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Defunct Adam 's Mark Alamo Plaza Hotel Courts AmeriHost Inn AmeriSuites Crest Hotels Cross Country Inn Denizen Hotels Esso Motor Hotel Exel Inn Forte Fred Harvey Friendship Inn Hiway House Imperial 400 Jack Tar Hotels Nickelodeon Resorts by Marriott The Real Hotel Company Roundtowner Inn Shoney 's Inn Statler Hotels Summerfield Suites Susse Chalet Tage Inn United Hotels Company of America Vantage Hospitality Wilson World Hotels Lists Hotels chained - brand largest United States Motels Category Commons Hotel chains in the United Kingdom Budget Britannia Hotels Comfort Inn Days Inn EasyHotel Holiday Inn Express Hotel Formule 1 Hotel Ibis Ibis Budget Innkeeper 's Lodge Metro Inns Premier Inn Sleep Inn Travelodge UK YOTEL Mid-market Apex Hotels Best Western GB Clarion Hotels Crerar Hotels Four - Pillars Hotels Holiday Inn The Hotel Collection Jurys Inn McMillan Hotels Mercure Hotels Novotel Park Inn Park Plaza Hotels & Resorts Peel Hotels Principal Hayley Quality Hotels Thistle Hotels Wetherspoons Upscale / full service Belmond Champneys Clermont Hotels & Residences Corus Hotels Crowne Plaza Club Quarters Dorchester Collection DoubleTree Epoque Hotels Exclusive Hotels Fairmont Hotels and Resorts Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts Hand Picked Hotels Hilton Hotels & Resorts Hotel du Vin InterContinental Malmaison Mandarin Oriental Marriott Hotels & Resorts Morgans Hotel Group Maybourne Hotel Group Radisson Hotels Ralph Trustees Renaissance Hotels Rocco Forte Hotels Sofitel Starwood Hotels Swissôtel Taj Hotels Resorts and Palaces Defunct Crest Hotels Ramada Jarvis The Real Hotel Company Stakis Hotels Swallow Hotels Trusthouse Forte LCCN : nb2017014853 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crowne_Plaza&oldid=856597588 '' Categories : 1983 establishments in Maryland Companies established in 1983 Intercontinental Hotels Group brands Crowne Plaza hotels Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2018 All articles needing additional references Pages using infobox company with unsupported parameters Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Français Slovenčina Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2018 , at 10 : 09 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

crowne plaza is part of what hotel chain

Crowne Plaza is a multinational chain of full service , upscale hotels headquartered in the United Kingdom . It is catering to business travelers and to the meetings and conventions market . It forms part of the InterContinental Hotels Group family of brands , which include InterContinental Hotels & Resorts and Holiday Inn Hotels & Resorts , and operates in 52 countries with more than 400 hotels , usually located in city centers , resorts , coastal towns or near major airports .

FBC ( Fana Broadcasting Corporate S.C. ) - wikipedia FBC ( Fana Broadcasting Corporate S.C. ) Fana Broadcasting Corporate ( FBC ) Launched Owned by Fana Broadcasting Corporate S.C. Country Ethiopia Language Afaan Oromo , Amharic and English Broadcast area Ethiopia Headquarters Addis Ababa Sister channel ( s ) Fana TV Website http://www.fanabc.com/ Fana Broadcasting Corporate S.C. ( FBC ) is a private news media company operating in Ethiopia . Launched in 1994 it focuses mostly political , social and economical reports about Ethiopia . It operates both radio and television stations within Ethiopia . Fana TV ( edit ) In 2014 it was announced that FBC would be building its own studio in the hopes of starting its own channel . In 2016 , FBC formally signed an agreement with the Ethiopian Broadcasting Authority ( EBA ) to become a licensed broadcaster in the country . Fana TV started test transmission of its satellite TV channel on Nilsat in July 2017 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Fana Broadcasting Corporate to Build a Studio with 150m Br '' . Addis Fortune . March 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ethiopian Broadcasting Authority Gives Satellite Television Licenses '' . Ezega . October 29 , 2016 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FBC_(Fana_Broadcasting_Corporate_S.C.)&oldid=844556846 '' Categories : Media companies established in 1994 Media in Ethiopia Television in Ethiopia 1994 establishments in Ethiopia Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 June 2018 , at 17 : 32 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who is the owner of fana broadcasting corporate

Fana Broadcasting Corporate ( FBC ) Launched Owned by Fana Broadcasting Corporate S.C. Country Ethiopia Language Afaan Oromo , Amharic and English Broadcast area Ethiopia Headquarters Addis Ababa Sister channel ( s ) Fana TV Website http://www.fanabc.com/

Baghban ( film ) - Wikipedia Baghban ( film ) hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Some of this article 's listed sources may not be reliable . Please help this article by looking for better , more reliable sources . Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted . ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Baghbana Theatrical release poster Directed by Ravi Chopra Produced by B.R. Chopra Screenplay by Achala Nagar Satish Bhatnagar Ram Govind Shafiq Ansari Story by B.R. Chopra Achala Nagar Satish Bhatnagar Ram Govind Shafiq Ansari Starring Amitabh Bachchan Salman Khan Hema Malini Aman Verma Samir Soni Mahima Chaudhry Paresh Rawal Rimi Sen Lilette Dubey Asrani Narrated by Dinesh Music by Aadesh Shrivastava Uttam Singh Cinematography Barun Mukherjee Edited by Shailendra Doke Godfrey Gonsalves Shashi Mane Distributed by B.R. Films Release date 3 October 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 03 ) Running time 183 minutes Country India Language Hindi Box office ₹ 12 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 31 crore or US $4.6 million in 2017 ) Baghban ( English : Gardener ) is a 2003 Indian Hindi drama film directed by Ravi Chopra , featuring Amitabh Bachchan , Salman Khan , and Hema Malini in lead roles . Aman Verma , Samir Soni , Saahil Chadha and Nasir Khan portray Bachchan and Malini 's four sons . Mahima Chaudhry , Paresh Rawal , Rimi Sen and Lilette Dubey are featured in supporting roles . The film was highly acclaimed , especially for the on - screen chemistry between Bachchan and Malini who came together after a gap of 20 years from Nastik ( 1983 ) . Critics noted that it did n't even seem like they were returning together after a long time since their chemistry was so natural . Another aspect of the film that was highly acclaimed was the way Bachchan delivers his powerful and emotional speech in the end . It released to cinemas on 3 October 2003 . This film was remade in Kannada as Ee Bandhana in 2007 starring Vishnuvardhan and Jaya Pradha in the leads . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 5 Awards and nominations 6 Soundtrack 6.1 Track listing 7 Also See 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) The movie tells the story of Raj Malhotra ( Amitabh Bachchan ) , his wife Pooja ( Hema Malini ) , and their four sons Ajay ( Aman Verma ) , Sanjay ( Samir Soni ) , Rohit ( Saahil Chadda ) , and Karan ( Nasir Kazi ) . The couple have provided their children with everything , often at the cost of Raj 's and Pooja 's own requirements . The Malhotras have an adopted son Alok ( Salman Khan ) , who is in love with Arpita ( Mahima Chaudhry ) . Alok was an orphan and Raj provided him with money and education , bringing him up as his own son . Now a successful man , Alok worships Raj because of all his help and thinks of him as his father . Raj has a flourishing job . But , once he retires , he is unable to support himself and has to vacate the house he and Pooja have shared for years . They decide to live with their kids to enjoy their love and affection . However , their kids do not want them . The children decide to split the parents up , each parent going to live with one of the sons for the next six months . The children think their parents will refuse the offer and therefore , they will remain in their home . However , the parents reluctantly accept the offer . The parents endure this separation as well as horrible treatment from their children after all they have sacrificed for them . Their grandson , Rahul , is the only one who gives Raj love and affection . Saddened by the treatment he has received from his children and their families , Raj writes down his feelings about how he fulfilled his children 's dreams and , in return , how they treat him , as well as his love for his wife , and how much pain their separation has caused . His writing eventually becomes a novel . Pooja , meanwhile , endures abuse from her son and daughter - in - law ( Suman Ranganathan ) , as well as her granddaughter , Payal ( Rimi Sen ) . Payal , though , realizes her mistake when Pooja saves her from her boyfriend 's sexual advances and nurtures Pooja with love . While changing their trains after six months , Raj and Pooja spend some time together in Vijaynagar . There they suddenly meet Alok , who takes them to his home and gives them the importance and care which their real sons did not . Raj finds out that his writing has become a published book named Baghban . This book becomes a big hit , selling the first copies immediately . Raj , as a result , gains the money he needs to support himself and Pooja in their old age . Their sons ask their parents for forgiveness to achieve this end . Payal and Rahul ( Master Yash Pathak ) ( Sanjay 's son ) , though , realize their true motives and refuse to come with their parents . Raj is honored for his work , and the four sons attend with their wives . But when they ask Raj and Pooja to forgive them , they instead refuse and disown them for the pain their sons have put them through . Cast ( edit ) Amitabh Bachchan as Raj Malhotra Hema Malini as Pooja Malhotra Salman Khan as Alok Raj Malhotra , Raj and Pooja 's adopted son Mahima Chaudhry as Arpita Raj Malhotra , Alok 's wife Aman Verma as Ajay Malhotra , Raj 's first son Samir Soni as Sanjay Malhotra , Raj 's second son Saahil Chadha as Rohit Malhotra , Raj 's third son Nasir Kazi as Karan Malhotra , Raj 's fourth son , and Alok 's adopted younger brother Suman Ranganathan as Kiran Malhotra , Ajay 's wife Rimi Sen as Payal Malhotra , Ajay 's daughter Divya Dutta as Reena Malhotra , Sanjay 's wife Master Yash Pathak as Rahul Malhotra , Sanjay 's son Arzoo Gowitrikar as Priya Malhotra , Rohit 's wife Paresh Rawal as Hemant Patel Lilette Dubey as Shanti Patel Sharat Saxena as Ram Avtaar Mohan Joshi as Khuber Desai , hotel owner Nakul Vaid as Rahul Avtar Gill as Rawat , ICICI bank manager Asrani as Bedi Shashi Kiran as Pritam Gajendra Chouhan as a car salesman Sanjeeda Sheikh as Nilli Production ( edit ) According to film expert Rajesh Subramanian , B.R. Chopra had planned to make this movie in the mid-eighties , with Dilip Kumar and Raakhee in the lead roles . Mohnish Behl was offered Aman Verma 's role ; he did not accept it because he did not want to be portrayed as the father of a 15 - year - old girl . Juhi Chawla was selected for the role of Salman Khan 's wife but could not accept because of her pregnancy . Shahrukh Khan was offered the role played by Salman Khan . Amitabh Bachchan and Hema Malini were paired opposite each other 20 years after Nastik in 1983 . Aamir Khan and Saif Ali Khan were also offered Salman Khan 's role in the film . Amitabh Bachchan sang three songs himself . Baghban was the last unofficial partnership between the legendary Salim - Javed screenwriter duo , Salim Khan and Javed Akhtar . Amitabh Bachchan requested to Javed Akhtar to write his final speech . Salman Khan , for his speech prior to that , requested to his father Salim Khan to write his speech . However , neither Salim Khan nor Javed Akhtar were credited . Ravi Chopra , the director of the film , denied that this was a remake of the Rajesh Khanna - Shabana Azmi starrer Avtaar . He said that the plot of that film was about a father seeking revenge on his children while this film just focused on the bond between an old couple . He also commented that just because this film is based on family relations they are comparing it to Avtaar . He said that just because a story revolves around the same relationship it does n't make it alike as films can explore different aspects of that same relationship . Reception ( edit ) Baghban was premiered at the Leeds International Film Festival , England . It was critically acclaimed and went on to become one of Chopra 's biggest hits . The film received an award at the EMVIE 2004 for best media innovation , cinema for the in - film placement of the ICICI group done by Group M . As per Filmfare , Baghban was made at a budget of ₹ 70 million ( US $1.0 million ) and made a domestic collections of ₹ 120 million ( US $1.7 million ) while it fetched ₹ 35 million ( US $510,000 ) from overseas market . Awards and nominations ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Filmfare Awards Nominated - Filmfare Award for Best Film - BR Film Nominated - Filmfare Award for Best Actor - Amitabh Bachchan Nominated - Filmfare Award for Best Actress - Hema Malini Nominated - Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor - Salman Khan 5th IIFA Awards Nominated - Best Film - BR Film Nominated - IIFA Award for Best Director - Ravi Chopra Nominated - IIFA Award for Best Actor - Amitabh Bachchan Nominated - IIFA Award for Best Actress - Hema Malini Nominated - Best Performance In A Comic Role - Paresh Rawal Nominated - IIFA Award for Best Lyrics - Sameer Nominated - IIFA Award for Best Male Playback Singer - Amitabh Bachchan Nominated - IIFA Award for Best Story - B.R. Chopra Soundtrack ( edit ) Lyrics are penned by Sameer and Hasan Kamaal . According to the Indian trade website Box Office India , with around 14 , 00,000 units sold , this film 's soundtrack album was the year 's ninth highest - selling . Track listing ( edit ) All music composed by Aadesh Shrivastava , Uttam Singh . No . Title Lyrics Singer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Chali Chali Phir Chali '' ( Part I ) Sameer Alka Yagnik , Hema Sardesai , Amitabh Bachchan , Aadesh Shrivastava 4 : 57 2 . `` Chali Chali Phir Chali '' ( Part II ) Sameer Hema Sardesai , Aadesh Shrivastava 1 : 40 3 . `` Holi Khele '' Sameer Alka Yagnik , Sukhwinder Singh , Udit Narayan , Amitabh Bachchan 5 : 39 4 . `` Main Yahan Tu Wahan '' Sameer Amitabh Bachchan , Alka Yagnik 7 : 03 5 . `` Meri Makhna '' Sameer Alka Yagnik , Sudesh Bhosle 7 : 00 6 . `` O Dharti Tarse '' Sameer Richa Sharma 10 : 10 7 . `` Om Jai Jagdish '' ( Aarti ) Sameer Sneha Pant , Udit Narayan 3 : 39 8 . `` Pehle Kabhi Na Mera Haal '' Sameer , Hasan Kamaal Alka Yagnik , Udit Narayan 4 : 39 9 . `` Baghban ( Title Song ) '' Sameer Richa Sharma 9 : 59 Also See ( edit ) Make Way for Tomorrow References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Kerchief caper ! '' . www.rediff.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ Elley , Derek ( 2003 - 11 - 25 ) . `` Baghban '' . Variety . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ Elley , Derek ( 2003 - 11 - 25 ) . `` Baghban '' . Variety . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Baghban Movie Review '' . movies.fullhyderabad.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ Chaudhuri , Diptakirti ( 2014 ) . Bollybook : The Big Book of Hindi Movie Trivia . Penguin Group . p. 595 . ISBN 9789351187998 . Jump up ^ `` Ravi Chopra : ' I was fated to direct Baghban ' '' . www.rediff.com . Retrieved 8 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lodestar Media makes a clean sweep at Emvies 2004 -- Indiantelevision. com 's Media , Advertising & Marketing Watch '' . Indiantelevision.com. 3 July 2004 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Baghban -- Pretty and Preposterous -- Filmiholic '' . filmiholic.com . Retrieved 8 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Music Hits 2000 -- 2009 ( Figures in Units ) '' . Box Office India . Archived from the original on 15 February 2008 . External links ( edit ) Baghban on IMDb Films by B.R. Chopra Producer Dhool Ka Phool ( 1959 ) Waqt ( 1965 ) Ittefaq ( 1969 ) Aadmi Aur Insaan ( 1969 ) Zameer ( 1974 ) Chhoti Si Baat ( 1975 ) The Burning Train ( 1980 ) Agni Pareeksha ( 1981 ) Mazdoor ( 1983 ) Aaj Ki Awaaz ( 1984 ) Kirayadar ( 1986 ) Dahleez ( 1986 ) Pratigyabadh ( 1991 ) Baghban ( 2003 ) Baabul ( 2006 ) Director Afsana ( 1951 ) Chandni Chowk ( 1954 ) Ek Hi Raasta ( 1956 ) Naya Daur ( 1957 ) Sadhna ( 1958 ) Kanoon ( 1961 ) Gumrah ( 1963 ) Hamraaz ( 1967 ) Dastaan ( 1972 ) Dhund ( 1973 ) Karm ( 1977 ) Pati Patni Aur Woh ( 1978 ) Insaf Ka Tarazu ( 1980 ) Nikaah ( 1982 ) Tawaif ( 1985 ) Awam ( 1987 ) Kal Ki Awaz ( 1992 ) Television Mahabharat ( 1988 ) Salim - Javed Salim Khan Javed Akhtar Hindi - Urdu films Adhikar ( 1971 ) Andaz ( 1971 ) Haathi Mere Saathi ( 1971 ) Seeta Aur Geeta ( 1972 ) Yaadon Ki Baaraat ( 1973 ) Zanjeer ( 1973 ) Haath Ki Safai ( 1974 ) Majboor ( 1974 ) Aakhri Dao ( 1975 ) Deewaar ( 1975 ) Sholay ( 1975 ) Chacha Bhatija ( 1977 ) Immaan Dharam ( 1977 ) Trishul ( 1978 ) Don ( 1978 ) Kaala Patthar ( 1979 ) Dostana ( 1980 ) Shaan ( 1980 ) Kranti ( 1981 ) Shakti ( 1982 ) Zamana ( 1985 ) Mr. India ( 1987 ) Baghban ( 2003 ) Kannada films Premada Kanike ( 1976 ) Raja Nanna Raja ( 1976 ) Remakes and adaptations Tamil Nalla Neram ( 1972 ) Vani Rani ( 1974 ) Sirithu Vazha Vendum ( 1974 ) Naalai Namadhe ( 1975 ) Naan Vazhavaippen ( 1979 ) Billa ( 1980 ) Savaal ( 1981 ) Thee ( 1981 ) Kadal Meengal ( 1981 ) Sattam ( 1983 ) Mr. Bharath ( 1986 ) En Rathathin Rathame ( 1989 ) Billa ( 2007 ) Telugu Ganga Manga ( 1973 ) Nippulanti Manishi ( 1974 ) Annadammula Anubandham ( 1975 ) Magaadu ( 1976 ) Yugandhar ( 1979 ) Mr. Bharath ( 1986 ) Billa ( 2009 ) Thoofan ( 2013 ) Malayalam Naayattu ( 1980 ) Meen ( 1980 ) Himam ( 1983 ) Nathi Muthal Nathi Vare ( 1983 ) Ee Kaikalil ( 1986 ) Shobaraj ( 1986 ) Kannada Jai Karnataka ( 1989 ) Hindi Aatish : Feel the Fire ( 1994 ) Don : The Chase Begins Again ( 2006 ) Aag ( 2007 ) Seeta Aur Geeta ( 2009 ) Zanjeer ( 2013 ) Hong Kong The Brothers ( 1979 ) Related concepts Don ( franchise ) Don ( character ) Gabbar Singh ( character ) Bombay underworld film Dacoit Western Masala film Related people Amitabh Bachchan Farhan Akhtar Manmohan Desai Nasir Hussain Prakash Mehra Ramesh Sippy Salim Khan family Helen Salman Khan Yash Chopra Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baghban_(film)&oldid=855309866 '' Categories : 2003 films Hindi - language films Indian films 2000s Hindi - language films Indian drama films Indian film remakes Films shot in London Films scored by Aadesh Shrivastava Films directed by Ravi Chopra Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles lacking reliable references from July 2013 All articles lacking reliable references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Use Indian English from February 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from March 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Articles needing additional references from February 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia עברית नेपाल भाषा پښتو Polski Português Русский اردو 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 August 2018 , at 11 : 00 ( UTC ) . 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what is the meaning of baghban in hindi

Baghban ( English : Gardener ) is a 2003 Indian Hindi drama film directed by Ravi Chopra , featuring Amitabh Bachchan , Salman Khan , and Hema Malini in lead roles . Aman Verma , Samir Soni , Saahil Chadha and Nasir Khan portray Bachchan and Malini 's four sons . Mahima Chaudhry , Paresh Rawal , Rimi Sen and Lilette Dubey are featured in supporting roles .

Cigarette pack - wikipedia Cigarette pack Not to be confused with FlipTop ( rap battle ) . This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( April 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Row of L&M cigarettes , illustrating US ' regular ' and ' 100 ' lengths . Packages of fewer than 20 cigarettes are illegal to buy in the United States . On the left a new Lucky Strike cigarette pack by a new EU directive meanwhile on the right there 's an obsolete pack as red . Warning photos will come into effect in May 2017 at the latest across the EU . A pack or packet of cigarettes is a rectangular container , mostly of paperboard , which contains cigarettes . The pack is designed with a flavor - protective foil , paper or biodegradable plastic , and sealed through a transparent airtight plastic film . By pulling the `` pull - tabs '' , the pack is opened . Hard packs can be closed again after opening , whereas soft packs can not . Cigarette packs often contain warning messages depending on which country they are sold in . Contents 1 Package size 1.1 Pack 1.2 Carton 2 Hard pack and soft pack 3 Collectible pack 4 Features 5 Plain tobacco packaging 6 References 7 External links Package size ( edit ) Box of 400 Marlboro cigarettes . Pack ( edit ) The size of a pack is often regulated . Government agencies usually set a minimum pack size . In Australia , the most common quantity per pack is 25 , but some brands have changed them to 26 or to 20 ( the minimum by law ) . 30 , 40 and even 50 packs are also sold . In Canada , most packs sold have 25 cigarettes , but packs of 20 are also popular . In many European countries , increases of cigarette tax can cause the quantity of cigarettes in the pack to change to achieve the same end price . In Malaysia , the selling of packs containing fewer than 20 cigarettes is prohibited . In the United States , the quantity of cigarettes in a pack must be at least 20 . Certain brands , such as Export As , come in packs of 25 . For many years , half - packs of 10 ( or even 14 ) cigarettes were commonly available . In the United Kingdom brands are sold only in packets of 20 since a May 2017 law prohibits the sale of 10 - stick packs ( along with loose tobacco only being sold in 30g or 50g only ). The legislation also outlawed branded packaging , introducing boxes which are a plain green color . The packaging has the brand name in a basic typeface , with most of the packet dedicated to textual and photographic health warnings . Vending machines sometimes dispense packets containing 16 or 18 cigarettes although the dimensions of the packaging are the same as the equivalent packet that contains 20 . Carton ( edit ) A carton of cigarettes usually contains 10 packs , totaling 200 cigarettes . Some cartons contain twenty packs , totaling 400 cigarettes . Hard pack and soft pack ( edit ) A hard pack is the usual style of paperboard packaging for store bought cigarettes , which consists of a relatively stable box . This successfully prevents the crumpling of cigarettes when kept in a person 's pocket or handbag . The flip - top hard pack cigarette case was introduced in 1955 by Philip Morris . Flip - up top of a hard pack Soft pack A soft pack is a box packaging made of thin paper , usually containing 20 cigarettes . Soft packs may be considered inconvenient as they rupture easily and can not be resealed . They offer the immediate convenience of not having to open the package each time the smoker wants a cigarette . They require less physical ' pocket space ' when fewer cigarettes remain in the pack . With American brands , cigarettes from a soft pack are usually a few millimeters longer than their hard - boxed counterparts . Collectible pack ( edit ) Camel Collector 's Pack To encourage cigarette pack collectors , some cigarette packs were made to present a particular interest for collectors . There are cigarette packs labeled `` collectible '' . Some brands introduce promotional packs to bypass advertising laws . An example would be a limited time promotion where the pack is made from tin with the shape , purpose , and look of a cigarette case to entice potential buyers . They are distinguished by unique décor or are very old or they were removed from manufacturing for some reasons and consequently became rare . Features ( edit ) Most cigarette packs have no features at all and are just made up of a single container filled with cigarettes . However , some cigarette packs have been proposed that also contain an empty container for disposing the cigarette butts into . This could reduce cigarette butts of being discarded unto the street , where they contaminate the environment . Plain tobacco packaging ( edit ) Main article : Plain tobacco packaging References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Cigarette Vending Packs '' . Licensed Trade Vending Supplies . Archived from the original on 13 October 2004 . Retrieved 15 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Gene Borio . `` Tobacco Timeline : The Twentieth Century 1950 -- 1999 -- The Battle is Joined '' . Tobacco.org . Retrieved 21 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dealing With an Innovative Industry : A Look at Flavored Cigarettes Promoted by Mainstream Brands '' . Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. 7 August 2005 . PMC 1470487 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Cigarette packs with container for cigarette butts Jump up ^ Patent for a cigarette packs with container for cigarette butts External links ( edit ) Encyclopedia of Cigarettes Cigarettes Types Fashion Fire safe Kretek Lights Menthol Beedi Components Tobacco Rolling paper Filter Additives Peripherals Ashtray Case Holder Lighter Pack Receptacles Vending machine Culture Cigarette card Cigarette smoking among college students Loosie Smoking fetishism Tobacco smoking Health issues Chain smoking Cigarette smoking for weight loss Nicotine poisoning Passive smoking Third - hand smoke Schizophrenia and smoking Sidestream smoke Smoking cessation Tobacco harm reduction Related products Electronic cigarette E-liquid Candy cigarette Herbal cigarette Heat - not - burn tobacco product Nicotine patch Nicotine gum Nicotine inhaler Nicotine lozenge Tobacco industry Cultivation of tobacco Egyptian cigarette industry History of commercial tobacco in the United States Tobacco advertising Government and the law Cigarette smuggling Illicit cigarette trade Plain cigarette packaging Smoking age Smoking bans in private vehicles Tobacco control movement Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement Tobacco packaging warning messages Tobacco politics WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products Lists Cigarette brands Cigarette smoke carcinogens Countries by cigarette consumption per capita Rolling papers Smoking bans Commons Paper products Containers Box Carton Corrugated box Cigarette pack Coffee cup sleeve Corrugated fiberboard Envelope Molded pulp Oyster pail Paper bag Paperboard Paper cup Hygiene Facial tissue Napkin Paper towel Toilet paper Wet wipe Stationery Continuous stationery Greeting card Index card Letter Manila folder Postage stamp Postcard Post-it Note Financial Banknote Business card Visiting card Coupon Pay card Passbook Decorations Ingrain wallpaper Wallpaper Media Book Newspaper Newsprint Pamphlet Recreation Confetti Paper craft Paper toys Playing card Other Beverage coaster Filter paper Form Sandpaper Security paper Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cigarette_pack&oldid=853994306 '' Categories : Paper products Cigarettes Containers Paperboard packaging Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Articles that may contain original research from April 2008 All articles that may contain original research All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français עברית Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2018 , at 07 : 22 ( UTC ) . 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number of cigarettes in a pack in usa

In the United States , the quantity of cigarettes in a pack must be at least 20 . Certain brands , such as Export As , come in packs of 25 . For many years , half - packs of 10 ( or even 14 ) cigarettes were commonly available .

The Shootist - wikipedia The Shootist Jump to : navigation , search For the bank robber nicknamed `` The Shootist '' , see Johnny Madison Williams Jr . The Shootist Theatrical release poster by Richard Amsel Directed by Don Siegel Produced by M.J. Frankovich William Self Screenplay by Miles Hood Swarthout Scott Hale Based on The Shootist by Glendon Swarthout Starring John Wayne Lauren Bacall Ron Howard James Stewart Richard Boone John Carradine Scatman Crothers Richard Lenz Harry Morgan Sheree North Hugh O'Brian Music by Elmer Bernstein Cinematography Bruce Surtees Edited by Douglas Stewart Distributed by Paramount Pictures ( USA / UK ) Dino De Laurentiis Company ( International ) Release date August 20 , 1976 ( 1976 - 08 - 20 ) Running time 100 minutes Country United States Language English Box office $13,406,138 The Shootist is a 1976 American Western film directed by Don Siegel and starring John Wayne in his final film role . The film is based on a 1975 novel of the same name by Glendon Swarthout with a screenplay by Miles Hood Swarthout ( the son of the author ) and Scott Hale . The supporting cast includes Lauren Bacall , Ron Howard , James Stewart , Richard Boone , Hugh O'Brian , Harry Morgan , John Carradine , Sheree North , and Scatman Crothers . In 1977 , The Shootist received an Academy Award nomination for Best Art Direction ( Robert F. Boyle , Arthur Jeph Parker ) , a BAFTA Film Award nomination for Best Actress ( Lauren Bacall ) , and a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor ( Ron Howard ) , as well as the National Board of Review Award as one of the Top Ten Films of 1976 . The movie also received widespread critical acclaim , garnering a 95 % positive rating on Rotten Tomatoes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 5 Awards and honors 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) After a prologue -- a clip montage of scenes from Wayne 's earlier Western films -- summarizing the career of J.B. Books , `` the most celebrated shootist extant '' , an aging and obviously pain - ridden Books arrives in Carson City , Nevada , on January 22 , 1901 . He laments that the Old West is dying -- as is he . A trusted friend , `` Doc '' Hostetler ( Stewart ) , confirms a Colorado doctor 's prognosis of an imminent and painful death from cancer . Books rents a room at a boarding house owned by the widow Bond Rogers ( Bacall ) and her teenage son Gillom ( Howard ) . Marshal Thibido ( Morgan ) , alarmed at the presence of a notorious gunfighter in his town , asks him to leave . Books explains that he is dying , and intends to die in Carson City . Thibido relents , but gloats , `` Just do n't take too long to die ! '' Word spreads that Books is in town ; profiteers , young guns , and old friends and enemies are drawn to him . A newspaperman named Dobkins ( Rick Lenz ) proposes a spectacular series of articles , exaggerating and glorifying Books ' tumultuous career . Books kicks him out , only to be visited by an old flame , Serepta ( North ) , who proposes marriage . He is touched , until he learns that she wants to co-write , with Dobkins , a widow 's sensational `` memoir '' . `` Woman , '' says Books , `` I still have some pride . '' Hostetler prescribes laudanum to ease Books ' worsening pain , and reluctantly answers his questions about what will come next : The pain will continue to build , eventually becoming unbearable . Hostetler remarks that if he had Books ' courage , the death he has just described is not the one he would choose . The undertaker , Hezekiah Beckum ( Carradine ) pitches a grand funeral , which Books rejects as another profiteering scheme ; but he does order a headstone . Two strangers seeking notoriety try to ambush him as he sleeps , but Books kills them . Gillom is impressed ; his mother , who is losing boarders , is angry . During a buggy ride , Books tells Bond he has never killed a man who did n't deserve it ; Bond says a higher power will decide that . She worries that Gillom , lacking a father 's guidance , is acquiring a taste for violence and drink . Books negotiates the sale of his horse to the blacksmith , Moses ( Crothers ) , who remarks that Gillom already tried to sell it to him , to compensate for their lost boarders . Books confronts Gillom ; after they resolve their differences , Gillom asks for a shooting lesson . To Gillom 's surprise , he is nearly as accurate as Books , and wonders aloud how Books won all those gunfights . Books points out that the trees do n't shoot back . `` It is n't always being fast or even accurate that counts , '' he adds . `` It 's being willing . '' Books asks Gillom to deliver a message to three men : Mike Sweeney ( Boone ) , who has vowed to avenge his brother , killed long ago by Books ; Jack Pulford ( O'Brian ) , a professional gambler and pistol marksman ; and Jay Cobb ( Bill McKinney ) , Gillom 's ill - mannered employer . Gillom informs each of them , separately , that Books will be at the Metropole Saloon on January 29 , his 58th birthday . Books insists that Gillom accept his horse , which he has bought back from Moses , as a gift . On January 29 , the headstone arrives , bearing Books ' name , birth date , and `` Died 1901 '' , with the day left blank . After bidding farewell to Bond , who has grown to like him , he boards a trolley for the Metropole Saloon . The room is deserted except for the four men and the bartender ( Charles G. Martin ) . Books orders a drink and raises a toast to his birthday and his three `` guests '' . Cobb is the first to draw his gun , but Books easily dispatches him . He then shoots Sweeney through a table he is hiding behind , but is wounded in the process . Pulford now fires , hitting Books again as he takes cover behind the bar . Pulford works his way closer , but Books sees his reflection in a glass and when he peers over the bar , shoots him dead . Gillom enters and sees the bartender sneaking up behind Books with a shotgun . He shouts a warning , but the bartender blasts Books in the back with both barrels . As he reloads , Gillom picks up Books ' gun and shoots the bartender , then drops the gun in disgust . Books smiles , nods approvingly , and dies . After covering Books reverently with his jacket , Gillom walks home with his mother . Cast ( edit ) John Wayne as John Bernard `` J.B. '' Books Lauren Bacall as Bond Rogers Ron Howard as Gillom Rogers James Stewart as Dr. E.W. Hostetler Richard Boone as Mike Sweeney Hugh O'Brian as Jack Pulford Harry Morgan as Carson City Marshal Walter J. Thibido John Carradine as Hezekiah Beckum , the undertaker Sheree North as Serepta Scatman Crothers as Moses Brown Bill McKinney as Jay Cobb , owner of Cobb 's Creamery Rick Lenz as Dan Dobkins , reporter for the Morning Appeal Gregg Palmer as Burly Man Production ( edit ) After producer Mike Frankovich announced that he had purchased the movie rights to Glendon Swarthout 's novel The Shootist , Wayne expressed a strong desire to play the title role , reportedly because of similarities to the character Jimmy Ringo in The Gunfighter , a role he had turned down 25 years previously . He was not initially considered due to the health and stamina issues he had experienced during filming of his penultimate film , Rooster Cogburn . Paul Newman passed on the role , as did George C. Scott , Charles Bronson , Gene Hackman , and Clint Eastwood before it was finally offered to Wayne . Although his compromised lung capacity made breathing and mobility difficult at Carson City 's 4,600 foot ( 1,400 m ) altitude , and production had to be shut down for a week while he recovered from influenza , Wayne completed the filming without further significant medical issues . The Shootist was Wayne 's final cinematic role , concluding a 50 - year career that began during the silent film era in 1926 . Wayne was not , as sometimes reported , terminally ill when the film was made in 1976 . A heavy cigarette smoker for most of his life , he had been diagnosed with lung cancer in 1964 , and underwent surgical removal of his left lung and several ribs . He remained clinically cancer - free until early 1979 , when metastases were discovered in his stomach , intestines , and spine ; he died later that year . The film 's expansive outdoor scenes were filmed on location in Carson City . Bond Rogers ' boarding house is the 1914 Krebs - Peterson House , located in Carson City 's historic residential district . The buggy ride was shot at Washoe Lake State Park , in the Washoe Valley , between Reno and Carson City . Though it was a Paramount production , the street scenes and most interior shots were filmed at the Warner Bros. backlot and sound stages in Burbank , California . The horse - drawn trolley was an authentic one , once used as a shuttle between El Paso and Juarez , Mexico . Wayne 's contract gave him script approval , and he made a number of major and minor changes , including the location ( from El Paso to Carson City ) , his character 's terminal illness ( from bladder cancer , which he considered `` unmanly '' , to prostate cancer ) , and the ending . In the book and original screenplay , Jack Pulford was shot in the back by Books , and Books , in turn , was shot by Gillom ; Wayne maintained that over his entire film career , he had never shot an adversary in the back , and would not do so now . He also objected to his character being shot by Gillom , and suggested that the bartender do it , because `` no one could ever take John Wayne in a fair fight '' . Wayne was also responsible for many casting decisions . Several friends and past co-stars , including Bacall , Stewart , Boone , and Carradine , were cast at his request . Stewart had not worked in films for a number of years , due in part to a severe hearing impairment , but he accepted the role as a favor to Wayne . Stewart and Wayne had worked together in just two previous films , also westerns , The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance and How the West Was Won , both released in 1962 . While filming the scene in the doctor 's office , both Stewart and Wayne repeatedly muffed their lines over a long series of takes , until director Don Siegel finally pleaded with them to try harder . `` If you want the scene done better , '' joked Wayne , `` you 'd better get yourself a couple of better actors . '' Later , Wayne commented in private that Stewart knew his lines , but apparently could not hear his cues . Another casting stipulation was the horse owned and given away by Wayne 's character , a favorite sorrel gelding named Dollor that Wayne had ridden in Big Jake , The Cowboys , True Grit , Rooster Cogburn , Chisum , and The Train Robbers . Wayne had negotiated exclusive movie rights to Dollor with the horse 's owner , Dick Webb Movie Productions , and requested script changes enabling him to mention Dollor 's name several times . By one account , Wayne 's numerous directorial suggestions and script alterations caused considerable friction between director and star ; but Siegel said that he and Wayne got along well . `` He had plenty of his own ideas ... some I liked , which gave me inspirations , and some I did n't like . But we did n't fight over any of it . We liked each other and respected each other . '' Reception ( edit ) Upon its theatrical release on August 20 1976 , The Shootist was a minor success , grossing $13,406,138 domestically , $6 million was earned as US theatrical rentals . It received fair - to - excellent reviews , with enormous praise given to Wayne by many critics . It was named one of the Ten Best Films of 1976 by the National Board of Review , along with Rocky , All the President 's Men , and Network . Film critic Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times ranked The Shootist number 10 on his list of the 10 best films of 1976 . The film was nominated for an Oscar , a Golden Globe , a BAFTA film award , and a Writers Guild of America award . The film currently has a 93 % `` Fresh '' rating on the Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes . The film was nominated by the American Film Institute as one of the best Western films in 2008 . Awards and honors ( edit ) Novel Western Writers of America , Spur Award Winner - `` Best Western Novel '' - 1975 ( as : `` one of the best western novels ever written . '' and as : `` one of the 10 Greatest Western novels written in the 20th century . '' ) Film Writers Guild , nomination : `` Best Adaptation of a Screenplay '' - Scott Hale and Miles Hood Swarthout Academy Awards , nomination : `` Best Art Direction - Set Decoration '' - Robert F. Boyle and Arthur Jeph Parker Golden Globes , nomination : `` Best Motion Picture Actor in a Supporting Role '' - Ron Howard BAFTA Film Award , nomination : `` Best Actress '' - Lauren Bacall Also in 2008 , the American Film Institute nominated this film for its Top 10 Western Films list . See also ( edit ) John Wayne filmography References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Box Office Information for The Shootist . Worldwide Box Office . Retrieved September 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Swarthout , Glendon ( 1975 ) . The Shootist , New York , New York : Doubleday . ISBN 0 - 385 - 06099 - 8 Jump up ^ Roberts , R. and Olson , S. John Wayne : American . New York : Free Press ( 1995 ) , pp. 121 - 2 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 923837 - 0 . Jump up ^ Hyams , J. The Life and Times of the Western Movie . Gallery Books ( 1984 ) , pp. 109 - 12 . ISBN 0831755458 Jump up ^ Shepherd , Slatzer , & Grayson ( 2002 ) , p. 306 . Jump up ^ Shepherd D , Slatzer R , Grayson D. Duke : The Life and Times of John Wayne . Citadel ( 2002 ) , pp. 293 - 5 . ISBN 0806523409 Jump up ^ Bacon , J. `` John Wayne : The Last Cowboy '' . Us Magazine , June 27 , 1978 , retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Shootist locations . movie-locations.com , retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Slatzer , & Grayson ( 2002 ) , pp. 300 - 1 Jump up ^ Shepherd , Slatzer , & Grayson ( 2002 ) , p. 298 Jump up ^ Hyams , J. The Life and Times of the Western Movie . Gallery Books ( 1984 ) , pp. 214 - 5 . ISBN 0831755458 Jump up ^ Shepherd , Slatzer , & Grayson ( 2002 ) , p. 301 . Jump up ^ Texas Couple Tend John Wayne 's Horse To See That Fans Get Dollor 's Worth . Texas Morning News ( January 13 , 1985 ) , retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Slatzer , & Grayson ( 2002 ) , p. 298 Jump up ^ Munn , M. John Wayne : The Man Behind the Myth . NAL ( 2005 ) , p. 333 Jump up ^ Box Office Information for The Shootist . The Numbers . Retrieved September 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Roger Ebert 's 10 Best Lists : 1967 to present . Archived January 13 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Roger Ebert 's Journal . Retrieved September 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Movie Reviews for The Shootist . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 10 Top 10 Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` NY Times : The Shootist '' . NY Times . Retrieved December 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 10 Top 10 Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) External links ( edit ) The Shootist on IMDb The Shootist at the TCM Movie Database The Shootist at AllMovie The Shootist at Rotten Tomatoes Glendon Swarthout website ( hide ) Films directed by Don Siegel Star in the Night ( 1945 ) Hitler Lives ( 1945 ) The Verdict ( 1946 ) Night Unto Night ( 1949 ) The Big Steal ( 1949 ) The Duel at Silver Creek ( 1952 ) No Time for Flowers ( 1952 ) Count the Hours ( 1953 ) China Venture ( 1953 ) Riot in Cell Block 11 ( 1954 ) Private Hell 36 ( 1954 ) The Blue and Gold ( 1955 ) Invasion of the Body Snatchers ( 1956 ) Crime in the Streets ( 1956 ) Spanish Affair ( 1957 ) Baby Face Nelson ( 1957 ) The Lineup ( 1958 ) The Gun Runners ( 1958 ) Edge of Eternity ( 1959 ) Hound - Dog Man ( 1959 ) Flaming Star ( 1960 ) Hell Is for Heroes ( 1962 ) The Killers ( 1964 ) The Hanged Man ( 1964 ) Stranger on the Run ( 1967 ) Madigan ( 1968 ) Coogan 's Bluff ( 1968 ) Death of a Gunfighter ( 1969 ) Two Mules for Sister Sara ( 1970 ) The Beguiled ( 1971 ) Dirty Harry ( 1971 ) Charley Varrick ( 1973 ) The Black Windmill ( 1974 ) The Shootist ( 1976 ) Telefon ( 1977 ) Escape from Alcatraz ( 1979 ) Rough Cut ( 1980 ) Jinxed ! ( 1982 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Shootist&oldid=817580904 '' Categories : 1976 films English - language films 1970s Western ( genre ) films American Western ( genre ) films Films scored by Elmer Bernstein Films about old age Films based on American novels Films based on Western ( genre ) novels Films directed by Don Siegel Films shot in Nevada Films set in Nevada Films set in 1901 Paramount Pictures films Films produced by Dino De Laurentiis American films Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use mdy dates from April 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Euskara Français Italiano Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 December 2017 , at 08 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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where was the movie the shootist filmed at

The film 's expansive outdoor scenes were filmed on location in Carson City . Bond Rogers ' boarding house is the 1914 Krebs - Peterson House , located in Carson City 's historic residential district . The buggy ride was shot at Washoe Lake State Park , in the Washoe Valley , between Reno and Carson City . Though it was a Paramount production , the street scenes and most interior shots were filmed at the Warner Bros. backlot and sound stages in Burbank , California . The horse - drawn trolley was an authentic one , once used as a shuttle between El Paso and Juarez , Mexico .

United States - Wikipedia United States Jump to : navigation , search `` United States of America '' , `` America '' , `` US '' , and `` USA '' redirect here . For the landmass comprising North and South America , see Americas . For other uses , see America ( disambiguation ) , US ( disambiguation ) , USA ( disambiguation ) , and United States ( disambiguation ) . Coordinates : 40 ° N 100 ° W  /  40 ° N 100 ° W  / 40 ; - 100 United States of America Flag Great Seal Motto : `` In God We Trust '' Other traditional mottos ( show ) `` E pluribus unum '' ( Latin ) ( de facto ) `` Out of many , one '' `` Annuit cœptis '' ( Latin ) `` He has favored our undertakings '' `` Novus ordo seclorum '' ( Latin ) `` New order of the ages '' Anthem : `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' March : `` The Stars and Stripes Forever '' The contiguous United States plus Alaska and Hawaii The United States including its territories Capital Washington , D.C. 38 ° 53 ′ N 77 ° 01 ′ W  /  38.883 ° N 77.017 ° W  / 38.883 ; - 77.017 Largest city New York City 40 ° 43 ′ N 74 ° 00 ′ W  /  40.717 ° N 74.000 ° W  / 40.717 ; - 74.000 Official languages None at federal level National language English Ethnic groups By race : 77.1 % White 13.3 % Black 2.6 % Other / multiracial 5.6 % Asian 1.2 % Native 0.2 % Pacific Islander Ethnicity : 17.6 % Hispanic or Latino 82.4 % non-Hispanic or Latino Religion 70.6 % Christian 1.9 % Jewish 0.9 % Muslim 0.7 % Buddhist 0.7 % Hindu 1.8 % Other faiths 22.8 % Unaffiliated Demonym American Government Federal presidential constitutional republic President Donald Trump Vice President Mike Pence Speaker of the House Paul Ryan Chief Justice John Roberts Legislature Congress Upper house Senate Lower house House of Representatives Independence from Great Britain Declaration July 4 , 1776 Confederation March 1 , 1781 Treaty of Paris September 3 , 1783 Constitution June 21 , 1788 Last polity admitted March 24 , 1976 Area Total area 3,796,742 sq mi ( 9,833,520 km ) ( 3rd / 4th ) Water ( % ) 6.97 Total land area 3,531,905 sq mi ( 9,147,590 km ) Population 2017 estimate 325,365,189 ( 3rd ) 2010 census 308,745,538 ( 3rd ) Density 90.6 / sq mi ( 35.0 / km ) ( 180th ) GDP ( PPP ) 2016 estimate Total $18.558 trillion ( 2nd ) Per capita $57,220 ( 14th ) GDP ( nominal ) 2016 estimate Total $18.558 trillion ( 1st ) Per capita $57,467 ( 7th ) Gini ( 2013 ) 40.8 medium HDI ( 2015 ) 0.920 very high 10th Currency United States dollar ( $ ) ( USD ) Time zone ( UTC − 4 to − 12 , + 10 , + 11 ) Summer ( DST ) ( UTC − 4 to − 10 ) Date format mm / dd / yyyy ( AD ) Drives on the right Calling code + 1 ISO 3166 code US Internet TLD . us The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. ) or America ( / əˈmɛrɪkə / ) , is a federal republic composed of 50 states , a federal district , five major self - governing territories , and various possessions . Forty - eight states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico . The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America , bordered by Canada to the east and across the Bering Strait from Russia to the west . The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean . The U.S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea , stretching across nine official time zones . The extremely diverse geography , climate and wildlife of the United States make it one of the world 's 17 megadiverse countries . At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km ) and with over 324 million people , the United States is the world 's third - or fourth - largest country by total area , and the third-most populous . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the largest city is New York City ; twelve other major metropolitan areas -- each with at least 4.5 million inhabitants -- are Los Angeles , Chicago , Dallas , Houston , Washington , D.C. , Philadelphia , Miami , Atlanta , Boston , San Francisco , Phoenix , and Riverside . Paleo - Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies following the Seven Years ' War led to the American Revolution , which began in 1775 , and the subsequent Declaration of Independence in 1776 . The war ended in 1783 with the United States becoming the first country to attain independence from a European power . The current constitution was adopted in 1788 . The first ten amendments , collectively named the Bill of Rights , were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century , displacing Native American tribes , acquiring new territories , and gradually admitting new states until it spanned the continent by 1848 . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the end of legal slavery in the country . By the end of that century , the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean , and its economy , driven in large part by the Industrial Revolution , began to soar . The Spanish -- American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power . The United States emerged from World War II as a global superpower , the first country to develop nuclear weapons , the only country to use them in warfare , and a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council . The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the world 's sole superpower . The U.S. is a founding member of the United Nations , World Bank , International Monetary Fund , Organization of American States ( OAS ) , and other international organizations . The United States is a highly developed country , with the world 's largest economy by nominal GDP and second - largest economy by PPP , accounting for approximately a quarter of global GDP . The U.S. economy is largely post-industrial , characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge - based activities , although the manufacturing sector remains the second - largest in the world . Though its population is only 4.3 % of the world total , Americans hold 33.2 % of the total wealth in the world , the largest share of global wealth concentrated in a single country . The United States ranks among the highest nations in several measures of socioeconomic performance , including average wage , human development , per capita GDP , and productivity per person . The U.S. is the foremost military power in the world , making up a third of global military spending . It is also a global leader in science and technology . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Indigenous peoples and pre-Columbian history 2.2 European settlements 2.2. 1 Effects on and interaction with native populations 2.3 Independence and expansion ( 1776 -- 1865 ) 2.4 Civil War and Reconstruction Era 2.5 Industrialization 2.6 World War I , Great Depression , and World War II 2.7 Cold War and civil rights era 2.8 Contemporary history 3 Geography , climate , and environment 3.1 Wildlife 4 Demographics 4.1 Population 4.2 Language 4.3 Religion 4.4 Family structure 5 Government and politics 5.1 Political divisions 5.2 Parties and elections 5.3 Foreign relations 5.4 Government finance 5.5 Military 6 Law enforcement and crime 7 Economy 7.1 Income , poverty and wealth 8 Infrastructure 8.1 Transportation 8.2 Energy 8.3 Water supply and sanitation 9 Education 10 Culture 10.1 Food 10.2 Literature , philosophy , and the arts 10.3 Music 10.4 Cinema 10.5 Sports 10.6 Media 11 Science and technology 12 Health 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 Bibliography 16.1 Internet sources 17 External links Etymology See also : Naming of America , Names for United States citizens , and American ( word ) The Americas are named after Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci . In 1507 , the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a world map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere the Americas in honor of the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci ( Latin : Americus Vespucius ) . The first documentary evidence of the phrase `` United States of America '' is from a letter dated January 2 , 1776 , written by Stephen Moylan , Esq. , George Washington 's aide - de-camp and Muster - Master General of the Continental Army . Addressed to Lt. Col. Joseph Reed , Moylan expressed his wish to carry the `` full and ample powers of the United States of America '' to Spain to assist in the revolutionary war effort . The second draft of the Articles of Confederation , prepared by John Dickinson and completed by June 17 , 1776 , at the latest , declared `` The name of this Confederation shall be the ' United States of America . ' '' The final version of the Articles sent to the states for ratification in late 1777 contains the sentence `` The Stile of this Confederacy shall be ' The United States of America ' '' . In June 1776 , Thomas Jefferson wrote the phrase `` UNITED STATES OF AMERICA '' in all capitalized letters in the headline of his `` original Rough draught '' of the Declaration of Independence . This draft of the document did not surface until June 21 , 1776 , and it is unclear whether it was written before or after Dickinson used the term in his June 17 draft of the Articles of Confederation . The short form `` United States '' is also standard . Other common forms are the `` U.S. '' , the `` USA '' , and `` America '' . Colloquial names are the `` U.S. of A . '' and , internationally , the `` States '' . `` Columbia '' , a name popular in poetry and songs of the late 18th century , derives its origin from Christopher Columbus ; it appears in the name `` District of Columbia '' . The phrase `` United States '' was originally plural , a description of a collection of independent states -- e.g. , `` the United States are '' -- including in the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution , ratified in 1865 . The singular form -- e.g. , `` the United States is '' -- became popular after the end of the American Civil War . The singular form is now standard ; the plural form is retained in the idiom `` these United States '' . The difference is more significant than usage ; it is a difference between a collection of states and a unit . A citizen of the United States is an `` American '' . `` United States '' , `` American '' and `` U.S. '' refer to the country adjectivally ( `` American values '' , `` U.S. forces '' ) . In English , the word `` American '' rarely refers to topics or subjects not connected with the United States . History Main articles : History of the United States , Timeline of United States history , American business history , Economic history of the United States , and Labor history of the United States Indigenous peoples and pre-Columbian History Further information : Pre-Columbian era and Colonial history of the United States Artist 's re-creation of the Kincaid Site from the prehistoric Mississippian culture , as it may have looked The first inhabitants of North America migrated from Siberia by way of the Bering land bridge and arrived at least 15,000 years ago , though increasing evidence suggests an even earlier arrival . After crossing the land bridge , the first Americans moved southward , either along the Pacific coast or through an interior ice - free corridor between the Cordilleran and Laurentide ice sheets . The Clovis culture appeared around 11,000 BC , and it is considered to be an ancestor of most of the later indigenous cultures of the Americas . While the Clovis culture was thought , throughout the late 20th century , to represent the first human settlement of the Americas , in recent years consensus has changed in recognition of pre-Clovis cultures . Over time , indigenous cultures in North America grew increasingly complex , and some , such as the pre-Columbian Mississippian culture in the southeast , developed advanced agriculture , grand architecture , and state - level societies . From approximately 800 to 1600 AD the Mississippian culture flourished , and its largest city Cahokia is considered the largest , most complex pre-Columbian archaeological site in the modern - day United States . In the southern Great Lakes region , the Iroquois Confederacy ( Haudenosaunee ) was established at some point between the twelfth and fifteenth centuries , lasting until the end of the Revolutionary War . The date of the first settlements of the Hawaiian Islands is a topic of continuing debate . Archaeological evidence seems to indicate a settlement as early as 124 AD . During his third and final voyage , Captain James Cook became the first European to begin formal contact with Hawaii . After his initial landfall in January 1778 at Waimea harbour , Kauai , Cook named the archipelago the `` Sandwich Islands '' after the fourth Earl of Sandwich -- the acting First Lord of the Admiralty of the British Royal Navy . European settlements Further information : European colonization of the Americas and Thirteen Colonies Saint Augustine , Florida , the oldest continuously occupied European - established settlement in the continental United States ( 1565 ) The Mayflower Compact , 1620 by Jean Leon Gerome Ferris After Spain sent Columbus on his first voyage to the New World in 1492 , other explorers followed . The first Europeans to arrive in territory of the modern United States were Spanish conquistadors such as Juan Ponce de León , who made his first visit to Florida in 1513 . The Spanish set up the first settlements in Florida and New Mexico such as Saint Augustine and Santa Fe . The French established their own as well along the Mississippi River . Successful English settlement on the eastern coast of North America began with the Virginia Colony in 1607 at Jamestown and the Pilgrims ' Plymouth Colony in 1620 . Many settlers were dissenting Christian groups who came seeking religious freedom . The continent 's first elected legislative assembly , Virginia 's House of Burgesses created in 1619 , the Mayflower Compact , signed by the Pilgrims before disembarking , and the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut , established precedents for the pattern of representative self - government and constitutionalism that would develop throughout the American colonies . Most settlers in every colony were small farmers , but other industries developed within a few decades as varied as the settlements . Cash crops included tobacco , rice and wheat . Extraction industries grew up in furs , fishing and lumber . Manufacturers produced rum and ships , and by the late colonial period Americans were producing one - seventh of the world 's iron supply . Cities eventually dotted the coast to support local economies and serve as trade hubs . English colonists were supplemented by waves of Scotch - Irish and other groups . As coastal land grew more expensive freed indentured servants pushed further west . A large - scale slave trade with English privateers was begun . The life expectancy of slaves was much higher in North America than further south , because of less disease and better food and treatment , leading to a rapid increase in the numbers of slaves . Colonial society was largely divided over the religious and moral implications of slavery and colonies passed acts for and against the practice . But by the turn of the 18th century , African slaves were replacing indentured servants for cash crop labor , especially in southern regions . With the British colonization of Georgia in 1732 , the 13 colonies that would become the United States of America were established . All had local governments with elections open to most free men , with a growing devotion to the ancient rights of Englishmen and a sense of self - government stimulating support for republicanism . With extremely high birth rates , low death rates , and steady settlement , the colonial population grew rapidly . Relatively small Native American populations were eclipsed . The Christian revivalist movement of the 1730s and 1740s known as the Great Awakening fueled interest in both religion and religious liberty . During the Seven Years ' War ( in America , known as the French and Indian War ) , British forces seized Canada from the French , but the francophone population remained politically isolated from the southern colonies . Excluding the Native Americans , who were being conquered and displaced , the 13 British colonies had a population of over 2.1 million in 1770 , about one - third that of Britain . Despite continuing new arrivals , the rate of natural increase was such that by the 1770s only a small minority of Americans had been born overseas . The colonies ' distance from Britain had allowed the development of self - government , but their success motivated monarchs to periodically seek to reassert royal authority . In 1774 the Spanish Navy ship Santiago , under Juan Pérez had entered and anchored in the inlet at Nootka Sound . Although the Spanish did not land , natives paddled to the ship to trade furs for abalone shells from California . At the time , the Spanish were able to monopolize the trade between Asia and North America , granting limited licenses to the Portuguese . When the Russians began establishing a growing fur trading system in Alaska the Spanish began to challenge the Russians , with Pérez 's voyage being the first of many to the Pacific Northwest . After having arrived in the Hawaiian islands in 1778 , Captain Cook sailed north and then north - east to explore the west coast of North America north of the Spanish settlements in Alta California . He made landfall on the Oregon coast at approximately 44 ° 30 ′ north latitude , naming his landing point Cape Foulweather . Bad weather forced his ships south to about 43 ° north before they could begin their exploration of the coast northward . In March 1778 , Cook landed on Bligh Island and named the inlet `` King George 's Sound '' . He recorded that the native name was Nutka or Nootka , apparently misunderstanding his conversations at Friendly Cove / Yuquot ; his informant may have been explaining that he was on an island ( itchme nutka , a place you can `` go around '' ) . There may also have been confusion with Nuu - chah - nulth , the natives ' autonym ( name for themselves ) . It may also have simply been based on Cook 's mispronunciation of Yuquot , the native name of the place . Effects on and interaction with Native populations Further information : American Indian Wars , Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas , and James Cook With the progress of European colonization in the territories of the contemporary United States , the Native Americans were often conquered and displaced . The native population of America declined after Europeans arrived , and for various reasons , primarily diseases such as smallpox and measles . Violence was not a significant factor in the overall decline among Native Americans , though conflict among themselves and with Europeans affected specific tribes and various colonial settlements . In the early days of colonization , many European settlers were subject to food shortages , disease , and attacks from Native Americans . Native Americans were also often at war with neighboring tribes and allied with Europeans in their colonial wars . At the same time , however , many natives and settlers came to depend on each other . Settlers traded for food and animal pelts , natives for guns , ammunition and other European wares . Natives taught many settlers where , when and how to cultivate corn , beans and squash . European missionaries and others felt it was important to `` civilize '' the Native Americans and urged them to adopt European agricultural techniques and lifestyles . Death of Captain Cook by Johann Zoffany ( 1795 ) Captain James Cook 's last voyage included sailing along the coast of North America and Alaska searching for a Northwest Passage for approximately nine months . He returned to the Hawaii to resupply , initially exploring the coasts of Maui and the big island , trading with locals and then making anchor at Kealakekua Bay in January 1779 . When his ships and company left the islands , a ship 's mast broke in bad weather , forcing them to return in mid-February . Cook would be killed days later . Independence and expansion ( 1776 -- 1865 ) Further information : American Revolutionary War , United States Declaration of Independence , American Revolution , and Territorial evolution of the United States Declaration of Independence by John Trumbull The American Revolutionary War was the first successful colonial war of independence against a European power . Americans had developed an ideology of `` republicanism '' asserting that government rested on the will of the people as expressed in their local legislatures . They demanded their rights as Englishmen and `` no taxation without representation '' . The British insisted on administering the empire through Parliament , and the conflict escalated into war . Following the passage of the Lee Resolution , on July 2 , 1776 , which was the actual vote for independence , the Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence on July 4 , which proclaimed , in a long preamble , that humanity is created equal in their unalienable rights and that those rights were not being protected by Great Britain , and declared , in the words of the resolution , that the Thirteen Colonies were independent states and had no allegiance to the British crown in the United States . The fourth day of July is celebrated annually as Independence Day . The Second Continental Congress declared on September 9 `` where , heretofore , the words ' United Colonies ' have been used , the stile be altered for the future to the ' United States ' `` . In 1777 , the Articles of Confederation established a weak government that operated until 1789 . Britain recognized the independence of the United States following their defeat at Yorktown in 1781 . In the peace treaty of 1783 , American sovereignty was recognized from the Atlantic coast west to the Mississippi River . Nationalists led the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 in writing the United States Constitution , ratified in state conventions in 1788 . The federal government was reorganized into three branches , on the principle of creating salutary checks and balances , in 1789 . George Washington , who had led the revolutionary army to victory , was the first president elected under the new constitution . The Bill of Rights , forbidding federal restriction of personal freedoms and guaranteeing a range of legal protections , was adopted in 1791 . Although the federal government criminalized the international slave trade in 1808 , after 1820 , cultivation of the highly profitable cotton crop exploded in the Deep South , and along with it , the slave population . The Second Great Awakening , especially 1800 -- 1840 , converted millions to evangelical Protestantism . In the North , it energized multiple social reform movements , including abolitionism ; in the South , Methodists and Baptists proselytized among slave populations . Americans ' eagerness to expand westward prompted a long series of American Indian Wars . The Louisiana Purchase of French - claimed territory in 1803 almost doubled the nation 's area . The War of 1812 , declared against Britain over various grievances and fought to a draw , strengthened U.S. nationalism . A series of military incursions into Florida led Spain to cede it and other Gulf Coast territory in 1819 . Expansion was aided by steam power , when steamboats began traveling along America 's large water systems , which were connected by new canals , such as the Erie and the I&M ; then , even faster railroads began their stretch across the nation 's land . From 1820 to 1850 , Jacksonian democracy began a set of reforms which included wider white male suffrage ; it led to the rise of the Second Party System of Democrats and Whigs as the dominant parties from 1828 to 1854 . The Trail of Tears in the 1830s exemplified the Indian removal policy that resettled Indians into the west on Indian reservations . The U.S. annexed the Republic of Texas in 1845 during a period of expansionist Manifest destiny . The 1846 Oregon Treaty with Britain led to U.S. control of the present - day American Northwest . Victory in the Mexican -- American War resulted in the 1848 Mexican Cession of California and much of the present - day American Southwest . The California Gold Rush of 1848 -- 49 spurred western migration and the creation of additional western states . After the American Civil War , new transcontinental railways made relocation easier for settlers , expanded internal trade and increased conflicts with Native Americans . Over a half - century , the loss of the American bison ( sometimes called `` buffalo '' ) was an existential blow to many Plains Indians cultures . In 1869 , a new Peace Policy sought to protect Native - Americans from abuses , avoid further war , and secure their eventual U.S. citizenship , although conflicts , including several of the largest Indian Wars , continued throughout the West into the 1900s . Civil War and Reconstruction Era Further information : American Civil War and Reconstruction Era The Battle of Gettysburg by Thure de Thulstrup Differences of opinion over social order between northern and southern states in early United States society , particularly regarding the slavery of Africans and African Americans , ultimately led to the American Civil War . Initially , states entering the Union alternated between slave and free states , keeping a sectional balance in the Senate , while free states outstripped slave states in population and in the House of Representatives . But with additional western territory and more free - soil states , tensions between slave and free states mounted with arguments over federalism and disposition of the territories , whether and how to expand or restrict slavery . With the 1860 election of Abraham Lincoln , the first president from the largely anti-slavery Republican Party , conventions in thirteen slave states ultimately declared secession and formed the Confederate States of America , while the federal government maintained that secession was illegal . The ensuing war was at first for Union , then after 1863 as casualties mounted and Lincoln delivered his Emancipation Proclamation , a second war aim became abolition of slavery . The war remains the deadliest military conflict in American history , resulting in the deaths of approximately 618,000 soldiers as well as many civilians . Following the Union victory in 1865 , three amendments were added to the U.S. Constitution : the Thirteenth Amendment prohibited slavery , the Fourteenth Amendment provided citizenship to the nearly four million African Americans who had been slaves , and the Fifteenth Amendment ensured that they had the right to vote . The war and its resolution led to a substantial increase in federal power aimed at reintegrating and rebuilding the Southern states while ensuring the rights of the newly freed slaves . Southern white conservatives , calling themselves `` Redeemers '' took control after the end of Reconstruction . By the 1890 -- 1910 period Jim Crow laws disenfranchised most blacks and some poor whites . Blacks faced racial segregation , especially in the South . Racial minorities occasionally experienced vigilante violence . Industrialization Main articles : Economic history of the United States and Technological and industrial history of the United States Ellis Island , in New York City , was a major gateway for European immigration In the North , urbanization and an unprecedented influx of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe supplied a surplus of labor for the country 's industrialization and transformed its culture . National infrastructure including telegraph and transcontinental railroads spurred economic growth and greater settlement and development of the American Old West . The later invention of electric light and the telephone would also affect communication and urban life . The end of the Indian Wars further expanded acreage under mechanical cultivation , increasing surpluses for international markets . Mainland expansion was completed by the purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867 . In 1893 , pro-American elements in Hawaii overthrew the monarchy and formed the Republic of Hawaii , which the U.S. annexed in 1898 . Puerto Rico , Guam , and the Philippines were ceded by Spain in the same year , following the Spanish -- American War . Rapid economic development during the late 19th and early 20th centuries fostered the rise of many prominent industrialists . Tycoons like Cornelius Vanderbilt , John D. Rockefeller , and Andrew Carnegie led the nation 's progress in railroad , petroleum , and steel industries . Banking became a major part of the economy , with J.P. Morgan playing a notable role . Edison and Tesla undertook the widespread distribution of electricity to industry , homes , and for street lighting . Henry Ford revolutionized the automotive industry . The American economy boomed , becoming the world 's largest , and the United States achieved great power status . These dramatic changes were accompanied by social unrest and the rise of populist , socialist , and anarchist movements . This period eventually ended with the advent of the Progressive Era , which saw significant reforms in many societal areas , including women 's suffrage , alcohol prohibition , regulation of consumer goods , greater antitrust measures to ensure competition and attention to worker conditions . World War I , Great Depression , and world War II Further information : World War I , Great Depression , and World War II The United States remained neutral from the outbreak of World War I , in 1914 , until 1917 when it joined the war as an `` associated power '' , alongside the formal Allies of World War I , helping to turn the tide against the Central Powers . In 1919 , President Woodrow Wilson took a leading diplomatic role at the Paris Peace Conference and advocated strongly for the U.S. to join the League of Nations . However , the Senate refused to approve this , and did not ratify the Treaty of Versailles that established the League of Nations . In 1920 , the women 's rights movement won passage of a constitutional amendment granting women 's suffrage . The 1920s and 1930s saw the rise of radio for mass communication and the invention of early television . The prosperity of the Roaring Twenties ended with the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the onset of the Great Depression . After his election as president in 1932 , Franklin D. Roosevelt responded with the New Deal , which included the establishment of the Social Security system . The Great Migration of millions of African Americans out of the American South began before World War I and extended through the 1960s ; whereas the Dust Bowl of the mid-1930s impoverished many farming communities and spurred a new wave of western migration . At first effectively neutral during World War II while Germany conquered much of continental Europe , the United States began supplying material to the Allies in March 1941 through the Lend - Lease program . On December 7 , 1941 , the Empire of Japan launched a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor , prompting the United States to join the Allies against the Axis powers . During the war , the United States was referred as one of the `` Four Policemen '' of Allies power who met to plan the postwar world , along with Britain , the Soviet Union and China . Though the nation lost more than 400,000 soldiers , it emerged relatively undamaged from the war with even greater economic and military influence . The United States played a leading role in the Bretton Woods and Yalta conferences with the United Kingdom , the Soviet Union and other Allies , which signed agreements on new international financial institutions and Europe 's postwar reorganization . As an Allied victory was won in Europe , a 1945 international conference held in San Francisco produced the United Nations Charter , which became active after the war . The United States developed the first nuclear weapons and used them on Japan in the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki ; causing the Japanese to surrender on September 2 , ending World War II . Parades and celebrations followed in what is known as Victory Day , or V-J Day . Cold War and Civil rights Era Main articles : History of the United States ( 1945 -- 64 ) , History of the United States ( 1964 -- 80 ) , and History of the United States ( 1980 -- 91 ) Further information : Cold War , Civil Rights Movement , War on Poverty , Space Race , and Reaganomics U.S. President Ronald Reagan at his `` Tear down this wall ! '' speech in Berlin , Germany on June 12 , 1987 . After World War II the United States and the Soviet Union jockeyed for power during what became known as the Cold War , driven by an ideological divide between capitalism and communism and , according to the school of geopolitics , a divide between the maritime Atlantic and the continental Eurasian camps . They dominated the military affairs of Europe , with the U.S. and its NATO allies on one side and the USSR and its Warsaw Pact allies on the other . The U.S. developed a policy of containment towards the expansion of communist influence . While the U.S. and Soviet Union engaged in proxy wars and developed powerful nuclear arsenals , the two countries avoided direct military conflict . The United States often opposed Third World movements that it viewed as Soviet - sponsored . American troops fought communist Chinese and North Korean forces in the Korean War of 1950 -- 53 . The Soviet Union 's 1957 launch of the first artificial satellite and its 1961 launch of the first manned spaceflight initiated a `` Space Race '' in which the United States became the first nation to land a man on the moon in 1969 . A proxy war in Southeast Asia eventually evolved into full American participation , as the Vietnam War . At home , the U.S. experienced sustained economic expansion and a rapid growth of its population and middle class . Construction of an Interstate Highway System transformed the nation 's infrastructure over the following decades . Millions moved from farms and inner cities to large suburban housing developments . In 1959 Hawaii became the 50th and last U.S. state added to the country . The growing Civil Rights Movement used nonviolence to confront segregation and discrimination , with Martin Luther King Jr. becoming a prominent leader and figurehead . A combination of court decisions and legislation , culminating in the Civil Rights Act of 1968 , sought to end racial discrimination . Meanwhile , a counterculture movement grew which was fueled by opposition to the Vietnam war , black nationalism , and the sexual revolution . The launch of a `` War on Poverty '' expanded entitlements and welfare spending , including the creation of Medicare and Medicaid , two programs that provide health coverage to the elderly and poor , respectively , and the means - tested Food Stamp Program and Aid to Families with Dependent Children . The 1970s and early 1980s saw the onset of stagflation . After his election in 1980 , President Ronald Reagan responded to economic stagnation with free - market oriented reforms . Following the collapse of détente , he abandoned `` containment '' and initiated the more aggressive `` rollback '' strategy towards the USSR . After a surge in female labor participation over the previous decade , by 1985 the majority of women aged 16 and over were employed . The late 1980s brought a `` thaw '' in relations with the USSR , and its collapse in 1991 finally ended the Cold War . This brought about unipolarity with the U.S. unchallenged as the world 's dominant superpower . The concept of Pax Americana , which had appeared in the post-World War II period , gained wide popularity as a term for the post-Cold War new world order . Contemporary History Main articles : History of the United States ( 1991 -- 2008 ) and History of the United States ( 2008 -- present ) Further information : Gulf War , September 11 attacks , War on Terror , 2008 financial crisis , and Affordable Care Act The World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan during the September 11 attacks in 2001 One World Trade Center , newly - built in its place After the Cold War , the conflict in the Middle East triggered a crisis in 1990 , when Iraq under Sadaam Hussein invaded and attempted to annex Kuwait , an ally of the United States . Fearing that the instability would spread to other regions , President George H.W. Bush launched Operation Desert Shield , a defensive force buildup in Saudi Arabia , and Operation Desert Storm , in a staging titled the Gulf War ; waged by coalition forces from 34 nations , led by the United States against Iraq ending in the successful expulsion of Iraqi forces from Kuwait , restoring the former monarchy . Originating in U.S. defense networks , the Internet spread to international academic networks , and then to the public in the 1990s , greatly affecting the global economy , society , and culture . Due to the dot - com boom , stable monetary policy under Alan Greenspan , and reduced social welfare spending , the 1990s saw the longest economic expansion in modern U.S. history , ending in 2001 . Beginning in 1994 , the U.S. entered into the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) , linking 450 million people producing $17 trillion worth of goods and services . The goal of the agreement was to eliminate trade and investment barriers among the U.S. , Canada , and Mexico by January 1 , 2008 . Trade among the three partners has soared since NAFTA went into force . On September 11 , 2001 , Al - Qaeda terrorists struck the World Trade Center in New York City and the Pentagon near Washington , D.C. , killing nearly 3,000 people . In response , the United States launched the War on Terror , which included war in Afghanistan and the 2003 -- 11 Iraq War . In 2007 , the Bush administration ordered a major troop surge in the Iraq War , which successfully reduced violence and led to greater stability in the region . Government policy designed to promote affordable housing , widespread failures in corporate and regulatory governance , and historically low interest rates set by the Federal Reserve led to the mid-2000s housing bubble , which culminated with the 2008 financial crisis , the largest economic contraction in the nation 's history since the Great Depression . Barack Obama , the first African American and multiracial president , was elected in 2008 amid the crisis , and subsequently passed stimulus measures and the Dodd - Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act in an attempt to mitigate its negative effects and ensure there would not be a repeat of the crisis . The stimulus facilitated infrastructure improvements and a relative decline in unemployment . Dodd - Frank improved financial stability and consumer protection , although there is evidence it may have had a negative impact on small banks . In 2010 , the Obama administration passed the Affordable Care Act , which made the most sweeping reforms to the nation 's healthcare system in nearly five decades , including mandates , subsidies and insurance exchanges . The law caused a significant reduction in the number and percentage of people without health insurance , with 24 million covered during 2016 , but remains controversial due to its impact on healthcare costs , insurance premiums , and economic performance . Although the recession reached its trough in June 2009 , voters remained frustrated with the slow pace of the economic recovery . The Republicans , who stood in opposition to Obama 's policies , won control of the House of Representatives with a landslide in 2010 and control of the Senate in 2014 . American forces in Iraq were withdrawn in large numbers in 2009 and 2010 , and the war in the region was declared formally over in December 2011 . The withdrawal caused an escalation of sectarian insurgency , leading to the rise of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant , the successor of al - Qaeda in the region . In 2014 , Obama announced a restoration of full diplomatic relations with Cuba for the first time since 1961 . The next year , the United States as a member of the P5 + 1 countries signed the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action , an agreement aimed to slow the development of Iran 's nuclear program . Geography , climate , and Environment Main articles : Geography of the United States , Climate of the United States , and Environment of the United States A composite satellite image of the contiguous United States and surrounding areas Köppen climate classifications The land area of the contiguous United States is 2,959,064 square miles ( 7,663,940.6 km ) . Alaska , separated from the contiguous United States by Canada , is the largest state at 663,268 square miles ( 1,717,856.2 km ) . Hawaii , occupying an archipelago in the central Pacific , southwest of North America , is 10,931 square miles ( 28,311 km ) in area . The populated territories of Puerto Rico , American Samoa , Guam , Northern Mariana Islands , and U.S. Virgin Islands together cover 9,185 square miles ( 23,789 km ) . Measured by only land area , the United States is third in size behind Russia and China , just ahead of Canada . The United States is the world 's third - or fourth - largest nation by total area ( land and water ) , ranking behind Russia and Canada and just above or below China . The ranking varies depending on how two territories disputed by China and India are counted and how the total size of the United States is measured : calculations range from 3,676,486 square miles ( 9,522,055.0 km ) to 3,717,813 square miles ( 9,629,091.5 km ) to 3,796,742 square miles ( 9,833,516.6 km ) . The coastal plain of the Atlantic seaboard gives way further inland to deciduous forests and the rolling hills of the Piedmont . The Appalachian Mountains divide the eastern seaboard from the Great Lakes and the grasslands of the Midwest . The Mississippi -- Missouri River , the world 's fourth longest river system , runs mainly north -- south through the heart of the country . The flat , fertile prairie of the Great Plains stretches to the west , interrupted by a highland region in the southeast . The Rocky Mountains , at the western edge of the Great Plains , extend north to south across the country , reaching altitudes higher than 14,000 feet ( 4,300 m ) in Colorado . Farther west are the rocky Great Basin and deserts such as the Chihuahua and Mojave . The Sierra Nevada and Cascade mountain ranges run close to the Pacific coast , both ranges reaching altitudes higher than 14,000 feet ( 4,300 m ) . The lowest and highest points in the contiguous United States are in the state of California , and only about 84 miles ( 135 km ) apart . At an elevation of 20,310 feet ( 6,190.5 m ) , Alaska 's Denali ( Mount McKinley ) is the highest peak in the country and North America . Active volcanoes are common throughout Alaska 's Alexander and Aleutian Islands , and Hawaii consists of volcanic islands . The supervolcano underlying Yellowstone National Park in the Rockies is the continent 's largest volcanic feature . The United States has the most ecoregions out of any country in the world . The United States , with its large size and geographic variety , includes most climate types . To the east of the 100th meridian , the climate ranges from humid continental in the north to humid subtropical in the south . The Great Plains west of the 100th meridian are semi-arid . Much of the Western mountains have an alpine climate . The climate is arid in the Great Basin , desert in the Southwest , Mediterranean in coastal California , and oceanic in coastal Oregon and Washington and southern Alaska . Most of Alaska is subarctic or polar . Hawaii and the southern tip of Florida are tropical , as are the populated territories in the Caribbean and the Pacific . Extreme weather is not uncommon -- the states bordering the Gulf of Mexico are prone to hurricanes , and most of the world 's tornadoes occur within the country , mainly in Tornado Alley areas in the Midwest and South . Wildlife Main articles : Fauna of the United States and Flora of the United States See also : Category : Biota of the United States The bald eagle has been the national bird of the United States since 1782 . The U.S. ecology is megadiverse : about 17,000 species of vascular plants occur in the contiguous United States and Alaska , and over 1,800 species of flowering plants are found in Hawaii , few of which occur on the mainland . The United States is home to 428 mammal species , 784 bird species , 311 reptile species , and 295 amphibian species . About 91,000 insect species have been described . The bald eagle is both the national bird and national animal of the United States , and is an enduring symbol of the country itself . There are 59 national parks and hundreds of other federally managed parks , forests , and wilderness areas . Altogether , the government owns about 28 % of the country 's land area . Most of this is protected , though some is leased for oil and gas drilling , mining , logging , or cattle ranching ; about . 86 % is used for military purposes . Environmental issues have been on the national agenda since 1970 . Environmental controversies include debates on oil and nuclear energy , dealing with air and water pollution , the economic costs of protecting wildlife , logging and deforestation , and international responses to global warming . Many federal and state agencies are involved . The most prominent is the Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) , created by presidential order in 1970 . The idea of wilderness has shaped the management of public lands since 1964 , with the Wilderness Act . The Endangered Species Act of 1973 is intended to protect threatened and endangered species and their habitats , which are monitored by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service . Demographics Main articles : Demography of the United States , Americans , List of U.S. states by population density , and List of United States cities by population Population Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1790 3,929,214 -- 1800 5,308,483 35.1 % 1810 7,239,881 36.4 % 1820 9,638,453 33.1 % 1830 12,866,020 33.5 % 1840 17,069,453 32.7 % 1850 23,191,876 35.9 % 1860 31,443,321 35.6 % 1870 38,558,371 22.6 % 1880 50,189,209 30.2 % 1890 62,979,766 25.5 % 1900 76,212,168 21.0 % 1910 92,228,496 21.0 % 1920 106,021,537 15.0 % 1930 123,202,624 16.2 % 1940 132,164,569 7.3 % 1950 151,325,798 14.5 % 1960 179,323,175 18.5 % 1970 203,211,926 13.3 % 1980 226,545,805 11.5 % 248,709,873 9.8 % 2000 281,421,906 13.2 % 308,745,538 9.7 % Est. 2016 323,127,513 4.7 % 1610 -- 1780 population data . Note that the census numbers do not include Native Americans until 1860 . The U.S. Census Bureau estimated the country 's population to be 323,425,550 as of April 25 , 2016 , and to be adding 1 person ( net gain ) every 13 seconds , or about 6,646 people per day . The U.S. population almost quadrupled during the 20th century , from about 76 million in 1900 . The third most populous nation in the world , after China and India , the United States is the only major industrialized nation in which large population increases are projected . In the 1800s the average woman had 7.04 children , by the 1900s this number had decreased to 3.56 . Since the early 1970s the birth rate has been below the replacement rate of 2.1 with 1.86 children per woman in 2014 . Foreign born immigration has caused the US population to continue its rapid increase with the foreign born population doubling from almost 20 million in 1990 to over 40 million in 2010 , representing one third of the population increase . The foreign born population reached 45 million in 2015 . The United States has a birth rate of 13 per 1,000 , which is 5 births below the world average . Its population growth rate is positive at 0.7 % , higher than that of many developed nations . In fiscal year 2015 , over one million immigrants ( most of whom entered through family reunification ) were granted legal residence . Mexico has been the leading source of new residents since the 1965 Immigration Act . China , India , and the Philippines have been in the top four sending countries every year since the 1990s . As of 2012 , approximately 11.4 million residents are illegal immigrants . As of 2015 , 47 % of all immigrants are Hispanic , 26 % are Asian , 18 % are white and 8 % are black . The percentage of immigrants who are Asian is increasing while the percentage who are Hispanic is decreasing . Minorities ( as defined by the Census Bureau as all those beside non-Hispanic , non-multiracial whites ) constituted 37.2 % of the population in 2012 and over 50 % of children under age one , and are projected to constitute the majority by 2044 . According to a survey conducted by the Williams Institute , nine million Americans , or roughly 3.4 % of the adult population identify themselves as homosexual , bisexual , or transgender . A 2016 Gallup poll also concluded that 4.1 % of adult Americans identified as LGBT . The highest percentage came from the District of Columbia ( 10 % ) , while the lowest state was North Dakota at 1.7 % . In a 2013 survey , the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention found that 96.6 % of Americans identify as straight , while 1.6 % identify as gay or lesbian , and 0.7 % identify as being bisexual . In 2010 , the U.S. population included an estimated 5.2 million people with some American Indian or Alaska Native ancestry ( 2.9 million exclusively of such ancestry ) and 1.2 million with some native Hawaiian or Pacific island ancestry ( 0.5 million exclusively ) . The census counted more than 19 million people of `` Some Other Race '' who were `` unable to identify with any '' of its five official race categories in 2010 , over 18.5 million ( 97 % ) of whom are of Hispanic ethnicity . The population growth of Hispanic and Latino Americans ( the terms are officially interchangeable ) is a major demographic trend . The 50.5 million Americans of Hispanic descent are identified as sharing a distinct `` ethnicity '' by the Census Bureau ; 64 % of Hispanic Americans are of Mexican descent . Between 2000 and 2010 , the country 's Hispanic population increased 43 % while the non-Hispanic population rose just 4.9 % . Much of this growth is from immigration ; in 2007 , 12.6 % of the U.S. population was foreign - born , with 54 % of that figure born in Latin America . About 82 % of Americans live in urban areas ( including suburbs ) ; about half of those reside in cities with populations over 50,000 . The US has numerous clusters of cities known as megaregions , the largest being the Great Lakes Megalopolis followed by the Northeast Megalopolis and Southern California . In 2008 , 273 incorporated municipalities had populations over 100,000 , nine cities had more than one million residents , and four global cities had over two million ( New York , Los Angeles , Chicago , and Houston ) . There are 52 metropolitan areas with populations greater than one million . Of the 50 fastest - growing metro areas , 47 are in the West or South . The metro areas of San Bernardino , Dallas , Houston , Atlanta , and Phoenix all grew by more than a million people between 2000 and 2008 . Leading population centers ( see complete list ) view talk Rank Core city ( cities ) Metro area population Metropolitan Statistical Area Region New York City Los Angeles Chicago Dallas New York 20,182,305 New York -- Newark -- Jersey City , NY -- NJ -- PA MSA Northeast Los Angeles 13,340,068 Los Angeles -- Long Beach -- Anaheim , CA MSA West Chicago 9,551,031 Chicago -- Joliet -- Naperville , IL -- IN -- WI MSA Midwest Dallas -- Fort Worth 7,102,796 Dallas -- Fort Worth -- Arlington , TX MSA South 5 Houston 6,656,947 Houston -- The Woodlands - Sugar Land MSA South 6 Washington , D.C. 6,097,684 Washington , DC -- VA -- MD -- WV MSA South 7 Philadelphia 6,069,875 Philadelphia -- Camden -- Wilmington , PA -- NJ -- DE -- MD MSA Northeast 8 Miami 6,012,331 Miami -- Fort Lauderdale -- West Palm Beach , FL MSA South 9 Atlanta 5,710,795 Atlanta -- Sandy Springs -- Roswell , GA MSA South 10 Boston 4,774,321 Boston -- Cambridge -- Quincy , MA -- NH MSA Northeast 11 San Francisco 4,656,132 San Francisco -- Oakland -- Fremont , CA MSA West 12 Phoenix 4,574,531 Phoenix -- Mesa -- Chandler , AZ MSA West 13 Riverside -- San Bernardino 4,489,159 Riverside -- San Bernardino -- Ontario , CA MSA West 14 Detroit 4,302,043 Detroit - Warren - Dearborn , MI MSA Midwest 15 Seattle 3,733,580 Seattle -- Tacoma -- Bellevue , WA MSA West 16 Minneapolis -- St. Paul 3,524,583 Minneapolis -- St. Paul -- Bloomington , MN -- WI MSA Midwest 17 San Diego 3,299,521 San Diego -- Carlsbad -- San Marcos , CA MSA West 18 Tampa -- St. Petersburg 2,975,225 Tampa -- St. Petersburg -- Clearwater , FL MSA South 19 Denver 2,814,330 Denver -- Aurora -- Lakewood , CO MSA West 20 St. Louis 2,811,588 St. Louis MO -- IL MSA Midwest Based on 2015 population estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau Language Main article : Languages of the United States See also : Language Spoken at Home in the United States of America , List of endangered languages in the United States , and Language education in the United States English ( American English ) is the de facto national language . Although there is no official language at the federal level , some laws -- such as U.S. naturalization requirements -- standardize English . In 2010 , about 230 million , or 80 % of the population aged five years and older , spoke only English at home . Spanish , spoken by 12 % of the population at home , is the second most common language and the most widely taught second language . Some Americans advocate making English the country 's official language , as it is in 32 states . Both Hawaiian and English are official languages in Hawaii , by state law . Alaska recognizes twenty Native languages as well as English . While neither has an official language , New Mexico has laws providing for the use of both English and Spanish , as Louisiana does for English and French . Other states , such as California , mandate the publication of Spanish versions of certain government documents including court forms . Several insular territories grant official recognition to their native languages , along with English : Samoan and Chamorro are recognized by American Samoa and Guam , respectively ; Carolinian and Chamorro are recognized by the Northern Mariana Islands ; Spanish is an official language of Puerto Rico and is more widely spoken than English there . The most widely taught foreign languages in the United States , in terms of enrollment numbers from kindergarten through university undergraduate studies , are : Spanish ( around 7.2 million students ) , French ( 1.5 million ) , and German ( 500,000 ) . Other commonly taught languages ( with 100,000 to 250,000 learners ) include Latin , Japanese , ASL , Italian , and Chinese . 18 % of all Americans claim to speak at least one language in addition to English . Languages spoken at home by more than 1 million persons in the U.S. ( 2016 ) Language Percent of population Number of speakers Number who speak English very well Number who speak English less than very well English ( only ) ~ 80 % 237,810,023 N / A N / A Spanish ( including Spanish Creole but excluding Puerto Rico ) 13 % 40,489,813 23,899,421 16,590,392 Chinese ( all varieties , including Mandarin and Cantonese ) 1.0 % 3,372,930 1,518,619 1,854,311 Tagalog ( including Filipino ) 0.5 % 1,701,960 1,159,211 542,749 Vietnamese 0.4 % 1,509,993 634,273 875,720 Arabic ( all varieties ) 0.3 % 1,231,098 770,882 460,216 French ( including Patois and Cajun ) 0.3 % 1,216,668 965,584 251,087 Korean 0.2 % 1,088,788 505,734 583,054 Religion Main article : Religion in the United States See also : History of religion in the United States , Freedom of religion in the United States , Separation of church and state in the United States , and List of religious movements that began in the United States Religious affiliation in the U.S. ( 2014 ) Affiliation % of U.S. population Christian 70.6 70.6 Protestant 46.5 46.5 Evangelical Protestant 25.4 25.4 Mainline Protestant 14.7 14.7 Black church 6.5 6.5 Catholic 20.8 20.8 Mormon 1.6 1.6 Jehovah 's Witnesses 0.8 0.8 Eastern Orthodox 0.5 0.5 Other Christian 0.4 0.4 Jewish 1.9 1.9 Muslim 0.9 0.9 Buddhist 0.7 0.7 Hindu 0.7 0.7 Other faiths 1.8 1.8 Irreligious 22.8 22.8 Nothing in particular 15.8 15.8 Agnostic 4.0 Atheist 3.1 3.1 Do n't know or refused answer 0.6 0.6 The First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution guarantees the free exercise of religion and forbids Congress from passing laws respecting its establishment . Christianity is by far the most common religion practiced in the U.S. , but other religions are followed , too . In a 2013 survey , 56 % of Americans said that religion played a `` very important role in their lives '' , a far higher figure than that of any other wealthy nation . In a 2009 Gallup poll , 42 % of Americans said that they attended church weekly or almost weekly ; the figures ranged from a low of 23 % in Vermont to a high of 63 % in Mississippi . Experts , researchers and authors have referred to the United States as a `` Protestant nation '' or `` founded on Protestant principles , '' specifically emphasizing its Calvinist heritage . As with other Western countries , the U.S. is becoming less religious . Irreligion is growing rapidly among Americans under 30 . Polls show that overall American confidence in organized religion has been declining since the mid to late 1980s , and that younger Americans in particular are becoming increasingly irreligious . According to a 2012 study , the Protestant share of the U.S. population had dropped to 48 % , thus ending its status as religious category of the majority for the first time . Americans with no religion have 1.7 children compared to 2.2 among Christians . The unaffiliated are less likely to get married with 37 % marrying compared to 52 % of Christians . According to a 2014 survey , 70.6 % of adults identified themselves as Christian , Protestant denominations accounted for 46.5 % , while Roman Catholicism , at 20.8 % , was the largest individual denomination . The total reporting non-Christian religions in 2014 was 5.9 % . Other religions include Judaism ( 1.9 % ) , Islam ( 0.9 % ) , Buddhism ( 0.7 % ) , Hinduism ( 0.7 % ) . The survey also reported that 22.8 % of Americans described themselves as agnostic , atheist or simply having no religion , up from 8.2 % in 1990 . There are also Unitarian Universalist , Baha'i , Sikh , Jain , Shinto , Confucian , Taoist , Druid , Native American , Wiccan , humanist and deist communities . Protestantism is the largest Christian religious grouping in the United States . Baptists collectively form the largest branch of Protestantism , and the Southern Baptist Convention is the largest individual Protestant denomination . About 26 % of Americans identify as Evangelical Protestants , while 15 % are Mainline and 7 % belong to a traditionally Black church . Roman Catholicism in the United States has its origin primarily in the Spanish and French colonization of the Americas and , in part , in the English Catholic Proprietary of Maryland , It later grew because of Irish , Italian , Polish , German and Hispanic immigration . Rhode Island has the highest percentage of Catholics with 40 percent of the total population . Lutheranism in the U.S. has its origin in immigration from Northern Europe and Germany . North and South Dakota are the only states in which a plurality of the population is Lutheran . Presbyterianism was introduced in North America by Scottish and Ulster Scots immigrants . Although it has spread across the United States , it is heavily concentrated on the East Coast . Dutch Reformed congregations were founded first in New Amsterdam ( New York City ) before spreading westward . Utah is the only state where Mormonism is the religion of the majority of the population . The Mormon Corridor also extends to parts of Idaho , Nevada and Wyoming . The Bible Belt is an informal term for a region in the Southern United States in which socially conservative Evangelical Protestantism is a significant part of the culture and Christian church attendance across the denominations is generally higher than the nation 's average . By contrast , religion plays the least important role in New England and in the Western United States . Family structure Main article : Family structure in the United States As of 2007 , 58 % of Americans age 18 and over were married , 6 % were widowed , 10 % were divorced , and 25 % had never been married . Women now work mostly outside the home and receive a majority of bachelor 's degrees . The U.S. teenage pregnancy rate is 26.5 per 1,000 women . The rate has declined by 57 % since 1991 . In 2013 , the highest teenage birth rate was in Alabama , and the lowest in Wyoming . Abortion is legal throughout the U.S. , owing to Roe v. Wade , a 1973 landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States . While the abortion rate is falling , the abortion ratio of 241 per 1,000 live births and abortion rate of 15 per 1,000 women aged 15 -- 44 remain higher than those of most Western nations . In 2013 , the average age at first birth was 26 and 40.6 % of births were to unmarried women . The total fertility rate ( TFR ) was estimated for 2013 at 1.86 births per woman . Adoption in the United States is common and relatively easy from a legal point of view ( compared to other Western countries ) . In 2001 , with over 127,000 adoptions , the U.S. accounted for nearly half of the total number of adoptions worldwide . Same - sex marriage is legal nationwide and it is legal for same - sex couples to adopt . Polygamy is illegal throughout the U.S. Government and Politics Main articles : Federal government of the United States , State governments of the United States , Local government in the United States , and Elections in the United States The United States Capitol , where Congress meets : the Senate , left ; the House , right The White House , home and workplace of the U.S. President Supreme Court Building , where the nation 's highest court sits The United States is the world 's oldest surviving federation . It is a representative democracy , `` in which majority rule is tempered by minority rights protected by law '' . The government is regulated by a system of checks and balances defined by the U.S. Constitution , which serves as the country 's supreme legal document . For 2016 , the U.S. ranked 21st on the Democracy Index ( tied with Italy ) and 18th on the Corruption Perceptions Index . In the American federalist system , citizens are usually subject to three levels of government : federal , state , and local . The local government 's duties are commonly split between county and municipal governments . In almost all cases , executive and legislative officials are elected by a plurality vote of citizens by district . There is no proportional representation at the federal level , and it is rare at lower levels . The federal government is composed of three branches : Legislative : The bicameral Congress , made up of the Senate and the House of Representatives , makes federal law , declares war , approves treaties , has the power of the purse , and has the power of impeachment , by which it can remove sitting members of the government . Executive : The President is the commander - in - chief of the military , can veto legislative bills before they become law ( subject to Congressional override ) , and appoints the members of the Cabinet ( subject to Senate approval ) and other officers , who administer and enforce federal laws and policies . Judicial : The Supreme Court and lower federal courts , whose judges are appointed by the President with Senate approval , interpret laws and overturn those they find unconstitutional . The House of Representatives has 435 voting members , each representing a congressional district for a two - year term . House seats are apportioned among the states by population every tenth year . At the 2010 census , seven states had the minimum of one representative , while California , the most populous state , had 53 . The Senate has 100 members with each state having two senators , elected at - large to six - year terms ; one third of Senate seats are up for election every other year . The President serves a four - year term and may be elected to the office no more than twice . The President is not elected by direct vote , but by an indirect electoral college system in which the determining votes are apportioned to the states and the District of Columbia . The Supreme Court , led by the Chief Justice of the United States , has nine members , who serve for life . The state governments are structured in roughly similar fashion ; Nebraska uniquely has a unicameral legislature . The governor ( chief executive ) of each state is directly elected . Some state judges and cabinet officers are appointed by the governors of the respective states , while others are elected by popular vote . The original text of the Constitution establishes the structure and responsibilities of the federal government and its relationship with the individual states . Article One protects the right to the `` great writ '' of habeas corpus . The Constitution has been amended 27 times ; the first ten amendments , which make up the Bill of Rights , and the Fourteenth Amendment form the central basis of Americans ' individual rights . All laws and governmental procedures are subject to judicial review and any law ruled by the courts to be in violation of the Constitution is voided . The principle of judicial review , not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution , was established by the Supreme Court in Marbury v. Madison ( 1803 ) in a decision handed down by Chief Justice John Marshall . Political Divisions Main articles : Political divisions of the United States , U.S. state , Territories of the United States , List of states and territories of the United States , and Indian reservation Further information : Territorial evolution of the United States and United States territorial acquisitions Map of U.S. Economic Exclusion Zone , highlighting states , territories and possessions The United States is a federal republic of 50 states , a federal district , five territories and eleven uninhabited island possessions . The states and territories are the principal administrative districts in the country . These are divided into subdivisions of counties and independent cities . The District of Columbia is a federal district that contains the capital of the United States , Washington DC . The states and the District of Columbia choose the President of the United States . Each state has presidential electors equal to the number of their Representatives and Senators in Congress ; the District of Columbia has three . Congressional Districts are reapportioned among the states following each decennial Census of Population . Each state then draws single member districts to conform with the census apportionment . The total number of Representatives is 435 , and delegate Members of Congress represent the District of Columbia and the five major U.S. territories . The United States also observes tribal sovereignty of the American Indian nations to a limited degree , as it does with the states ' sovereignty . American Indians are U.S. citizens and tribal lands are subject to the jurisdiction of the U.S. Congress and the federal courts . Like the states they have a great deal of autonomy , but also like the states , tribes are not allowed to make war , engage in their own foreign relations , or print and issue currency . State flags and statehood dates ( listed alphabetically ) Alabama : Dec. 14 , 1819 Alaska : Jan. 3 , 1959 Arizona : Feb. 14 , 1912 Arkansas : Jun. 15 , 1836 California : Sep. 9 , 1850 Colorado : Aug. 1 , 1876 Connecticut : Jan. 9 , 1788 Delaware : Dec. 7 , 1787 Florida : Mar. 3 , 1845 Georgia : Jan. 2 , 1788 Hawaii : Aug. 21 , 1959 Idaho : Jul. 3 , 1890 Illinois : Dec. 3 , 1818 Indiana : Dec. 11 , 1816 Iowa : Dec. 28 , 1846 Kansas : Jan. 29 , 1861 Kentucky : Jun. 1 , 1792 Louisiana : Apr. 30 , 1812 Maine : Mar. 15 , 1820 Maryland : Apr. 28 , 1788 Massachusetts : Feb. 6 , 1788 Michigan : Jan. 26 , 1837 Minnesota : May 11 , 1858 Mississippi : Dec. 10 , 1817 Missouri : Aug. 10 , 1821 Montana : Nov. 8 , 1889 Nebraska : Mar. 1 , 1867 Nevada : Oct. 31 , 1864 New Hampshire : Jun. 21 , 1788 New Jersey : Dec. 18 , 1787 New Mexico : Jan. 6 , 1912 New York : Jul. 26 , 1788 North Carolina : Nov. 21 , 1789 North Dakota : Nov. 2 , 1889 Ohio : Mar. 1 , 1803 Oklahoma : Nov. 16 , 1907 Oregon : Feb. 14 , 1859 Pennsylvania : Dec. 12 , 1787 Rhode Island : May 29 , 1790 South Carolina : May 23 , 1788 South Dakota : Nov. 2 , 1889 Tennessee : Jun. 1 , 1796 Texas : Dec. 29 , 1845 Utah : Jan. 4 , 1896 Vermont : Mar. 4 , 1791 Virginia : Jun. 25 , 1788 Washington : Nov. 11 , 1889 West Virginia : Jun. 20 , 1863 Wisconsin : May 29 , 1848 Wyoming : Jul. 10 , 1890 ( listed chronologically ) Dec. 7 , 1787 : Delaware Dec. 12 , 1787 : Pennsylvania Dec. 18 , 1787 : New Jersey Jan. 2 , 1788 : Georgia Jan. 9 , 1788 : Connecticut Feb. 6 , 1788 : Massachusetts Apr. 28 , 1788 : Maryland May 23 , 1788 : South Carolina Jun. 21 , 1788 : New Hampshire Jun. 25 , 1788 : Virginia Jul. 26 , 1788 : New York Nov. 21 , 1789 : North Carolina May 29 , 1790 : Rhode Island Mar. 4 , 1791 : Vermont Jun. 1 , 1792 : Kentucky Jun. 1 , 1796 : Tennessee Mar. 1 , 1803 : Ohio Apr. 30 , 1812 : Louisiana Dec. 11 , 1816 : Indiana Dec. 10 , 1817 : Mississippi Dec. 3 , 1818 : Illinois Dec. 14 , 1819 : Alabama Mar. 15 , 1820 : Maine Aug. 10 , 1821 : Missouri Jun. 15 , 1836 : Arkansas Jan. 26 , 1837 : Michigan Mar. 3 , 1845 : Florida Dec. 29 , 1845 : Texas Dec. 28 , 1846 : Iowa May 29 , 1848 : Wisconsin Sep. 9 , 1850 : California May 11 , 1858 : Minnesota Feb. 14 , 1859 : Oregon Jan. 29 , 1861 : Kansas Jun. 20 , 1863 : West Virginia Oct. 31 , 1864 : Nevada Mar. 1 , 1867 : Nebraska Aug. 1 , 1876 : Colorado Nov. 2 , 1889 : North Dakota Nov. 2 , 1889 : South Dakota Nov. 8 , 1889 : Montana Nov. 11 , 1889 : Washington Jul. 3 , 1890 : Idaho Jul. 10 , 1890 : Wyoming Jan. 4 , 1896 : Utah Nov. 16 , 1907 : Oklahoma Jan. 6 , 1912 : New Mexico Feb. 14 , 1912 : Arizona Jan. 3 , 1959 : Alaska Aug. 21 , 1959 : Hawaii Statehood date is the date of ratifying the Constitution ( for the first 13 ) or being admitted to the Union ( for subsequent states ) Parties and elections Main articles : Politics of the United States and Political ideologies in the United States Congressional leadership meeting with then - President Obama in 2011 . Donald Trump 45th President since January 20 , 2017 Mike Pence 48th Vice President since January 20 , 2017 The United States has operated under a two - party system for most of its history . For elective offices at most levels , state - administered primary elections choose the major party nominees for subsequent general elections . Since the general election of 1856 , the major parties have been the Democratic Party , founded in 1824 , and the Republican Party , founded in 1854 . Since the Civil War , only one third - party presidential candidate -- former president Theodore Roosevelt , running as a Progressive in 1912 -- has won as much as 20 % of the popular vote . The President and Vice-president are elected through the Electoral College system . Within American political culture , the center - right Republican Party is considered `` conservative '' and the center - left Democratic Party is considered `` liberal '' . The states of the Northeast and West Coast and some of the Great Lakes states , known as `` blue states '' , are relatively liberal . The `` red states '' of the South and parts of the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains are relatively conservative . Republican Donald Trump , the winner of the 2016 presidential election , is currently serving as the 45th President of the United States . Current leadership in the Senate includes Republican Vice President Mike Pence , Republican President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch , Majority Leader Mitch McConnell , and Minority Leader Chuck Schumer . Leadership in the House includes Speaker of the House Paul Ryan , Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy , and Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi . In the 115th United States Congress , both the House of Representatives and the Senate are controlled by the Republican Party . The Senate currently consists of 52 Republicans , and 46 Democrats with 2 Independents who caucus with the Democrats ; the House consists of 241 Republicans and 194 Democrats . In state governorships , there are 33 Republicans , 16 Democrats , and 1 Independent . Among the DC mayor and the 5 territorial governors , there are 2 Republicans , 1 Democrat , 1 New Progressive , and 2 Independents . Foreign Relations Main articles : Foreign relations of the United States and Foreign policy of the United States The United Nations Headquarters was built in Midtown Manhattan in 1952 . The United States has an established structure of foreign relations . It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council , and New York City is home to the United Nations Headquarters . It is a member of the G7 , G20 , and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development . Almost all countries have embassies in Washington , D.C. , and many have consulates around the country . Likewise , nearly all nations host American diplomatic missions . However , Iran , North Korea , Bhutan , and the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) do not have formal diplomatic relations with the United States ( although the U.S. still maintains relations with Taiwan and supplies it with military equipment ) . The United States has a `` Special Relationship '' with the United Kingdom and strong ties with Canada , Australia , New Zealand , the Philippines , Japan , South Korea , Israel , and several European Union countries , including France , Italy , Germany , and Spain . It works closely with fellow NATO members on military and security issues and with its neighbors through the Organization of American States and free trade agreements such as the trilateral North American Free Trade Agreement with Canada and Mexico . In 2008 , the United States spent a net $25.4 billion on official development assistance , the most in the world . As a share of America 's large gross national income ( GNI ) , however , the U.S. contribution of 0.18 % ranked last among 22 donor states . By contrast , private overseas giving by Americans is relatively generous . The U.S. exercises full international defense authority and responsibility for three sovereign nations through Compact of Free Association with Micronesia , the Marshall Islands and Palau . These are Pacific island nations , once part of the U.S. - administered Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands after World War II , which gained independence in subsequent years . Government Finance See also : Taxation in the United States and United States federal budget US federal debt held by the public as a percentage of GDP , from 1790 to 2013 . Taxes in the United States are levied at the federal , state , and local government levels . These include taxes on income , payroll , property , sales , imports , estates and gifts , as well as various fees . In 2010 taxes collected by federal , state and municipal governments amounted to 24.8 % of GDP . During FY2012 , the federal government collected approximately $2.45 trillion in tax revenue , up $147 billion or 6 % versus FY2011 revenues of $2.30 trillion . Primary receipt categories included individual income taxes ( $1,132 B or 47 % ) , Social Security / Social Insurance taxes ( $845 B or 35 % ) , and corporate taxes ( $242 B or 10 % ) . Based on CBO estimates , under 2013 tax law the top 1 % will be paying the highest average tax rates since 1979 , while other income groups will remain at historic lows . U.S. taxation is generally progressive , especially the federal income taxes , and is among the most progressive in the developed world . The highest 10 % of income earners pay a majority of federal taxes , and about half of all taxes . Payroll taxes for Social Security are a flat regressive tax , with no tax charged on income above $118,500 ( for 2015 and 2016 ) and no tax at all paid on unearned income from things such as stocks and capital gains . The historic reasoning for the regressive nature of the payroll tax is that entitlement programs have not been viewed as welfare transfers . However , according to the Congressional Budget Office the net effect of Social Security is that the benefit to tax ratio ranges from roughly 70 % for the top earnings quintile to about 170 % for the lowest earning quintile , making the system progressive . The top 10 % paid 51.8 % of total federal taxes in 2009 , and the top 1 % , with 13.4 % of pre-tax national income , paid 22.3 % of federal taxes . In 2013 the Tax Policy Center projected total federal effective tax rates of 35.5 % for the top 1 % , 27.2 % for the top quintile , 13.8 % for the middle quintile , and − 2.7 % for the bottom quintile . The incidence of corporate income tax has been a matter of considerable ongoing controversy for decades . State and local taxes vary widely , but are generally less progressive than federal taxes as they rely heavily on broadly borne regressive sales and property taxes that yield less volatile revenue streams , though their consideration does not eliminate the progressive nature of overall taxation . During FY 2012 , the federal government spent $3.54 trillion on a budget or cash basis , down $60 billion or 1.7 % vs. FY 2011 spending of $3.60 trillion . Major categories of FY 2012 spending included : Medicare & Medicaid ( $802 B or 23 % of spending ) , Social Security ( $768 B or 22 % ) , Defense Department ( $670 B or 19 % ) , non-defense discretionary ( $615 B or 17 % ) , other mandatory ( $461 B or 13 % ) and interest ( $223 B or 6 % ) . The total national debt of the United States in the United States was $18.527 trillion ( 106 % of the GDP ) in 2014 . Military Main article : United States Armed Forces The carrier strike groups of the Kitty Hawk , Ronald Reagan , and Abraham Lincoln with aircraft from the Marine Corps , Navy , and Air Force . The President holds the title of commander - in - chief of the nation 's armed forces and appoints its leaders , the Secretary of Defense and the Joint Chiefs of Staff . The United States Department of Defense administers the armed forces , including the Army , Marine Corps , Navy , and Air Force . The Coast Guard is run by the Department of Homeland Security in peacetime and by the Department of the Navy during times of war . In 2008 , the armed forces had 1.4 million personnel on active duty . The Reserves and National Guard brought the total number of troops to 2.3 million . The Department of Defense also employed about 700,000 civilians , not including contractors . Military service is voluntary , though conscription may occur in wartime through the Selective Service System . American forces can be rapidly deployed by the Air Force 's large fleet of transport aircraft , the Navy 's 10 active aircraft carriers , and Marine expeditionary units at sea with the Navy 's Atlantic and Pacific fleets . The military operates 865 bases and facilities abroad , and maintains deployments greater than 100 active duty personnel in 25 foreign countries . The military budget of the United States in 2011 was more than $700 billion , 41 % of global military spending and equal to the next 14 largest national military expenditures combined . At 4.7 % of GDP , the rate was the second - highest among the top 15 military spenders , after Saudi Arabia . U.S. defense spending as a percentage of GDP ranked 23rd globally in 2012 according to the CIA . Defense 's share of U.S. spending has generally declined in recent decades , from Cold War peaks of 14.2 % of GDP in 1953 and 69.5 % of federal outlays in 1954 to 4.7 % of GDP and 18.8 % of federal outlays in 2011 . US global military presence . The proposed base Department of Defense budget for 2012 , $553 billion , was a 4.2 % increase over 2011 ; an additional $118 billion was proposed for the military campaigns in Iraq and Afghanistan . The last American troops serving in Iraq departed in December 2011 ; 4,484 service members were killed during the Iraq War . Approximately 90,000 U.S. troops were serving in Afghanistan in April 2012 ; by November 8 , 2013 2,285 had been killed during the War in Afghanistan . Law enforcement and Crime Main articles : Law enforcement in the United States and Crime in the United States See also : Law of the United States , Second Amendment to the United States Constitution , Human rights in the United States § Justice system , Incarceration in the United States , and Capital punishment in the United States Law enforcement in the U.S. is maintained primarily by local police departments . Law enforcement in the United States is primarily the responsibility of local police and sheriff 's departments , with state police providing broader services . The New York City Police Department ( NYPD ) is the largest in the country . Federal agencies such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) and the U.S. Marshals Service have specialized duties , including protecting civil rights , national security and enforcing U.S. federal courts ' rulings and federal laws . At the federal level and in almost every state , a legal system operates on a common law . State courts conduct most criminal trials ; federal courts handle certain designated crimes as well as certain appeals from the state criminal courts . Plea bargaining in the United States is very common ; the vast majority of criminal cases in the country are settled by plea bargain rather than jury trial . In 2015 , there were 15,696 murders which was 1,532 more than in 2014 , a 10.8 per cent increase , the largest since 1971 . The murder rate in 2015 was 4.9 per 100,000 people . The national clearance rate for homicides in 2015 was 64.1 % , compared to 90 % in 1965 . In 2012 there were 4.7 murders per 100,000 persons in the United States , a 54 % decline from the modern peak of 10.2 in 1980 . In 2001 -- 2 , the United States had above - average levels of violent crime and particularly high levels of gun violence compared to other developed nations . A cross-sectional analysis of the World Health Organization Mortality Database from 2010 showed that United States `` homicide rates were 7.0 times higher than in other high - income countries , driven by a gun homicide rate that was 25.2 times higher . '' Gun ownership rights continue to be the subject of contentious political debate . From 1980 through 2008 males represented 77 % of homicide victims and 90 % of offenders . Blacks committed 52.5 % of all homicides during that span , at a rate almost eight times that of whites ( `` whites '' includes most Hispanics ) , and were victimized at a rate six times that of whites . Most homicides were intraracial , with 93 % of black victims killed by blacks and 84 % of white victims killed by whites . In 2012 , Louisiana had the highest rate of murder and non-negligent manslaughter in the U.S. , and New Hampshire the lowest . The FBI 's Uniform Crime Reports estimates that there were 3,246 violent and property crimes per 100,000 residents in 2012 , for a total of over 9 million total crimes . Capital punishment is sanctioned in the United States for certain federal and military crimes , and used in 31 states . No executions took place from 1967 to 1977 , owing in part to a U.S. Supreme Court ruling striking down arbitrary imposition of the death penalty . In 1976 , that Court ruled that , under appropriate circumstances , capital punishment may constitutionally be imposed . Since the decision there have been more than 1,300 executions , a majority of these taking place in three states : Texas , Virginia , and Oklahoma . Meanwhile , several states have either abolished or struck down death penalty laws . In 2015 , the country had the fifth - highest number of executions in the world , following China , Iran , Pakistan and Saudi Arabia . The United States has the highest documented incarceration rate and total prison population in the world . At the start of 2008 , more than 2.3 million people were incarcerated , more than one in every 100 adults . In December 2012 , the combined U.S. adult correctional systems supervised about 6,937,600 offenders . About 1 in every 35 adult residents in the United States was under some form of correctional supervision in December 2012 , the lowest rate observed since 1997 . The prison population has quadrupled since 1980 , and state and local spending on prisons and jails has grown three times as much as that spent on public education during the same period . However , the imprisonment rate for all prisoners sentenced to more than a year in state or federal facilities is 478 per 100,000 in 2013 and the rate for pre-trial / remand prisoners is 153 per 100,000 residents in 2012 . The country 's high rate of incarceration is largely due to changes in sentencing guidelines and drug policies . According to the Federal Bureau of Prisons , the majority of inmates held in federal prisons are convicted of drug offenses . The privatization of prisons and prison services which began in the 1980s has been a subject of debate . In 2008 , Louisiana had the highest incarceration rate , and Maine the lowest . Economy Main article : Economy of the United States See also : Economic history of the United States Economic indicators Nominal GDP $18.45 trillion ( Q2 2016 ) Real GDP growth 1.4 % ( Q2 2016 ) 2.6 % ( 2015 ) CPI inflation 1.1 % ( August 2016 ) Employment - to - population ratio 59.7 % ( August 2016 ) Unemployment 4.9 % ( August 2016 ) Labor force participation rate 62.8 % ( August 2016 ) Total public debt $19.808 trillion ( October 25 , 2016 ) Household net worth $89.063 trillion ( Q2 2016 ) United States export treemap ( 2011 ) : The U.S. is the world 's second - largest exporter . The United States has a capitalist mixed economy which is fueled by abundant natural resources and high productivity . According to the International Monetary Fund , the U.S. GDP of $16.8 trillion constitutes 24 % of the gross world product at market exchange rates and over 19 % of the gross world product at purchasing power parity ( PPP ) . The US 's nominal GDP is estimated to be $17.528 trillion as of 2014 From 1983 to 2008 , U.S. real compounded annual GDP growth was 3.3 % , compared to a 2.3 % weighted average for the rest of the G7 . The country ranks ninth in the world in nominal GDP per capita and sixth in GDP per capita at PPP . The U.S. dollar is the world 's primary reserve currency . The United States is the largest importer of goods and second - largest exporter , though exports per capita are relatively low . In 2010 , the total U.S. trade deficit was $635 billion . Canada , China , Mexico , Japan , and Germany are its top trading partners . In 2010 , oil was the largest import commodity , while transportation equipment was the country 's largest export . Japan is the largest foreign holder of U.S. public debt . The largest holder of the U.S. debt are American entities , including federal government accounts and the Federal Reserve , who hold the majority of the debt . In 2009 , the private sector was estimated to constitute 86.4 % of the economy , with federal government activity accounting for 4.3 % and state and local government activity ( including federal transfers ) the remaining 9.3 % . The number of employees at all levels of government outnumber those in manufacturing by 1.7 to 1 . While its economy has reached a postindustrial level of development and its service sector constitutes 67.8 % of GDP , the United States remains an industrial power . The leading business field by gross business receipts is wholesale and retail trade ; by net income it is manufacturing . In the franchising business model , McDonald 's and Subway are the two most recognized brands in the world . Coca - Cola is the most recognized soft drink company in the world . Chemical products are the leading manufacturing field . The United States is the largest producer of oil in the world , as well as its second - largest importer . It is the world 's number one producer of electrical and nuclear energy , as well as liquid natural gas , sulfur , phosphates , and salt . The National Mining Association provides data pertaining to coal and minerals that include beryllium , copper , lead , magnesium , zinc , titanium and others . Agriculture accounts for just under 1 % of GDP , yet the United States is the world 's top producer of corn and soybeans . The National Agricultural Statistics Service maintains agricultural statistics for products that include peanuts , oats , rye , wheat , rice , cotton , corn , barley , hay , sunflowers , and oilseeds . In addition , the United States Department of Agriculture ( USDA ) provides livestock statistics regarding beef , poultry , pork , and dairy products . The country is the primary developer and grower of genetically modified food , representing half of the world 's biotech crops . Consumer spending comprises 68 % of the U.S. economy in 2015 . In August 2010 , the American labor force consisted of 154.1 million people . With 21.2 million people , government is the leading field of employment . The largest private employment sector is health care and social assistance , with 16.4 million people . About 12 % of workers are unionized , compared to 30 % in Western Europe . The World Bank ranks the United States first in the ease of hiring and firing workers . The United States is ranked among the top three in the Global Competitiveness Report as well . It has a smaller welfare state and redistributes less income through government action than European nations tend to . The United States is the only advanced economy that does not guarantee its workers paid vacation and is one of just a few countries in the world without paid family leave as a legal right , with the others being Papua New Guinea , Suriname and Liberia . While federal law currently does not require sick leave , it is a common benefit for government workers and full - time employees at corporations . 74 % of full - time American workers get paid sick leave , according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics , although only 24 % of part - time workers get the same benefits . In 2009 , the United States had the third - highest workforce productivity per person in the world , behind Luxembourg and Norway . It was fourth in productivity per hour , behind those two countries and the Netherlands . The 2008 -- 2012 global recession significantly affected the United States , with output still below potential according to the Congressional Budget Office . It brought high unemployment ( which has been decreasing but remains above pre-recession levels ) , along with low consumer confidence , the continuing decline in home values and increase in foreclosures and personal bankruptcies , an escalating federal debt crisis , inflation , and rising petroleum and food prices . There remains a record proportion of long - term unemployed , continued decreasing household income , and tax and federal budget increases . Income , Poverty and wealth A tract housing development in San Jose , California Further information : Income in the United States , Poverty in the United States , Affluence in the United States , United States counties by per capita income , and Income inequality in the United States Americans have the highest average household and employee income among OECD nations , and in 2007 had the second - highest median household income . According to the Census Bureau , median household income was $59,039 in 2016 . Accounting for 4.4 % of the global population , Americans collectively possess 41.6 % of the world 's total wealth , and Americans make up roughly half of the world 's population of millionaires . The Global Food Security Index ranked the U.S. number one for food affordability and overall food security in March 2013 . Americans on average have over twice as much living space per dwelling and per person as European Union residents , and more than every EU nation . For 2013 the United Nations Development Programme ranked the United States 5th among 187 countries in its Human Development Index and 28th in its inequality - adjusted HDI ( IHDI ) . After years of stagnant growth , in 2016 , according to the Census , median household income reached a record high after two consecutive years of record growth , although income inequality remains at record highs with top fifth of earners taking home more than half of all overall income . There has been a widening gap between productivity and median incomes since the 1970s . However , the gap between total compensation and productivity is not as wide because of increased employee benefits such as health insurance . The rise in the share of total annual income received by the top 1 percent , which has more than doubled from 9 percent in 1976 to 20 percent in 2011 , has significantly affected income inequality , leaving the United States with one of the widest income distributions among OECD nations . The top 1 percent of income - earners accounted for 52 percent of the income gains from 2009 to 2015 , where income is defined as market income excluding government transfers , The extent and relevance of income inequality is a matter of debate . United States ' families median net worth source : Fed Survey of Consumer Finances in 2013 dollars 1998 2013 change All families $102,500 $81,200 - 20.8 % Bottom 20 % of incomes $8,300 $6,100 - 26.5 % 2nd lowest 20 % of incomes $47,400 $22,400 - 52.7 % Middle 20 % of incomes $76,300 $61,700 - 19.1 % Top 10 % $646,600 $1,130,700 + 74.9 % Wealth , like income and taxes , is highly concentrated ; the richest 10 % of the adult population possess 72 % of the country 's household wealth , while the bottom half claim only 2 % . Between June 2007 and November 2008 the global recession led to falling asset prices around the world . Assets owned by Americans lost about a quarter of their value . Since peaking in the second quarter of 2007 , household wealth was down $14 trillion , but has since increased $14 trillion over 2006 levels . At the end of 2014 , household debt amounted to $11.8 trillion , down from $13.8 trillion at the end of 2008 . There were about 578,424 sheltered and unsheltered homeless persons in the U.S. in January 2014 , with almost two - thirds staying in an emergency shelter or transitional housing program . In 2011 16.7 million children lived in food - insecure households , about 35 % more than 2007 levels , though only 1.1 % of U.S. children , or 845,000 , saw reduced food intake or disrupted eating patterns at some point during the year , and most cases were not chronic . According to a 2014 report by the Census Bureau , one in five young adults lives in poverty today , up from one in seven in 1980 . Infrastructure Transportation Main article : Transportation in the United States The Interstate Highway System , which extends 46,876 miles ( 75,440 km ) . Personal transportation is dominated by automobiles , which operate on a network of 4 million miles ( 6.4 million km ) of public roads , including one of the world 's longest highway systems at 57,000 miles ( 91700 km ) . The world 's second - largest automobile market , the United States has the highest rate of per - capita vehicle ownership in the world , with 765 vehicles per 1,000 Americans . About 40 % of personal vehicles are vans , SUVs , or light trucks . The average American adult ( accounting for all drivers and non-drivers ) spends 55 minutes driving every day , traveling 29 miles ( 47 km ) . Map showing current rail speeds in the United States . Mass transit accounts for 9 % of total U.S. work trips . Transport of goods by rail is extensive , though relatively low numbers of passengers ( approximately 31 million annually ) use intercity rail to travel , partly because of the low population density throughout much of the U.S. interior . However , ridership on Amtrak , the national intercity passenger rail system , grew by almost 37 % between 2000 and 2010 . Also , light rail development has increased in recent years . Bicycle usage for work commutes is minimal . The civil airline industry is entirely privately owned and has been largely deregulated since 1978 , while most major airports are publicly owned . The three largest airlines in the world by passengers carried are U.S. - based ; American Airlines is number one after its 2013 acquisition by US Airways . Of the world 's 50 busiest passenger airports , 16 are in the United States , including the busiest , Hartsfield -- Jackson Atlanta International Airport , and the fourth - busiest , O'Hare International Airport in Chicago . In the aftermath of the 9 / 11 attacks of 2001 , the Transportation Security Administration was created to police airports and commercial airliners . Energy Further information : Energy policy of the United States The U.S. power transmission grid consists of about 300,000 km ( 190,000 mi ) of lines operated by approximately 500 companies . The North American Electric Reliability Corporation ( NERC ) oversees all of them . The United States energy market is about 29,000 terawatt hours per year . Energy consumption per capita is 7.8 tons ( 7076 kg ) of oil equivalent per year , the 10th - highest rate in the world . In 2005 , 40 % of this energy came from petroleum , 23 % from coal , and 22 % from natural gas . The remainder was supplied by nuclear power and renewable energy sources . The United States is the world 's largest consumer of petroleum . For decades , nuclear power has played a limited role relative to many other developed countries , in part because of public perception in the wake of a 1979 accident . In 2007 , several applications for new nuclear plants were filed . The United States has 27 % of global coal reserves . It is the world 's largest producer of natural gas and crude oil . Water supply and sanitation Main article : Drinking water supply and sanitation in the United States Issues that affect water supply in the United States include droughts in the West , water scarcity , pollution , a backlog of investment , concerns about the affordability of water for the poorest , and a rapidly retiring workforce . Increased variability and intensity of rainfall as a result of climate change is expected to produce both more severe droughts and flooding , with potentially serious consequences for water supply and for pollution from combined sewer overflows . Education Main article : Education in the United States The University of Virginia , founded by Thomas Jefferson in 1819 , is one of the many public universities in the United States . Universal government - funded education exists in the United States , while there are also many privately funded institutions . American public education is operated by state and local governments , regulated by the United States Department of Education through restrictions on federal grants . In most states , children are required to attend school from the age of six or seven ( generally , kindergarten or first grade ) until they turn 18 ( generally bringing them through twelfth grade , the end of high school ) ; some states allow students to leave school at 16 or 17 . About 12 % of children are enrolled in parochial or nonsectarian private schools . Just over 2 % of children are homeschooled . The U.S. spends more on education per student than any nation in the world , spending more than $11,000 per elementary student in 2010 and more than $12,000 per high school student . Some 80 % of U.S. college students attend public universities . The United States has many competitive private and public institutions of higher education . The majority of the world 's top universities listed by different ranking organizations are in the U.S. There are also local community colleges with generally more open admission policies , shorter academic programs , and lower tuition . Of Americans 25 and older , 84.6 % graduated from high school , 52.6 % attended some college , 27.2 % earned a bachelor 's degree , and 9.6 % earned graduate degrees . The basic literacy rate is approximately 99 % . The United Nations assigns the United States an Education Index of 0.97 , tying it for 12th in the world . As for public expenditures on higher education , the U.S. trails some other OECD nations but spends more per student than the OECD average , and more than all nations in combined public and private spending . As of 2012 , student loan debt exceeded one trillion dollars , more than Americans owe on credit cards . Culture Main article : Culture of the United States See also : Alaska Natives § Cultures , Native American cultures in the United States , Culture of the Native Hawaiians , Social class in the United States , Public holidays in the United States , and Tourism in the United States The United States is home to many cultures and a wide variety of ethnic groups , traditions , and values . Aside from the Native American , Native Hawaiian , and Native Alaskan populations , nearly all Americans or their ancestors settled or immigrated within the past five centuries . Mainstream American culture is a Western culture largely derived from the traditions of European immigrants with influences from many other sources , such as traditions brought by slaves from Africa . More recent immigration from Asia and especially Latin America has added to a cultural mix that has been described as both a homogenizing melting pot , and a heterogeneous salad bowl in which immigrants and their descendants retain distinctive cultural characteristics . Core American culture was established by Protestant British colonists and shaped by the frontier settlement process , with the traits derived passed down to descendants and transmitted to immigrants through assimilation . Americans have traditionally been characterized by a strong work ethic , competitiveness , and individualism , as well as a unifying belief in an `` American creed '' emphasizing liberty , equality , private property , democracy , rule of law , and a preference for limited government . Americans are extremely charitable by global standards . According to a 2006 British study , Americans gave 1.67 % of GDP to charity , more than any other nation studied , more than twice the second place British figure of 0.73 % , and around twelve times the French figure of 0.14 % . The American Dream , or the perception that Americans enjoy high social mobility , plays a key role in attracting immigrants . Whether this perception is realistic has been a topic of debate . While mainstream culture holds that the United States is a classless society , scholars identify significant differences between the country 's social classes , affecting socialization , language , and values . Americans ' self - images , social viewpoints , and cultural expectations are associated with their occupations to an unusually close degree . While Americans tend greatly to value socioeconomic achievement , being ordinary or average is generally seen as a positive attribute . Food Main article : Cuisine of the United States Apple pie is a food commonly associated with American cuisine . Mainstream American cuisine is similar to that in other Western countries . Wheat is the primary cereal grain with about three - quarters of grain products made of wheat flour and many dishes use indigenous ingredients , such as turkey , venison , potatoes , sweet potatoes , corn , squash , and maple syrup which were consumed by Native Americans and early European settlers . These home grown foods are part of a shared national menu on one of America 's most popular holidays ; Thanksgiving , when some Americans make traditional foods to celebrate the occasion . Roasted turkey is a traditional menu item of an American Thanksgiving dinner . Characteristic dishes such as apple pie , fried chicken , pizza , hamburgers , and hot dogs derive from the recipes of various immigrants . French fries , Mexican dishes such as burritos and tacos , and pasta dishes freely adapted from Italian sources are widely consumed . Americans drink three times as much coffee as tea . Marketing by U.S. industries is largely responsible for making orange juice and milk ubiquitous breakfast beverages . American eating habits owe a great deal to that of their British culinary roots with some variations . Although American lands could grow newer vegetables that Britain could not , most colonists would not eat these new foods until accepted by Europeans . Over time American foods changed to a point that food critic , John L. Hess stated in 1972 : `` Our founding fathers were as far superior to our present political leaders in the quality of their food as they were in the quality of their prose and intelligence '' . The American fast food industry , the world 's largest , pioneered the drive - through format in the 1940s . Fast food consumption has sparked health concerns . During the 1980s and 1990s , Americans ' caloric intake rose 24 % ; frequent dining at fast food outlets is associated with what public health officials call the American `` obesity epidemic '' . Highly sweetened soft drinks are widely popular , and sugared beverages account for nine percent of American caloric intake . Literature , philosophy , and the arts Main articles : American literature , American philosophy , Architecture of the United States , Visual art of the United States , and American classical music Mark Twain , American author and humorist . In the 18th and early 19th centuries , American art and literature took most of its cues from Europe . Writers such as Nathaniel Hawthorne , Edgar Allan Poe , and Henry David Thoreau established a distinctive American literary voice by the middle of the 19th century . Mark Twain and poet Walt Whitman were major figures in the century 's second half ; Emily Dickinson , virtually unknown during her lifetime , is now recognized as an essential American poet . A work seen as capturing fundamental aspects of the national experience and character -- such as Herman Melville 's Moby - Dick ( 1851 ) , Twain 's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn ( 1885 ) , F. Scott Fitzgerald 's The Great Gatsby ( 1925 ) and Harper Lee 's To Kill a Mockingbird ( 1960 ) -- may be dubbed the `` Great American Novel '' . Twelve U.S. citizens have won the Nobel Prize in Literature , most recently Bob Dylan in 2016 . William Faulkner , Ernest Hemingway and John Steinbeck are often named among the most influential writers of the 20th century . Popular literary genres such as the Western and hardboiled crime fiction developed in the United States . The Beat Generation writers opened up new literary approaches , as have postmodernist authors such as John Barth , Thomas Pynchon , and Don DeLillo . The transcendentalists , led by Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson , established the first major American philosophical movement . After the Civil War , Charles Sanders Peirce and then William James and John Dewey were leaders in the development of pragmatism . In the 20th century , the work of W.V.O. Quine and Richard Rorty , and later Noam Chomsky , brought analytic philosophy to the fore of American philosophical academia . John Rawls and Robert Nozick led a revival of political philosophy . Cornel West and Judith Butler have led a continental tradition in American philosophical academia . Chicago school economists like Milton Friedman , James M. Buchanan , and Thomas Sowell have affected various fields in social and political philosophy . In the visual arts , the Hudson River School was a mid-19th - century movement in the tradition of European naturalism . The realist paintings of Thomas Eakins are now widely celebrated . The 1913 Armory Show in New York City , an exhibition of European modernist art , shocked the public and transformed the U.S. art scene . Georgia O'Keeffe , Marsden Hartley , and others experimented with new , individualistic styles . Major artistic movements such as the abstract expressionism of Jackson Pollock and Willem de Kooning and the pop art of Andy Warhol and Roy Lichtenstein developed largely in the United States . The tide of modernism and then postmodernism has brought fame to American architects such as Frank Lloyd Wright , Philip Johnson , and Frank Gehry . Americans have long been important in the modern artistic medium of photography , with major photographers including Alfred Stieglitz , Edward Steichen , and Ansel Adams . Times Square in New York City , the hub of the Broadway theater district One of the first major promoters of American theater was impresario P.T. Barnum , who began operating a lower Manhattan entertainment complex in 1841 . The team of Harrigan and Hart produced a series of popular musical comedies in New York starting in the late 1870s . In the 20th century , the modern musical form emerged on Broadway ; the songs of musical theater composers such as Irving Berlin , Cole Porter , and Stephen Sondheim have become pop standards . Playwright Eugene O'Neill won the Nobel literature prize in 1936 ; other acclaimed U.S. dramatists include multiple Pulitzer Prize winners Tennessee Williams , Edward Albee , and August Wilson . Though little known at the time , Charles Ives 's work of the 1910s established him as the first major U.S. composer in the classical tradition , while experimentalists such as Henry Cowell and John Cage created a distinctive American approach to classical composition . Aaron Copland and George Gershwin developed a new synthesis of popular and classical music . Choreographers Isadora Duncan and Martha Graham helped create modern dance , while George Balanchine and Jerome Robbins were leaders in 20th - century ballet . Music Main article : Music of the United States The Grammy Award is awarded to leading music artists . The rhythmic and lyrical styles of African - American music have deeply influenced American music at large , distinguishing it from European traditions . Elements from folk idioms such as the blues and what is now known as old - time music were adopted and transformed into popular genres with global audiences . Jazz was developed by innovators such as Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington early in the 20th century . Country music developed in the 1920s , and rhythm and blues in the 1940s . Elvis Presley and Chuck Berry were among the mid-1950s pioneers of rock and roll . In the 1960s , Bob Dylan emerged from the folk revival to become one of America 's most celebrated songwriters and James Brown led the development of funk . More recent American creations include hip hop and house music . American pop stars such as Presley , Michael Jackson , and Madonna have become global celebrities , as have contemporary musical artists such as Taylor Swift , Britney Spears , Katy Perry , and Beyoncé as well as hip hop artists Jay - Z , Eminem and Kanye West . Rock bands such as Metallica , the Eagles , and Aerosmith are among the highest grossing in worldwide sales . Cinema Main article : Cinema of the United States The Hollywood Sign in Los Angeles , California Hollywood , a northern district of Los Angeles , California , is one of the leaders in motion picture production . The world 's first commercial motion picture exhibition was given in New York City in 1894 , using Thomas Edison 's Kinetoscope . The next year saw the first commercial screening of a projected film , also in New York , and the United States was in the forefront of sound film 's development in the following decades . Since the early 20th century , the U.S. film industry has largely been based in and around Hollywood , although in the 21st century an increasing number of films are not made there , and film companies have been subject to the forces of globalization . Director D.W. Griffith , the top American filmmaker during the silent film period , was central to the development of film grammar , and producer / entrepreneur Walt Disney was a leader in both animated film and movie merchandising . Directors such as John Ford redefined the image of the American Old West and history , and , like others such as John Huston , broadened the possibilities of cinema with location shooting , with great influence on subsequent directors . The industry enjoyed its golden years , in what is commonly referred to as the `` Golden Age of Hollywood '' , from the early sound period until the early 1960s , with screen actors such as John Wayne and Marilyn Monroe becoming iconic figures . In the 1970s , film directors such as Martin Scorsese , Francis Ford Coppola and Robert Altman were a vital component in what became known as `` New Hollywood '' or the `` Hollywood Renaissance '' , grittier films influenced by French and Italian realist pictures of the post-war period . Since , directors such as Steven Spielberg , George Lucas and James Cameron have gained renown for their blockbuster films , often characterized by high production costs , and in return , high earnings at the box office , with Cameron 's Avatar ( 2009 ) earning more than $2 billion . Notable films topping the American Film Institute 's AFI 100 list include Orson Welles 's Citizen Kane ( 1941 ) , which is frequently cited as the greatest film of all time , Casablanca ( 1942 ) , The Godfather ( 1972 ) , Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) , Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) , The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) , The Graduate ( 1967 ) , On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) , Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) , Singin ' in the Rain ( 1952 ) , It 's a Wonderful Life ( 1946 ) and Sunset Boulevard ( 1950 ) . The Academy Awards , popularly known as the Oscars , have been held annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences since 1929 , and the Golden Globe Awards have been held annually since January 1944 . Sports Main article : Sports in the United States Most popular American sports are American football , baseball , basketball and ice hockey American football is by several measures the most popular spectator sport ; the National Football League ( NFL ) has the highest average attendance of any sports league in the world , and the Super Bowl is watched by millions globally . Baseball has been regarded as the U.S. national sport since the late 19th century , with Major League Baseball ( MLB ) being the top league . Basketball and ice hockey are the country 's next two leading professional team sports , with the top leagues being the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) and the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . These four major sports , when played professionally , each occupy a season at different , but overlapping , times of the year . College football and basketball attract large audiences . In soccer , the country hosted the 1994 FIFA World Cup , the men 's national soccer team qualified for ten World Cups and the women 's team has won the FIFA Women 's World Cup three times ; Major League Soccer is the sport 's highest league in the United States ( featuring 19 American and 3 Canadian teams ) . The market for professional sports in the United States is roughly $69 billion , roughly 50 % larger than that of all of Europe , the Middle East , and Africa combined . Eight Olympic Games have taken place in the United States . As of 2014 , the United States has won 2,400 medals at the Summer Olympic Games , more than any other country , and 281 in the Winter Olympic Games , the second most behind Norway . While most major U.S. sports have evolved out of European practices , basketball , volleyball , skateboarding , and snowboarding are American inventions , some of which have become popular in other countries . Lacrosse and surfing arose from Native American and Native Hawaiian activities that predate Western contact . The most watched individual sports are golf and auto racing , particularly NASCAR . Rugby union is considered the fastest growing sport in the U.S. , with registered players numbered at 115,000 + and a further 1.2 million participants . Media Main article : Media of the United States The corporate headquarters of the American Broadcasting Company in New York City The four major broadcasters in the U.S. are the National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) , Columbia Broadcasting System ( CBS ) , the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) , and Fox . The four major broadcast television networks are all commercial entities . Cable television offers hundreds of channels catering to a variety of niches . Americans listen to radio programming , also largely commercial , on average just over two - and - a-half hours a day . In 1998 , the number of U.S. commercial radio stations had grown to 4,793 AM stations and 5,662 FM stations . In addition , there are 1,460 public radio stations . Most of these stations are run by universities and public authorities for educational purposes and are financed by public or private funds , subscriptions and corporate underwriting . Much public - radio broadcasting is supplied by NPR ( formerly National Public Radio ) . NPR was incorporated in February 1970 under the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 ; its television counterpart , PBS , was also created by the same legislation . ( NPR and PBS are operated separately from each other . ) As of September 30 , 2014 , there are 15,433 licensed full - power radio stations in the U.S. according to the U.S. Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) . Well - known newspapers include The Wall Street Journal , The New York Times and USA Today . Although the cost of publishing has increased over the years , the price of newspapers has generally remained low , forcing newspapers to rely more on advertising revenue and on articles provided by a major wire service , such as the Associated Press or Reuters , for their national and world coverage . With very few exceptions , all the newspapers in the U.S. are privately owned , either by large chains such as Gannett or McClatchy , which own dozens or even hundreds of newspapers ; by small chains that own a handful of papers ; or in a situation that is increasingly rare , by individuals or families . Major cities often have `` alternative weeklies '' to complement the mainstream daily papers , for example , New York City 's The Village Voice or Los Angeles ' LA Weekly , to name two of the best - known . Major cities may also support a local business journal , trade papers relating to local industries , and papers for local ethnic and social groups . Early versions of the American newspaper comic strip and the American comic book began appearing in the 19th century . In 1938 , Superman , the comic book superhero of DC Comics , developed into an American icon . Aside from web portals and search engines , the most popular websites are Facebook , YouTube , Wikipedia , Yahoo ! , eBay , Amazon , and Twitter . More than 800 publications are produced in Spanish , the second most commonly used language in the United States behind English . Science and technology Main articles : Science and technology in the United States and Science policy of the United States Astronaut James Irwin walking on the Moon next to Apollo 15 's landing module and lunar rover in 1971 . The effort to reach the Moon was triggered by the Space Race . The United States has been a leader in technological innovation since the late 19th century and scientific research since the mid-20th century . Methods for producing interchangeable parts were developed by the U.S. War Department by the Federal Armories during the first half of the 19th century . This technology , along with the establishment of a machine tool industry , enabled the U.S. to have large scale manufacturing of sewing machines , bicycles and other items in the late 19th century and became known as the American system of manufacturing . Factory electrification in the early 20th century and introduction of the assembly line and other labor saving techniques created the system called mass production . In 1876 , Alexander Graham Bell was awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone . Thomas Edison 's research laboratory , one of the first of its kind , developed the phonograph , the first long - lasting light bulb , and the first viable movie camera . The latter lead to emergence of the worldwide entertainment industry . In the early 20th century , the automobile companies of Ransom E. Olds and Henry Ford popularized the assembly line . The Wright brothers , in 1903 , made the first sustained and controlled heavier - than - air powered flight . The rise of Fascism and Nazism in the 1920s and 1930s led many European scientists , including Albert Einstein , Enrico Fermi , and John von Neumann , to immigrate to the United States . During World War II , the Manhattan Project developed nuclear weapons , ushering in the Atomic Age , while the Space Race produced rapid advances in rocketry , materials science , and aeronautics . The invention of the transistor in the 1950s , a key active component in practically all modern electronics , led to many technological developments and a significant expansion of the U.S. technology industry . This in turn led to the establishment of many new technology companies and regions around the country such as in Silicon Valley in California . Advancements by American microprocessor companies such as Advanced Micro Devices ( AMD ) , and Intel along with both computer software and hardware companies that include Adobe Systems , Apple Inc. , IBM , Microsoft , and Sun Microsystems created and popularized the personal computer . The ARPANET was developed in the 1960s to meet Defense Department requirements , and became the first of a series of networks which evolved into the Internet . These advancements then lead to greater personalization of technology for individual use . As of 2013 , 83.8 % of American households owned at least one computer , and 73.3 % had high - speed Internet service . 91 % of Americans also own a mobile phone as of May 2013 . The United States ranks highly with regard to freedom of use of the internet . In the 21st century , approximately two - thirds of research and development funding comes from the private sector . The United States leads the world in scientific research papers and impact factor . Health See also : Health care in the United States , Health care reform in the United States , and Health insurance in the United States New York - Presbyterian Hospital in New York City is one of the world 's busiest hospitals . Pictured is the Weill Cornell facility ( white complex at center ) . The United States has a life expectancy of 79.8 years at birth , up from 75.2 years in 1990 . The infant mortality rate of 6.17 per thousand places the United States 56th - lowest out of 224 countries . Increasing obesity in the United States and health improvements elsewhere contributed to lowering the country 's rank in life expectancy from 11th in the world in 1987 , to 42nd in 2007 . Obesity rates have more than doubled in the last 30 years , are the highest in the industrialized world , and are among the highest anywhere . Approximately one - third of the adult population is obese and an additional third is overweight . Obesity - related type 2 diabetes is considered epidemic by health care professionals . In 2010 , coronary artery disease , lung cancer , stroke , chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases , and traffic accidents caused the most years of life lost in the U.S. Low back pain , depression , musculoskeletal disorders , neck pain , and anxiety caused the most years lost to disability . The most deleterious risk factors were poor diet , tobacco smoking , obesity , high blood pressure , high blood sugar , physical inactivity , and alcohol use . Alzheimer 's disease , drug abuse , kidney disease and cancer , and falls caused the most additional years of life lost over their age - adjusted 1990 per - capita rates . U.S. teenage pregnancy and abortion rates are substantially higher than in other Western nations , especially among blacks and Hispanics . The U.S. is a global leader in medical innovation . America solely developed or contributed significantly to 9 of the top 10 most important medical innovations since 1975 as ranked by a 2001 poll of physicians , while the European Union and Switzerland together contributed to five . Since 1966 , more Americans have received the Nobel Prize in Medicine than the rest of the world combined . From 1989 to 2002 , four times more money was invested in private biotechnology companies in America than in Europe . The U.S. health - care system far outspends any other nation , measured in both per capita spending and percentage of GDP . Health - care coverage in the United States is a combination of public and private efforts and is not universal . In 2014 , 13.4 % of the population did not carry health insurance . The subject of uninsured and underinsured Americans is a major political issue . In 2006 , Massachusetts became the first state to mandate universal health insurance . Federal legislation passed in early 2010 would ostensibly create a near - universal health insurance system around the country by 2014 , though the bill and its ultimate effect are issues of controversy . See also United States portal Book : United States Index of United States - related articles Lists of U.S. state topics Outline of the United States Notes Jump up ^ 36 U.S.C. § 302 Jump up ^ English is the official language of 32 states ; English and Hawaiian are both official languages in Hawaii , and English and 20 Indigenous languages are official in Alaska . Algonquian , Cherokee , and Sioux are among many other official languages in Native - controlled lands throughout the country . French is a de facto , but unofficial , language in Maine and Louisiana , while New Mexico law grants Spanish a special status . Jump up ^ In five territories , English as well as one or more indigenous languages are official : Spanish in Puerto Rico , Samoan in American Samoa , Chamorro in both Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands . Carolinian is also an official language in the Northern Mariana Islands . Jump up ^ See Time in the United States for details about laws governing time zones in the United States . Jump up ^ Except American Samoa and the Virgin Islands . Jump up ^ The five major territories are American Samoa , Guam , the Northern Mariana Islands , Puerto Rico , and the United States Virgin Islands . There are eleven smaller island areas without permanent populations : Baker Island , Howland Island , Jarvis Island , Johnston Atoll , Kingman Reef , Midway Atoll , and Palmyra Atoll . U.S. sovereignty over Bajo Nuevo Bank , Navassa Island , Serranilla Bank , and Wake Island is disputed . Jump up ^ The Encyclopædia Britannica lists China as world 's third - largest country ( after Russia and Canada ) with a total area of 9,572,900 sq km , and the United States as fourth - largest at 9,526,468 sq km . The figure for the United States is less than in the CIA World Factbook because it excludes coastal and territorial waters . The CIA World Factbook lists the United States as the third - largest country ( after Russia and Canada ) with total area of 9,833,517 sq km , and China as fourth - largest at 9,596,960 sq km . This figure for the United States is greater than in the Encyclopædia Britannica because it includes coastal and territorial waters . Jump up ^ Spain sent several expeditions to Alaska to assert its long - held claim over the Pacific Northwest which dated back to the 16th century . During the decade 1785 -- 1795 British merchants , encouraged by Sir Joseph Banks and supported by their government , made a sustained attempt to develop this trade despite Spain 's claims and navigation rights . The endeavours of these merchants did not last long in the face of Spain 's opposition . The challenge was also opposed by a Japan holding obdurately to national seclusion . Jump up ^ His previous arrival coincided with the Makahiki , a festival celebrating the Hawaiian deity Lono . After the HMS Resolution and HMS Discovery had left the islands , the season for battle and war had begun under the worship and rituals for Kūkaʻilimoku , the Hawaiian deity of war . Jump up ^ On the evening of February 13 , while anchored in Kealakekua Bay after their return , one of only two long boats was stolen . The Hawaiians had begun to openly challenging the foreigners . In retaliation , Cook tried to take the aliʻi nui of the island of Hawaii , Kalaniʻōpuʻu as ransom for the boats . The following morning of February 14 , 1779 Cook and his men went directly to Kalaniʻōpuʻu 's enclosure where the monarch was still sleeping . One of ruler 's wives , Kānekapōlei pleaded with them to stop . Cook 's men and the Marines were confronted on the beach by thousands of Native Hawaiians . Cook tried to move the elderly man but he refused . As the townspeople began to surrounding them , Cook and his men raised their guns . Two chiefs and the monarch 's wife shielded Kalaniʻōpuʻu as Cook tried to force him to his feet . The crowd became hostile and Kanaʻina ( one of the monarch 's attendants ) approached Cook , who reacted by striking him with the broad side of his sword . Kanaʻina instantly grabbed Cook and lifted him off his feet . Kanaʻina released Cook , who fell to the ground as another attendant , Nuaa fatally stabbed Cook to death . Jump up ^ The United States has a very diverse population ; 37 ancestry groups have more than one million members . German Americans are the largest ethnic group ( more than 50 million ) -- followed by Irish Americans ( circa 37 million ) , Mexican Americans ( circa 31 million ) and English Americans ( circa 28 million ) . White Americans are the largest racial group ; black Americans are the nation 's largest racial minority ( note that in the U.S. Census , Hispanic and Latino Americans are counted as an ethnic group , not a `` racial '' group ) , and third - largest ancestry group . Asian Americans are the country 's second - largest racial minority ; the three largest Asian American ethnic groups are Chinese Americans , Filipino Americans , and Indian Americans . Jump up ^ Fertility is also a factor ; in 2010 the average Hispanic woman gave birth to 2.35 children in her lifetime , compared to 1.97 for non-Hispanic black women and 1.79 for non-Hispanic white women ( both below the replacement rate of 2.1 ) . Minorities ( as defined by the Census Bureau as all those beside non-Hispanic , non-multiracial whites ) constituted 36.3 % of the population in 2010 ( this is nearly 40 % in 2015 ) , and over 50 % of children under age one , and are projected to constitute the majority by 2042 . This contradicts the report by the National Vital Statistics Reports , based on the U.S. census data , which concludes that 54 % ( 2,162,406 out of 3,999,386 in 2010 ) of births were non-Hispanic white . The Hispanic birth rate plummeted 25 % between 2006 and 2013 while the rate for non-Hispanics decreased just 5 % . Jump up ^ Source : 2015 American Community Survey , U.S. Census Bureau . Most respondents who speak a language other than English at home also report speaking English `` well '' or `` very well '' For the language groups listed above , the strongest English - language proficiency is among speakers of German ( 96 % report that they speak English `` well '' or `` very well '' ) , followed by speakers of French ( 93.5 % ) , Tagalog ( 92.8 % ) , Spanish ( 74.1 % ) , Korean ( 71.5 % ) , Chinese ( 70.4 % ) , and Vietnamese ( 66.9 % ) . Jump up ^ In January 2015 , U.S. federal government debt held by the public was approximately $13 trillion , or about 72 % of U.S. GDP . Intra-governmental holdings stood at $5 trillion , giving a combined total debt of $18.080 trillion . By 2012 , total federal debt had surpassed 100 % of U.S. GDP . The U.S. has a credit rating of AA+ from Standard & Poor 's , AAA from Fitch , and AAA from Moody 's . Jump up ^ The Stockholm International Peace Research Institute , SIPRI , found that the United States ' arms industry was the world 's biggest exporter of major weapons from 2005 to 2009 , and remained the largest exporter of major weapons during a period between 2010 and 2014 , followed by Russia , China ( PRC ) , and Germany . Jump up ^ Droughts are likely to particularly affect the 66 percent of Americans whose communities depend on surface water . As for drinking water quality , there are concerns about disinfection by - products , lead , perchlorates and pharmaceutical substances , but generally drinking water quality in the U.S. is good . References Jump up ^ George McKenna 2007 , p. 280 . Jump up ^ Kidder & Oppenheim 2007 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ `` uscode.house.gov '' . Public Law 105 - 225 - Aug. 12 , 1998 . uscode.house.gov . August 12 , 1999 . pp. 112 Stat. 1263 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Section 304 . `` The composition by John Philip Sousa entitled `` The Stars and Stripes Forever '' is the national march . '' Jump up ^ Cobarrubias 1983 , p. 195 . Jump up ^ García 2011 , p. 167 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts selected : UNITED STATES '' . QuickFacts . U.S. Department of Commerce . July 1 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2017 . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Changing Religious Landscape '' . Pew Research Center : Religion & Public Life . May 12 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Population Clock '' . U.S. and World Population Clock . U.S. Department of Commerce . July 4 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2017 . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . The United States population on July 4 , 2017 was : 325,365,189 Jump up ^ `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2016 '' . United States Census Bureau . 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Jump up ^ Richter , `` Ordeals of the Longhouse '' , in Richter and Merrill , eds. , Beyond the Covenant Chain , 11 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Pearce , Charles E.M. ; Pearce , F.M. ( 17 June 2010 ) . Oceanic Migration : Paths , Sequence , Timing and Range of Prehistoric Migration in the Pacific and Indian Oceans . Springer Science & Business Media . p. 167 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 481 - 3826 - 5 . Jump up ^ Whittaker , Elvi W. ( January 1986 ) . The Mainland Haole : The White Experience in Hawaii . Columbia University Press . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 05316 - 7 . Jump up ^ Fish , Shirley ( 2011 ) . The Manila - Acapulco Galleons : The Treasure Ships of the Pacific : With An Annotated List of the Transpacific Galleons 1565 -- 1815 . AuthorHouse . pp. 360 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4567 - 7543 - 8 . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collingridge , Vanessa ( 2003 ) . Captain Cook : The Life , Death and Legacy of History 's Greatest Explorer . Ebury Press . p. 380 . ISBN 0 - 09 - 188898 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : `` St. Augustine Florida , The Nation 's Oldest City '' . staugustine.com . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Remini 2007 , pp. 2 -- 3 Jump up ^ Johnson 1997 , pp. 26 -- 30 Jump up ^ Walton , 2009 , chapter 3 Jump up ^ Lemon , 1987 Jump up ^ Jackson , L.P. ( 1924 ) . Elizabethan Seamen and the African Slave Trade . pp. 1 -- 17 . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tadman , 2000 , p. 1534 Jump up ^ Schneider , 2007 , p. 484 Jump up ^ Lien , 1913 , p. 522 Jump up ^ Davis , 1996 , p. 7 Jump up ^ Quirk , 2011 , p. 195 Jump up ^ Bilhartz , Terry D. ; Elliott , Alan C. ( 2007 ) . Currents in American History : A Brief History of the United States . M.E. Sharpe . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7656 - 1817 - 7 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wood , Gordon S. ( 1998 ) . The Creation of the American Republic , 1776 -- 1787 . UNC Press Books . p. 263 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4723 - 7 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Walton , 2009 , pp. 38 -- 39 Jump up ^ Foner , Eric . The Story of American Freedom Archived March 18 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine. , 1998 ISBN 0 - 393 - 04665 - 6 p. 4 - 5 . Jump up ^ Walton , 2009 , p. 35 Jump up ^ Otis , James ( 1763 ) . `` The Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved '' . Online Library of Liberty . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2015 . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pethick , Derek ( 1980 ) . The Nootka Connection : Europe and the Northwest Coast 1790 -- 1795 . Vancouver : Douglas & McIntyre . pp. 8 -- 9 . ISBN 0 - 88894 - 279 - 6 . Jump up ^ Pethick , Derek ( 1980 ) . The Nootka Connection : Europe and the Northwest Coast 1790 -- 1795 . Vancouver : Douglas & McIntyre . pp. 7 -- 8 . ISBN 0 - 88894 - 279 - 6 . Jump up ^ Robert J. King , `` ' The long wish 'd for object ' -- Opening the trade to Japan , 1785 -- 1795 '' , The Northern Mariner / le marin du nord , vol. XX , no. 1 , January 2010 , pp. 1 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Hayes , Derek ( 1999 ) . Historical Atlas of the Pacific Northwest : Maps of exploration and Discovery . Sasquatch Books . pp. 42 -- 43 . ISBN 1 - 57061 - 215 - 3 . Jump up ^ Alexander von Humboldt , Political Essay on the Kingdom of New Spain , translated by John Black , Vol. 2 , London , Longman , 1822 , translator 's note , p. 322 . Jump up ^ Paul Joseph ( October 11 , 2016 ) . The SAGE Encyclopedia of War : Social Science Perspectives . SAGE Publications . p. 590 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4833 - 5988 - 5 . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Cambridge encyclopedia of human paleopathology Archived February 8 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . '' . Arthur C. Aufderheide , Conrado Rodríguez - Martín , Odin Langsjoen ( 1998 ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 205 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 55203 - 6 Jump up ^ Bianchine , Russo , 1992 pp. 225 -- 232 Jump up ^ Thornton 1987 , p. 47 Jump up ^ Kessel , 2005 pp. 142 -- 143 Jump up ^ Mercer Country Historical Society , 2005 Jump up ^ Stannard , 1993 Jump up ^ Ripper , 2008 p. 6 Jump up ^ Ripper , 2008 p. 5 Jump up ^ Calloway , 1998 , p. 55 Jump up ^ Jeff Campbell ( September 15 , 2010 ) . Hawaii . Lonely Planet . p. 38 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74220 - 344 - 7 . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ruth M. Tabrah ( December 17 , 1984 ) . Hawaii : A History . W.W. Norton . pp. 19 -- 22 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 24369 - 7 . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Marshall Sahlins ( October 1 , 1996 ) . How `` Natives '' Think : About Captain Cook , For Example . University of Chicago Press . p. 3 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 73369 - 2 . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Melissa Meyer ( February 4 , 2014 ) . Thicker Than Water : The Origins of Blood as Symbol and Ritual : The Origins of Blood as Symbol and Ritual . Routledge . p. 184 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 135 - 34200 - 5 . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jerry D. Moore ( May 24 , 2012 ) . Visions of Culture : An Introduction to Anthropological Theories and Theorists . Rowman Altamira . p. 336 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7591 - 2219 - 2 . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ James Cook ( 1971 ) . The Explorations of Captain James Cook in the Pacific , as Told by Selections of His Own Journals , 1768 -- 1779 . Courier Corporation . p. 256 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 22766 - 5 . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Book Notes : A Monthly Literary Magazine and Review of New Books . Siegel - Cooper . 1901 . p. 54 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Daniel O'Sullivan ( March 30 , 2008 ) . In Search of Captain Cook : Exploring the Man Through His Own Words . I.B. Tauris . p. 224 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85771 - 350 - 6 . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ John H. Chambers ( 2006 ) . Hawaii . Interlink Books . p. 55 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56656 - 615 - 5 . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stephen R. Bown ( 2008 ) . Madness , Betrayal and the Lash : The Epic Voyage of Captain George Vancouver . Douglas & McIntyre . p. 30 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55365 - 339 - 4 . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Richard Tregaskis ( November 1973 ) . The warrior king : Hawaii 's Kamehameha the Great . Macmillan . p. 115 . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Glyndwr Williams ( 2008 ) . The Death of Captain Cook : A Hero Made and Unmade . Harvard University Press . p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 03194 - 4 . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ John Meares ( 1791 ) . Hawaiian Historical Society . Reprints ( 1787 , 1788 and 1789 ) . p. 76 . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Humphrey , Carol Sue ( 2003 ) . The Revolutionary Era : Primary Documents on Events from 1776 To 1800 . Greenwood Publishing . pp. 8 -- 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32083 - 5 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Fabian Young , Alfred ; Nash , Gary B. ; Raphael , Ray ( 2011 ) . Revolutionary Founders : Rebels , Radicals , and Reformers in the Making of the Nation . Random House Digital . pp. 4 -- 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 27110 - 5 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Samuel 1920 , p. 323 - 324 . Jump up ^ Greene and Pole , A Companion to the American Revolution p 357 . Jonathan R. Dull , A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution ( 1987 ) p. 161 . Lawrence S. Kaplan , `` The Treaty of Paris , 1783 : A Historiographical Challenge '' , International History Review , Sept 1983 , Vol. 5 Issue 3 , pp 431 -- 442 Jump up ^ Boyer , 2007 , pp. 192 -- 193 Jump up ^ Cogliano , Francis D. ( 2008 ) . Thomas Jefferson : Reputation and Legacy . University of Virginia Press . p. 219 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8139 - 2733 - 6 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Walton , 2009 , p. 43 Jump up ^ Gordon , 2004 , pp. 27 , 29 Jump up ^ Clark , Mary Ann ( May 2012 ) . Then We 'll Sing a New Song : African Influences on America 's Religious Landscape . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 47 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4422 - 0881 - 0 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Heinemann , Ronald L. , et al. , Old Dominion , New Commonwealth : a history of Virginia 1607 -- 2007 , 2007 ISBN 978 - 0 - 8139 - 2609 - 4 , p. 197 Jump up ^ Billington , Ray Allen ; Ridge , Martin ( 2001 ) . Westward Expansion : A History of the American Frontier . UNM Press . p. 22 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8263 - 1981 - 4 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Louisiana Purchase '' ( PDF ) . National Park Services . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on October 29 , 2011 . Retrieved March 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wait , Eugene M. ( 1999 ) . America and the War of 1812 . Nova Publishers . p. 78 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56072 - 644 - 9 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Klose , Nelson ; Jones , Robert F. ( 1994 ) . United States History to 1877 . Barron 's Educational Series . p. 150 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8120 - 1834 - 9 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Winchester , pp. 198 , 216 , 251 , 253 Jump up ^ Morrison , Michael A. ( 1999 ) . Slavery and the American West : The Eclipse of Manifest Destiny and the Coming of the Civil War . University of North Carolina Press . pp. 13 -- 21 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4796 - 1 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kemp , Roger L. ( 2010 ) . Documents of American Democracy : A Collection of Essential Works . McFarland . p. 180 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 4210 - 2 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2015 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McIlwraith , Thomas F. ; Muller , Edward K. ( 2001 ) . North America : The Historical Geography of a Changing Continent . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 61 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 0019 - 8 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2015 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rawls , James J. ( 1999 ) . A Golden State : Mining and Economic Development in Gold Rush California . University of California Press . p. 20 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 21771 - 3 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Black , Jeremy ( 2011 ) . Fighting for America : The Struggle for Mastery in North America , 1519 -- 1871 . Indiana University Press . p. 275 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 35660 - 4 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wishart , David J. ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of the Great Plains . University of Nebraska Press . p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 4787 - 1 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith ( 2001 ) , Grant , pp. 523 -- 526 Jump up ^ Stuart Murray ( 2004 ) . Atlas of American Military History . Infobase Publishing . p. 76 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 3025 - 5 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2015 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Harold T. Lewis ( January 1 , 2001 ) . Christian Social Witness . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 53 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56101 - 188 - 9 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Patrick Karl O'Brien ( 2002 ) . Atlas of World History . Oxford University Press . p. 184 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 521921 - 0 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2015 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vinovskis , Maris ( 1990 ) . Toward A Social History of the American Civil War : Exploratory Essays . Cambridge ; New York : Cambridge University Press . p. 4 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 39559 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` 1860 Census '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on June 13 , 2007 . Retrieved June 10 , 2007 . Page 7 lists a total slave population of 3,953,760 . Jump up ^ De Rosa , Marshall L. ( 1997 ) . The Politics of Dissolution : The Quest for a National Identity and the American Civil War . Edison , NJ : Transaction . p. 266 . ISBN 1 - 56000 - 349 - 9 . Jump up ^ Shearer Davis Bowman ( 1993 ) . Masters and Lords : Mid-19th - Century U.S. Planters and Prussian Junkers . Oxford UP . p. 221 . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jason E. Pierce ( 2016 ) . Making the White Man 's West : Whiteness and the Creation of the American West . University Press of Colorado . p. 256 . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marie Price ; Lisa Benton - Short ( 2008 ) . Migrants to the Metropolis : The Rise of Immigrant Gateway Cities . Syracuse University Press . p. 51 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8156 - 3186 - 6 . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ John Powell ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of North American Immigration . Infobase Publishing . p. 74 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 1012 - 7 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2015 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Winchester , pp. 351 , 385 Jump up ^ `` Toward a Market Economy '' . CliffsNotes . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2017 . Retrieved December 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Purchase of Alaska , 1867 '' . Office of the Historian . U.S. Department of State . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2014 . Retrieved December 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Spanish - American War , 1898 '' . Office of the Historian . U.S. Department of State . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2014 . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kirkland , Edward . Industry Comes of Age : Business , Labor , and Public Policy ( 1961 ed . ) . pp. 400 -- 405 . Jump up ^ Zinn , 2005 Jump up ^ Paige Meltzer , `` The Pulse and Conscience of America '' The General Federation and Women 's Citizenship , 1945 -- 1960 , '' Frontiers : A Journal of Women Studies ( 2009 ) , Vol. 30 Issue 3 , pp. 52 -- 76 . Jump up ^ James Timberlake , Prohibition and the Progressive Movement , 1900 -- 1920 ( Harvard UP , 1963 ) Jump up ^ George B. Tindall , `` Business Progressivism : Southern Politics in the Twenties , '' South Atlantic Quarterly 62 ( Winter 1963 ) : 92 -- 106 . Jump up ^ McDuffie , Jerome ; Piggrem , Gary Wayne ; Woodworth , Steven E. ( 2005 ) . U.S. History Super Review . Piscataway , NJ : Research & Education Association . p. 418 . ISBN 0 - 7386 - 0070 - 9 . Jump up ^ Voris , Jacqueline Van ( 1996 ) . Carrie Chapman Catt : A Public Life . Women and Peace Series . New York City : Feminist Press at CUNY . p. vii . ISBN 1 - 55861 - 139 - 8 . Carrie Chapmann Catt led an army of voteless women in 1919 to pressure Congress to pass the constitutional amendment giving them the right to vote and convinced state legislatures to ratify it in 1920 ... Catt was one of the best - known women in the United States in the first half of the twentieth century and was on all lists of famous American women . Jump up ^ Winchester pp. 410 -- 411 Jump up ^ Axinn , June ; Stern , Mark J. ( 2007 ) . Social Welfare : A History of the American Response to Need ( 7th ed . ) . Boston : Allyn & Bacon . ISBN 978 - 0 - 205 - 52215 - 6 . Jump up ^ Lemann , Nicholas ( 1991 ) . The Promised Land : The Great Black Migration and How It Changed America . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . p. 6 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 56004 - 3 . Jump up ^ James Noble Gregory ( 1991 ) . American Exodus : The Dust Bowl Migration and Okie Culture in California . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 507136 - 8 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2015 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . `` Mass Exodus From the Plains '' . American Experience . WGBH Educational Foundation . 2013 . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2014 . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Fanslow , Robin A. ( April 6 , 1998 ) . `` The Migrant Experience '' . American Folklore Center . Library of Congress . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2014 . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Walter J. Stein ( 1973 ) . California and the Dust Bowl Migration . Greenwood Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8371 - 6267 - 6 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2015 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Yamasaki , Mitch . `` Pearl Harbor and America 's Entry into World War II : A Documentary History '' ( PDF ) . World War II Internment in Hawaii . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 13 , 2014 . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Brian . `` The Four Policemen and . Postwar Planning , 1943 -- 1945 : The Collision of Realist and . Idealist Perspectives . '' . 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Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pacific War Research Society ( 2006 ) . Japan 's Longest Day . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 4 - 7700 - 2887 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` The National WWII Museum New Orleans : Learn : For Students : WWII at a Glance : Remembering V-J Day '' . www.nationalww2museum.org . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Peter Robinson . `` Tear Down This Wall National Archives '' . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2017 . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wagg , Stephen ; Andrews , David ( September 10 , 2012 ) . East Plays West : Sport and the Cold War . Routledge . p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 24167 - 5 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Collins , Michael ( 1988 ) . Liftoff : The Story of America 's Adventure in Space . New York : Grove Press . Jump up ^ Winchester , pp. 305 -- 308 Jump up ^ Blas , Elisheva . `` The Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways '' ( PDF ) . societyforhistoryeducation.org . Society for History Education . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on May 25 , 2015 . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Richard Lightner ( January 1 , 2004 ) . Hawaiian History : An Annotated Bibliography . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 141 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 28233 - 1 . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dallek , Robert ( 2004 ) . Lyndon B. Johnson : Portrait of a President . Oxford University Press . p. 169 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 515920 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Our Documents -- Civil Rights Act ( 1964 ) '' . United States Department of Justice . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2010 . Retrieved July 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Remarks at the Signing of the Immigration Bill , Liberty Island , New York '' . October 3 , 1965 . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2016 . Retrieved January 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Social Security '' . ssa.gov . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2015 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Soss , 2010 , p. 277 Jump up ^ Fraser , 1989 Jump up ^ Ferguson , 1986 , pp. 43 -- 53 Jump up ^ Williams , pp. 325 -- 331 Jump up ^ Niskanen , William A. ( 1988 ) . Reaganomics : an insider 's account of the policies and the people . Oxford University Press . p. 363 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 505394 - 4 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Women in the Labor Force : A Databook '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics . 2013 . p. 11 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on October 25 , 2013 . Retrieved March 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Howell , Buddy Wayne ( 2006 ) . The Rhetoric of Presidential Summit Diplomacy : Ronald Reagan and the U.S. - Soviet Summits , 1985 -- 1988 . Texas A&M University . p. 352 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 549 - 41658 - 6 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kissinger , Henry ( 2011 ) . Diplomacy . Simon & Schuster . pp. 781 -- 784 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4391 - 2631 - 8 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Mann , James ( 2009 ) . The Rebellion of Ronald Reagan : A History of the End of the Cold War . Penguin . p. 432 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4406 - 8639 - 9 . Jump up ^ Hayes , 2009 Jump up ^ US History.org , 2013 Jump up ^ Charles Krauthammer , `` The Unipolar Moment , '' Foreign Affairs , 70 / 1 , ( Winter 1990 / 1 ) , 23 -- 33 . Jump up ^ `` Persian Gulf War '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc. 2016 . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2017 . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Winchester , pp. 420 -- 423 Jump up ^ Dale , Reginald ( February 18 , 2000 ) . `` Did Clinton Do It , or Was He Lucky ? '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2013 . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . Mankiw , N. Gregory ( 2008 ) . Macroeconomics . Cengage Learning . p. 559 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 324 - 58999 - 3 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) '' Archived October 16 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Office of the United States Trade Representative . Retrieved January 11 , 2015 . Thakur ; Manab Thakur Gene E Burton BN Srivastava ( 1997 ) . International Management : Concepts and Cases . Tata McGraw - Hill Education . pp. 334 -- 335 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 463395 - 3 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2015 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Akis Kalaitzidis ; Gregory W. Streich ( September 13 , 2011 ) . U.S. Foreign Policy : A Documentary and Reference Guide . ABC - CLIO . p. 201 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 38376 - 2 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Flashback 9 / 11 : As It Happened . Fox News . September 9 , 2011 . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2013 . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . `` America remembers Sept. 11 attacks 11 years later '' . CBS News . Associated Press . September 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2013 . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . `` Day of Terror Video Archive '' . CNN . 2005 . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2013 . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Kenneth T. ( December 9 , 2008 ) . `` The ' War on Terror ' Is Critical to President George W. Bush 's Legacy '' . U.S. News & World Report . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2013 . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . Atkins , Stephen E. ( 2011 ) . The 9 / 11 Encyclopedia : Second Edition . ABC - CLIO . p. 872 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 921 - 9 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2015 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wong , Edward ( February 15 , 2008 ) . `` Overview : The Iraq War '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2013 . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Johnson , James Turner ( 2005 ) . The War to Oust Saddam Hussein : Just War and the New Face of Conflict . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 159 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 4956 - 2 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Durando , Jessica ; Green , Shannon Rae ( December 21 , 2011 ) . `` Timeline : Key moments in the Iraq War '' . USA Today . Associated Press . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ George W. Bush ( January 10 , 2007 ) . `` Fact Sheet : The New Way Forward in Iraq '' . Office of the Press Secretary . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2017 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . After talking to some Afghan leaders , it was said that the Iran 's would be revolting if more troops were to be sent to Iran . Jump up ^ Feaver , Peter ( August 13 , 2015 ) . `` Hillary Clinton and the Inconvenient Facts About the Rise of the Islamic State '' . Foreign Policy . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2017 . ( T ) he Obama team itself , including Clinton , have repeatedly confirmed that they understand that the surge was successful . Clinton even conceded to former Defense Secretary Robert Gates : ' The surge worked . ' Jump up ^ `` Iraqi surge exceeded expectations , Obama says '' . NBC News . Associated Press . September 4 , 2008 . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2016 . Obama said the surge of U.S. troops has ' succeeded beyond our wildest dreams . ' Jump up ^ Wallison , Peter ( 2015 ) . Hidden in Plain Sight : What Really Caused the World 's Worst Financial Crisis and Why It Could Happen Again . Encounter Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59403 - 770 - 2 . Jump up ^ Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission ( 2011 ) . Financial Crisis Inquiry Report ( PDF ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60796 - 348 - 6 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Taylor , John B. ( January 2009 ) . `` The Financial Crisis and the Policy Responses : An Empirical Analysis of What Went Wrong '' ( PDF ) . Hoover Institution Economics Paper Series . National Bureau of Economic Research . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on February 15 , 2017 . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hilsenrath , Jon ; Ng , Serena ; Paletta , Damian ( September 18 , 2008 ) . `` Worst Crisis Since ' 30s , With No End Yet in Sight '' . The Wall Street Journal . Dow Jones & Company . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2016 . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Barack Obama elected as America 's first black president '' . History.com . A&E Television Networks , LLC . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2014 . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Barack Obama : Face Of New Multiracial Movement ? '' . NPR . November 12 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2014 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Washington , Jesse ; Rugaber , Chris ( September 9 , 2011 ) . `` African - American Economic Gains Reversed By Great Recession '' . Huffington Post . Associated Press . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2013 . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` What the Stimulus Accomplished '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . February 22 , 2014 . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Economic Stimulus '' . IGM Polls . Initiative on Global Markets at the University of Chicago . February 15 , 2012 . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2016 . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Impact of the Dodd - Frank Act on Financial Stability and Economic Growth '' ( PDF ) . Brookings . October 24 , 2014 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on September 5 , 2017 . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 ; `` The Impact of the Dodd - Frank Act on Financial Stability and Economic Growth '' . The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences . 3 ( 1 ) . January 2017 . Jump up ^ Lux , Marshall ; Robert , Greene ( 2015 ) . `` The State and Fate of Community Banking '' . Harvard Mossavar - Rahmani Center for Business and Government . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2017 . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Subsidies for Health Insurance Coverage for People Under Age 65 : 2016 to 2026 '' . Congressional Budget Office . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2017 . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradner , Eric ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` Ryan : GOP will repeal , replace Obamacare at same time '' . CNN . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2017 . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jacobson , Gary C. ( March 2011 ) . `` The Republican Resurgence in 2010 '' . Political Science Quarterly . 126 ( 1 ) : 27 -- 52 . doi : 10.1002 / j. 1538 - 165X. 2011. tb00693. x . Jump up ^ Shanker , Thom ; Schmidt , Michael S. ; Worth , Robert F. ( December 15 , 2011 ) . `` In Baghdad , Panetta Leads Uneasy Closure to Conflict '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The JRTN Movement and Iraq 's Next Insurgency Combating Terrorism Center at West Point '' . United States Military Academy . 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International Centre for Prison Studies . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Clear , Todd R. ; Cole , George F. ; Reisig , Michael Dean ( 2008 ) . American Corrections . Cengage Learning . p. 485 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 55323 - 6 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2015 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Bureau of Prisons : Statistics '' . Federal Bureau of Prisons . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2015 . Retrieved March 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Moore , ADRIAN T. `` PRIVATE PRISONS : Quality Corrections at a Lower Cost '' ( PDF ) . Reason.org . Reason Foundation . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on April 12 , 2015 . Retrieved April 29 , 2015 . Benefield , Nathan ( October 24 , 2007 ) . `` Private Prisons Increase Capacity , Save Money , Improve Service '' . Commonwealth Foundation.org . Commonwealth Foundation . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2015 . Retrieved April 29 , 2015 . William G. Archambeault ; Donald R. 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ISBN 0 - 8065 - 2311 - 5 . Jump up ^ * `` Taylor Swift : Teen idol to ' biggest pop artist in the world ' '' . The Tennessean . September 24 , 2015 . Lynch , Gerald . `` Britney Spears is the most searched for celebrity of the decade '' . Tech Digest . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2015 . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . `` Katy Perry : now the world 's richest ( famous ) woman '' . the Guardian . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2015 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Rosen , Jody . `` Beyoncé : The Woman on Top of the World '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2017 . `` BBC -- Imagine -- Jay - Z : He Came , He Saw , He Conquered '' . bbc.co.uk . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2016 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . * `` Introducing the King of Hip - Hop '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2015 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Ben Westhoff . `` The enigma of Kanye West -- and how the world 's biggest pop star ended up being its most reviled , too '' . the Guardian . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hartman , Graham ( January 5 , 2012 ) . `` Metallica 's ' Black album ' is Top - Selling Disc of last 20 years '' . Loudwire . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2015 . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vorel , Jim ( September 27 , 2012 ) . `` Eagles tribute band landing at Kirkland '' . Herald & Review . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith will rock Salinas with July concert '' . February 2 , 2015 . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2015 . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nigeria surpasses Hollywood as world 's second - largest film producer '' ( Press release ) . United Nations . May 5 , 2009 . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2013 . Retrieved February 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . April 29 , 1944 . p. 68 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` John Landis Rails Against Studios : ' They 're Not in the Movie Business Anymore ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2015 . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Krasniewicz , Louise ; Disney , Walt ( 2010 ) . Walt Disney : A Biography . ABC - CLIO . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 35830 - 2 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Charles ( June 3 , 2011 ) . `` Book explores Hollywood ' Golden Age ' of the 1960s - ' 70s '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2016 . Retrieved August 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Banner , Lois ( August 5 , 2012 ) . `` Marilyn Monroe , the eternal shape shifter '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2016 . Retrieved August 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rick , Jewell ( August 8 , 2008 ) . `` John Wayne , an American Icon '' . University of Southern California . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2008 . Retrieved August 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Greven , David ( January 2 , 2013 ) . Psycho - Sexual : Male Desire in Hitchcock , De Palma , Scorsese , and Friedkin . University of Texas Press . p. 23 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 74204 - 8 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Morrison , James ( September 11 , 1998 ) . Passport to Hollywood : Hollywood Films , European Directors . SUNY Press . p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 3938 - 8 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Turow , Joseph ( September 22 , 2011 ) . Media Today : An Introduction to Mass Communication . Taylor & Francis . p. 434 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 86402 - 5 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Village Voice : 100 Best Films of the 20th century ( 2001 ) Archived March 31 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... Filmsite . Jump up ^ `` Sight & Sound Top Ten Poll 2002 '' . British Film Institute . 2002 . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years '' . American Film Institute . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2015 . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Drowne , Kathleen Morgan ; Huber , Patrick ( January 1 , 2004 ) . The 1920 's . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 236 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32013 - 2 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroon , Richard W. ( April 30 , 2014 ) . A / VA to Z : An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Media , Entertainment and Other Audiovisual Terms . McFarland . p. 338 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 5740 - 3 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Most Popular Sports in America 2017 '' Archived August 12 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine. , Retrieved on June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Krane , David K. ( October 30 , 2002 ) . `` Professional Football Widens Its Lead Over Baseball as Nation 's Favorite Sport '' . Harris Interactive . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2010 . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . MacCambridge , Michael ( 2004 ) . America 's Game : The Epic Story of How Pro Football Captured a Nation . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 375 - 50454 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Passion for College Football Remains Robust '' . National Football Foundation . March 19 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2014 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Global sports market to hit $141 billion in 2012 Archived September 24 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine ... Reuters . Retrieved on July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chase , Chris ( February 7 , 2014 ) . `` The 10 most fascinating facts about the all - time Winter Olympics medal standings '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2014 . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . Loumena , Dan ( February 6 , 2014 ) . `` With Sochi Olympics approaching , a history of Winter Olympic medals '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2014 . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Liss , Howard . Lacrosse ( Funk & Wagnalls , 1970 ) pg 13 . Jump up ^ `` As American as Mom , Apple Pie and Football ? Football continues to trump baseball as America 's Favorite Sport '' ( PDF ) . Harris Interactive . January 16 , 2014 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 9 , 2014 . Retrieved July 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cowen , Tyler ; Grier , Kevin ( February 9 , 2012 ) . `` What Would the End of Football Look Like ? '' . Grantland / ESPN . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2012 . Retrieved February 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hodgetts , Rob . `` Will U.S. learn to love rugby ? '' . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Streaming TV Services : What They Cost , What You Get '' . NY Times ; Associated Press . October 12 , 2015 . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TV Fans Spill into Web Sites '' . eMarketer . June 7 , 2007 . Retrieved June 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Waits , Jennifer ( October 17 , 2014 ) . `` Number of U.S. Radio Stations on the Rise , Especially LPFM , according to New FCC Count '' . Radio Survivor . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2014 . Retrieved January 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brenda Shaffer ( 2006 ) . The Limits of Culture : Islam and Foreign Policy . MIT Press . p. 116 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 19529 - 4 . Jump up ^ Daniels , Les ( 1998 ) . Superman : The Complete History ( 1st ed . ) . Titan Books . p. 11 . ISBN 1 - 85286 - 988 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Top Sites in United States '' . Alexa. 2014 . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish Newspapers in United States '' . W3newspapers . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2014 . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish Language Newspapers in the USA : Hispanic Newspapers : Periódiscos en Español en los EE. UU '' . Onlinenewspapers.com . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2014 . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hounshell , David A. ( 1984 ) , From the American System to Mass Production , 1800 - 1932 : The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States , Baltimore , Maryland : Johns Hopkins University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 2975 - 8 , LCCN 83016269 Jump up ^ `` Thomas Edison 's Most Famous Inventions '' . Thomas A Edison Innovation Foundation . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2015 . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Benedetti , François ( December 17 , 2003 ) . `` 100 Years Ago , the Dream of Icarus Became Reality '' . Fédération Aéronautique Internationale ( FAI ) . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2007 . Retrieved August 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Fraser , Gordon ( 2012 ) . The Quantum Exodus : Jewish Fugitives , the Atomic Bomb , and the Holocaust . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 959215 - 9 . Jump up ^ 10 Little Americans . Google Books . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2015 . Retrieved September 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NASA 's Apollo technology has changed the history '' . Sharon Gaudin . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2014 . Retrieved September 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goodheart , Adam ( July 2 , 2006 ) . `` Celebrating July 2 : 10 Days That Changed History '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Silicon Valley : 110 Year Renaissance , McLaughlin , Weimers , Winslow 2008 . Jump up ^ Robert W. Price ( 2004 ) . Roadmap to Entrepreneurial Success . AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn . p. 42 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8144 - 7190 - 6 . Jump up ^ Sawyer , Robert Keith ( 2012 ) . Explaining Creativity : The Science of Human Innovation . Oxford University Press . p. 256 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 973757 - 4 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bennett , W. Lance ; Segerberg , Alexandra ( September 2011 ) . `` Digital Media and the Personalization of Collective Action '' . Information , Communication & Society . 14 ( 6 ) : 770 -- 799 . doi : 10.1080 / 1369118X. 2011.579141 . Jump up ^ `` Computer and Internet Use Main '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Dept. of Commerce , Census Bureau . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on September 23 , 2015 . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cell phone ownership hits 91 % of adults '' . Pew Research Center . May 19 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2015 . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Freedom on the Net 2014 '' . Freedom House . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Research and Development ( R&D ) Expenditures by Source and Objective : 1970 to 2004 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2012 . Retrieved June 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ MacLeod , Donald ( March 21 , 2006 ) . `` Britain Second in World Research Rankings '' . The Guardian . London . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2014 . Retrieved May 14 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` WHO Life expectancy data by country '' . WHO. 2012 . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2013 . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Country Comparison : Life Expectancy at Birth '' . The World Factbook . CIA . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2016 . Retrieved October 25 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Murray , Christopher J.L. ( July 10 , 2013 ) . `` The State of US Health , 1990 -- 2010 : Burden of Diseases , Injuries , and Risk Factors '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the American Medical Association . 310 ( 6 ) : 591 -- 608 . PMID 23842577 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 2013.13805 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Country Comparison : Infant Mortality Rate '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2014 . Retrieved May 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ MacAskill , Ewen ( August 13 , 2007 ) . `` US Tumbles Down the World Ratings List for Life Expectancy '' . The Guardian . London . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2013 . Retrieved August 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico Obesity Rate Surpasses The United States ' , Making It Fattest Country in the Americas '' . Huffington Post . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schlosser , Eric ( 2002 ) . Fast Food Nation . New York : Perennial . p. 240 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 093845 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity Among Adults : United States , 2003 -- 2004 '' . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , National Center for Health Statistics . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2007 . Retrieved June 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Fast Food , Central Nervous System Insulin Resistance , and Obesity '' . Arteriosclerosis , Thrombosis , and Vascular Biology . American Heart Association . 2005 . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2007 . Retrieved June 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` About Teen Pregnancy '' . Center for Disease Control . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2015 . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Whitman , Glen ; Raad , Raymond . `` Bending the Productivity Curve : Why America Leads the World in Medical Innovation '' . The Cato Institute . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2012 . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cowen , Tyler ( October 5 , 2006 ) . `` Poor U.S. Scores in Health Care Do n't Measure Nobels and Innovation '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2013 . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The U.S. Healthcare System : The Best in the World or Just the Most Expensive ? '' ( PDF ) . University of Maine . 2001 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 9 , 2007 . Retrieved November 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` In U.S. , Uninsured Rate Holds at 13.4 % '' . Gallup . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Abelson , Reed ( June 10 , 2008 ) . `` Ranks of Underinsured Are Rising , Study Finds '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2011 . Retrieved October 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Blewett , Lynn A. ; et al. ( December 2006 ) . `` How Much Health Insurance Is Enough ? Revisiting the Concept of Underinsurance '' . Medical Care Research and Review . 63 ( 6 ) : 663 -- 700 . ISSN 1077 - 5587 . PMID 17099121 . doi : 10.1177 / 1077558706293634 . Jump up ^ Fahrenthold , David A. ( April 5 , 2006 ) . `` Mass . Bill Requires Health Coverage '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2006 . Retrieved June 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Health Care Law 54 % Favor Repeal of Health Care Law '' . Rasmussen Reports . 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Making America : A History of the United States , Volume I : To 1877 . Cengage Learning . p. 75 . Bianchine , Peter J. ; Russo , Thomas A. ( 1992 ) . `` The Role of Epidemic Infectious Diseases in the Discovery of America '' . Allergy and Asthma Proceedings . OceanSide Publications , Inc. 13 ( 5 ) : 225 -- 232 . PMID 1483570 . doi : 10.2500 / 108854192778817040 . Retrieved September 9 , 2012 . Boyer , Paul S. ; Clark , Clifford E. Jr. ; Kett , Joseph F. ; Salisbury , Neal ; Sitkoff , Harvard ; Woloch , Nancy ( 2007 ) . The Enduring Vision : A History of the American People . Cengage Learning . p. 588 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 80161 - 9 . , Book Calloway , Colin G. New Worlds for All : Indians , Europeans , and the Remaking of Early America . JHU Press . p. 229 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 5959 - 5 . Cobarrubias , Juan ( 1983 ) . Progress in Language Planning : International Perspectives . Walter de Gruyter . ISBN 978 - 90 - 279 - 3358 - 4 . Davis , Kenneth C. ( 1996 ) . Do n't know much about the Civil War . New York : William Marrow and Co. p. 518 . ISBN 0 - 688 - 11814 - 3 . , Book Daynes , Byron W. ; Sussman , Glen ( eds . ) ( 2010 ) . White House Politics and the Environment : Franklin D. Roosevelt to George W. Bush . Texas A&M University Press . p. 320 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60344 - 254 - 1 . Presidential environmental policies , 1933 -- 2009 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) , Book Erlandson , Jon M ; Rick , Torben C ; Vellanoweth , Rene L ( 16 September 2008 ) . A Canyon Through Time : Archaeology , History , and Ecology of the Tecolote Canyon Area , Santa Barbara County , California . University of Utah Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87480 - 879 - 7 . Feldstein , Sylvan G. ; Fabozzi , Frank J. , CFA . The Handbook of Municipal Bonds . John Wiley & Sons , January 13 , 2011 . p. 1376 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 04494 - 0 . , Book Gold , Susan Dudley ( 2006 ) . United States V. Amistad : Slave Ship Mutiny . Marshall Cavendish . p. 144 . 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when was the us founded as a country

Paleo - Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies following the Seven Years ' War led to the American Revolution , which began in 1775 , and the subsequent Declaration of Independence in 1776 . The war ended in 1783 with the United States becoming the first country to attain independence from a European power . The current constitution was adopted in 1788 . The first ten amendments , collectively named the Bill of Rights , were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties .

Wii Fit Plus - wikipedia Wii Fit Plus Wii Fit Plus Logo Developer ( s ) Nintendo EAD Group No. 5 Publisher ( s ) Nintendo Director ( s ) Hiroshi Matsunaga Producer ( s ) Tadashi Sugiyama Composer ( s ) Asuka Ohta Series Wii Engine Wii Fit Platform ( s ) Wii Release JP : October 1 , 2009 NA : October 4 , 2009 AU : October 15 , 2009 EU : October 30 , 2009 Genre ( s ) Exergaming Mode ( s ) Single - player , multiplayer Wii Fit Plus ( Wii フィット プラス , Wī Fitto Purasu ) is an exergaming video game developed and published by Nintendo for the Wii console . The game was released in Japan on October 1 , 2009 and other regions in the same month . Wii Fit Plus was announced during Nintendo 's E3 2009 media briefing on June 2 , 2009 . The game is an enhanced version of Wii Fit . In addition to the original Wii Fit activities and options , Wii Fit Plus incorporates 15 new balance and aerobics games ( referred to as `` Training Plus '' ) and six new strength training and yoga activities . New features include a calorie burning counter , the ability for users to create custom fitness regimens or choose from a number of specialized routines based on specific objectives and available time , as well as having the option to create profiles for pets and babies . Users are also able to navigate more quickly between exercises . Wii Fit Plus is sold bundled with a Wii Balance Board , as well as separately for existing Wii Balance Board owners . Most activities are for a single player , but there are a number of multi-player activities that allow for up to 8 players to take turns using one Wii Balance Board . Wii Fit Plus garnered both critical and commercial success . The game has received aggregate review scores of 80.83 % and 80 % on GameRankings and Metacritic respectively . Wii Fit Plus is the seventh best - selling game on the Wii , with a total of 21.12 million copies sold as of March 2016 . Contents 1 Gameplay 2 Development 3 Reception 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Main article : Wii Fit Gameplay Wii Fit Plus provides all of the original activities in Wii Fit in addition to fifteen Balance / Aerobics games ( in a separate category called `` Training Plus '' ) and six Yoga and Strength - Training exercises unique to the game . Yoga Spine Extension Gate Grounded V Strength Training Balance Bridge Single - Leg Reach Side Lunge Training Plus Games marked with an asterisk ( * ) are remakes of games from the original Wii Fit . Perfect 10 Island Cycling Rhythm Kung - Fu Driving Range Segway Circuit Bird 's - Eye Bulls - Eye Snowball Fight Obstacle Course Tilt City Rhythm Parade Big Top Juggling Skateboard Arena Table Tilt Plus * Balance Bubble Plus * Basic Run Plus * Development ( edit ) Producer Shigeru Miyamoto was inspired by the commercial success of Wii Fit to produce a follow - up . Miyamoto learned during Wii Fit Plus development that many Wii Fit owners had stopped playing the game , believing the primary reason to be inconvenience . A new menu interface , My Wii Fit Plus , was implemented to address this issue and make accessing activities quicker and easier . The interface was recreated and adjusted multiple times during development . In designing new minigames for Wii Fit Plus , Miyamoto desired to create activities that played upon the Stroop effect , requiring coordination of both the player 's mind and body ; minigames in which the player uses both the Wii Remote and the Wii Balance Board at the same time became a major focus . Reception ( edit ) Reception Aggregate scores Aggregator Score GameRankings 80.83 % Metacritic 80 % Review scores Publication Score 1UP.com A - GameSpot 7.5 / 10 IGN 8.2 / 10 Nintendo World Report 9 / 10 Wii Fit Plus generally received positive reviews from critics . GameRankings reports an aggregate score of 80.83 % based on 18 reviews , and Metacritic reports a score of 80 % based on 33 reviews . IGN gave Wii Fit Plus a score of 8.2 . GameSpot gave it a 7.5 out of 10 . 1UP gave it an A - , stating , `` There 's still some tightening up to be done , but Wii Fit Plus is a definite improvement in the format . '' Within one month of its release , Wii Fit Plus sold 2.16 million copies worldwide , and as of March 2016 , the game has sold 21.12 million units worldwide . In May 2010 the American Heart Association ( AHA ) endorsed the Wii to encourage sedentary people to take the first step toward fitness . The AHA heart icon covers the console itself along with two of its more active games , Wii Fit Plus and Wii Sports Resort . See also ( edit ) Wii Fit Wii Fit U References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Nintendo Unveils Wii Fit Plus Launch Date and New Colors of Nintendo DSi , Wii Remote '' . Las Vegas , Nevada : Nintendo of America . August 31 , 2009 . Retrieved September 1 , 2009 . Nintendo today announced that the new Wii Fit Plus game will launch in North America on Oct. 4 Jump up ^ Spencer ( July 23 , 2009 ) . `` Standalone Wii Fit Plus Sold At A Deep Discount '' . Siliconera . Retrieved September 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Wii Fit Plus dated , priced for Australia -- Australian Nintendo News Source -- Vooks -- 3DS -- Wii - DS '' . Vooks . Retrieved September 28 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nintendo introduces new social entertainment experiences at E3 Expo '' ( Press release ) . Nintendo of Europe . June 2 , 2009 . Retrieved June 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Snider , Mike ( June 4 , 2009 ) . `` Nintendo unveils sensor , ' Wii Fit Plus ' at E3 video game expo '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` Wii Fit Plus Video Game Reviews , Trailers & Interviews '' . GameTrailers.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Wii Games -- Wii Fit Plus '' . Nintendo.com.au . October 15 , 2009 . Retrieved September 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` What is Wii Fit Plus ? '' . Wiifit.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wii Fit Plus Reviews '' . GameRankings . Retrieved December 11 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wii Fit Plus Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 11 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top Selling Software Sales Units - Wii Software '' . Nintendo. 2016 - 03 - 31 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Not a Sequel but an Enhanced Version '' . Iwata Asks : Wii Fit Plus . Nintendo of Europe . Retrieved December 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Barnholt , Ray . `` Wii Fit Plus Review for Wii from '' . 1UP.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ramsay , Randolph ( October 4 , 2009 ) . `` Wii Fit Plus Review , Wii Fit Plus Wii Review '' . GameSpot.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Matt Casamassina ( October 2 , 2009 ) . `` Wii Fit Plus Review -- Wii Review at IGN '' . Wii.ign.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Balicki , Lukasz ( October 18 , 2009 ) . `` Wii Fit Plus Review '' . Nintendo World Report . Retrieved December 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Financial Results Briefing for the Six - Month Period ended September 2009 '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo . October 31 , 2009 . p. 11 . Retrieved October 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Joel Schectman ( May 17 , 2010 ) . `` Heart group backs Wii video game console in obesity campaign '' . San Jose Mercury News ... Associated Press . Retrieved May 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` American Heart Association and Nintendo of America Online Information Center '' . Activeplaynow.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Official website Wii Fit Plus at Nintendo.com Wii Hardware Remote MotionPlus Classic Controller Zapper Balance Board Speak Wi - Fi USB Connector GameCube controller WaveBird Broadway Software and services System software Nintendo Wi - Fi Connection connector games WiiConnect24 games Nintendo Week Third - party Third - party accessories Nyko Kama Nyko Wand DarwiinRemote Dolphin Freeloader Wii Menu Check Mii Out Channel Everybody Votes Channel Internet Channel Nintendo Channel Wii no Ma Wii Shop Channel Games Best - selling MotionPlus Balance Board Traditional control schemes Nintendo Selects Touch ! Generations Wii U eShop Virtual Console Japan North America PAL region South Korea Backward compatibility GameCube games New Play Control ! WiiWare Games North America PAL region Wii series Sports Sports Resort Play Play : Motion Fit Fit Plus Music songs Party Predecessor : GameCube Successor : Wii U Launch Sales Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wii_Fit_Plus&oldid=838535881 '' Categories : 2009 video games Touch ! Generations Exergames Nintendo Entertainment Analysis and Development games Video game remakes Video games developed in Japan Wii games Wii Balance Board games Wii - only games Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2012 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Lietuvių Lumbaart Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Português Русский Suomi 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 16 : 49 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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wii fit u vs wii fit plus difference

The game is an enhanced version of Wii Fit . In addition to the original Wii Fit activities and options , Wii Fit Plus incorporates 15 new balance and aerobics games ( referred to as `` Training Plus '' ) and six new strength training and yoga activities . New features include a calorie burning counter , the ability for users to create custom fitness regimens or choose from a number of specialized routines based on specific objectives and available time , as well as having the option to create profiles for pets and babies . Users are also able to navigate more quickly between exercises .

First Pan-African Conference - wikipedia First Pan-African Conference Jump to : navigation , search Invitation to the Pan-African Conference at Westminster Town Hall , London , 23 -- 25 July 1900 The First Pan-African Conference was held in London from 23 to 25 July 1900 ( just prior to the Paris Exhibition of 1900 `` in order to allow tourists of African descent to attend both events '' ) . Organized primarily by the Trinidadian barrister Henry Sylvester Williams , it took place in Westminster Town Hall ( now Caxton Hall ) and was attended by 37 delegates and about 10 other participants and observers from Africa , the West Indies , the US and the UK , including Samuel Coleridge Taylor ( the youngest delegate ) , John Alcindor , Dadabhai Naoroji , John Archer , Henry Francis Downing , and W.E.B. Du Bois , with Bishop Alexander Walters of the AME Zion Church taking the chair . Du Bois played a leading role , drafting a letter ( `` Address to the Nations of the World '' ) to European leaders appealing to them to struggle against racism , to grant colonies in Africa and the West Indies the right to self - government and demanding political and other rights for African Americans . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Conference concerns and issues 3 Press coverage and local reception 4 Legacy 5 See also 6 Further reading 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) On 24 September 1897 , Henry Sylvester Williams had been instrumental in founding the African Association ( not to be confused with the Association for Promoting the Discovery of the Interior Parts of Africa ) , in response to the European partition of Africa that followed the 1884 - 5 Congress of Berlin . The formation of the association marked an early stage in the development of the anti-colonialist movement , and was established to encourage the unity of Africans and people of African descent , particularly in territories of the British empire , concerning itself with injustices in Britain 's African and Caribbean colonies . In March 1898 the association issued a circular calling for a pan-African conference . Booker T. Washington , who had been travelling in the UK in the summer of 1899 , wrote in a letter to African - American newspapers : `` In connection with the assembling of so many Negroes in London from different parts of the world , a very important movement has just been put upon foot . It is known as the Pan-African Conference . Representatives from Africa , the West Indian Islands and other parts of the world , asked me to meet them a few days ago with a view to making a preliminary program for this conference , and we had a most interesting meeting . It is surprising to see the strong intellectual mould which many of these Africans and West Indians possess . The object and character of the Pan-African Conference is best told in the words of the resolution , which was adopted at the meeting referred to , viz : ' In view of the widespread ignorance which is prevalent in England about the treatment of native races under European and American rule , the African Association , which consists of members of the race resident in England and which has been in existence for nearly two years , have resolved during the Paris Exposition of 1900 ( which many representatives of the race may be visiting ) to hold a conference in London in the month of May of the said year , in order to take steps to influence public opinion on existing proceedings and conditions affecting the welfare of the natives in various parts of Africa , the West Indies and the United States . ' The resolution is signed by Mr H. Mason Joseph , President , and Mr H. Sylvester Williams as Honourable Secretary . The Honourable Secretary will be pleased to hear from representative natives who are desirous of attending at an early date . He may be addressed , Common Room , Grey 's ( sic ) Inn , London , W.C. '' Conference concerns and issues ( edit ) When the First Pan-African Conference opened on Monday , 23 July 1900 , in London 's Westminster Hall , Bishop Alexander Walters in his opening address , `` The Trials and Tribulations of the Coloured Race in America '' , noted that `` for the first time in history black people had gathered from all parts of the globe to discuss and improve the condition of their race , to assert their rights and organize so that they might take an equal place among nations . '' The Bishop of London , Mandell Creighton , gave a speech of welcome `` referring to ' the benefits of self - government ' which Britain must confer on ' other races ... as soon as possible ' . '' Speakers over the three days addressed a variety of aspects of racial discrimination . Among the papers delivered were : `` Conditions Favouring a High Standard of African Humanity '' ( C.W. French of St. Kitts ) , `` The Preservation of Racial Equality '' ( Anna H. Jones , from Kansas City , Missouri ) , `` The Necessary Concord to be Established between Native Races and European Colonists '' ( Benito Sylvain , Haitian aide - de-camp to the Ethiopian emperor ) , `` The Negro Problem in America '' ( Anna J. Cooper , from Washington ) , `` The Progress of our People '' ( John E. Quinlan of St. Lucia ) and `` Africa , the Sphinx of History , in the Light of Unsolved Problems '' ( D.E. Tobias from the USA ) . Other topics included Richard Phipps ' complaint of discrimination against black people in the Trinidadian civil service and an attack by William Meyer , a medical student at Edinburgh University , on pseudo-scientific racism . Discussions followed the presentation of the papers , and on the last day George James Christian , a law student from Dominica , led a discussion on the subject `` Organized Plunder and Human Progress Have Made Our Race Their Battlefield '' , saying that in the past `` Africans had been kidnapped from their land , and in South Africa and Rhodesia slavery was being revived in the form of forced labour . '' The conference culminated in the conversion of the African Association ( formed by Sylvester Williams in 1897 ) into the Pan-African Association , and the implementation of a unanimously adopted `` Address to the Nations of the World '' , sent to various heads of state where people of African descent were living and suffering oppression . The address implored the United States and the imperial European nations to `` acknowledge and protect the rights of people of African descent '' and to respect the integrity and independence of `` the free Negro States of Abyssinia , Liberia , Haiti , etc . '' Signed by Walters ( President of the Pan-African Association ) , the Canadian Rev. Henry B. Brown ( Vice-President ) , Williams ( General Secretary ) and Du Bois ( Chairman of the Committee on the Address ) , the document contained the phrase `` The problem of the Twentieth Century is the problem of the colour - line '' , which Du Bois would use three years later in the `` Forethought '' of his book The Souls of Black Folk . In September , the delegates petitioned Queen Victoria through the British government to look into the treatment of Africans in South Africa and Rhodesia , including specified acts of injustice perpetrated by whites there , namely : The degrading and illegal compound system of labour in vogue in Kimberley and Rhodesia . The so - called indenture , i.e. , legalized bondage of African men and women and children to white colonists . The system of compulsory labour in public works . The `` pass '' or docket system used for people of colour . Local by - laws tending to segregate and degrade Africans such as the curfew ; the denial to Africans of the use of footpaths ; and the use of separate public conveyances . Difficulties in acquiring real property . Difficulties in obtaining the franchise . The response eventually received by Sylvester - Williams on 17 January 1901 stated : `` Sir . I am directed by Mr Secretary Chamberlain to state that he has received the Queen 's commands to inform you that the Memorial of the Pan-African Conference requesting the situation of the native races in South Africa , has been laid before Her Majesty , and that she was graciously pleased to command him to return an answer to it on behalf of her government . 2 . Mr. Chamberlain accordingly desires to assure the members of the Pan-African Conference that , it settling the lines on which the administration of the conquered territories is to be conducted , Her Majesty 's Government will not overlook the interests and welfare of the native races . Days later , Victoria responded more personally , instructing her private secretary , Arthur Bigge , to write , which he did on 21 January - the day before the Queen died . Although the specific injustices in South Africa continued for some time , the conference brought them to the attention of the world . Press coverage and local reception ( edit ) The conference was reported in major British newspapers , including The Times and the Westminster Gazette , which commented that it `` marks the initiation of a remarkable movement in history : the negro is at last awake to the potentialities of his future '' and quoted Williams as saying : `` Our object now is to secure throughout the world the same facilities and privileges for the black as the white man enjoys . '' DuBois recorded in his report , `` On Monday , the 23d of July , the conference was invited to a five o'clock tea given by the Reform Cobden Club of London in honor of the delegates , at its headquarters in the St. Ermin Hotel , one of the most elegant in the city . Several members of Parliament and other notables were present . A splendid repast was served , and for two hours the delegates were delightfully entertained by the members and friends of the club . At 5 o'clock on Tuesday a tea was given in our honor by the late Dr. Creighton , Lord Bishop of London , at his stately palace at Fulham , which has been occupied by the Bishops of London since the fifteenth century . On our arrival at the palace we found his Lordship and one or two other Bishops , with their wives and daughters , waiting to greet us . After a magnificent repast had been served we were conducted through the extensive grounds which surround the palace ... Through the kindness of Mr. Clark , a member of Parliament , we were invited to tea on Wednesday , at 5 o'clock , on the Terrace of Parliament . After the tea the male members of our party were admitted to the House of Commons , which is considered quite an honor ; indeed , the visit to the House of Parliament and tea on the Terrace was the crowning honor of the series . Great credit is due our genial secretary , Mr. H. Sylvester Williams , for these social functions . Miss Catherine Impey , of London , said she was glad to come in contact with the class of Negroes that composed the Pan-African Conference , and wished that the best and most cultured would visit England and meet her citizens of noble birth , that the adverse opinion which had been created against them in some quarters of late by their enemies might be changed . '' Legacy ( edit ) After the conference ended , Williams set up branches of the Pan-African Association in Jamaica , Trinidad and the USA . He also launched a short - lived journal , The Pan-African , in October 1901 . Although plans for the association to meet every two years failed , the 1900 conference encouraged the development of the Pan-African Congress . As Tony Martin noted , `` At least three of the Caribbean delegates later emigrated to Africa . George Christian of Dominica became a successful lawyer and legislator in the Gold Coast ( Ghana ) where he was a member of the Legislative Council from 1920 to 1940 . Richard E. Phipps , the Trinidad barrister , returned home after the conference and emigrated to the Gold Coast in 1911 . He remained there until his death around 1926 . Williams himself lived in South Africa from 1903 to 1905 , 10 and died in Trinidad in 1911 . '' Under the Pan-African Congress banner , a series of gatherings subsequently took place -- in 1919 in Paris , 1921 in London , 1923 in London , 1927 in New York City , 1945 in Manchester , 1974 in Dar es Salaam and 1994 in Kampala -- to address the issues facing Africa as a result of European colonization . A centenary commemorative event was held in London on 25 July 2000 , attended by descendants of some of the delegates at the original conference , as well as descendants of delegates at the 1945 5th Pan-African Congress in Manchester . See also ( edit ) The Exhibit of American Negroes at the Exposition Universelle ( 1900 ) in Paris Pan-African Congress Pan-Africanism Further reading ( edit ) Peter Fryer , Staying Power : The History of Black People in Britain , London : Pluto Press , 1984 , pp. 284 -- 86 . Imanuel Geiss , The Pan-African Movement : A History of Pan-Africanism in America , Europe and Africa , Africana Publishing Company , 1974 . Tony Martin , Pan-African Connection : From Slavery to Garvey and Beyond , Dover : The Majority Press , 1985 . Marika Sherwood , Origins of Pan-Africanism : Henry Sylvester Williams , Africa , and the African Diaspora , Routledge , 2011 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Ramla Bandele , `` Pan-African Conference in 1900 '' , Article # 461 , Origins of the movement for global black unity , Global Mappings . Jump up ^ `` A history of Pan-Africanism '' , New Internationalist , 326 , August 2000 . ^ Jump up to : `` The First Pan African Conference of 1900 '' . Global Pan African Movement . Jump up ^ Peter Fryer in Staying Power : The History of Black People in Britain ( Pluto Press , 1984 ) quotes these figures from Owen Charles Mathurin , Henry Sylvester Williams and the Origins of the Pan-African Movement , 1869 - 1911 , Greenwood Press , 1976 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Marika Sherwood in `` Pan-African Conferences , 1900 - 1953 : What Did ' Pan-Africanism ' Mean ? '' identifies `` three Africans attending ; fifteen West Indians and nine Africans temporarily in the UK mainly as students ; five Black Britons and nineteen visiting African - Americans '' . Jump up ^ Jeffrey Green , `` Do we really know Samuel Coleridge - Taylor ? '' Talk for the Black and Asian Studies Association Conference , London , 27 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Tony Martin , Pan-African Connection : From Slavery to Garvey and Beyond ( Dover : Majority Press , 1985 ) , p. 207 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( 1900 ) W.E.B. Du Bois , ' To the Nations of the World ' '' , BlackPast.org Jump up ^ `` African Association '' , in E.L. Bute and H.J.P. Harmer , The Black Handbook : The People , History and Politics of Africa and the African Diaspora , London & Washington : Cassell , 1997 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Immanuel Ness and Zak Cope ( eds ) , `` The First Pan-African Conference '' , The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Imperialism and Anti-Imperialism , Volume 1 , Palgrave Macmillan , 2016 , p. 908 . Jump up ^ Quoted by J.R. Hooker in `` The Pan-African Conference 1900 '' , Transition Magazine , No. 46 ( 1974 ) , pp. 20 -- 24 ( p. 20 ) . ^ Jump up to : Fryer ( 1984 ) , p. 283 . Jump up ^ Benito Sylvain 's account of the conference , entitled `` The Pan-African Association '' , was published in his book Du Sort des Indigènes dans les Colonies d'Exploitation ( Paris : L. Boyer , 1901 ) . See Tony Martin , `` Benito Sylvain of Haiti on the Pan-African Conference of 1900 '' , in The Pan-African Connection : From Slavery to Garvey and Beyond , Cambridge , Mass. : Schenkman Publishing , 1983 , pp. 201 -- 16 . Jump up ^ `` Sylvester Williams '' Archived October 22 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , Spartacus Educational . Jump up ^ Thomson Fontaine , `` George James Christian : Pioneer in Africa '' , Thedominican.net , Vol. 1 , Issue 32 , 27 November 2002 . Jump up ^ Gabriel J. Christian , `` Nelson Mandela , Dominica and the Caribbean Contribution to African Liberation '' , Dominica News Online , 8 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Peter Fryer , Staying Power : The History of Black People in Britain , London : Pluto Press , 1984 , p. 284 . Jump up ^ Bernard Magubane , The Ties that Bind : African - American Consciousness of Africa , Trenton , New Jersey : Africa World Press , 2nd printing 1989 , p. 140 . ^ Jump up to : Shivani Sivagurunathan , `` Pan-Africanism '' , in David Dabydeen , John Gilmore , Cecily Jones ( eds ) , The Oxford Companion to Black British History , Oxford University Press , 2007 , pp. 259 -- 60 . Jump up ^ The Pan-African Congresses , 1900 -- 1945 , BlackPast.org . Jump up ^ 1900 Pan-African Conference Resolution . Source : Ayodele Langley , Ideologies of Liberation in Black Africa , London : Rex Collings , 1979 , pp. 738 -- 739 . Jump up ^ Brent Hayes Edwards , `` The Practice of Diaspora '' , in Janice A. Radway , Kevin Gaines , Barry Shank , Penny Von Eschen ( eds ) , American Studies : An Anthology , Wiley - Blackwell , 2009 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ `` 1900 Pan African Conference Petition to Queen Victoria '' . Source : Molefi K. Asante , The History of Africa , New York & London : Routledge , 2007 , p. 260 . Jump up ^ J.R. Hooker , `` The Pan-African Conference 1900 '' , Transition , No. 46 ( 1974 ) , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Frank A. Salamone , `` Pan-African Conference , London '' , in Paul Finkelman , Encyclopedia of African American History , 1896 to the Present , Oxford University Press , 2009 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ `` PanAfrican Conference '' , The Times ( London ) , 24 July 1900 , and `` PanAfrican Conference '' , The Times ( London ) , 25 July 1900 . ^ Jump up to : Fryer , p. 287 . Jump up ^ `` Pan-African Conference '' , in Bute and Harmer , The Black Handbook , 1997 , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Tony Martin , `` African consciousness '' , in General History of the Caribbean , Unesco , 1996 , Vol. 5 , Chapter 6 , pp. 259 -- 60 . Jump up ^ `` Centenary Pan African Conference a Resounding Success '' , Pan-African Perspective . Jump up ^ Lester Lewis , `` Pan Africans on the Rise Again '' , RaceandHistory.com , 23 January 2001 . External links ( edit ) The Pan-African Congresses , 1900 - 1945 , BlackPast.org Dr. Mark Ledwidge , `` Du Bois and Garvey : Foreign Affairs and Two Roads to Pan-Africanism '' , Politics , University of Manchester , Centre for International Politics Working Paper Series No. 39 , February 2008 . `` Pages From History : DuBois Submission to the 1900 Pan-African Conference in London '' . Pan-African News Wire , 17 October 2009 . Colin Legum , Pan-Africanism : A Short Political Guide , revised edition , New York : Frederick A. Praeger , 1965 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Pan-African_Conference&oldid=820863128 '' Categories : Black British culture in London Pan-Africanism in the United Kingdom African diaspora Politics and race African and Black nationalist organizations International conferences in the United Kingdom Conferences in London 1900 in international relations 1900 in London 1900 in Africa 1900 conferences Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 January 2018 , at 01 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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who organized the first pan african conference in 1900

The First Pan-African Conference was held in London from 23 to 25 July 1900 ( just prior to the Paris Exhibition of 1900 `` in order to allow tourists of African descent to attend both events '' ) . Organized primarily by the Trinidadian barrister Henry Sylvester Williams , it took place in Westminster Town Hall ( now Caxton Hall ) and was attended by 37 delegates and about 10 other participants and observers from Africa , the West Indies , the US and the UK , including Samuel Coleridge Taylor ( the youngest delegate ) , John Alcindor , Dadabhai Naoroji , John Archer , Henry Francis Downing , and W.E.B. Du Bois , with Bishop Alexander Walters of the AME Zion Church taking the chair . Du Bois played a leading role , drafting a letter ( `` Address to the Nations of the World '' ) to European leaders appealing to them to struggle against racism , to grant colonies in Africa and the West Indies the right to self - government and demanding political and other rights for African Americans .

Guiana Shield - wikipedia Guiana Shield Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Guiana Shield Region the Guiana Shield Region South America Location northeastern South America - coordinates 5 ° 08 ′ 36 '' N 60 ° 45 ′ 45 '' W  /  5.14333 ° N 60.76250 ° W  / 5.14333 ; - 60.76250 Coordinates : 5 ° 08 ′ 36 '' N 60 ° 45 ′ 45 '' W  /  5.14333 ° N 60.76250 ° W  / 5.14333 ; - 60.76250 Cerros de Mavecure , Guainía department , Colombia Mt Roraima on the Venezuela - Brazil - Guyana border Map of the Guianas The Guiana Shield is one of the three cratons of the South American Plate . It is a 1.7 billion - year - old Precambrian geological formation in northeast South America that forms a portion of the northern coast . The higher elevations on the shield are called the Guiana Highlands , which is where the table - like mountains called tepuis are found . The Guiana Highlands are also the source of some of the world 's most spectacular waterfalls such as Angel Falls , Kaieteur Falls and Kuquenan Falls . The Guiana Shield underlies Guyana ( previously British Guiana ) , Suriname ( previously Dutch Guiana ) and French Guiana ( or Guyane ) , most of Venezuela , as well as parts of Colombia , and Brazil . The rocks of the Guiana Shield consist of metasediments and metavolcanics ( greenstones ) overlain by sub-horizontal layers of sandstones , quartzites , shales and conglomerates intruded by sills of younger mafic intrusives such as gabbros . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geomorphology 2 Ecology 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Geomorphology ( edit ) There are three upland areas of the Guiana Shield : The Guiana Highlands proper are in Venezuela east of the Orinoco and extend across much of west - central Guyana and into the northern Roraima state in Brazil . The Tumucumaque Uplands which are a series of central massifs in an arc from the Wilhelmina Mountains of south - central Suriname , along the southern boundary of Suriname and Guyana , forming the Acarai Mountains of Roraima state and the Tumuc - Humac Mountains of Pará and Amapá states of Brazil . From this arc , the southern uplands slope gently downwards towards the Amazon River and the northern uplands slope gently downwards toward the Atlantic . The Chiribiquete Plateau is a sandstone topped plateau with an elevation of 900 m ( 2,953 ft ) that forms the western edge of the shield . The plateau is separated from the eastern Andes by the thick Neogene sediments of the Sub-Andean Trough that runs along the northern and western rim of the Guiana Shield . The north - central part of the Guiana Highlands is dominated by high flat - topped peaks called tepuis , of the Roraima supergroup and Quasi-Roraima formation , and the rounded granite peaks of the Parguaza and Imataca complexes to the north and southwestern edges of the area . The highest point in the shield is Pico da Neblina in Brazil at 2,995 metres ( 9,826 ft ) . Pico da Neblina is the highest summit of the larger Neblina massif , a highly eroded sandstone plateau that straddles the Venezuela - Brazil border and that has lost the typical tabletop shape of the other tepuis in the region . Ecology ( edit ) Heliamphora chimantensis , endemic to the Chimantá Massif ( a Venezuelan part of the Guiana Shield ) The Guiana Shield is one of the regions of highest biodiversity in the world , and has many endemic species . The region houses has over 3000 vertebrate species : 1168 fresh water fish , 269 amphibians ( 54 % endemics ) , 295 reptiles ( 29 % ) , 1004 birds ( 7.7 % ) , and 282 mammals ( 11 % ) . Diversity of invertebrates remains largely undocumented , but there are several species of endemic butterflies and dung beetles . Plant life is equally rich and 13,367 species of vascular plants have been found , approximately 40 % of which is considered endemic . The shield is overlain by the largest expanse of undisturbed tropical rain forest in the world . Guianan rain forest is similar in nature to Amazonian rain forest and known protected areas include the Iwokrama Forest of central Guyana , Kaieteur , Kanuku National Park of southern Guyana , the UNESCO World Heritage Site Central Suriname Nature Reserve of Suriname , the Guiana Amazonian Park in French Guyana and the Tumucumaque National Park in the Amapá State of Brazil . In Venezuela the forests are protected by Canaima , Parima - Tapirapeco and Serranía de la Neblina national parks . In 2014 , the Government of Colombia designated a 250 hectare area of the Guaina Shield , as a Ramsar Wetland , thus becoming a protected area of international importance in accordance to the Ramsar Convention . According to recent researches , ecosystems of the Guayana Highlands are in danger because of non-native plant species ( including `` a well - known invasive plant elsewhere '' Poa annua and `` one of the most aggressive weeds '' Polypogon elongatus ) and infectious faecal bacteria Helicobacter pylori introduced by tourists . See also ( edit ) Tepui Canadian Shield Caribbean South America Monte Roraima Pico da Neblina Great American Interchange Geography of South America References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The term Guiana or The Guianas is often used as a collective name for Guyana , Suriname and French Guiana , and sometimes even includes the portions of Colombia , Venezuela and Brazil which are on the Guiana Shield . Jump up ^ Lujan , Nathan K. ; Arbruster , Jonathan W. ( 2011 ) . `` 13 : The Guiana Shield '' ( PDF ) . In James S. Albert and Roberto E. Reis . Historical Biogeography of Neotropical Freshwater Fishes . The Regents of the University of California . Jump up ^ `` Geociências : IBGE revê as altitudes de sete pontos culminantes '' ( Geosciences : IBGE revises the altitude of seven high points ) ( Press release ) ( in Portuguese ) . Brasília : Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics ( IBGE ) . 2016 - 02 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ Hollowell , T. ; Reynolds , R.P. ( 2005 ) . `` Checklist of the Terrestrial Vertebrates of the Guiana Shield '' ( PDF ) . Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington . 13 . Jump up ^ Vari , R.P. ; Ferraris Jr. , C.J. ; Radosavljevic , A. ; Funk , V.A. ( 2009 ) . `` Checklist of the freshwater fishes of the Guiana Shield '' ( PDF ) . Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington . 17 . Jump up ^ Ferrer - Paris , José R ; Lozano , Cecilia ; Cardozo - Urdaneta , Arlene ; Thomas Cabianca , Arianna . `` Indicative response of Oxysternon festivum Linné ( Coleoptera : Scarabaidae ) to vegetation condition in the basin of the Orinoco river , Venezuela '' . Journal of Insect Conservation. in press . doi : 10.1007 / s10841 - 016 - 9886 - 6 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Costa , Mauro ; Viloria , Ángel L. ; Hubber , Otto ; Attal , Stéphane ; Orellana , Andrés ( 2013 ) . `` Lepidoptera del Pantepui . Parte I : Endemismo y caracterización biogeográfica '' . Entomotropica. 28 ( 3 ) : 193 -- -- 217 . Retrieved 25 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Funk , V. ; Hollowell , T. ; Berry , P. ; Kelloff , C. ; Alexander , S.N. ( 2007 ) . `` Checklist of the Plants of the Guiana Shield ( Venezuela : Amazonas , Bolivar , Delta Amacuro ; Guyana , Surinam , French Guiana ) '' ( PDF ) . Contributions from the United States National Herbarium. 55 . Jump up ^ Hammond , David S. ( ed . ) ( 2005 ) Tropical Rainforests of the Guianan Shield CABI Publishing , Wallingford , UK , ISBN Jump up ^ http://www.ramsar.org/es/complejo-de-humedales-de-la-estrella-fluvial-in%C3%ADrida-efi Jump up ^ Rull , V. ; Vegas - Vilarrúbia , T. ; Safont , E. ( 2016 ) . `` The Lost World 's pristinity at risk '' . Diversity and Distributions. 22 ( 10 ) : 995 -- 999 . doi : 10.1111 / ddi. 12469 . Retrieved 9 September 2016 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Guiana Shield at Wikimedia Commons Media related to Guiana Highlands at Wikimedia Commons Media related to Tepuis at Wikimedia Commons Major South American geological features Tectonic plates Antarctic Plate Caribbean Plate Cocos Plate Nazca Plate Scotia Plate South American Plate Cratons and shields Amazonian Craton Arequipa - Antofalla Craton Atlantic Shield Central Brazilian Shield Guiana Shield Paranapanema Block Río Apa Craton Río de la Plata Craton São Francisco Craton Uruguayan Shield Structures undergoing subduction Antarctic Plate Carnegie Ridge Chile Rise Juan Fernández Ridge Malpelo Ridge Nazca Plate Nazca Ridge Faults and shear zones Atacama Boconó Bucaramanga - Santa Marta Cochabamba Cordillera Blanca Dolores - Guayaquil Domeyko El Pilar El Tigre Gastre Huincul Liquiñe - Ofqui Magallanes - Fagnano Meta Morón Oca - Ancón Pernambuco San Ramón Sarandí del Yí Sierra Ballena Sobral Trans - Brazilian Rifts and grabens Aguapeí Amazon Rift Asunción Rift Cuyo Rift Espino Neuquén Rifts Paramirim Salta Rifts Sedimentary basins Altiplano Amazon Andean foreland Cesar - Ranchería Llanos Middle Magdalena Central Brazil Colorado Cuyo Eastern Venezuela Golfo San Jorge Magallanes Malvinas Neuquén Pantanal Paraíba Paraná Salta Solimões Orogenies Andean Brasiliano Cariri Velhos Famatinian Gondwanide Juruá Pampean San Rafael Sunsás Terra Australis Tilcarian Metallogenetic provinces Bolivian tin belt Deseado Massif El Indio Gold Belt Volcanism Volcanic provinces Andean North Central South Caribbean Central Atlantic Paraná and Etendeka Hotspots Ascension Fernando de Noronha Galápagos Juan Fernández San Felix Trindade Tepuis Brazil Amazonas Neblina -- Aracamuni Massif Cerro de la Neblina Roraima Eastern Tepuis Roraima - tepui Uei - tepui Wei - Assipu - tepui Guyana Cuyuni - Mazaruni Eastern Tepuis Roraima - tepui Wei - Assipu - tepui Yuruaní - tepui Maringma - tepui Mount Ayanganna Mount Venamo Mount Yakontipu Potaro - Siparuni Mount Kopinang Mount Wokomung See also Pacaraima Mountains Venezuela Amazonas Cerro Aratitiyope Cerro Camani Cerro Guanay Cerro Tamacuari Cerro Yapacana Cerro Yaví Cuao -- Sipapo Massif Cerro Autana Cerro Cuao Cerro Moriche Cerro Ovana Cerro Sipapo Duida -- Marahuaca Massif Cerro Duida Cerro Huachamacari Cerro Marahuaca Neblina -- Aracamuni Massif Cerro Aracamuni Cerro Avispa Cerro de la Neblina Parú Massif Cerro Euaja Cerro Parú Serranía Tapirapecó Sierra Unturán Yutajé Massif Cerro Coro Coro Serranía Yutajé Bolívar Angasima - tepui Aprada Massif Aprada - tepui Araopán - tepui Auyán Massif Auyán - tepui Cerro El Sol Cerro La Luna Uaipán - tepui Cerro Guaiquinima Cerro Guanacoco Cerro Ichún Cerro Venado Cerro Venamo Chimantá Massif Abacapá - tepui Acopán - tepui Agparamán - tepui Amurí - tepui Apacará - tepui Chimantá - tepui Churí - tepui Murey - tepui Sarvén - tepui Tirepón - tepui Toronó - tepui Eastern Tepuis Ilú - tepui Karaurín - tepui Kukenán - tepui Roraima - tepui Tramen - tepui Uei - tepui Wadakapiapué - tepui Yuruaní - tepui Jaua Massif Cerro Jaua Cerro Sarisariñama Kurún - tepui Los Testigos Aparamán - tepui Kamarkawarai - tepui Murisipán - tepui Tereke - yurén - tepui Ptari Massif Carrao - tepui Ptari - tepui Sororopán - tepui Sierra de Lema Sierra de Maigualida Sierra Marutaní Upuigma - tepui See also Gran Sabana National parks of the Venezuelan Guayana Canaima Duida -- Marahuaca Jaua -- Sarisariñama Parima -- Tapirapecó Serranía de la Neblina Yapacana Tepui caves and sinkholes Cueva del Fantasma Sima Humboldt Sima Martel Tepui waterfalls Angel Falls Cuquenán Falls Yutajé Falls List sourced from volume 1 of Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana ; includes landforms that may not strictly conform to the definition of a tepui or table mountain . Poorly known sites or lower mountains treated as tepuis for historical reasons . Natural regions of Venezuela Serranía del Perijá Cordillera de Mérida Coro region Barlovento Venezuelan Coastal Range Orinoco Delta Guiana Highlands Island and Coastal Lowlands Maracaibo Basin Los Llanos South Orinoco Region Sur del Lago de Maracaibo Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guiana_Shield&oldid=790372975 '' Categories : Cratons Guayana Highlands Plateaus of South America Plateaus of Brazil Plateaus of Venezuela Geographical regions of Venezuela Geography of Colombia Geography of French Guiana Geography of Guyana Geography of Suriname Natural regions of South America Geology of South America Geology of Brazil Geology of Colombia Geology of French Guiana Geology of Guyana Geology of Suriname Geology of Venezuela Flora of northern South America Natural history of South America North Region , Brazil Geography of Amapá Geography of Pará Geography of Roraima Precambrian South America Hidden categories : CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles needing additional references from August 2015 All articles needing additional references Coordinates on Wikidata Geobox usage tracking for region type All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Arpetan Azərbaycanca বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Lietuvių Македонски Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 July 2017 , at 09 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

where is guiana highlands located on a map

The Guiana Highlands proper are in Venezuela east of the Orinoco and extend across much of west - central Guyana and into the northern Roraima state in Brazil .

Break a leg - wikipedia Break a leg Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Break a leg ( disambiguation ) . `` Break a leg '' is an idiom in theatre used to wish a performer `` good luck '' in an ironic way . Well - wishers typically say `` Break a leg '' to actors and musicians before they go on stage to perform . The origin of the phrase remains obscure . The expression reflects a theatrical superstition in which wishing a person `` good luck '' is considered bad luck . The expression is sometimes used outside the theatre as superstitions and customs travel through other professions and then into common use . Among professional dancers , the traditional saying is not `` break a leg , '' but `` merde '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 1.1 The Leg Line 1.2 Bowing 1.3 Greek origin 1.4 Yiddish origin 1.5 Lincoln theory 1.6 Non-literal 1.7 Cast theory 1.8 Richard III theory 1.9 Vaudeville theory 2 Alternate terms 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Origins ( edit ) Urbane Irish nationalist Robert Wilson Lynd published an article , `` A Defence of Superstition '' , in the 1 October 1921 edition of the New Statesman , a British liberal political and cultural magazine . Lynd regarded the theatre as the second-most superstitious institution in England , after horse racing . In horse racing , Lynd asserted , to wish a man luck is considered unlucky , so `` You should say something insulting such as , ' May you break your leg ! ' '' Lynd did not attribute the phrase in any way to theatre people , though he was familiar with many of them and frequently mingled with actors backstage . The earliest known example in print is from Edna Ferber 's 1939 A Peculiar Treasure in which she writes about the fascination of the theater , `` ... and all the understudies sitting in the back row politely wishing the various principals would break a leg '' . In Bernard Sobel 's 1948 The Theatre Handbook and Digest of Plays , he writes about theatrical superstitions : `` ... before a performance actors never wish each other good luck , but say ' I hope you break a leg . ' '' There is anecdotal evidence from theatrical memoirs and personal letters as early as the 1920s . There are several theories behind the origin of the phrase . Few are supported by contemporary writings . The theories listed below are some of the more popular explanations . The leg line ( edit ) The edge of a stage was marked with a line known as the `` leg '' or `` leg line '' . Beyond this point one could be seen by the audience and those not required to be on stage had to remain back stage and not cross ( break ) the `` leg line '' . In a time when performers would queue for an opportunity to perform , and were only paid if they did perform , to `` break a leg '' meant the performer crossed the line onto the stage and would therefore get paid . So to tell a performer to `` break a leg '' was to wish them the luck to have the opportunity to perform and get paid . The sentiment remains the same today , `` good luck , give a good performance '' . Bowing ( edit ) To `` break the leg '' or `` break a leg '' is archaic slang for bowing or curtsying ; placing one foot behind the other and bending at the knee `` breaks '' the line of the leg . In theatre , pleased audiences may applaud for an extended time allowing the cast to take multiple curtain calls , bowing to the audience . Greek origin ( edit ) In the time of Ancient Greece , people did n't clap . Instead , they stomped for their appreciation and if they stomped long enough , they would break a leg . Or , some would have it that the term originated during Elizabethan times when , instead of applause the audience would bang their chairs on the ground -- and if they liked it enough , the leg of the chair would break . Yiddish origin ( edit ) Some etymologists believe it to be an adaptation from the Yiddish translation into German . The phrase `` Hatsloche un Broche '' ( הצלחה און ברכה ) ( `` success and blessing '' ) had been calqued from the German phrase `` Hals - und Beinbruch '' ( `` neck and leg fracture '' ) , because of its similar pronunciation . The autobiography of Manfred von Richthofen records pilots of the German air force during the First World War as using the phrase `` Hals - und Beinbruch '' ( neck and leg fracture ) to wish each other luck before a flight . The phrase is now most typically used to wish an actor good luck before a performance , or a student good luck before an exam . Lincoln theory ( edit ) One popular , but false , etymology derives the phrase from the 1865 assassination of Abraham Lincoln . The story goes that John Wilkes Booth , the actor turned assassin , claimed in his diary that he broke his leg leaping to the stage of Ford 's Theatre after murdering the President . While Booth 's roles as an actor are not well remembered , wishing an actor to `` break a leg '' is to wish them a performance worthy of remembrance . However , the fact that actors did not start wishing each other to `` break a leg '' until the 1920s ( more than 50 years later ) makes this an unlikely source . Furthermore the phrase has distinct origins in other languages that well predate the late 19th century . Also , some historians contend that he broke his leg when he fell from his horse trying to escape . They also cite that Booth often exaggerated and falsified his diary entries to make them more dramatic . Non-literal ( edit ) There are many non-literal references this expression could be referring to . Another popular alternative theory concerning the physical `` legs , '' or side curtains , of the theatre proposes that the company of actors should rush onstage through the curtains to take a considerable amount of bows , thus `` breaking a leg ( side curtain ) '' in the process . To get a leg up , and catch your big / lucky break . Cast theory ( edit ) From the dual meaning of cast , where it can mean a mold used to support a broken leg , as well as the members of a theatre production . `` May you get into the cast . '' Richard III theory ( edit ) Some attribute the line to a performance of Shakespeare 's Richard III , where the famed 18th century British actor , David Garrick , became so entranced in the performance that he was unaware of a fracture . Vaudeville theory ( edit ) In the days of Vaudeville , companies would book more performers than could possibly make it onstage , but would only pay those who performed . Since the Renaissance , stage curtain legs have been used as part of the masking in proscenium theaters , which remain the most popular style of theater to this day . Thus , to make it on stage , one had to enter the line of sight of the audience or `` break a leg '' , to be paid . Alternate terms ( edit ) Professional dancers do not wish each other good luck by saying `` break a leg '' ; instead they say `` Merde ! '' , the French word for `` shit '' . In turn , theater people have picked up this usage and may wish each other `` merde '' , alone or in combination with `` break a leg '' . In Spanish , the phrase is `` mucha mierda '' , or `` lots of shit '' . This term may have arisen in response to the audience 's shoes inadvertently dragging horse and dog droppings from city streets into theater lobbies during the days of horse - drawn transportation Opera singers use `` Toi toi toi '' , an idiom used to ward off a spell or hex , often accompanied by knocking on wood , and onomatopoeic , spitting ( or imitating the sound of spitting ) . Saliva traditionally had demon - banishing powers . From Rotwelsch tof , from Yiddish tov ( `` good '' , derived from the Hebrew טוב and with phonetic similarities to the Old German word for `` Devil . '' ) One explanation sees `` toi toi toi '' as the onomatopoeic rendition of spitting three times . Spitting three times over someone 's head or shoulder is a gesture to ward off evil spirits . A similar - sounding expression for verbal spitting occurs in modern Hebrew as `` Tfu , tfu '' ( here , only twice ) , which some say that Hebrew - speakers borrowed from Russian . An alternate operatic good luck charm , originating from Italy , is the phrase `` in bocca al lupo ! '' ( `` In the mouth of the wolf '' ) with the response `` Crepi il lupo ! '' ( `` May the wolf die '' ) ( see Standard Dictionary of Folklore , Myth & Legend ) . In Australia , the term `` chookas '' has been used also . According to one oral tradition , one of the performers would check audience numbers . If there were not many in the seats , the performers would have bread to eat following the performance . If the theatre was full they could then have `` chooks '' -- Australian slang for chicken -- for dinner . Therefore , if it was a full house , the performer would call out `` Chookas ! '' It is now used by performers prior to a show regardless of the number of patrons ; and may be a wish for a successful turnout . See also ( edit ) The Scottish play Thespis Knocking on wood Spilling water for luck References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Urdang , Laurence ; Hunsinger , Walter W. ; LaRoche , Nancy ( 1985 ) . Picturesque Expressions : A thematic dictionary ( 2 ed . ) . Gale Research . p. 321 . ISBN 0 - 8103 - 1606 - 4 . Jump up ^ Libby , Steve ( July 1985 ) . `` It 's a superstitious world : Of black cats , lucky numbers , broken mirrors ... '' The Rotarian. 147 ( 1 ) : 30 -- 31 . ISSN 0035 - 838X . Jump up ^ Peterson , Lenka ; O'Connor , Dan ( 2006 ) . Kids Take the Stage : Helping Young People Discover the Creative Outlet of Theater ( 2 ed . ) . Random House Digital . p. 203 . ISBN 0 - 8230 - 7746 - 2 . Jump up ^ Helterbran , Valeri R. ( 2008 ) . Exploring Idioms : A Critical - Thinking Resource for Grades 4 -- 8 . Maupin House Publishing . p. 24 . ISBN 1 - 934338 - 14 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : McConnell , Joan ; McConnell , Teena ( 1977 ) . Ballet as body language . Harper & Row . ISBN 0 - 06 - 012964 - 6 . Jump up ^ A Defense of Superstition . The Living Age . 311 . 1921 . p. 427 . As published in The New Statesman , 1 October 1921 . Jump up ^ Ferber , Edna ( 1939 ) . A Peculiar Treasure . Doubleday , Doran & Co. p. 354 . Jump up ^ Sobel , Bernard ( 1948 ) . The Theatre Handbook and Digest of Plays . Crown Publishers , p. 722 . ^ Jump up to : `` Break a Leg '' . World Wide Words . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Break a Leg '' . idiomsite.com . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Break a leg '' . phrases.org.uk. 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Theatre Superstitions '' . Steppenwolf Theatre Company . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Mark Israel , ' Phrase Origins : `` Break a leg ! '' ' , The alt. usage. english FAQ file , ( line 4544 ) , ( 29 Sept 1997 ) Jump up ^ Wilton , Dave . `` Break a leg '' . Word Myths : Debunking Linguistic Urban Legends . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Re : Break a Leg '' . Phrases.org.uk . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ Kauffman , Michael W. ( 2004 ) . John Wilkes Booth and the Lincoln Conspiracies . American Brutus . ISBN 0 - 375 - 75974 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Break A Leg '' . IdiomSite.com . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ Tom Dale Keever ( 18 December 1995 ) . `` Richard III as rewritten by Colley Cibber '' . Primary Texts and Secondary Sources On - line . Richard III Society -- American Branch . Archived from the original on 17 March 2013 . Retrieved 11 April 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Theatre Superstitions '' . Steppenwolf Theatre Company . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Proscenium ( theatre ) '' . britannica.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ The QI Elves . `` No Such Thing As The Ugly Panda '' . No Such Thing as a Fish ( 62 ) . Quite Interesting Ltd . Retrieved 7 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Spit Your Way To Safety : Toi , toi , toi ! '' . Forward Association , Inc. 11 February 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Word of the Day / Jook ג ׳ וק A grisly load from Russian '' . Haaretz online , 18 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chookas ! '' Archived 8 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine. , By Colin Peasley , manager , Education Programme for The Australian Ballet Bevington , David . The Complete Works of Shakespeare , Fifth Edition . United States : Longman ; 5 edition , 2003 External links ( edit ) Look up break a leg in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Break a Leg - Glossary of Technical Theatre Terms ( With many explanations as to the origins of the term ) Ask Yahoo - `` Where did the expression `` break a leg '' come from ? '' Break a Leg , and Other Good Wishes , by Matthew Alice , in the San Diego Reader . Break a Leg by Gary Martin , phrases.org.uk , 1996 - 2006 . Resource on Ortaoyunu ( hide ) Superstition Main topics Amulet Evil eye Luck Omen Talismans Myth and ritual Lists List of superstitions List of lucky symbols List of unlucky symbols Sailors ' superstitions Theatrical superstitions Africa Buda Gris - gris Sampy Sleeping child Americas Ascalapha odorata Carranca Curupira Djucu Fortune cookie I'noGo tied White lighter myth Witch window Asia Superstition in India list Superstition in Pakistan Japanese superstitions Bhoot ( ghost ) Chhaupadi Churel Ghosts in Bengali culture Jackal 's horn Muhurta Navaratna Nazar battu Pichal Peri Puppy pregnancy syndrome Akabeko Kanai Anzen Maneki - neko Okiagari - koboshi Omamori Fan death Agimat Albularyo Barang Kulam Lihi Pagtatawas Pasma Usog Kuman Thong Palad khik Takrut Nang Kwak Curse of 39 Jin Chan Numbers in Chinese culture Russian traditions and superstitions Superstitions of Malaysian Chinese Europe Barbary macaques in Gibraltar Blarney Stone Cimaruta Cornicello Goodman 's Croft In bocca al lupo Kitchen witch Nazar Painted pebbles Rabbit rabbit rabbit Ravens of the Tower of London Spilling water for luck Troll cross Tycho Brahe days Witch post Wolfssegen General 11 : 11 4 ( Four - leaf clover , Tetraphobia ) 7 ( Seventh son of a seventh son ) 8 9 13 ( Friday the 13th , The Thirteen Club , Thirteenth floor , Triskaidekaphobia ) 108 111 666 ( Number of the Beast ) Ace of spades Auspicious wedding date Baseball superstition Bayern - luck Beginner 's luck Black cat Bread and butter Break a leg Chain letter Cooties Cramp - ring Curse Davy Jones ' Locker End - of - the - day betting effect Fear of frogs Fear of ghosts First - foot Flying Dutchman Four Eleven Forty Four Gambler 's conceit Good luck charm Groundhog Day Himmelsbrief Human sacrifice Jinx Klabautermann Knocking on wood Law of contagion Literomancy Lock of hair Maternal impression Miasma theory Mooncalf Need - fire Nelson Night air Oscar love curse Penny Powder of sympathy Rabbit 's foot Rainmaking The Scottish Play Ship sponsor Shoes on a table Sign of the horns Something old Spilling salt Susto Three on a match Threshold Toi toi toi Wishing well Witch ball Witching hour Related Apotropaic magic Astrology and science Coincidence Debunker Divination Folk religion Fortune - telling Magic and religion Magical thinking Numerology Perceptions of religious imagery in natural phenomena Post hoc ergo propter hoc Traditional medicine Urban legend Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Break_a_leg&oldid=798063970 '' Categories : Theatre Stage terminology Superstitions English - language idioms Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from June 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 30 August 2017 , at 19 : 36 . 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where did the term break a leg originate

Urbane Irish nationalist Robert Wilson Lynd published an article , `` A Defence of Superstition '' , in the 1 October 1921 edition of the New Statesman , a British liberal political and cultural magazine . Lynd regarded the theatre as the second-most superstitious institution in England , after horse racing . In horse racing , Lynd asserted , to wish a man luck is considered unlucky , so `` You should say something insulting such as , ' May you break your leg ! ' '' Lynd did not attribute the phrase in any way to theatre people , though he was familiar with many of them and frequently mingled with actors backstage .

Driver 's licenses in the United states - wikipedia Driver 's licenses in the United states Jump to : navigation , search In the United States of America , driver 's licenses are issued by each individual state , territories , and the federal district rather than by the federal government because of the concept of federalism . Drivers are normally required to obtain a license from their state of residence and all states recognize each other 's licenses for temporary visitors subject to normal age requirements . A state may also suspend an individual 's driving privilege within its borders for traffic violations . Many states share a common system of license classes , with some exceptions , e.g. commercial license classes are standardized by federal regulation at 49 C.F.R. 383 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Standard and special licenses 3 Commercial Driver 's Licenses ( CDL ) 3.1 CDL endorsements 3.2 CDL restrictions 4 Foreign officials and diplomats 5 Drivers licensing laws 5.1 Licenses for adults and minors ; GDL laws 6 Decline in licensing among young people in the U.S. 7 Use as identification and proof of age 7.1 Non-driver identification cards 7.2 Real ID 7.3 Enhanced driver 's licenses 7.4 Digital driver 's licenses 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References History ( edit ) In 1899 Chicago and New York City were the first locales to require testing before being allowed to drive a motor vehicle . Massachusetts and Missouri were the first U.S. states to require a license for driving a motor vehicle in 1903 ; however , Missouri did not require testing before a license was granted . Pennsylvania 's 1909 licensing laws were the first to give an age restriction ( `` 18 years of age '' ) and the first state to allow 16 - year - olds to drive ( accompanied by a licensed driver ) was Connecticut in 1921 . Standard and Special licenses ( edit ) Unrestricted Licenses are driver 's licenses that most American drivers have in order to drive . Various states differ on what class they utilize to distinguish between a typical driver 's license and special licenses , such as restricted , chauffeur , or motorcycle licenses . For instance , Tennessee designates Class D as a regular driver 's license , while Class M is a motorcycle license and Class H is a hardship license ( see below ) . Hardship licenses for minors are driver 's licenses that are restricted to drivers between 14 and 15 ( sometimes up to 18 ) years old who need to drive to and from home and school due to serious hardships , e.g. the driver 's family has financial or medical problems ; the driver needs to get to work or school and has no other practical way of getting to work or school . A hardship license for minors is distinct from hardship licenses granted for drivers with revoked or suspended licenses . The table below includes states that provide hardship licenses for minors . Provisional Licenses are functionally the same as a driver 's license , but are typically issued to new drivers under the age of 18 , i.e. 14 -- 17 years old . Almost all states , with the exception of South Dakota , have some form of a graduated licensing provision ; however , the actual restrictions and the length of time a new driver must adhere to them vary widely by state . Restrictions frequently include : A curfew , after which night driving is not permitted ( unless 18 years of age , or if the individual has completed an online course ) without an adult present ( typically 11 p.m. , like Pennsylvania , or 1 a.m. , like Wisconsin ) . However , some states ( e.g. North Carolina ) have curfews as early as 9 p.m. Some states such as New York provide exceptions for special situations , such as driving home from work or school functions , picking up family members , or for medical appointments , while others such as Massachusetts do not . Restrictions on the number of passengers under a specific age present in the vehicle . For example , in California , minors may not transport people under age 20 for the first 365 days of licensure unless said passengers are family members ( brother , sister , cousin , niece , nephew , or anyone who is 21 or had their license for 1 year or longer etc . ) . Chauffeur Licenses are functionally the same as a passenger car license , but also allow the holder to drive a taxi , limo , or other livery vehicle for hire . Livery licensing in the United States is somewhat complicated . In the United States , chauffeur licenses are not considered commercial or professional driver 's licenses , and ( assuming the driver already holds a regular passenger license ) a road test is usually not required to convert it to a chauffeur license ; however , some states do require a short written exam on taxi - specific driving laws and / or a background check , and require the driver to be at least 18 years of age ( although many taxi companies will not hire drivers under 25 for insurance reasons ) . This type of license is typically , though not universally , called `` Class E '' . Some states simply add an endorsement to a regular license , while others require no special permission at the state level to drive a taxi or limo . Florida once issued chauffeur licenses through its Class D licenses , a designation that was eliminated in 2006 . Regardless of whether and how the state handles chauffeur licensing , a permit or license must always be obtained from the city , town , or county the driver will be operating in . Motorcycle Licenses covers motorcycles only ; frequently combined with a regular driver 's license . In some states this does not include some types of mopeds , scooters , or motorized bicycles , but with a wide variety of different state - by - state definitions for these vehicles . A common but not universal criterion is an engine displacement of 250 cc ( 15 cu in ) or less , but also wheel size , type of transmission , and more are sometimes used in the legal codes to distinguish mopeds and scooters from motorcycles . These vehicles sometimes do not require a motorcycle license , or in some states any license at all , as well as in some states avoiding insurance and registration requirements . Unlike EU states , no US state differentiates between low and full powered motorcycles for the purposes of licensing . Some states require an additional motorcycle license to operate a sidecar rig . Enhanced Licenses are issued to U.S. citizens in Washington , Vermont , Michigan , Minnesota , and New York , and establish nationality in addition to driving privileges . An EDL is a WHTI compliant document , acceptable for re-entering the United States via land and sea crossings from Canada , Mexico , or the Caribbean . A U.S. Passport , birth certificate , or another document proving citizenship is required to apply for this type of license . Motorcycle and commercial driver 's licenses ( see above and below ) usually can also be issued as enhanced . Handicap Permits are issued to persons who meet the proper guidelines for requiring handicap driving and parking access . They are granted special access to improve their quality of life as a driver . In certain states , namely Texas , a handicapped person 's drivers license can be revoked based on their disability . Some states also have additional classifications . Hawaii , for example , has a separate license category for drivers who only operate mopeds , while some more northerly states have separate categories for snowmobiles and ATVs . South Carolina and Georgia have non-commercial versions of every commercial class license for agricultural purposes . Commercial driver 's licenses ( CDL ) ( edit ) Main article : Commercial Driver 's License Class C licenses are issued in all states , except Massachusetts , in both commercial and non-commercial status . A non-commercial Class C license may not be used for hire . Most recreational vehicles that do not fall into the class D / E category , such as converted buses , tractor , lawn mowers , or full size ( greater than 40 feet ( 12 m ) ) campers require a non-commercial Class C license and the corresponding permit from the state with which you reside . CDL endorsements ( edit ) Class A : Combination ( tractor plus trailer ) vehicle of 26,000 pounds ( 12,000 kg ) or more . Includes split ( coupled ) buses . Class B : Single ( straight ) vehicle of 26,000 pounds ( 12,000 kg ) or more ( includes most buses including articulated buses ) . Also includes combination vehicles for commercial use weighing less than 26,000 lb . Class C : Commercial vehicle that does n't fit classes A or B , but is placarded for hazardous materials or is intended to carry more than 15 persons ( excluding Georgia . ) May include heavy - duty non-commercial vehicles with trailers capable of carrying over 16,000 pounds ( 7,300 kg ) , and all vehicles that can carry over 16,000 pounds ( 7,300 kg ) but not more than 25,999 pounds ( 11,793 kg ) . Professional drivers are usually required to add endorsements to their CDL in order to drive certain types of vehicles that require additional training , such as those equipped with air brakes . CDL endorsements requirements are mostly similar , but some vary slightly from state to state . The training and testing requirements are regulated by the US Department of Transportation . Endorsements are as follows : P : Passenger Transport ( buses carrying 16 or more persons , vans for hire carrying 11 or more persons in California ) H : Hazardous Materials ( requires a TSA background check as well as an extensive written exam . The driver must be a US Citizen or permanent lawful resident to obtain an H or X endorsement . ) M : Metal coil N : Tank Vehicles ( Required for carrying liquids in bulk . ) T : Double / Triple Trailers ( Road trains ) ( Class A licenses only . ) X : Hazardous Materials and Tank Combination L : Air Brakes S : School Bus ( In addition to a standard bus endorsement , more stringent TSA and CORI background checks are required . ) CDL restrictions ( edit ) Licenses can be restricted through any of the following ways : B : Corrective Lenses are required while operating a motor vehicle . C : A mechanical aid is required to operate a commercial vehicle . D: A prosthetic aid is required to operate a commercial vehicle . E : The driver may only operate a commercial vehicle with an automatic transmission . F : An outside mirror is required on the commercial vehicle . G : The driver of a commercial vehicle is only allowed to operate during daylight hours . K : Drivers are authorized to drive a commercial vehicle within the state of issue ( intrastate ) only . This restriction applies to any holder of a CDL license who is under 21 years old . L : Drivers are restricted from operating a commercial vehicle with air brakes . This restriction is issued when a driver either fails the air brake component of the general knowledge test or performs the CDL road skills test in a vehicle not equipped with air brakes . M : CDL - A holders may operate CDL - B school buses only . N : CDL - A and CDL - B holders may operate CDL - C school buses only . O : Driver limited to pintail hook trailers only . Z : Alcohol Interlock Device required in the commercial vehicle . T : 60 - day temporary license . Foreign officials and diplomats ( edit ) In a rare exception to states and territories issuing driver 's licenses , the State Department 's Office of Foreign Missions ( OFM ) issues driver 's licenses to foreign officials and diplomats , bypassing the states and territories in which they live . OFM - issued driver licenses are equivalent to a regular state - issued license . Drivers licensing laws ( edit ) The minimum age to obtain a restricted driver 's license in the United States varies from 14 years , three months in South Dakota to as high as 17 in New Jersey . In most states , with the exception of South Dakota , a graduated licensing law applies to newly licensed teenage drivers , going by names such as Provisional Driver , Junior Operator , Probationary Driver , or Intermediate License . These licenses restrict certain driving privileges , such as whether the new driver may carry passengers and if so how many , as well as setting a curfew for young drivers to be off the roads . For example , Utah drivers who are under 18 may not drive other people outside the family in their first six months with a license . Unlike in some states of Australia and some provinces of Canada , however , graduated licensing laws do not require lowered speed limits , displaying of L and P plates , restrictions on towing a trailer or boat , or prohibitions on highway driving or operating high performance cars . Drivers under 18 are usually required to attend a comprehensive driver 's education program either at their high school or a professional driving school and take a certain number of behind the wheel lessons with a certified driving instructor before applying for a license . Some states like New York also require new adult drivers to attend some form of driver 's education before applying for a license . However , in some states all newly licensed adult drivers may be on probation for a set amount of time ( usually between six months and two years ) , during which traffic violations carry harsher penalties or mandatory suspensions that would not normally apply to experienced drivers . According to federal law , the minimum age to operate a commercial vehicle in interstate transit is 21 ; as a result the minimum age to apply for an unrestricted commercial driver 's license is 21 . Driving a school bus also requires a CDL , however the minimum age to drive a school bus is typically higher , usually 25 . Some states issue restricted intrastate commercial driver 's licenses , valid for operating commercial vehicles in that state only , to drivers aged 18 and older . Professional drivers who are aged 18 -- 20 typically can not be licensed to drive tractor trailers , hazardous materials , or school buses . Licenses for adults and minors ; GDL laws ( edit ) Below is a list of Graduated Driver 's Licenses ( GDL ) and hardship licenses for minors laws for each of the 50 states and the District of Columbia . The list includes the state agency responsible for issuing driver 's licenses and the length of time that a full ( unrestricted ) driver 's license is valid for . State Hardship License for Minors Minimum Age for Learner 's Permit Minimum Age for Restricted License Minimum Age for Full ( Unrestricted ) License Validity of Full ( Unrestricted ) License Notes Alabama Department of Public Safety , Driver License Division No 15 years 16 years 17 years 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 years Restricted license achievable after reaching age 16 and holding permit for six months . No driving from midnight to 6 : 00 a.m. and no more than three passengers for six months or reaching age 17 , whichever is sooner . The learner must also log 30 practice hours or take driver training with permit . Alaska Department of Administration , Division of Motor Vehicles No 14 years 16 years 16 years , 6 months 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 years The license holder must log 40 practice hours , become 16 , and have had a permit for six months to get a restricted license . No passengers under 21 and no driving between 1 a.m. and 5 a.m. until holding license for six months or reaching age 18 , whichever is sooner . Arizona Department of Transportation , Motor Vehicle Division No 15 years , 6 months 16 years 16 years , 6 months 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 years ; expires when driver turns 65 years of age , then 5 years upon renewal . The license holder must log 30 practice hours or take driver education . No more than one passenger allowed in the vehicle or driving between 10 p.m. to 5 a.m. until reaching age 18 or holding license for six months , whichever is sooner . Arkansas Department of Finance and Administration , Office of Driver Services No 14 years 16 years 18 years 7000400000000000000 ♠ 8 years Learner 's permit must be held for six months and the driver must reach the age of 16 . California Department of Motor Vehicles Yes , see notes . 15 years , 6 months 16 years 17 years 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 years Permit upon completion of driver 's education registration ; can not drive with a permit without a parent , guardian , or licensed adult aged 25 or older . Restrictions include not being able to drive anyone under the age of 20 and not being able to drive between the hours of 11 p.m. to 5 a.m. for one year after receiving the license or upon reaching age 18 , whichever is sooner . Learner 's permit must be held for six months and learner must log 50 practice hours . Note : In California , to obtain a hardship license for a minor , the minor must be at least 14 but under the age of 18 . The pertinent form is DL120 and is entitled `` Junior Permit Statement of Facts '' . Colorado Department of Revenue , Division of Motor Vehicles No 15 years 16 years 17 years 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 years Learner 's permit must be held for one year . 50 practice hours must be logged , 10 of which must be at night . Drivers under 18 can not have any passengers under 21 for the first 6 months of being licensed , unless it 's an immediate family member . At 6 months 1 passenger under 21 is allowed and unrestricted after 1 year . Driving between midnight and 5 a.m. is also prohibited until the driver has been licensed for one year or turns 18 . Connecticut Department of Motor Vehicles No 16 years 16 years , 4 months 18 years 7000600000000000000 ♠ Either 4 or 6 years , at the discretion of the driver Learner 's permit must be held for four months and driver must log 40 practice hours . No passengers under 20 for six months , no driving between 11 p.m. and 5 a.m. until the driver turns 18 . Delaware Department of Transportation , Division of Motor Vehicles No 16 years 16 years , 6 months 17 years 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 years Permit must be held for six months . Learner must have 50 practice hours . No driving from 10 : 00 p.m. to 6 : 00 a.m. or any more than one passenger for six months . District of Columbia Department of Motor Vehicles No 16 years 16 years , 6 months 18 years 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 years Learner 's permit must be held for six months and have 40 practice hours before obtaining provisional license . Provisional license must be held for six months and have 10 practice hours of nigh - time driving before obtaining a regular driver 's license . Restrictions remain in effect upon issuance of regular driver 's license until reaching age 18 . Florida Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles No 15 years 16 years 18 years 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 years Permit required for one year if under 18 years of age . 16 years - No 11 p.m. to 6 a.m. driving for one year unless with 21 year or older licensed driver or driving to and from work . 17 years - No 1 a.m. to 5 a.m. driving for one year unless with 21 year or older licensed driver or driving to and from work . Georgia Department of Driver Services Yes , see notes . 15 years 16 years 18 years 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 years Permit must be held for one year and learner must have 40 practice hours . One passenger under the age of 18 for first six months or 1000 miles . Up to three passengers permitted for the following six months or 1000 miles . After that no more than four passengers until reaching age 18 . Also , driver may not drive from 1 a.m to 6 a.m. until reaching age 18 . For more information visit . Note : In Georgia , to obtain a hardship license for a minor , the minor must have a suspended license due to school conduct or attendance problems and needs an exemption in order to get to and from school or for family medical reasons . The minor must be old enough to already have a license . The pertinent form is DDS 7012 . Hawaii ( Each island has its own requirements regarding driver 's licenses . For Hawaii , Maui , and Kaua'i , as well as the City and County of Honolulu , see ) No 15 years , 6 months 16 years 17 years 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 years Permit must be held for six months . Only one passenger under 18 or driving from 11 p.m. to 5 a.m. for one year or upon age 18 , whichever is sooner . Idaho Transportation Department , Division of Motor Vehicles No 14 years , 6 months 15 years 16 years 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 years ( if driver is aged 21 to 62 , driver may opt for the license to be valid for either 4 or 8 years ) Permit must be held for six months . Learner must log 50 practice hours . Those under 17 must complete an accredited driver training program to receive an instruction permit . Those under 16 may only drive during daylight hours , unless supervised by a licensed driver 21 or over . For the first six months of license possession , the driver is only able to carry one non-family member under age 17 in their car . Illinois Secretary of State , Driver Services Department No 15 years 16 years 18 years 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 years If under 18 , applicants must complete 50 hours of driving , complete driver 's education , show proof of enrollment in school and hold permit for nine months before one can apply for license . If convicted of a moving violation during permit phase , the 9 - month waiting period restarts . Anyone under 18 can not drive between the hours of 10 : 00 p.m. and 6 : 00 a.m. Monday - Thursday or 11 : 00 p.m. and 6 : 00 a.m. Friday - Saturday . If the teenage driver is coming from a job , school activity , or a family oriented place , this curfew is extended with proof of being there until the time of the event being over . Drivers under 18 for the first 12 months or until the driver turns 18 , whichever occurs first , are allowed one passenger under the age of 18 unless those being transported are immediate family members or over 18 . Driver must have not been convicted of a moving violation in the six months prior to turning 18 to receive full license privileges . If a driver is convicted of a moving violation in the first full year of licensing , this will result in extension of the passenger restriction for an additional six months . If a driver is convicted of a moving violation before turning 18 , the Secretary of State will mail a warning letter to the driver and parents . If an under 18 driver is convicted of two moving violations in 24 months , this will result in a minimum 1 - month license suspension . Indiana Bureau of Motor Vehicles No 15 years 16 years , 3 months 18 years 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 years Learner 's Permit must be held for 180 days and learner must be 16 and 90 days before getting a restricted license . If the learner is younger than 18 years of age on receiving the driver 's license , it is considered probationary . Holders of a probationary driver 's license must observe the following regulations : The driver may not use any telecommunication device while operating the vehicle . For the first 180 days of holding their license , the driver may not have any passengers , unless the passengers are over the age of 25 and hold a valid driver 's license . Holders of a probationary driver 's license must comply with state and local curfew laws . Iowa Department of Transportation , Motor Vehicle Division , Office of Driver Services Yes , see notes 14 years 16 years 17 years 7000500000000000000 ♠ 2 years ( 16 - 18 ) ; 5 years ( 18 - 70 ) ; 2 years ( 70 and older ) Permit must be held for six months and learner must be 16 . Learner must also log at least 20 practice hours . Restricted drivers can not drive between 12 : 30 a.m. and 4 : 00 a.m. unless there is a parent / guardian , immediate family member over 21 , or a designated adult over 25 . The driver may drive between these times if they are granted a waiver for travel to and from work or school related activities . The number of passengers is limited to the number of seat belts . Full license at 17 years old if the driver has no violation and accident free for 12 consecutive months , otherwise they must be 18 years old . Iowa driver 's licenses can vary from two years to a maximum of five years ; the license drops to a maximum term of two years after the individual holding the license reaches the age of 70 . Note : In Iowa , to obtain a hardship license for a minor , called a Minor School License ( MSL ) , the minor must be at minimum 14 and a half years old , the minor must have completed an Iowa - approved drivers education class unless exempted due to hardship , the minor must have a valid instruction permit for the previous six months , the minor 's driving history must be free of convictions for moving traffic violations , contributive accidents and license withdrawals during the six - month period immediately preceding application , and the minor must live at least one mile or more from the school he or she is enrolled in . The pertinent form is Form 430021 , entitled `` Affidavit for School License '' , but the form must be completed by the school and signed by the minor 's parent ( s ) or legal guardian ( s ) . Kansas Department of Revenue , Division of Motor Vehicles Yes , Farm Permit , see notes 14 years 16 years 16 years , 6 months 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 years A farm permit shall entitle the licensee , who is at least 14 years of age , but less than 16 years of age , to operate the appropriate motor vehicles at any time : while going to or from or in connection with any farm job , employment or other farm - related work ; on days while school is in session , over the most direct and accessible route between the licensee 's residence and school of enrollment for the purpose of school attendance ; when the licensee is operating a passenger car at any time when accompanied by an adult who is the holder of a valid commercial driver 's license , class A , B or C driver 's license and who is actually occupying a seat beside the driver . Permit must be held for six months . After logging 20 daytime and five nighttime hours of driving , if the learner is between age 15 and 16 the learner has the option of getting a restricted license . The learner must then log an additional 20 daytime and five nighttime practice hours and reach age 16 before getting a less restricted license . Applicant must provide affidavit showing at least 50 hours of adult supervised driving , with ten of those hours being at night , by a licensed driver at least 21 years old . At age 17 , a full - privileges license may be obtained with the same requirements as the semi-restricted license . Nonresident : At least 16 years of age and has in immediate possession a valid license issued by home state or country . Kentucky Transportation Cabinet , Division of Driver Licensing No 16 years 16 years , 6 months 17 years 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 years Learner 's permit must be held for six months and learner must log 60 practice hours . No driving from midnight to 6 a.m. and no more than one passenger under 20 for six months or reaching age 18 , whichever is sooner . Louisiana Department of Public Safety and Corrections , Office of Motor Vehicles No 15 years 16 years 17 years 7000400000000000000 ♠ 6 years Learners 's Permit ( Age 15 ) : Must complete 30 hours of classroom instruction and eight hours behind the wheel driving instruction . May not drive without a licensed driver over 21 or a licensed sibling over 18 . Intermediate License ( Age 16 ) : Must have completed the Learners 's Permit requirements , pass the on - road drivers test , and have the Learner 's Permit for at least 90 days . May not drive between the hours of 11 p.m. to 5 a.m. Full License ( Age 17 ) : Must successfully complete Learner 's Permit and Intermediate License stages or be a minimum of 17 years of age prior to application for the first time . Maine Secretary of State , Bureau of Motor Vehicles No 15 years 16 years 16 years , 9 months 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 years Learner must have permit for six months , be 16 , and have 35 practice hours . Only immediate family and no driving from midnight to 5 a.m. for nine months or reaching age 18 , whichever is sooner . Under 18 may not use cell phone while driving . Maryland Department of Transportation , Motor Vehicle Administration No 15 years , 9 months 16 years , 6 months 18 years 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 years Learner must hold permit for nine months and log 60 practice hours . Anyone under 18 years of age with a provisional license may not carry passengers under 18 for the first five months of having the license or drive between midnight and 5 a.m. In Maryland , all new drivers regardless of age hold a provisional license for 18 months , but for adult drivers , the passenger and time restrictions do not apply ( however the enhanced penalties do . ) Massachusetts Department of Transportation , Registry of Motor Vehicles No 16 years 16 years , 6 months 18 years 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 years Learner must complete driver 's education , hold their permit for six months incident free ( no accidents , no citations , no warnings ) , and log 40 practice hours with a licensed driver over 21 . Junior operators can not drive between 12 : 30 a.m. and 5 a.m. unless accompanied by their parent or legal guardian , or 1 a.m. if on their way home . Massachusetts law provides no exceptions for employment , education , or medical reasons . Additionally , junior operators can not drive with passengers under the age of 18 ( except immediate family members ) unless accompanied by a licensed driver of 21 within the first six months of obtaining a License . The Massachusetts JOL law also takes a zero - tolerance stance towards speeding , drivers under 18 caught speeding are subject to a mandatory 90 - day suspension for the first offense accompanied by a mandatory road rage education class and a mandatory retake of the both permit and road tests . A one - year revocation is mandatory for the second and each subsequent offense . Drivers under the age of 18 may not use a mobile phone or any other mobile electronic device while driving , except in emergencies . Michigan Secretary of State Yes , see notes . 14 years , 9 months 16 years 17 years 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 years Learner must reach age 16 , have permit for six months , and log 50 practice hours . To obtain a Level 1 License ( Learner 's Permit ) the learner is required to complete Segment 1 of a Driver 's Education Course . A Level 2 License ( Junior License ) permits the holder to drive unaccompanied with up to one person not in immediate family except between the hours of 10 p.m. and 5 a.m. unless accompanied by a licensed driver over 21 or driving to or from work , school sanctioned event , organized activity , or religious event . Note : In Michigan , to obtain a hardship license for a minor , the minor , who is at least 14 years old , must be living on a family - owned farm , the minor 's family income must meet specific levels depending on the number of family members , there must be a significant change in the farming operation , i.e. the loss of a previous driver , to warrant requesting a minor restricted license , and the minor has no alternative transportation available . The pertinent form is entitled `` Application for Minor Restricted License Special Farming Need Only '' . Due to the expense of the graduated licensing system ( including driver education , it can reach upwards of $500 for the entire process ) , most poorer Michigan residents wait until they are 18 , spend $11 to get the Temporary Instruction Permit , and then take a road test , which is no higher than $50 . Minnesota Department of Public Safety , Division of Driver and Vehicle Services Yes , see notes . 15 years 16 years 17 years 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 years Permit must be held for six months and learner must reach age 16 and log 40 practice hours . ( 50 if a supplemental parent course is not completed . ) No cell phone usage before age 18 , all passengers must wear seat belts . Effective August 1 , 2008 : junior operators can drive with minor passengers now . Driving curfew from midnight to 5 a.m. for first six months . Exceptions to these rules are traveling from home to place of employment , school , school events that offer no transportation , or other employment reasons . Note : In Minnesota , to obtain a hardship license for a minor , called a Restricted Farm Work License , the minor must be at least 15 years old and need the license to help a parent or legal guardian on a farm . The pertinent form is the Farm Work License Affidavit . Mississippi Department of Public Safety No 15 years 16 years 16 years , 6 months 7000800000000000000 ♠ Either 4 or 8 years , at the discretion of the driver Must hold a learner 's permit for one year before applying for an intermediate license , and is restricted for use between hours of 10 p.m. to 6 a.m. Missouri Department of Revenue No 15 years 16 years 17 years , 11 months 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 years Must hold a learner 's permit for six months before applying for an intermediate license . 40 hours of driving instruction are required including ten hours at night and reaching of age 16 and holding the permit for six months to be eligible for the restricted license . Restrictions include no driving between 1 a.m. and 5 a.m. unless required for school and work . Exceptions include school events and driving to and from place to place . limitations of one passenger under 19 for the first six months after the license is issued and three passengers thereafter , and there must be no traffic or alcohol offenses for one year to advance to the full license . The State recently passed a measure mandating all Missouri drivers tests be given in only English or American Sign Language ( ASL ) ; the law has yet to be passed . Montana Department of Justice , Motor Vehicle Division No 14 years , 6 months 15 years 16 years 7000800000000000000 ♠ Expires at age 21 ; 8 years ( ages 21 - 67 ) ; expires at age 75 ( ages 68 - 74 ) ; 4 years ( 75 and older ) Permit must be held for six months . Learner must log 50 practice hours . No driving from 11 p.m. to 5 a.m. for one year . No more than one unrelated passenger under 18 for first six months . No more than three unrelated passengers under 18 for second six months . Note : The validity periods to the left are for Class D licenses . Nebraska Department of Motor Vehicles Yes , see notes . 15 years 16 years 17 years 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 years Learner must log 50 hours of practice , hold permit for six months , and reach age 16 . Must have restricted license for at least one year before applying for your first unrestricted permit . Only one passenger under 19 allowed for first month . No driving from midnight to 6 a.m. for one year . Note : In Nebraska , to obtain a hardship license for a minor , both a School Learners Permit and a School Permit will be issued . A minor , who is at a minimum 14 years old , must have a School Learners Permit for at least 2 months before getting a School Permit . A School Permit will be issued for a minor , who is at a minimum age of 14 years , 2 months , who lives at least a mile and a half or more from school , who resides outside of a city with 5,000 people or more , or who attends a school outside a city of 5,000 people or more . The School Permit is to be used for the purpose of transporting the minor or any family member who resides with the minor to attend school , extracurricular , or school - related activities at the school , and the minor may drive under the personal supervision of a licensed driver who is at least 21 years old . If a minor has not completed a DMV - approved Driver Safety Course , then the minor is required to compile 50 hours of driving time with a parent , guardian or licensed driver 21 years or older . Information about the School Learners Permit and School Permit can be found here at and the certification of 50 hours of driving time is located at . Nevada Department of Motor Vehicles Yes , see notes . 15 years , 6 months 16 years 18 years 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 years Learner must have 50 practice hours and hold permit for six months . Underage drivers may not transport passengers under 18 for the first six months of being licensed , and may not drive between 10 p.m. and 5 a.m. until they turn 18 ( except with a letter from a school official or employer . ) Additional restrictions apply in Las Vegas and Reno . Note : In Nevada , to obtain a hardship license for a minor , a minor restricted license can not be approved for commercial driving purposes , to seek employment , or for public school students in Carson City , Clark , Douglas , or Washoe counties ; workdays and hours are limited to a maximum of six ( 6 ) days per week , ten ( 10 ) hours per day ; a physician 's statement is required if a minor is driving for medical purposes ; a `` Verification of Need '' affidavit must be completed by an unbiased individual ( a member of the clergy or a social worker , etc . ) and signed in front of a DMV authorized representative or notary public official if a minor is driving for medical appointments or to go to a grocery store ; school authorities and parents / guardians must complete certain sections if a minor is driving to school . The form is entitled `` Restricted License Information '' . New Hampshire Department of Safety , Division of Motor Vehicles , Driver Licensing Office No 15 years , 6 months 16 years 18 years 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 years Learner 's Permit - No formal learner 's permit is required in NH , ​ 15 ⁄ - year - olds may drive so long as they are accompanied by a licensed driver aged 25 or older . Restricted License - `` Youth Operator Licenses '' are issued to those between 16 and 21 years of age and expire when the person turns 21 years old ( although drivers may operate unrestricted after they reach their 18th birthday ) . 16 and 17 years old applicants must obtain written consent from a parent or legal guardian , and a certificate of successful completion of a driver education course as provided in RSA 263 : 19 . Youth Operators under 18 years are restricted from operating a motor vehicle in the following manner : between the hours of 1 : 00 a.m. and 5 : 00 a.m. ; the number of occupants exceeds the number of safety restraints in the vehicle ; during the first six months after issuance of the license with more than one passenger less than 25 years of age who is not a member of the holder 's family unless accompanied by a licensed responsible adult who is at least 25 years of age . The director of motor vehicles can issue a hardship license for a person between 16 and 18 who has n't completed a driver 's education course , if there is no readily available means of transportation exist to and from a school and the license requirements of RSA 263 : 14 would cause an undue hardship . New Jersey Motor Vehicle Commission No 16 years 17 years 18 years 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 years Learner must reach age 17 and have had a permit for six months . No driving between 11 : 01 p.m. and 5 : 00 a.m. Driver may not drive with more than one additional passenger in the car unless the accompanying driver is the guardian to the permit holder , other than parents , guardians , or dependents , until a Basic License is obtained , which the minimum age to receive is 18 . Since May 1 , 2010 , Kyleigh 's Law took place , it requires any driver under age 21 , who holds a permit or probationary ( formerly provisional ) driver license , buy a $4.00 pair of decals and display them on the top left corner of the front and rear license plates of their vehicles . Despite having over 250000 drivers that are required to display the decals , less than 80000 have been sold . As some of the 80000 decals sold are for drivers with multiple cars , it is estimated that 75 % of provisional drivers ignore this law . All passengers must wear seatbelt . New Mexico Motor Vehicle Division No 15 years 15 years , 6 months 16 years , 6 months 7000800000000000000 ♠ Either 4 or 8 years , at the discretion of the driver up to age 75 . Licenses are 1 - year , with passage of an eye exam required for renewal , for drivers age 75 and older . Learner must log 50 hours of practice and hold permit for six months . No driving from midnight to 5 a.m. and no more than one passenger under age 21 for one year after receiving license . New York State Department of Motor Vehicles No 16 years 16 years , 6 months 17 years 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 years The New York State DMV divides the state into three regions : New York City , Long Island ( Nassau / Suffolk ) , and `` All Other Counties ( includes Westchester and Rockland counties ) '' . Learner Permits : NYC has the toughest regulations of the regions , requiring an instructor 's brake to be installed , and the accompanying driver must be a parent or professional instructor ( driving school / driver 's ed teacher ) , and prohibits driving between 9 p.m. and 5 a.m. On Long Island , one must be accompanied by a guardian or professional instructor , and may not drive between 9 a.m. and 5 p.m. In the rest of the state , one may drive while accompanied by a licensed driver over 21 from 5 a.m. to 9 p.m. ; other hours require parent or professional accompaniment . Junior operator licenses ( Class DJ or MJ ) allows unaccompanied driving from 5 a.m. to 10 p.m. , driving outside these hours is permitted only to or from school , employment , or documented medical appointments , unless the driver is accompanied by their parent , legal guardian , or a certified driving instructor . Once someone acquires a junior license he / she is able to drive to and from school with the same restrictions on passengers as driving anywhere else with a junior license . Adolescent drivers must have their permit accident and ticket free for six full months before taking their road test , along with the completion at least 50 hours of supervised driving , 15 of which must be in moderate to heavy traffic . A full driver 's education course is not required in New York , although license applicants who do not have a driver 's ed certificate must complete a five - hour pre-licensing course . For 17 - year - olds , a junior license will be converted to a full standard license if the driver submits a Driver 's Ed Certificate and a certified completion of 50 hours of driving plus 15 in moderate to heavy traffic . Otherwise , it will be converted on the driver 's 18th birthday . A 12 a.m. curfew exists for drivers who have not completed the driver 's ed program . North Carolina Department of Transportation , Division of Motor Vehicles No 15 years 16 years 16 years , 6 months 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 years ( ages 18 -- 65 ) ; 5 years ( age 66 or older ) Driver 's education required for a Learner Permit to be issued . Permit must be held for twelve months with the last six months accident and point - free before obtaining a Limited Provisional License . Limited Provisional license holders can not drive between 9 p.m. and 5 a.m. unless attending a school event ( including sporting events , school dances , school concerts etc . ) , and a limit of one non-family member passenger under 21 applies . A Full Provisional License can be obtained after holding a Limited Provisional license for six months without an accident or points added to the license , and this license removes the time of day and passenger restrictions , but some restrictions remain until the license holder turns eighteen . North Dakota Department of Transportation , Driver License Division No 14 years 15 years 16 years 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 years Those under 16 who have a license may only drive a car that is their parents ' . Licensed drivers under the age of 16 may not drive with more passengers than the vehicle manufacturer 's suggested capacity , no unsupervised driving between sunset or 9 : 00 PM whichever is later and 5 : 00 AM unless the driver is driving directly to or from work , official school activity , or religious activity . Ohio Department of Public Safety , Bureau of Motor Vehicles Yes , see notes . 15 years , 6 months 16 years 18 years 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 years ( age 21 and up ) ; until the 21st birthday ( ages 16 -- 20 ) Learner must log 50 practice hours and hold permit for six months , if under 18 . Those who are ​ 15 ⁄ with a valid learners permit may only drive with a parent or a drivers education instructor with a valid driver license . Those who are 16 and over with a learners permit may drive with anyone who is over 21 with a valid driver license . Drivers under 18 must complete driver 's education . 18 and over have no permit hold time , driver education or practice time requirements . Under 17 either with a learner 's permit or a driver license can not drive between midnight and 6 a.m. , under 18 either with a learner 's permit or a driver license can not drive between 1 a.m. and 5 a.m. , unless accompanied by a parent or guardian . Drivers under 17 may only have one non-family member under the age of 21 in the vehicle ; no restrictions on family members or those over 21 . 18 and over have full license privileges and have no time or passenger restrictions . Special restricted license can drive after hours for purposes of employment , education , travel between home and school , vocational training , employment opportunities , and attending church services . Note : In Ohio , to obtain a hardship license for a minor , the minor , aged 14 or 15 years old , must be the only licensed driver in the household ; any other licensed driver will be required to surrender his or her driver license ; a hardship license may not be used for the child to drive themselves or siblings to and from school , work or social and school events ; the license is valid only within a 10 - mile radius of the home for obtaining groceries and other household necessities , to drive the disabled parent or guardian to medical appointments and medical emergencies ; the parent or guardian must accompany the child at all times while driving ; the family must live in an area where there is no public transportation or community services available to assist them ; the parent or guardian must show proof that they can maintain financial responsibility insurance on the driver ; the child must complete a driver education course and the graduated licensing requirements . To apply for a hardship license for a minor in Ohio , a minor and his or her family can send a letter to the Ohio Bureau of Motor Vehicles , P.O. Box 16784 , Attention Driver License Special Case Division / Medical Unit , Columbus , Ohio , 43216 - 6784 ; the letter must explain the hardship and provide the BMV with the minor 's full name , date of birth , social security number and the names , dates of birth and social security numbers of any licensed drivers in the household ; the BMV must also receive a notarized statement advising that any other driver ( s ) in the home would be willing to surrender their driver licenses if a hardship license were to be issued ; before a hardship license is authorized , an investigation is conducted to assist the BMV in determining whether the household qualifies . Oklahoma Department of Public Safety No 15 years , 6 months 16 years 16 years , 6 months 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 years Learner must have 40 practice hours and hold permit for six months . Intermediate drivers can not drive more than a single passenger of any age ( family excluded ) or drive between 11 p.m. and 5 a.m. unless there is a licensed driver present or until the driver is 18 years of age and has a GDL ( Graduated Driver 's License ) . Oregon Department of Transportation , Driver and Motor Vehicle Services Division No 15 years 16 years 17 years 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 years Learner must be 16 , have had permit for six months and have either completed an ODOT approved driving course and 50 hours behind the wheel outside of class or 100 practice hours . Driving between midnight and 5 a.m. is prohibited during the first year of holding the license unless going between home , school , or work . No passengers under 20 for the first six months of being licensed ( except family members . ) For another six months , no more than three passengers under 20 . All Passengers must wear seat belts . Small children must be in Approved car seats According to their size and age . Pennsylvania Department of Transportation , Driver and Vehicle Services No 16 years 16 years , 6 months 17 years , 6 months 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 years Those with a learner 's permit must drive with an adult 21 years of age or older . The adult the learner 's permit holder is driving with must have a valid driver 's license in any U.S. state or the District of Columbia . It is required that a permit holder does n't only get practice driving in perfect conditions , but also with driving at night and driving in inclement weather . Permit holders are also required to get practice driving on limited - access highways . A classroom driver 's education course may be taken by 10th grade students in Pennsylvania , since that is the year when most students will turn 16 years old and will be getting their permit . Permit must be held for six months and the holder must log 65 practice hours before issuance of restricted license . Those with a restricted license may not drive between 11 p.m. and 5 a.m. unless a family member 18 years or older is present . Exceptions to this curfew include school - sponsored events , religious events , work , and volunteer firefighters . Only one non-family passenger under the age of 18 is permitted for the first six months of holding a junior license . Only three non-family passengers permitted until the driver turns 18 . A restricted license automatically becomes an unrestricted license on the learner 's 18th birthday . Rhode Island Department of Revenue , Division of Motor Vehicles No 16 years 16 years , 6 months 17 years , 6 months 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 years Learner must hold permit for six months and have 50 practice hours . Junior operator under the age of 18 may not drive between the hours of 1 a.m. and 3 a.m. or carry more than one passenger under age 21 for one year or until they turn 18 , whichever is sooner . Special restricted license can drive after hours for purposes of employment , education , travel between home and school , vocational training , employment opportunities , and attending church services . South Carolina Department of Motor Vehicles No 15 years 15 years , 6 months 16 years , 6 months 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 years , with a vision exam required every 5 years A 16 - year - old may apply on a restricted license for permission to drive between the hours of 6 p.m. and midnight . 16 - year - old drivers who have held the Beginner Permit for a minimum of 180 days or hold a conditional license are eligible for the Special Restricted License . Applicants for the Special Restricted License must be accompanied by a parent or legal guardian during the application process to sign the Special Restricted License application . Applicants must bring their Beginner Permit and submit a PDLA form certifying the following : Certification of School Attendance Certification of Driver Education Course Certification of Driver Practice All three of these certifications can be submitted on one form offered at the South Carolina DMV website at this website . Teen drivers applying for the Special Restricted License must pass a vision screening and the DMV road test . Special Restricted License holders may drive unaccompanied from 6 : 00 a.m. to 6 : 00 p.m. or until 8 : 00 p.m. during daylight saving time . Outside of those hours the teen driver may drive until midnight if accompanied by a licensed driver that is a minimum of 21 years of age . Between midnight and 4 : 00 a.m. a Special Restricted License holder must be accompanied by a licensed parent or legal guardian . Special Restricted License holders may receive an exception for these time restrictions if they can prove that the restrictions interfere with employment , education , travel between home and school , vocational training , employment opportunities , or attending church services . Teen drivers must submit two statements to qualify the exception . One of the statements must be from a parent or legal guardian and the other must be a statement on letterhead from a school official or your employer . The statements must describe the reason the waiver is needed . Passengers under the age of 21 are limited to two unless they are immediate family members or students be transported to or from school or the license holder is accompanied by a licensed driver that is a minimum of 21 years of age . Teen drivers that hold the Special Restricted License for 16 - year - olds for one year without a conviction for a traffic violation and have not been at - fault in an accident may obtain full driving privileges when they reach the age of 17 . South Dakota Department of Public Safety No 14 years 14 years , 3 months 16 years 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 years Learner can either take driver training and hold permit for three months or not take the course and hold permit for six months . Under 16 may not drive from 10 p.m. to 6 a.m. Tennessee Department of Safety and Homeland Security , Driver License Services Yes , see notes . 15 years 16 years 17 years 7000500000000000000 ♠ 8 years Learner must have permit for six months and log 50 hours of practice driving . No driving from 11 p.m. to 4 a.m. or more than one passenger for one year or until reaching age 18 , whichever is sooner . Note : In Tennessee , to obtain a hardship license for a minor , called a Class H license , if the minor is aged 14 or 15 , the minor can operate a Class D passenger vehicle or Class M motorcycle ( limited to 125 cc ) or both ; the minor must pass a vision screening , knowledge test , and road test to operate a Class D passenger vehicle ; take the Class M knowledge and driving test in addition to the Class D knowledge test to drive a Class M vehicle ; be limited to daylight hours only ( 5 am to 7 pm , no exceptions ) and authorized locations only within a 25 - mile radius from the minor 's residence , as specified in the Department of Safety ( DOS ) letter . If the minor who has a Class H license is aged 15 , the minor is treated the same as a Class PD ( learners permit ) license who drives with a licensed driver 21 years or older who sits in the front passenger seat . A Class H license will expire on the minor 's 16th birthday . More information can be found at and the form for application for a hardship license is located at . Texas Department of Public Safety Yes , see notes . 15 years 16 years 18 years 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 years ( 84 and younger ) ; 2 years ( 85 and older ) Learner 's must complete the classroom portion of driver training to receive a permit . Permit holders must be with someone age 21 while driving , also must be held for six months and learner must reach age 16 to get restricted license . Drivers with a restricted license may drive with no more than one other person until the TRC 545.424 expires , may not drive from 1 a.m. to 5 a.m. , and can not use a cell phone while driving for the first six months . As of March 1 , 2010 , anyone age 18 through 24 must complete an approved driver education course and driving skills test to become licensed in the state of Texas in accordance with Texas Senate Bill 1317 . Provisions of this law only apply to first - time Texas driver 's license applicants . Note : In Texas , for a minor to obtain a hardship license , the minor must be aged 14 to 18 years old ; must have an unusual economic hardship on the minor 's family , the sickness or illness of a member of the minor 's family , or he or she is regularly enrolled in a vocational education program and requires a driver license to pursue the program and has completed an approved course in driver education . To obtain the pertinent form , called the DL 77 form , go to . Utah Department of Public Safety , Driver License Division No 15 years 16 years 17 years 7000400000000000000 ♠ 5 years Drivers under 17 may not drive between midnight and 4 a.m. If under 18 , must hold learner permit for six months and log 40 practice hours . Under 18 , for the first six months no passengers that are not immediate family members ; unless there is a licensed driver 21 years or older , or driver reaches age 18 . Vermont Agency of Transportation , Department of Motor Vehicles No 15 years 16 years 16 years , 6 months 7000400000000000000 ♠ Either 2 or 4 years , at the discretion of the driver Learner must hold permit for one year and log 40 practice hours . Junior operators may not carry any passengers ( including siblings ) for the first 90 days after receiving their license , and immediate family members only for the second three months ( passenger restrictions are waived if accompanied by a parent or another licensed adult aged 25 or older . ) Virginia Department of Motor Vehicles No 15 years , 6 months 16 years , 3 months 18 years 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 years Learner must hold permit for nine months and log 45 supervised driving hours , 15 of which must be at night . Under 18 may not carry more than one minor passenger for the first six months of being licensed and no more than three passengers until reaching age 18 . All minors subject to a curfew between midnight to 4 : 00 a.m. until reaching age 18 . Washington Department of Licensing No 15 years 16 years 17 years 7000600000000000000 ♠ Transitioning to 6 years ( from 5 years ) , for load balancing about 20 % of drivers will be randomly selected for a shorter renewal period during the transition phase . Learner must reach age 16 , hold permit for six months , and log 50 hours of practice driving . For the first six months , no driving with any passengers who are under 20 years old who are not members of the learner 's immediate family . For the first year , no driving between 1 a.m. and 5 a.m. unless with a licensed driver age 25 or older . After two violations of the restrictions , the driver 's license is suspended for six months or until their 18th birthday ( whichever is sooner ) . Also , a single traffic violation will extend the second phase ( no more than three passengers under 20 and still no driving from 1 a.m. to 5 a.m. ) until age 18 if license had not been held for one year before the traffic violation . West Virginia Department of Transportation , Division of Motor Vehicles No 15 years 16 years 17 years 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 years Learner must reach age 16 , hold permit for six months , and log 50 hours of practice or take driver education . No passengers under age 19 or driving from 10 p.m. to 5 a.m. for one year . Wisconsin Department of Transportation , Division of Motor Vehicles Yes , see notes . 15 years , 6 months 16 years 16 years , 9 months 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 years Learner must hold permit for six months and log 30 hours of practice . Passenger and nighttime driving restrictions removed after nine months , or upon reaching the age of 18 whichever is sooner . All first license holders , regardless of age , and out - of - state transfers under 21 or with less than three years ' experience are initially issued probationary licenses valid for a three - year period and are subject to enhanced penalties after the first moving violation . Note : In Wisconsin , to obtain a hardship license for a minor , the minor must be at least 14 years of age , but under the age of 18 ; must appear in person , accompanied by his or her parent or legal guardian , before an examining officer with a birth certificate showing the minor is at least 14 years old ; must have the usage of an automobile , farm truck , dual purpose farm truck , motorcycle with an engine of no more than 125 cc , moped , or motor bicycle owned and registered by the applicant 's parent or guardian , or a farm truck leased to the applicant 's parent or guardian ; must pass an examination , including a test of the applicant 's ability to safely operate the type of vehicle for which the minor is requesting the ability to use . The hardship license is valid only until the minor secures a full ( unrestricted ) driver 's license or reaches the age of 18 , whichever comes first . The minor is not permitted to drive in hours of darkness or in a city of more than 500,000 people ; operate either a commercial vehicle or vehicle for hire ( e.g. a taxicab ) . These restrictions are provided in Section 343.08 of the Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations . Wyoming Department of Transportation , Driver Services Program Yes , see notes . 15 years 16 years 16 years , 6 months 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 years Learner must reach age 16 and log 50 practice hours . No more than one passenger under 18 or driving from 11 p.m. to 5 a.m. for the first six months or until reaching age 17 , whichever is sooner . Note : In Wyoming , to obtain a hardship license for a minor , the minor must be aged 14 or 15 years , the minor 's residence is more than 5 miles from the school they attend ; the minor has a regular job ( a minimum of 10 hours per week ) more than 5 miles from the minor 's residence ; the minor must have a license to work in his / her parents ' business ; any other circumstances which the Wyoming Highway Patrol ( WHP ) finds to be an extreme inconvenience , i.e. the need to provide transportation for long - term medical treatment or conditions ( not to include routine medical office visits ) . Instructions accompanying the Restricted License Affidavit must be read , the Restricted License Affidavit itself must be filled out , a school attendance verification form must be attached , if the license is to be used for transportation to or from school , or in conjunction with extracurricular school activities , a work verification form must be attached , if the license is to be used for transportation to and from work ; a verification of parental ownership of business form must be attached , if the license is to be used in conjunction with a parental business ; an insurance verification form must be completed and attached ; the Restrictions form must be completed by the WHP . More information can be found at . The instructions accompanying the Restricted License Affidavit can be found at . The Restricted License Affidavit itself can be found at , the School Attendance Verification form at , the Work Verification form at , the Verification of Parental Ownership of Business form at , the Insurance Verification form at , and the Restrictions form ( only to be filled out by the WHP ) at . Decline in licensing among young people in the U.S. ( edit ) According to a December 2 , 2004 , Los Angeles Times article , only 43 % of American 15 - , 16 - , and 17 - year - olds had licenses in 2002 . By comparison , the percentage in 1982 was 52 % . Use as identification and proof of age ( edit ) Driver 's licenses issued in the United States have a number or alphanumeric code issued by the issuing state 's department of motor vehicles ( or equivalent ) , usually show a photograph of the bearer , as well as a copy of his or her signature , the address of his or her primary residence , the type or class of license , restrictions and / or endorsements ( if any ) , the physical characteristics of the bearer ( such as height , weight , hair color , and eye color ) , and birth date . No two driver 's license numbers issued by a state are alike . Social Security numbers are now prohibited by federal law from appearing on new driver 's licenses , due to identity theft concerns . In most states , to be compliant with AAMVA standards , the orientation of a driver 's license for persons under the age of 21 is vertical while a driver 's license for those over the age of 21 is horizontal . Since the driver 's license is often used as proof of a person 's age , the difference in orientation makes it easy to determine that a person is legally allowed to purchase or consume alcohol ( the drinking age in all U.S. states is 21 ) . Some states , however , do not require that a driver 's license is changed to horizontal , such as Arizona , where it is optional to change to a horizontal license . Furthermore , the vertical license does not expire until age 65 in the state of Arizona . Most states require that when a driver establishes residence in a state , he or she must obtain a license issued by that state within a certain time frame . A Vertical California Drivers License for people under the age of 21 Because there is no national identity card in the United States , the driver 's license is often used as the de facto equivalent for completion of many common business and governmental transactions . As a result , driver 's licenses are the focus of many kinds of identity theft . Driver 's licenses were not always identification cards . In many states , driver 's licenses did not even have a photograph well into the 1980s . Activism by the Mothers Against Drunk Driving organization for the use of photo ID age verification in conjunction with increasing the drinking age to 21 in order to reduce underage drinking led to photographs being added to all state licenses . New York and Tennessee were the last states to add photos in 1986 . However , New Jersey later allowed drivers to get non-photo licenses ; this was later revoked . Vermont license holders have the option of receiving a non-photo license . All Tennessee drivers aged 60 years of age or older had the option of a non-photo driver 's license prior to January 2013 , when photo licenses were required for voting identification . All people with valid non-photo licenses will be allowed to get a photo license when their current license expires . Thirteen states allow the option of a non-photo driver 's license for reasons of religious belief : Arkansas , Indiana , Kansas , Minnesota , Missouri , Nebraska , New Jersey , North Dakota , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Tennessee , Washington , and Wisconsin . Later additions varied from state to state , and have included fingerprints , bar codes , magnetic strips , social security numbers , and tamper - proof features , most of which were added to prevent identity theft and to curb the use of fake IDs . States have now slowly been converting to digitized driver 's licenses , which incorporate holograms and bar codes to prevent forgery . Non-Driver identification cards ( edit ) Many states , usually through the same agency that issues driver 's licenses , provide identification cards for people who do not drive . Real ID ( edit ) Main article : REAL ID Act The Department of Homeland Security has the power through the Real ID Act of 2005 to set standards relating to identification of applicants and license design for state - issued driver licenses and identification cards . States are not required to comply with RealID , but if a state does not comply , any driver licenses or ID cards issued by that state will not be valid for any official purpose with the federal government , meaning they will not be accepted for entering federal buildings or boarding airplanes . For a state to meet RealID compliance , licenses and ID cards issued from that state must be approved by DHS in meeting RealID requirements . States can choose to issue both regular licenses and ID cards as well as RealIDs , but any non-RealID must be marked that it is not a RealID . RealIDs are allowed to be issued only to legal immigrants and citizens of the United States . When a person applies for a RealID , either as a new driver license or ID card applicant or renewing a current license or ID card , they must present a citizenship document ( US passport , certified birth certificate or citizenship certificate ) or proof of legal immigrant status ( valid visa ) and proof of residency in that state . The state then must verify the documents and store them either electronically or on paper . No one may have more than one RealID at one time . For those born on or after December 1 , 1964 , a RealID must be obtained by December 1 , 2014 , to be allowed to conduct business with the federal government . Those born before December 1 , 1964 , have until December 1 , 2017 , to obtain their RealIDs . Florida , Nevada and Wisconsin have been approved by DHS and started to issue RealIDs . A RealID can be identified as materially compliant by a gold star located on the top third of the ID . A fully compliant RealID is identified as having a circle with an inset gold star in the top third of the ID . As of October 2011 , Connecticut also issues them . Starting in January 2013 , Ohio is issuing RealIDs under the name `` Safe ID '' . Starting on January 22 , 2018 , California will be issuing RealIDs . Enhanced driver 's licenses ( edit ) Additionally , some states , mostly those with an international border , issue enhanced driver licenses and enhanced ID cards . Enhanced licenses combine a regular driver 's license with the specifications of the new federal passport card . Thus , in addition to providing driving privileges , the enhanced license also is proof of U.S. citizenship , and can therefore be used to cross the Canadian and Mexican borders by road , rail , or sea , although air travel still requires a traditional passport book . The enhanced licenses are also fully Real ID compliant . As of May 2009 , Vermont , New York , Michigan , and Washington were issuing enhanced driver 's licenses and ID cards . In January 2014 , Minnesota became the fifth state to issue enhanced driver 's licenses , while Ohio is set to become the sixth state once it has been approved by its legislature . On March 27 , 2008 , the Secretary of Homeland Security announced that Washington 's enhanced driver 's license was the first such license approved under the Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative ; according to a Homeland Security press release , the department is also working with Arizonan authorities to develop enhanced driver 's licenses . On September 16 , 2008 , New York began issuing enhanced driver 's licenses that meet WHTI requirements . Texas was expected to also implement an enhanced driver 's license program , but the program has been blocked by Texas Governor Rick Perry , despite a state law authorizing the Texas Department of Public Safety to issue EDLs and a ruling by the state attorney general , Greg Abbott , that Texas ' production of EDLs would comply with federal requirements . Digital driver 's licenses ( edit ) California , Iowa , and Delaware have proposed digital drivers licenses as a means of identification . The license would be available as an app by MorphoTrust USA and installed on a user 's personal cellphone . Several questions have been raised about user privacy , since a police officer may ask for one 's license and gain access to one 's cellphone . See also ( edit ) Department of Motor Vehicles Commercial driver 's license Vehicle registration plates of the United States Joshua 's Law Transportation safety in the United States United States portal Law portal Cars portal Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The state of Florida allows persons with permits to operate a motor vehicle , as follows : ( 1 ) Any adult `` may apply for a temporary instruction permit . '' ( 2 ) The department can `` issue a temporary permit to an applicant for a Class E driver 's license permitting him or her to operate a motor vehicle ... '' ( 3 ) Any person can `` apply for a temporary commercial instruction permit . '' ( 4 ) Any teenager `` 17 years and three months can and may '' get a `` Class E drivers '' license if they already `` possesses a valid driver 's license issued in any state ; and ... is accompanied by a licensed driver who is 21 years of age or older , who is licensed ... 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Traffic law and safety Rules of the road All - way stop Assured Clear Distance Ahead Australian Road Rules Boulevard rule Green Cross Code Move over law New Zealand Road Code Overtaking Right - and left - hand traffic Right - of - way School bus traffic stop laws Traffic code Turn on red Vienna Convention on Road Traffic Road user guides Driver 's manual The Highway Code The Highway Code ( Malta ) Road Users ' Code Rules of the Road ( Ireland ) Enforcement Breathalyzer Camera Enforcement Red light Highway patrol / State police Parking enforcement Road traffic control Textalyzer Traffic court Traffic guard Traffic stop Traffic ticket Warning Speed limit Advisory speed limit Assured Clear Distance Ahead National Maximum Speed Law School zone Speed limit enforcement Speed limits by country Category : Speed limits by country Moving violations Driving under the influence Canada United States Distracted driving Mobile phones and driving Texting while driving Reckless driving Street racing Tailgating Vehicular homicide Wrong - way driving Driver licensing Commercial driver 's license European driving licence Graduated driver licensing Inter-American Driving Permit International Driving Permit Learner 's permit Point system Driving licences by country List of countries by minimum driving age Traffic violations reciprocity Commercial Driver 's License Information System Driver License Agreement Driver License Compact Non-Resident Violator Compact Parking Alternate - side parking Decriminalised parking enforcement Disabled parking permit Double parking Parking chair Parking violation Wheel clamp Car safety Seat belt laws Click It or Ticket Clunk Click Every Trip Road safety Tachograph Digital tachograph Drivers ' working hours ( Europe ) Epilepsy and driving Hours of service ( US ) `` How 's my driving ? '' sign Old age and driving Sleep deprived driving Slow moving vehicle Vision Zero Driving license in North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Driver%27s_licenses_in_the_United_States&oldid=815179488 '' Categories : Driving licences by country Official documents of the United States Minimum ages Transportation in the United States Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009 Webarchive template wayback links Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011 Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2009 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 06 : 52 . 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what age can you get your hardship license

Hardship licenses for minors are driver 's licenses that are restricted to drivers between 14 and 15 ( sometimes up to 18 ) years old who need to drive to and from home and school due to serious hardships , e.g. the driver 's family has financial or medical problems ; the driver needs to get to work or school and has no other practical way of getting to work or school . A hardship license for minors is distinct from hardship licenses granted for drivers with revoked or suspended licenses . The table below includes states that provide hardship licenses for minors .

Diane Kruger - wikipedia Diane Kruger Jump to : navigation , search Diane Kruger Kruger at the Peabody Awards in 2014 Diane Heidkrüger ( 1976 - 07 - 15 ) 15 July 1976 ( age 41 ) Algermissen , Lower Saxony , West Germany Nationality German Citizenship Germany United States Occupation Actress , model Years active 1992 -- present Height 1.71 m ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) Spouse ( s ) Guillaume Canet ( m . 2001 ; div. 2006 ) Partner ( s ) Joshua Jackson ( 2006 -- 16 ) Diane Kruger ( née Heidkrüger ; German pronunciation : ( diˈa : nə ˈkru : ɡɐ ) ; born 15 July 1976 ) is a German - American actress and former fashion model . She is known for roles such as Helen in the epic war film Troy ( 2004 ) , Dr. Abigail Chase in the heist film National Treasure ( 2004 ) and its sequel ( 2007 ) , Bridget von Hammersmark in Quentin Tarantino 's war film Inglourious Basterds ( 2009 ) , and Gina in the psychological thriller film Unknown ( 2011 ) . She also starred as Detective Sonya Cross in the FX crime drama series The Bridge ( 2013 -- 14 ) . In 2017 , she made her German - language debut in Fatih Akin 's In the Fade , for which she won the Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actress . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Endorsements 4 Personal life 5 Filmography 6 Awards and nominations 7 Honours 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Early Life ( edit ) Kruger was born as Diane Heidkrüger on 15 July 1976 in Algermissen , West Germany , near Hildesheim , the daughter of computer specialist Hans - Heinrich Heidkrüger , and his wife , Maria - Theresa , a bank employee . She was brought up Roman Catholic and attended Catholic school . She has stated that one of her grandmothers was Polish . She was brought up in Germany with her younger brother , Stefan . Her mother sent her to student exchange programmes when she was a teenager to improve her English . As a child , Kruger wanted to become a ballerina and successfully auditioned for the Royal Ballet School in London . Later , Kruger moved to Paris and turned her energy toward modelling and learning French . Career ( edit ) Kruger at the 2009 Venice Film Festival In 1992 , Kruger represented Germany in the Elite Model Look and started modelling afterwards . Despite her relatively short stature for a model , she managed to land bookings such as advertisements from Yves Saint Laurent , Chanel , Salvatore Ferragamo , Giorgio Armani , Jil Sander , Christian Dior , Burberry and Louis Vuitton ; runway shows from Marc Jacobs , D&G and Sonia Rykiel as well as appearances on the cover of Vogue Paris , Marie Claire and Cosmopolitan to her modeling repertoire . She gradually stopped modelling after deciding to pursue a career in acting . Kruger became interested in acting and took lessons at the Cours Florent . She made her film debut in 2002 , opposite Dennis Hopper and Christopher Lambert in The Piano Player , a TV film by Jean - Pierre Roux . The same year , she also starred in her then husband 's directorial début Mon Idole . She played Julie Wood in 2003 's Michel Valliant and Lisa in Wicker Park ( 2004 ) , alongside Josh Hartnett and Rose Byrne . One of her more high - profile roles to date is her portrayal of Helen of Sparta in Wolfgang Petersen 's epic Troy . She was ranked 50th on the Maxim Hot 100 Women of 2005 . In 2004 , Kruger starred with Nicolas Cage and Sean Bean ( who co-starred with her in Troy ) in the film National Treasure , going on to appear in films Joyeux Noël ( 2005 ) and Copying Beethoven ( 2006 ) . She reprised her role as Dr. Abigail Chase in National Treasure : Book of Secrets , released in December 2007 . Kruger at the 2012 Berlin Film Festival Kruger was the hostess of the opening and closing ceremonies of the 2007 Cannes Film Festival . Kruger was a jury member of the 58th Berlin International Film Festival in 2008 . The festival is chaired by Costa Gavras . In 2009 , she co-starred as a German actress turned Allied spy in Quentin Tarantino 's film Inglourious Basterds . In December 2009 , she announced the nominations of the 67th Golden Globe Awards and also picked up nominations from the Screen Actors ' Guild for Best Supporting Actress and Outstanding Performance by a Cast of a Motion Picture for her role in Inglourious Basterds . Kruger played Anna in Jaco Van Dormael 's Mr. Nobody . Critical response has praised the film 's artistry and Kruger 's acting . Kruger made a cameo appearance in an April 2010 episode of the Fox show Fringe , in which her former boyfriend , actor Joshua Jackson , starred . In 2010 , Kruger also appeared in Mark Ronson 's music video for `` Somebody to Love Me '' , where she plays Boy George . In the 2011 film Unknown , Kruger starred as Gina , a Bosnian illegal immigrant and key character alongside leading actor Liam Neeson . It was also announced in 2011 that Kruger had replaced Eva Green in the role of Marie Antoinette in the French - language film , Les Adieux à la Reine . In 2012 , she was named as a member of the Jury for the Main Competition at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival . The festival is chaired by Nanni Moretti . She starred in the film adaptation of Stephenie Meyer 's novel The Host , which was released in March 2013 . More recently , Kruger portrayed El Paso , Texas , police officer Sonya Cross on FX 's The Bridge , which aired in 2013 . In 2015 , she was named as a member of the Jury for the Main Competition at the 2015 Venice Film Festival . In 2016 , she co-starred in The Infiltrator with Bryan Cranston and John Leguizamo . Endorsements ( edit ) Kruger is a brand ambassador for Swiss watch manufacturer Jaeger - LeCoultre . In December 2009 , she was announced as the global `` spokesmodel '' of L'Oréal . It was announced in May 2010 that she would become the latest face for Calvin Klein 's newest fragrance line , Beauty . Personal Life ( edit ) Kruger is fluent in German , English and French . In 2013 , she became an American citizen . Kruger divides her time among Paris , Vancouver and Los Angeles . She is a friend of fashion designer Karl Lagerfeld . In 1999 , she dated the French actor and director Guillaume Canet . They were married on 1 September 2001 . They acted together in Joyeux Noël ( 2005 ) and divorced in 2006 . Kruger said that the marriage was not successful because their careers had kept them in different parts of the world . She started dating actor Joshua Jackson in 2006 . During an interview with magazine Glamour , she said , `` Without sounding pessimistic , I learned that I do n't believe in marriage . I believe in a commitment that you make in your heart . There 's no paper that will make you stay . A guy friend of mine said , and it made a lot of sense , that people should get married at the end of the road , not the beginning . '' Jackson has expanded on this point by saying in an interview that one of the reasons that they had not married is that neither was religious . They ended their relationship in 2016 . Filmography ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2001 Point de lendemain ( fr ) Agnes Short subject 2002 Duelles Sabine Episode : `` Mauvaise conduite '' 2002 The Piano Player Erika 2002 Not For , or Against ( Quite the Contrary ) A call girl French title : Ni pour , ni contre ( bien au contraire ) 2002 Mon Idole Clara Broustal English title : Whatever You Say 2003 Michel Vaillant Julie Wood Troy Helen Wicker Park Lisa Narco La fille du night - club National Treasure Abigail Chase 2005 Joyeux Noël Anna Sørensen 2005 Frankie Frankie 2006 Les Brigades du Tigre Constance Radetsky English title : The Tiger Brigades 2006 Copying Beethoven Anna Holtz 2007 Goodbye Bafana Gloria Gregory 2007 Days of Darkness Véronica Star French title : L'Âge des ténèbres 2007 The Hunting Party Mirjana 2007 National Treasure : Book of Secrets Abigail Chase 2008 Anything for Her Lisa 2009 Inglourious Basterds Bridget von Hammersmark 2009 Mr. Nobody Anna 2009 Farewell Femme jogging French title : L'Affaire Farewell Inhale Diane Stanton Fringe Miranda Green Episode : `` Olivia . In the Lab . With the Revolver . '' Lily Sometimes ( fr ) Clara French title : Pieds nus sur les limaces 2011 Unknown Gina 2011 Forces spéciales Elsa English title : Special Forces 2012 Farewell , My Queen Queen Marie Antoinette French title : Les adieux à la Reine 2012 Un plan parfait Isabelle English title : A Perfect Plan 2013 The Host The Seeker / Lacey 2013 Me , Myself and Mum Ingeborg French title : Les Garçons et Guillaume , à table ! 2013 The Galapagos Affair : Satan Came to Eden Margret Wittmer Narration / Voice 2013 -- 2014 The Bridge Detective Sonya Cross TV series 2014 The Better Angels Sarah Bush Lincoln 2015 Fathers and Daughters Elizabeth 2015 Disorder Jessie 2015 Sky Romy 2016 The Infiltrator Kathy Ertz 2017 In the Fade Katja Sekerci German title : Aus dem Nichts 2017 Tout nous sépare ( fr ) Julia 2018 JT Leroy Eva Post-production 2018 The Women of Marwen Deja Thoris Filming Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominated work Result 2003 Cannes Film Festival Chopard Trophy for Female Revelation N / A Won Bambi Award N / A N / A Won Saturn Award Best Supporting Actress National Treasure Nominated 2007 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie Actress -- Action , Adventure National Treasure : Book of Secrets Nominated 2009 Broadcast Film Critics Association Best Cast Inglourious Basterds Won 2009 San Diego Film Critics Society Best Cast Inglourious Basterds Won 2009 Saturn Awards Best Supporting Actress Inglourious Basterds Nominated 2009 Online Film Critics Society Best Supporting Actress Inglourious Basterds Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Inglourious Basterds Won Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role Inglourious Basterds Nominated 2013 Newport Beach Film Festival Best Actress Un plan parfait Won 2015 Elle Style Awards Best Movie Actress N / A Won 2017 Cannes Film Festival Best Actress In the Fade Won 2018 Satellite Awards Best Actress -- Motion Picture In the Fade Won Honours ( edit ) Officer of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres ( 22 September 2014 ) . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tied with Sally Hawkins for The Shape of Water References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Diane Heidkruger '' . Fashion Model Directory . Retrieved 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Diane Kruger profile '' . Filmreference.com . Retrieved 30 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Diane Kruger for Marie Claire '' . Marie Claire . 1 April 2010 . Retrieved 15 July 2010 . This month , she speaks openly to Marie Claire about a difficult childhood , her Catholic upbringing ... Jump up ^ Hattersley , Giles ( 2 August 2009 ) . `` Diane Kruger on being a 1940s film star - turned - spy '' . The Times . UK . Retrieved 15 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Diane Kruger `` Farewell , My Queen '' Stephen Holt Show `` . Retrieved 23 October 2012 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Friedlander , Noam ( 2 June 2009 ) . `` Diane Kruger interview '' . The Telegraph . London . Retrieved 25 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The 10 best dressed '' . Matches Fashion . Jump up ^ Elite . Archived 23 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine . pageantopolis . Retrieved 16 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 Hot 100 '' . Maxim. 1 May 2005 . Archived from the original on 5 September 2011 . Retrieved 24 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` DIANE KRUGER , MASTER OF CEREMONIES FOR THE 60th FESTIVAL DE CANNES '' . Festival de Cannes . Retrieved 17 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations announced for the 16th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards ® '' . Screen Actors Guild of America . Retrieved 17 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Topel , Fred ( 27 June 2011 ) . `` LAFF Review : Mr Nobody '' . Screenjunkies.com . Retrieved 3 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` January Jones and Diane Kruger Join Liam Neeson in Unknown White Male '' . Dreadcentral.com. 26 October 2009 . Retrieved 24 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Marie Antoinette drama to open Berlin Film Festival '' . BBC . 5 January 2012 . Retrieved 5 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Jury of the 65th Festival de Cannes '' . festival-cannes.com . Cannes Film Festival . Archived from the original on 24 May 2012 . Retrieved 25 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Host ' Premiere : Saoirse Ronan , Diane Kruger Celebrate Stephenie Meyer 's Adaptation '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 20 March 2013 . Retrieved 14 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Siegemund - Broka , Austin ( 7 September 2013 ) . `` ' The Bridge ' : Diane Kruger on Asperger 's and Female TV Roles '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 14 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Watches for Men : New Boutique : Diane Kruger helps unveil Jaeger - LeCoultre 's Cannes boutique '' . Professionalwatches.com. 28 May 2009 . Archived from the original on 31 January 2010 . Retrieved 30 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Diane Kruger Named Global Spokesmodel for L'Oreal '' US Magazine . 15 December 2009 Jump up ^ `` Diane Kruger Is the New Face of Calvin Klein Fragrance '' . People . 3 May 2010 . Retrieved 14 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Whitaker , Helen ( 30 April 2013 ) . `` What Would Diane Kruger Do ? '' . Glamour . Retrieved 21 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Diane Kruger Talks American Citizenship on Chelsea Lately : `` I Did Get the Flag Wrong '' `` . E !. 16 August 2013 . Retrieved 30 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Diane Kruger 's found a father in Karl Lagerfeld '' . My Fashion Life . 13 August 2009 . Retrieved 30 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Rebecca Murray & Fred Topel . `` Guillaume Canet Interview '' . movies.about.com . Retrieved 2 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Guillaume Canet -- Biography '' . IMDb . Retrieved 3 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Diane Kruger and Guillaume Canet to Divorce '' . Hollywood.com. 18 January 2006 . Retrieved 2 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Helen Barlow ( 9 April 2007 ) . `` Vintage Kruger '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 10 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Reardanz , Karen ( 14 August 2009 ) . `` Kruger engaged to Jackson ? '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 18 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Diane Kruger in Glamour : ' I Do n't Believe In Marriage ' '' . HuffPost. 2 February 2011 . Retrieved 13 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Gugliemi , Jodi ( 18 July 2016 ) . `` Diane Kruger and Joshua Jackson Have Split After 10 Years Together '' . People . United States . Retrieved 18 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Yuan , Jada ( 21 May 2012 ) . `` How Diane Kruger and Joshua Jackson Do Cannes '' . Vulture . Retrieved 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bambi Award Past Winners '' . Bambi Awards . Archived from the original on 2 July 2013 . Retrieved 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Diane Kruger Awards '' . IMDb . Retrieved 18 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Discours de Fleur Pellerin , prononcé à l'occasion de la cérémonie de remise des insignes d'Officier de l'ordre des Arts et des Lettres à D ... -- Ministère de la Culture '' . culturecommunication.gouv.fr. 22 September 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Diane Kruger . Diane Kruger on IMDb Diane Kruger at the Fashion Model Directory Diane Kruger at AllMovie Diane Kruger at AskMen Awards for Diane Kruger Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actress 1946 -- 1975 Michèle Morgan ( 1946 ) Isa Miranda ( 1949 ) Bette Davis ( 1951 ) Lee Grant ( 1952 ) Shirley Booth ( 1953 ) cast of Bolshaya Semya ( 1955 ) Susan Hayward ( 1956 ) Giulietta Masina ( 1957 ) Bibi Andersson / Eva Dahlbeck / Barbro Hiort af Ornäs / Ingrid Thulin ( 1958 ) Simone Signoret ( 1959 ) Melina Mercouri / Jeanne Moreau ( 1960 ) Sophia Loren ( 1961 ) Katharine Hepburn / Rita Tushingham ( 1962 ) Marina Vlady ( 1963 ) Anne Bancroft / Barbara Barrie ( 1964 ) Samantha Eggar ( 1965 ) Vanessa Redgrave ( 1966 ) Pia Degermark ( 1967 ) Vanessa Redgrave ( 1969 ) Ottavia Piccolo ( 1970 ) Kitty Winn ( 1971 ) Susannah York ( 1972 ) Joanne Woodward ( 1973 ) Marie - José Nat ( 1974 ) Valerie Perrine ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Dominique Sanda / Mari Törőcsik ( 1976 ) Shelley Duvall / Monique Mercure ( 1977 ) Jill Clayburgh / Isabelle Huppert ( 1978 ) Sally Field ( 1979 ) Anouk Aimée ( 1980 ) Isabelle Adjani ( 1981 ) Jadwiga Jankowska - Cieślak ( 1982 ) Hanna Schygulla ( 1983 ) Helen Mirren ( 1984 ) Norma Aleandro / Cher ( 1985 ) Barbara Sukowa / Fernanda Torres ( 1986 ) Barbara Hershey ( 1987 ) Barbara Hershey / Jodhi May / Linda Mvusi ( 1988 ) Meryl Streep ( 1989 ) Krystyna Janda ( 1990 ) Irène Jacob ( 1991 ) Pernilla August ( 1992 ) Holly Hunter ( 1993 ) Virna Lisi ( 1994 ) Helen Mirren ( 1995 ) Brenda Blethyn ( 1996 ) Kathy Burke ( 1997 ) Élodie Bouchez / Natacha Régnier ( 1998 ) Séverine Caneele / Émilie Dequenne ( 1999 ) Björk ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Isabelle Huppert ( 2001 ) Kati Outinen ( 2002 ) Marie - Josée Croze ( 2003 ) Maggie Cheung ( 2004 ) Hana Laszlo ( 2005 ) Penélope Cruz / Carmen Maura / Lola Dueñas / Chus Lampreave / Blanca Portillo / Yohana Cobo ( 2006 ) Jeon Do - yeon ( 2007 ) Sandra Corveloni ( 2008 ) Charlotte Gainsbourg ( 2009 ) Juliette Binoche ( 2010 ) Kirsten Dunst ( 2011 ) Cristina Flutur / Cosmina Stratan ( 2012 ) Bérénice Bejo ( 2013 ) Julianne Moore ( 2014 ) Emmanuelle Bercot / Rooney Mara ( 2015 ) Jaclyn Jose ( 2016 ) Diane Kruger ( 2017 ) Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Acting Ensemble 2000s 2001 Gosford Park Eileen Atkins , Bob Balaban , Alan Bates , Charles Dance , Stephen Fry , Michael Gambon , Richard E. Grant , Tom Hollander , Derek Jacobi , Kelly Macdonald , Helen Mirren , Jeremy Northam , Clive Owen , Ryan Phillippe , Maggie Smith , Geraldine Somerville , Kristin Scott Thomas , Sophie Thompson , Emily Watson , James Wilby 2002 Chicago Christine Baranski , Ekaterina Shchelkanova , Taye Diggs , Denise Faye , Colm Feore , Richard Gere , Deidre Goodwin , Queen Latifah , Lucy Liu , Susan Misner , Mýa , John C. Reilly , Dominic West , Renée Zellweger , Catherine Zeta - Jones 2003 The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Sean Astin , Sean Bean , Cate Blanchett , Orlando Bloom , Billy Boyd , Bernard Hill , Ian Holm , Ian McKellen , Dominic Monaghan , Viggo Mortensen , John Noble , Miranda Otto , John Rhys - Davies , Andy Serkis , Liv Tyler , Karl Urban , Hugo Weaving , David Wenham , Elijah Wood Sideways Thomas Haden Church , Paul Giamatti , Virginia Madsen , Sandra Oh 2005 Crash Christopher `` Ludacris '' Bridges , Sandra Bullock , Don Cheadle , Matt Dillon , Jennifer Esposito , William Fichtner , Brendan Fraser , Terrence Howard , Thandie Newton , Ryan Phillippe , Larenz Tate 2006 Little Miss Sunshine Alan Arkin , Abigail Breslin , Steve Carell , Toni Collette , Paul Dano , Greg Kinnear 2007 Hairspray Nikki Blonsky , Amanda Bynes , Paul Dooley , Zac Efron , Allison Janney , Elijah Kelley , Queen Latifah , James Marsden , Michelle Pfeiffer , Brittany Snow , Jerry Stiller , John Travolta , Christopher Walken 2008 Milk Josh Brolin , Joseph Cross , James Franco , Victor Garber , Emile Hirsch , Diego Luna , Denis O'Hare , Sean Penn , Alison Pill 2009 Inglourious Basterds Daniel Brühl , August Diehl , Julie Dreyfus , Michael Fassbender , Sylvester Groth , Jacky Ido , Diane Kruger , Mélanie Laurent , Denis Ménochet , Mike Myers , Brad Pitt , Eli Roth , Til Schweiger , Rod Taylor , Christoph Waltz , Martin Wuttke 2010s The Fighter Amy Adams , Christian Bale , Melissa Leo , Jack McGee , Mark Wahlberg 2011 The Help Jessica Chastain , Viola Davis , Bryce Dallas Howard , Allison Janney , Chris Lowell , Ahna O'Reilly , Sissy Spacek , Octavia Spencer , Mary Steenburgen , Emma Stone , Cicely Tyson , Mike Vogel 2012 Silver Linings Playbook Bradley Cooper , Robert De Niro , Anupam Kher , Jennifer Lawrence , Chris Tucker , Jacki Weaver 2013 American Hustle Amy Adams , Christian Bale , Louis C.K. , Bradley Cooper , Jack Huston , Jennifer Lawrence , Alessandro Nivola , Michael Peña , Jeremy Renner , Elisabeth Röhm , Shea Whigham 2014 Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) Zach Galifianakis , Michael Keaton , Edward Norton , Andrea Riseborough , Amy Ryan , Emma Stone , Naomi Watts 2015 Spotlight Billy Crudup , Brian d'Arcy James , Michael Keaton , Rachel McAdams , Mark Ruffalo , Liev Schreiber , John Slattery , Stanley Tucci 2016 Moonlight Mahershala Ali , Patrick Decile , Alex R. Hibbert , Naomie Harris , André Holland , Jharrel Jerome , Janelle Monáe , Jaden Piner , Trevante Rhodes , Ashton Sanders 2017 Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri Abbie Cornish , Peter Dinklage , Woody Harrelson , John Hawkes , Lucas Hedges , Željko Ivanek , Caleb Landry Jones , Frances McDormand , Clarke Peters , Sam Rockwell , Samara Weaving Satellite Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy ( 1996 -- 2010 , retired ) Gwyneth Paltrow ( 1996 ) Helen Hunt ( 1997 ) Christina Ricci ( 1998 ) Janet McTeer ( 1999 ) Renée Zellweger ( 2000 ) Nicole Kidman ( 2001 ) Jennifer Westfeldt ( 2002 ) Diane Keaton ( 2003 ) Annette Bening ( 2004 ) Reese Witherspoon ( 2005 ) Meryl Streep ( 2006 ) Ellen Page ( 2007 ) Sally Hawkins ( 2008 ) Meryl Streep ( 2009 ) Anne Hathaway ( 2010 ) Motion Picture Drama ( 1996 -- 2010 , retired ) Frances McDormand ( 1996 ) Judi Dench ( 1997 ) Cate Blanchett ( 1998 ) Hilary Swank ( 1999 ) Ellen Burstyn ( 2000 ) Sissy Spacek ( 2001 ) Diane Lane ( 2002 ) Charlize Theron ( 2003 ) Hilary Swank ( 2004 ) Felicity Huffman ( 2005 ) Helen Mirren ( 2006 ) Marion Cotillard ( 2007 ) Angelina Jolie ( 2008 ) Shohreh Aghdashloo ( 2009 ) Noomi Rapace ( 2010 ) Motion Picture ( 2011 -- present ) Viola Davis ( 2011 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2012 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2013 ) Julianne Moore ( 2014 ) Saoirse Ronan ( 2015 ) Isabelle Huppert ‎ / Ruth Negga ( 2016 ) Sally Hawkins / Diane Kruger ( 2017 ) `` The template below ( ScreenActorsGuildAward CastMotionPicture 2001 -- 2010 ) is being considered for merging . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture 2001 Gosford Park Eileen Atkins , Bob Balaban , Alan Bates , Charles Dance , Stephen Fry , Michael Gambon , Richard E. Grant , Tom Hollander , Derek Jacobi , Kelly Macdonald , Helen Mirren , Jeremy Northam , Clive Owen , Ryan Phillippe , Maggie Smith , Geraldine Somerville , Kristin Scott Thomas , Sophie Thompson , Emily Watson , James Wilby 2002 Chicago Christine Baranski , Ekaterina Shchelkanova , Taye Diggs , Denise Faye , Colm Feore , Richard Gere , Deidre Goodwin , Queen Latifah , Lucy Liu , Susan Misner , Mýa , John C. Reilly , Dominic West , Renée Zellweger , Catherine Zeta - Jones 2003 The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Sean Astin , Sean Bean , Cate Blanchett , Orlando Bloom , Billy Boyd , Bernard Hill , Ian Holm , Ian McKellen , Dominic Monaghan , Viggo Mortensen , John Noble , Miranda Otto , John Rhys - Davies , Andy Serkis , Liv Tyler , Karl Urban , Hugo Weaving , David Wenham , Elijah Wood Sideways Thomas Haden Church , Paul Giamatti , Virginia Madsen , Sandra Oh 2005 Crash Christopher `` Ludacris '' Bridges , Sandra Bullock , Don Cheadle , Matt Dillon , Jennifer Esposito , William Fichtner , Brendan Fraser , Terrence Howard , Thandie Newton , Ryan Phillippe , Larenz Tate 2006 Little Miss Sunshine Alan Arkin , Abigail Breslin , Steve Carell , Toni Collette , Paul Dano , Greg Kinnear 2007 No Country for Old Men Javier Bardem , Josh Brolin , Garret Dillahunt , Tess Harper , Woody Harrelson , Tommy Lee Jones , Kelly Macdonald 2008 Slumdog Millionaire Rubina Ali , Tanay Chheda , Ashutosh Lobo Gajiwala , Azharuddin Mohammed Ismail , Anil Kapoor , Irrfan Khan , Ayush Mahesh Khedekar , Tanvi Ganesh Lonkar , Madhur Mittal , Dev Patel , Freida Pinto 2009 Inglourious Basterds Daniel Brühl , August Diehl , Julie Dreyfus , Michael Fassbender , Sylvester Groth , Jacky Ido , Diane Kruger , Mélanie Laurent , Denis Ménochet , Mike Myers , Brad Pitt , Eli Roth , Til Schweiger , Rod Taylor , Christoph Waltz , Martin Wuttke The King 's Speech Anthony Andrews , Helena Bonham Carter , Jennifer Ehle , Colin Firth , Michael Gambon , Derek Jacobi , Guy Pearce , Geoffrey Rush , Timothy Spall Complete list ( 1995 -- 2000 ) ( 2001 -- 2010 ) ( 2011 -- 2020 ) Trophée Chopard 2000s Eduardo Noriega / Audrey Tautou ( 2001 ) Hayden Christensen / Paz Vega / Ludivine Sagnier ( 2002 ) Gael García Bernal / Diane Kruger ( 2003 ) Rodrigo Santoro / Marion Cotillard ( 2004 ) Jonathan Rhys Meyers / Kelly Reilly ( 2005 ) Kevin Zegers / Jasmine Trinca ( 2006 ) Nick Cannon / Archie Panjabi ( 2007 ) Omar Metwally / Tang Wei ( 2008 ) David Kross / Léa Seydoux ( 2009 ) 2010s Edward Hogg / Liya Kebede ( 2010 ) Niels Schneider / Àstrid Bergès - Frisbey ( 2011 ) Ezra Miller / Shailene Woodley ( 2012 ) Jeremy Irvine / Blanca Suárez ( 2013 ) Logan Lerman / Adèle Exarchopoulos ( 2014 ) Jack O'Connell / Lola Kirke ( 2015 ) John Boyega / Bel Powley ( 2016 ) George MacKay / Anya Taylor - Joy ( 2017 ) VIAF : 27303908 LCCN : no2005002999 ISNI : 0000 0001 2125 4323 GND : 140682678 SUDOC : 11080967X BNF : cb145403634 ( data ) BIBSYS : 5043108 BNE : XX1260221 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diane_Kruger&oldid=832640329 '' Categories : 1976 births 21st - century American actresses 21st - century German actresses Alumni of the Cours Florent American expatriates in Canada American expatriates in France American expatriates in Germany American female models American film actresses American people of German descent American people of Polish descent American television actresses Former Roman Catholics German expatriates in Canada German expatriates in France German expatriates in the United States German female models German film actresses German people of Polish descent German television actresses Living people Officiers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Screen Actors Guild Award winners People educated at the Royal Ballet School People from Hildesheim ( district ) People with acquired American citizenship Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from January 2018 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Interlanguage link template link number Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 46 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 05 : 04 . 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who plays helen of troy in the movie troy

She is known for roles such as Helen in the epic war film Troy ( 2004 ) , Dr. Abigail Chase in the heist film National Treasure ( 2004 ) and its sequel ( 2007 ) , Bridget von Hammersmark in Quentin Tarantino 's war film Inglourious Basterds ( 2009 ) , and Gina in the psychological thriller film Unknown ( 2011 ) . She also starred as Detective Sonya Cross in the FX crime drama series The Bridge ( 2013 -- 14 ) .

List of diamond mines - wikipedia List of diamond mines Jump to : navigation , search `` Diamond mine '' redirects here . For other uses , see Diamond mine ( disambiguation ) . Small rough diamonds from Russia . Crystals are about 0.7 to 0.9 mm in size . There are a limited number of commercially viable diamond mines currently operating in the world , with the 50 largest mines accounting for approximately 90 % of global supply . Diamonds are also mined alluvially over disperse areas , where diamonds have been eroded out of the ground , deposited , and concentrated by water or weather action . There is also at least one example of a heritage diamond mine ( Crater of Diamonds State Park ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Africa 1.1 Angola 1.2 Botswana 1.3 South Africa 1.4 Others 2 Asia 2.1 Russia 2.2 India 2.3 Indonesia 3 Australia 4 North America 4.1 Canada 4.2 United States 5 See also 6 References Africa ( edit ) Main article : List of mines in Africa Angola ( edit ) Main article : List of mines in Angola Catoca diamond mine Fucauma diamond mine Luarica diamond mine Botswana ( edit ) Main article : List of mines in Botswana Damtshaa diamond mine Jwaneng diamond mine Letlhakane diamond mine Orapa diamond mine Karowe diamond mine Lerala diamond mine South Africa ( edit ) Main article : List of mines in South Africa Baken diamond mine Cullinan diamond mine ( previously `` Premier mine '' ) Finsch diamond mine Kimberley , Northern Cape Koffiefontein mine Venetia diamond mine Others ( edit ) Marange diamond fields , Zimbabwe Murowa diamond mine , Zimbabwe Williamson diamond mine , Tanzania Letseng diamond mine , Lesotho Miba , Democratic Republic of the Congo Asia ( edit ) Russia ( edit ) Main article : List of mines in Russia Mirny GOK Udachny GOK Jubilee Grib Aikhal Komsomolskaya International Zarnitsa mine India ( edit ) Main article : List of mines in India Kollur Mine Panna Indonesia ( edit ) Main article : List of mines in Indonesia Martapura Australia ( edit ) Main article : List of mines in Australia Argyle diamond mine Merlin diamond mine North America ( edit ) Canada ( edit ) Main article : List of mines in Canada Diavik Diamond Mine , Northwest Territories Ekati Diamond Mine , Northwest Territories Jericho Diamond Mine , Nunavut Snap Lake Diamond Mine , Northwest Territories Victor Diamond Mine , Ontario Gahcho Kue Diamond Mine Project , Northwest Territories Renard Diamond Mine , Quebec United States ( edit ) Main article : List of mines in the United States Crater of Diamonds State Park , Arkansas Kelsey Lake Diamond Mine , Colorado See also ( edit ) Diamonds as an investment List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor Golconda Diamonds References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Diamond Mine Map - Daily Infographic '' . www.thediamondringreview.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ Zimnisky , Paul ( March 13 , 2014 ) . `` The state of global rough diamond supply 2014 '' . Mining.com . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_diamond_mines&oldid=808583078 '' Categories : Diamond mines Lists of mines Gemstone - related lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Magyar Edit links This page was last edited on 3 November 2017 , at 19 : 33 . About Wikipedia

where to find diamonds in the united states

Crater of Diamonds State Park , Arkansas Kelsey Lake Diamond Mine , Colorado

List of the Mortal Instruments characters - wikipedia List of the Mortal Instruments characters Jump to : navigation , search hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may be written from a fan 's point of view , rather than a neutral point of view . Please clean it up to conform to a higher standard of quality , and to make it neutral in tone . 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( November 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of the main characters from The Mortal Instruments series by Cassandra Clare , including the novels City of Bones , City of Ashes , City of Glass , City of Fallen Angels , City of Lost Souls , and City of Heavenly Fire Contents ( hide ) 1 Television series cast 2 Main characters 2.1 Clary Fairchild 2.2 Jace Wayland - Lightwood - Morgenstern - Herondale 2.3 Simon Lewis 2.4 Luke Garroway 2.5 Isabelle Lightwood 2.6 Alexander Lightwood - Bane 2.7 Magnus Bane 2.8 Maia Roberts 2.9 Jocelyn Fairchild / Morgenstern 2.10 Valentine Morgenstern 2.11 Jonathan Morgenstern 3 Secondary characters 3.1 Alaric 3.2 Amatis Graymark 3.3 Catarina Loss 3.4 Emma Carstairs 3.5 Hodge Starkweather 3.6 Imogen Herondale 3.7 Lilith 3.8 Consul Malachi 3.9 Maryse Lightwood 3.10 Maureen Brown 3.11 Max Lightwood 3.12 Raphael Santiago 3.13 Robert Lightwood 3.14 Tessa Gray / Herondale / Carstairs 3.15 Brother Zachariah / Jem Carstairs 4 References 5 See also Television series cast ( edit ) The following is a list of series regulars who have appeared in one or more of the series ' three seasons . The characters are listed in the order they were first credited in the series . Key = Main cast ( actor receives `` Starring '' credit that season ) = Recurring cast ( actor appears in two or more episodes that season ) = Guest cast ( actor appears in only one episode that season ) Character Actor Seasons Clary Fray Katherine McNamara Main Jace Herondale Dominic Sherwood Main Simon Lewis Alberto Rosende Main Alec Lightwood Matthew Daddario Main Isabelle Lightwood Emeraude Toubia Main Luke Garroway Isaiah Mustafa Main Magnus Bane Harry Shum Jr . Main Maia Roberts Alisha Wainwright Recurring Main Recurring cast Raphael Santiago David Castro Recurring Meliorn Jade Hassouné Recurring Guest Valentine Morgenstern Alan Van Sprang Recurring Guest Jocelyn Fray Maxim Roy Recurring Dorothea `` Dot '' Rollins Vanessa Matsui Recurring Hodge Starkweather Jon Cor Recurring Guest Camille Belcourt Kaitlyn Leeb Recurring Guest Elaine Lewis Christina Cox Recurring Maryse Lightwood Nicola Correia - Damude Recurring Robert Lightwood Paulino Nunes Recurring Guest Max Lightwood Jack Fulton Recurring Rebecca Lewis Holly Deveaux Recurring Lydia Brandwell Stephanie Bennett Recurring Raj Raymond Ablack Guest Recurring Imogen Herondale Mimi Kuzyk Guest Recurring Guest Jonathan Morgenstern Will Tudor Recurring Ollie Alexandra Ordolis Does not appear Recurring Heidi McKenzie Tessa Mossey Does not appear Guest Recurring Catarina Sophia Walker Does not appear Guest Recurring Lilith Anna Hopkins Does not appear Recurring Lorenzo Rey Javier Muñoz Does not appear Recurring Jordan Kyle Chai Hansen Does not appear Recurring Main characters ( edit ) Clary Fairchild ( edit ) Clary Fairchild The Mortal Instruments character Shadowhunters character Clary , as portrayed by Katherine McNamara in the TV series . First appearance Novels : City of Bones ( 2007 ) Film : The Mortal Instruments : City of Bones ( 2013 ) Television : `` The Mortal Cup '' ( 1.01 ) Last appearance Novels : Lord of Shadows ( 2017 ) Created by Cassandra Clare Portrayed by Lily Collins ( film ) Katherine McNamara ( television ) Information Full name Clarissa Adele Fairchild Nickname ( s ) Clary Biscuit Species Shadowhunter Gender Female Occupation Co-head of the New York Institute ( novels ) Family General : Valentine Morgenstern ( father ) Jocelyn Fray ( mother ) Jonathan Morgenstern † ( brother ) Luke Garroway ( stepfather ) Significant other ( s ) Jace Herondale ( boyfriend ) Simon Lewis ( best friend / ex-boyfriend ( just in the television series ) ) Relatives Only in print : Valentina Graymark ( illusionary sister ) Seraphina Morgenstern ( paternal grandmother ) Granville Fairchild II ( maternal grandfather ) Adele Fairchild ( maternal grandmother ) ( 1991 - 08 - 21 ) August 21 , 1991 ( age 26 ) Manhattan , New York , U.S. Residence The New York Institute Park Slope , Brooklyn ( former ) Abilities Art Use of heavenly weapons Nephilim physiology Runic magic Angelic blood empowerment The Sight Clarissa `` Clary '' Adele Fairchild is a fictional character and the main protagonist of the Mortal Instruments series . While at a New York City nightclub , the Pandemonium , she is stunned to observe a group of teenagers with apparent supernatural abilities : Jace , Isabelle , and Alec . She sees them attack a demon and soon realizes she is the only person able to see them . After the battle , Clary is introduced to the group of teens , who identify themselves as Shadowhunters , a race of humans who are physically enhanced with angel blood , who secretly protect humanity from demons . When her mother Jocelyn goes missing , Clary learns that the event is connected to the conflict between the Shadowhunters and their enemies . She then enters the Shadowhunter fold , using her newly revealed mystical abilities to assist the group while attempting to find her mother . In the process , she falls in love with fellow Shadowhunter Jace / Jonathan Herondale . Clary learns that Valentine Morgenstern , the main antagonist of the series , is her biological father and her mother 's ex-husband . At the end of City of Bones , Valentine tells them that Clary and Jace are siblings -- which , they discover later in the series , is a lie . In the second book of the series , City of Ashes , Clary dates her best friend Simon , who has for a long time had a crush on her , in order to forget Jace during the torturous time of believing him to be her brother . She is told by the Seelie Queen that she has the ability to create runes that do n't exist ; but they do exist , which later enables her to destroy Valentine 's ship using the `` Open '' rune . In the end of the second novel , Clary finds that an old friend of her mother , Madeleine , knows how to wake her mother , who has been in a magical coma since the first book . In City of Glass , it is discovered that Jocelyn had taken a potion , made by a warlock named Ragnor Fell , to induce a comatose state and prevent her from being interrogated by Valentine . Before she dies , Madeleine tells Clary she needs to find Fell , who will help her cure her mother . Clary uses a magic portal to convey herself and Luke to Idris , and falls into Lake Lyn and drinks some of the water by accident ; this causes her to hallucinate and then to become lucid , because the lake 's water is poisonous to Shadowhunters . Luke then takes her to his sister Amatis for healing . During her stay in Alicante , Clary ventures to find Ragnor Fell , who will be able to help her with the potion . She is escorted there by Sebastian Verlac , whom she recently met , in an attempt to make contact with Fell . Instead she finds Magnus Bane . He tells her of Ragnor 's death and how he was called as a replacement , and requests that she find him the Book of White in return for his help . She returns to Alicante , where Sebastian kisses her . She rejects him after having feelings of `` wrong '' while he kissed her , and they continue back to Alicante . She then learns that something called the Book of White has been hidden in Wayland Manor , and travels with Jace to retrieve it . Inside the Manor , they find the angel Ithuriel tied up and left for dead in the basement . He gives both Shadowhunters visions of Valentine experimenting on his children with demon blood in an attempt to make a stronger warrior . They escape from Wayland Manor , after freeing Ithuriel so that he can finally die ; the two then share a moment of passionate romance . They return to Alicante to see it burning from the first assault on the city , and after things are in order , Clary meets with the others and they go to free Simon who was taken to a Conclave prison called The Guard . They return to see the Clave , and Clary uses her rune ability to create a binding rune , enabling Shadowhunters and Downworlders to share powers . All those of age go to the battle on Brocelind Plains , and Clary has to give Simon the Mark of Cain so that the vampires will join the fight . At last , Magnus wakes Clary 's mother Jocelyn , who informs Clary that Jace is not her brother . Her real brother is Sebastian ( Jonathan Morgenstern ) . It is soon revealed that Sebastian is a spy for Valentine and that he tried to seduce Clary into teaming up with him . Clary then tries to locate Jace to help him . She runs into Valentine , who ties her down in order to complete his summoning of the Angel by using her blood . Then , when Jace arrives to rescue her , Valentine forces her to watch as he fatally stabs Jace in the chest . Upon summoning the angel , Clary changes the marks on Valentine 's summoning circle , giving her the ability to control the Angel , and after Valentine is slain , she wishes to have Jace back . After Jace is brought back to life , the two get together . In the fourth book , City of Fallen Angels , Clary and Jace are happily in love . But soon , Jace starts to behave strangely and avoids her , leading Clary to assume he wants to break up with her . In truth , he has been influenced by Lilith , who sent him dreams in which he kills or hurts Clary , because when he was raised from the dead by Raziel , all of his protections placed on him at birth were stripped away , leaving him vulnerable to demonic influence . During the party , when Lucian 's pack celebrated his engagement with Clary 's mother Jocelyn , she is kidnapped by a fully possessed Jace and taken to Lilith . There , she learns her brother Jonathan Christopher Morgenstern / Sebastian Verlac is going to be raised from the dead by Simon , and she was brought just to make him do that . Using Jace 's affection for her ( which remains undiminished because his possession has no effect on that part of him ) , she cuts the rune which enabled Lilith to control him . Seeing his chance , Simon destroys Lilith with his Mark of Cain . After Lilith 's destruction , Isabelle and Alec appear on the scene , but Jace shoos them away since he does n't want to be consoled as he feels terrible for hurting Clary , in spite of the fact that he was n't himself . Alec then shoves Clary back to the room as they get into the elevator , feeling that only she can help him . Clary and Jace reaffirm their love after she convinces him he is not a horrible person . The last words Clary says to him before going down are , `` I 'll be back . Five minutes , '' and they share a kiss before she leaves and comes back to find him gone , unaware his rune has healed and he is possessed once again . In the fifth book of the series , City of Lost Souls , Clary has realized that Jace has gone away with Sebastian Verlac ( Jonathan Morgenstern ) . The Clave was alarmed by the sudden disappearance of Jonathan and Jace and started to search for any signs of them , after two weeks of repeating the same statement about what happened at the rooftop , before Clary left him with Sebastian , alive by Simon 's blood . But other problems come to the Clave and it has to set aside the search for Jonathan . Clary is outraged by the news . Using the bell given to her by Kaelie Whitewillow , a waitress and subject of the Queen 's , she goes to the Seelie Queen 's palace where she has to beg for help due to the limited resources . The Seelie Queen has requested that Clary be allowed to steal the faerie rings kept inside the Institute . Clary steals the rings but does n't give them to the Queen because of the appearance of Jace and Sebastian at the library , all healthy looking and safe . Afterward , Clary accepts their offer of coming to them . When the plan of Sebastian was finally revealed to her , she could n't believe what could happen . At the enchantment ceremony , she was surprised when Amatis was turned into a dark Shadowhunter by the blood of Lilith . At the same time , Magnus , Alec , Maryse , Isabelle , and Simon arrived , with Glorious in hand . When Glorious was handed to her , she struck Jace , the mark of Lilith burning , making him cry out in pain . In the epilogue , she was concerned why she could n't visit Jace because of her thoughts telling her she almost killed Jace , but reassured by Isabelle she did n't do anything to make Jace mad . She visited Jace , but she almost thought she was n't going to be allowed to go in due to Brother Zachariah . By the consent of Brother Zachariah , she entered , hugging Jace and reaffirming their relationship . Finally in City of Heavenly Fire , Sebastian has taken many shadowhunters and turned them into his endarkened . The remaining shadowhunters retreat to Idris for safety . Sebastian offers to leave them alone if he is given Clary and Jace . Before the Clave can make a decision Clary , Jace , Simon , Isabelle and Alec sneak off to Edom , the demon realm Sebastian is hiding in ; he has Jocelyn , Luke , Magnus and Raphael prisoner . After spending days trying to find him they come upon his castle , a dark version of Alicante . Sebastian offers Clary a place next to him , in exchange for leaving everyone she knows and all of the Shadowhunters alone . She accepts it , knowing that she has to keep everyone safe . When Sebastian is momentarily distracted she stabs him with the Morgenstern blade , containing heavenly fire . He is returned to the brother that she could have had , before he then dies . The group manage to escape after Simon gives up his immortality and memories of the Shadow World . Months later Clary talks to him but he does n't remember her . At her mother and Luke 's wedding , Simon tell her he remembers her . She and Jace are happy , as the others ; they are coping with all the losses of the dark war . After all that Jace finally finds out what Sebastian did to Clary . Physical appearance Clary is 5'2 '' with curly red hair , green eyes , pale skin , and freckles . She is said to look like her mother , who is described as beautiful and small . Clary sometimes doubts the fact that she is as beautiful as her mother , believing herself to be a duller version of her mother , with less defined features . She is rather small and thin . She is described by Jace many times throughout the series as `` delicate '' . She is portrayed by Lily Collins in the film adaptation of the book and Katherine McNamara in the television series . Family She is the daughter of Valentine Morgenstern and Jocelyn Fairchild , step daughter of Lucian Graymark . She is also the sister to Jonathan Christopher Morgenstern . She gained her ability to create runes when Valentine fed her mother angel blood while she was in the womb . Appearances in books City of Bones ( 2007 ) City of Ashes ( 2008 ) City of Glass ( 2009 ) City of Fallen Angels ( 2011 ) City of Lost Souls ( 2012 ) City of Heavenly Fire ( 2014 ) Tales From the Shadowhunter Academy ( 2015 ) Lady Midnight ( 2016 ) `` Lord of Shadows '' ( 2017 ) Jace Wayland - Lightwood - Morgenstern - Herondale ( edit ) Jace Lightwood - Herondale The Mortal Instruments character Shadowhunters character First appearance Novels : City of Bones ( 2007 ) Film : The Mortal Instruments : City of Bones ( 2013 ) Television : `` The Mortal Cup '' ( 1.01 ) Last appearance Novels : Lord of Shadows ( 2017 ) Created by Cassandra Clare Portrayed by Jamie Campbell Bower ( film ) Dominic Sherwood ( television ) Information Full name Jonathan Christopher Lightwood - Herondale Nickname ( s ) Jace Species Shadowhunter Gender Male Occupation Co-head of the New York Institute ( novels ) Family Imogen Herondale ( maternal grandmother ) Stephen Herondale † ( biological father ) Celine Herondale † biological mother Valentine Morgenstern † adoptive father Maryse Lightwood ( adoptive mother Robert Lightwood ( adoptive father ) Alec Lightwood is also his Parabatai ( adoptive brother Isabelle Lightwood ( adoptive sister Max Lightwood ( adoptive brother ) Significant other ( s ) Clary Fray ( girlfriend ) Residence The New York Institute Abilities Use of heavenly weapons Nephilim physiology Runic magic Angelic blood empowerment The Sight Jace Ligtwood - Herondale is a Shadowhunter living at the New York Institute with his adopted family . Jace 's legal name changes throughout the series , from Jace Wayland ( when his father is thought to be Michael Wayland ) , to Jonathan Morgenstern ( Valentine 's son ) , to Jace Lightwood for the family that has taken him in , to Jace Herondale ( when his true father is revealed to be Stephen Herondale ) . His mother was the young Celiné Herondale , a member of Valentine 's inner circle with Stephen Herondale , his father . The nickname `` Jace '' was given to him by Maryse Lightwood after his ( fake ) initials J.C. ( Jonathan Christopher , because no one but Valentine and Jocelyn knew Jace was not his real son ) , when he first began living with Maryse Lightwood and her family , because of his dislike for his name . Jace was given the blood of an angel named Ithuriel by Valentine when Celiné was pregnant with him . This gave him enhanced abilities , even compared to regular Shadowhunters ( Shadowhunters hunt demons that come into this world through portals from their own worlds ) , such as the ability to jump from extreme heights and survive , run faster than any other Shadowhunter , and move with a stealth close to that of the Silent Brothers . For most of the books , Jace 's sarcastic , cold remarks and behavior hide his tortured and angry soul . In City of Ashes , his strong `` bad - boy '' personality makes Maryse Lightwood ( his adopted mother ) somewhat scared of him , worried that he is too much like Valentine , who was believed to be his real father until the assumption was proven false in City of Glass . Jace and Clary fall in love in City of Bones , making Clary the only girl Jace has developed real genuine feelings for , but after they find out they are `` siblings '' , each attempts to get over the other by dating other people . He is naturally overprotective and caring for her , although Clary does not see this due to her internal suffering . At the end of the third novel , City of Glass , Jocelyn contradicts Valentine 's avowal that Jace and Clary are siblings , telling Clary that Jace is actually the son of Celine and Stephen Herondale . The truth frees Jace and Clary from the torture of having seemingly incestuous feelings for each other , allowing them to accept their mutual feelings and become a `` real '' couple . Physical appearance Jace has fine , wavy dark golden - blond hair and dark gold eyes . He has a slim , muscular build , and is about 5'11 `` . His face is described as being pretty and angular , and Clary often refers to him as beautiful and leonine , with a narrow mouth . His eyes were much lighter in City of Bones , City of Ashes , and City of Glass ; Clary describes his eyes and hair as darker in City of Fallen Angels . His eyes are brown with flecks of gold that lighten and darken with his moods . Like all other Shadowhunters , he is covered in thin , pale scars from years of applying various magical runes with a stele for battle and healing purposes , as well as permanent runes . It is said that Jace is seventeen years old , though that was assuming he was Valentine ( or Michael Wayland 's ) son , and his real age is between a few years younger than Jonathan Christopher and a year or so older than Clary . Jace is also left - handed ( like Valentine ) . He has often said ( and tried to prove ) that the only trait he got from his father was his attitude . He is described to be extremely good looking . Jace is portrayed by Jamie Campbell Bower in the film adaptation of the book and Dominic Sherwood in the television series . Family In City of Bones , Jace lives with his adoptive family , the Lightwoods , and is seen as the brother of the Lightwood children . Later , he is told that he is the son of Valentine and Jocelyn Morgenstern , and not Michael Wayland as he had been told . At this time , he is also told that Clary Fray is his sister . In the end it is revealed that he is actually Stephen Herondale and Celine Herondale 's son and that Clary is not related to him . He and Clary have a conversation at the end of City of Glass in which he confesses that he does n't know who he is , referring to his last name . Clary confirms that he is a Lightwood , and Jace accepts that , correcting people throughout City of Fallen Angels when they referred to him as `` Jace Herondale '' . At the end of City of Heavenly Fire , Jace chooses to take on the Herondale name . Jace is also related to Will Herondale former leader of the London Institute and husband of Warlock Tessa Grey . Jace 's romantic interests Clary Fray : Jace begins to fall in love with Clary in City of Bones , growing close to her . Isabelle and Alec later say that they noticed a change in Jace 's behavior after he started getting close to Clary . In City of Glass , Isabelle tells Clary that before Jace met her , he was apathetic and only half - alive as if in a long - time sleep , but that after his first encounter with her , Jace `` woke up '' and `` started living '' . Isabelle further claims that she has never seen him act the way he does with Clary and states that Jace will never get over her . Throughout the series , Jace continuously loves Clary even after he believes they are siblings , to the extent that he is willing to commit incest with her and have a secret relationship . He has been with a couple of girls ( though it being stated as more as just hooking up ) and tries to start a relationship with Aline Penhallow in a failed attempt to get over Clary . Clary and Jace reunite at the end of the third book after discovering they are not siblings . Fighting Demons : Since Jace Herondale is the best Shadowhunter of his age , fighting demons is a hobby that he loves . He also loves showing off his skills while doing this activity . He fights with his siblings and Clary to protect the Institute , Idris , his family , Clary , himself , and many other people and places . He protects many people and saved many others while doing his job of being a Shadowhunter . Jace is extremely skilled because he is Shadowhunter and because of his past with Valentine , his parents and because he has more angel blood than other shadowhunters with the exception of Clary . Himself : As Jace says in the book that he loves himself and he turns himself down to keep it interesting when Clary says he does n't get rejected . Appearances in books City of Bones City of Ashes City of Glass City of Fallen Angels City of Lost Souls City of Heavenly Fire Tales From the Shadowhunter Academy The Bane Chronicles ( mentioned ) Lady Midnight A History of Notable Shadowhunters & Denizens of the Downworld Simon Lewis ( edit ) Simon Lewis is Clary 's best friend . He accompanies Clary in her adventures , despite being human for the first book , and most of the second book . Simon eventually becomes a Shadowhunter and he and Clary become Parabati . Along the way Simon falls for Isabelle Lightwood and he proposes to her and she says yes . He is portrayed by Robert Sheehan in the film and by Alberto Rosende in the television series . Family His family is said to be devoutly Jewish . Not much is said about Simon 's family . It is mentioned that his father died when he was very young due to a heart attack . His mother , Elaine Lewis , becomes a more prominent character in City of Fallen Angels when she discovers that Simon is a vampire and kicks him out of the house . Upon leaving , he puts her in a trance , hoping to talk to her at a later date . He also has a sister named Rebecca who is a few years older than he is . In City of Lost Souls , he admits to his sister that he is a vampire despite his fear of her shutting him out like his mother . Rebecca accepts him , and the two stay in contact . Elaine Lewis is portrayed by Christina Cox , and Rebecca is portrayed by Holly Deveaux in the television series . Character development In City of Bones , he is kidnapped by vampires after being turned into a rat and brought to their lair in the abandoned Hotel Dumort . Later , in City of Ashes , he begins to feel some side effects as a result of biting Raphael , the temporary head vampire while he was a rat . Because he is human and does n't know the correct way to become a vampire , he begins to fear he may be turning into a monster . When he can not reconcile his feelings for Clary , he returns to the hotel -- putting himself in great danger -- to ask them if he is becoming one of them . Unfortunately , the vampires attack , and Raphael saves him from immediate death by bringing him back to the Institute , where Clary is staying . Faced with the choice of letting Simon die or making him a vampire , Clary and Jace decide to let him be reborn as a vampire . In City of Ashes , he becomes a `` Daylighter '' after being drained of most of his blood on Valentine 's ship by Valentine so he can complete his Conversion on Maellartach , The Soul - Sword . Jace finds Simon on the brink of death and allows him to drink his blood to revive him . The large quantity of Angel blood in Jace 's body then allows Simon to stand in high sun with no risk of burning , unlike all other vampires who can not . After Max Lightwood 's death , Isabelle ( Max 's older sister ) becomes distraught , blaming herself for not listening to him and for not being there for her little brother . She refused to see anyone , finally allowing Simon to come in . Simon comforts Isabelle , trying to convince her that Max 's death was n't her fault , and ends up sleeping next to her , much to his surprise , although they do nothing sexual . Towards the end of the third novel , Raphael demands Simon 's death in exchange for his clan 's assistance for the war ; Raphael believes Simon 's Daylighter powers make him too dangerous to remain alive . In order to protect him , Clary draws the Mark of Cain on Simon , which prevents him from being harmed by anyone and also curses him , marking him as a wanderer for eternity . In City of Fallen Angels , a conflicted Simon tries casually dating both Isabelle and Maia . When the girls find out , they both leave him , and he is alone once more . However , by the end of the book it is clear that a deepening relationship is forming between Simon and Isabelle . In City of Lost Souls , Simon loses his Mark of Cain to the Angel Raziel in exchange for the sword `` Glorious '' to save Jace by separating him and Sebastian . Throughout the book , Simon and Isabelle 's relationship progresses to the point where she trusts him enough to let him bite her when he is hungry . They spend nights together , much to Alec 's horror . However , they still do n't consider themselves dating for neither has confessed that they want to . Simon thinks he will just be dumped like the rest of Isabelle 's boyfriends while Isabelle has trouble revealing her feelings and thinks Simon should make the first move . In City of Heavenly Fire , Simon admits his love to Isabelle . Throughout the book , Simon follows Clary and Jace -- along with Isabelle and Alec -- into the demon realm Edom to defeat Sebastian and find Magnus , Raphael , Luke and Jocelyn . In the demon realm , he saves Isabelle after she is bitten by a demon . Soon after , he tells Isabelle he loves her . As a result , they finally make their relationship official . At the end , after defeating Sebastian , they have no possible way of getting out . Magnus calls on his father , Asmodeus , who asks to help them get out of Edom since Sebastian closed all possible ways for them to get out . In return , Asmodeus wants Magnus ' immortal life -- if Magnus does this , he will die . None of them want Magnus to sacrifice his life , so Simon steps forward . Because Simon has only just become a vampire , his years will not catch up to him and he will return a mundane . But to spice up the deal , Asmodeus also says he must take away all of Simon 's memory of the Shadow world and of Clary . Everything he will remember will be a normal life , a life without Clary , or Jace , or Alec , or Magnus and Isabelle . This devastated them all , but Simon gave it willingly to save his friends and the person he loves . In the Epilogue , Clary tries to see if Simon remembers her , but he does n't and just thinks she 's a crazy girl with tattoos . Except , he does give her his band flyer thinking she might be hitting on him . She walks away with it . Clary gives Izzy the flyer and walks away . The flyer says the band 's name , `` The Mortal Instruments '' . With this sliver of hope , Izzy and Magnus go to Simon and tell him what has happened . Simon is given the choice for Magnus to prep him to Ascend and become a Shadowhunter so that Asmodeus can not touch him and he can regain all of his memory . Simon agrees and receives some of his memory back . He then reunites with Clary , Izzy , and the rest of the clan at Jocelyn and Luke 's wedding . Love interests Isabelle Lightwood Maia Roberts Clary Fray Appearances in books City of Bones City of Ashes City of Glass City of Fallen Angels City of Lost Souls City of Heavenly Fire Tales From the Shadowhunter Academy A History of Notable Shadowhunters & Denizens of the Downworld Luke Garroway ( edit ) Luke Garroway , whose birth name is Lucian Graymark , is Jocelyn Fray 's best friend who later becomes her husband and stepfather to Clary Fray . He is a werewolf who was a Shadowhunter and member of The Circle which was run by Valentine Morgenstern . In his early life , Lucian was raised in Idris with his mother and older sister Amatis . Later , his mother left to join the Iron Sisters , leaving Luke to be raised by his sister . When Luke was young he met Jocelyn Fairchild ( Jocelyn Fray ) and they were later sent to Alicante to train and attend school . When they arrived at Alicante , Luke was n't the best in school and often contemplated quitting , until Valentine Morgenstern offered to tutor him . Lycanthropy Before Luke turned into a Werewolf , he was a Shadowhunter . Valentine had invited Luke to go hunting to help clean out the werewolves ' nests that had killed Valentine 's father . While they were scouting out the nests , a werewolf bit Luke . After he was bitten , Luke was n't sure if the bite was enough to infect him with Lycanthropy . At one point , he went seeking aid from his sister Amatis for help and shelter and was sent away . He , along with Jocelyn and Valentine had kept quiet in following weeks while they awaited for the full moon . To his dismay , he did Change after the attack . Valentine then took him to the forest and gave Luke his father 's dagger and told him to be honorable and kill himself . Valentine then led everyone to believe that Luke was dead . Instead Luke sought out the werewolf that had Turned him to kill him and himself in the process . When Luke finally found him , he turned out to be the leader of a pack in Brocelind Forest . Luke had fought and killed him . By werewolf law , Luke had become the new pack leader and accepted the position and began his new life . Physical appearance Luke has blue eyes and brown , uneven hair with ragged - looking clothes . He is tall , with squared shoulders and wears glasses . His favorite shirts to wear are flannel shirts . He is portrayed by Aidan Turner in the film adaptation of the book , and Isaiah Mustafa in the television series . Luke 's Love Interests Jocelyn Fray ( Fairchild ) was Luke 's main love interest throughout The Mortal Instruments series . Luke has known Jocelyn since they were kids and had developed feelings for her but never acted on it because Jocelyn loved Valentine at the time . After Jocelyn and Valentine were married , his friendship with Jocelyn continued but after Valentine 's darkness became evident , Jocelyn would only confide in him . When he was turned into a werewolf and was believed to be dead , she searched for him believing that he was still alive . After the Uprising Luke had offered Jocelyn to marry him but she refused and when they parted ways Luke could n't forget her and went looking for her . When he finally found her in New York , he chose to leave his life as a Werewolf behind to live a mundane life , all whilst harbouring a deep love for her . Even though it took Luke many years , he finally told Jocelyn how he feels after she awoke from her coma . A few weeks later , the two became engaged and were married after the Dark War . Appearances in books City of Bones City of Ashes City of Glass City of Fallen Angels City of Lost Souls City of Heavenly Fire A History of Notable Shadowhunters & Denizens of the Downworld Isabelle Lightwood ( edit ) Isabelle `` Izzy '' Sophia Lightwood is a Shadowhunter and lives in the New York Institute . She is rebellious and very beautiful . Her cooking is often made fun of by Jace and Alec . She is known to be dangerous and often carries weapons in her tall boots that are never less than seven inches . Her signature weapon is an electrum whip with which she is quite skilled . She dresses well , as shown when she gave Clary to wear clothes that she picked for Magnus 's party . Despite this seemingly shallow and girlish side of her personality , she is shown to take responsibility for situations , shouldering the blame for her brother Max 's death , despite having been struck unconscious at the time . She is comforted by Simon , and ends up sleeping ( in a literal , non-sexual sense ) with him . She begins to casually date Simon -- who is also dating Maia at the same time -- and then later upon finding out about Maia , breaks up with him . After this and seeing how she is genuinely hurt by it , begins to slowly realize that she may actually be in love with Simon , but refuses to admit it . Isabelle obviously cares for Jace and Alec , and is fiercely protective of both of them . Because of this , she is constantly torn over the fact that her brother is struggling with his sexuality and when Jace is heartbroken over Clary during their supposedly sibling relationship . In City of Glass , she yells at Clary for only thinking of herself and not realizing how much pain Jace is in due to how much he really loves her . Physical appearance Isabelle is very beautiful and tall . She has very dark brown eyes with hints of gold that initially appear to be black . She is curvaceous and has long black hair that is described as `` black as spilt ink '' by Clary . She dresses stylishly , often with high heels . However , she despised her height and hated towering over everyone and wished to be small and delicate like Clary . She is portrayed by Jemima West in the film adaptation of the book , and Emeraude Toubia in the television series . Family Isabelle is the middle child in the Lightwood family . Her parents are Maryse and Robert Lightwood , who were once in the Circle with Valentine until the Uprising . Her older brother is Alec and her younger brother was Max , who died at the hand of Jonathan Christopher Morgenstern . Jace is her adoptive brother . Her parents run the Institute in New York . Isabelle 's love interests Simon Lewis : Simon is obviously smitten with her when they first meet , but she never treats him as anything more than a `` mundane '' until after his transformation into vampirism . As a vampire , he gets deeper into their world and they become friends . They spend the night together ( non-sexually ) when Simon attempts to comfort Isabelle after Max 's death which she blamed herself for . Isabelle is shown to be jealous of Maia , who also liked Simon . Isabelle 's feelings for Simon deepen later into the series , though she refuses to admit that she may be in love with him . In City of Lost Souls , she eventually admits that she thinks about Simon all the time and `` nothing like this has ever happened to ( her ) before '' . However , she struggles with her feelings and telling Simon how she feels about him , believing that the guy should make the first move ( contradicting with Simon 's personality who , as stated by Clary , thinks that if a girl does nothing to indicate any romantic feelings must mean that she does n't like him ) . Meliorn : Meliorn is a knight of the Seelie Court and later the Seelie representative on the Council . In City of Heavenly Fire he is found out to be half - human half - faerie and is killed by Alec . He and Isabelle had a brief fling and the Seelie Queen hearing about this had him pass on a message to request an audience with Clary , Isabelle , Jace , Alec and Simon . Appearances in books City of Bones City of Ashes City of Glass City of Fallen Angels City of Lost Souls City of Heavenly Fire Tales From the Shadowhunter Academy A History of Notable Shadowhunters & Denizens of the Downworld Alexander Lightwood - Bane ( edit ) Alexander `` Alec '' Gideon Lightwood lives in the New York Institute with his siblings . He is the oldest of the Lightwoods and is quieter than both Isabelle , his brother Max , and Jace , his best friend and adoptive brother . Alec is 18 , making him legally an ' adult , ' which gives him permission to attend Clave meetings . He was jealous of Clary , at first , upon meeting her due to knowing how Jace felt about her , and Alec himself had a crush on Jace . Later , he begins to forget him and he starts to date and falls in love with Magnus Bane ( a warlock who is immortal and nearly 400 years old ) , though his strong brotherly love for Jace remains . Alec is mostly soft - spoken and serious . He tries his best to act wisely and is not as reckless as Jace . Later in the story , it is revealed early on that he had never killed a demon , which changes in the middle of City of Bones . He shows himself to be extremely caring about the ones he loves and is willing to do anything to protect them . Among the whole group , Alec is the most intelligent . For much of the series , Alec denies his homosexuality and attraction to males ( particularly Jace ) , which results in him lashing out at people . When he finally accepts himself , he becomes a more relaxed person and comes out as gay to the whole Clave and everyone there , including his family and parents , by publicly passionately kissing Magnus . Clary notes at the end of the fourth novel that Alec had become more generous with himself , allowing him to be more generous with others . Alec , as seen in City of Fallen Angels , can also become extremely jealous , getting angry at Magnus when he discovers Magnus ' long dating history and relationship with Camille , a vampire woman . Alec becomes a much more central character in City of Lost Souls and is one of the book 's narrators . He , along with Clary , leads the search for Jace , while also dealing with Camille . Physical appearance Alec is said to have a thin , wiry build and like his mother , has black hair , luminous blue eyes , and impressive height . He is also very pale . Alec is described as being very handsome as well , but unlike his sister , he tries to downplay his looks by wearing worn out sweaters and damaged clothing . It is mentioned by Camille Belcourt that he bears a strong resemblance to William Herondale from The Infernal Devices . He was portrayed by Kevin Zegers in the film adaptation of the book , and Matthew Daddario in the television series . Family Alec is the oldest child of the Lightwood family , and the first son of Maryse and Robert Lightwood . Isabelle and Max Lightwood are his younger siblings , and Jace is his adoptive brother and Parabatai . Alec 's love interests Jace Herondale : Alec is gay , and for the most part of the series , he remains convinced that he 's always been in love with Jace . In City of Glass , however , Jace tells him that Alec thought he was in love with him because Jace was `` safe , '' and an excuse not to take risks and try going out with someone else , namely , Magnus Bane . Magnus Bane : Alec 's boyfriend , a bisexual warlock . Magnus had always shown interest in Alec throughout the books , openly flirting with him upon meeting him in the first novel of the series and flirtatiously telling Alec to `` call him '' after winking at him . This eventually resulting in Alec starting a secret relationship with him by the end of the novel . After Jace 's challenge , Alec kisses Magnus in front of all the Shadowhunters in front of the Clave when they were choosing partners for the battle in City of Glass and revealed his association to him and his sexuality . Also , when Clary cast a Rune that made her look like the person the onlooker loved the most , it is implied that Alec saw Magnus . Later , his mother accepts the fact that he is gay ( although his father does not completely comes to terms with it ) and in the book City of Fallen Angels , he and Magnus are on a vacation around the world , going to places like Paris , India , and other parts of Europe . They are called back when Magnus is needed to interrogate Camille . Alec is shocked at Magnus ' long dating history and becomes worried about their future together because of Magnus ' immortality and his mortality . He begins to speculate that the reason Magnus wanted the Book of White was to make Alec immortal , so they could stay together forever ( although it is later revealed in the series that Magnus had actually wanted it so that he could take away his immortality and become mortal in order to be with Alec ) . He worries that Magnus will move on soon , and that he is just another lover for him in a long line . However , Magnus tells him he is not trivial , and that he is n't ready to lose Alec any time soon and ca n't imagine a future without him . They agree to wait and hope for the best . In City of Lost Souls , Alec is offered the power to shorten Magnus ' lifespan by Camille , allowing them to grow old together . Alec does n't reveal the offer to Magnus and briefly considers it . Despite the fact that he ultimately refuses Camille 's offer , realizing he would n't be able to go through with it , Magnus breaks up with Alec because he did not share the fact that he 'd been talking to Camille and considered shortening his life at all . Magnus confesses that while he still loves him , they are through as a couple . Magnus shares one final kiss with Alec before walking away from a tearful and heartbroken Alec . In final novel , City of Heavenly Fire , Alec keeps calling Magnus after their tragic break up , but keeps hanging up whenever Magnus answers the call , resulting in Jace breaking his phone to get him to stop . A little later in the book , Alec and Magnus briefly speak and kiss when Magnus comes to say goodbye to Alec before the Lightwoods and the Institute 's Shadowhunters leave for Idris to be protected from Sebastian 's attacks . Magnus later follows Alec to Idris as the warlocks ' representative for the Clave 's meetings ; before he can speak to Alec , however , he is tricked into capture at a dinner hosted by the faeries . Alec , along with his friends , travel to Edom / hell to save Magnus and defeat Sebastian . By the end of the novel , after an emotional , tumultuous reunion in Edom , they are back together , for Magnus had time to think while broken up . Magnus presents a journal full of stories from his past that shaped who he is in present - day ( later revealed to be `` The Bane Chronicles '' , the story collection written by Clare and various co-writers to accompany Clare 's novels ) ; he wrote these stories for Alec during their time apart , when he learned that he can not truly be in a loving relationship without sharing who he is . He asks Alec for another chance , and Alec agrees . At Jocelyn and Luke 's wedding in the Epilogue , it is revealed that Alec and Magnus have come to peace with their immortality - mortality conflict , and are now living together in Magnus ' Brooklyn loft . As of Lady Midnight , Magnus and Alec are engaged and have two sons - Max Lightwood - Bane , a blue skinned warlock named after Alec 's younger brother Max Lightwood , who was killed in the Dark War , and Rafael Lightwood - Bane , an orphaned Shadowhunter named after Raphael Santiago . Appearances in books City of Bones City of Ashes City of Glass City of Fallen Angels City of Lost Souls City of Heavenly Fire Lady Midnight Lord of Shadows Tales From the Shadowhunter Academy The Bane Chronicles A History of Notable Shadowhunters & Denizens of the Downworld Magnus Bane ( edit ) Magnus Bane is the High Warlock of Brooklyn . He regularly tampered with the mind of Clary Fray after designing a spell that would erase her memories of the Shadow World once every two years as a favour to her mother , Jocelyn . He first meets the other Shadowhunters at one of his Downworlder parties . He later has Clary retrieve the Book of the White for him in City of Glass , and agrees to help revive her mother with it . In City of Heavenly Fire , he admits to Alec that he is almost 400 years old , although he often lies about his age ( for instance , in `` The Bane Chronicles '' he claims to be under 300 years old , to which his friends Catarina Loss and Ragnor Fell laugh , obviously aware of the lie , and in `` City of Glass '' he claims to be 800 ) . Despite his flamboyant appearance and whimsical personality , Magnus is a kind yet jaded person who yearns for love and acceptance , but has great trouble revealing his honest desires and personal secrets to others due to his long and traumatic past . His life has frequently been entangled with the fates of certain Shadowhunters ( specifically the Herondale family during the Victorian and Edwardian eras , and the Fairchild family following the collapse of Valentine 's Circle ) , but he does n't become seriously involved with the workings of their society and their struggle for survival and reformation until he meets Alec Lightwood , who goes on to become the love of his life . Physical appearance Magnus Bane is described as being of Asian descent , due to his human parent being half - Dutch , half - Indonesian . He is an inch or two taller than Alec and is said to be lean , but not skinny , with lightly muscled arms . He has brown skin and black , nearly shoulder - length hair that is usually styled and dyed . He wears all kinds of makeup , such as glitter around his eyes and blue lipstick , and in City of Glass is also noted to own more makeup tools and accessories than even Isabelle Lightwood . He likes to flaunt his bisexuality by wearing flashy and sometimes bizarre clothing . Isabelle once described him as a `` sexy , sexy warlock '' , whereas Simon Lewis countered that Magnus `` looks like a gay Sonic the Hedgehog and dresses like the Child Catcher from Chitty Chitty Bang Bang . '' He also has gold - green eyes with vertical cat - like pupils and no belly button , both of which serve as his warlock marks . He is portrayed by Godfrey Gao in the film adaptation of the book , and Harry Shum Jr. in the television series by Freeform . Family Magnus ' mother and step - father began to fear him when he started nearing the age of ten , after they realised he was n't fully human . It is revealed that his mother was in fact tricked into sleeping with a demon who disguised himself as her husband , and when she realized , some time after Magnus ' birth , that Magnus was a warlock ( in other words , someone half - human , half - demon ) and not her husband 's child , she hanged herself in her family 's barn . Soon after , his step - father tried to drown him , and Magnus burned him alive in an attempt to save himself . He was then brought up by the Silent Brothers of Madrid , who also came up with his name . Cassandra Clare revealed on Twitter that Magnus was born in what was once Batavia of the Dutch East Indies ( modern - day Jakarta , Indonesia ) . Camille does state in City of Lost Souls that his biological father is a Prince of Hell , therefore implying he is a high - ranked demon . Whenever asked who his father is , Magnus always avoids the question or changes the subject . In City of Heavenly Fire , his father is revealed to be Asmodeus , the Greater Demon of Lust and ruler of Edom . Because Asmodeus is also a fallen angel , Magnus is capable of interacting with witchlights -- he can make them glow red . Love interests Alexander `` Alec '' Lightwood ( boyfriend in City of Ashes , until their break up in City of Lost Souls ; the two reconcile and get back together in City of Heavenly Fire ) : Magnus and Alec meet during one of Magnus ' parties and Magnus openly flirts with him , eventually starting a secret relationship with him ( since Alec was not ready to come out as gay yet ) later on in the novel . The couple 's relationship is revealed when Alec passionately kisses Magnus in front of the entire Clave right before a war is about to start in City of Glass . Alexander faces both public and private backlash ( from the Clave and his father , respectively ) because of this , but manages not to fully give in to his pain and frustration with some support from Magnus and Isabelle . However , the couple encounter trouble when they openly face the fact that Alec is mortal and is bound to age and die , whereas Magnus , who is immortal , will remain young forever . This , along with Magnus ' extensive sexual history and constant unwillingness to share anything about himself with Alec , causes heavy complications in their relationship , since Alec begins to believe he is trivial to Magnus , while Magnus insists this is not the case , but refuses to explain himself or give proof . The two later break up during the epilogue of City of Lost Souls due to the fact that Alec had been visiting Camille Belcourt behind Magnus ' back after Camille suggested to Alec that Magnus had sought the Book of the White to turn him immortal , and had offered to help Alec find the Book of the White in order to turn Magnus mortal . Alec briefly considers this but ultimately rejects it ; however , Magnus does find this out and initially accepts Camille 's `` cover story '' ( that Alec wanted to un-immortalise him ) as the truth . The two part with one final kiss before Magnus reluctantly walks away , leaving a heartbroken Alec behind . In The Infernal Devices we learn that Magnus has a thing for boys with dark hair and blue eyes , which matches Alec 's physical appearance . In City of Heavenly Fire Alec tries to apologise to Magnus and get back together with him but Magnus refuses to talk to him or answer his texts or calls . When all Shadowhunters are ordered to evacuate to Idris , Magnus goes to the Institute to say goodbye to Alec and kisses him . Magnus makes it clear that he has forgiven Alec but can not resume his relationship with him due to their vastly different personal circumstances . When Magnus is captured and sent to his father 's hell - dimension , Edom , Alexander goes on a suicide mission to rescue him and miraculously succeeds , with help from his family and friends . The pair eventually get back together at the end of City of Heavenly Fire , with Alexander once again apologising for his mistakes and Magnus promising to be more open with Alec about himself and their relationship . As of Lady Midnight , Magnus and Alec are engaged and have two sons -- Max Lightwood - Bane , a blue - skinned warlock named for Alexander 's deceased brother , Maxwell Lightwood , and Rafael Lightwood - Bane , an orphaned Argentinian Shadowhunter named for the vampire Raphael Santiago . Magnus has admitted that Alexander is the first and only Shadowhunter he has ever been in love with , as well as the only one of all his lovers with whom he has ever wanted to start a family . Lady Camille Belcourt ( The Infernal Devices ) is perhaps the most prominent of Magnus ' former lovers . Their relationship and history is one of Magnus ' main plot lines in The Infernal Devices , having been lovers for many years before they eventually suffer a terrible misunderstanding that results in them severing ties . The two meet again approximately a century after Clockwork Prince in City of Fallen Angels , when Camille is captured and refuses to talk to anyone else but Magnus . This results in Magnus returning home , having been on a vacation with Alec at the time , and sees her for the first time in over a century . She attempts to make amends with Magnus , saying that he must have known they would see each other again due to their immortality , but Magnus remains bitter about her abrupt departure from his life . She begins to intentionally cause complications in his relationship with Alec by emotionally manipulating both him and Magnus , bringing up the topic of his immortality , and how since Alec was mortal , he would eventually die and leave Magnus behind . However , Magnus firmly states that while she `` can give him the past , Alec is his future '' and leaves . She then begins to meet with Alec in private in City of Lost Souls , since Alec seeks information about Magnus ' past because the warlock himself refuses to tell him anything and actively hides important details about his life from him , which makes Alexander doubt his worth in Magnus ' life . During a later meeting , Camille informs Alec that unless he wants to use dark magic or become a vampire , there is no way to make him immortal . She goes on to tell Alec , however , that if he really wants to be with Magnus forever , he would need to make Magnus a mortal , which she claims to be able to do . While Alec briefly considers it , he ultimately refuses , unwilling to shorten Magnus ' life . Despite this , she tells him to meet her at an abandoned subway station one last time , to tell her his final decision . When Alec shows up at that meeting , ready to tell Camille he truthfully did not want to change Magnus , he instead finds Magnus there , who was told by Camille about the arrangement . He tells Alec that Camille told him everything about the two 's private meetings , including that Alec was going to show up to accept her offer . He says he did n't want to believe Camille , but when Alec showed up , he could no longer disregard what she told him . This leads to the couple breaking up as a result of Camille 's deception . Woolsey Scott ( The Infernal Devices ) . After leaving Camille , Magnus stayed with Woolsey for some time . Magnus and Woolsey are not so much a romantic relationship but one of circumstance and housing as well as physical satisfaction . Imasu Morales ( revealed in The Bane Chronicles : What Really Happened in Peru ) . Magnus met and fell in love with Imasu in 1890 , when he visited the city of Puno , in Peru , with Catarina and Ragnor . As a result of their relationship , Magnus decided to learn how to play the musical instrument called charango , which he was terrible at . They had a rather short vacation romance . During the span of their relationship , Magnus never got around to telling Imasu about magic and his demonic origin . Magnus had even considered offering that he and Imasu live together , before Imasu broke up with him , since he felt that Magnus as a person was too ephemeral . Magnus laughed upon hearing this and told him that he was `` the most permanent person '' he would ever meet . They never spoke to each other again after that . Etta ( revealed in The Bane Chronicles : Saving Raphael Santiago ) . Magnus met Etta around 1938 at a club , where he asked her for a dance . By the end of the song , Etta claimed to have fallen for him , while he said had fallen for her before the song had even begun . The two started seeing each other , their relationship fairly serious , and Etta eventually learned what he really was -- a warlock -- and knew of the Shadow World . It also became a tradition for the couple to dance in his room late at night when Magnus was unable to join her and dance with her at her club . However , particularly by 1953 , Etta slowly realized that she might want a family . When asked if she would want immortality , Etta said no , and insisted that while she would want more time with him , she is unwilling to stop time for herself to obtain that . Eventually , Etta did leave him . She did , however , remain a very well - remembered and cherished loved one of Magnus , and was the last person Magnus truly loved for over half a century , until Alec Lightwood . Kitty ( revealed in The Bane Chronicles : What Really Happened in Peru ) . Kitty was a mundane who had a fling with Magnus in 1962 . Presumably Latina , Kitty met Magnus at Cuzco in Peru . Kitty was a con artist , and the couple went on a magical crime spree during the summer they were together . Axel von Ferson ( revealed in The Bane Chronicles : The Runaway Queen ) . Magnus met Axel in Paris in 1791 when the count first met him , hoping to utilize his magic to help the royal family in perish escape the country . Magnus was instantly attracted to the man , who had his favorite physical combination -- black hair and blue eyes . After rescuing the queen , Marie Antoinette , Axel and his men found them . While Axel said that his good deeds will be remembered , Magnus said that he only cared if he remembered . Then impulsively , Axel kissed him before departing . A few weeks later , Magnus , guilt stricken by the deaths of his loyal and kindhearted servants , received a letter from Axel 's sister , who asked for his help to stop her brother from attempting to save the king and queen , who got caught . Magnus decided that mundane life was fleeting and chose not to involve himself any further . Appearances in books City of Bones City of Ashes City of Glass City of Fallen Angels City of Lost Souls City of Heavenly Fire The Bane Chronicles Tales from the Shadowhunter Academy Clockwork Angel Clockwork Prince Clockwork Princess Lady Midnight Lord of Shadows A History of Notable Shadowhunters & Denizens of the Downworld Maia Roberts ( edit ) Maia Roberts is a biracial teenager born and raised in a New Jersey suburban neighborhood . Her brother , Daniel , was beautiful and abusive , though her parents never believed her , even when he broke her arm . This treatment leads to Maia hating and fearing beautiful boys , even after her brother was killed in a hit - and - run . In tenth - eleventh grade , Maia met Jordan Kyle and they began dating . However , during their relationship , he soon began to become controlling and abusive and she broke up with him . He became enraged at her break up with him and , in werewolf form , attacked her on her way home from a party . ( She was a mundane and did not know that he was a werewolf or anything about the Shadow World . ) Jordan vanished shortly afterward , and Maia soon turned into a werewolf on the next full moon . She ran away from home and joined the wolf - pack in New York and became good friends with Luke , the leader of the pack . She became associated with the Shadowhunters and develops a crush on Simon , and in City of Glass gets into a competition with Isabelle for his attention . In City of Ashes , Maia leaves Luke 's apartment to apologize to Simon for her vicious reaction ( after she was attacked ) and realized he was a vampire . On her way over to him , she is attacked by Agramon , the Demon of Fear which she interprets as her older brother Daniel who violently abused her when he was still alive . Valentine then abducts her to drain her completely of blood so he can complete his spell . Simon is kidnapped as well shortly after for his vampire blood . It is learned that lycanthropes are negatively affected by all kinds of silver when Valentine sprinkles silver dust on her and she screams in pain . At the beginning of City of Fallen Angels , Maia and Simon are casually dating , while Simon , not to her or Isabelle 's knowledge , ends up also casually dating Isabelle . The truth of Simon 's actions comes out just as Maia runs into her ex-boyfriend Jordan Kyle . Jordan , who had recently become acquainted with Simon , was the one who turned Maia into a werewolf . However , Jordan 's actions were not what they seemed to be , as he had just become a new werewolf when he bit her and therefore unable to control his actions . Maia is understandably angry to have him back in her life due to his abusiveness during their relationship and him turning her into a werewolf , but when she learns the truth behind what Jordan did , she understands and even seems to forgive him when realizing he is genuinely regretful of his past actions towards her . Towards the end of the book , after she and Jordan have helped Isabelle and Alec look for Simon , she and Jordan kiss and eventually reaffirm their relationship . Physical appearance Maia is described as having curly , brown and gold hair ( her eyelashes are described as the color of toast ) , light brown skin and amber - brown eyes . She is also described as having a heart - shaped face and rather curvy figure when Clary notes , `` No girl should have that great of a body . '' She is portrayed by Alisha Wainwright in the television series . Family Not much is said about Maia 's mother or father , however her older brother Daniel is mentioned . Daniel was said to be an attractive boy , but a very abusive brother to Maia , It is said that he gave her bruises where they would n't be seen , breaking her arm , etc . He died when he was hit by a car while at a young age , but Maia still felt afraid of him for many more years after . Maia 's love interests Jordan Kyle : Maia is dating him as of City of Lost Souls . They had dated back in high school , but when Jordan was turned into a werewolf he would , in result of the side effects on his body , constantly yell at her and became abusive towards her often slapping and hitting her , unaware of what he was doing to her . Not knowing the cause of his sudden abusiveness , she broke it off with him , even kissing another guy to prove this to him . Angered by this and it being the first full moon since he had been bit , Jordan turned into a werewolf for the first time and attacked and bit her during his angered emotions , which were much stronger due to the full moon , as she left a party . Maia was never able to forgive him for what he did to her until she met him again in City of Fallen Angels after he had been to rehab ; truly regretful of his actions towards her and how he had treated her in the past and still very much in love with her . Jordan even felt that he did not deserve a second chance with her on account of how badly he had treated her , feeling unworthy of her and that she deserved better than him . The two , however , slowly begin to grow back together over time , eventually resulting in sharing several kisses ( and leading them to eventually sleep together on several different occasions ) and soon reaffirming their relationship on a clean slate . In City of Heavenly Fire , he was murdered by Jonathan `` Sebastian '' Morgernstern . Simon Lewis : Maia had a crush on Simon upon meeting him and soon began to date him , though never seriously and more as a fling . She broke up with him when she found out that he was also seeing Isabelle , although Simon did n't think things were serious between him and Maia as things never became exclusive . This in which Maia eventually agrees on , saying it was n't `` technically cheating '' since she and Simon never made their relationship official . The two eventually mend their friendship back together and remain good friends . Bat Velasquez : Maia had dated him for a some time after she became a werewolf . Bat was also a part of Luke 's pack . When Maia decides that she still needed space and was n't ready for a new relationship after her recent break up with Jordan Kyle , he accepts this and dates a witch . It was mentioned in City of Heavenly Fire that he really did n't like the witch . It was also shown in the ending of City of Heavenly Fire that when Bat and Maia were walking along the side of the lake in Luke 's farm that Bat held Maia 's hand which Maia did n't seem to mind . Appearances City of Ashes City of Glass City of Fallen Angels City of Lost Souls City of Heavenly Fire A History of Notable Shadowhunters & Denizens of the Downworld Jocelyn Fairchild / Morgenstern ( edit ) Jocelyn Morgenstern / Fairchild / Fray / Garroway / Graymark is Clary 's mother and a former Shadowhunter . Jocelyn grew up in Idris with Luke , Valentine , and the other Circle members . She was married to Valentine at the age of 19 , though she says she married him because she loved him , she later realized that he was torturing innocent people . She fled Idris when she found out she was pregnant with Clary , so he could not do harm to her daughter like he did on Jonathan ( Sebastian ) , her first - born son . Later it is said that Luke tracked her down and Clary , being around the age of 3 - 5 at the time though it does not specify , opened the door to him . He then stayed in their lives and him and Jocelyn lived their lives in New York , also taking a large part in raising Clary , until Jocelyn is located by Valentine . She takes a potion , putting herself in a coma to protect her secrets and remains unconscious until she is revived by Magnus Bane in City of Glass . She is also a Shadowhunter warrior . In City of Glass , after Valentine was killed by the angel Raziel , Lucian Graymark ( Luke ) finally declared his love for her , telling her he 's been in love with her for over 20 years . After he walks out the door , initially believing she did not return his feelings , she soon runs after him to tell she loves him too . It is then later revealed in City of Fallen Angels that they are engaged to be married and also are `` disgustingly in love '' as described by Clary . Later in City of Lost Souls , after Luke is wounded by Sebastian and in critical condition , Jocelyn says to him how she regrets failing to have noticed his feelings for her back when they were younger and wishes he would have told her how he felt about her so she would have married `` the right guy '' instead of Valentine . Hence , so things would have been `` different '' and could have turned out better than they were currently . However , Luke does n't have any regrets saying how if things had been any different , `` they '' would n't have Clary , making Jocelyn happy since he said `` as though he was sure Clary was his own daughter '' . Physical appearance Jocelyn is described of being elegant and beautiful . She has long red hair that is usually in a twist , and still carries the scars of her Shadowhunting days . Clary is often said to look almost identical to her . Jocelyns hair is also a darker red than Clary 's . She is portrayed by Lena Headey in the film adaptation of the book , and Maxim Roy in the television series . Family Jocelyn has two children , Jonathan Christopher and Clarissa Adele . Her parents were killed in a fire set by Valentine Morgenstern , in which she also believed that Jonathan had been killed . She is engaged to Lucian Graymark ( Luke ) as of City of Lost Souls and they were married in City of Heavenly Fire as the majority of the epilogue takes place at the wedding reception . Jocelyn 's love interests Valentine Morgenstern : ( ex-husband ) Valentine used to be very nice to other shadowhunters and would take them under his wing . But , later the followers would figure out that Valentine did this to build a group to rid the world of downworlders . Before Jocelyn knew this plan , she married Valentine , being the only one who could cheer him up on bad days . Valentine was abusive and a psychopath . Although they had a son and a daughter together , one of the results was not what she looked for . Luke Garroway / Lucian Graymark : ( love interest - fiancé ) Ever since Jocelyn and Luke met , they have been close and then Valentine came along and ruined Luke 's chances . When Valentine disappeared , Luke had his chances again . He met up with Jocelyn and helped with Clary and helped Clary grow up . Finally , Luke admits his feelings to Jocelyn and is happy with his new wife ( Jocelyn ) . Clary Fray ( Fairchild ) : Clary is Jocelyn 's daughter whom she loves very dearly and takes care of as well as she can , with the help of Luke . Sebastian / Jonathan Christopher Morgenstern : After the cruelty in him was murdered by Clary , he became the son Jocelyn was hoping for , causing her to love him , but he did n't last long , for the good in him was not abundant enough for him to survive ; but it was enough time for him to apologize for Valentine 's doing that made him the person that he was . Appearances in books City of Bones City of Ashes ( mentioned ) City of Glass City of Fallen Angels City of Lost Souls City of Heavenly Fire A History of Notable Shadowhunters & Denizens of the Downworld Valentine Morgenstern ( edit ) Valentine Morgenstern is the main antagonist of the first half of the series , and is the former husband of Jocelyn Fairchild . This also makes him biological father to Clarissa Morgenstern and Jonathan Christopher Morgenstern ( also known as Sebastian ) . In his youth he was a very skilled Shadowhunter from a rich family in Alicante . His best friend was Lucian Graymark while they were in school , among other Shadowhunters including Maryse Lightwood ( née Trueblood ) , Robert Lightwood , Hodge Starkweather , Stephen Herondale and Michael Wayland . Upon the death of his father , Valentine fell in love with Jocelyn Fairchild , and together he and his group of young Shadowhunters formed the infamous group known as the Circle . With him leading the Circle , they had intended to share the gift of the Nephilim with the rest of humanity by using the Mortal Cup . Valentine and Jocelyn married and all was well until his ideas for the Circle became more radical , as Valentine wanted to kill all Downworlders . He infects his son with Demon blood and is betrayed by his former best friend , Lucian Graymark , and his wife at the Uprising of the Accords . Upon fleeing the battle , Valentine is assumed to be dead and goes into hiding with his son and Jace Herondale . Years later , when City of Bones begins , Valentine finds Jocelyn and wants her to reveal where the Mortal Cup is located . He kidnaps her , but is unable to extract information from her due to her self - induced comatose state . He eventually secures the Mortal Cup , and the Mortal Sword and goes to the Mortal Mirror to summon the Angel Raziel . His arrogance , however , as well as his torturing of the angel Ithuriel , Raziel 's brother , causes the angel to slay him . During the series , it is also revealed he faked his death and took on the name of Michael Wayland , raising Jace Herondale as Jace Wayland . Physical appearance Valentine is said to be tall and very handsome . He is broad - shouldered and has light blond , almost silver hair . He also has black eyes . Though in the movie he has dark brown hair and blue eyes . He is portrayed by Jonathan Rhys Meyers in the film adaptation of the book , and Alan van Sprang in the television series . Family Valentine is the former husband of Jocelyn Fairchild , with whom he had two children ( Clarissa `` Clary '' Adele Morgenstern and Jonathan Christopher Morgenstern ) . Clarissa realizes that she is Valentine 's daughter in the first book , City of Bones , but being raised by Jocelyn her whole life is void of Valentine 's influence . His son however , was tutored by him to be a very talented Shadowhunter and ruthless killer . He later becomes Valentine 's spy , taking the name Sebastian Verlac . Valentine also adopts Jace Herondale as his son , training him as well as Jonathan , making him as skilled a Shadowhunter as Jonathan . Valentine also experimented on his children . Hoping to make a stronger and better Shadowhunter , he infused Jonathan with demon blood while in Jocelyn 's womb . However , a side effect of the blood was that it would `` burn out his ( Jonathan 's ) humanity as poison burns the life from blood . '' This gave him a son capable of incredible feats , but with little to no compassion or ability to love . The experimentation on Jonathan led to Jocelyn feeling sick and very depressed . To make her feel better he gave her powdered Angel blood , not knowing that she was carrying a second child ( Clary ) , infusing Clary with Angel blood in the same way that Jonathan was with Demon blood . With Jace , upon the failure of Jonathan to show any compassion , he gave Angel blood to Jace 's mother ( Celiné Herondale ) , hoping to create a stronger warrior , without the side effects Jonathan suffered from the use Demon blood . In the end , Valentine trained Jace , but was forced to abandon him when he was 10 years old , making Valentine the only father Jace has known . It is also thought that of the two boys , the angel and the demon , that Valentine loved Jace more than his own son . Valentine 's Love Interests Jocelyn Fairchild / Fray / Morgenstern / Graymark / Garroway : Lucian Graymark : When Valentine and Lucian ( Luke ) were once parabatai , they shared a brotherly love . Though no longer parabatai , they hate each other to the ends of the earth . Appearances in books City of Bones City of Ashes City of Glass City Of Lost Souls City of Fallen Angels ( mentioned ) City of Heavenly Fire ( mentioned ) A History of Notable Shadowhunters & Denizens of the Downworld Jonathan Morgenstern ( edit ) Sebastian Verlac / Jonathan Christopher Morgenstern / Sebastian Morgenstern is the true blood related son of Valentine Morgenstern and Jocelyn Fairchild , making him the brother of Clary Fray . His real name is Jonathan Christopher Morgenstern , but he went by Sebastian Verlac ( cousin of the Penhallows ) in City of Glass . He is very sadistic in nature , as a result of having been experimented on by his father with the blood of the Greater Demon Lilith , which robbed him of his humanity . He first appears in City of Glass as Sebastian Verlac , charming his way into the lives of the Lightwoods . He takes Clary to see Ragnor Fell , and kisses her , disgusting her . Upon Clary 's return with Jace to Alicante , it is discovered that Max Lightwood had seen someone climbing the demon warding towers . Sebastian was the person climbing the towers , and it was his blood that was used to bring down the wards . During the first attack on Alicante , he also kills Max Lightwood and severely injures Isabelle Lightwood . He is eventually tracked down and killed by Jace , before the summoning of Raziel by Valentine , but his body is never recovered . He is taken by his `` mother '' , Lilith , and taken to safety . She uses Jace as leverage and tries to bring him back from the dead . In City of Fallen Angels he is awoken , and uses a rune put on Jace to control him . He becomes the main antagonist in City of Lost Souls , using Lilith 's bond to alter Jace 's memories to believe they are on the same side and plans on raising and army of demons and Dark Shadowhunters to destroy the world . Clary infiltrates his inner circle through Jace and they both continually mistrust each other but are forced to work together when they are attacked by enemy demons . Eventually Clary learns the truth of his plans and they engage in a bloody battle . Unable to kill him because it will kill Jace too , she gives up but successfully destroys their base of operations with one of her runes . After a dark ritual , he uses the Infernal Cup to create more Dark Shadowhunters and almost turns Clary but is quickly stopped by the arrival of the Lightwoods and their allies . Before he manages to escape , Clary is forced to stab Jace with the angelic sword Glorious , severing his bond with Sebastian and causing the latter horrible pain . At the end of the book he sends a message to Maryse Lightwood : severed angel wings with a single piece of paper saying ́ ́ I am coming. ́ ́ In City of Heavenly Fire , Sebastian is attacking institutes around the world and turning Shadowhunters into Endarkened . He then goes and attacks the Citadel , and kills many Shadowhunters but is forced to flee when Jace loses control of his Heavenly Fire . Sebastian then later visits Clary and tries to convince her to leave with him , offering her mercy but she refuses . Once again Jace and Sebastian fight but Sebastian proves that he can not be hurt by anything other than the Heavenly Fire after he stabs himself and then leaves unharmed . Sebastian offers to leave all of the Shadowhunters in Alicante alone , and return Jocelyn , Luke , Magnus , Raphael and Meliorn , whom he has kidnapped , if the Clave turn over Clary and Jace to him . Clary , Jace , Simon , Alec and Isabelle all travel by portal to the Seelie court and travel through to Edom , where Sebastian is hiding . Sebastian is well aware of this and plans for them . When they arrive Sebastian defeats them all and forces Clary by his side . When he is unaware , Clary stabs him with a sword that contains the Heavenly Fire , burning away all of the demon blood in him . He dies surrounded by Clary , Jocelyn and Jace . Clary mourns for the brother that she could have had . Clary later spreads Sebastians ashes over Lake Lyn . Physical appearance He is said to be the spitting image of Valentine . He has naturally white / silver hair , is very buff , and has deep black eyes . He dyes his hair black in City of Glass while he is impersonating Sebastian Verlac . He is portrayed by Will Tudor in the television series . Family Jonathan is the birth child of Jocelyn Morgenstern ( née Fairchild ) and Valentine Morgenstern . He was experimented on by Valentine while Jocelyn was pregnant with him . When he was born , Jocelyn knew that something was wrong with the child and had to try very hard to be around him . He is Clary 's brother , and has an unusual sexual attraction to her , freely kissing her in City of Glass and almost forcing himself on her in City of Lost Souls with Clary having to fight him off , repulsed by his actions . The Demoness Lilith also claims that Jonathan is her `` son '' due to the fact that it is her demon blood that flows through his veins . Love interests Clary Fray / Morgenstern / Fairchild : It is revealed in City of Glass that Sebastian / Jonathan has an interest in Clary . Though Clary tries to push him away , he does not leave her alone . In City of Lost Souls Sebastian tries to rape Clary , and she almost kills him because of it , but does not because of the bond he and Jace Herondale shared at the time . The Seelie Queen : In City of Heavenly Fire Sebastian and the Seelie Queen become a pair for war purposes . The Seelie Court was helping Sebastian , so he hooked up with the Seelie Queen in hopes of getting closer to her . Appearances in books City of Bones ( mentioned ) City of Ashes ( mentioned ) City of Glass City of Fallen Angels City of Lost Souls City of Heavenly Fire Tales From the Shadowhunter Academy ( mentioned ) A History of Notable Shadowhunters & Denizens of the Downworld Secondary characters ( edit ) Alaric ( edit ) Alaric was a werewolf and served as Third hand ( soon second when Gretel died ) to Luke in his werewolf pack . He later dies in the battle at Renwick 's in City of Bones . Amatis Graymark ( edit ) Amatis Graymark is Luke 's sister who resides in Alicante . She cared for Luke after their mother became an Iron Sister , married Stephen Herondale , and later joined Valentine 's Circle . However , when Luke was bitten by a werewolf , Amatis sent him away in disgust , in spite of their close relationship . Even after this , Valentine decided that Amatis was unfit to be Stephen 's wife for having a Downworlder brother , and told Stephen to leave Amatis for Céline Montclaire ( Jace 's biological mother ) , devastating Amatis . Amatis later became regretful of her decision to banish her brother , who became distrustful of her . In City of Glass , Luke took refuge in Amatis ' residence due to Clary 's wounds caused by Lake Lyn , despite Amatis ' resistance . Amatis then helps the Shadowhunters in the battle of Brocelind Plain and mends her relationship with Luke afterwards . In city of lost souls , Jonathan Morgenstern kidnaps Amatis and turns her into an Endarkened Shadowhunter by having her drink from the Infernal Cup , becoming Jonathan 's faithful lieutenant from then on . With the Infernal Cup 's destruction at the end of the series , Amatis too dies along with all other Endarkened Shadowhunters , only managing to give Luke one last loving look . Catarina Loss ( edit ) Catarina Loss is a warlock and an old friend of Magnus Bane , Ragnor Fell , and Tessa Gray . She has blue skin which she covers up using glamour rather frequently due to her choice to work at Beth Israel Hospital , a hospital for the mundanes . She helps Magnus craft an antidote to wake Jocelyn from her coma and is entrusted with the Book of the White . Catarina continues to help the Shadowhunters against Jonathan and his army of Endarkened Shadowhunters and at the end of the series , attends Jocelyn and Luke 's wedding , where she hints that the Fair Folk is possibly planning revenge against the Shadowhunters for the disadvantaging terms applied to them for their betrayal during the war . She also begins teaching history at the Shadowhunter Academy in Alicante . In the television series , she is portrayed by Sophia Walker . Emma Carstairs ( edit ) Emma Carstairs is a young Shadowhunter of the Los Angeles Institute who appears in City of Heavenly Fire . She is also the main protagonist of The Dark Artifices series ( which takes place five years after The Mortal Instruments ) . Her parents are both killed during the height of the war against Jonathan and his army of Endarkened Shadowhunters ; though they are not the true suspects , the Clave decides to put the blame on them . Emma is also interrogated by the Clave using the Mortal Sword which impacts her greatly and prompts Clary to comfort her . Though the Clave mumbles on sending Emma to her relatives , Emma decides to live with her parabatai , Julian Blackthorn , and his family back in Los Angeles . She has a crush on Jace Herondale . Hodge Starkweather ( edit ) Hodge Starkweather was a member of the Circle , a tutor to the Lightwood children . He was bound to the New York Institute due to not leaving the Circle before the Uprising but he was still loyal to Valentine and tricked Clary into giving him The Mortal Cup so he could give to Valentine in order to be freed of his curse which happened . He fled afterwards with Clary in pursuit and cornered him . Hodge was about to kill her but was attacked by Luke in his werewolf form and somehow found the strength to escape . He reappears again in City of Glass where he was imprisoned by the Clave in the cell next to the one Simon Lewis was in . After Simon was rescued by Clary , Jace and Alec , Hodge revealed where the Mortal Mirror was and nearly revealed to Jace that Valentine was n't his real father but was killed by Jonathan Morgenstern before he could . He is played by Jared Harris in the movie , and Jon Cor in the television series . Imogen Herondale ( edit ) Imogen Herondale ( née Whitelaw ) is the Inquisitor up to City of Ashes and the paternal grandmother of Jace Herondale through her son , Stephen Herondale . Ever since Stephen 's death at the hands of Valentine and her husband 's immediate death after hearing the news , Imogen becomes a cold - hearted woman who seeks vengeance against Valentine and anyone who has connections with him , such as the former members of his Circle which includes the Lightwoods . She is also certain that Jace , whom she believes is Valentine 's son , is a spy of his father . In City of Ashes , though , Imogen realizes that Jace is actually her grandson after looking at his birthmark ( a sign of the Herondales ) and sacrifices herself to protect Jace from a poison attack . Before she dies , Imogen tells Jace how his real father , Stephen , would be proud of him if he were still alive . She is portrayed by Mimi Kuzyk in the television series . Lilith ( edit ) Lilith is a Greater Demon , the first woman made by God and is said to have been Adam 's first wife . However , she was disobedient so she was cast into Hell . Also Sebastian / Jonathan 's creator because it was her blood that Valentine had used . And she was an unknown demon that almost killed God and the Devil . In the book , The City of Fallen Angels , it is said that Lilith considers Sebastian her son because it is her blood that flows through his veins . She is then killed by attacking Simon when he still had the Mark of Cain . She is portrayed by Anna Hopkins in the television series . Consul malachi ( edit ) Malachi was a Shadowhunter Consul for almost two decades before his death . He secretly worked with Valentine Morgenstern and planned to destroy all of the Clave . Consequently , he was an enemy . He is killed in City of Glass by Hugo after he tries to hurt Clary . Maryse Lightwood ( edit ) Maryse Lightwood ( née Trueblood ) is the wife of Robert Lightwood , mother of Alec , Isabelle , and Max , and the adoptive mother of Jace Herondale , being the one who gave him his nickname that he preferred over his `` real '' name , Jonathan . She is also one of the heads of the New York Institute . Maryse had a brother who decided to leave the Shadowhunter world in favor of marrying a mundane , making her an outcast in her peers , though she still honored him by naming her youngest son , Max , after him . Like her husband , Maryse was a part of Valentine 's Circle and was the more attracted of the two , up until the Uprising which sentenced her and Robert to lead the New York Institute as punishment for conspiring with Valentine . Her marriage with Robert is never the same ever since the Uprising , with Robert even thinking of leaving the family several times . Maryse becomes especially grief - stricken after Max 's death at the hands of Sebastian in City of Glass . At the end of The Mortal Instruments series , Maryse and Robert announce that they are no longer together , though the two say that they will continue to care and love each other . She is portrayed by Nicola Correia Damude in the television series . Maureen brown ( edit ) Maureen Brown is a 14 - year - old girl who tells everyone she is Simon 's girlfriend and is the friend of the cousin of Simon 's friend Eric . In City of Fallen Angels Simon drinks her blood , but Camille turns her into a vampire and she starts working for a Lilith after killing multiple mundanes . In the epilogue of City of Lost Souls , Alec goes to kill Camille though discovers that Maureen has already killed her and is now head of the New York vampire clan . Maureen , as leader of the clan , allowed the members to kill conspicuously while sending for some of them to capture Simon , who later escaped to Idris with Raphael . It appears she was mentally tormented by Lilith and Camille before turning into a vampire which resulted in her corrupted state . Eventually Lily , one of the second - in - commands of the clan , conspired with Maia Roberts , the new leader of the New York werewolf pack , to kill Maureen to stop her reckless actions ; while most the members were happy with her , some saw the error of her ways as a problem to their kind . Maia agreed to join Maureen 's cause against the Shadowhunters to make her drink her blood and seal the deal . Her blood , however , was spiked with holy water and Maureen turned to dust , but not before being able mutter her last word , `` Mama '' . Lily then took leadership of the clan . Max Lightwood ( edit ) Maxwell `` Max '' Joseph Lightwood is the second son of Robert and Maryse and the younger brother of Alec and Isabelle . He is 9 years old and is described as hating the fact that he is still young , which prevents him from joining in the matters for adults . In City of Glass , Max is murdered by Sebastian , who strikes him with his hammer . His death greatly impacts his sister , who blames herself for not being there to save him . He 's portrayed by Jack Fulton in the television series . Raphael Santiago ( edit ) Raphael Santiago used to be the head of the New York vampire clan at the Hotel Dumort . He became a vampire sometime in the 1950s after being bitten by a vampire at the hotel when he tried to drive out the vampires who lived there . He is said to have been asexual . He died in the last installment of The Mortal Instruments : City Of Heavenly Fire . He 's portrayed by David Castro in the television series . Robert Lightwood ( edit ) Robert Lightwood is one of the heads of the New York Institute , later the Inquisitor , husband of Maryse , father of Alec , Isabelle , and Max , as well as the adoptive father of Jace Herondale . He was a part of Valentine 's Circle until the Uprising , after which he and his family were banished to New York . His parabatai was Michael Wayland , but they drifted apart because of Robert 's contempt for the latter 's love for him , later breaking up completely after Robert 's banishment to the point that Robert did not know that Michael had been murdered with his identity being taken up by Valentine . Robert 's marriage with Maryse has been strained since their banishment and Robert once even considered to leave the family for Annamarie Highsmith if not for Max 's birth ; this fact is played up by Isabelle after Max 's death , who accuses her father of being happy with Max 's death now that his `` burden '' is released . Robert also seems to be the one in his family least pleased when Alec comes out of the closet , even questioning him about what drove him to become gay . At the end of The Mortal Instruments series , Robert has ended his marriage with Maryse , though the two say that they will continue to love each other . He also tells Alec that his disapproval of the latter 's sexuality was because of his previous experience with Michael Wayland . In the television series , he 's portrayed by Paulino Nunes . Tessa Gray / Herondale / Carstairs ( edit ) Theresa `` Tessa '' Gray is a half - demon half - Shadowhunter warlock who is descended from the Starkweather family and the ancestor of the Herondale family . She is the main protagonist of The Infernal Devices series , a distant prequel series of The Mortal Instruments series set during the Victorian era London . Though she does not appear until the last book , Tessa figures in the series ' backstory , not only by her descendants but also as the one who performed the Shadowhunter ritual on Clary when she was younger ; Clary even notes several times before their formal meeting that Tessa is familiar to her in some way . She was married to Will Herondale until his mortal death 60 years post-marriage , after which Tessa became a recluse living in the Spiral Labyrinth . When Brother Zachariah is cured by Jace 's heavenly fire , he reverts to Tessa 's old lover , Jem Carstairs , now a mortal and dispelled of any needs of his yin fen medication to which he had needed to live . The two happily marry sometime after Jocelyn and Luke 's wedding , attended by new and old friends -- Will Herondale and Jessamine Lovelace 's ghosts . Brother Zachariah / Jem Carstairs ( edit ) Zachariah is a Silent Brother who becomes the one most contacted by the Clave to solve cases regarding the New York Institute in 2007 after the Silent Brothers ' massacre by Valentine . He used to be Jem Carstairs , a main character of The Infernal Devices series , who was turned into a Silent Brother to save his life as he laid dying due to running out of the yin fen medication required to sustain his life , in the process breaking his parabatai link with Will Herondale and separating him from his fiancée , Tessa Gray . He and Tessa together performed the Shadowhunter protection ritual on Clary when she was younger , which also erased her knowledge about the Shadow World for a time . When he finds out that Jace is a descendant of Will , Zachariah becomes fiercely protective of him , especially when he is put under Jonathan Morgenstern 's spell and infused with the heavenly fire . In City of Heavenly Fire , Zachariah 's attempt to save Jace infuses him with the heavenly fire , which burns out his yin fen and turns him back into a mortal Jem Carstairs again . During the war he finds Emma Carstairs a descendant of His family and fiercely protects her during the war . After the war , Jem reunites with Tessa and marries her a year after Jocelyn and Luke 's wedding . He also begins to keep an eye on his distant relative , Emma Carstairs , in Los Angeles and Jace Herondale . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cassandra Clare ( @ cassieclare ) ( July 16 , 2015 ) . `` August 23 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ City of Heavenly Fire ( book ) See also ( edit ) City of Bones City of Ashes City of Glass City of Fallen Angels City of Lost Souls City of Heavenly Fire ( hide ) The Shadowhunter Chronicles by Cassandra Clare The Mortal Instruments City of Bones City of Ashes City of Glass City of Fallen Angels City of Lost Souls City of Heavenly Fire The Infernal Devices Clockwork Angel Clockwork Prince Clockwork Princess The Dark Artifices Lady Midnight Lord of Shadows Companion books The Shadowhunter 's Codex The Bane Chronicles Tales From the Shadowhunter Academy Related articles Characters The Mortal Instruments : City of Bones soundtrack `` Almost Is Never Enough '' `` Heart by Heart '' Shadowhunters episodes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Mortal_Instruments_characters&oldid=842572088 '' Categories : Lists of literary characters Hidden categories : Articles lacking reliable references from November 2016 All articles lacking reliable references Articles needing additional references from November 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with a promotional tone from November 2016 All articles with a promotional tone Wikipedia articles needing style editing from November 2016 All articles needing style editing Wikipedia articles that are excessively detailed from November 2016 All articles that are excessively detailed Articles needing cleanup from November 2011 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles without a reason field from November 2011 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from November 2011 Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 Português Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 09 : 02 . 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what is simon's last name in city of bones

Clary Fairchild The Mortal Instruments character Shadowhunters character Clary , as portrayed by Katherine McNamara in the TV series . First appearance Novels : City of Bones ( 2007 ) Film : The Mortal Instruments : City of Bones ( 2013 ) Television : `` The Mortal Cup '' ( 1.01 ) Last appearance Novels : Lord of Shadows ( 2017 ) Created by Cassandra Clare Portrayed by Lily Collins ( film ) Katherine McNamara ( television ) Information Full name Clarissa Adele Fairchild Nickname ( s ) Clary Biscuit Species Shadowhunter Gender Female Occupation Co-head of the New York Institute ( novels ) Family General : Valentine Morgenstern ( father ) Jocelyn Fray ( mother ) Jonathan Morgenstern † ( brother ) Luke Garroway ( stepfather ) Significant other ( s ) Jace Herondale ( boyfriend ) Simon Lewis ( best friend / ex-boyfriend ( just in the television series ) ) Relatives Only in print : Valentina Graymark ( illusionary sister ) Seraphina Morgenstern ( paternal grandmother ) Granville Fairchild II ( maternal grandfather ) Adele Fairchild ( maternal grandmother ) ( 1991 - 08 - 21 ) August 21 , 1991 ( age 26 ) Manhattan , New York , U.S. Residence The New York Institute Park Slope , Brooklyn ( former ) Abilities Art Use of heavenly weapons Nephilim physiology Runic magic Angelic blood empowerment The Sight

Casino Royale ( 1967 film ) - wikipedia Casino Royale ( 1967 film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1967 film . For the 2006 film , see Casino Royale ( 2006 film ) . For other uses , see Casino Royale . Casino Royale British cinema poster by Robert McGinnis Directed by Ken Hughes John Huston Joseph McGrath Robert Parrish Val Guest Richard Talmadge ( uncredited ) Produced by Charles K. Feldman Jerry Bresler Screenplay by Wolf Mankowitz John Law Michael Sayers Based on Casino Royale by Ian Fleming Starring Peter Sellers Ursula Andress David Niven Woody Allen Joanna Pettet Orson Welles Daliah Lavi Music by Burt Bacharach Cinematography Jack Hildyard Nicolas Roeg John Wilcox Edited by Bill Lenny Production company Famous Artists Productions Distributed by Columbia Pictures Release date 13 April 1967 ( 1967 - 04 - 13 ) ( London ) Running time 131 minutes Country United Kingdom Language English Budget $12 million Box office $41.7 million Casino Royale is a 1967 spy comedy film originally produced by Columbia Pictures featuring an ensemble cast . It is loosely based on Ian Fleming 's first James Bond novel . The film stars David Niven as the `` original '' Bond , Sir James Bond 007 . Forced out of retirement to investigate the deaths and disappearances of international spies , he soon battles the mysterious Dr. Noah and SMERSH . The film 's tagline : `` Casino Royale is too much ... for one James Bond ! '' refers to Bond 's ruse to mislead SMERSH in which six other agents are pretending to be `` James Bond '' , namely , baccarat master Evelyn Tremble ( Peter Sellers ) , millionaire spy Vesper Lynd ( Ursula Andress ) , Bond 's secretary Miss Moneypenny ( Barbara Bouchet ) , Mata Bond ( Joanna Pettet ) , Bond 's daughter by Mata Hari ; and British agents `` Coop '' ( Terence Cooper ) and `` The Detainer '' ( Daliah Lavi ) . Charles K. Feldman , the producer , had acquired the film rights in 1960 and had attempted to get Casino Royale made as an Eon Productions Bond film ; however , Feldman and the producers of the Eon series , Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman , failed to come to terms . Believing that he could not compete with the Eon series , Feldman resolved to produce the film as a satire . The budget escalated as various directors and writers got involved in the production , and actors expressed dissatisfaction with the project . Casino Royale was released on 13 April 1967 , two months prior to Eon 's fifth Bond movie , You Only Live Twice . The film was a financial success , grossing over $41.7 million worldwide , and Burt Bacharach 's musical score was praised , earning him an Academy Award nomination for the song `` The Look of Love '' . Critical reception to Casino Royale , however , was generally negative ; some critics regarded it as a baffling , disorganised affair . Since 1999 , the film 's rights have been held by Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer , distributors of the official Bond movies by Eon Productions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Cast 2.1 Uncredited cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Screenplay development 3.3 Filming 3.4 Unfinished scenes 4 Music 4.1 Soundtrack listing 5 Budget 6 Release and reception 6.1 Box office and marketing 6.2 Critical reception 6.3 Awards 6.4 Home video and film rights 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot summary ( edit ) Sir James Bond 007 , a legendary British spy who retired from the secret service 20 years previously , is visited by the head of British MI6 , M , CIA representative Ransome , KGB representative Smernov , and Deuxième Bureau representative Le Grand . All implore Bond to come out of retirement to deal with SMERSH who have been eliminating agents : Bond spurns all their pleas . When Bond continues to stand firm , his mansion is destroyed by a mortar attack at the orders of M , who is , however , killed in the explosion . Bond travels to Scotland to return M 's remains to the grieving widow , Lady Fiona McTarry . However , the real Lady Fiona has been replaced by SMERSH 's Agent Mimi . The rest of the household have been likewise replaced , with SMERSH 's aim to discredit Bond by destroying his `` celibate image '' . Attempts by a bevy of beauties to seduce Bond fail , but Mimi / Lady Fiona becomes so impressed with Bond that she changes loyalties and helps Bond to foil the plot against him . On his way back to London , Bond survives another attempt on his life . Bond is promoted to the head of MI6 . He learns that many British agents around the world have been eliminated by enemy spies because of their inability to resist sex . Bond is also told that the `` sex maniac '' who was given the name of `` James Bond '' when the original Bond retired has gone to work in television . He then orders that all remaining MI6 agents will be named `` James Bond 007 '' , to confuse SMERSH . He also creates a rigorous programme to train male agents to ignore the charms of women . Moneypenny recruits `` Coop '' , a karate expert who begins training to resist seductive women : he also meets an exotic agent known as the Detainer . Bond then hires Vesper Lynd , a retired agent turned millionaire , to recruit baccarat expert Evelyn Tremble , whom he intends to use to beat SMERSH agent Le Chiffre . Having embezzled SMERSH 's money , Le Chiffre is desperate for money to cover up his theft before he is executed . Following up a clue from agent Mimi , Bond persuades his estranged daughter Mata Bond to travel to West Berlin to infiltrate International Mothers ' Help , an au pair service that is a cover for a SMERSH training center . Mata uncovers a plan to sell compromising photographs of military leaders from the US , USSR , China and Great Britain at an `` art auction '' , another scheme Le Chiffre hopes to use to raise money : Mata destroys the photos . Le Chiffre 's only remaining option is to raise the money by playing baccarat . Tremble arrives at the Casino Royale accompanied by Lynd , who foils an attempt to disable him by seductive SMERSH agent Miss Goodthighs . Later that night , Tremble observes Le Chiffre playing at the casino and realises that he is using infrared sunglasses to cheat . Lynd steals the sunglasses , allowing Evelyn to eventually beat Le Chiffre in a game of baccarat . Lynd is apparently abducted outside the casino , and Tremble is also kidnapped while pursuing her . Le Chiffre , desperate for the winning cheque , hallucinogenically tortures Tremble . Lynd rescues Tremble , only to subsequently kill him . Meanwhile , SMERSH agents raid Le Chiffre 's base and kill him . In London , Mata Bond is kidnapped by SMERSH in a giant flying saucer , and Sir James and Moneypenny travel to Casino Royale to rescue her . They discover that the casino is located atop a giant underground headquarters run by the evil Dr. Noah , secretly Sir James ' nephew Jimmy Bond , a former MI6 agent who defected to SMERSH to spite his famous uncle . Jimmy reveals that he plans to use biological warfare to make all women beautiful and kill all men over 4 - foot - 6 - inch ( 1.37 m ) tall , leaving him as the `` big man '' who gets all the girls . Jimmy has already captured The Detainer , and he tries to convince her to be his partner ; she agrees , but only to dupe him into swallowing one of his `` atomic time pills '' , turning him into a `` walking atomic bomb '' . Sir James , Moneypenny , Mata and Coop manage to escape from their cell and fight their way back to the Casino Director 's office where Sir James establishes Lynd is a double agent . The casino is then overrun by secret agents and a battle ensues . American and French support arrive , but just add to the chaos . Eventually , Jimmy 's atomic pill explodes , destroying Casino Royale with everyone inside . Sir James and all of his agents then appear in heaven , and Jimmy Bond is shown descending to hell . Cast ( edit ) Sixteen actors were named in the opening credits , with a number of them given the additional designation `` James Bond 007 '' during the film , as a plot device to confuse the party ( SMERSH ) trying to kill James Bond : Peter Sellers as Evelyn Tremble / James Bond 007 -- A baccarat master recruited by Vesper Lynd to challenge Le Chiffre at Casino Royale . Ursula Andress as Vesper Lynd / James Bond 007 -- A retired British secret agent forced back into service in exchange for writing off her tax arrears . David Niven as Sir James Bond -- A legendary British secret agent forced out of retirement to fight SMERSH . Orson Welles as Le Chiffre -- SMERSH 's financial agent , desperate to win at baccarat to repay the money he has embezzled from the organisation . Joanna Pettet as Mata Bond / James Bond 007 -- Bond 's daughter , born of his love affair with Mata Hari . Daliah Lavi as The Detainer / James Bond 007 -- A British secret agent who successfully poisons Dr. Noah with his own atomic pill . Woody Allen as Dr. Noah / Jimmy Bond 007 -- Bond 's nephew and head of SMERSH under his Dr. Noah alias . Dr. Noah is voiced by Valentine Dyall Deborah Kerr as Agent Mimi / Lady Fiona McTarry -- A SMERSH agent who masquerades as the widow of M but can not help falling in love with Bond . William Holden as Ransome -- A CIA executive who accompanies the cross-spy - agency team to persuade Bond out of retirement , then reappears in the final climactic fight scene . Charles Boyer as LeGrand -- A Deuxième Bureau executive who accompanies the cross-spy - agency team to see Bond . John Huston as M / McTarry -- Head of MI6 who dies from an explosion caused by his own bombardment of Bond 's estate when the cross-spy - agency team visits . Kurt Kasznar as Smernov -- A KGB executive who accompanies the cross-spy - agency team to see Bond . George Raft as himself Jean - Paul Belmondo as French Legionnaire Terence Cooper as Coop / James Bond 007 -- A British secret agent specifically chosen , and trained for this mission to resist the charms of women . Barbara Bouchet as Miss Moneypenny / James Bond 007 -- The beautiful daughter of Bond 's original Miss Moneypenny . She works for the service in the same position her mother had years before . Major stars like George Raft and Jean - Paul Belmondo were given top billing in the film 's promotion and screen trailers despite the fact that they only appeared for a few minutes in the final scene . Supporting cast : Jacqueline Bisset ( credited as Jacky Bisset ) as Miss . Goodthighs -- A SMERSH agent who attempts to kill Evelyn Tremble at Casino Royale . Also , as an extra who stands behind Le Chiffre at the casino . Bernard Cribbins as Carlton Towers -- A British Foreign Office official who drives Mata Bond all the way from London to Berlin in his taxi . Ronnie Corbett as Polo -- A SMERSH agent at the International Mothers ' Help who was in love with Mata Hari and expresses the same feelings for Mata Bond . Anna Quayle as Frau Hoffner -- Frau Hoffner is Mata Hari 's teacher , portrayed as a parody of Cesare in the German Expressionist film The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari ( her school is modelled on the film 's expressionist decor ) . Geoffrey Bayldon as Q John Wells as Q 's assistant Gabriella Licudi as Eliza Angela Scoular as Buttercup Tracey Crisp as Heather Elaine Taylor as Peg Alexandra Bastedo as Meg - five SMERSH agents undercover as M / Lord McTarry 's daughters . Buttercup shares a bath with Sir James . Derek Nimmo as Hadley - British secret service man who briefs Mata Bond on her mission to Berlin . Colin Gordon as Casino Director John Bluthal as Casino Doorman Graham Stark as Cashier Duncan Macrae as Inspector Mathis , who shows Evelyn Tremble his `` credentials '' in the pre-title sequence . Richard Wattis as British Army Officer . Vladek Sheybal as Le Chiffre 's representative Tracy Reed as Fang Leader Chic Murray as Chic Jonathan Routh as John Percy Herbert as 1st Piper Jeanne Roland as Captain of the Guards Casino Royale also takes credit for the greatest number of actors in a Bond film either to have appeared or to go on to appear in the rest of the Eon series -- besides Ursula Andress in Dr. No , Vladek Sheybal appeared as Kronsteen in From Russia with Love , Burt Kwouk featured as Mr. Ling in Goldfinger and an unnamed SPECTRE operative in You Only Live Twice , Jeanne Roland plays a masseuse in You Only Live Twice , and Angela Scoular appeared as Ruby Bartlett in On Her Majesty 's Secret Service . Jack Gwillim , who had a tiny role as a British army officer , played a Royal Navy officer in Thunderball . Caroline Munro , who can be seen very briefly as one of Dr Noah 's gun - toting guards , received the role of Naomi in The Spy Who Loved Me . Milton Reid , who appears in a bit part as the temple guard , opening the door to Mata Bond 's hall , played one of Dr. No 's guards and Stromberg 's underling , Sandor , in The Spy Who Loved Me . John Hollis , who plays the temple priest in Mata Bond 's hall , went on to play the unnamed figure clearly intended to be Blofeld in the pre-credits sequence of For Your Eyes Only . John Wells , Q 's assistant , appeared in For Your Eyes Only as Denis Thatcher . Hal Galili , who appears briefly as a US army officer at the auction , had earlier played gangster Jack Strap in Goldfinger . Uncredited cast ( edit ) Well - established stars like Peter O'Toole and sporting legends like Stirling Moss took uncredited parts in the film just to be able to work with the other members of the cast . Stunt director Richard Talmadge employed Geraldine Chaplin to appear in a brief Keystone Cops insert . The film also proved to be young Anjelica Huston 's first experience in the film industry as she was called upon by her father , John Huston , to cover the screen shots of Deborah Kerr 's hands . The film also marks the debut of Dave Prowse , later the physical form of Darth Vader in the Star Wars series , as Frankenstein 's monster , a role he would later play again in the Hammer films The Horror of Frankenstein and Frankenstein and the Monster from Hell . John Le Mesurier features in the early scenes of the film as M 's driver . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In March 1955 Ian Fleming sold the film rights of his novel Casino Royale , the first book featuring the character of James Bond , to the producer Gregory Ratoff for $6,000 ( $53,642 in 2016 dollars ) . In 1956 Ratoff set up a production company with Michael Garrison to produce a film adaptation , but wound up not finding financial backers before his death in December 1960 . After Ratoff 's death , the producer Charles K. Feldman represented Ratoff 's widow and obtained the Casino Royale rights . Albert R. Broccoli , who had a long time interest in adapting James Bond , offered to purchase the Casino Royale rights from Feldman , but he declined . Feldman and his friend , the director Howard Hawks , had an interest in adapting Casino Royale , considering Leigh Brackett as a writer and Cary Grant as James Bond . They eventually gave up once they saw the 1962 film Dr. No , the first Bond adaptation made by Broccoli and his partner Harry Saltzman through their company Eon Productions . By 1964 , with Feldman having invested nearly $550,000 of his own money into pre-production of Casino Royale , he decided to try a deal with Eon Productions and its distributor United Artists . The attempt at a co-production eventually fell through as Feldman frequently argued with Broccoli and Saltzman , specially regarding the profit divisions and when the Casino Royale adaptation would start production . Feldman approached Sean Connery to play Bond , with Connery 's offering to do the film for one million dollars being rejected . Feldman eventually decided to offer his project to Columbia Pictures through a script written by Ben Hecht , and the studio accepted . Given Eon 's series led to a spy film craze at the time , Feldman opted to make his film a spoof of the Bond series instead of a straightforward adaptation . Screenplay Development ( edit ) Ben Hecht 's contribution to the project , if not the final result , was in fact substantial . The Oscar - winning writer was recruited by Feldman to produce a screenplay for the film and wrote several drafts , with various evolutions of the story incorporating different scenes and characters . All of his treatments were `` straight '' adaptations , far closer to the original source novel than the spoof which the final production became . A draft from 1957 discovered in Hecht 's papers -- but which does not identify the screenwriter -- is a direct adaptation of the novel , albeit with the Bond character absent , instead being replaced by a poker - playing American gangster . Later drafts see vice made central to the plot , with the Le Chiffre character becoming head of a network of brothels ( as he is in the novel ) whose patrons are then blackmailed by Le Chiffre to fund Spectre ( an invention of the screenwriter ) . The racy plot elements opened up by this change of background include a chase scene through Hamburg 's red light district that results in Bond escaping whilst disguised as a female mud wrestler . New characters appear such as Lili Wing , a brothel madam and former lover of Bond whose ultimate fate is to be crushed in the back of a garbage truck , and Gita , wife of Le Chiffre . The beautiful Gita , whose face and throat are hideously disfigured as a result of Bond using her as a shield during a gunfight in the same sequence which sees Wing meet her fate , goes on to become the prime protagonist in the torture scene that features in the book , a role originally Le Chiffre 's . Virtually nothing from Hecht 's scripts was ever filmed . He died from a heart attack in April 1964 , two days before he was due to present it to Feldman . Time reported in 1966 that the script had been completely re-written by Billy Wilder , and by the time the film reached production only the idea that the name James Bond should be given to a number of other agents remained . This key plot device in the finished film , in the case of Hecht 's version , occurs after the demise of the original James Bond ( an event which happened prior to the beginning of his story ) which , as Hecht 's M puts it `` not only perpetuates his memory , but confuses the opposition . '' Peter Sellers hired Terry Southern to write his dialogue ( and not the rest of the script ) to `` outshine '' Orson Welles and Woody Allen . Filming ( edit ) The principal filming was carried out at Pinewood Studios , Shepperton Studios and Twickenham Studios in London . Extensive sequences also featured London , notably Trafalgar Square and the exterior of 10 Downing Street . Mereworth Castle in Kent was used as the home of Sir James Bond , which is blown up at the start of the film . Much of the filming for M 's Scottish castle was actually done on location in County Meath , Ireland , with Killeen Castle , Dunsany , as the focus . However , the car chase sequences where Bond leaves the castle were shot in the Perthshire village of Killin with further sequences in Berkshire ( specifically Old Windsor and Bracknell ) . The production proved to be rather troubled , with five different directors helming different segments of the film and with stunt co-ordinator Richard Talmadge co-directing the final sequence . In addition to the credited writers , Woody Allen , Peter Sellers , Val Guest , Ben Hecht , Joseph Heller , Terry Southern , and Billy Wilder are all believed to have contributed to the screenplay to varying degrees . Val Guest was given the responsibility of splicing the various `` chapters '' together , and was offered the unique title of `` Co-ordinating Director '' but declined , claiming the chaotic plot would not reflect well on him if he were so credited . His extra credit was labelled `` Additional Sequences '' instead . Part of the behind - the - scenes drama of this film 's production concerned the filming of the segments involving Peter Sellers . Screenwriter Wolf Mankowitz declared that Sellers felt intimidated by Orson Welles to the extent that , except for a couple of shots , neither was in the studio simultaneously . Other versions of the legend depict the drama stemming from Sellers being slighted , in favour of Welles , by Princess Margaret ( whom Sellers knew ) during her visit to the set . Welles also insisted on performing magic tricks as Le Chiffre , and the director obliged . Director Val Guest wrote that Welles did not think much of Sellers , and had refused to work with `` that amateur '' . Director Joseph McGrath , a personal friend of Sellers , was punched by the actor when he complained about Sellers ' behavior on the set . Some biographies of Sellers suggest that he took the role of Bond to heart , and was annoyed at the decision to make Casino Royale a comedy , as he wanted to play Bond straight . This is illustrated in somewhat fictionalised form in the film The Life and Death of Peter Sellers , based on the biography by Roger Lewis , who has claimed that Sellers kept re-writing and improvising scenes to make them play seriously . This story is in agreement with the observation that the only parts of the film close to the book are the ones featuring Sellers and Welles . In the end , Sellers ' involvement with the film was cut abruptly short . Jean - Paul Belmondo and George Raft received major billing , even though both actors appear only briefly . Both appear during the climactic brawl at the end , Raft flipping his trademark coin and promptly shooting himself dead with a backwards - firing pistol , while Belmondo appears wearing a fake moustache as the French Foreign Legion officer who requires an English phrase book to translate `` merde ! '' into `` ooch ! '' during his fistfight . Raft 's coin flip , which originally appeared in Scarface ( 1932 ) , had been spoofed a few years earlier in Some Like It Hot ( 1959 ) . At the Intercon science fiction convention held in Slough in 1978 , David Prowse commented on his part in this film , apparently his big - screen debut . He claimed that he was originally asked to play `` Super Pooh '' , a giant Winnie - the - Pooh in a superhero costume who attacks Tremble during the Torture of The Mind sequence . This idea , as with many others in the film 's script , was rapidly dropped , and Prowse was re-cast as a Frankenstein - type Monster for the closing scenes . The final sequence was principally directed by former actor and stuntman Richard Talmadge . The story of Casino Royale is told in an episodic format . Val Guest oversaw the assembly of the sections , although he turned down the credit of `` co-ordinating director '' . Director credits : Val Guest ( additional sequences ; scenes with Woody Allen and additional scenes with David Niven ) Ken Hughes ( Berlin scenes ) John Huston ( scenes at Sir James Bond 's house and scenes at Scottish castle ) Joseph McGrath ( scenes with Peter Sellers , Ursula Andress and Orson Welles ) Robert Parrish ( some casino scenes with Peter Sellers and Orson Welles ) Richard Talmadge ( second unit ) Unfinished scenes ( edit ) Sellers left the production before all his scenes were shot , which is why his character , Tremble , is so abruptly captured in the film . Whether Sellers was fired or simply walked off is unclear . Given that he often went absent for days at a time and was involved in conflicts with Welles , either explanation is plausible . Regardless , Sellers was unavailable for the filming of an ending and of linking footage to explain the details , leaving the filmmakers to devise a way to make the existing footage work without him . The framing device of a beginning and ending with David Niven was invented to salvage the footage . Val Guest said that he was given the task of creating a narrative thread which would link all segments of the film . He chose to use the original Bond and Vesper as linking characters to tie the story together . In the originally released versions of the film , a cardboard cutout of Sellers in the background was used for the final scenes . In later versions , this cardboard cutout was replaced by footage of Sellers in highland dress , inserted by `` trick photography '' . Signs of missing footage from the Sellers segments are evident at various points . Evelyn Tremble is not captured on camera ; an outtake of Sellers entering a racing car was substituted . In this outtake , he calls for the car , à la Pink Panther , to chase down Vesper and her kidnappers ; the next thing that is shown is Tremble being tortured . Out - takes of Sellers were also used for Tremble 's dream sequence ( pretending to play the piano on Ursula Andress ' torso ) , in the finale - blowing out the candles whilst in highland dress - and at the end of the film when all the various `` James Bond doubles '' are together . In the kidnap sequence , Tremble 's death is also very abruptly inserted ; it consists of pre-existing footage of Tremble being rescued by Vesper , followed by a later - filmed shot of her abruptly deciding to shoot him , followed by a freeze - frame over some of the previous footage of her surrounded by bodies ( noticeably a zoom - in on the previous shot ) . As well as this , an entire sequence involving Tremble going to the front for the underground James Bond training school ( which turns out to be under Harrods , of which the training area was the lowest level ) was never shot , thus creating an abrupt cut from Vesper announcing that Tremble will be James Bond to Tremble exiting the lift into the training school . So many sequences from the film were removed , that several well - known actors never appeared in the final cut , including Ian Hendry ( as 006 , the agent whose body is briefly seen being disposed of by Vesper ) , Mona Washbourne and Arthur Mullard . Music ( edit ) Casino Royale Soundtrack album by Burt Bacharach , Herb Alpert & the Tijuana Brass and Dusty Springfield Released 1967 Recorded 1967 Length 34 : 27 Label Colgems Singles from Casino Royale Soundtrack `` The Look of Love '' Released : January 29 , 1967 For the music , Feldman decided to bring Burt Bacharach , who had done the score for his previous production What 's New Pussycat ? . Bacharach worked over two years writing for Casino Royale , in the meantime composing the After the Fox score and being forced to decline participation in Luv . Lyricist Hal David contributed with various songs , many of which appeared in just instrumental versions . Herb Alpert & the Tijuana Brass performed some of the songs with Mike Redway singing the lyrics to the title song as the end credits rolled . The title theme was Alpert 's second number one on the Easy Listening chart where it spent two weeks at the top in June 1967 and peaked at number 27 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Alpert would later contribute a trumpet solo to the title song of the `` unofficial '' 1983 James Bond film Never Say Never Again ( which was sung by Alpert 's wife , Lani Hall ) . The film features the song `` The Look of Love '' performed by Dusty Springfield . It is played in the scene of Vesper Lynd recruiting Evelyn Tremble , seen through a man - size aquarium in a seductive walk . `` The Look of Love '' was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Song . The song was a Top 10 radio hit at the KGB and KHJ radio stations . It was heard again in the first Austin Powers film , which was to a degree inspired by Casino Royale . For the European release , Mireille Mathieu sang versions of `` The Look of Love '' in both French ( `` Les Yeux D'Amour '' ) , and German ( `` Ein Blick von Dir '' ) . Bacharach would later rework two tracks of the score into songs : `` Home James , Do n't Spare the Horses '' was re-arranged as `` Bond Street '' , appearing on Bacharach 's album Reach Out ( 1967 ) , and `` Flying Saucer -- First Stop Berlin '' , was reworked with vocals as `` Let the Love Come Through '' by orchestra leader and arranger Roland Shaw . A clarinet melody would later be featured in a Cracker Jack commercial . As an in - joke , a brief snippet of John Barry 's song `` Born Free '' is used in the film . At the time , Barry was the main composer for the Eon Bond series , and said song won an Academy Award over Bacharach 's own `` Alfie '' . The original album cover art was done by Robert McGinnis , based on the film poster and the original stereo vinyl release of the soundtrack ( Colgems # COSO - 5005 ) is still highly sought after by audiophiles . It has been regarded by some music critics as the finest - sounding LP of all time . The original LP was later issued by Varèse Sarabande in the same track order as shown below : Soundtrack listing ( edit ) `` Casino Royale Theme '' -- Herb Alpert & the Tijuana Brass `` The Look of Love '' -- vocal : Dusty Springfield `` Money Penny Goes for Broke '' `` Le Chiffre 's Torture of the Mind '' `` Home James , Do n't Spare the Horses '' `` Sir James ' Trip to Find Mata '' `` The Look of Love '' ( Instrumental ) `` Hi There Miss Goodthighs '' `` Little French Boy '' `` Flying Saucer -- First Stop Berlin '' `` The Venerable Sir James Bond '' `` Dream on James , You 're Winning '' - vocal : Mike Redway ( uncredited ) `` The Big Cowboys and Indians Fight at Casino Royale '' / `` Casino Royale Theme '' ( reprise ) - vocal : Mike Redway ( uncredited ) The soundtrack album became famous among audio purists for the excellence of its recording . It then became a standard `` audiophile test '' record for decades to come , especially the vocal performance by Dusty Springfield on `` The Look of Love . '' The film soundtrack has since been released by other companies in different configurations ( including complete score releases ) . The highly - regarded master tapes were however damaged during a 1990s remastering , so none of the subsequent re-releases are considered to be as fine - sounding as the original LP release . Budget ( edit ) The studio approved the film 's production budget of $6 million , already quite large in 1966 . However , during filming the project ran into several problems and the shoot ran months over schedule , with the costs also running well over . When the film was finally completed it had doubled its original budget . The final production budget of $12 million made it one of the most expensive films that had been made to that point . The previous Eon Bond film , Thunderball ( 1965 ) , had a budget of $11 million while the nearly contemporary You Only Live Twice ( 1967 ) , had a budget of $9.5 million . The extremely high budget of Casino Royale led to comparisons with a troubled production from 1963 , and it was referred to as `` a runaway mini-Cleopatra '' . Columbia at first announced the film was due to be released in time for Christmas 1966 . The problems postponed the launch until April 1967 . Release and reception ( edit ) Casino Royale had its world premiere in London 's Odeon Leicester Square on 13 April 1967 , breaking many opening records in the theatre 's history . Its American premiere was held in New York on 28 April , at the Capitol and Cinema I theatres . It opened two months prior to the fifth Bond film by Eon Productions , You Only Live Twice . Box Office and marketing ( edit ) Despite the lukewarm nature of the contemporary reviews , the pull of the James Bond name was sufficient to make it the 13th highest - grossing film in North America in 1967 with a gross of $22.7 million and a worldwide total of $41.7 million ( $300 million in 2016 dollars ) . Orson Welles attributed the success of the film to a marketing strategy that featured a naked tattooed woman on the film 's posters and print ads as well as a billboard in New York 's Times Square . The campaign also included a series of commercials featuring British model Twiggy . As late as 2011 , the film was still making money for the estate of Peter Sellers , who negotiated an extraordinary 3 % of the gross profits ( an estimated £ 120 million ) , with the proceeds currently going to Cassie Unger , the daughter and sole heir of Sellers ' beneficiary , fourth wife Lynne Frederick . Critical reception ( edit ) No advance press screenings of Casino Royale were held , leading reviews to only appear after the premiere . The chaotic nature of the production features heavily in contemporary and later reviews . Roger Ebert said `` This is possibly the most indulgent film ever made '' , Time described Casino Royale as `` an incoherent and vulgar vaudeville '' , and Variety declared the film to be `` a conglomeration of frenzied situations , ' in ' gags and special effects , lacking discipline and cohesion . '' Bosley Crowther of The New York Times had some positive statements about the film , considering Casino Royale had `` more of the talent agent than the secret agent '' and praising the `` fast start '' and the scenes up to the baccarat game between Bond and Le Chiffre . Afterwards , Crowther felt , the script became tiresome , repetitive and filled with clichés due to `` wild and haphazard injections of ' in ' jokes and outlandish gags '' , leading to an excessive length that made the film a `` reckless , disconnected nonsense that could be telescoped or stopped at any point '' . Writing in 1986 , Danny Peary noted , `` It 's hard to believe that in 1967 we actually waited in anticipation for this so - called James Bond spoof . It was a disappointment then ; it 's a curio today , but just as hard to get through . '' Peary described the film as being `` disjointed and stylistically erratic '' and `` a testament to wastefulness in the bigger - is - better cinema , '' before adding , `` It would have been a good idea to cut the picture drastically , perhaps down to the scenes featuring Peter Sellers and Woody Allen . In fact , I recommend you see it on television when it 's in a two - hour ( including commercials ) slot . Then you wo n't expect it to make any sense . '' A few recent reviewers have been more impressed by the film . Andrea LeVasseur , in the AllMovie review , called it `` the original ultimate spy spoof '' , and opined that the `` nearly impossible to follow '' plot made it `` a satire to the highest degree '' . Further describing it as a `` hideous , zany disaster '' LeVasseur concluded that it was `` a psychedelic , absurd masterpiece '' . Cinema historian Robert von Dassanowsky has written about the artistic merits of the film and says `` like Casablanca , Casino Royale is a film of momentary vision , collaboration , adaption , pastiche , and accident . It is the anti-auteur work of all time , a film shaped by the very zeitgeist it took on . '' Romano Tozzi complimented the acting and humour , although he also mentioned that the film has several dull stretches . In his review of the film , Leonard Maltin remarked , `` Money , money everywhere , but ( the ) film is terribly uneven -- sometimes funny , often not . '' Simon Winder called Casino Royale `` a pitiful spoof '' , while Robert Druce described it as `` an abstraction of real life '' . The film currently holds a 29 % rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 34 reviews with the consensus stating : `` A goofy , dated parody of spy movie cliches , Casino Royale squanders its all - star cast on a meandering , mostly laugh - free script . '' Awards ( edit ) `` The Look of Love '' was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song , losing to `` Talk to the Animals '' from Doctor Dolittle . Burt Bacharach 's score also earned a Grammy Award nomination for Best Original Score Written for a Motion Picture or Television Show , won by Mission : Impossible . Julie Harris was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Costume Design . Home Video and film rights ( edit ) Columbia Pictures released Casino Royale on VHS in 1989 , and on Laserdisc in 1994 . In 1997 , following the Columbia / MGM / Kevin McClory lawsuit on ownership of the Bond film series , the rights to the film reverted to Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer ( whose sister company United Artists co-owns the Bond film franchise ) as a condition of the settlement . MGM then issued the first DVD release of Casino Royale in 2002 , followed by a 40th anniversary special edition in 2007 . Years later , as a result of the Sony / Comcast acquisition of MGM , Columbia would once again become responsible for the co-distribution of this film as well as the entire Eon Bond series , including the 2006 adaptation of Casino Royale . However , MGM Home Entertainment changed its distributor to 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment in May 2006 . Fox has since been responsible for the debut of the 1967 Casino Royale on Blu - ray disc in 2011 . Danjaq LLC , Eon 's holding company , is shown as one of its present copyright owners . Alongside six other MGM - owned films , the studio posted Casino Royale on YouTube . See also ( edit ) James Bond portal 1960s portal Film portal Outline of James Bond Casino Royale ( 2006 film ) References ( edit ) Explanatory notes Jump up ^ Variety put its North American rentals for 1967 at $10.2 million . These figures refer to rentals accruing to the distributors . Citations ^ Jump up to : `` The Girls of Casino Royale '' . Playboy . , February 1967 Jump up ^ DVD audio commentary , Region 1 , with film historians Steven Jay Rubin and John Cork . Bisset , after playing the casino extra in early footage , was cast again as Miss Goodthighs . Jump up ^ McFarlane , Brian ( 2005 ) . The Encyclopedia of British Film . Methuen Publishing . p. 412 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 413 - 77526 - 9 . Jump up ^ Benson 1988 , p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Duns , Jeremy ( 2 March 2011 ) . `` Casino Royale : discovering the lost script '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 9 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Barnes & Hearn 2001 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Broccoli , Albert R. ; Zec , Donald ( 1998 ) . When the Snow Melts : The Autobiography of Cubby Broccoli . Boxtree . p. 199 . ISBN 0752211625 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( 2007 ) . Howard Hawks : The Grey Fox of Hollywood . Grove Press . pp. 595 , 629 . ISBN 0802196403 . Jump up ^ p. 62 Sellers , Robert Sean Connery : A Celebration Robert Hale , 1 December 1999 ^ Jump up to : Bassinger , Stuart . `` It 's a Mad , Mad , Mad , Mad Royale '' . Retrieved 13 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Gerber , Gail & Lisanti , Tom . Trippin ' with Terry Southern : What I Think I Remember , McFarland , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Kent Film Office . `` Kent Film Office Casino Royal Film Focus '' . Jump up ^ `` Casino Royale '' . British-Film-Locations.com. 2015 . Retrieved 13 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Casino Royale '' . Scotland : the Movie Location Guide . 2015 . Retrieved 13 April 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.britmovie.co.uk/forums/film-locations/115229-sixties-casino-royale-car-chase-locations-2.html ^ Jump up to : Guest , Val . So you want to be in Pictures , Reynolds & Hearn , 2001 , ISBN 1 - 903111 - 15 - 3 Jump up ^ Sikov , Ed . Mr Strangelove : A Biography of Peter Sellers . Pan Macmillan , 2011 . ISBN 1447207149 . pp. 310 - 3 ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Roger . The Life and Death of Peter Sellers , Applause Books , 2000 , ISBN 1 - 55783 - 248 - X Jump up ^ Smith , Jim ( 2004 ) . Gangster Films . Virgin Books . p. 34 . ISBN 0753508389 . Jump up ^ Barnes & Hearn 2001 , p. 63 . ^ Jump up to : Burlingame , Jon ( 2012 ) . `` 5 : Casino Royale ( 1967 ) '' . The Music of James Bond . Oxford University Press . pp. 60 -- 70 . ISBN 0199986762 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 2001 . Record Research . p. 19 . Jump up ^ Mike Hennessay , Mike ( 30 September 1967 ) . `` Paris '' . Billboard . Retrieved 13 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mireille Mathieu gagne son procès '' . Le Figaro. 7 December 2007 . Retrieved 5 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Burt Bacharach , Song by Song : The Ultimate Burt Bacharach Reference for Fans Jump up ^ Stachler , Joe . `` Joe Stachler on Casino Royale 's Great Soundtrack '' . Retrieved 22 December 2006 . Jump up ^ Panek , Richard ( 28 July 1991 ) . `` ' Casino Royale ' Is an LP Bond with a Gilt Edge '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 22 December 2006 . Jump up ^ Panek , Richard ( 28 July 1991 ) . `` ' Casino Royale ' Is an LP Bond With a Gilt Edge '' . New York Times . Retrieved 7 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Debrug , Peter ( 15 June 2012 ) . `` Review : ' Revisiting 1967 's ' Casino Royale ' ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 12 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : von Dassanowsky , Robert ( 31 March 2010 ) . `` Casino Royale at 33 : The Postmodern Epic in Spite of Itself '' . Bright Lights Film Journal . Retrieved 19 September 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Fox , Julian ( 1996 ) . Woody : movies from Manhattan . B.T. Batsford . p. 39 . ISBN 0713480297 . Jump up ^ `` ' Casino Royale ' Kicks Off Today All Over Country '' . Film Daily . 28 April 1967 . Jump up ^ `` Casino Royale -- Box Office Data , Movie News , Cast Information '' . The numbers . Retrieved 5 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Big Rental Films of 1967 '' , Variety , 3 January 1968 p 25 . Jump up ^ flickr.com/photos/lonegroover/1152017497 Jump up ^ Pelegrine , Louis ( 27 April 1967 ) . `` Twiggy Plays Role In ' Casino ' Campaign '' . Film Daily . Jump up ^ Hardcastle , Ephraim ( 21 October 2011 ) . `` Money still rolling in from Peter Sellers 's James Bond spoof Casino Royale '' . Daily Mail . Associated Newspapers Ltd . Daily Mail , The Mail on Sunday & Metro Media Group . Retrieved 3 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( 1 May 1967 ) . `` Casino Royale '' . The Chicago Sun - Times ( review ) . Retrieved 29 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Keystone Cop - Out '' . Time . 12 May 1967 . Jump up ^ `` Casino Royale '' . Variety ( review ) . May 1967 . Retrieved 29 May 2007 ... Jump up ^ Crowther , Bosley ( 29 April 1967 ) . `` Casino Royale ( 1967 ) '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 12 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Peary , Danny ( 1986 ) . `` Guide for the Film Fanatic '' . Simon & Schuster : 84 . ISBN 0671610813 . Jump up ^ Blaise , Judd . `` Casino Royale > Overview '' . AllMovie . Retrieved 19 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Tozzi , Romano ( 1971 ) . `` John Huston '' . Falcon : 130 . ISBN 0 - 900123 - 21 - 4 ... Jump up ^ Maltin , Leonard ( 2008 ) . `` 2009 Movie Guide '' . Plume : 219 . Jump up ^ The Man Who Saved Britain : A ... Books . Google . 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 42666 - 8 . Retrieved 19 September 2010 . Jump up ^ This day our daily fictions : an ... Books . Google . 21 March 2007 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 5183 - 401 - 7 . Retrieved 19 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Casino Royale ( 1967 ) '' . = Rotten Tomatoes ... Jump up ^ `` The 40th Academy Awards ( 1968 ) Nominees and Winners '' . oscars.org . Archived from the original on 2014 - 11 - 03 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Grammy Award Nominees 1968 - Grammy Award Winners 1968 '' . www.awardsandshows.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Film in 1968 - BAFTA Awards '' . British Academy of Film and Television Arts . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bowker 's Complete Video Directory 1994 . New York : R.R. Bowker. 1994 . p. 248 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8352 - 3391 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Casino Royale ( 1967 ) '' . Laserdisc Database . Retrieved 29 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Sterngold , James ( 30 March 1999 ) . `` Sony Pictures , in an accord with MGM , drops its plan to produce new James Bond movies '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 14 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Jacobson , Colin ( 11 March 2009 ) . `` Casino Royale ( 1967 ) '' . DVD Movie Guide . Retrieved 29 July 2014 . Jump up ^ McCutcheon , David ( 25 July 2008 ) . `` CASINO ROYALE SPOOFS UP DVD '' . IGN . Retrieved 29 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Reuben , Michael ( 12 May 2011 ) . `` Casino Royale Blu - ray '' . Blu-Ray.com . Retrieved 26 January 2015 ... Jump up ^ `` YouTube to stream Hollywood films '' . BBC . 17 April 2009 . Retrieved 3 September 2011 . Bibliography Benson , Raymond ( 1988 ) . The James Bond Bedside Companion . London : Boxtree Ltd . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85283 - 233 - 9 . Barnes , Alan ; Hearn , Marcus ( 2001 ) . Kiss Kiss Bang ! Bang ! : the Unofficial James Bond Film Companion . London : Batsford Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7134 - 8182 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Casino Royale ( 1967 film ) . Casino Royale on IMDb Casino Royale at Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Casino Royale at Le Film Guide `` Casino royale '' ( complete dialogue ) . `` Agony booth '' ( film recap ) . Casino Royale : `` It 's Too Much for One James Bond '' ( M Richardson ) @ The Nice Rooms ezine James Bond in film List of films Filmography Recurring characters Recurring actors Motifs Actors considered for the James Bond role Bond girls Eon Productions Dr. No ( 1962 ) From Russia with Love ( 1963 ) Goldfinger ( 1964 ) Thunderball ( 1965 ) You Only Live Twice ( 1967 ) On Her Majesty 's Secret Service ( 1969 ) Diamonds Are Forever ( 1971 ) Live and Let Die ( 1973 ) The Man with the Golden Gun ( 1974 ) The Spy Who Loved Me ( 1977 ) Moonraker ( 1979 ) For Your Eyes Only ( 1981 ) Octopussy ( 1983 ) A View to a Kill ( 1985 ) The Living Daylights ( 1987 ) Licence to Kill ( 1989 ) GoldenEye ( 1995 ) Tomorrow Never Dies ( 1997 ) The World Is Not Enough ( 1999 ) Die Another Day ( 2002 ) Casino Royale ( 2006 ) Quantum of Solace ( 2008 ) Skyfall ( 2012 ) Spectre ( 2015 ) Non-Eon films Casino Royale ( 1967 ) Never Say Never Again ( 1983 ) Book Portal James Bond music Themes `` James Bond Theme '' ( Monty Norman ) `` James Bond Is Back '' ( John Barry ) `` 007 Theme '' ( John Barry ) `` On Her Majesty 's Secret Service '' ( John Barry ) `` Bond 77 '' ( Marvin Hamlisch ) `` James Bond Theme '' ( Moby ) Soundtracks Dr. No From Russia with Love Goldfinger Thunderball You Only Live Twice On Her Majesty 's Secret Service Diamonds Are Forever Live and Let Die The Man with the Golden Gun The Spy Who Loved Me Moonraker For Your Eyes Only Octopussy A View to a Kill The Living Daylights Licence to Kill GoldenEye Tomorrow Never Dies The World Is Not Enough Die Another Day Casino Royale Quantum of Solace Skyfall Spectre Composers Monty Norman John Barry George Martin Marvin Hamlisch Bill Conti Michael Kamen Éric Serra David Arnold Thomas Newman Eon themes `` Kingston Calypso '' `` From Russia with Love '' `` Goldfinger '' `` Thunderball '' `` You Only Live Twice '' `` We Have All the Time in the World '' `` Diamonds Are Forever '' `` Live and Let Die '' `` The Man with the Golden Gun '' `` Nobody Does It Better '' `` Moonraker '' `` For Your Eyes Only '' `` All Time High '' `` A View to a Kill '' `` The Living Daylights '' `` Where Has Everybody Gone ? '' `` Licence to Kill '' `` If You Asked Me To '' `` GoldenEye '' `` Tomorrow Never Dies '' `` The World Is Not Enough '' `` Die Another Day '' `` You Know My Name '' `` Another Way to Die '' `` Skyfall '' `` Writing 's on the Wall '' Non-Eon themes `` Casino Royale '' `` The Look of Love '' `` Never Say Never Again '' Compilations Shaken and Stirred The Incredible World of James Bond The Best of Bond ... James Bond Related articles Eon films secondary songs Non-Eon films secondary songs Films directed by Ken Hughes Wide Boy ( 1952 ) The Drayton Case ( 1953 ) Black 13 ( 1953 ) The Dark Stairway ( 1953 ) The House Across the Lake ( 1954 ) The Brain Machine ( 1955 ) Little Red Monkey ( 1955 ) Confession ( 1955 ) Timeslip ( 1955 ) Joe MacBeth ( 1955 ) Murder Anonymous ( 1955 ) Wicked as They Come ( 1956 ) The Long Haul ( 1957 ) Jazz Boat ( 1960 ) The Trials of Oscar Wilde ( 1960 ) In the Nick ( 1960 ) The Small World of Sammy Lee ( 1963 ) Of Human Bondage ( 1964 ) Drop Dead Darling ( 1966 ) Casino Royale ( 1967 ) Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( 1968 ) Cromwell ( 1970 ) The Internecine Project ( 1974 ) Alfie Darling ( 1975 ) Sextette ( 1978 ) Night School ( 1981 ) Films directed by John Huston Films The Maltese Falcon ( 1941 ) In This Our Life ( 1942 ) Across the Pacific ( 1942 ) Report from the Aleutians ( 1943 ) The Battle of San Pietro ( 1945 ) Let There Be Light ( 1946 ) The Treasure of the Sierra Madre ( 1948 ) Key Largo ( 1948 ) We Were Strangers ( 1949 ) The Asphalt Jungle ( 1950 ) The Red Badge of Courage ( 1951 ) The African Queen ( 1951 ) Moulin Rouge ( 1952 ) Beat the Devil ( 1953 ) Moby Dick ( 1956 ) Heaven Knows , Mr. Allison ( 1957 ) The Barbarian and the Geisha ( 1958 ) The Roots of Heaven ( 1958 ) The Unforgiven ( 1960 ) The Misfits ( 1961 ) Freud : The Secret Passion ( 1962 ) The List of Adrian Messenger ( 1963 ) The Night of the Iguana ( 1964 ) The Bible : In the Beginning ... ( 1966 ) Casino Royale ( 1967 ) Reflections in a Golden Eye ( 1967 ) Sinful Davey ( 1969 ) A Walk with Love and Death ( 1969 ) The Kremlin Letter ( 1970 ) Fat City ( 1972 ) The Life and Times of Judge Roy Bean ( 1972 ) The Mackintosh Man ( 1973 ) The Man Who Would Be King ( 1975 ) Independence ( 1976 ) Wise Blood ( 1979 ) Phobia ( 1980 ) Victory ( 1981 ) Annie ( 1982 ) Under the Volcano ( 1984 ) Prizzi 's Honor ( 1985 ) The Dead ( 1987 ) Related Five Came Back ( 2017 documentary ) Films directed by Val Guest Miss London Ltd. ( 1943 ) Bees in Paradise ( 1944 ) Give Us the Moon ( 1944 ) I 'll Be Your Sweetheart ( 1945 ) Just William 's Luck ( 1947 ) William Comes to Town ( 1948 ) Murder at the Windmill ( 1949 ) Miss Pilgrim 's Progress ( 1949 ) Mister Drake 's Duck ( 1951 ) Penny Princess ( 1952 ) The Runaway Bus ( 1954 ) Life with the Lyons ( 1954 ) Dance , Little Lady ( 1954 ) The Body Said No ! ( 1954 ) The Men of Sherwood Forest ( 1954 ) The Lyons in Paris ( 1955 ) Break in the Circle ( 1955 ) The Quatermass Xperiment ( 1955 ) They Ca n't Hang Me ( 1955 ) It 's a Wonderful World ( 1956 ) Carry on Admiral ( 1957 ) The Weapon ( 1957 ) Quatermass 2 ( 1957 ) The Abominable Snowman ( 1957 ) The Camp on Blood Island ( 1958 ) Up the Creek ( 1958 ) Further Up the Creek ( 1958 ) Yesterday 's Enemy ( 1959 ) Expresso Bongo ( 1959 ) Life Is a Circus ( 1960 ) Hell Is a City ( 1960 ) The Full Treatment ( 1960 ) The Day the Earth Caught Fire ( 1961 ) Jigsaw ( 1962 ) 80,000 Suspects ( 1963 ) The Beauty Jungle ( 1964 ) Where the Spies Are ( 1965 ) Casino Royale ( 1967 ) Assignment K ( 1968 ) Toomorrow ( 1970 ) When Dinosaurs Ruled the Earth ( 1970 ) Au Pair Girls ( 1972 ) Confessions of a Window Cleaner ( 1974 ) Killer Force ( 1976 ) The Boys in Blue ( 1982 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Casino_Royale_(1967_film)&oldid=800020362 '' Categories : 1967 films English - language films 1960s parody films 1960s satirical films 1960s spy films British films British parody films British satirical films Cold War spy films Columbia Pictures films Films based on thriller novels Films directed by Val Guest Films directed by Ken Hughes Films directed by John Huston Films directed by Robert Parrish Films set in London Films set in Scotland Films set in Berlin Films shot at Pinewood Studios Films shot in Berkshire Films shot in County Meath Films shot in Scotland Films with live action and animation Cultural depictions of Mata Hari Gambling films James Bond films Spy comedy films Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from October 2016 Film articles using image size parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 04 : 48 . 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who played james bond in the first casino royale

Casino Royale is a 1967 spy comedy film originally produced by Columbia Pictures featuring an ensemble cast . It is loosely based on Ian Fleming 's first James Bond novel . The film stars David Niven as the `` original '' Bond , Sir James Bond 007 . Forced out of retirement to investigate the deaths and disappearances of international spies , he soon battles the mysterious Dr. Noah and SMERSH . The film 's tagline : `` Casino Royale is too much ... for one James Bond ! '' refers to Bond 's ruse to mislead SMERSH in which six other agents are pretending to be `` James Bond '' , namely , baccarat master Evelyn Tremble ( Peter Sellers ) , millionaire spy Vesper Lynd ( Ursula Andress ) , Bond 's secretary Miss Moneypenny ( Barbara Bouchet ) , Mata Bond ( Joanna Pettet ) , Bond 's daughter by Mata Hari ; and British agents `` Coop '' ( Terence Cooper ) and `` The Detainer '' ( Daliah Lavi ) .

America 's Next Top Model ( cycle 13 ) - wikipedia America 's Next Top Model ( cycle 13 ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) America 's Next Top Model ( cycle 13 ) Cycle 13 cast Country of origin United States No. of episodes 13 Release Original network The CW Original release September 9 ( 2009 - 09 - 09 ) -- November 18 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 18 ) Additional information Judges Tyra Banks Nigel Barker J. Alexander Winner Nicole Fox All - stars Laura Kirkpatrick Cycle chronology ← Previous Cycle 12 Next → Cycle 14 Season summary The thirteenth cycle of America 's Next Top Model premiered on September 9 , 2009 and was the seventh season to be aired on The CW network . The cycle 's catch phrase is `` ' The Lineup Is 5 ' 7 '' And Under . Not The Usual Suspects . BOOK ' EM ! `` , and the promotional song was `` Good Girls Go Bad '' by Cobra Starship featuring Leighton Meester . The ending / elimination song , entitled `` Top Model '' , is sung by Marvin Fequiere , husband of Cycle 10 contestant Stacy - Ann . The prizes for this cycle are : A modeling contract with Wilhelmina Models , replacing Elite Model Management A fashion spread and cover in Seventeen A US $ 100,000 contract with CoverGirl cosmetics The overseas destination for this cycle was Maui , Hawaii . This is the first cycle filmed entirely in the United States . The winner was 18 - year - old Nicole Fox from Louisville , Colorado . Contents ( hide ) 1 Season summary 2 Contestants 3 Episodes 3.1 How Short Can You Go 3.2 The Early Bird Gets A Makeover 3.3 Fortress of Fierceness 3.4 Make Me Tall 3.5 Take My Photo , Tyra ! 3.6 Dance With Me 3.7 Petite Ninja Warriors 3.8 Interview 101 3.9 Let 's Go Surfing 3.10 Dive Deeper 3.11 Hawaiian Hip Hop 3.12 America 's Next Top Model Is ... 3.13 Cycle 13 : REVEALED 4 Summaries 4.1 Call - out order 4.2 Photo shoot guide 4.3 Makeovers 4.4 Cast Members 5 Post-Top Model careers 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Season summary This cycle featured one major change to the judging panel : judge Paulina Porizkova left the show after the previous season , marking the first change to the judging panel since Cycle 10 . With her departure , only three permanent judges remained , a first for the series . This cycle also moved back to Los Angeles , after being filmed in New York City for cycle 12 . The cast size was once again increased to 14 contestants . All of the contestants for this season were of height 5'7 '' or shorter . Contestants ( ages stated are at start of contest ) Contestant Age Height Hometown Finish Place Lisa Ramos 19 5 ft 5 in ( 1.65 m ) Queens , New York Episode 2 14 Rachel Echelberger 18 5 ft 5 in ( 1.65 m ) Woodland , California Episode 3 13 Courtney Davies 22 5 ft 4 in ( 1.63 m ) Plantation , Florida 12 Lulu Braithwaite 19 5 ft 7 in ( 1.70 m ) Brooklyn , New York Episode 4 11 Bianca Richardson 21 5 ft 7 in ( 1.70 m ) Columbia , South Carolina Episode 5 10 Ashley Howard 22 5 ft 6 in ( 1.68 m ) Chicago , Illinois Episode 6 9 Kara Vincent 18 5 ft 7 in ( 1.70 m ) Fort Wayne , Indiana Episode 7 8 Rae Weisz 21 5 ft 6 in ( 1.68 m ) Rochester , Minnesota Episode 8 7 Brittany Markert 21 5 ft 5 in ( 1.65 m ) Livermore , California Episode 9 6 Sundai Love 18 5 ft 3 in ( 1.60 m ) Bakersfield , California Episode 10 5 Jennifer An 23 5 ft 5 in ( 1.65 m ) Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Episode 11 4 -- 3 Erin Wagner 18 5 ft 6 in ( 1.68 m ) Spring Grove , Illinois Laura Kirkpatrick 19 5 ft 6 in ( 1.68 m ) Stanford , Kentucky Episode 12 Nicole Fox 18 5 ft 7 in ( 1.70 m ) Louisville , Colorado Episodes How Short Can You Go First aired September 9 , 2009 Special guest : Bradford Sisk The Early Bird Gets A Makeover First aired September 9 , 2009 Featured photographer : Baldomero Fernandez Special guests : Chanel Iman , Sally Hershberger Fortress of Fierceness First aired September 16 , 2009 Featured photographer : Firooz Zahedi Special guests : Sean Patterson , Lauren Conrad Make Me Tall First aired September 23 , 2009 Featured photographer : Jonathan Mannion Special guests : Diva Davanna , Kevan Hall , Yvonne Yue , Ann Shoket , Jaime Rishar Top Model in Action : McKey Sullivan ( Cycle 11 ) Take My Photo , Tyra ! First aired September 30 , 2009 Featured photographer : Tyra Banks Special guests : Crissy Barker , China Chow , Sam Fine , Juan Munoz Hortado , Gene Williamson Top Model in Action : Samantha Francis ( Cycle 8 ) Dance With Me First aired October 7 , 2009 Featured photographer : Mike Rosenthal Special guests : Benny Ninja , Jabbawockeez , Josie Maran , Lil Mama , Rhonda Faber Green Top Model in Action : Lisa Jackson ( Cycle 9 ) Petite Ninja Warriors First aired October 14 , 2009 Featured photographer : Patricia Von Ah Special guests : Neil Lane , Skyler Mattson , Rozae Nichols , Sean Patterson , Gerard Seifert , Lauren Shiohama , Jonathan Skow , Trina Turk , Jessica White , Tracy Wong , Deborah Chen Top Model in Action : Fo Porter ( Cycle 12 ) Interview 101 First aired October 21 , 2009 Featured commercial director : Nigel Barker Special guests : Teyona Anderson , Ant , Jessica Lowndes , Kim Kardashian , Ann Shoket , Lara Spencer Top Model in Action : Nicole Linkletter ( Cycle 5 ) Let 's Go Surfing First aired October 28 , 2009 Featured photographers : Erik Aeder ( challenge ) , Tyra Banks ( photoshoot ) Special guests : Sofia Beschan , Buzzy Kerbox , Kirsty Hume Top Model in Action : Natalie Pack ( cycle 12 ) Dive Deeper First aired November 4 , 2009 Featured photographers : Jono Knight ( challenge ) , Russell James ( photoshoot ) Special guest : Marisa Miller Top Model in Action : Fatima Siad ( Cycle 10 ) Hawaiian Hip Hop First aired November 11 , 2009 Featured photographer : Steve Shaw Special guests : Ann Shoket , Anna Rita Sloss Top Model in Action : Katarzyna Dolinska ( Cycle 10 ) America 's Next Top Model Is ... First aired November 18 , 2009 Featured photographers : Nigel Barker , Gilles Bensimon Featured commercial director : Jonathan Mannion Special guests : Julia Clancey , Eddie Murphy , Bria Murphy , Teyona Anderson , Ann Shoket Top Model in Action : Teyona Anderson ( cycle 12 ) Cycle 13 : REVEALED First aired November 18 , 2009 Top Model in Action : Danielle Evans ( Cycle 6 ) Summaries Call - out order Order Episodes 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Jennifer Rae Erin Kara Brittany Brittany Rae Jennifer Nicole Jennifer Nicole Jennifer Nicole Nicole Erin Nicole Brittany Nicole Jennifer Laura Nicole Jennifer Nicole Laura Laura Rachel Jennifer Laura Erin Rae Brittany Brittany Laura Laura Erin Jennifer Kara Ashley Nicole Sundai Nicole Laura Erin Sundai Sundai Erin 5 Lulu Courtney Kara Jennifer Erin Nicole Jennifer Laura Erin Sundai 6 Rae Erin Jennifer Bianca Laura Sundai Rae Erin Brittany 7 Ashley Lulu Sundai Laura Sundai Erin Sundai Rae 8 Brittany Rachel Rae Ashley Kara Kara Kara 9 Bianca Laura Lulu Rae Ashley Ashley 10 Courtney Kara Ashley Brittany Bianca 11 Nicole Brittany Bianca Lulu 12 Amber Sundai Courtney 13 Laura Bianca Rachel 14 Sundai Lisa 15 Amber The contestant was eliminated The contestant was immune from elimination The contestant was eliminated outside of the judging panel The contestant quit the competition The contestant won the competition In episode 1 , the group of 20 semi-finalists was reduced to 14 . At the start of episode 2 , it was revealed that due to personal issues , Amber would not be continuing on in the competition . She was replaced by Lisa . In episode 3 , Rachel was eliminated from the competition after performing the worst during a meeting with a Wilhelmina representative . In episode 5 , Brittany won immunity from elimination for performing the best at the photo shoot . She also won an extra reward as a result . In episode 6 , Brittany , Jennifer and Rae were called first together , as they had the best group shot . Episode 13 was the recap episode . Photo shoot guide Episode 1 photo shoot : Runway shots / Polaroid shots ( casting ) Episode 2 photo shoot : Re-enacting baby photos Episode 3 photo shoot : Posing topless on a horse Episode 4 photo shoot : Elongating oneself Episode 5 photo shoot : Beauty shots with fabric Episode 6 photo shoot : Cirque du Soleil Mystère Episode 7 photo shoot : Ninja warriors Episode 8 commercial : CoverGirl exact eyelights collection Episode 9 photo shoot : Biracial Hapas Episode 10 photo shoot : Posing underwater Episode 11 photo shoot : Pele , Goddess of volcanoes Episode 12 photo shoots & Commercial : CoverGirl lashblast mascara & Seventeen Magazine cover Makeovers Ashley -- Centered in the middle and dark brown weave Bianca -- Bleached eyebrows Brittany -- Dyed dark brown Courtney -- Dyed red and trimmed Erin -- Dyed ice blonde with matching eyebrows Jennifer -- Cut off dead ends and eyebrows shorter Kara -- Brightened up and bigger Laura -- Added different colors of highlights Lisa -- Cut off a few inches of hair Lulu -- Weave added with bangs Nicole -- Super curly and dyed red Rachel -- Dyed darker brown Rae -- Dyed ice blonde with matching eyebrows Sundai -- Rihanna styled haircut Cast Members Jay Manuel -- photo shoot director Post-top Model careers Jennifer An has modeled for Knitscene Magazine and taken a few test shots . She was also a model for a skit on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon . Lulu Braithwaite has modeled for D.A.M. Magazine , Issue 12 . Courtney Davies is signed with Wilhelmina Models in Miami and LA . She has appeared in Glamour , Atlantic Ave Magazine , Short Hair Guide , Fashion Market Magazine , and Venue Magazine . She also appeared in the ABC family TV series Pretty Little Liars as Quinn in a recurring role for 2 episodes in 2011 . Rachel Echelberger has been signed with BMG Models in New York . Nicole Fox is currently signed with Wilhelmina Models . She received a six - page spread in Seventeen Magazine , and an ad for Cover Girl Lash Blast Mascara . She has also modeled for Illiterate Magazine , in which she had a spread , and been featured on AOL.com , More magazine and in OK ! Magazine . She was featured in Wild Fox Couture 's 2010 fall collection lookbook along with models Rachel Ballinger and Daria Plyushko . Ashley Howard has done some modelling work but since then has gone back to her job as a dance teacher . Laura Kirkpatrick has been signed to Wünder Model Management and AB / FAB Management . She has received several representation offers from modeling agencies , including Tyra Banks ' Bankable Productions . She has also taken part for some charity print work for 2010 Haiti earthquake relief . In 2011 , she participated in America 's Next Top Model , Cycle 17 with several returning models . Sundai Love is taking a few more shots , as she did some modeling work previously . She 's also been on the cover of Bella Petite Magazine . She can be seen in the music video `` Dirty Picture '' by Taio Cruz . Brittany Markert is signed with Passport Model Management in San Francisco , Paragon Model Management in Mexico and has modeled for an editorial in Harper 's Bazaar . Lisa Ramos is signed with Basic Model Management in New York and Elite Model Management in Miami , has done some test shots and print work for a summer magazine . She 's also been in Seventeen Magazine and modeled for Ideeli.com , Anjel 's Hair Salon , Capture and Create Magazine , Peony Red , Me & Thee , Spring / Summer 2010 , W25 Magazine ( June 2010 ) and Supermodels Unlimited . Bianca Richardson is signed with Wilhelmina Models and Pink Models . She has modeled for Mallard Magazine and Betsey Johnson . Kara Vincent has taken a few test shots and has been signed to Paragon Model Management in Mexico City . Erin Wagner has been signed with Wilhelmina Models and Paragon Models and has done some test shots . She can be seen in an ad for Editor 's Closet for sunglasses , as well . Rae Weisz has modeled for Rochester Magazine in 2009 . Notes Jump up ^ Though this cycle had no international destination , Hawaii was a Sovereign Kingdom until United States made a Provisional Government in 1893 , made itself a republic a year later . Later it became the islands ' Territory for 61 years until it became part of the United States on August 21 , 1959 . References Jump up ^ `` America 's Next Top Model -- Cycle 13 -- Cast '' . August 16 , 2009 . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2009 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Rachel Echelberger -- BMG Models Jump up ^ `` Teen Fashion 2016 -- Latest Fashion Trends & Clothing for Teens '' . Jump up ^ `` America 's Next Top Model Winner Nicole Fox Covers Seventeen -- Celeb Dirty Laundry '' . Jump up ^ `` Wildfox Couture Fall 2010 -- Sidewalk Hustle '' . Jump up ^ `` Wildfox Couture Fall 2010 : It 's Witchcraft ! '' . November 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Laura Kirkpatrick -- Wunder Management Jump up ^ Laura Kirkpatrick AB / FAB Management Jump up ^ Ward , Kate ( May 12 , 2011 ) . `` ' Top Model All - Stars ' cast reported : Lisa D'Amato , Isis King in ; Jade out '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2011 . Retrieved May 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NEW ! MTV SHOW `` MADE '' Coach Sundai Love ( ANTM ) -- Bella Petite `` . Jump up ^ `` Sundai Love Biography '' . Jump up ^ `` Sundai Love in Taio Cruz 's `` Dirty Picture '' Music Video ( June 2010 ) `` . October 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Brittany Markert -- Page 2 -- the Fashion Spot '' . Jump up ^ `` Elite Model Management -- Portfolio '' . Elitemodel.com . Retrieved August 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brittany Markert & Bianca Richardson '' . November 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` KARA -- Paragon '' . Paragonmodelmanagement.com . Retrieved August 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ERIN -- Paragon '' . Paragonmodelmanagement.com . Retrieved August 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rochester Magazine ( RochesterMagazine.com ) '' . External links Official website ( hide ) America 's Next Top Model Cycles 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 All - Stars ( 17 ) British Invasion ( 18 ) College Edition ( 19 ) Guys & Girls 20 21 22 23 24 Contestants Winners Adrianne Curry Yoanna House Eva Pigford Naima Mora Nicole Linkletter Danielle Evans CariDee English Jaslene Gonzalez Saleisha Stowers Whitney Thompson McKey Sullivan Teyona Anderson Nicole Fox Krista White Ann Ward Brittani Kline Lisa D'Amato Sophie Sumner Laura James Jourdan Miller Keith Carlos Nyle DiMarco India Gants Finalists Elyse Sewell Mercedes Scelba - Shorte Yaya DaCosta Bre Scullark Jade Cole Melrose Bickerstaff Eugena Washington Renee DeWitt Chantal Jones Anya Kop Fatima Siad Analeigh Tipton Allison Harvard Laura Kirkpatrick Leila Goldkuhl Other alumni Toccara Jones Kim Stolz Cassandra Whitehead Anchal Joseph Heather Kuzmich Lisa Jackson Dominique Reighard Isis King Celia Ammerman Natalie Pack Jane Randall Esther Petrack AzMarie Livingston Jasmia Robinson Chantelle Young Related series Modelville ( 2008 ) Stylista ( 2008 ) True Beauty ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=America%27s_Next_Top_Model_(cycle_13)&oldid=834089276 '' Categories : America 's Next Top Model 2009 American television seasons Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles needing additional references from May 2016 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from August 2017 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Русский Simple English ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018 , at 21 : 40 . 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who won americas next top model cycle 13

America 's Next Top Model ( cycle 13 ) Cycle 13 cast Country of origin United States No. of episodes 13 Release Original network The CW Original release September 9 ( 2009 - 09 - 09 ) -- November 18 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 18 ) Additional information Judges Tyra Banks Nigel Barker J. Alexander Winner Nicole Fox All - stars Laura Kirkpatrick Cycle chronology ← Previous Cycle 12 Next → Cycle 14 Season summary

Atticus Mitchell - wikipedia Atticus Mitchell Jump to : navigation , search Atticus Mitchell Mitchell in 2017 Atticus Dean Mitchell ( 1993 - 05 - 16 ) May 16 , 1993 ( age 24 ) Toronto , Ontario , Canada Occupation Actor , musician Years active 2009 -- present Atticus Dean Mitchell ( born May 16 , 1993 ) is a Canadian actor and musician . He is best known for his roles as Benny Weir in the television film My Babysitter 's a Vampire and series of the same name , and Gabe in the film Radio Rebel . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Acting 2.2 Music 3 Filmography 4 Awards and nominations 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Mitchell was born in Toronto , Ontario . He graduated from Malvern Collegiate Institute in Toronto , and plans to attend Ryerson University . Career ( edit ) Acting ( edit ) Mitchell began his acting career in 2009 with a recurring role in the YTV series How to be Indie in which he played the role of Carlos Martinelli in eight episodes during the first season and two more during the second season . He played the starring role of Benny Weir in television film and series My Babysitter 's a Vampire and was nominated for a 2011 Gemini award for his performance in the film . In 2012 , he starred as Gabe in the Disney Channel television film Radio Rebel . In 2013 he guest starred in two episodes of Hard Rock Medical , portrayed Graydon in a post-apocalyptic film , The Colony , and also co-starred as Wookie in a Disney XD Canada / Family Channel original movie , Bunks . Music ( edit ) Mitchell is a drummer in a band called The Fishwives that plays local shows in Toronto . Filmography ( edit ) Film roles Year Title Role Notes 2013 The Colony Graydon 2013 Bunks Wookie 2014 What We Have Lyes 2015 Stonewall Matt Television roles Year Title Role Notes 2009 How to Be Indie Carlos Martinelli 3 episodes Living in Your Car Teenage Boy Episode : `` Chapter Six '' My Babysitter 's a Vampire Benny Television film 2011 -- 2012 My Babysitter 's a Vampire Benny Weir Main role , 26 episodes 2012 Radio Rebel Gabe Television film 2013 Hard Rock Medical Caleb Episodes : `` Love , Labour , Loss '' , `` Down Under '' 2014 Fargo Mickey Hess 3 episodes 2015 Young Drunk Punk Andrew Shinky Main role , 13 episodes 2016 Second Jen Garth 4 episodes 2017 Killjoys Pippin Episode : `` Boondoggie '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Work Result 2011 Gemini Award Best Performance by an Actor in a Featured Supporting Role in a Dramatic Program or Mini-Series My Babysitter 's a Vampire Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Refresh , Brendan ( May 16 , 2013 ) . `` Happy Birthday Atticus Dean Mitchell ! '' . Fresh TV . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2013 . Retrieved May 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Szklarski , Cassandra ( January 5 , 2012 ) . `` Vampires make tweens titter , think '' . The Chronicle Herald . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2013 . 18 - year - old Mitchell , from Toronto ^ Jump up to : `` Atticus Dean Mitchell - Gabe '' . Disney Channel Medianet. 2012 . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Atticus Mitchell resume at Gary Goddard Agency Jump up ^ Harris , Bill ( January 2 , 2012 ) . `` ' My Babysitter 's a Vampire ' on a roll '' . The London Free Press . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ginzburg , Dina ( September 10 , 2012 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE Interview with Atticus Mitchell '' . The Magazine.ca . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Canada 's Awards Database - Atticus Mitchell '' . Academy of Canadian Cinema & Television . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Atticus Mitchell on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atticus_Mitchell&oldid=800153514 '' Categories : Canadian male child actors Canadian male film actors Canadian male television actors Living people Male actors from Toronto 1993 births 21st - century Canadian male actors Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 20 : 09 . About Wikipedia

who plays benny from my babysitter's a vampire

Atticus Dean Mitchell ( born May 16 , 1993 ) is a Canadian actor and musician . He is best known for his roles as Benny Weir in the television film My Babysitter 's a Vampire and series of the same name , and Gabe in the film Radio Rebel .

List of highest paid Major League baseball players - Wikipedia List of highest paid Major League baseball players This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( January 2017 ) Alex Rodriguez earned the highest salary in MLB in 2013 at $100 . He also has the highest career earnings in MLB history . The highest - paid player in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) from the 2013 season is Los Angeles Angels ' centerfielder Mike Trout with an annual salary of $33,250,000 . MLB does not have a hard salary cap , instead employing a luxury tax which applies to teams whose total payroll exceeds certain set thresholds for a given season . Free agency did not exist in MLB prior to the end of the reserve clause in the 1970s , allowing owners before that time to wholly dictate the terms of player negotiations and resulting in significantly lower salaries . ( ( Baby girl Ruth ) ) ) , widely regarded as one of the greatest baseball players ever , earned an estimated $910,696 ( $14,654,832 inflation - adjusted from 1931 dollars ) over his entire playing career . When asked whether he thought he deserved to earn $80,000 a year ( $1,171,952 inflation - adjusted ) , while the president , Herbert Hoover , had a $75,000 salary , Ruth famously remarked , `` What the hell has Hoover got to do with it ? Besides , I had a better year than he did . '' Rodriguez has signed two record - breaking contracts over the course of his career . First , he signed a $252 million , 10 - year contract with the Texas Rangers in December 2000 ( $358,107,826 inflation - adjusted from 2000 dollars ) . Sandy Alderson called the deal `` stupefying '' , while Sports Illustrated noted that Rodriguez 's early salaries under the contract ( $21 million ) would be greater than the annual payroll of the entire Minnesota Twins team that year ( $15.8 million ) . The deal was the largest sports contract in history , doubling the total value of Kevin Garnett 's $126 million National Basketball Association contract ( the previous record holder ) and more than doubling Mike Hampton 's $121 million contract , the previous MLB record which had been signed just days before . The Rangers later traded Rodriguez to the Yankees in exchange for Alfonso Soriano before the 2004 season , though they agreed to pay $67 million of the $179 million outstanding on the contract . Despite this , he opted out of the remainder of his deal after the 2007 season and renegotiated a new $275 million , 10 - year agreement with the Yankees , breaking his own record for the largest sports contract . Under this deal , Rodriguez also receives $6 million each if and when he ties the career home run totals of Willie Mays ( 660 ) , Babe Ruth ( 714 ) , Hank Aaron ( 755 ) , and Barry Bonds ( 762 ) , along with another $6 million for breaking Bonds ' mark . First base was the highest - paid position in 2010 ; regular starters at that position earned an average salary of $9,504,165 in compared to an overall average of $3,014,572 . Pitcher Nolan Ryan was the first player to earn an annual salary above $1 million , signing a $4.5 million , 4 - year contract with the Houston Astros in 1979 . Kirby Puckett and Rickey Henderson signed the first contracts which paid an average of $3 million a year in November 1989 , in 1990 Jose Canseco signed for 5 years and $23.5 million , making him the first player to earn an average of $4 million a year . It was until 2010 when the MLB average salary rose above that same mark . Five of the twenty highest - paid players in 2013 were members of the Yankees . Their team payroll for 2013 was $228,835,490 , roughly $12 million above the second - largest Los Angeles Dodgers . The Yankees have drawn criticism for their payroll , with some claiming it undermines the parity of MLB . Contents ( hide ) 1 Key 2 Highest annual salaries in 2017 3 Career earnings 4 Salary progression 5 See also 6 Footnotes 7 References Key ( edit ) Key Member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum 1B First baseman 2B Second baseman 3B Third baseman SS Shortstop LF Left fielder CF Center fielder RF Right fielder Catcher SP Starting pitcher RP Relief pitcher DH Designated hitter Highest annual salaries in 2017 ( edit ) This table refers to the salary for 2017 alone , not the overall average value of the contract . Rank Name Position Team ( s ) Salary Ref Clayton Kershaw SP Los Angeles Dodgers $33,000,000 Zack Greinke SP Arizona Diamondbacks $31,876,966 David Price SP Boston Red Sox $30,000,000 Miguel Cabrera 1B Detroit Tigers $28,000,000 Justin Verlander SP Detroit Tigers / Houston Astros $28,000,000 6 Jason Heyward OF Chicago Cubs $26,055,288 7 Albert Pujols 1B Los Angeles Angels $26,055,288 8 Felix Hernandez SP Seattle Mariners $25,857,143 9 Jon Lester SP Chicago Cubs $25,000,000 9 CC Sabathia SP New York Yankees $25,000,000 Career earnings ( edit ) Though retired since 2007 , Barry Bonds ' career earnings of over $188 million still ranks fifth - highest overall in MLB history . Earnings up to date as of the end of the 2013 season . Name Team ( s ) Position Years Earnings Ref Rodriguez , Alex Alex Rodriguez Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers New York Yankees SS , 3B 1994 -- 2016 $396,416,252 Jeter , Derek Derek Jeter New York Yankees SS 1995 -- 2014 $265,159,364 Beltrán , Carlos Carlos Beltrán Kansas City Royals Houston Astros New York Mets San Francisco Giants St. Louis Cardinals New York Yankees Houston Astros CF , RF 1998 -- 2017 $221,952,782 Ramirez , Manny Manny Ramirez Cleveland Indians Boston Red Sox Los Angeles Dodgers Chicago White Sox Tampa Bay Rays LF 1993 -- 2011 $206,827,769 Bonds , Barry Barry Bonds Pittsburgh Pirates San Francisco Giants LF 1986 -- 2007 $188,245,322 Johnson , Randy Randy Johnson Montreal Expos Seattle Mariners Houston Astros Arizona Diamondbacks New York Yankees San Francisco Giants SP 1988 -- 2009 $175,550,019 Hunter , Torii Torii Hunter Minnesota Twins Los Angeles Angels Detroit Tigers CF 1997 -- 2015 $171,055,000 Rivera , Mariano Mariano Rivera New York Yankees RP 1995 -- 2013 $169,441,825 Jones , Chipper Chipper Jones Atlanta Braves 3B 1993 -- 2012 $168,552,133 Sheffield , Gary Gary Sheffield Milwaukee Brewers San Diego Padres Florida Marlins Los Angeles Dodgers Atlanta Braves New York Yankees Detroit Tigers New York Mets RF 1988 -- 2009 $168,008,550 Suzuki , Ichiro Ichiro Suzuki Seattle Mariners New York Yankees Miami Marlins RF 2001 -- $166,331,483 Helton , Todd Todd Helton Colorado Rockies 1B 1998 -- 2013 $161,490,000 Santana , Johan Johan Santana Minnesota Twins New York Mets SP 2000 -- 2012 $155,997,269 Maddux , Greg Greg Maddux Chicago Cubs Atlanta Braves Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres SP 1986 -- 2008 $153,845,000 Griffey , Jr. , Ken Ken Griffey , Jr . Seattle Mariners Cincinnati Reds Chicago White Sox CF 1988 -- 2010 $151,703,682 Clemens , Roger Roger Clemens Boston Red Sox Toronto Blue Jays New York Yankees Houston Astros SP 1984 -- 2007 $150,601,000 Halladay , Roy Roy Halladay Toronto Blue Jays Philadelphia Phillies SP 1998 -- 2013 $148,991,666 Sabathia , CC CC Sabathia Cleveland Indians Milwaukee Brewers New York Yankees SP 2001 -- $146,357,142 Delgado , Carlos Carlos Delgado Toronto Blue Jays Florida Marlins New York Mets 1B 1993 -- 2009 $146,299,000 Martínez , Pedro Pedro Martínez Los Angeles Dodgers Montreal Expos Boston Red Sox New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies SP 1992 -- 2009 $146,259,585 Salary Progression ( edit ) Nolan Ryan ( pictured ) became the first player to earn an average salary above $1 million in 1979 . Precisely 17 years later Albert Belle became the first player to average above $10 million a year . This list documents the progression of the highest average annual value contracts / contract extensions . Average annual salary Date signed Name Team Position Contract duration ( Years ) Ref ( s ) $ 01170000 ! 1,170,000 01 ! November 19 , 1979 Ryan , Nolan Nolan Ryan Houston Astros SP 03 ! 3 $ 02500000 ! 2,500,000 02 ! December 15 , 1980 Winfield , Dave Dave Winfield New York Yankees RF 10 $ 02600000 ! 2,600,000 03 ! September 4 , 1985 Murray , Eddie Eddie Murray Baltimore Orioles 1B 05 ! 5 $ 02633333 ! 2,633,333 03.1 ! February 16 , 1989 Hershiser , Orel Orel Hershiser Los Angeles Dodgers SP 03 ! 3 $ 02970000 ! 2,970,000 04 ! November 17 , 1989 Saberhagen , Bret Bret Saberhagen Kansas City Royals SP 03 ! 3 $ 03000000 ! 3,000,000 05 ! November 22 , 1989 Puckett , Kirby Kirby Puckett Minnesota Twins CF 03 ! 3 $ 03200000 ! 3,200,000 06 ! December 1 , 1989 Langston , Mark Mark Langston California Angels SP 05 ! 5 $ 03250000 ! 3,250,000 07 ! December 11 , 1989 Davis , Mark Mark Davis Kansas City Royals SP 04 ! 4 $ 03500000 ! 3,500,000 08 ! January 17 , 1990 Stewart , Dave Dave Stewart Oakland Athletics SP 02 ! 2 $ 03750000 ! 3,750,000 09 ! January 22 , 1990 Clark , Will Will Clark San Francisco Giants 1B 04 ! 4 $ 03860000 ! 3,860,000 10 ! April 9 , 1990 Mattingly , Don Don Mattingly New York Yankees 1B 05 ! 5 $ 04700000 ! 4,700,000 11 ! June 28 , 1990 Canseco , Jose Jose Canseco Oakland Athletics RF / DH 05 ! 5 $ 05380000 ! 5,380,000 12 ! February 2 , 1991 Clemens , Roger Roger Clemens Boston Red Sox SP 04 ! 4 $ 05800000 ! 5,800,000 13 ! December 2 , 1991 Bonilla , Bobby Bobby Bonilla New York Mets 3B / RF 05 ! 5 $ 07100000 ! 7,100,000 14 ! March 2 , 1992 Sandberg , Ryne Ryne Sandberg Chicago Cubs 2B 04 ! 4 $ 07290000 ! 7,290,000 15 ! December 6 , 1992 Bonds , Barry Barry Bonds San Francisco Giants LF 06 ! 6 $ 08500000 ! 8,500,000 16 ! January 31 , 1996 Griffey , Jr. , Ken Ken Griffey , Jr . Seattle Mariners CF 04 ! 4 $ 11000000 ! 11,000,000 17 ! November 19 , 1996 Belle , Albert Albert Belle Chicago White Sox LF 05 ! 5 $ 11450000 ! 11,450,000 18 ! March 20 , 1997 Bonds , Barry Barry Bonds San Francisco Giants LF 02 ! 2 $ 11500000 ! 11,500,000 19 ! August 10 , 1997 Maddux , Greg Greg Maddux Atlanta Braves SP 05 ! 5 $ 12500000 ! 12,500,000 20 ! December 10 , 1997 Martínez , Pedro Pedro Martínez Boston Red Sox SP 06 ! 6 $ 13000000 ! 13,000,000 21 ! October 26 , 1998 Piazza , Mike Mike Piazza New York Mets 07 ! 7 $ 13333333 ! 13,333,333 22 ! November 25 , 1998 Vaughn , Mo Mo Vaughn Anaheim Angels 1B 06 ! 6 $ 15000000 ! 15,000,000 23 ! December 12 , 1998 Brown , Kevin Kevin Brown Los Angeles Dodgers SP 07 ! 7 $ 15450000 ! 15,450,000 24 ! August 11 , 2000 Clemens , Roger Roger Clemens New York Yankees SP 02 ! 2 $ 17000000 ! 17,000,000 25 ! October 20 , 2000 Delgado , Carlos Carlos Delgado Toronto Blue Jays 1B 04 ! 4 $ 25200000 ! 25,200,000 26 ! December 10 , 2000 Rodriguez , Alex Alex Rodriguez Texas Rangers SS 10 $ 27500000 ! 27,500,000 27 ! December 13 , 2007 Rodriguez , Alex Alex Rodriguez New York Yankees 3B 10 See also ( edit ) Baseball portal Business and economics portal Highest - paid NBA players by season List of player salaries in the NHL List of highest - paid American television stars List of highest - paid film actors List of salaries Footnotes ( edit ) `` Earnings '' as discussed here refers to salaries paid to players under MLB contracts and does not include advertising or other sources of income . All values are listed in nominal dollars . `` Average annual value '' is calculated as the total value of a contract ( less bonuses ) divided by the number of years . A $20 million / 2 - year contract would have an average annual value of $10 million , even if the player actually received $9 million one season and $11 million in the other . This also does not include contracts for less than a season prorated in value for a full season such as Roger Clemens ' 2006 and 2007 contracts . All values are listed in nominal dollars . Dave Winfield initially negotiated a 10 - year deal in 1980 worth a projected $25 million ( $2.5 million per year ) . However , Yankees owner George Steinbrenner reportedly had not fully understood a cost of living adjustment provision in it and the 10 - year contract was renegotiated a few months later . The final precise value is unclear , although it fell between $20 and $25 million in total value ( $2 -- 2.5 million a year ) . Hershiser and Frank Viola both won the 1988 Cy Young Award and Viola signed an identically - sized $7.9 million , 3 - year contract two months after Hershiser . Rickey Henderson signed a $12 million , 4 - year contract with the Oakland Athletics on November 28 , 1989 , 6 days after Puckett signed his $9 million , 3 - year contract . Roger Clemens signed a contract extension during the 2000 season covering 2001 and 2002 along with a player option for 2003 . Clemens was paid $10.3 million each year for 2001 and 2002 , with the same $10.3 million available if he elected to play in 2003 under his option . However , Clemens also received $10.3 million if he rejected the option . As a result , he could effectively collect the full $30.9 million of contract value for only two years of play ( $15.45 million annually ) . However , the Yankees valued this deal as a $10.3 million annually , three - year deal . He became a free agent after the 2002 season and ultimately re-signed with the Yankees for a new , one - year contract in which they bought out the previous option . References ( edit ) Bibliography `` USA Today Salaries Database -- Top 25 '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 26 , 2011 . `` Highest Career and Single - Season Salaries '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Footnotes Jump up ^ `` MLB players , owners announce five - year labor deal '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . October 25 , 2006 . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Barry ( March 10 , 2009 ) . `` Fehr does not foresee a salary cap '' . MLB.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Babe Ruth Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hampton , Wilborn ( 2009 ) . Babe Ruth : A twentieth - century life . New York : Viking . p. 162 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 06305 - 5 . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Wayne ( 2006 ) . Babe Ruth : A biography . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . p. 93 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 33596 - 6 . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` $252,000,000 : A-Rod , Rangers agree to richest deal in sports history '' . Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . December 14 , 2000 . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Selig gives blessing to mega-merger '' . ESPN.com . February 17 , 2004 . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rodriguez finalizes $275 M deal with Yankees '' . ESPN.com . December 13 , 2007 . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` MLB 's average salary eclipses $3 M for first time '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . December 13 , 2010 . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Belth , Alex ( December 2 , 2005 ) . `` From Catfish to A-Rod : Landmark moments from baseball 's free - agent era '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Salary Progression Chart '' . Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . December 14 , 2000 . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 MLB Salaries by team '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nightengale , Bob ( April 11 , 2010 ) . `` Parity ? Yankees , Red Sox loom large for smaller market teams '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kepner , Tyler ( April 6 , 2010 ) . `` Edginess Over the Yankees ' Payroll '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Clayton Kershaw '' . azcentral.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Zach Greinke '' . azcentral.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` David Price '' . azcentral.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Miguel Cabrera '' . azcentral.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Verlander '' . azcentral.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Heyward '' . azcentral.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Albert Pujols '' . azcentral.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Felix Hernandez '' . azcentral.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Jon Lester '' . azcentral.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` CC Sabathia '' . azcentral.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alex Rodriguez Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Derek Jeter Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Carlos Beltran Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Manny Ramirez Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Barry Bonds Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Randy Johnson Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Torii Hunter Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mariano Rivera Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chipper Jones Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gary Sheffield Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ichiro Suzuki Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Todd Helton Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Johan Santana Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Greg Maddux Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ken Griffey , Jr . Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Roger Clemens Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Roy Halladay Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CC Sabathia Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Carlos Delgado Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pedro Martinez Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` MLB Baseball - Salary Progression Chart '' . Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . December 11 , 2000 . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 -- via CNNSI.com . Jump up ^ `` Nolan Ryan Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dave Winfield Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Chass , Murray ( December 16 , 1980 ) . `` Yanks Sign Winfield for up to $25 million ; $1.5 million for first year Winfield becomes Yankee '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Eddie Murray Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Boswell , Thomas ( September 6 , 1985 ) . `` Eddie Murray 's new contract surpasses all others '' . Anchorage Daily News . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2012 . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Orel Hershiser Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( February 17 , 1989 ) . `` Another record for Hershiser : $7.9 million Dodger contract '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bret Saberhagen Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Saberhagen highest paid in baseball '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . November 18 , 1989 . Jump up ^ `` Kirby Puckett Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( November 23 , 1989 ) . `` Puckett hits the Jackpot : First $3 million man '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Langston Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Chass , Murray ( December 2 , 1989 ) . `` Angels and Langston agree on $16 million '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Davis Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Durso , Joseph ( December 12 , 1989 ) . `` Mark Davis signs with Royals for $13 million '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dave Stewart Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dave Stewart agrees to contract '' . Harlan Daily Enterprise . Associated Press . January 18 , 1990 . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Will Clark Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Will Clark package zooms to $15 million '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . January 23 , 1990 . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Don Mattingly Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Dave ( April 11 , 1990 ) . `` Sports of the Times ; Mattingly : Yankees ' last tradition '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jose Canseco Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Koppett , Leonard ( June 28 , 1990 ) . `` Canseco gets his pitch : $23.5 million from A 's '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( February 9 , 1991 ) . `` Baseball ; Clemens signs for more than $5 million a year '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bobby Bonilla Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( December 3 , 1991 ) . `` Baseball ; How Bonilla got Mets to empty their pockets '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ryne Sandberg Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( March 3 , 1992 ) . `` Sandberg becomes highest - paid player , for now '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( December 6 , 1992 ) . `` Baseball ; Giants make investment : $43 million in Bonds '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( February 1 , 1996 ) . `` Baseball ; Griffey becomes the first $8 million dollar man '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Albert Belle Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Smith , Claire ( November 20 , 1996 ) . `` Belle signs the richest deal : 5 years , $55 million '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Extension gives Bonds top salary '' . The New York Times . February 21 , 1997 . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Jerry ( August 11 , 1997 ) . `` Maddux 's deal heads salary list '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( December 11 , 1997 ) . `` Baseball ; Martinez 's $75 million for 6 years raises bar '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Piazza Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Diamos , Jason ( October 25 , 1998 ) . `` Baseball ; The Mets agree to make Piazza baseball 's richest player ; Leiter says he is close to a $32 million deal '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mo Vaughn Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( November 27 , 1998 ) . `` Baseball : On baseball ; Boston , with Vaughn gone , now ca n't win for signing '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Brown Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Diamos , Jason ( December 13 , 1998 ) . `` Baseball : Brown becomes the richest in baseball '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Olney , Buster ( August 12 , 2000 ) . `` Clemens ' New Deal is most unusual '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( October 21 , 2000 ) . `` Plus : Baseball ; Delgado becomes top - paid player '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rocket relaunch : Clemens rejoins Astros '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . June 1 , 2006 . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Clemens 2006 Pitching Gamelogs '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Clemens to make about $4.5 million per month '' . ESPN.com . May 7 , 2007 . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Olney , Buster ( May 30 , 2007 ) . `` If inclined , Yankees would need Rocket 's OK on trade '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Durso , Joseph ( February 9 , 1981 ) . `` Dave Winfield finds baseball and business the perfect mix '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Winfield finishes business with Yankees and Padres '' . The New York Times . February 3 , 1981 . Jump up ^ Richman , Milton ( February 15 , 1981 ) . `` Today 's Sport Parade '' . United Press International . Jump up ^ `` Viola gets big pact , loss '' . Spokane Chronicle . Associated Press . April 20 , 1989 . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rickey Henderson Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Paying it forward : The Mets ' cash troubles are epitomized by the story of Bobby Bonilla '' . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Clemens staying put in pinstripes : Yankees ' ace re-signs in pursuit of win No. 300 '' . Edmonton Journal . 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who is the highest paid mlb player in 2017

Rank Name Position Team ( s ) Salary Ref Clayton Kershaw SP Los Angeles Dodgers $33,000,000 Zack Greinke SP Arizona Diamondbacks $31,876,966 David Price SP Boston Red Sox $30,000,000 Miguel Cabrera 1B Detroit Tigers $28,000,000 Justin Verlander SP Detroit Tigers / Houston Astros $28,000,000 6 Jason Heyward OF Chicago Cubs $26,055,288 7 Albert Pujols 1B Los Angeles Angels $26,055,288 8 Felix Hernandez SP Seattle Mariners $25,857,143 9 Jon Lester SP Chicago Cubs $25,000,000 9 CC Sabathia SP New York Yankees $25,000,000

Metabolism - wikipedia Metabolism Jump to : navigation , search the set of life - sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of organisms `` Cell metabolism '' redirects here . For the journal , see Cell Metabolism . For the architectural movement , see Metabolism ( architecture ) . Part of a series on Biochemistry Key components Biomolecules Metabolism Index Outline History and topics History Biochemistry Cell biology Bioinformatics Enzymology Genetics Immunology Molecular biology Plant biochemistry Structural biology Branches of biochemistry List of biochemists Portals : Biology , MCB Structure of adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) , a central intermediate in energy metabolism Metabolism ( from Greek : μεταβολή metabolē , `` change '' ) is the set of life - sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of organisms . The three main purposes of metabolism are the conversion of food / fuel to energy to run cellular processes , the conversion of food / fuel to building blocks for proteins , lipids , nucleic acids , and some carbohydrates , and the elimination of nitrogenous wastes . These enzyme - catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce , maintain their structures , and respond to their environments . The word metabolism can also refer to the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms , including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells , in which case the set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism . Metabolism is usually divided into two categories : catabolism , the breaking down of organic matter for example , the breaking down of glucose to pyruvate , by cellular respiration , and anabolism , the building up of components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids . Usually , breaking down releases energy and building up consumes energy . The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways , in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical , by a sequence of enzymes . Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy that will not occur by themselves , by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy . Enzymes act as catalysts that allow the reactions to proceed more rapidly . Enzymes also allow the regulation of metabolic pathways in response to changes in the cell 's environment or to signals from other cells . The metabolic system of a particular organism determines which substances it will find nutritious and which poisonous . For example , some prokaryotes use hydrogen sulfide as a nutrient , yet this gas is poisonous to animals . The speed of metabolism , the metabolic rate , influences how much food an organism will require , and also affects how it is able to obtain that food . A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components between even vastly different species . For example , the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms , being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants . These striking similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in evolutionary history , and their retention because of their efficacy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Key biochemicals 1.1 Amino acids and proteins 1.2 Lipids 1.3 Carbohydrates 1.4 Nucleotides 1.5 Coenzymes 1.6 Minerals and cofactors 2 Catabolism 2.1 Digestion 2.2 Energy from organic compounds 3 Energy transformations 3.1 Oxidative phosphorylation 3.2 Energy from inorganic compounds 3.3 Energy from light 4 Anabolism 4.1 Carbon fixation 4.2 Carbohydrates and glycans 4.3 Fatty acids , isoprenoids and steroids 4.4 Proteins 4.5 Nucleotide synthesis and salvage 5 Xenobiotics and redox metabolism 6 Thermodynamics of living organisms 7 Regulation and control 8 Evolution 9 Investigation and manipulation 10 History 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Key biochemicals ( edit ) Further information : Biomolecule , Cell ( biology ) , and Biochemistry Structure of a triacylglycerol lipid This is a diagram depicting a large set of human metabolic pathways . Most of the structures that make up animals , plants and microbes are made from three basic classes of molecule : amino acids , carbohydrates and lipids ( often called fats ) . As these molecules are vital for life , metabolic reactions either focus on making these molecules during the construction of cells and tissues , or by breaking them down and using them as a source of energy , by their digestion . These biochemicals can be joined together to make polymers such as DNA and proteins , essential macromolecules of life . Type of molecule Name of monomer forms Name of polymer forms Examples of polymer forms Amino acids Amino acids Proteins ( made of polypeptides ) Fibrous proteins and globular proteins Carbohydrates Monosaccharides Polysaccharides Starch , glycogen and cellulose Nucleic acids Nucleotides Polynucleotides DNA and RNA Amino acids and proteins ( edit ) Proteins are made of amino acids arranged in a linear chain joined together by peptide bonds . Many proteins are enzymes that catalyze the chemical reactions in metabolism . Other proteins have structural or mechanical functions , such as those that form the cytoskeleton , a system of scaffolding that maintains the cell shape . Proteins are also important in cell signaling , immune responses , cell adhesion , active transport across membranes , and the cell cycle . Amino acids also contribute to cellular energy metabolism by providing a carbon source for entry into the citric acid cycle ( tricarboxylic acid cycle ) , especially when a primary source of energy , such as glucose , is scarce , or when cells undergo metabolic stress . Lipids ( edit ) Lipids are the most diverse group of biochemicals . Their main structural uses are as part of biological membranes both internal and external , such as the cell membrane , or as a source of energy . Lipids are usually defined as hydrophobic or amphipathic biological molecules but will dissolve in organic solvents such as benzene or chloroform . The fats are a large group of compounds that contain fatty acids and glycerol ; a glycerol molecule attached to three fatty acid esters is called a triacylglyceride . Several variations on this basic structure exist , including alternate backbones such as sphingosine in the sphingolipids , and hydrophilic groups such as phosphate as in phospholipids . Steroids such as cholesterol are another major class of lipids . Carbohydrates ( edit ) Glucose can exist in both a straight - chain and ring form . Carbohydrates are aldehydes or ketones , with many hydroxyl groups attached , that can exist as straight chains or rings . Carbohydrates are the most abundant biological molecules , and fill numerous roles , such as the storage and transport of energy ( starch , glycogen ) and structural components ( cellulose in plants , chitin in animals ) . The basic carbohydrate units are called monosaccharides and include galactose , fructose , and most importantly glucose . Monosaccharides can be linked together to form polysaccharides in almost limitless ways . Nucleotides ( edit ) The two nucleic acids , DNA and RNA , are polymers of nucleotides . Each nucleotide is composed of a phosphate attached to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar group which is attached to a nitrogenous base . Nucleic acids are critical for the storage and use of genetic information , and its interpretation through the processes of transcription and protein biosynthesis . This information is protected by DNA repair mechanisms and propagated through DNA replication . Many viruses have an RNA genome , such as HIV , which uses reverse transcription to create a DNA template from its viral RNA genome . RNA in ribozymes such as spliceosomes and ribosomes is similar to enzymes as it can catalyze chemical reactions . Individual nucleosides are made by attaching a nucleobase to a ribose sugar . These bases are heterocyclic rings containing nitrogen , classified as purines or pyrimidines . Nucleotides also act as coenzymes in metabolic - group - transfer reactions . Coenzymes ( edit ) Structure of the coenzyme acetyl - CoA. The transferable acetyl group is bonded to the sulfur atom at the extreme left . Main article : Coenzyme Metabolism involves a vast array of chemical reactions , but most fall under a few basic types of reactions that involve the transfer of functional groups of atoms and their bonds within molecules . This common chemistry allows cells to use a small set of metabolic intermediates to carry chemical groups between different reactions . These group - transfer intermediates are called coenzymes . Each class of group - transfer reactions is carried out by a particular coenzyme , which is the substrate for a set of enzymes that produce it , and a set of enzymes that consume it . These coenzymes are therefore continuously made , consumed and then recycled . One central coenzyme is adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) , the universal energy currency of cells . This nucleotide is used to transfer chemical energy between different chemical reactions . There is only a small amount of ATP in cells , but as it is continuously regenerated , the human body can use about its own weight in ATP per day . ATP acts as a bridge between catabolism and anabolism . Catabolism breaks down molecules , and anabolism puts them together . Catabolic reactions generate ATP , and anabolic reactions consume it . It also serves as a carrier of phosphate groups in phosphorylation reactions . A vitamin is an organic compound needed in small quantities that can not be made in cells . In human nutrition , most vitamins function as coenzymes after modification ; for example , all water - soluble vitamins are phosphorylated or are coupled to nucleotides when they are used in cells . Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ( NAD ) , a derivative of vitamin B ( niacin ) , is an important coenzyme that acts as a hydrogen acceptor . Hundreds of separate types of dehydrogenases remove electrons from their substrates and reduce NAD into NADH . This reduced form of the coenzyme is then a substrate for any of the reductases in the cell that need to reduce their substrates . Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two related forms in the cell , NADH and NADPH . The NAD / NADH form is more important in catabolic reactions , while NADP / NADPH is used in anabolic reactions . Structure of hemoglobin . The protein subunits are in red and blue , and the iron - containing heme groups in green . From PDB : 1GZX ​ . Minerals and cofactors ( edit ) Further information : Metal metabolism and Bioinorganic chemistry Inorganic elements play critical roles in metabolism ; some are abundant ( e.g. sodium and potassium ) while others function at minute concentrations . About 99 % of a mammal 's mass is made up of the elements carbon , nitrogen , calcium , sodium , chlorine , potassium , hydrogen , phosphorus , oxygen and sulfur . Organic compounds ( proteins , lipids and carbohydrates ) contain the majority of the carbon and nitrogen ; most of the oxygen and hydrogen is present as water . The abundant inorganic elements act as ionic electrolytes . The most important ions are sodium , potassium , calcium , magnesium , chloride , phosphate and the organic ion bicarbonate . The maintenance of precise ion gradients across cell membranes maintains osmotic pressure and pH . Ions are also critical for nerve and muscle function , as action potentials in these tissues are produced by the exchange of electrolytes between the extracellular fluid and the cell 's fluid , the cytosol . Electrolytes enter and leave cells through proteins in the cell membrane called ion channels . For example , muscle contraction depends upon the movement of calcium , sodium and potassium through ion channels in the cell membrane and T - tubules . Transition metals are usually present as trace elements in organisms , with zinc and iron being most abundant of those . These metals are used in some proteins as cofactors and are essential for the activity of enzymes such as catalase and oxygen - carrier proteins such as hemoglobin . Metal cofactors are bound tightly to specific sites in proteins ; although enzyme cofactors can be modified during catalysis , they always return to their original state by the end of the reaction catalyzed . Metal micronutrients are taken up into organisms by specific transporters and bind to storage proteins such as ferritin or metallothionein when not in use . Catabolism ( edit ) Catabolism is the set of metabolic processes that break down large molecules . These include breaking down and oxidizing food molecules . The purpose of the catabolic reactions is to provide the energy and components needed by anabolic reactions which build molecules . The exact nature of these catabolic reactions differ from organism to organism , and organisms can be classified based on their sources of energy and carbon ( their primary nutritional groups ) , as shown in the table below . Organic molecules are used as a source of energy by organotrophs , while lithotrophs use inorganic substrates , and phototrophs capture sunlight as chemical energy . However , all these different forms of metabolism depend on redox reactions that involve the transfer of electrons from reduced donor molecules such as organic molecules , water , ammonia , hydrogen sulfide or ferrous ions to acceptor molecules such as oxygen , nitrate or sulfate . In animals , these reactions involve complex organic molecules that are broken down to simpler molecules , such as carbon dioxide and water . In photosynthetic organisms , such as plants and cyanobacteria , these electron - transfer reactions do not release energy but are used as a way of storing energy absorbed from sunlight . Classification of organisms based on their metabolism Energy source sunlight photo - - troph Preformed molecules chemo - Electron donor organic compound organo - inorganic compound litho - Carbon source organic compound hetero - inorganic compound auto - The most common set of catabolic reactions in animals can be separated into three main stages . In the first stage , large organic molecules , such as proteins , polysaccharides or lipids , are digested into their smaller components outside cells . Next , these smaller molecules are taken up by cells and converted to smaller molecules , usually acetyl coenzyme A ( acetyl - CoA ) , which releases some energy . Finally , the acetyl group on the CoA is oxidised to water and carbon dioxide in the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain , releasing the energy that is stored by reducing the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ( NAD ) into NADH . Digestion ( edit ) Further information : Digestion and Gastrointestinal tract Macromolecules such as starch , cellulose or proteins can not be rapidly taken up by cells and must be broken into their smaller units before they can be used in cell metabolism . Several common classes of enzymes digest these polymers . These digestive enzymes include proteases that digest proteins into amino acids , as well as glycoside hydrolases that digest polysaccharides into simple sugars known as monosaccharides . Microbes simply secrete digestive enzymes into their surroundings , while animals only secrete these enzymes from specialized cells in their guts , including the stomach and pancreas , and salivary glands . The amino acids or sugars released by these extracellular enzymes are then pumped into cells by active transport proteins . A simplified outline of the catabolism of proteins , carbohydrates and fats Energy from organic compounds ( edit ) Further information : Cellular respiration , Fermentation ( biochemistry ) , Carbohydrate catabolism , Fat catabolism , and Protein catabolism Carbohydrate catabolism is the breakdown of carbohydrates into smaller units . Carbohydrates are usually taken into cells once they have been digested into monosaccharides . Once inside , the major route of breakdown is glycolysis , where sugars such as glucose and fructose are converted into pyruvate and some ATP is generated . Pyruvate is an intermediate in several metabolic pathways , but the majority is converted to acetyl - CoA through aerobic ( with oxygen ) glycolysis and fed into the citric acid cycle . Although some more ATP is generated in the citric acid cycle , the most important product is NADH , which is made from NAD as the acetyl - CoA is oxidized . This oxidation releases carbon dioxide as a waste product . In anaerobic conditions , glycolysis produces lactate , through the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase re-oxidizing NADH to NAD+ for re-use in glycolysis . An alternative route for glucose breakdown is the pentose phosphate pathway , which reduces the coenzyme NADPH and produces pentose sugars such as ribose , the sugar component of nucleic acids . Fats are catabolised by hydrolysis to free fatty acids and glycerol . The glycerol enters glycolysis and the fatty acids are broken down by beta oxidation to release acetyl - CoA , which then is fed into the citric acid cycle . Fatty acids release more energy upon oxidation than carbohydrates because carbohydrates contain more oxygen in their structures . Steroids are also broken down by some bacteria in a process similar to beta oxidation , and this breakdown process involves the release of significant amounts of acetyl - CoA , propionyl - CoA , and pyruvate , which can all be used by the cell for energy . M. tuberculosis can also grow on the lipid cholesterol as a sole source of carbon , and genes involved in the cholesterol use pathway ( s ) have been validated as important during various stages of the infection lifecycle of M. tuberculosis . Amino acids are either used to synthesize proteins and other biomolecules , or oxidized to urea and carbon dioxide as a source of energy . The oxidation pathway starts with the removal of the amino group by a transaminase . The amino group is fed into the urea cycle , leaving a deaminated carbon skeleton in the form of a keto acid . Several of these keto acids are intermediates in the citric acid cycle , for example the deamination of glutamate forms α - ketoglutarate . The glucogenic amino acids can also be converted into glucose , through gluconeogenesis ( discussed below ) . Energy transformations ( edit ) Oxidative phosphorylation ( edit ) Further information : Oxidative phosphorylation , Chemiosmosis , and Mitochondrion In oxidative phosphorylation , the electrons removed from organic molecules in areas such as the protagon acid cycle are transferred to oxygen and the energy released is used to make ATP . This is done in eukaryotes by a series of proteins in the membranes of mitochondria called the electron transport chain . In prokaryotes , these proteins are found in the cell 's inner membrane . These proteins use the energy released from passing electrons from reduced molecules like NADH onto oxygen to pump protons across a membrane . Mechanism of ATP synthase . ATP is shown in red , ADP and phosphate in pink and the rotating stalk subunit in black . Pumping protons out of the mitochondria creates a proton concentration difference across the membrane and generates an electrochemical gradient . This force drives protons back into the mitochondrion through the base of an enzyme called ATP synthase . The flow of protons makes the stalk subunit rotate , causing the active site of the synthase domain to change shape and phosphorylate adenosine diphosphate -- turning it into ATP . Energy from inorganic compounds ( edit ) Further information : Microbial metabolism and Nitrogen cycle Chemolithotrophy is a type of metabolism found in prokaryotes where energy is obtained from the oxidation of inorganic compounds . These organisms can use hydrogen , reduced sulfur compounds ( such as sulfide , hydrogen sulfide and thiosulfate ) , ferrous iron ( FeII ) or ammonia as sources of reducing power and they gain energy from the oxidation of these compounds with electron acceptors such as oxygen or nitrite . These microbial processes are important in global biogeochemical cycles such as acetogenesis , nitrification and denitrification and are critical for soil fertility . Energy from light ( edit ) Further information : Phototroph , Photophosphorylation , and Chloroplast The energy in sunlight is captured by plants , cyanobacteria , purple bacteria , green sulfur bacteria and some protists . This process is often coupled to the conversion of carbon dioxide into organic compounds , as part of photosynthesis , which is discussed below . The energy capture and carbon fixation systems can however operate separately in prokaryotes , as purple bacteria and green sulfur bacteria can use sunlight as a source of energy , while switching between carbon fixation and the fermentation of organic compounds . In many organisms the capture of solar energy is similar in principle to oxidative phosphorylation , as it involves the storage of energy as a proton concentration gradient . This proton motive force then drives ATP synthesis . The electrons needed to drive this electron transport chain come from light - gathering proteins called photosynthetic reaction centres or rhodopsins . Reaction centers are classed into two types depending on the type of photosynthetic pigment present , with most photosynthetic bacteria only having one type , while plants and cyanobacteria have two . In plants , algae , and cyanobacteria , photosystem II uses light energy to remove electrons from water , releasing oxygen as a waste product . The electrons then flow to the cytochrome b6f complex , which uses their energy to pump protons across the thylakoid membrane in the chloroplast . These protons move back through the membrane as they drive the ATP synthase , as before . The electrons then flow through photosystem I and can then either be used to reduce the coenzyme NADP , for use in the Calvin cycle , which is discussed below , or recycled for further ATP generation . Anabolism ( edit ) Further information : Anabolism Anabolism is the set of constructive metabolic processes where the energy released by catabolism is used to synthesize complex molecules . In general , the complex molecules that make up cellular structures are constructed step - by - step from small and simple precursors . Anabolism involves three basic stages . First , the production of precursors such as amino acids , monosaccharides , isoprenoids and nucleotides , secondly , their activation into reactive forms using energy from ATP , and thirdly , the assembly of these precursors into complex molecules such as proteins , polysaccharides , lipids and nucleic acids . Organisms differ according to the number of constructed molecules in their cells . Autotrophs such as plants can construct the complex organic molecules in cells such as polysaccharides and proteins from simple molecules like carbon dioxide and water . Heterotrophs , on the other hand , require a source of more complex substances , such as monosaccharides and amino acids , to produce these complex molecules . Organisms can be further classified by ultimate source of their energy : photoautotrophs and photoheterotrophs obtain energy from light , whereas chemoautotrophs and chemoheterotrophs obtain energy from inorganic oxidation reactions . Carbon fixation ( edit ) Further information : Photosynthesis , Carbon fixation , and Chemosynthesis Plant cells ( bounded by purple walls ) filled with chloroplasts ( green ) , which are the site of photosynthesis Photosynthesis is the synthesis of carbohydrates from sunlight and carbon dioxide ( CO ) . In plants , cyanobacteria and algae , oxygenic photosynthesis splits water , with oxygen produced as a waste product . This process uses the ATP and NADPH produced by the photosynthetic reaction centres , as described above , to convert CO into glycerate 3 - phosphate , which can then be converted into glucose . This carbon - fixation reaction is carried out by the enzyme RuBisCO as part of the Calvin -- Benson cycle . Three types of photosynthesis occur in plants , C3 carbon fixation , C4 carbon fixation and CAM photosynthesis . These differ by the route that carbon dioxide takes to the Calvin cycle , with C3 plants fixing CO directly , while C4 and CAM photosynthesis incorporate the CO into other compounds first , as adaptations to deal with intense sunlight and dry conditions . In photosynthetic prokaryotes the mechanisms of carbon fixation are more diverse . Here , carbon dioxide can be fixed by the Calvin -- Benson cycle , a reversed citric acid cycle , or the carboxylation of acetyl - CoA . Prokaryotic chemoautotrophs also fix CO through the Calvin -- Benson cycle , but use energy from inorganic compounds to drive the reaction . Carbohydrates and glycans ( edit ) Further information : Gluconeogenesis , Glyoxylate cycle , Glycogenesis , and Glycosylation In carbohydrate anabolism , simple organic acids can be converted into monosaccharides such as glucose and then used to assemble polysaccharides such as starch . The generation of glucose from compounds like pyruvate , lactate , glycerol , glycerate 3 - phosphate and amino acids is called gluconeogenesis . Gluconeogenesis converts pyruvate to glucose - 6 - phosphate through a series of intermediates , many of which are shared with glycolysis . However , this pathway is not simply glycolysis run in reverse , as several steps are catalyzed by non-glycolytic enzymes . This is important as it allows the formation and breakdown of glucose to be regulated separately , and prevents both pathways from running simultaneously in a futile cycle . Although fat is a common way of storing energy , in vertebrates such as humans the fatty acids in these stores can not be converted to glucose through gluconeogenesis as these organisms can not convert acetyl - CoA into pyruvate ; plants do , but animals do not , have the necessary enzymatic machinery . As a result , after long - term starvation , vertebrates need to produce ketone bodies from fatty acids to replace glucose in tissues such as the brain that can not metabolize fatty acids . In other organisms such as plants and bacteria , this metabolic problem is solved using the glyoxylate cycle , which bypasses the decarboxylation step in the citric acid cycle and allows the transformation of acetyl - CoA to oxaloacetate , where it can be used for the production of glucose . Polysaccharides and glycans are made by the sequential addition of monosaccharides by glycosyltransferase from a reactive sugar - phosphate donor such as uridine diphosphate glucose ( UDP - glucose ) to an acceptor hydroxyl group on the growing polysaccharide . As any of the hydroxyl groups on the ring of the substrate can be acceptors , the polysaccharides produced can have straight or branched structures . The polysaccharides produced can have structural or metabolic functions themselves , or be transferred to lipids and proteins by enzymes called oligosaccharyltransferases . Fatty acids , isoprenoids and steroids ( edit ) Further information : Fatty acid synthesis and Steroid metabolism Simplified version of the steroid synthesis pathway with the intermediates isopentenyl pyrophosphate ( IPP ) , dimethylallyl pyrophosphate ( DMAPP ) , geranyl pyrophosphate ( GPP ) and squalene shown . Some intermediates are omitted for clarity . Fatty acids are made by fatty acid synthases that polymerize and then reduce acetyl - CoA units . The acyl chains in the fatty acids are extended by a cycle of reactions that add the acyl group , reduce it to an alcohol , dehydrate it to an alkene group and then reduce it again to an alkane group . The enzymes of fatty acid biosynthesis are divided into two groups : in animals and fungi , all these fatty acid synthase reactions are carried out by a single multifunctional type I protein , while in plant plastids and bacteria separate type II enzymes perform each step in the pathway . Terpenes and isoprenoids are a large class of lipids that include the carotenoids and form the largest class of plant natural products . These compounds are made by the assembly and modification of isoprene units donated from the reactive precursors isopentenyl pyrophosphate and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate . These precursors can be made in different ways . In animals and archaea , the mevalonate pathway produces these compounds from acetyl - CoA , while in plants and bacteria the non-mevalonate pathway uses pyruvate and glyceraldehyde 3 - phosphate as substrates . One important reaction that uses these activated isoprene donors is steroid biosynthesis . Here , the isoprene units are joined together to make squalene and then folded up and formed into a set of rings to make lanosterol . Lanosterol can then be converted into other steroids such as cholesterol and ergosterol . Proteins ( edit ) Further information : Protein biosynthesis and Amino acid synthesis Organisms vary in their ability to synthesize the 20 common amino acids . Most bacteria and plants can synthesize all twenty , but mammals can only synthesize eleven nonessential amino acids , so nine essential amino acids must be obtained from food . Some simple parasites , such as the bacteria Mycoplasma pneumoniae , lack all amino acid synthesis and take their amino acids directly from their hosts . All amino acids are synthesized from intermediates in glycolysis , the citric acid cycle , or the pentose phosphate pathway . Nitrogen is provided by glutamate and glutamine . Amino acid synthesis depends on the formation of the appropriate alpha - keto acid , which is then transaminated to form an amino acid . Amino acids are made into proteins by being joined together in a chain of peptide bonds . Each different protein has a unique sequence of amino acid residues : this is its primary structure . Just as the letters of the alphabet can be combined to form an almost endless variety of words , amino acids can be linked in varying sequences to form a huge variety of proteins . Proteins are made from amino acids that have been activated by attachment to a transfer RNA molecule through an ester bond . This aminoacyl - tRNA precursor is produced in an ATP - dependent reaction carried out by an aminoacyl tRNA synthetase . This aminoacyl - tRNA is then a substrate for the ribosome , which joins the amino acid onto the elongating protein chain , using the sequence information in a messenger RNA . Nucleotide synthesis and salvage ( edit ) Further information : Nucleotide salvage , Pyrimidine biosynthesis , and Purine § Metabolism Nucleotides are made from amino acids , carbon dioxide and formic acid in pathways that require large amounts of metabolic energy . Consequently , most organisms have efficient systems to salvage preformed nucleotides . Purines are synthesized as nucleosides ( bases attached to ribose ) . Both adenine and guanine are made from the precursor nucleoside inosine monophosphate , which is synthesized using atoms from the amino acids glycine , glutamine , and aspartic acid , as well as formate transferred from the coenzyme tetrahydrofolate . Pyrimidines , on the other hand , are synthesized from the base orotate , which is formed from glutamine and aspartate . Xenobiotics and redox metabolism ( edit ) Further information : Xenobiotic metabolism , Drug metabolism , Alcohol metabolism , and Antioxidant All organisms are constantly exposed to compounds that they can not use as foods and would be harmful if they accumulated in cells , as they have no metabolic function . These potentially damaging compounds are called xenobiotics . Xenobiotics such as synthetic drugs , natural poisons and antibiotics are detoxified by a set of xenobiotic - metabolizing enzymes . In humans , these include cytochrome P450 oxidases , UDP - glucuronosyltransferases , and glutathione S - transferases . This system of enzymes acts in three stages to firstly oxidize the xenobiotic ( phase I ) and then conjugate water - soluble groups onto the molecule ( phase II ) . The modified water - soluble xenobiotic can then be pumped out of cells and in multicellular organisms may be further metabolized before being excreted ( phase III ) . In ecology , these reactions are particularly important in microbial biodegradation of pollutants and the bioremediation of contaminated land and oil spills . Many of these microbial reactions are shared with multicellular organisms , but due to the incredible diversity of types of microbes these organisms are able to deal with a far wider range of xenobiotics than multicellular organisms , and can degrade even persistent organic pollutants such as organochloride compounds . A related problem for aerobic organisms is oxidative stress . Here , processes including oxidative phosphorylation and the formation of disulfide bonds during protein folding produce reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide . These damaging oxidants are removed by antioxidant metabolites such as glutathione and enzymes such as catalases and peroxidases . Thermodynamics of living organisms ( edit ) Further information : Biological thermodynamics Living organisms must obey the laws of thermodynamics , which describe the transfer of heat and work . The second law of thermodynamics states that in any closed system , the amount of entropy ( disorder ) can not decrease . Although living organisms ' amazing complexity appears to contradict this law , life is possible as all organisms are open systems that exchange matter and energy with their surroundings . Thus living systems are not in equilibrium , but instead are dissipative systems that maintain their state of high complexity by causing a larger increase in the entropy of their environments . The metabolism of a cell achieves this by coupling the spontaneous processes of catabolism to the non-spontaneous processes of anabolism . In thermodynamic terms , metabolism maintains order by creating disorder . Regulation and control ( edit ) Further information : Metabolic pathway , Metabolic control analysis , Hormone , Regulatory enzymes , and Cell signaling As the environments of most organisms are constantly changing , the reactions of metabolism must be finely regulated to maintain a constant set of conditions within cells , a condition called homeostasis . Metabolic regulation also allows organisms to respond to signals and interact actively with their environments . Two closely linked concepts are important for understanding how metabolic pathways are controlled . Firstly , the regulation of an enzyme in a pathway is how its activity is increased and decreased in response to signals . Secondly , the control exerted by this enzyme is the effect that these changes in its activity have on the overall rate of the pathway ( the flux through the pathway ) . For example , an enzyme may show large changes in activity ( i.e. it is highly regulated ) but if these changes have little effect on the flux of a metabolic pathway , then this enzyme is not involved in the control of the pathway . Effect of insulin on glucose uptake and metabolism . Insulin binds to its receptor ( 1 ) , which in turn starts many protein activation cascades ( 2 ) . These include : translocation of Glut - 4 transporter to the plasma membrane and influx of glucose ( 3 ) , glycogen synthesis ( 4 ) , glycolysis ( 5 ) and fatty acid synthesis ( 6 ) . There are multiple levels of metabolic regulation . In intrinsic regulation , the metabolic pathway self - regulates to respond to changes in the levels of substrates or products ; for example , a decrease in the amount of product can increase the flux through the pathway to compensate . This type of regulation often involves allosteric regulation of the activities of multiple enzymes in the pathway . Extrinsic control involves a cell in a multicellular organism changing its metabolism in response to signals from other cells . These signals are usually in the form of soluble messengers such as hormones and growth factors and are detected by specific receptors on the cell surface . These signals are then transmitted inside the cell by second messenger systems that often involved the phosphorylation of proteins . A very well understood example of extrinsic control is the regulation of glucose metabolism by the hormone insulin . Insulin is produced in response to rises in blood glucose levels . Binding of the hormone to insulin receptors on cells then activates a cascade of protein kinases that cause the cells to take up glucose and convert it into storage molecules such as fatty acids and glycogen . The metabolism of glycogen is controlled by activity of phosphorylase , the enzyme that breaks down glycogen , and glycogen synthase , the enzyme that makes it . These enzymes are regulated in a reciprocal fashion , with phosphorylation inhibiting glycogen synthase , but activating phosphorylase . Insulin causes glycogen synthesis by activating protein phosphatases and producing a decrease in the phosphorylation of these enzymes . Evolution ( edit ) Further information : Molecular evolution and Phylogenetics Evolutionary tree showing the common ancestry of organisms from all three domains of life . Bacteria are colored blue , eukaryotes red , and archaea green . Relative positions of some of the phyla included are shown around the tree . The central pathways of metabolism described above , such as glycolysis and the citric acid cycle , are present in all three domains of living things and were present in the last universal common ancestor . This universal ancestral cell was prokaryotic and probably a methanogen that had extensive amino acid , nucleotide , carbohydrate and lipid metabolism . The retention of these ancient pathways during later evolution may be the result of these reactions having been an optimal solution to their particular metabolic problems , with pathways such as glycolysis and the citric acid cycle producing their end products highly efficiently and in a minimal number of steps . The first pathways of enzyme - based metabolism may have been parts of purine nucleotide metabolism , while previous metabolic pathways were a part of the ancient RNA world . Many models have been proposed to describe the mechanisms by which novel metabolic pathways evolve . These include the sequential addition of novel enzymes to a short ancestral pathway , the duplication and then divergence of entire pathways as well as the recruitment of pre-existing enzymes and their assembly into a novel reaction pathway . The relative importance of these mechanisms is unclear , but genomic studies have shown that enzymes in a pathway are likely to have a shared ancestry , suggesting that many pathways have evolved in a step - by - step fashion with novel functions created from pre-existing steps in the pathway . An alternative model comes from studies that trace the evolution of proteins ' structures in metabolic networks , this has suggested that enzymes are pervasively recruited , borrowing enzymes to perform similar functions in different metabolic pathways ( evident in the MANET database ) These recruitment processes result in an evolutionary enzymatic mosaic . A third possibility is that some parts of metabolism might exist as `` modules '' that can be reused in different pathways and perform similar functions on different molecules . As well as the evolution of new metabolic pathways , evolution can also cause the loss of metabolic functions . For example , in some parasites metabolic processes that are not essential for survival are lost and preformed amino acids , nucleotides and carbohydrates may instead be scavenged from the host . Similar reduced metabolic capabilities are seen in endosymbiotic organisms . Investigation and manipulation ( edit ) Further information : Protein methods , Proteomics , Metabolomics , and Metabolic network modelling Metabolic network of the Arabidopsis thaliana citric acid cycle . Enzymes and metabolites are shown as red squares and the interactions between them as black lines . Classically , metabolism is studied by a reductionist approach that focuses on a single metabolic pathway . Particularly valuable is the use of radioactive tracers at the whole - organism , tissue and cellular levels , which define the paths from precursors to final products by identifying radioactively labelled intermediates and products . The enzymes that catalyze these chemical reactions can then be purified and their kinetics and responses to inhibitors investigated . A parallel approach is to identify the small molecules in a cell or tissue ; the complete set of these molecules is called the metabolome . Overall , these studies give a good view of the structure and function of simple metabolic pathways , but are inadequate when applied to more complex systems such as the metabolism of a complete cell . An idea of the complexity of the metabolic networks in cells that contain thousands of different enzymes is given by the figure showing the interactions between just 43 proteins and 40 metabolites to the right : the sequences of genomes provide lists containing anything up to 45,000 genes . However , it is now possible to use this genomic data to reconstruct complete networks of biochemical reactions and produce more holistic mathematical models that may explain and predict their behavior . These models are especially powerful when used to integrate the pathway and metabolite data obtained through classical methods with data on gene expression from proteomic and DNA microarray studies . Using these techniques , a model of human metabolism has now been produced , which will guide future drug discovery and biochemical research . These models are now used in network analysis , to classify human diseases into groups that share common proteins or metabolites . Bacterial metabolic networks are a striking example of bow - tie organization , an architecture able to input a wide range of nutrients and produce a large variety of products and complex macromolecules using a relatively few intermediate common currencies . A major technological application of this information is metabolic engineering . Here , organisms such as yeast , plants or bacteria are genetically modified to make them more useful in biotechnology and aid the production of drugs such as antibiotics or industrial chemicals such as 1 , 3 - propanediol and shikimic acid . These genetic modifications usually aim to reduce the amount of energy used to produce the product , increase yields and reduce the production of wastes . History ( edit ) Further information : History of biochemistry and History of molecular biology The term metabolism is derived from the Greek Μεταβολισμός -- `` Metabolismos '' for `` change '' , or `` overthrow '' . Aristotle 's metabolism as an open flow model Aristotle 's The Parts of Animals sets out enough details of his views on metabolism for an open flow model to be made . He believed that at each stage of the process , materials from food were transformed , with heat being released as the classical element of fire , and residual materials being excreted as urine , bile , or faeces . Ibn al - Nafis described metabolism in his 1260 AD work titled Al - Risalah al - Kamiliyyah fil Siera al - Nabawiyyah ( The Treatise of Kamil on the Prophet 's Biography ) which included the following phrase `` Both the body and its parts are in a continuous state of dissolution and nourishment , so they are inevitably undergoing permanent change . '' The history of the scientific study of metabolism spans several centuries and has moved from examining whole animals in early studies , to examining individual metabolic reactions in modern biochemistry . The first controlled experiments in human metabolism were published by Santorio Santorio in 1614 in his book Ars de statica medicina . He described how he weighed himself before and after eating , sleep , working , sex , fasting , drinking , and excreting . He found that most of the food he took in was lost through what he called `` insensible perspiration '' . Santorio Santorio in his steelyard balance , from Ars de statica medicina , first published 1614 In these early studies , the mechanisms of these metabolic processes had not been identified and a vital force was thought to animate living tissue . In the 19th century , when studying the fermentation of sugar to alcohol by yeast , Louis Pasteur concluded that fermentation was catalyzed by substances within the yeast cells he called `` ferments '' . He wrote that `` alcoholic fermentation is an act correlated with the life and organization of the yeast cells , not with the death or putrefaction of the cells . '' This discovery , along with the publication by Friedrich Wöhler in 1828 of a paper on the chemical synthesis of urea , and is notable for being the first organic compound prepared from wholly inorganic precursors . This proved that the organic compounds and chemical reactions found in cells were no different in principle than any other part of chemistry . It was the discovery of enzymes at the beginning of the 20th century by Eduard Buchner that separated the study of the chemical reactions of metabolism from the biological study of cells , and marked the beginnings of biochemistry . The mass of biochemical knowledge grew rapidly throughout the early 20th century . One of the most prolific of these modern biochemists was Hans Krebs who made huge contributions to the study of metabolism . He discovered the urea cycle and later , working with Hans Kornberg , the citric acid cycle and the glyoxylate cycle . Modern biochemical research has been greatly aided by the development of new techniques such as chromatography , X-ray diffraction , NMR spectroscopy , radioisotopic labelling , electron microscopy and molecular dynamics simulations . These techniques have allowed the discovery and detailed analysis of the many molecules and metabolic pathways in cells . 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PMID 11701499 . Jump up ^ `` Metabolism '' . The Online Etymology Dictionary . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ Leroi , Armand Marie ( 2014 ) . The Lagoon : How Aristotle Invented Science . Bloomsbury . pp. 400 -- 401 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4088 - 3622 - 4 . Jump up ^ Dr. Abu Shadi Al - Roubi ( 1982 ) , `` Ibn Al - Nafis as a philosopher '' , Symposium on Ibn al - Nafis , Second International Conference on Islamic Medicine : Islamic Medical Organization , Kuwait ( cf . Ibn al - Nafis As a Philosopher , Encyclopedia of Islamic World ( 1 ) ) Jump up ^ Eknoyan G ( 1999 ) . `` Santorio Sanctorius ( 1561 -- 1636 ) -- founding father of metabolic balance studies '' . Am J Nephrol. 19 ( 2 ) : 226 -- 33 . doi : 10.1159 / 000013455 . PMID 10213823 . Jump up ^ Williams , H.S. ( 1904 ) A History of Science : in Five Volumes . Volume IV : Modern Development of the Chemical and Biological Sciences Harper and Brothers ( New York ) Retrieved on 2007 - 03 - 26 Jump up ^ Dubos J. ( 1951 ) . `` Louis Pasteur : Free Lance of Science , Gollancz . Quoted in Manchester K.L. ( 1995 ) Louis Pasteur ( 1822 -- 1895 ) -- chance and the prepared mind '' . Trends Biotechnol. 13 ( 12 ) : 511 -- 515 . doi : 10.1016 / S0167 - 7799 ( 00 ) 89014 - 9 . PMID 8595136 . Jump up ^ Kinne - Saffran E , Kinne R ( 1999 ) . `` Vitalism and synthesis of urea . From Friedrich Wöhler to Hans A. Krebs '' . Am J Nephrol. 19 ( 2 ) : 290 -- 4 . doi : 10.1159 / 000013463 . PMID 10213830 . Jump up ^ Eduard Buchner 's 1907 Nobel lecture at http://nobelprize.org Accessed 2007 - 03 - 20 Jump up ^ Kornberg H ( 2000 ) . `` Krebs and his trinity of cycles '' . Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 1 ( 3 ) : 225 -- 8 . doi : 10.1038 / 35043073 . PMID 11252898 . Jump up ^ Krebs HA , Henseleit K ( 1932 ) . `` Untersuchungen über die Harnstoffbildung im tierkorper '' . Z . Physiol . Chem. 210 : 33 -- 66 . doi : 10.1515 / bchm2. 1932.210. 1 - 2.33 . Krebs H , Johnson W ( April 1937 ) . `` Metabolism of ketonic acids in animal tissues '' . Biochem J. 31 ( 4 ) : 645 -- 60 . doi : 10.1042 / bj0310645 . PMC 1266984 . PMID 16746382 . Further reading ( edit ) Library resources about Metabolism Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Introductory Rose , S. and Mileusnic , R. , The Chemistry of Life . ( Penguin Press Science , 1999 ) , ISBN 0 - 14 - 027273 - 9 Schneider , E.D. and Sagan , D. , Into the Cool : Energy Flow , Thermodynamics , and Life . ( University Of Chicago Press , 2005 ) , ISBN 0 - 226 - 73936 - 8 Lane , N. , Oxygen : The Molecule that Made the World . ( Oxford University Press , USA , 2004 ) , ISBN 0 - 19 - 860783 - 0 Advanced Price , N. and Stevens , L. , Fundamentals of Enzymology : Cell and Molecular Biology of Catalytic Proteins . ( Oxford University Press , 1999 ) , ISBN 0 - 19 - 850229 - X Berg , J. Tymoczko , J. and Stryer , L. , Biochemistry . ( W.H. Freeman and Company , 2002 ) , ISBN 0 - 7167 - 4955 - 6 Cox , M. and Nelson , D.L. , Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry . ( Palgrave Macmillan , 2004 ) , ISBN 0 - 7167 - 4339 - 6 Brock , T.D. Madigan , M.T. Martinko , J. and Parker J. , Brock 's Biology of Microorganisms . ( Benjamin Cummings , 2002 ) , ISBN 0 - 13 - 066271 - 2 Da Silva , J.J.R.F. and Williams , R.J.P. , The Biological Chemistry of the Elements : The Inorganic Chemistry of Life . ( Clarendon Press , 1991 ) , ISBN 0 - 19 - 855598 - 9 Nicholls , D.G. and Ferguson , S.J. , Bioenergetics . ( Academic Press Inc. , 2002 ) , ISBN 0 - 12 - 518121 - 3 External links ( edit ) Wikiversity has learning resources about Topic : Biochemistry Wikibooks has more on the topic of : Metabolism Look up metabolism in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . General information The Biochemistry of Metabolism Sparknotes SAT biochemistry Overview of biochemistry . School level . MIT Biology Hypertextbook Undergraduate - level guide to molecular biology . Human metabolism Topics in Medical Biochemistry Guide to human metabolic pathways . School level . http://themedicalbiochemistrypage.org/ THE Medical Biochemistry Page ) Comprehensive resource on human metabolism . Databases Flow Chart of Metabolic Pathways at ExPASy IUBMB - Nicholson Metabolic Pathways Chart SuperCYP : Database for Drug - Cytochrome - Metabolism Metabolic pathways Metabolism reference Pathway The Nitrogen cycle and Nitrogen fixation at the Wayback Machine ( archive index ) Articles related to Metabolism Metabolism map Carbon Fixation Photo - respiration Pentose Phosphate Pathway Citric Acid Cycle Glyoxylate Cycle Urea Cycle Fatty Acid Synthesis Fatty Acid Elongation Beta Oxidation Peroxisomal Beta Oxidation Glyco - genolysis Glyco - genesis Glyco - lysis Gluconeo - genesis Decarb - oxylation Fermentation Keto - lysis Keto - genesis feeders to Gluconeo - genesis Direct / C4 / CAM Carbon Intake Light Reaction Oxidative Phosphorylation Amino Acid Deamination Citrate Shuttle Lipogenesis Lipolysis Steroidogenesis MVA Pathway MEP Pathway Shikimate Pathway Transcription & Replication Translation Proteolysis Glycosy - lation Sugar Acids Double / Multiple Sugars & Glycans Simple Sugars Inositol - P Amino Sugars & Sialic Acids Nucleotide Sugars Hexose - P Triose - P Glycerol P - glycerates Pentose - P Tetrose - P Propionyl - CoA Succinate Acetyl - CoA Pentose - P P - glycerates Glyoxylate Photosystems Pyruvate Lactate Acetyl - CoA Citrate Oxalo - acetate Malate Succinyl - CoA α - Keto - glutarate Ketone Bodies Respiratory Chain Serine Group Alanine Branched - chain Amino Acids Aspartate Group Homoserine Group & Lysine Glutamate Group & Proline Arginine Creatine & Polyamines Ketogenic & Glucogenic Amino Acids Amino Acids Shikimate Aromatic Amino Acids & Histidine Ascorbate ( Vitamin C ) δ - ALA Bile Pigments Hemes Cobalamins ( Vitamin B ) Various Vitamin B 's Calciferols ( Vitamin D ) Retinoids ( Vitamin A ) Quinones ( Vitamin K ) & Carotenoids ( Vitamin E ) Cofactors Vitamins & Minerals Antioxidants PRPP Nucleotides Nucleic Acids Proteins Glycoproteins & Proteoglycans Chlorophylls MEP MVA Acetyl - CoA Polyketides Terpenoid Backbones Terpenoids & Carotenoids ( Vitamin A ) Cholesterol Bile Acids Glycero - phospholipids Glycerolipids Acyl - CoA Fatty Acids Glyco - sphingolipids Sphingolipids Waxes Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Neurotransmitters & Thyroid Hormones Steroids Endo - cannabinoids Eicosanoids Major metabolic pathways in metro - style map . Click any text ( name of pathway or metabolites ) to link to the corresponding article . Single lines : pathways common to most lifeforms . Double lines : pathways not in humans ( occurs in e.g. plants , fungi , prokaryotes ) . Orange nodes : carbohydrate metabolism . Violet nodes : photosynthesis . Red nodes : cellular respiration . Pink nodes : cell signaling . Blue nodes : amino acid metabolism . Grey nodes : vitamin and cofactor metabolism . Brown nodes : nucleotide and protein metabolism . Green nodes : lipid metabolism . Metabolism , catabolism , anabolism General Metabolic pathway Metabolic network Primary nutritional groups Energy metabolism Aerobic respiration Glycolysis → Pyruvate decarboxylation → Citric acid cycle → Oxidative phosphorylation ( electron transport chain + ATP synthase ) Anaerobic respiration Electron acceptors are other than oxygen Fermentation Glycolysis → Substrate - level phosphorylation ABE Ethanol Lactic acid Specific paths Protein metabolism Protein synthesis Catabolism Carbohydrate metabolism ( carbohydrate catabolism and anabolism ) Human Glycolysis ⇄ Gluconeogenesis Glycogenolysis ⇄ Glycogenesis Pentose phosphate pathway Fructolysis Galactolysis Glycosylation N - linked O - linked Nonhuman Photosynthesis Anoxygenic photosynthesis Chemosynthesis Carbon fixation Xylose metabolism Radiotrophism Lipid metabolism ( lipolysis , lipogenesis ) Fatty acid metabolism Fatty acid degradation ( Beta oxidation ) Fatty acid synthesis Other Steroid metabolism Sphingolipid metabolism Eicosanoid metabolism Ketosis Reverse cholesterol transport Amino acid Amino acid synthesis Urea cycle Nucleotide metabolism Purine metabolism Nucleotide salvage Pyrimidine metabolism Other Metal metabolism Iron metabolism Ethanol metabolism Metabolism : carbohydrate metabolism : glycolysis / gluconeogenesis enzymes Glycolysis Hexokinase ( HK1 , HK2 , HK3 , Glucokinase ) → / Glucose 6 - phosphatase ← Glucose isomerase Phosphofructokinase 1 ( Liver , Muscle , Platelet ) → / Fructose 1 , 6 - bisphosphatase ← Fructose - bisphosphate aldolase ( Aldolase A , B , C ) Triosephosphate isomerase Glyceraldehyde 3 - phosphate dehydrogenase Phosphoglycerate kinase Phosphoglycerate mutase Enolase Pyruvate kinase ( PKLR , PKM2 ) Gluconeogenesis only to oxaloacetate : Pyruvate carboxylase Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase from lactate ( Cori cycle ) : Lactate dehydrogenase from alanine ( Alanine cycle ) : Alanine transaminase from glycerol : Glycerol kinase Glycerol dehydrogenase Regulatory Fructose 6 - P , 2 - kinase : fructose 2 , 6 - bisphosphatase PFKFB1 , PFKFB2 , PFKFB3 , PFKFB4 Bisphosphoglycerate mutase Metabolism : carbohydrate metabolism fructose and galactose enzymes Fructose / Fructolysis Hepatic fructokinase Aldolase B Triokinase Sorbitol Sorbitol dehydrogenase Aldose reductase Galactose / Galactolysis Galactokinase Galactose - 1 - phosphate uridylyltransferase / UDP - glucose 4 - epimerase Aldose reductase Lactose Lactose synthase Lactase Mannose Mannose phosphate isomerase Metabolism : carbohydrate metabolism proteoglycan enzymes glycosaminoglycan anabolism L - xylulose reductase L - gulonolactone oxidase UDP - glucuronate 5 ' - epimerase Xylosyltransferase Sulfotransferase Heparan sulfate EXT1 EXT2 Chondroitin sulfate PAPSS1 PAPSS2 glycosaminoglycan catabolism Hunter , Hurler Iduronate - 2 - sulfatase Iduronidase Sanfilippo , Sly Heparan sulfamidase N - acetyltransferase Alpha - N - acetylglucosaminidase Glucuronidase N - acetylglucosamine - 6 - sulfatase Morquio / Maroteaux - Lamy Arylsulfatase B Galactosamine - 6 sulfatase Beta - galactosidase ( GLB1 ) Metabolism : carbohydrate metabolism glycoprotein enzymes Anabolism Dolichol kinase GCS1 Oligosaccharyltransferase Catabolism Neuraminidase Beta - galactosidase Hexosaminidase mannosidase alpha - Mannosidase beta - mannosidase Aspartylglucosaminidase Fucosidase NAGA Transport SLC17A5 M6P tagging N - acetylglucosamine - 1 - phosphate transferase Metabolism , lipid metabolism , glycolipid enzymes Sphingolipid To glycosphingolipid Glycosyltransferase Sulfotransferase To ceramide From ganglioside Beta - galactosidase Hexosaminidase A Neuraminidase Glucocerebrosidase From globoside Hexosaminidase B Alpha - galactosidase Beta - galactosidase Glucocerebrosidase From sphingomyelin Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 1 From sulfatide Arylsulfatase A Galactosylceramidase To sphingosine Ceramidase ACER1 ACER2 ACER3 ASAH1 ASAH2 ASAH2B ASAH2C Other Sphingosine kinase NCL Palmitoyl protein thioesterase Tripeptidyl peptidase I CLN3 CLN5 CLN6 CLN8 Ceramide synthesis Serine C - palmitoyltransferase ( SPTLC1 ) Ceramide glucosyltransferase ( UGCG ) Metabolism : lipid metabolism - eicosanoid metabolism enzymes Precursor Phospholipase A2 Phospholipase C Diacylglycerol lipase Prostanoids Cyclooxygenase PTGS1 PTGS2 PGD2 synthase PGE synthase Prostaglandin - E2 9 - reductase PGI2 synthase TXA synthase Leukotrienes 5 - Lipoxygenase activating protein / Arachidonate 5 - lipoxygenase LTA4 hydrolase ( B4 synthesis ) LTC4 synthase Gamma - glutamyl transpeptidase LTD4 hydrolase Ungrouped HPGD Metabolism : lipid metabolism / fatty acid metabolism , triglyceride and fatty acid enzymes Synthesis Malonyl - CoA synthesis ATP citrate lyase Acetyl - CoA carboxylase Fatty acid synthesis / Fatty acid synthase Beta - ketoacyl - ACP synthase Β - Ketoacyl ACP reductase 3 - Hydroxyacyl ACP dehydrase Enoyl ACP reductase Fatty acid desaturases Stearoyl - CoA desaturase - 1 Triacyl glycerol Glycerol - 3 - phosphate dehydrogenase Thiokinase Degradation Acyl transport Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I Carnitine - acylcarnitine translocase Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II Beta oxidation General Acyl CoA dehydrogenase ( ACADL ACADM ACADS ACADVL ACADSB ) Enoyl - CoA hydratase MTP : HADH HADHA HADHB Acetyl - CoA C - acyltransferase Unsaturated Enoyl CoA isomerase 2 , 4 Dienoyl - CoA reductase Odd chain Propionyl - CoA carboxylase Other Hydroxyacyl - Coenzyme A dehydrogenase To acetyl - CoA Malonyl - CoA decarboxylase Aldehydes Long - chain - aldehyde dehydrogenase Metabolism : amino acid metabolism - urea cycle enzymes Main cycle mitochondrial matrix : Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I Ornithine transcarbamylase cytosol : Argininosuccinate synthetase Argininosuccinate lyase Arginase Regulatory / transport N - Acetylglutamate synthase Ornithine translocase Enzymes involved in neurotransmission monoamine histidine → histamine anabolism : Histidine decarboxylase catabolism : Histamine N - methyltransferase Diamine oxidase tyrosine → dopamine → epinephrine anabolism : Tyrosine hydroxylase Aromatic L - amino acid decarboxylase Dopamine beta - hydroxylase Phenylethanolamine N - methyltransferase catabolism : Catechol - O - methyl transferase Monoamine oxidase glutamate → GABA anabolism : Glutamate decarboxylase catabolism : 4 - aminobutyrate transaminase tryptophan → serotonin → melatonin Tryptophan hydroxylase Aromatic L - amino acid decarboxylase Aralkylamine N - acetyltransferase Acetylserotonin O - methyltransferase arginine → NO Nitric oxide synthase ( NOS1 , NOS2 , NOS3 ) choline → Acetylcholine anabolism : Choline acetyltransferase catabolism : Cholinesterase ( Acetylcholinesterase , Butyrylcholinesterase ) Enzymes involved in the metabolism of heme and porphyrin Porphyrin biosynthesis early mitochondrial : Aminolevulinic acid synthase ALAS1 ALAS2 cytosolic : Porphobilinogen synthase Porphobilinogen deaminase Uroporphyrinogen III synthase Uroporphyrinogen III decarboxylase late mitochondrial : Coproporphyrinogen III oxidase Protoporphyrinogen oxidase Ferrochelatase Heme degradation to bile spleen : Heme oxygenase Biliverdin reductase liver : glucuronosyltransferase UGT1A1 Metabolism of vitamins , coenzymes , and cofactors Fat soluble vitamins Vitamin A Retinol binding protein Vitamin E Alpha - tocopherol transfer protein Vitamin D liver ( Sterol 27 - hydroxylase or CYP27A1 ) renal ( 25 - Hydroxyvitamin D 1 - alpha - hydroxylase or CYP27B1 ) degradation ( 1 , 25 - Dihydroxyvitamin D 24 - hydroxylase or CYP24A1 ) Vitamin K Vitamin K epoxide reductase Water soluble vitamins Thiamine ( B ) Thiamine diphosphokinase Niacin ( B ) Indoleamine 2 , 3 - dioxygenase Formamidase Pantothenic acid ( B ) Pantothenate kinase Folic acid ( B ) Dihydropteroate synthase Dihydrofolate reductase Serine hydroxymethyltransferase Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase Vitamin B MMAA MMAB MMACHC MMADHC Vitamin C L - gulonolactone oxidase Riboflavin ( B ) Riboflavin kinase Nonvitamin cofactors Tetrahydrobiopterin GTP cyclohydrolase I 6 - pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase Sepiapterin reductase PCBD1 PTS QDPR Molybdenum cofactor MOCS1 MOCS2 MOCS3 Gephyrin Metabolism : Protein metabolism , synthesis and catabolism enzymes Essential amino acids are in Capitals K → acetyl - CoA LYSINE → Saccharopine dehydrogenase Glutaryl - CoA dehydrogenase LEUCINE → Branched - chain amino acid aminotransferase Branched - chain alpha - keto acid dehydrogenase complex Isovaleryl coenzyme A dehydrogenase Methylcrotonyl - CoA carboxylase Methylglutaconyl - CoA hydratase 3 - hydroxy - 3 - methylglutaryl - CoA lyase TRYPTOPHAN → Indoleamine 2 , 3 - dioxygenase / Tryptophan 2 , 3 - dioxygenase Arylformamidase Kynureninase 3 - hydroxyanthranilate oxidase Aminocarboxymuconate - semialdehyde decarboxylase Aminomuconate - semialdehyde dehydrogenase PHENYLALANINE → tyrosine → ( see below ) G → pyruvate → citrate glycine → serine → Serine hydroxymethyltransferase Serine dehydratase glycine → creatine : Guanidinoacetate N - methyltransferase Creatine kinase alanine → Alanine transaminase cysteine → D - cysteine desulfhydrase threonine → L - threonine dehydrogenase G → glutamate → α - ketoglutarate HISTIDINE → Histidine ammonia - lyase Urocanate hydratase Formiminotransferase cyclodeaminase proline → Proline oxidase Pyrroline - 5 - carboxylate reductase 1 - Pyrroline - 5 - carboxylate dehydrogenase / ALDH4A1 PYCR1 arginine → Ornithine aminotransferase Ornithine decarboxylase Agmatinase → alpha - ketoglutarate → TCA Glutamate dehydrogenase Other cysteine + glutamate → glutathione : Gamma - glutamylcysteine synthetase Glutathione synthetase Gamma - glutamyl transpeptidase glutamate → glutamine : Glutamine synthetase Glutaminase G → propionyl - CoA → succinyl - CoA VALINE → Branched - chain amino acid aminotransferase Branched - chain alpha - keto acid dehydrogenase complex Enoyl - CoA hydratase 3 - hydroxyisobutyryl - CoA hydrolase 3 - hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase Methylmalonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase ISOLEUCINE → Branched - chain amino acid aminotransferase Branched - chain alpha - keto acid dehydrogenase complex 3 - hydroxy - 2 - methylbutyryl - CoA dehydrogenase METHIONINE → generation of homocysteine : Methionine adenosyltransferase Adenosylhomocysteinase regeneration of methionine : Methionine synthase / Homocysteine methyltransferase Betaine - homocysteine methyltransferase conversion to cysteine : Cystathionine beta synthase Cystathionine gamma - lyase THREONINE → Threonine aldolase → succinyl - CoA → TCA Propionyl - CoA carboxylase Methylmalonyl CoA epimerase Methylmalonyl - CoA mutase G → fumarate PHENYLALANINE → tyrosine → Phenylalanine hydroxylase Tyrosine aminotransferase 4 - Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase Homogentisate 1 , 2 - dioxygenase Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase tyrosine → melanin : Tyrosinase G → oxaloacetate asparagine → aspartate → Asparaginase / Asparagine synthetase Aspartate transaminase Metabolism : amino acid metabolism nucleotide enzymes Purine metabolism Anabolism R5P → IMP : Ribose - phosphate diphosphokinase Amidophosphoribosyltransferase Phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase AIR synthetase ( FGAM cyclase ) Phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase Phosphoribosylaminoimidazolesuccinocarboxamide synthase IMP synthase IMP → AMP : Adenylosuccinate synthase Adenylosuccinate lyase reverse AMP deaminase IMP → GMP : IMP dehydrogenase GMP synthase reverse GMP reductase Nucleotide salvage Hypoxanthine - guanine phosphoribosyltransferase Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase Catabolism Adenosine deaminase Purine nucleoside phosphorylase Guanine deaminase Xanthine oxidase Urate oxidase Pyrimidine metabolism Anabolism CAD Carbamoyl phosphate synthase II Aspartate carbamoyltransferase Dihydroorotase Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase Orotidine 5 ' - phosphate decarboxylase / Uridine monophosphate synthetase CTP synthetase Catabolism Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase Dihydropyrimidinase / DPYS Beta - ureidopropionase / UPB1 Deoxyribonucleotides Ribonucleotide reductase Nucleoside - diphosphate kinase DCMP deaminase Thymidylate synthase Dihydrofolate reductase Metabolism : lipid metabolism -- ketones / cholesterol synthesis enzymes / steroid metabolism Mevalonate pathway To HMG - CoA Acetyl - Coenzyme A acetyltransferase HMG - CoA synthase ( regulated step ) Ketogenesis HMG - CoA lyase 3 - hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase Thiophorase To Mevalonic acid HMG - CoA reductase To DMAPP Mevalonate kinase Phosphomevalonate kinase Pyrophosphomevalonate decarboxylase Isopentenyl - diphosphate delta isomerase Geranyl - Dimethylallyltranstransferase Geranyl pyrophosphate To cholesterol To lanosterol Farnesyl - diphosphate farnesyltransferase Squalene monooxygenase Lanosterol synthase 7 - Dehydrocholesterol path Lanosterol 14α - demethylase Sterol - C5 - desaturase - like 7 - Dehydrocholesterol reductase Desmosterol path 24 - Dehydrocholesterol reductase To Bile acids Cholesterol 7α - hydroxylase Sterol 27 - hydroxylase Steroidogenesis To pregnenolone Cholesterol side - chain cleavage To corticosteroids aldosterone : 18 - Hydroxylase cortisol / cortisone : 17α - Hydroxylase 11β - HSD both : 3β - HSD 21 - Hydroxylase 11β - Hydroxylase To sex hormones To androgens 17α - Hydroxylase 17 , 20 - Lyase 3β - HSD 17β - HSD 5α - Reductase To estrogens Aromatase 17β - HSD Other / ungrouped Steroid metabolism : sulfatase Steroid sulfatase sulfotransferase SULT1A1 SULT2A1 Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein Cholesterol total synthesis Reverse cholesterol transport Metabolism : carbohydrate metabolism pentose phosphate pathway enzymes oxidative Glucose - 6 - phosphate dehydrogenase 6 - phosphogluconolactonase Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase nonoxidative Phosphopentose isomerase Phosphopentose epimerase Transketolase Transaldolase Metabolism - non-mevalonate pathway enzymes DXP synthase DXP reductoisomerase 2 - C - methyl - D - erythritol 4 - phosphate cytidylyltransferase 2 - C - methyl - D - erythritol 2 , 4 - cyclodiphosphate synthase 4 - ( cytidine 5 ' - diphospho ) - 2 - C - methyl - D - erythritol kinase 4 - hydroxy - 3 - methylbut - 2 - en - 1 - yl diphosphate synthase 4 - hydroxy - 3 - methylbut - 2 - enyl diphosphate reductase Food science General Allergy Engineering Microbiology Nutrition Diet clinical Processing Processing aids Quality Sensory analysis Discrimination testing Rheology Storage Technology Food chemistry Additives Carbohydrates Coloring Enzymes Essential fatty acids Flavors Fortification Lipids `` Minerals '' ( Chemical elements ) Proteins Vitamins Water Food preservation Biopreservation Canning Cold chain Curing Drying Fermentation Freeze - drying Freezing Hurdle technology Irradiation Jamming Jellying Jugging Modified atmosphere Pascalization Pickling Potting Confit Potjevleesch Salting Smoking Sugaring Tyndallization Vacuum packing Food industry Manufacturing Packaging Marketing Foodservice Fortification Food safety Adulterants , food contaminants 3 - MCPD Aldicarb Cyanide Formaldehyde Lead poisoning Melamine Mercury in fish Sudan I Flavorings Monosodium glutamate ( MSG ) Salt Sugar High - fructose corn syrup Microorganisms Botulism Campylobacter jejuni Clostridium perfringens Escherichia coli O104 : H4 Escherichia coli O157 : H7 Hepatitis A Hepatitis E Listeria Norovirus Rotavirus Salmonella Parasitic infections through food Amoebiasis Anisakiasis Cryptosporidiosis Cyclosporiasis Diphyllobothriasis Enterobiasis Fasciolopsiasis Fasciolosis Giardiasis Gnathostomiasis Paragonimiasis Toxoplasmosis Trichinosis Trichuriasis Pesticides Chlorpyrifos DDT Lindane Malathion Methamidophos Preservatives Benzoic acid Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid ( EDTA ) Sodium benzoate Sugar substitutes Acesulfame potassium Aspartame Saccharin Sodium cyclamate Sorbitol Sucralose Toxins , poisons , environment pollution Aflatoxin Arsenic contamination of groundwater Benzene in soft drinks Bisphenol A Dieldrin Diethylstilbestrol Dioxin Mycotoxins Nonylphenol Shellfish poisoning Food contamination incidents Devon colic 1858 Bradford sweets poisoning 1900 English beer poisoning Morinaga Milk arsenic poisoning incident 1989 Chilean grape scare 1993 Jack in the Box E. coli outbreak 1996 Odwalla E. coli outbreak 1999 Sun Orchard salmonellosis outbreak 2005 Indonesia food scare 2006 North American E. coli O157 : H7 outbreaks 2007 Vietnam food scare 2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak 2008 Chinese milk scandal 2008 Irish pork crisis 2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak 2011 Germany E. coli O104 : H4 outbreak 2011 Taiwan food scandal 2011 United States listeriosis outbreak 2013 European aflatoxin contamination 2013 horse meat scandal 2013 Taiwan food scandal 2014 Taiwan food scandal 2015 United States E. coli outbreak 2017 Brazil weak meat scandal Food safety incidents in China Foodborne illness outbreaks death toll United States ICA meat repackaging controversy Minamata disease StarLink corn recall Toxic oil syndrome Regulation , standards , watchdogs Acceptable daily intake E number Food labeling regulations Food libel laws International Food Safety Network ISO 22000 Quality Assurance International Institutions Centre for Food Safety European Food Safety Authority Institute for Food Safety and Health International Food Safety Network Ministry of Food and Drug Safety Food substitutes Artificial fat substitutes Olestra Trans fat Artificial protein substitutes Acid - hydrolyzed vegetable protein Artificial sugar substitutes Acesulfame potassium Alitame Aspartame Aspartame - acesulfame salt Dulcin Glucin Hydrogenated starch hydrolysates Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone Neotame NutraSweet Nutrinova Saccharin Sodium cyclamate Sucralose Natural food substitutes Cheese analogues Coffee substitutes Egg substitutes Meat analogues bacon list Milk substitutes Phyllodulcin Salt substitutes Food politics Food power Food security Famine Malnutrition Overnutrition Institutions International Association for Food Protection Food and Drug Administration Food and Agriculture Organization National Agriculture and Food Research Organization National Food and Drug Authority Diving medicine , physiology , physics and environment Diving medicine Injuries and disorders Pressure Oxygen Freediving blackout Hyperoxia Hypoxia ( medical ) Oxygen toxicity Inert gases Atrial septal defect Avascular necrosis Decompression sickness Dysbaric osteonecrosis High - pressure nervous syndrome Hydrogen narcosis Isobaric counterdiffusion Nitrogen narcosis Taravana Uncontrolled decompression Carbon dioxide Hypercapnia Hypocapnia Aerosinusitis Air embolism Alternobaric vertigo Barodontalgia Barostriction Barotrauma Compression arthralgia Decompression illness Dental barotrauma Dysbarism Ear clearing Frenzel maneuver Valsalva maneuver Immersion Asphyxia Drowning Hypothermia Immersion diuresis Instinctive drowning response Laryngospasm Salt water aspiration syndrome Swimming - induced pulmonary edema List of signs and symptoms of diving disorders Cramps Diving disorders Motion sickness Surfer 's ear Treatments Diving chamber Diving medicine Hyperbaric medicine Hyperbaric treatment schedules In - water recompression Oxygen therapy Fitness to dive Diving physiology Artificial gills ( human ) Blood -- air barrier Blood shift Breathing Circulatory system CO2 retention Cold shock response Dead space ( physiology ) Decompression ( diving ) Decompression theory Diving reflex Gas exchange History of decompression research and development Lipid Maximum operating depth Metabolism Normocapnia Oxygen window in diving decompression Perfusion Physiological response to water immersion Physiology of decompression Pulmonary circulation Respiratory exchange ratio Respiratory quotient Respiratory system Systemic circulation Tissue ( biology ) Diving physics Ambient pressure Amontons ' law Anti-fog Archimedes ' principle Atmospheric pressure Boyle 's law Breathing performance of regulators Buoyancy Charles 's law Combined gas law Dalton 's law Diffusion Force Gay - Lussac 's law Henry 's law Hydrophobe Hydrostatic pressure Ideal gas law Molecular diffusion Neutral buoyancy Oxygen fraction Partial pressure Permeation Pressure Psychrometric constant Snell 's law Solubility Solution Supersaturation Surface tension Surfactant Torricellian chamber Underwater vision Weight Diving environment Algal bloom Breaking wave Ocean current Current ( stream ) Ekman transport Halocline List of diving hazards and precautions Longshore drift Rip current Stratification Surf Surge ( wave action ) Thermocline Tides Turbidity Undertow ( water waves ) Upwelling Researchers in diving medicine and physiology Arthur J. Bachrach Albert R. Behnke Paul Bert George F. Bond Robert Boyle Albert A. Bühlmann John R Clarke William Paul Fife John Scott Haldane Robert William Hamilton Jr . Leonard Erskine Hill Brian Andrew Hills Felix Hoppe - Seyler Christian J. Lambertsen Simon Mitchell Charles Momsen John Rawlins R.N. Charles Wesley Shilling Edward D. Thalmann Jules Triger Diving medical research organisations Aerospace Medical Association Divers Alert Network ( DAN ) Diving Diseases Research Centre ( DDRC ) Diving Medical Advisory Council ( DMAC ) European Diving Technology Committee ( EDTC ) European Underwater and Baromedical Society ( EUBS ) National Board of Diving and Hyperbaric Medical Technology Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory Royal Australian Navy School of Underwater Medicine Rubicon Foundation South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society ( SPUMS ) Southern African Underwater and Hyperbaric Medical Association ( SAUHMA ) Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society ( UHMS ) United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit ( NEDU ) Categories : Diving medicine Underwater diving physiology Underwater diving physics Physical oceanography Glossary Portal GND : 4057699 - 1 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metabolism&oldid=825788438 '' Categories : Metabolism Underwater diving physiology Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Articles with short description Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Articles containing Greek - language text Webarchive template wayback links Featured articles Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Furlan Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Лезги Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Plattdüütsch Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 February 2018 , at 12 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

our growth is done through what cell process

Metabolism ( from Greek : μεταβολή metabolē , `` change '' ) is the set of life - sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of organisms . The three main purposes of metabolism are the conversion of food / fuel to energy to run cellular processes , the conversion of food / fuel to building blocks for proteins , lipids , nucleic acids , and some carbohydrates , and the elimination of nitrogenous wastes . These enzyme - catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce , maintain their structures , and respond to their environments . The word metabolism can also refer to the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms , including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells , in which case the set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism .

Happy Days ( TV theme ) - wikipedia Happy Days ( TV theme ) Jump to : navigation , search For the 2004 Japanese hit , see Happy Days ( Ai Otsuka song ) . `` Happy Days '' Single by Pratt & McClain from the album Pratt & McClain Featuring Happy Days Released 1976 Format Vinyl , 7 `` , Single Recorded 1976 Genre Rock , Stage & Screen Length 2 : 40 Label Reprise Records Songwriter ( s ) Charles Fox , Norman Gimbel Producer ( s ) Steve Barri , Michael Omartian Pratt & McClain singles chronology `` String Module Error : Match not found '' ( 1976 ) `` Happy Days '' ( 1976 ) `` Devil with a Blue Dress On '' ( 1976 ) `` Whachersign '' ( 1976 ) `` Happy Days '' ( 1976 ) `` Devil with a Blue Dress On '' ( 1976 ) `` Happy Days '' is a song written by Norman Gimbel and Charles Fox . It is the theme song of Happy Days . It can be heard during the TV show 's opening and closing credits as it runs in perpetual rerun syndication . The song was first recorded in 1974 by Jim Haas with a group of other session singers for the first two seasons . These versions of the song were used only during the closing credits of Seasons 1 and 2 , with an updated version of `` Rock Around the Clock '' by Bill Haley and His Comets used as the opening theme . The song was re-recorded in 1975 with different lyrics for both the opening and closing credits for Seasons 3 through 10 . Pratt & McClain released the song as a single in 1976 from their album Pratt & McClain Featuring Happy Days . Bobby Arvon recorded an updated version of the song in 1983 for the opening and closing credits of Season 11 , with the same lyrics as the version used for seasons 3 - 10 . Pratt & McClain 's album version of the song , recorded in 1976 , peaked at No. 5 on the Billboard Hot 100 , No. 7 on the Easy Listening chart , and No. 31 on the UK Singles Chart . Australian band Silver Studs also recorded a version of the theme for their debut album . It became their biggest hit single in Australia , reaching No. 4 in June 1976 . In 2014 , a re-recorded version of the song was used in commercials for Target . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Pratt & Mc Lain * With Brotherlove - Happy Days '' . Discogs . Retrieved 14 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pratt & McClain Songs '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 20 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pratt & McClain - Music Biography '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 14 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Song : Happy Days '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Pratt & McClain - Awards '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 14 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 433 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Midoztouch Discussion Forum '' . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . Happy Days Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 `` My Cousin the Cheat '' `` My Favorite Orkan '' Season 6 Season 7 Season 8 Season 9 Season 10 Season 11 Characters Richard `` Richie '' Cunningham Arthur `` Fonzie '' Fonzarelli Ralph Malph Warren `` Potsie '' Weber Joanie Cunningham Charles `` Chachi '' Arcola Al Delvecchio Howard Cunningham Marion Cunningham Lori Beth Allen Roger Phillips Spin - offs Laverne & Shirley Blansky 's Beauties Mork & Mindy Out of the Blue Joanie Loves Chachi The Fonz and the Happy Days Gang Laverne & Shirley in the Army Mork & Mindy / Laverne & Shirley / Fonz Hour Related Theme from Happy Days Happy Days ( musical ) Jumping the shark `` Buddy Holly '' ( song ) Fonz ( video game ) Bronze Fonz ( sculpture ) Love , American Style Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Happy_Days_(TV_theme)&oldid=791701352 '' Categories : 1974 songs 1976 singles Happy Days Reprise Records singles Song recordings produced by Michael Omartian Songs from television series Songs with lyrics by Norman Gimbel Songs with music by Charles Fox ( composer ) Television theme songs Hidden categories : Music infoboxes with Module : String errors Articles with hAudio microformats Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 July 2017 , at 23 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who sings the theme song from happy days

The song was first recorded in 1974 by Jim Haas with a group of other session singers for the first two seasons . These versions of the song were used only during the closing credits of Seasons 1 and 2 , with an updated version of `` Rock Around the Clock '' by Bill Haley and His Comets used as the opening theme . The song was re-recorded in 1975 with different lyrics for both the opening and closing credits for Seasons 3 through 10 . Pratt & McClain released the song as a single in 1976 from their album Pratt & McClain Featuring Happy Days . Bobby Arvon recorded an updated version of the song in 1983 for the opening and closing credits of Season 11 , with the same lyrics as the version used for seasons 3 - 10 .

List of longest - ruling non-royal National leaders since 1900 - wikipedia List of longest - ruling non-royal National leaders since 1900 Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's factual accuracy is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced . ( November 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This list details national leaders since 1900 who ruled for 30 years or more , and were not self - described royalty . It also combines all national leader level offices held concurrently or consecutively by each individual . Rank Image Name Country Title Term began Term ended Term length Fidel Castro Cuba First Secretary Prime Minister President 000000001959 - 02 - 16 - 0000 16 February 1959 000000002011 - 04 - 19 - 0000 19 April 2011 7004190550000000000 ♠ 52 years , 62 days Kim Il - sung North Korea Chairman of the North Korea Bureau of the Communist Party of Korea Chairman of the Provisional People 's Committee General Secretary Premier President Generalissimo 000000001945 - 12 - 17 - 0000 17 December 1945 000000001994 - 07 - 08 - 0000 8 July 1994 7004177350000000000 ♠ 48 years , 203 days Chiang Kai - shek Republic of China ( 1912 -- 1949 ) Republic of China on Taiwan ( 1949 -- present ) Chairman of the National Government Premier Director - General of the Kuomintang Generalissimo President 000000001926 - 07 - 09 - 0000 9 July 1926 ( 1st time ) 000000001932 - 03 - 06 - 0000 6 March 1932 ( 2nd time ) 000000001950 - 03 - 01 - 0000 1 March 1950 ( 3rd time ) 000000001931 - 12 - 15 - 0000 15 December 1931 ( 1st time ) 000000001949 - 01 - 21 - 0000 21 January 1949 ( 2nd time ) 000000001975 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 April 1975 ( 3rd time ) 47 years , 149 days ( 22 years , 114 days in Mainland China ) ( 7003916600000000000 ♠ 25 years , 35 days on Taiwan ) Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal Mongolian People 's Republic General Secretary Prime Minister President 000000001940 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 April 1940 000000001984 - 08 - 23 - 0000 23 August 1984 7004162080000000000 ♠ 44 years , 137 days Paul Biya Cameroon Prime Minister President 000000001975 - 06 - 30 - 0000 30 June 1975 present 7004155700000000000 ♠ 42 years , 229 days 6 Omar Bongo Gabon President Vice-President 000000001966 - 11 - 12 - 0000 12 November 1966 000000002009 - 05 - 06 - 0000 6 May 2009 7004155160000000000 ♠ 42 years , 175 days 7 Muammar Gaddafi Libyan Arab Republic Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Brotherly Leader and Guide of the Revolution Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council Secretary General of the General People 's Congress Prime Minister 000000001969 - 09 - 01 - 0000 1 September 1969 000000002011 - 10 - 20 - 0000 20 October 2011 7004153890000000000 ♠ 42 years , 49 days 8 Enver Hoxha Democratic Government of Albania People 's Republic of Albania People 's Socialist Republic of Albania Prime Minister First Secretary 000000001944 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1944 000000001985 - 04 - 11 - 0000 11 April 1985 7004147790000000000 ♠ 40 years , 169 days 9 Mohamed Abdelaziz Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic General Secretary President 000000001976 - 08 - 30 - 0000 30 August 1976 000000002016 - 05 - 31 - 0000 31 May 2016 7004145190000000000 ♠ 39 years , 275 days 10 Francisco Franco Spanish State Generalísimo Head of State Caudillo Prime Minister 000000001936 - 10 - 01 - 0000 1 October 1936 000000001975 - 11 - 20 - 0000 20 November 1975 7004142940000000000 ♠ 39 years , 50 days 11 Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo Equatorial Guinea Chairman of the Supreme Military Council President 000000001979 - 08 - 03 - 0000 3 August 1979 present 7004140750000000000 ♠ 38 years , 195 days 12 José Eduardo dos Santos People 's Republic of Angola Angola President and Chairman of the MPLA State President 000000001979 - 09 - 10 - 0000 10 September 1979 000000002017 - 09 - 26 - 0000 26 September 2017 7004138960000000000 ♠ 38 years , 16 days 13 Éamon de Valera Irish Republic Irish Free State Ireland President of Dáil Éireann President of the Republic President of the Executive Council Taoiseach President 000000001919 - 04 - 01 - 0000 1 April 1919 ( 1st time ) 000000001932 - 03 - 09 - 0000 9 March 1932 ( 2nd time ) 000000001951 - 06 - 13 - 0000 13 June 1951 ( 3rd time ) 000000001957 - 03 - 20 - 0000 20 March 1957 ( 4th time ) 000000001959 - 06 - 25 - 0000 25 June 1959 ( 5th time ) 000000001922 - 01 - 09 - 0000 9 January 1922 ( 1st time ) 000000001948 - 02 - 18 - 0000 18 February 1948 ( 2nd time ) 000000001954 - 06 - 02 - 0000 2 June 1954 ( 3rd time ) 000000001959 - 06 - 23 - 0000 23 June 1959 ( 4th time ) 000000001973 - 06 - 24 - 0000 24 June 1973 ( 5th time ) 37 years , 347 days 14 Gnassingbé Eyadéma Togo President 000000001967 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 1967 000000002005 - 02 - 05 - 0000 5 February 2005 7004138120000000000 ♠ 37 years , 297 days 15 Robert Mugabe Zimbabwe Prime Minister Party President and First Secretary State President 000000001980 - 04 - 18 - 0000 18 April 1980 000000002017 - 11 - 21 - 0000 21 November 2017 7004137310000000000 ♠ 37 years , 217 days 16 Josip Broz Tito Democratic Federal Yugoslavia Federal People 's Republic of Yugoslavia Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia General Secretary / President of the Presidency of the Central Committee Prime Minister President Marshal 000000001943 - 11 - 29 - 0000 29 November 1943 000000001980 - 05 - 04 - 0000 4 May 1980 7004133060000000000 ♠ 36 years , 157 days 17 Ali Khamenei Iran President Supreme Leader 000000001981 - 10 - 13 - 0000 13 October 1981 present 7004132730000000000 ♠ 36 years , 124 days 18 António de Oliveira Salazar Second Portuguese Republic President of the Council of Ministers 000000001932 - 07 - 05 - 0000 5 July 1932 000000001968 - 09 - 25 - 0000 25 September 1968 7004132310000000000 ♠ 36 years , 82 days 19 Todor Zhivkov People 's Republic of Bulgaria General Secretary Prime Minister Chairman of the State Council 000000001954 - 03 - 04 - 0000 4 March 1954 000000001989 - 11 - 17 - 0000 17 November 1989 7004130420000000000 ♠ 35 years , 258 days 20 Alfredo Stroessner Paraguay President 000000001954 - 05 - 04 - 0000 4 May 1954 000000001989 - 02 - 03 - 0000 3 February 1989 7004126940000000000 ♠ 34 years , 275 days 21 Denis Sassou Nguesso People 's Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo President of the Central Committee State President 000000001979 - 02 - 08 - 0000 8 February 1979 ( 1st time ) 000000001997 - 10 - 25 - 0000 25 October 1997 ( 2nd time ) 000000001992 - 08 - 31 - 0000 31 August 1992 ( 1st time ) present ( 2nd time ) 7004123700000000000 ♠ 33 years , 317 days 22 Ali Abdullah Saleh North Yemen Yemen President of North Yemen President 000000001978 - 06 - 24 - 0000 24 June 1978 000000002012 - 02 - 25 - 0000 25 February 2012 7004122750000000000 ♠ 33 years , 222 days ( 7003794900000000000 ♠ 21 years , 279 days after unification ) 23 Félix Houphouët - Boigny Côte d'Ivoire Prime Minister President 000000001960 - 08 - 07 - 0000 7 August 1960 000000001993 - 12 - 07 - 0000 7 December 1993 7004121750000000000 ♠ 33 years , 122 days 24 Hun Sen People 's Republic of Kampuchea State of Cambodia Cambodia Prime Minister 000000001984 - 12 - 31 - 0000 31 December 1984 present 7004120980000000000 ♠ 33 years , 45 days 25 Dawda Jawara The Gambia Prime Minister President 000000001962 - 06 - 12 - 0000 12 June 1962 000000001994 - 07 - 22 - 0000 22 July 1994 7004117280000000000 ♠ 32 years , 40 days 26 Yoweri Museveni Uganda President 000000001986 - 01 - 26 - 0000 26 January 1986 present 7004117070000000000 ♠ 32 years , 19 days 27 Phạm Văn Đồng North Vietnam Vietnam Prime Minister 000000001955 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1955 000000001987 - 06 - 18 - 0000 18 June 1987 7004115940000000000 ♠ 31 years , 271 days 28 János Kádár Hungarian People 's Republic General Secretary Prime Minister 000000001956 - 10 - 25 - 0000 25 October 1956 000000001988 - 05 - 27 - 0000 27 May 1988 7004115370000000000 ♠ 31 years , 215 days 29 Habib Bourguiba Tunisia Prime Minister President 000000001956 - 04 - 11 - 0000 11 April 1956 000000001987 - 11 - 07 - 0000 7 November 1987 7004115320000000000 ♠ 31 years , 210 days 30 Lee Kuan Yew Singapore Prime Minister 000000001959 - 06 - 05 - 0000 5 June 1959 000000001990 - 11 - 28 - 0000 28 November 1990 7004114990000000000 ♠ 31 years , 176 days ( as Prime Minister ) ( 7004189780000000000 ♠ 51 years , 350 days as a Member of the Cabinet ) 31 Mobutu Sese Seko Democratic Republic of the Congo Zaire President 000000001965 - 11 - 24 - 0000 24 November 1965 000000001997 - 05 - 16 - 0000 16 May 1997 7004114960000000000 ♠ 31 years , 173 days 32 Hastings Kamuzu Banda Malaŵi Prime Minister President 000000001963 - 02 - 01 - 0000 1 February 1963 000000001994 - 05 - 21 - 0000 21 May 1994 7004114320000000000 ♠ 31 years , 109 days 33 Rafael Trujillo Dominican Republic President Generalísimo 000000001930 - 03 - 03 - 0000 3 March 1930 000000001961 - 05 - 30 - 0000 30 May 1961 7004114110000000000 ♠ 31 years , 88 days 34 Suharto Indonesia President 000000001967 - 03 - 12 - 0000 12 March 1967 000000001998 - 05 - 21 - 0000 21 May 1998 7004113930000000000 ♠ 31 years , 70 days 35 Urho Kekkonen Finland Prime Minister President 000000001950 - 03 - 17 - 0000 17 March 1950 ( 1st time ) 000000001954 - 10 - 20 - 0000 20 October 1954 ( 2nd time ) 000000001953 - 11 - 17 - 0000 17 November 1953 ( 1st time ) 000000001982 - 01 - 27 - 0000 27 January 1982 ( 2nd time ) 30 years , 342 days 36 Joseph Stalin Soviet Union General Secretary Premier Marshal 000000001922 - 04 - 03 - 0000 3 April 1922 000000001953 - 03 - 05 - 0000 5 March 1953 7004112940000000000 ♠ 30 years , 336 days 37 Porfirio Díaz Mexico President 000000001876 - 11 - 28 - 0000 28 November 1876 ( 1st time ) 000000001877 - 02 - 17 - 0000 17 February 1877 ( 2nd time ) 000000001884 - 12 - 01 - 0000 1 December 1884 ( 3rd time ) 000000001876 - 12 - 06 - 0000 6 December 1876 ( 1st time ) 000000001880 - 12 - 01 - 0000 1 December 1880 ( 2nd time ) 000000001911 - 05 - 25 - 0000 25 May 1911 ( 3rd time ) 30 years , 106 days 38 Abdou Diouf Senegal Prime Minister President 000000001970 - 02 - 26 - 0000 26 February 1970 000000002000 - 04 - 01 - 0000 1 April 2000 7004109920000000000 ♠ 30 years , 35 days 39 Maumoon Abdul Gayoom Maldives President 000000001978 - 11 - 11 - 0000 11 November 1978 000000002008 - 11 - 11 - 0000 11 November 2008 7004109580000000000 ♠ 30 years , 0 days See also ( edit ) List of longest reigning monarchs Current reigning monarchs by length of reign List of current longest ruling non-royal national leaders List of current state leaders by date of assumption of office List of the oldest living state leaders President for Life Strongman ( politics ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The late Kim Il - sung has been designated `` Eternal President of the Democratic People 's Republic of Korea '' and the post of President has formally not been filled since his death on 8 July 1994 . However , effectively his son Kim Jong - il and grandson Kim Jong - un have succeeded him as dictators . Jump up ^ After the first time Chiang Kai - shek stepped down in December 1931 , his power was shared by Hu Hanmin , Wang Jingwei , and Lin Sen among others . After the second time he left his state position in January 1949 , Chiang was succeed by then Vice President Li Zongren . However , Chiang was still the de facto leader of Mainland China until he and the Kuomintang moved to Taiwan in December 1949 . Jump up ^ For purposes of this article , 20 October 2011 is considered to be the date that Gaddafi left office . Other dates might have been chosen . On 15 July 2011 , at a meeting in Istanbul , more than 30 governments , including the United States , withdrew recognition from Gaddafi 's government and recognised the National Transitional Council ( NTC ) as the legitimate government of Libya . On 23 August 2011 , during the Battle of Tripoli , Gaddafi lost effective political and military control of Tripoli after his compound was captured by rebel forces . On 25 August 2011 , the Arab League proclaimed the anti-Gaddafi National Transitional Council to be `` the legitimate representative of the Libyan state '' . On 20 October 2011 , Gaddafi was captured and killed near his hometown of Sirte . In a ceremony on 23 October 2011 , officials of the interim National Transitional Council declared , `` We declare to the whole world that we have liberated our beloved country , with its cities , villages , hill - tops , mountains , deserts and skies . '' Jump up ^ Dos Santos has been President of the ruling MPLA ( Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola ) from 20 September 1979 -- present . Jump up ^ Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi served as Acting President from 4 June 2011 -- 23 September 2011 and again from 23 November 2011 -- 27 February 2012 . Jump up ^ After leaving office as Prime Minister , Lee was given the emeritus positions of Senior Minister ( 1990 -- 2004 ) and Minister Mentor ( 2004 -- 2011 ) . Lee still had effective influence in the Cabinet until 2011 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Depalma , Anthony ( 2011 - 08 - 03 ) . `` Fidel Castro News '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 20 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 20 . External links ( edit ) Rulers.org List of rulers throughout time and places Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_longest-ruling_non-royal_national_leaders_since_1900&oldid=823789293 '' Categories : Lists of people by time in office Lists of rulers Longest serving Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2008 All articles needing additional references Accuracy disputes from November 2008 All accuracy disputes Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk About Wikipedia Español Bahasa Indonesia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 3 February 2018 , at 12 : 13 . About Wikipedia

who is the longest ruling non-royal head of state

Rank Image Name Country Title Term began Term ended Term length Fidel Castro Cuba First Secretary Prime Minister President 000000001959 - 02 - 16 - 0000 16 February 1959 000000002011 - 04 - 19 - 0000 19 April 2011 7004190550000000000 ♠ 52 years , 62 days Kim Il - sung North Korea Chairman of the North Korea Bureau of the Communist Party of Korea Chairman of the Provisional People 's Committee General Secretary Premier President Generalissimo 000000001945 - 12 - 17 - 0000 17 December 1945 000000001994 - 07 - 08 - 0000 8 July 1994 7004177350000000000 ♠ 48 years , 203 days Chiang Kai - shek Republic of China ( 1912 -- 1949 ) Republic of China on Taiwan ( 1949 -- present ) Chairman of the National Government Premier Director - General of the Kuomintang Generalissimo President 000000001926 - 07 - 09 - 0000 9 July 1926 ( 1st time ) 000000001932 - 03 - 06 - 0000 6 March 1932 ( 2nd time ) 000000001950 - 03 - 01 - 0000 1 March 1950 ( 3rd time ) 000000001931 - 12 - 15 - 0000 15 December 1931 ( 1st time ) 000000001949 - 01 - 21 - 0000 21 January 1949 ( 2nd time ) 000000001975 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 April 1975 ( 3rd time ) 47 years , 149 days ( 22 years , 114 days in Mainland China ) ( 7003916600000000000 ♠ 25 years , 35 days on Taiwan ) Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal Mongolian People 's Republic General Secretary Prime Minister President 000000001940 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 April 1940 000000001984 - 08 - 23 - 0000 23 August 1984 7004162080000000000 ♠ 44 years , 137 days Paul Biya Cameroon Prime Minister President 000000001975 - 06 - 30 - 0000 30 June 1975 present 7004155700000000000 ♠ 42 years , 229 days 6 Omar Bongo Gabon President Vice-President 000000001966 - 11 - 12 - 0000 12 November 1966 000000002009 - 05 - 06 - 0000 6 May 2009 7004155160000000000 ♠ 42 years , 175 days 7 Muammar Gaddafi Libyan Arab Republic Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Brotherly Leader and Guide of the Revolution Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council Secretary General of the General People 's Congress Prime Minister 000000001969 - 09 - 01 - 0000 1 September 1969 000000002011 - 10 - 20 - 0000 20 October 2011 7004153890000000000 ♠ 42 years , 49 days 8 Enver Hoxha Democratic Government of Albania People 's Republic of Albania People 's Socialist Republic of Albania Prime Minister First Secretary 000000001944 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1944 000000001985 - 04 - 11 - 0000 11 April 1985 7004147790000000000 ♠ 40 years , 169 days 9 Mohamed Abdelaziz Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic General Secretary President 000000001976 - 08 - 30 - 0000 30 August 1976 000000002016 - 05 - 31 - 0000 31 May 2016 7004145190000000000 ♠ 39 years , 275 days 10 Francisco Franco Spanish State Generalísimo Head of State Caudillo Prime Minister 000000001936 - 10 - 01 - 0000 1 October 1936 000000001975 - 11 - 20 - 0000 20 November 1975 7004142940000000000 ♠ 39 years , 50 days 11 Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo Equatorial Guinea Chairman of the Supreme Military Council President 000000001979 - 08 - 03 - 0000 3 August 1979 present 7004140750000000000 ♠ 38 years , 195 days 12 José Eduardo dos Santos People 's Republic of Angola Angola President and Chairman of the MPLA State President 000000001979 - 09 - 10 - 0000 10 September 1979 000000002017 - 09 - 26 - 0000 26 September 2017 7004138960000000000 ♠ 38 years , 16 days 13 Éamon de Valera Irish Republic Irish Free State Ireland President of Dáil Éireann President of the Republic President of the Executive Council Taoiseach President 000000001919 - 04 - 01 - 0000 1 April 1919 ( 1st time ) 000000001932 - 03 - 09 - 0000 9 March 1932 ( 2nd time ) 000000001951 - 06 - 13 - 0000 13 June 1951 ( 3rd time ) 000000001957 - 03 - 20 - 0000 20 March 1957 ( 4th time ) 000000001959 - 06 - 25 - 0000 25 June 1959 ( 5th time ) 000000001922 - 01 - 09 - 0000 9 January 1922 ( 1st time ) 000000001948 - 02 - 18 - 0000 18 February 1948 ( 2nd time ) 000000001954 - 06 - 02 - 0000 2 June 1954 ( 3rd time ) 000000001959 - 06 - 23 - 0000 23 June 1959 ( 4th time ) 000000001973 - 06 - 24 - 0000 24 June 1973 ( 5th time ) 37 years , 347 days 14 Gnassingbé Eyadéma Togo President 000000001967 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 1967 000000002005 - 02 - 05 - 0000 5 February 2005 7004138120000000000 ♠ 37 years , 297 days 15 Robert Mugabe Zimbabwe Prime Minister Party President and First Secretary State President 000000001980 - 04 - 18 - 0000 18 April 1980 000000002017 - 11 - 21 - 0000 21 November 2017 7004137310000000000 ♠ 37 years , 217 days 16 Josip Broz Tito Democratic Federal Yugoslavia Federal People 's Republic of Yugoslavia Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia General Secretary / President of the Presidency of the Central Committee Prime Minister President Marshal 000000001943 - 11 - 29 - 0000 29 November 1943 000000001980 - 05 - 04 - 0000 4 May 1980 7004133060000000000 ♠ 36 years , 157 days 17 Ali Khamenei Iran President Supreme Leader 000000001981 - 10 - 13 - 0000 13 October 1981 present 7004132730000000000 ♠ 36 years , 124 days 18 António de Oliveira Salazar Second Portuguese Republic President of the Council of Ministers 000000001932 - 07 - 05 - 0000 5 July 1932 000000001968 - 09 - 25 - 0000 25 September 1968 7004132310000000000 ♠ 36 years , 82 days 19 Todor Zhivkov People 's Republic of Bulgaria General Secretary Prime Minister Chairman of the State Council 000000001954 - 03 - 04 - 0000 4 March 1954 000000001989 - 11 - 17 - 0000 17 November 1989 7004130420000000000 ♠ 35 years , 258 days 20 Alfredo Stroessner Paraguay President 000000001954 - 05 - 04 - 0000 4 May 1954 000000001989 - 02 - 03 - 0000 3 February 1989 7004126940000000000 ♠ 34 years , 275 days 21 Denis Sassou Nguesso People 's Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo President of the Central Committee State President 000000001979 - 02 - 08 - 0000 8 February 1979 ( 1st time ) 000000001997 - 10 - 25 - 0000 25 October 1997 ( 2nd time ) 000000001992 - 08 - 31 - 0000 31 August 1992 ( 1st time ) present ( 2nd time ) 7004123700000000000 ♠ 33 years , 317 days 22 Ali Abdullah Saleh North Yemen Yemen President of North Yemen President 000000001978 - 06 - 24 - 0000 24 June 1978 000000002012 - 02 - 25 - 0000 25 February 2012 7004122750000000000 ♠ 33 years , 222 days ( 7003794900000000000 ♠ 21 years , 279 days after unification ) 23 Félix Houphouët - Boigny Côte d'Ivoire Prime Minister President 000000001960 - 08 - 07 - 0000 7 August 1960 000000001993 - 12 - 07 - 0000 7 December 1993 7004121750000000000 ♠ 33 years , 122 days 24 Hun Sen People 's Republic of Kampuchea State of Cambodia Cambodia Prime Minister 000000001984 - 12 - 31 - 0000 31 December 1984 present 7004120980000000000 ♠ 33 years , 45 days 25 Dawda Jawara The Gambia Prime Minister President 000000001962 - 06 - 12 - 0000 12 June 1962 000000001994 - 07 - 22 - 0000 22 July 1994 7004117280000000000 ♠ 32 years , 40 days 26 Yoweri Museveni Uganda President 000000001986 - 01 - 26 - 0000 26 January 1986 present 7004117070000000000 ♠ 32 years , 19 days 27 Phạm Văn Đồng North Vietnam Vietnam Prime Minister 000000001955 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1955 000000001987 - 06 - 18 - 0000 18 June 1987 7004115940000000000 ♠ 31 years , 271 days 28 János Kádár Hungarian People 's Republic General Secretary Prime Minister 000000001956 - 10 - 25 - 0000 25 October 1956 000000001988 - 05 - 27 - 0000 27 May 1988 7004115370000000000 ♠ 31 years , 215 days 29 Habib Bourguiba Tunisia Prime Minister President 000000001956 - 04 - 11 - 0000 11 April 1956 000000001987 - 11 - 07 - 0000 7 November 1987 7004115320000000000 ♠ 31 years , 210 days 30 Lee Kuan Yew Singapore Prime Minister 000000001959 - 06 - 05 - 0000 5 June 1959 000000001990 - 11 - 28 - 0000 28 November 1990 7004114990000000000 ♠ 31 years , 176 days ( as Prime Minister ) ( 7004189780000000000 ♠ 51 years , 350 days as a Member of the Cabinet ) 31 Mobutu Sese Seko Democratic Republic of the Congo Zaire President 000000001965 - 11 - 24 - 0000 24 November 1965 000000001997 - 05 - 16 - 0000 16 May 1997 7004114960000000000 ♠ 31 years , 173 days 32 Hastings Kamuzu Banda Malaŵi Prime Minister President 000000001963 - 02 - 01 - 0000 1 February 1963 000000001994 - 05 - 21 - 0000 21 May 1994 7004114320000000000 ♠ 31 years , 109 days 33 Rafael Trujillo Dominican Republic President Generalísimo 000000001930 - 03 - 03 - 0000 3 March 1930 000000001961 - 05 - 30 - 0000 30 May 1961 7004114110000000000 ♠ 31 years , 88 days 34 Suharto Indonesia President 000000001967 - 03 - 12 - 0000 12 March 1967 000000001998 - 05 - 21 - 0000 21 May 1998 7004113930000000000 ♠ 31 years , 70 days 35 Urho Kekkonen Finland Prime Minister President 000000001950 - 03 - 17 - 0000 17 March 1950 ( 1st time ) 000000001954 - 10 - 20 - 0000 20 October 1954 ( 2nd time ) 000000001953 - 11 - 17 - 0000 17 November 1953 ( 1st time ) 000000001982 - 01 - 27 - 0000 27 January 1982 ( 2nd time ) 30 years , 342 days 36 Joseph Stalin Soviet Union General Secretary Premier Marshal 000000001922 - 04 - 03 - 0000 3 April 1922 000000001953 - 03 - 05 - 0000 5 March 1953 7004112940000000000 ♠ 30 years , 336 days 37 Porfirio Díaz Mexico President 000000001876 - 11 - 28 - 0000 28 November 1876 ( 1st time ) 000000001877 - 02 - 17 - 0000 17 February 1877 ( 2nd time ) 000000001884 - 12 - 01 - 0000 1 December 1884 ( 3rd time ) 000000001876 - 12 - 06 - 0000 6 December 1876 ( 1st time ) 000000001880 - 12 - 01 - 0000 1 December 1880 ( 2nd time ) 000000001911 - 05 - 25 - 0000 25 May 1911 ( 3rd time ) 30 years , 106 days 38 Abdou Diouf Senegal Prime Minister President 000000001970 - 02 - 26 - 0000 26 February 1970 000000002000 - 04 - 01 - 0000 1 April 2000 7004109920000000000 ♠ 30 years , 35 days 39 Maumoon Abdul Gayoom Maldives President 000000001978 - 11 - 11 - 0000 11 November 1978 000000002008 - 11 - 11 - 0000 11 November 2008 7004109580000000000 ♠ 30 years , 0 days

Xbox One - Wikipedia Xbox One Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the eighth - generation console . For the first Xbox console , see Xbox ( console ) . `` Xone '' and `` XBO '' redirect here . For the fantasy novel , see Xone of Contention . For the airport , see Boulsa Airport . For other uses , see XB1 . Xbox One Top : The original Xbox One console , controller , and Kinect sensor , in black Bottom : The Xbox One S model , in white Developer Microsoft Manufacturer Flextronics , Foxconn Product family Xbox Type Home video game console Generation Eighth generation Release date NA : November 22 , 2013 EU : November 22 , 2013 ( some countries , September 2 , 2014 , for others ) AU : November 22 , 2013 BR : November 22 , 2013 JP : September 4 , 2014 CN : September 29 , 2014 Introductory price US $499 / € 499 / £ 429 / JP ¥ 49,980 / CN ¥ 3,699 Units sold See Sales section . Units shipped See Sales section . Media S and X model : UHD Blu - ray All models : Blu - ray , DVD , CD Operating system Xbox One system software CPU Original and S model : Custom 1.75 GHz AMD 8 - core APU ( 2 quad - core Jaguar modules ) X model : Custom 2.3 GHz AMD 8 - core APU ( 2 quad - core Evolved Jaguar modules ) Memory Original and S model : 8 GB DDR3 ( 5 GB available to games ) X model : 12 GB GDDR5 ( 9 GB available to games ) Storage Storage media ( show ) Internal hard drive 500 GB , 1 TB or 2 TB USB 3.0 storage device 256 GB or greater Display S and X model : 4K All models : 1080p and 720p Graphics Xbox One : 853 MHz Xbox One S : 914 MHz Xbox One X : 1.172 GHz AMD Radeon GCN architecture ( built into APU ) Sound 7.1 surround sound Input HDMI Controller input Xbox One controller , Kinect for Xbox One , Xbox app , Xbox One Media Remote Camera 1080p camera ( Kinect ) Connectivity Wi - Fi IEEE 802.11 n , Ethernet , 3 × USB 3.0 , HDMI 1.4 ( Xbox One ) HDMI 2.0 ( Xbox One S ) in / out , HDMI 2.1 ( Xbox One X ) in / out , S / PDIF out , IR - out , Kinect port ( Xbox One ) Online services Xbox Live Backward compatibility Selected Xbox 360 games , selected Xbox games Predecessor Xbox 360 Website www.xbox.com Xbox One is a line of eighth generation home video game consoles developed by Microsoft . Announced in May 2013 , it is the successor to Xbox 360 and the third console in the Xbox family . It was first released in North America , parts of Europe , Australia , and Brazil in November 2013 , and in Japan , China , and other European countries in September 2014 . It is the first Xbox game console to be released in China , specifically in the Shanghai Free - Trade Zone . Microsoft marketed the device as an `` all - in - one entertainment system '' . The Xbox One line mainly competes against consoles such as Sony 's PlayStation 4 and Nintendo 's Wii U and Switch . Moving away from its predecessor 's PowerPC - based architecture , Xbox One marks a shift back to the x86 architecture used in the original Xbox ; it features an AMD Accelerated Processing Unit ( APU ) built around the x86 - 64 instruction set . Xbox One 's controller was redesigned over the Xbox 360 's , with a redesigned body , D - pad and triggers capable of delivering directional haptic feedback . The console places an increased emphasis on cloud computing , as well as social networking features , and the ability to record and share video clips or screenshots from gameplay , or live - stream directly to streaming services such as Mixer and Twitch . Games can also be played off - console via a local area network on supported Windows 10 devices . The console can play Blu - ray Disc , and overlay live television programming from an existing set - top box or a digital tuner for digital terrestrial television with an enhanced program guide . The console optionally included a redesigned Kinect sensor , marketed as the `` Kinect 2.0 '' , providing improved motion tracking and voice recognition for use in its graphical user interface ( GUI ) and games . Xbox One received mostly positive reviews for its refined controller design , multimedia features , and voice navigation . Its quieter and cooler design was praised for making the console more reliable than its predecessor on - launch , but the console was generally criticized for running games at a technically lower graphical level than the PlayStation 4 . Its original user interface was panned for being nonintuitive , although changes made to it and other aspects of the console 's software post-launch received positive reception . Its Kinect received praise for its improved motion - tracking accuracy , its face recognition logins , and its voice commands . In August 2016 , Microsoft released a refreshed Xbox One model , Xbox One S , which has a streamlined design , support for 4K video playback ( including Ultra HD Blu - ray ) , upscaling of games from 1080p to 4K resolution , as well as HDR10 high - dynamic - range color . It was praised for its smaller size , its on - screen visual improvements , and its lack of an external power supply , but its regressions such as the lack of a native Kinect port were noted . A high - end model , Xbox One X , was unveiled in June 2017 and released in November ; it features upgraded hardware specifications , and support for rendering games at 4K resolution . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Initial unveiling and subsequent changes 2 Hardware 2.1 Design 2.2 Internals 2.3 Controller 2.4 Kinect 2.0 sensor 3 Software and services 3.1 Multimedia features 3.2 Xbox Live 3.3 Second screen and streaming 4 Games 4.1 Backward compatibility 4.1. 1 Xbox 360 compatibility 4.1. 2 Original Xbox compatibility 5 Reception 5.1 Pre-release 5.2 Critical reception 5.3 Sales 6 Retail configurations 6.1 Special editions 7 Hardware revisions 7.1 Xbox One S 7.1. 1 Reception 7.2 Xbox One X 7.3 Hardware comparison 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links History Xbox One at E3 2013 alongside the Xbox 360 E model Xbox One is the successor to Xbox 360 , Microsoft 's previous video game console , which was introduced in 2005 as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . Over the years , the 360 had received a number of small hardware revisions to reduce the unit 's size and improve its reliability . In 2010 , Microsoft 's Chris Lewis stated that the 360 was about `` halfway '' through its lifecycle ; this was aided by the introduction of the Kinect motion sensor that year , which Lewis stated would extend the lifecycle by five years . Initial hardware for the 360 's successor , commonly referred to by the industry as the `` Xbox 720 '' , was reportedly under development as early as May 2011 . The official developer kit was codenamed Durango , and appeared to be available to developers by mid-2012 . Leaked documents suggested that the new console would include an improved Kinect sensor , cloud access to games and media , integration with phone and tablet devices , and technology to provide players heads - up displays on glasses worn by the player , codenamed `` Fortaleza '' ; Microsoft did not comment on these reported features . Leaked design documents also suggested that Microsoft was seeking to eliminate the ability to play used games , though Microsoft later clarified it was still reviewing the design and were `` thinking about what is next and how we can push the boundaries of technology like we did with Kinect '' , but did not comment on the validity of the information . Initial unveiling and subsequent changes The console was publicly unveiled under the name Xbox One on May 21 , 2013 in a press conference designed to cover the unit 's broad multimedia and social capabilities . A second press event for the console was held during E3 2013 , focusing on its video game - oriented functionality . At that time , Microsoft announced that the console would be released in 21 different markets on November 22 , 2013 , but this was later amended down to 13 . The change , which pushed the release date for the other eight markets to 2014 , was attributed to unforeseen complexity in localizing the device 's voice recognition capabilities . Later , in September 2014 , the Xbox One was released in 26 markets , including remaining markets in Europe , the Japanese market , and Middle Eastern markets . Microsoft initially announced a different game licensing scheme for Xbox One than what was used upon its release : all games , including those purchased at retail , would be bound to the user 's Xbox Live account . Users could access their purchased games from any other Xbox One console , play games without their disc once installed , and allow users to `` share '' their games with up to ten designated `` family '' members . Users would trade games at `` participating retailers '' , and could also transfer a game directly to any Xbox Live friend on their list for at least 30 days , but only once . To synchronize licenses , the console would be required to connect to the internet once every 24 hours ; if the console could not connect , all games would be disabled until the console was connected again . Reaction to this digital rights management scheme was extremely negative . Critics felt that the changes would infringe on consumers ' first - sale rights for games purchased on physical media , as games would only be licensed to users rather than sold , and the disc itself would only be used to install the game and not confer ownership of its license or permission to resell . Microsoft also stated that publishers could impose restrictions or activation fees on second - hand copies of games . GameSpot editor Tom Mcshea went on to say that Microsoft had become anti-consumerist , trying to `` punish their loyal customers '' with strict restrictions , and that `` by saying no to the used game restrictions and always - online that Microsoft is so happily implementing on the Xbox One , Sony has elevated the PlayStation 4 as the console to grab this holiday season . '' Xbox Chief Marketing and Strategy Officer Yusuf Mehdi explained that the system was built with digital distribution in mind , but that Microsoft wanted to maintain the availability of games on physical media . He also noted that Microsoft was not `` giving in '' to publishers ' objections to used games , but rather trying to balance the needs of consumers and the industry , and that the trading and sharing abilities of the platform added a level of flexibility not seen on other online distribution platforms at the time . On June 19 , 2013 , shortly after E3 2013 , Microsoft announced ( in response to the negative reaction ) that it would reverse its changes to Xbox One 's DRM and game licensing model . As with Xbox 360 , users would be able to share and resell physical games without restrictions , and beyond a mandatory software update upon the console 's initial setup process to enable playback of Blu - ray and DVD video , the console would not require a permanent internet connection to operate . These changes required the family sharing features , along with the ability to play games without their disc after installation , to be dropped . Xbox One chief product officer Marc Whitten stated that the family sharing feature may return in the future , but could not be implemented on launch due to time restraints . Don Mattrick , the then president of Microsoft 's Interactive Entertainment Business , stated that the licensing changes were in response to the negative public reaction . Other analysts believed that the change was in direct response of Sony 's aggressive position during its E3 press conference . Mattrick , who had been a leader in Xbox One development , announced his departure from Microsoft on July 1 , 2013 , to become CEO of Zynga . Analysts speculated that his departure was predicated on the poor response and subsequent reversal of the plans for Xbox One . Microsoft also backtracked on a similarly controversial requirement for the Kinect sensor to be plugged into Xbox One at all times for it to function . Privacy advocates argued that Kinect sensor data could be used for targeted advertising , and to perform unauthorized surveillance on users . In response to these claims , Microsoft reiterated that Kinect voice recognition and motion tracking can be disabled by users , that Kinect data can not be used for advertising per its privacy policy , and that the console would not redistribute user - generated content without permission . In response to these pre-launch changes and a belief that Microsoft 's decisions for the systems were in poor judgement , journalists and consumers jokingly gave Xbox One nicknames such as `` Xbox 180 '' , in reference to the Xbox 360 and Microsoft 's decision to reverse its controversial decisions , and `` Xbone '' , suggesting that the company was `` throwing a bone '' to consumers by making these changes . In 2015 , four members of an international hacking group pleaded guilty to gaining unauthorized access to Microsoft 's computer network and obtaining sensitive information relating to Xbox One and Xbox Live . At the time of the security breach , Microsoft was in the development stage for its next - generation gaming system . Between 2011 and 2013 , the hackers spent hundreds of hours searching through Microsoft 's network copying log - in credentials , source code , technical specifications and other data . Group members say they were driven by an immense curiosity about Microsoft 's then - unreleased Xbox One console and associated software . `` Using stolen access credentials '' , two of the hackers also committed a physical theft by entering `` a secure building on Microsoft 's Redmond Washington campus '' and carrying away three `` Durango '' development kits . Hardware Design The original Xbox One 's exterior casing consists of a two - tone `` liquid black '' finish ; with half finished in a matte grey , and the other in a glossier black . The matte side of the top of the console consists of a large air vent . The design was intended to evoke a more entertainment - oriented and simplified look than previous iterations of the console ; among other changes , the LED rings used by Xbox 360 are replaced by a glowing white Xbox logo used to communicate the system 's status to the user . Due to the overall ventilation design of the console , the original Xbox One is designed to only sit horizontally . Internals Xbox One is powered by an AMD `` Jaguar '' Accelerated Processing Unit ( APU ) with two quad - core modules totaling eight x86 - 64 cores clocked at 1.75 GHz , and 8 GB of DDR3 RAM with a memory bandwidth of 68.3 GB / s . The memory subsystem also features an additional 32 MB of `` embedded static '' RAM , or ESRAM , with a memory bandwidth of 109 GB / s . For simultaneous read and write operations , the ESRAM is capable of a theoretical memory bandwidth of 192 GB / s and that a memory bandwidth of 133 GB / s has been achieved with operations that involved alpha transparency blending . The system includes a non-replaceable hard drive and a Blu - ray Disc optical drive . 138 GB of hard drive space is used by the operating system , with the remainder available for the storage of games . Since the June 2014 software update , up to two USB drives can be connected to Xbox One to expand its capacity . External drives must support USB 3.0 and have a capacity of at least 256 GB . It was reported that 3 GB of RAM would be reserved for the operating system and utility software , leaving 5 GB for games . With DirectX 11.2 as the console 's API , the graphics processing unit ( GPU ) is based on an AMD GCN architecture with 12 compute units , which have a total of 768 cores , running at 853 MHz providing an estimated peak theoretical power of 1.31 T FLOPS . For networking , Xbox One supports Gigabit Ethernet , 802.11 n wireless , and Wi - Fi Direct . `` We purposefully did not target the highest - end graphics . We targeted more as a broad entertainment play and did it in an intelligent way . '' -- Greg Williams , GM of Xbox silicon development Xbox One supports 1080p and 720p video output ; unlike the Xbox 360 , the Xbox One does not support 1080i and other interlaced resolutions . Xbox One supports HDMI 1.4 for both input and output , and does not support composite or component video . Xbox One supports 7.1 surround sound , Dolby Atmos , and DTS X . The console can monitor its internal temperature and adjust accordingly to prevent overheating ; alongside increasing fan speed , additional measures can be taken , including forcing the hardware to run in a lower power state -- a feature that was not present on Xbox 360 . Restricting power consumption lowers maximum performance , but the setting would be intended as a last resort to prevent permanent hardware damage . Controller Xbox One Elite controller , featuring two unique pairs of analog sticks , a new D - pad and two differently sized pairs of paddles The Xbox One 's controller maintains the overall layout found in the Xbox 360 's controller , but with various refinements to its form . Among its changes include a smoother form , textured analog sticks , a four - way directional pad , and redesigned triggers and shoulder buttons with a curved shape for ergonomics . `` Menu '' and `` View '' buttons have replaced the Start and Back buttons . Each trigger features independent rumble motors called `` Impulse Triggers '' , which allows developers to program directional vibration . One trigger can be made to vibrate when firing a gun , or both can work together to create feedback that indicates the direction of an incoming hit . The controller also contains light emitters that allow it to be tracked and paired using the Kinect sensor , and to detect when it 's not being held to automatically enter a low - power state . An updated revision of the controller was released in June 2015 , which includes a 3.5 - millimeter headphone jack and other minor changes . The controller got updated again in August 2016 with the Xbox One S release . The controller now has a textured grip and an increased range . Also , the area around the power button now has a jet finish other than the matte finish of the original Xbox One controller . The jet finish there merges with the rest of the controller excluding the bumpers , the triggers , and the area around the sync button . The Xbox One controller includes a micro USB port ; when attached via a micro-USB cable , the controller can operate without battery power and can charge remotely , and is supported on computers running Windows 7 or later with drivers . The Xbox One Wireless Adapter accessory allows wireless use of Xbox One controllers on Windows computers also running Windows 7 or later . The Elite Wireless Controller , or just Elite Controller , was released in October 2015 . It was described and marketed as `` an elite controller for the elite gamer '' , containing interchangeable parts , `` hair trigger locks '' for the triggers that allow users to reduce the amount of distance they must be pressed to register a press , and software for remapping buttons . Kinect 20 sensor The Xbox One 's upgraded Kinect is more accurate than its predecessor . Main article : Kinect for Xbox One The Kinect 2.0 , an updated natural user interface sensor , was redesigned and recreated to provide motion - tracking and voice commands for the Xbox One . Kinect 2.0 features a wide - angle time - of - flight camera and a 1080p camera , in comparison to the VGA resolution of the Xbox 360 version , and processes 2GB of data per second to map its environment . Kinect 2.0 has an improved accuracy over its predecessor ; it can track up to 6 people simultaneously , referred to as `` skeletons '' , perform heart rate tracking , track controller gestures , and read QR codes to redeem Xbox Live gift cards . By default , voice recognition is active at all times , so the console can receive voice commands from the user , even when the console is in sleep mode . It is possible to wake the console with a command , although settings are available to change which individual Kinect functions are active . Prior to and after the mandate , all Xbox One consoles initially shipped with the Kinect sensor included . On June 9 , 2014 , cheaper Xbox One bundles were introduced , which did not include the Kinect sensor . Microsoft stated the decision to offer Xbox One bundles without Kinect was to `` ( offer ) a choice to people that would allow people to buy an Xbox One and then ramp up to Kinect when they can afford to '' , while also allowing games to use processing power that was previously reserved for Kinect . An updated Xbox Development Kit issued in June 2014 allows developers to explicitly disable motion tracking functionality in games , allowing access to additional system resources that represent about 10 % of the GPU processing power . These resources were previously reserved for Kinect skeletal tracking , regardless of whether the Kinect sensor was attached or in use . A Windows compatible Kinect 2.0 was released on July 15 , 2014 . Kinect 2.0 was released as a standalone and optional item in October 2014 ; it is bundled with a digital copy of Dance Central Spotlight . The Kinect was the source of controversy due to the huge price of the system as a result of being bundled with the system . It was removed from the Xbox One bundle in May 2014 and production stopped entirely on October 25 , 2017 . Software and services See also : Xbox One system software and List of Xbox One applications Xbox One runs two operating systems within a hypervisor ; games run within one separate operating system , while apps and the user interface run within a stripped - down version of Microsoft Windows ; the original system software was based on Windows 8 , but it has since been changed to Windows 10 . This architecture allows resources to be allocated specifically to different aspects of the console 's functions , including multitasking and Kinect processing , ensuring an `` absolute guarantee of performance '' for games . Xbox One supports Universal Windows Platform apps , which can be designed to run across Xbox One , Windows 10 , and Windows 10 Mobile in synchronization with the Windows platform . Xbox One 's user interface uses Microsoft 's Fluent Design System ; previous iterations of the console 's software used the Metro design language . The dashboard is divided into `` Home '' , `` Mixer '' , `` Community '' , `` Entertainment '' , and `` Store '' sections , with the `` Home '' page further divided into `` blocks '' that can display pinned games / apps , as well as other content . Pressing the Xbox Guide button opens a sidebar with access to common functions such as the friends list , apps , the user 's party , and settings . Users can go back to the dashboard while using games or apps using either the Xbox button on their controller or a voice command ; up to four apps can run ( either actively or in the background ) at once , but only one game can run at a time . Use of Kinect enables the ability to control the console via voice commands . Xbox One 's voice control capabilities are similar to , albeit richer than those of Xbox 360 . The voice assistant Cortana was added in 2016 to provide expanded voice command functionality with natural language recognition . Motion control support was also available on the dashboard with Kinect , as well as the ability to `` snap '' applications to the side of the screen for multitasking ; however , these features have since been removed . The dashboard originally used a layout similar to Windows 8 's `` Start screen '' , with a horizontal - scrolling , tile - based interface . This design was replaced for Xbox Preview Program members in September 2015 with the current interface , known as `` the New Xbox One Experience '' , which was publicly released as part of the November 12 , 2015 system update . The UI was further revamped in October 2017 to use elements of Windows 10 's forthcoming design language , and adds a new , lighter color scheme option for the console 's user interface . Multimedia features The Xbox One features an HDMI input that can be used as a pass - through for TV set - top boxes The Xbox One can view and play content from DLNA servers and USB storage devices using the `` Media Player '' app . An application allows playback of video from Blu - ray Disc , DVD and CD media . The console provides the ability to feed live television by serving as an HDMI pass - through for an existing television provider 's set - top box or an optional Digital TV Tuner accessory that allows use of digital terrestrial television . The console provides its own electronic program guide known as OneGuide , augmenting the existing streaming functionality to provide show recommendations based on viewing history , integrated access to `` App Channels '' corresponding to online video services , and voice control via Kinect . The set - top box and television are controlled by OneGuide using an IR blaster . The Xbox One does not provide full DVR functionality for recording television programs : executive Yusuf Mehdi indicated that the console would `` work in tandem '' with existing television services , but that Microsoft would need to work with them directly to provide extended functionality , such as DVR integration . The digital TV tuner accessory allows limited DVR functionality for pausing and rewinding live TV for up to 30 minutes . In June 2016 , Microsoft announced that their plans for full DVR functionality for the Xbox One were on hold . Xbox Live Main article : Xbox Live The Xbox Live service has been scaled up to use 300,000 servers for Xbox One users . Cloud storage is available to save music , films , games and saved content , and developers are able to use Live servers ( along with the Microsoft Azure cloud computing platform ) to offer dynamic in - game content and other functionality . Users can have up to 1,000 friends . The December 2016 software update added the new social networking feature Clubs , which allows users to join groups focused on specific interests or games , and Looking for group ( LFG ) , a system to help users locate players to join their party for multiplayer play . Players can use the Upload Studio app to edit and share clips from the last five minutes of gameplay footage that is automatically recorded by the console . Games can also be developed so that recording can automatically be triggered in response to notable events , such as achievements . Xbox One supports streaming directly to the services Mixer and Twitch . Users can use voice commands to immediately begin streaming footage of their current game directly to the service , and use Kinect 's camera and microphone to record video and audio narration . Users can feature recorded clips on their Xbox Live profile page in a `` Showcase '' section . As with Xbox 360 , premium online features such as multiplayer , voice communication , broadcasting and Upload Studio require an Xbox Live Gold subscription to use . Unlike Xbox 360 , a user 's Xbox Live Gold subscription benefits apply to all other users of their designated `` home '' console as well , rather than requiring a separate subscription for each user . Since June 2014 , applications no longer require an Xbox Live Gold membership to use . Additional subscriptions for outside services such as Netflix may still be required . Microsoft also extended its Games with Gold program to Xbox One , providing free Xbox 360 and Xbox One games to Xbox Live Gold subscribers on a monthly basis . Second screen and streaming The Xbox SmartGlass app provides extended functionality on Xbox One , allowing devices running Windows Phone , Windows 8 , iOS and Android to be used as a companion device for Xbox One features , such as powering on the console , a remote control , accessing messages and the Activity Feed , purchasing content , and providing integration with certain games and content . The SmartGlass app can also be used to stream live television to Android and Windows devices if the console is using a USB digital television tuner . On Windows 10 , SmartGlass is succeeded by the Xbox App , which supports the local streaming of games from Xbox One to personal computers and tablets running Windows 10 . An Xbox One controller must be used , but Windows - compatible headsets and microphones can be used for voice chat . Games requiring Kinect are not supported , while Game DVR and online streaming are not available while using this functionality . Per a partnership with Oculus VR , users will also be able to stream Xbox One games to the Oculus Rift virtual reality headset by means of Xbox app for Windows 10 ; as of 2015 there were no immediate plans for direct integration between Xbox One and Oculus Rift . Games See also : List of Xbox One games Xbox One games are distributed at retail on Blu - ray Disc , and digitally as downloads through Xbox Games Store . All Xbox One games must be installed to the console 's storage : users can begin to play portions of a game ( such as opening levels ) once the installation or download reaches a specific point , while the remainder of the game is downloaded or installed in the background . Updates to games and system software are also downloaded in the background and while in standby . If the game is installed from physical media , the disc is still required for validation purposes . If the game is installed on another console , and that console owner no longer has access to the disc , the owner has the option of unlocking the install on their hard drive by purchasing it through Xbox Live ; the installed game then acts as a game installed on the hard drive . An active internet connection may be required for some games , particularly those that rely on server - side processing . Microsoft released its Xbox Game Preview program in 2015 . Similar to Steam Early Access , it lets developers launch unfinished games for consumers to purchase and beta test before its official launch . Since June 2017 , games may be promoted with additional icons that denote compatibility with hardware enhancements found in newer Xbox One models , including support for high - dynamic - range ( HDR ) colors ( on Xbox One S and Xbox One X ) , native rendering at 4K resolution ( Xbox One X ) , and specific optimizations for Xbox One X . Backward compatibility See also : Xbox One system software § Backward compatibility , and List of backward compatible games for Xbox One The Xbox One achieves backward compatibility with select Xbox 360 games through software emulation Xbox 360 compatibility `` Absolutely ; you can certainly plug an Xbox 360 in the back -- that was one of my first questions when I heard about the ( HDMI - in ) feature , '' -- Larry Hryb , Xbox Live Director of programming At its launch , the Xbox One did not have native backward compatibility with original Xbox or Xbox 360 games . It had been a desired launch feature by Microsoft and had been actively under developed as early as 2007 under the `` Trioxide '' program as to get Xbox 360 code to run on 64 - bit hardware . Rather than going the route of the initial PlayStation 3 which included a core PlayStation 2 system - on - a-chip processor , the Xbox One hardware was designed to include support for Xbox 360 XMA and texture processing on hardware , knowing this would be difficult to replicate in software . Following criticism of its plan for an `` always on '' console from the May 2013 announcement , Microsoft had to put significant effort to prepare the Xbox One software for a revised approach , and the backwards compatibility development work were put on hold . Interim solutions were suggested : senior project management and planning director Albert Penello explained that Microsoft was initially considering a cloud gaming platform to enable backward compatibility , but he felt it would be `` problematic '' due to varying internet connection qualities . Xbox Live director of programming Larry `` Major Nelson '' Hryb did state that users could theoretically use the HDMI - in port on the console to pass an Xbox 360 ( or , alternatively , any other device that supports HDMI output , including competing consoles ) through Xbox One . This process does generate a small amount of unnoticeable display lag . Following the release of the Xbox One and transition of Phil Spencer to the head of the Xbox division in 2014 , he and software engineering vice president Kareem Choudhry restarted the backwards compatibility program in relative secret within the company . Choudhry brought on previous engineers that worked on Trioxide , including Kevin La Chapelle , Jonathan Morrison , and Barry Bond , to restart the program . The team chose to start with Castle Crashers , which included Xbox networking features , to test backwards compatibility . Castle Crashers frequently crashed to a screen with alphanumeric codes , which La Chapelle was able to obtain from the game 's developers , The Behemoth , which helped them to rapidly diagnose problems and fix the compatibility issues . Solving most of the major problems through Castle Crashers , the background compatibility team decided to let the program be announced at E3 2015 with plans to have one hundred titles available by the end of 2015 . However , by E3 , they still found problems with some games running at extremely low framerates . During the event , Morrison recognized that a fundamental difference between the Xbox 360 and Xbox One was its scheduling rate , and when they returned , Morrison 's idea helped them to rapidly complete work to meet its promised goal by the end of that year . Individual games still brought some difficulty , specifically Halo : Reach , but this prompted the team to develop automatic tools that could be used to identify where Xbox 360 titles would be difficult to run as - is on the Xbox One and how to work around those ; this further set up the potential to improve Xbox 360 games on the future iterations of the Xbox One , such as the Xbox One X to improve graphics support . Xbox 360 backward compatibility uses a `` Fission '' , a software emulator within the system software ; 104 Xbox 360 titles were supported at the feature 's public launch , with more added in the following months . Xbox 360 games contained within Rare Replay are packaged as standalone applications using the Xbox 360 emulation . Microsoft stated that publishers would only need to provide permission to the company to allow the repackaging , and it expected the number of supported games to increase significantly over time . Microsoft , along with fourteen other third - party publishers , will offer supported games , and all Games with Gold titles on Xbox 360 since November 2015 are made compatible . Original Xbox compatibility The first Xbox videogame revealed to be compatible with the Xbox One was Crimson Skies : High Road to Revenge . Xbox division head Phil Spencer had also hinted the possibility of adding support for games from the original Xbox . For the backwards compatibility team , after they completed the framework for Xbox 360 compatibility so that other engineering teams could take over , they turned to the question of compatibility with the original Xbox console . The program was started in November 2016 , under the code name `` Fusion '' , and was led by software engineer Spencer Perreault . Perreault initially tried the same approaches as the team had done with `` Fission '' , but due to the differences in memory management sizes and chipset bit - rates , these initial tests failed . Instead , Perreault worked to bring `` Dolphin '' , a developer tool for the original Xbox , working to get its emulation correct . La Chapelle brought in a number of personal Xbox titles to test in Perreault 's emulation , getting about a 10 % `` hit rate '' on successes , though the variety of failures helped Perreault to identify common problems , and within a month , had improved the successful hit rate to about 90 % . As with Xbox 360 backwards compatibility , the Fusion emulation enables Xbox games to be scaled to 1080p resolutions , work with Xbox One networking features , and can allow mixed - console System Link connection between all three generations of Xbox . With Perreault 's success , Microsoft announced the Xbox backwards compatibility on the Xbox One in June 2017 . Thirteen titles were initially released on October 24 , 2017 , with more to come . However , Microsoft does not anticipate that there will be as many Xbox titles brought to the program as with the Xbox 360 , primarily due to legal issues related to intellectual property , contracts , and companies that have since gone defunct . Reception Pre-release While the initial unveiling of the Xbox One in May 2013 created criticism that led to significant changes in the digital rights management scheme it would use , other features of the console were highlighted by journalistsm . The editorial staff of Game Informer offered both praise and criticism for the console . Matt Helgeson described the console as Microsoft 's intent to `` control the living room '' . He called Xbox One 's instant switching features `` impressive '' , and that the console was `` a step in the right direction '' with regards to TV entertainment , especially the prospect of avoiding the usage of non-intuitive user interfaces often found on cable set - top boxes . Jeff Cork said that Microsoft had `` some great ideas '' for the console , but that it failed to properly communicate them . Microsoft 's E3 2013 press conference was criticized for focusing too much on games that , beyond increased graphical capabilities , provided experiences that were otherwise similar to previous - generation games -- giving little incentive for buying the new console . Rafi Mohammed , author of `` The Art of Pricing '' , felt that Microsoft priced Xbox One `` too high '' and that the $100 premium over its competitor could `` derail '' the system during the 2013 holiday season . Critical reception Upon its release , the Xbox One received favorable reviews from critics and reviewers . In its launch review , Polygon gave the Xbox One an 8 / 10 . Its design was described as `` inoffensive '' but its larger size noted , while the console 's quieter and cooler operation was praised for indicating a potentially higher reliability than Xbox 360 was on - launch . The controller was praised for its battery life and `` premium '' design , but some members of the site 's staff felt that its shoulder buttons were stiffer than that of previous designs . The design of Xbox One 's interface received mixed reviews : noting that it carried over Windows 8 's design language , the interface was disfavored for hiding functions under the controller 's menu button and for being awkward to use with a controller or motion gestures , seemingly encouraging users to use voice navigation instead . While praised for having more `` robust '' voice navigation than Xbox 360 , they felt that voice navigation still had a `` learning curve in understanding what works and what does n't . '' Although its user following , Smart Match , and improved voice chat features were noted , Xbox Live was panned for not offering the option on - launch to add a real name to user profiles . Despite a regression in local and network multimedia functionality in comparison to Xbox 360 and how OneGuide interacted with outside set - top boxes ( drawing comparisons to the operations of TiVo DVRs ) , Polygon felt the Xbox One 's overall multimedia experience `` feels like a major step forward in set - top boxes and makes the Xbox One the obvious center of any living room that has one . '' Ben Gilbert of Engadget was similarly modest upon its launch , assigning the console a score of 81 / 100 and describing the Xbox One 's design as a `` 1993 artist 's rendering of 2013 's technology '' . Acknowledging that its controller was a mere refinement of the `` ubiquit ( ous ) '' Xbox 360 design , he praised the controller for its improved D - pad and quieter triggers but criticized its stiff shoulder buttons . Kinect received positive reviews for its face recognition login and improved motion tracking , but that whilst `` magical '' , `` every false positive or unrecognized ( voice ) command had us reaching for the controller . '' The overall interface was also considered more intuitive and flexible than that of PlayStation 4 , but its game library view was described as being a `` jumbled , sadly unfilterable rows of every owned piece of software '' , that also knowingly listed games that require their disc to run alongside those which did not . The console was also panned for missing certain promised features on - launch , such as Upload Studio , game streaming , and certain apps / services . Later on , critics felt that the Xbox One 's functionality had matured over the year following its launch ; Jeff Bakalar of CNET , assigning it a score of 8 / 10 , acknowledged improvements to Xbox One 's software since its original release , but that its user interface was still unintuitive in comparison to Xbox 360 and PlayStation 4 , explaining that `` navigating the interface seems to be much more problematic than it rightfully should be , and there 's simply not enough transparency in the logic within it . There are oddities peppered throughout , which is the root for countless headaches and frustrations . '' Xbox One 's in - game performance was mixed , with some titles showing slower performance over PS4 , but some multi-platform games performing better on Xbox One than PS4 . CNET praised the wider lineup of multimedia services and apps on Xbox One over PS4 , not requiring Xbox Live Gold for online save data storage , support for high - speed USB 3.0 as secondary storage , and having a `` slightly better '' lineup of upcoming exclusives , concluding that `` While the PS4 had a clear advantage at launch , that edge is slowly evaporating as Microsoft has worked feverishly to undo most of the Xbox One 's original missteps . '' Nick Pino of TechRadar , giving it four stars out of five , similarly felt that the Xbox One `` ( felt ) more like a media titan today than it did 12 months ago , '' citing OneGuide , Upload Studio , and Microsoft 's decision to drop the Xbox Live Gold requirement for multimedia streaming apps , and that `` there 's still a lot of potential locked away inside the hardware of the system that developers are just beginning to figure out . So while PlayStation might have the upper hand for now when it comes to certain third - party titles , it may not always remain that way . Just how Microsoft will get it to that point , though , is still a mystery . '' However , he disfavored the console 's dependence upon a subscription for most of its functionality , Kinect 's voice recognition , and that some games do not natively run at 1080p resolution , but are upscaled . In an August 2016 review of the Xbox One S model , TechRadar further commended Microsoft 's recent improvements to Xbox One , citing a strong lineup of first - party titles in 2015 and further improvements to the console 's interface . Alaina Yee of IGN also praised how Xbox One had evolved since its launch , assigning it with Kinect a score of 8.1 / 10 and acknowledging that Microsoft had `` made good on its promise of listening to consumers , rolling out a steady stream of updates that have both broadened and deepened what this third Xbox console offers . '' Regarding the console 's slightly lower level of graphics capabilities in comparison to PlayStation 4 , it was noted that `` while videophiles might spot instances of upscaled graphics and less detailed environments immediately , most people generally wo n't notice a difference between Xbox One and PlayStation 4 versions of a game ( when there is one ) unless they see both running side by side '' , and examples of `` gorgeous '' Xbox One games were noted , such as Sunset Overdrive and Forza Motorsport 5 . The number of `` hidden '' options in Xbox One 's user interface was equated to `` hunting for treasure in a messy room '' ; as such , Kinect voice commands , in combination with access to common functions within the Xbox SmartGlass app , were praised for helping to provide a more streamlined user experience . Sales Microsoft only publicized its sales figures during the first year after release . The last official figure was released in November 2014 , with the company announcing , in October 2015 , that it would no longer publish sales figures for the system . On November 22 , 2013 , Microsoft confirmed that it had sold one million Xbox One consoles within its first 24 hours of being available . Based on approximately 102,000 shopping receipts tracked by InfoScout , 1,500 of which included a purchase of either a video game or a video game console , the Xbox One was the highest - selling console during the Black Friday sales period in the United States . On December 11 , 2013 , Microsoft announced that it had sold approximately 2 million units in its first 18 days on sale . On December 12 , 2013 , Microsoft announced it was the fastest selling console in the United States based on NPD Group figures , however the NPD report clarified , `` PlayStation 4 sales included an additional week within the November data month compared to Xbox One . When looking at sales on an average per - week basis , Xbox One led PS4 . Keep in mind , however , that supply typically becomes constrained in the second week after launch . '' On January 6 , 2014 , Microsoft announced that approximately 3 million consoles had been sold worldwide in 2013 . In their Q2 2014 earnings report on January 23 , 2014 , Microsoft announced that 3.9 million Xbox One units had been shipped worldwide . On November 12 , 2014 , Microsoft announced it had shipped almost 10 million units to retailers worldwide . The company also revealed that a price cut had tripled U.S. sales of the console over the previous week . On December 11 , 2014 , Microsoft announced , based on NPD Group figures , that Xbox One was the best - selling console in November 2014 . With Microsoft 's October 2015 announcement that it would no longer publish sales figures for the system , the 10 million figure from November 2014 is still the latest official cumulative sales number . Some journalists think that its lower sales figures than rival PlayStation 4 is the reason behind the decision , to make their system not look `` bad '' compared to Sony 's . The Xbox One has sold poorly in Japan , continuing the trend of Microsoft 's previous consoles which have struggled against the local Sony and Nintendo . The Xbox One sold a total figure of 23,562 consoles within its launch week . By comparison , the Xbox 360 sold 62,000 consoles in Japan during its opening week in 2005 . In the week ending June 14 , 2015 the Xbox One sold just 100 consoles in Japan , by way of comparison , in the same week the Wii U sold 16,413 consoles . In January 2016 the CFO of Electronic Arts reported during a financial call that the Xbox One has sold `` around 18 to 19 million '' units . That is half the 36 million units of the PlayStation 4 that Sony claimed at the time . However it is higher than Nintendo 's Wii U which managed 12.5 million . Retail configurations On launch , Xbox One was available in a single retail configuration , which included the console with 500 GB hard drive , one controller , and Kinect sensor . In the United States , it retailed for US $ 499 . On June 9 , 2014 , Microsoft released a new Xbox One retail configuration that excludes the Kinect sensor , costing US $399 . A standalone Kinect sensor for Xbox One for use with these models was released in October 2014 , retailing at US $150 . On June 16 , 2015 , Microsoft lowered the price of the stock model to US $349 , and released a new US $399 model containing a 1 terabyte hard drive and in some markets , Halo : The Master Chief Collection . In May 2016 , Microsoft lowered the price of selected 500 GB bundles to US $299 , and 1 TB bundles to US $319 as a limited time offer of unspecified length . On June 14 , 2016 , the price of 500 GB models was lowered once more to US $279 through October 2016 , in anticipation of the launch of Xbox One S . On August 31 , 2015 , Microsoft announced Xbox One Elite -- a new SKU with a 1 TB solid - state hybrid drive and an Elite controller . It was released in November 2015 and retails for US $499.99 . In the US , the Elite bundle was a timed exclusive to GameStop and Microsoft Store . Special editions Those who pre-ordered Xbox One for its release received a special `` Day One Edition '' , which featured a `` DAY ONE 2013 '' inscriptions on the controller , and a unique achievement . A white `` Launch Team '' edition was given exclusively to Microsoft staff members , featuring the inscription `` I made this , LAUNCH TEAM 2013 '' on the console and controller , and was bundled with Dead Rising 3 , Forza Motorsport 5 , Ryse : Son of Rome , and Zoo Tycoon . A similar limited edition was gifted to Respawn Entertainment employees following the release of Titanfall , with a black , white , and orange color scheme and a similarly - styled controller inspired by the game ( the controller itself would be released publicly as a tie - in ) . Xbox One consoles bundled with digital copies of specific games have also been released , including Titanfall and Forza Motorsport 5 . In October 2014 , a non-Kinect bundle featuring a white Xbox One and a coupon for a digital copy of Sunset Overdrive was released , marking the first public availability of white Xbox One models . A similar white hardware bundle was released for Quantum Break . In November 2014 , a limited edition 1 TB bundle was released for Call of Duty : Advanced Warfare , with a `` worn '' , militaristic grey and black color scheme with gold accents and insignia detailing ( including the emblem of the Sentinel Task Force ) , customized hardware sound effects for the power and eject buttons , and a matching controller . It is bundled with a coupon for a digital copy of Advanced Warfare 's `` Day Zero '' edition , which offered pre-release access and special in - game items . 512 GB Assassin 's Creed bundles were released in November 2014 , which shipped with coupons for digital copies of both Assassin 's Creed Unity and Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag . This bundle was available with and without Kinect , with the Kinect version also including a coupon for a digital copy of Dance Central Spotlight . Another non-Kinect bundle was released in March 2015 that includes a coupon for a digital copy of Halo : The Master Chief Collection . A 1 TB Forza Motorsport 6 bundle was released on September 15 , 2015 , which features blue - colored hardware with racing stripes and a push - button start - inspired design around the power button , and customized hardware sound effects . A limited - edition 1TB Halo 5 : Guardians bundle was released on October 20 , 2015 ( one week before the launch of the game itself ) , and features a gunmetal gray finish with metallic blue accents , military insignia detailing , and customized hardware sound effects . Hardware revisions Xbox One S Xbox One S On June 13 , 2016 , during its E3 2016 press conference , Microsoft unveiled Xbox One S , a revision of the original Xbox One hardware with a streamlined form factor . Its new casing is 40 % smaller than the original design , and supports vertical orientation with a stand . The capacitive power and eject keys were replaced by physical buttons , the side USB port and controller sync button were moved to the front of the console , and its power supply is integrated into the console 's casing rather than sitting externally . Xbox One S requires a USB adapter to attach a Kinect sensor , as it no longer includes the proprietary port used on the original model . A free USB adapter was provided by Microsoft to Kinect owners who registered their ownership of Kinect and Xbox One S online , but this promotion ended in March 2017 . The adapter was sold separately thereafter , but has since been discontinued . Xbox One S supports video output at 4K resolution , and high dynamic range ( HDR ) color using HDR10 . 4K video can be played from supported streaming services and Ultra HD Blu - ray Disc , Games are upscaled from 1080p to 4K . Rod Fergusson , head of Microsoft 's Gears of War studio The Coalition , stated that Xbox One S also had upgraded CPU and GPU components , which were capable of providing more consistent performance in Gears of War 4 during graphics - intensive sequences than the previous hardware . While Xbox planning lead Albert Penello initially stated that the additional CPU and GPU access granted to developers for Xbox One S is to enable HDR and would have `` literally no impact '' on the performance of games , games with dynamic resolution or uncapped frame rates can see increased performance due to higher GPU clock speed and ESRAM bandwidth . Xbox One S also ships with a revision of the Xbox One controller , with textured grips and Bluetooth support . Xbox One S is available in 500 GB , 1 TB , and `` special edition '' 2 TB models , which originally retailed at US $279 , $299 , and $399 respectively . The 2 TB model was released on August 2 , 2016 , and 1 TB and 500 GB models were released on August 23 , 2016 . and a Gears of War 4 special edition was also released . On June 11 , 2017 , Microsoft lowered the prices of the 500 GB Battlefield 1 and 1 TB Forza Horizon 3 Xbox One S console bundles by US $50 . At Gamescom 2017 , Microsoft unveiled a 1 TB Minecraft limited edition , with a grass block - themed hardware and a Creeper - themed controller . Reception Nick Pino of TechRadar was mostly positive , considering the Xbox One S to be `` the pinnacle of what Microsoft set out to create three years ago '' , but noting regressions such as the lack of Kinect port ( which was interpreted as being `` one last kick in the pants for all the gamers forced into buying the more expensive console bundle two short years ago '' ) , and the lack of 4K content sources beyond Blu - ray , Netflix , and YouTube . Visual improvements were noted on games such as Fallout 4 and Rise of the Tomb Raider when upscaled to 4K . Concerns were shown that the revised hardware and HDR support would lead to fragmentation of Xbox One 's ecosystem , as not all users will necessarily experience a game the same way . Dieter Bohn of The Verge praised the Xbox One S 's revised design as being `` svelte and good - looking '' , noting its smaller form factor and the lack of power brick . The Xbox One S was also praised for being the cheapest 4K - compatible Blu - ray Disc player on the market , but it was argued that consumers were `` ( not ) as eager to upgrade to 4K Blu - rays as they were to DVDs back in the day . Especially when 4K streaming boxes can be purchased for much less . '' The lack of HDR - compatible games available on - launch was panned , as well as Microsoft 's choice of the standard over Dolby Vision ( which was the only HDR standard supported by the reviewer 's 4K television ) . Bohn concluded that the Xbox One S would appeal best to new owners or those who wish to leverage its HDR and 4K support , but recommended that existing owners hold off until the release of Xbox One X in 2017 . Xbox One X During its E3 2017 press conference , Microsoft unveiled Xbox One X , a high - end version of Xbox One with upgraded hardware and a further - streamlined form factor . First teased at E3 2016 under the codename `` Project Scorpio '' , Xbox One X was released on November 7 , 2017 , with a 1 TB model priced at US $499 , and a limited , pre-order exclusive `` Project Scorpio Edition '' , with a dark gradient finish , vertical stand brace and green `` Project Scorpio '' inscriptions on the console and bundled controller . Xbox One X features upgraded hardware that is designed primarily to render games at 4K resolution , and provide performance improvements for existing games ; they can be displayed at full resolution on 4K displays , or supersampled for lower resolutions displays . It uses a system - on - chip ( SoC ) known as Scorpio Engine , which incorporates a 2.3 GHz octa - core CPU , and a Radeon GPU with 40 Compute Units clocked at 1172 MHz , generating 6 teraflops of graphical computing performance . It also includes 12 GB of GDDR5 RAM , 9 GB of which is allocated to games . Scorpio Engine 's CPU utilizes a custom platform designed to maintain compatibility with the Jaguar CPU of the original Xbox One , but with a 31 % increase in performance ; the custom platform is unrelated to AMD 's current Ryzen architecture . The console uses a vapor chamber method of cooling for the SoC , and motherboards are tailored to the exact voltage needs of each individual Scorpio SoC to optimize their output and energy usage . The console also supports AMD 's FreeSync technology on compatible displays . Xbox One X is compatible with all existing Xbox One software and accessories . To assist in optimizing the new hardware to run existing games at 4K resolution , Microsoft developers used internal debugging software to collect GPU traces from major titles that did not run at full 1080p resolution on the original Xbox One . Halo 5 : Guardians , which uses a scaling system that dynamically lowers the game 's resolution when needed to maintain a consistent frame rate , was able to run at its native resolution with no scaling on Xbox One X hardware . Phil Spencer also touted that Xbox One X 's hardware could also be used to support virtual reality , due to its power , price point , and convenience . At the 2017 Game Developers Conference , Microsoft announced plans to support Windows Mixed Reality VR headsets on Xbox One in 2018 , but the company later stated that it was initially focusing on PC platforms first , and that it wanted to focus on wireless VR solutions for consoles . Games marketed by Microsoft as Xbox One X Enhanced have specific optimizations for graphical fidelity on the console 's hardware . Separate iconography is being used to denote games that natively run at 4K resolution , or support HDR . Existing games can be updated to provide these enhancements . Though Xbox Games marketing head Aaron Greenberg stated that Xbox One X will have no exclusive titles , general manager of game publishing Shannon Loftis remarked in a follow - up interview that he was not sure on this point , and exclusivity would be `` up to the game development community what do they want to do . '' The Xbox One X has been said to be a competitor to the PlayStation 4 Pro , a hardware update of the PlayStation 4 released in late - 2016 that similarly focuses on 4K gaming and improved virtual reality performance , although Phil Spencer stated that the PlayStation 4 Pro 's competition is instead the Xbox One S. In October 2016 , Penello stated that the performance advantage of the Xbox One X over the PS4 Pro would be `` obvious '' , noting that the PS4 Pro 's GPU only had 4.2 teraflops of graphical computing performance in comparison to Microsoft 's stated 6 teraflops . Some journalists thought that Microsoft 's messaging and positioning of Scorpio alongside the release of the Xbox One S were at odds with themselves and was `` confusing '' . Hardware comparison Xbox One Xbox One S Xbox One X Release date November 22 , 2013 August 2 , 2016 November 7 , 2017 Standard price $499 ( 500 GB w / Kinect ) $279 ( 500 GB ) $299 ( 1 TB ) $399 ( 2 TB w / stand ) $499 ( 1 TB ) Process 28 nm TSMC 16 nm TSMC Transistors 5 billion 7 billion Die size 363 mm 240 mm 360 mm CPU architecture AMD Jaguar AMD - customized Jaguar Evolved CPU frequency 1.75 GHz 2.3 GHz CPU core count 8 - core GPU architecture AMD Sea Islands ( GCN 2 ) Bonaire type ( custom 853 MHz / 914 MHz UC R7 260 / 360 ) AMD Polaris ( GCN 4 ) Ellesmere XTL type ( custom 1172 MHz UC RX 590 ) Unified shaders 768 ( 12 CU ) ( 896 installed , 2 CU disabled ) 2560 ( 40 CU ) ( 2816 installed , 4 CU disabled ) Raster operation units ( ROP ) 16 32 Texture mapping units ( TMU ) 48 160 GPU frequency 12 Radeon compute units at 853 MHz 12 Radeon compute units at 914 MHz 40 Radeon compute units at 1172 MHz FP32 performance 1.31 TFLOPS 1.40 TFLOPS 6 TFLOPS Memory 8 GB DDR3 32 MB ESRAM 12 GB GDDR5 Memory bandwidth DDR3 at 68.3 GB / s 326 GB / s ESRAM at 204 GB / s ESRAM at 218 GB / s Memory frequency 2133 MHz ( effective 1066 MHz ) 6.8 GHz ( effective 1700 MHz ) Memory bus 256 - bit 384 - bit Storage type 2.5 - inch hard drive Storage capacity 500 GB , 1 TB 500 GB , 1 TB , 2 TB 1 TB Dimensions ( H × W × D ) 79 mm × 274 mm × 333 mm 3.1 '' × 10.8 '' × 13.1 '' 63.5 mm × 229 mm × 298 mm 2.5 '' × 9 '' × 11.75 '' 60 mm × 240 mm × 300 mm 2.36 '' x 9.44 '' x 11.81 '' Output HDMI 1.4 HDMI 2.0 HDMI 2.1 Notes ^ Jump up to : As of December 31 , 2013 , 3 million sold . 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Retrieved October 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Makuch , Eddie ( November 10 , 2015 ) . `` New Xbox One Update Removes Kinect Gesture Support for Dashboard Navigation '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft 's Xbox One snap mode is being removed with the new dashboard '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Warren , Tom ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` Xbox One : a next - gen console with a focus on interactive TV and apps '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pereira , Chris ( September 18 , 2015 ) . `` Check Out Xbox One 's New , Totally Revamped Interface in Action '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( August 4 , 2015 ) . `` Windows 10 preview for Xbox One set to arrive in September for testers '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved August 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Richard ( August 29 , 2014 ) . `` Xbox One update adds Smartglass features , USB media playback '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved January 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trenholm , Richard ( August 6 , 2014 ) . `` New USB tuner unlocks clever Xbox One TV features for UK gamers '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Scott ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` Next Xbox Will Reportedly Integrate Broadcast TV Feeds '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lawler , Richard ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` Xbox One guide brings HDMI in / out , overlays for live TV '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` Xbox One adds Smart Match , Game DVR '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rigg , Jamie ( October 21 , 2014 ) . `` Microsoft launches the Xbox One Digital TV Tuner in Europe '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( June 8 , 2016 ) . `` Microsoft is n't adding a TV DVR feature to the Xbox One anymore '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Yin , Wesley ( June 19 , 2013 ) . `` Microsoft makes the case for Xbox One 's 300,000 server cloud , but what do developers think ? '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Retrieved June 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Steele , Billy ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` Microsoft updates Xbox Live to outfit Xbox One with 300,000 servers , game DVR and more '' . Engadget . AOL . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2013 . Retrieved June 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nichols , Scott ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` Xbox One to expand friend lists to 1,000 friends '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved June 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Davis , Justin ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` Xbox One to Become More Powerful Over Time via Cloud Computing '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Cangeloso , Sal ( June 11 , 2013 ) . `` Xbox One vs. PS4 : Sony pulls ahead at E3 '' . Geek.com . Ziff Davis . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Xbox One 's holiday update arrives today with LFG , Clubs , and more '' . The Verge . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Butts , Steve ( July 20 , 2013 ) . `` Comic - Con : The Future of Xbox '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft 's Beam renamed to Mixer , adds co-op streaming ( update ) '' . Polygon . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Xbox One gets Microsoft 's Beam streaming and a faster interface today '' . The Verge . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Xbox at E3 2013 : everything you need to know '' . The Verge . Vox Media . June 10 , 2013 . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Grant , Christopher ( August 9 , 2013 ) . `` Xbox One allows households to share Live Gold status on one console with Home Gold '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Plafke , James ( May 13 , 2014 ) . `` Desperate Microsoft removes Xbox Live Gold paywall for Netflix , Hulu , other web services '' . ExtremeTech . Ziff Davis . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Tom ( May 13 , 2014 ) . `` Microsoft to remove Xbox Live Gold paywall for streaming apps '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Skrebels , Joe ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` Xbox One 's backwards compatibility works because it 's tricking your 360 games '' . GamesRadar . Future plc . Retrieved June 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Grant , Christopher ( August 4 , 2015 ) . `` All future Xbox 360 Games with Gold freebies will be backwards compatible on Xbox One '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved August 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sinha , Robin ( August 18 , 2014 ) . `` Xbox One ' August ' Update Roll - Out Begins ; Brings New Activity Feed and More '' . NDTV . Retrieved January 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Matulef , Jeffrey ( April 22 , 2015 ) . `` Xbox One update will let you turn on the console with your phone '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Summers , Nick ( August 12 , 2014 ) . `` Xbox One to Get TV Streaming for SmartGlass Apps '' . The Next Web . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sarkar , Samit ( January 21 , 2015 ) . `` Windows 10 will let you stream Xbox One games to any Windows 10 PC or tablet '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` Xbox One game streaming to Windows 10 PCs is available now '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Statt , Nick ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` Oculus shows off final Rift virtual reality headset , partners with Microsoft 's Xbox '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Osborne , Joe ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` Xbox One will get to stream games straight to Oculus Rift through Windows 10 '' . TechRadar . Future plc . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` Oculus Rift will ship with an Xbox One controller thanks to Microsoft partnership '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tassi , Paul ( November 7 , 2014 ) . `` PS4 And Xbox One Need A Serious Digital Downloading Overhaul '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Crecente , Brian ( June 19 , 2013 ) . `` Xbox One loses some disc - free play , family game - sharing with revised policies '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved June 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Machkovech , Sam ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` Xbox Game Preview brings early access to Xbox One , adds free demo options '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Microsoft introduces branding for Xbox One X improvements '' . Polygon . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Purchese , Robert ( 17 June 2013 ) . `` You can plug an Xbox 360 into the Xbox One , says Major Nelson '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hollister , Sean ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` Xbox One will not be backwards compatible with Xbox 360 games '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Audrey , Drake ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` Xbox One not backwards compatible '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved June 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : McCafferty , Ryan ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` The Untold Story of Xbox One Backwards Compatibility '' . IGN . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( September 3 , 2013 ) . `` Microsoft Talks Digital - Only Future , Kinect , and Why Xbox One is Worth $100 More Than PlayStation 4 '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` Xbox One Backwards Compatibility Through Cloud ' Problematic ' '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved December 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Brunner , Grant ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` Microsoft confirms that PS4 , Wii U will work with Xbox One HDMI passthrough '' . ExtremeTech . Ziff Davis . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hicks , Jon . `` The Xbox One 33 things you need to know '' . Official Xbox Magazine . Future plc . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2013 . Retrieved June 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` Play your old Xbox 360 games on Xbox One starting this holiday '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved June 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kollar , Philip ( August 3 , 2015 ) . `` Rare Replay review : in times past '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved August 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` Microsoft is bringing Xbox 360 games to the Xbox One '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Machkovech , Sam ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` Xbox 360 backward compatibility coming to Xbox One '' . Ars Technica . Condé Nast . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` Microsoft built an Xbox 360 emulator to make games run on the Xbox One '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( August 19 , 2015 ) . `` Xbox One Backwards Compatibility Could One Day Work With Original Xbox Games '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kohler , Chris ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` Xbox One Will Get Compatibility With Original Xbox Games '' . Kotaku . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grant , Christopher ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` Original Xbox compatibility , and 13 games , arriving on Xbox One tomorrow '' . Polygon . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bertz , Matt ( May 22 , 2013 ) . `` Game Informer Editors React To Xbox One News '' . GameInformer . GameStop . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Walton , Mark ( June 12 , 2013 ) . `` The Uninspired Lineup of Xbox One '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McShea , Tom ( June 12 , 2013 ) . `` Xbox One : New Console , Old Games '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mohammed , Rafi ( June 21 , 2013 ) . `` Did Microsoft Overshoot on Xbox One Pricing ? '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( June 24 , 2013 ) . `` Xbox One pricing `` too high '' says business author `` . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Xbox One Review '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Ben ( November 20 , 2013 ) . `` Xbox One review : a fast and powerful work in progress '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bakalar , Jeff ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` Slow and steady , the Xbox One gradually improves '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Pino , Nick . `` Xbox One S review '' . TechRadar . Future plc . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Yee , Alaina ( November 26 , 2014 ) . `` Xbox One with Kinect Review '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved June 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Humphries , Matthew ( October 26 , 2015 ) . `` Microsoft decides not to share Xbox One sales figures anymore '' . Geek.com . Ziff Davis . Retrieved December 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Statt , Nick ( November 22 , 2013 ) . `` What console war ? Microsoft sells 1M Xbox Ones in first 24 hours '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved November 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Xbox One dominated Black Friday sales , according to analyst '' . Computer and Video Games . Future plc . December 2 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2014 . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bass , Dina ( December 11 , 2013 ) . `` Microsoft 's Xbox One Sales Hit 2 Million '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Xbox One is Fastest Selling Console in the US ; November NPD Group Figures Revealed '' . Xbox Wire . Microsoft . December 12 , 2013 . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Haywald , Justin ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` NPD : Xbox One is the `` fastest - selling '' console in November and Call of Duty leads software `` . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tassi , Paul ( January 6 , 2014 ) . `` Microsoft Reveals 3 Million Xbox One Sales In 2013 '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` Microsoft 's Q2 : record $24.52 billion revenue and 3.9 million Xbox One sales '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mehdi , Yusuf ( November 12 , 2014 ) . `` Xbox One Sales on the Rise '' . Xbox Wire . Microsoft . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Matulef , Jeffrey ( November 12 , 2014 ) . `` Xbox One Has Sold In Almost 10m Units to Retailers '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Retrieved June 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Juba , Joe ( December 11 , 2014 ) . `` November NPD : Xbox One Overtakes PS4 This Month '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Retrieved December 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sinclair , Brendan ( January 11 , 2016 ) . `` Xbox only hurting itself by refusing to share sales numbers '' . GamesIndustry.biz . Gamer Network . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Romano , Sal ( September 10 , 2014 ) . `` Xbox One sells 23,000 during first week in Japan '' . Gematsu . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ( 速報 ) Xbox One の 初 週 販売 台数 は 23562 台 ソフト の 1 位 は 『 タイタン フォール 』 に '' . Famitsu . Enterbrain , Inc. , Tokuma . September 10 , 2014 . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Tom ( June 22 , 2015 ) . `` Xbox One Weekly Japan Sales Hit New All - Time Low '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Jump up ^ Walton , Marky ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` EA lets slip lifetime Xbox One and PS4 consoles sales '' . Ars Technica . Condé Nast . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Graham , Luke ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` Have we just found out how bad Xbox sales are ? '' . CNBC . NBCUniversal . Retrieved December 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ GameCentral ( January 11 , 2016 ) . `` Xbox One worldwide sales at 18 million , PS4 at 36 million '' . Metro . DMG Media . Retrieved December 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fingas , Jon ( June 10 , 2013 ) . `` Early Xbox One buyers to get Day One Edition consoles '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved December 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sarkar , Samit ( May 13 , 2014 ) . `` Kinect - free Xbox One coming June 9 for $399 '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved December 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Moscaritolo , Angela ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` Microsoft Drops Xbox One Price to $299 '' . PC Magazine . Ziff Davis . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` Xbox One price drops to $299 ahead of ' slim ' console rumor for E3 '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` Xbox One price drops again to $279 '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( September 1 , 2015 ) . `` This New Xbox One Will Boot Up 20 Percent Faster '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Corriea , Alexa Ray ( November 21 , 2013 ) . `` Watch an unboxing of a Microsoft employee 's white Xbox One '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved December 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Humphries , Matthew ( March 7 , 2014 ) . `` Respawn employees gifted limited edition Titanfall Xbox One '' . Geek.com . Ziff Davis . Retrieved December 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Webster , Andrew ( March 6 , 2014 ) . `` Microsoft launching Xbox One bundle with ' Forza 5 ' next week '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` White Xbox One Heading to Retail With Sunset Overdrive '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved August 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nunneley , Stephany ( November 4 , 2014 ) . `` That snazzy Limited Edition Call of Duty : Advanced Warfare Xbox One Bundle has released '' . VG247 . Retrieved December 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Page , Dennis ( September 11 , 2014 ) . `` Introducing the Xbox One Call of Duty : Advanced Warfare Bundle '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved December 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Whitney , Lance ( October 15 , 2014 ) . `` Xbox One bundles to offer free Assassin 's Creed games '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Reisinger , Don ( March 9 , 2015 ) . `` Xbox One bundle includes Master Chief Collection '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved May 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sarkar , Samit ( June 23 , 2015 ) . `` Forza 6 bundled with limited - edition blue Xbox One for Forza 's 10th anniversary '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved October 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kain , Erik ( October 21 , 2015 ) . `` ' Halo 5 ' Xbox One Bundles Are Arriving A Week Before The Game Launches '' . Forbes . Retrieved October 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Xbox One Limited Edition Halo 5 Guardians Bundle '' . Xbox.com . Microsoft . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2016 . Retrieved October 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Webster , Andrew ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Microsoft announces the Xbox One S , its smallest Xbox yet '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft ends free Kinect adapter promotion for Xbox One S owners '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sarkar , Samit ( 2018 - 01 - 02 ) . `` Microsoft discontinues Xbox One Kinect adapter '' . Polygon . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Yin - Poole , Wesley ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` Forza Horizon 3 uses the Xbox One S high dynamic range tech '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hoss , Brian ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` The Xbox One S Will Support HDR10 , But Dolby Atmos , Direct Bitstreaming , & DTS : X Support Remain Elusive '' . HighDefDigest . Internet Brands . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gies , Arthur ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Games can perform better on Xbox One S '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Tom ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` Xbox One S wo n't give games a performance boost , Microsoft insists `` . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Machkovech , Sam ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` Microsoft hid performance boosts for old games in Xbox One S , told no one '' . Ars Technica . Condé Nast . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Chris ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Microsoft 's new Xbox finally ditches the annoying power brick '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Orland , Kyle ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` Slimmed down 2TB Xbox One S hits stores August 2 for $399 '' . Ars Technica . Condé Nast . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Whitney , Lance . `` Xbox One S 500GB , 1TB bundles to launch on August 23 '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sirani , Jordan ( 2016 - 07 - 14 ) . `` Gears of War 4 - Themed Xbox One S Officially Revealed '' . IGN . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft cuts Xbox One S price by $50 ahead of Project Scorpio unveiling '' . The Verge . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Limited - Edition Minecraft Xbox One S Available to Pre-Order '' . PC Magazine . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ Bohn , Dieter ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` Xbox One S review '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Chris ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Sony 's new PlayStation 4 Pro ca n't play 4K Blu - rays '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved December 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Look for these Xbox One X logos to know you 're getting enhanced 4K and HDR games '' . The Verge . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Xbox One X is Microsoft 's next game console , arriving on November 7th for $499 '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft 's Project Scorpio returns as a special Xbox One X for preorders '' . The Verge . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ Sarkar , Samit ( 2017 - 11 - 08 ) . `` What do the numbers on the Xbox One X Project Scorpio Edition box mean ? '' . Polygon . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Xbox exec reveals Scorpio has 9GB of RAM available for games '' . Engadget . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Leadbetter , Richard ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` Inside the next Xbox : Project Scorpio tech revealed '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Xbox One X : Everything you need to know '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Webster , Andrew . `` Project Scorpio is a 4K - capable , VR - ready Xbox One launching next fall '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Orland , Kyle ( October 28 , 2015 ) . `` How dynamic resolution scaling keeps Halo 5 running so smoothly '' . Ars Technica . Condé Nast . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Paul , Ian ( 2 March 2017 ) . `` Windows ' Mixed Reality ' VR headsets will hit the Xbox One and Project Scorpio next year '' . PCWorld . IDG . Jump up ^ `` Do n't expect Xbox VR to be at E3 this year , or in stores this holiday '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Matulef , Jeffrey ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` Project Scorpio wo n't have any exclusives '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Some Games Could Be Exclusive to New Xbox Scorpio System '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Warren , Tom . `` Xbox 's Phil Spencer : PS4 Pro is an Xbox One S competitor , not a true 4K console '' . Verge . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Byford , Sam ( June 16 , 2016 ) . `` First Click : Are Sony and Microsoft 's new consoles PC gone mad ? '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( October 10 , 2016 ) . `` Xbox Scorpio vs. PS4 Pro -- Microsoft Discusses Its Big Power Advantage '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Retrieved October 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Souppouris , Aaron ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` It 's never been harder to buy an Xbox One '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Parfitt , Ben ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` 4K wo n't be mandatory for Xbox Scorpio games '' . Market for Computer and Video Games . NewBay Media . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Project Scorpio Dev Kit detailed '' . Fudzilla.com. 2017 - 04 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ Cutress , Ian ( 21 August 2017 ) . `` Hot Chips : Microsoft Xbox One X Scoprio Engine Live Blog '' . Anandtech . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Developers , The . `` Xbox One Dimensions and Kinect Cable Length Revealed `` GamingBolt.com : Video Game News , Reviews , Previews and Blog '' . Gamingbolt.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ Sam Machkovech - Aug 2 , 2016 1 : 00 pm UTC ( 2016 - 08 - 02 ) . `` Xbox One S : The smaller , handsomer , 4K - ier system we 've been looking for '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ Leadbetter , Richard ( 2017 - 04 - 11 ) . `` Project Scorpio supports FreeSync and next - gen HDMI `` . Eurogamer.net . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 22 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Xbox One . 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when did the xbox one s came out

On June 13 , 2016 , during its E3 2016 press conference , Microsoft unveiled Xbox One S , a revision of the original Xbox One hardware with a streamlined form factor . Its new casing is 40 % smaller than the original design , and supports vertical orientation with a stand . The capacitive power and eject keys were replaced by physical buttons , the side USB port and controller sync button were moved to the front of the console , and its power supply is integrated into the console 's casing rather than sitting externally . Xbox One S requires a USB adapter to attach a Kinect sensor , as it no longer includes the proprietary port used on the original model . A free USB adapter was provided by Microsoft to Kinect owners who registered their ownership of Kinect and Xbox One S online , but this promotion ended in March 2017 . The adapter was sold separately thereafter , but has since been discontinued .

Student loans in the United Kingdom - wikipedia Student loans in the United Kingdom Jump to : navigation , search Student loans and grants in the United Kingdom are primarily provided by the government through the Student Loans Company ( SLC ) , a non-departmental public body . The SLC is responsible for Student Finance England and is a delivery partner of Student Finance Wales and Student Finance NI . The Student Awards Agency for Scotland assesses applications in Scotland . Most undergraduate university students resident in the United Kingdom are eligible for student loans . In addition , some students on teacher training courses may also apply for loans . Student loans are also being rolled out , starting 2016 / 17 , to postgraduate students who study a taught Masters , research or Doctoral course . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Education Act 1962 1.2 Creation of the Student Loans Company 1.3 Introduction of tuition fees 1.4 Tuition fees in Scotland and Wales 1.5 Higher Education Act 2004 1.6 Recent history 2 Eligibility 2.1 Tuition fee loan 2.2 Maintenance loan 2.3 Maintenance grant 2.4 Other grants 3 Repayment and interest 3.1 Repayment from overseas 4 Postgraduate student loans 5 Private student loans 5.1 Private student loan types 5.2 Private student loan rates and fees 6 Controversy 6.1 2009 Student Loans Company problems 6.2 2011 chief executive tax avoidance issue 6.3 Overpayment and non-repayment problems 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) Education Act 1962 ( edit ) In the years following World War II , most local education authorities ( LEAs ) paid students ' tuition fees and also provided a maintenance grant to help with living costs ; this did not have to be repaid . The Education Act 1962 made it a legal obligation for all LEAs to give full time university students a maintenance grant . Creation of the student loans Company ( edit ) The logo of the Student Loans Company The SLC was founded for the 1990 / 91 academic year to provide students with additional help towards living costs in the form of low - interest loans . In its first year , the SLC gave loans to 180,200 students This represented a take up rate of 28 % of eligible students , with an average loan of £ 390 . Introduction of tuition fees ( edit ) In 1997 , a report by Sir Ron Dearing recommended that students should contribute to the costs of university education . The Labour government under Tony Blair passed the Teaching and Higher Education Act 1998 which introduced tuition fees of £ 1,000 to start in the 1998 / 9 academic year . In addition , maintenance grants were replaced with repayable student loans for all but the poorest students . The total loans provided by the SLC increased from £ 941 million in the 1997 / 8 academic year , to £ 1.23 billion in the next year , when tuition fees took effect . Tuition fees in Scotland and Wales ( edit ) In January 2000 , the Scottish government , which consisted of a coalition between Labour and the Liberal Democrats , decided to replace annual tuition fees for Scottish students studying at Scottish universities with a £ 2,000 charge after graduation . This charge was abolished in 2008 . In a similar vein , the Welsh government gives Welsh students studying at Welsh universities a tuition fee grant . Higher Education Act 2004 ( edit ) The Higher Education Act 2004 increased tuition fees from £ 1,000 to a maximum of £ 3,000 . By the 2005 / 6 academic year , the SLC was providing £ 2.79 billion in loans to 1,080,000 students . Recent history ( edit ) The SLC currently employs 1,894 people in the two Glasgow offices and at sites in Darlington and Colwyn Bay , Wales . In late 2009 , the SLC was heavily criticised by universities and students for delays in processing applications . It was further criticised in 2010 , as previous issues did not seem to have been resolved . Such issues could include the repeated loss of financial evidence , refusal to acknowledge that an applicant exists , sending schedules for entirely incorrect universities and in some cases years , and failing to keep applicants informed . The Chief Executive resigned in May 2010 , and the chairman , John Goodfellow , formally Chief Executive of Skipton Building Society , was required to resign , by David Willets , incoming Secretary of State for Education . Ed Lester became chief executive in May 2010 . In 2012 an investigation by Exaro news revealed that the SLC was paying Lester through a private company enabling him to reduce his tax bill by tens of thousands of pounds . The day after the story broke the Chief Secretary of the Treasury , Danny Alexander was summoned to the House of Commons for an urgent debate . He told MPs that Ed Lester would have tax and national insurance deducted at source from that point on . In 2014 it was announced that student loans would be made available to postgraduate students aged under 30 for the first time . Eligibility ( edit ) Students must meet two eligibility requirements : personal eligibility and course / institution eligibility . Personal eligibility principally concerns the student 's residency status . To achieve course / institution eligibility , the student must be studying for an undergraduate degree at a UK degree - awarding institution or other verified higher education institution ( HEI ) . In addition , students on some teacher , youth and community worker courses are also eligible for SLC support . From academic year 2016 / 17 , students aged under 60 studying for a postgraduate taught Masters at a UK degree - awarding institution or other verified HEI will also be eligible for a £ 10,000 student loan . Tuition fee loan ( edit ) All full - time students are entitled to a tuition fee loan which covers the full cost of the tuition fee . From the 2012 / 13 academic year , universities are entitled to charge up to £ 3,465 for pre-2012 students and up to £ 9,000 for post-2012 students . Since academic year 2006 / 07 when variable tuition fees of up to £ 3000 were introduced by Tony Blair 's Labour government , the maximum tuition fee had been increased each year with the April forecast for RPIX inflation for the following academic year . For academic year 2010 / 11 the maximum tuition fee had reached £ 3290 and in the 2011 / 12 academic year the tuition fee was raised again to £ 3,375 . The `` old system '' maximum tuition fee was raised one last time for academic year 2012 / 13 to £ 3465 , a level it has remained for subsequent academic years in England . For courses starting after 1 September in the academic year 2012 / 13 the maximum tuition fee cap was raised to a maximum of £ 9,000 per year for full time students and £ 6,750 for part time students where the HEI has an access agreement in place , and a maximum of £ 6,000 and £ 4,500 respectively where the HEI does not . Scottish and Welsh universities were also entitled to raise their tuition fees , however Scottish - domiciled students studying in Scotland are entitled to free tuition and the Welsh Assembly pays any tuition fees for Welsh - domiciled students over and above the `` old system '' cap as uprated by inflation - £ 3,810 for academic year 2015 / 16 . Northern Ireland retained the existing post-2006 student loan system . Both pre-2012 and post-2012 maximum tuition fee caps were frozen at 2012 / 13 levels between 2012 / 13 and 2016 / 17 in England . Elsewhere the `` old system '' cap has continued to be uprated annually with the April forecast for RPIX inflation for the following academic year , reaching £ 3,925 for academic year 2016 / 17 and £ 4,030 for academic year 2017 / 18 . Tuition fee caps remained frozen in England at £ 3,465 and £ 9,000 respectively in academic year 2016 / 17 , however will rise for post-2012 regime students in some institutions from 2017 / 18 with forecast RPIX to £ 6,165 ( basic amount ) and £ 9,250 ( higher amount ) in academic year 2017 / 18 with the introduction of the Teaching Excellence Framework . Maintenance loan ( edit ) All eligible UK - domiciled students are also entitled to a maintenance loan , which is designed to help pay for living costs whilst at university . All students are entitled to a set amount , with those living at home entitled to less and those living away from home in London entitled to more . For the 2009 / 2010 academic year , the maintenance loan was set at £ 2,763 for students living at home ; £ 4,998 for students living in London ; and £ 3,564 for students living at universities elsewhere in the UK . Students from low - income households may qualify for an increased maintenance loan and / or maintenance grant ( for every £ 1 of maintenance grant received the maintenance loan entitlement reduces by £ 0.50 ) . For the 2009 / 2010 academic year , students living at home were entitled to an extra £ 1,075 ( bringing the total loan to £ 3,838 ) ; students living in London were entitled to an extra £ 1,940 ( bringing the total loan to £ 6,928 ) ; and students living elsewhere in the UK were entitled to an extra £ 1,386 ( bringing the total loan to £ 4,950 ) . The precise threshold for qualifying as a low - income household varies depending on which country of the UK the student resides in , and is set between two bands , with very poor students receiving the full extra money and less - poor students receiving only a partial extra amount . For `` old system '' ( i.e. pre-2012 ) students and `` new system '' ( i.e. post-2012 ) students in academic year 2014 / 2015 , the maximum maintenance loan rates rose by 1 % for students studying both in and outside London . For post-2012 students in 2014 / 15 , those living away from home studying outside London could access maximum loans of £ 5,555 ( up from £ 5,500 for 2013 / 14 ) , while those living away from home studying in London could access maximum loans of £ 7,751 ( up from £ 7,675 for 2013 / 14 ) . For academic year 2015 / 16 , maximum maintenance loan rates for both pre-2012 and post-2012 students will rise by forecast RPIX inflation ( 3.34 % ) . The post-2012 maximum maintenance loan ( for students living away from home , outside London ) will rise from £ 5,555 to £ 5,740 and the pre-2012 maximum maintenance loan ( for students living away from home , outside London ) will rise from £ 5,000 to £ 5,167 . For academic year 2016 / 17 , maximum maintenance loan rates for new students increased substantially to £ 8,200 ( for students living away from home , outside London ) to correspond with the abolition of maintenance grants . Maintenance loans were increased by forecast RPIX of 2.8 % to a maximum of £ 8,430 ( for students living away from home , outside London ) in academic year 2017 / 18 . Maintenance loans will be extended to part - time students from academic year 2018 / 19 ( including distance learners from 2019 / 20 ) . Maintenance grant ( edit ) As well as being entitled to an increased loan , students from low - income households are also entitled to a maintenance grant , which does not have to be repaid . Like the extra maintenance loan , the precise threshold for qualifying as a low - income household varies depending on which county of the UK the student resides in , and is set between two bands , with very poor students receiving the full grant and less - poor students receiving only a partial grant . For the 2009 / 2010 academic year , students from England and Wales were entitled to a grant of up to £ 2,906 ; students from Scotland £ 2,105 ; and students from Northern Ireland £ 3,406 . Maximum maintenance grants in England were frozen at 2009 / 10 levels in academic years 2010 / 11 and 2011 / 12 . The 2012 Higher Education reforms in England brought a higher maximum maintenance grant of £ 3,250 in 2012 / 13 for `` new system '' students and the maximum pre-2012 maintenance grant for `` old system '' students was increased by inflation for the first time in 3 years from £ 2,906 to £ 2,984 . Maintenance grants on both systems were uprated by forecast RPIX inflation ( 3.2 % ) in academic year 2013 / 14 and by 1 % in academic year 2014 / 15 . For academic year 2015 / 16 maintenance grants on both systems will be frozen at 2014 / 15 levels : the post-2012 maintenance grant being frozen at £ 3,387 and the pre-2012 maintenance grant being frozen at £ 3,110 . Maintenance grants were abolished for new students in academic year 2016 / 17 with maintenance grant levels being frozen at 2014 / 15 levels for all existing students . Maintenance grants were increased in line with forecast RPIX of 2.8 % for all existing students in academic year 2017 / 18 , meaning a maximum grant of £ 3,482 available for post-2012 ( pre-2016 ) students . Other grants ( edit ) The SLC provides other grants , such as the Special Support Grant which is available for students on benefits . However , the tuition fee loan , maintenance loan and maintenance grant are by far the most common assistance that the SLC provides . On the `` old system '' ( pre-2012 ) higher education institutions themselves charging the maximum tuition fee are legally obliged to give a non-repayable bursary worth a minimum of 10 % of the tuition fee to students in receipt of a full maintenance grant . On the `` new system '' ( post-2012 ) no such requirement exists , however those institutions charging more than the basic fee level of £ 6000 ( full - time ) need to include some support for disadvantaged students in their access agreements which need to be approved by OFFA . Repayment and interest ( edit ) Prior to the 1998 / 1999 academic year , repayment was made under a fixed - term or ' mortgage - style ' system of equal monthly instalments which began when the graduate earned over a specified threshold set at 85 % of average annual earnings for full - time workers ( £ 29,219 for the 2017 / 2018 academic year ) . Any graduate with annual gross income below this deferment threshold is eligible to apply to defer their repayments for 12 months at a time . This system was criticized because no matter what the size of the loan , it had to be repaid in 60 monthly instalments ( if the borrower took out up to 4 loans ) or 84 monthly instalments ( if the borrower took out at least 5 loans ) . For these loans , the interest rate is set each September , equal to the RPI for the previous March . Some Islamic scholars and organisations ruled that it is permissible for Muslim students to take both tuition and maintenance loans , as they have been considered to be Mudharabah ( investment contract ) . Mortgage - style loans will be cancelled if the borrower dies , or through disability becomes permanently unfit for work . Loans will also be cancelled if they are still outstanding and one of the following occurs : The borrower reaches age 50 and the borrower was aged below 40 when they took out their last loan The borrower reaches age 60 and the borrower was aged 40 or over when they took out their last loan The 25th anniversary is reached from when the borrower took out their last loan Loans taken out for courses that began between September 1998 and August 2012 are repaid under the so - called ' Plan 1 ' variant of an income - contingent repayment ( ICR ) scheme . Repayments do not begin until the April after graduation or leaving a course . Thereafter , repayments are fixed at 9 % of gross income above a threshold , as shown in the table below . The interest rate for these loans is the lower of either the Bank of England base rate plus 1 % , varying throughout the year , or the RPI measure of inflation , set each September to the value from the previous March . On average , student with these loan accrued a total debt of £ 25,000 . Loans taken out for courses beginning after 1 September 2012 ( which are much larger due to the increase in tuition fees ) will be repaid under a new ' Plan 2 ' variant of the ICR scheme . Such loans did not enter repayment until at least April 2016 . Under this scheme , repayments are also calculated as 9 % of annual gross income , but relative to a higher initial threshold than Plan 1 . The interest for these loans will initially accrue at the rate of RPI plus 3 % until they become eligible for repayment ( the April after graduating ) , after which there will be a progressive rate of interest dependent on income . The rate will range from RPI for those earning up to £ 21,000 per annum , up to a maximum of RPI + 3 % at a salary of £ 41,000 and above . On average students with loans taken after September 2012 will have accrued £ 44,000 of debt. . This average loan balance increased further from academic year 2016 / 17 with the large shift from maintenance grant to maintenance loan funding . The repayment threshold for Plan 2 loans was increased from £ 21,000 to £ 25,000 for tax year 2018 / 19 , and annually with average earnings thereafter , despite a previous intention to freeze it at £ 21,000 until at least April 2021 . This is a very expensive change and it is unclear whether it can be sustained into the future . At the same time , the upper interest threshold was raised to £ 45,000 from £ 41,000 . Postgraduate student loans are repaid under another plan type variant of the ICR scheme , at a rate of 6 % above the repayment threshold and interest is added at a fixed rate of RPI + 3 % ( see Postgraduate student loans below ) . It was originally announced at Budget 2016 that the intention was for Doctoral postgraduate loans to be repaid at 9 % above the same threshold with a combined 9 % repayment rate applying where a borrower is repaying both Masters and Doctoral postgraduate loans ; however , this was later revised to one combined postgraduate repayment of 6 % . Income - contingent loans will be cancelled if the borrower dies , or through disability becomes permanently unfit for work . Loans will also be cancelled if they are still outstanding at the following times : For loans taken out from September 1998 to August 2006 ( August 2007 for Scotland ) : when the borrower reaches age 65 For loans taken out from September 2006 to August 2012 ( England and Wales ) : 25 years after they became eligible for repayment For loans taken out from September 2006 onwards ( Northern Ireland ) : 25 years after they became eligible for repayment For loans taken out from September 2007 onwards ( Scotland ) : 35 years after they became eligible for repayment For loans taken out from September 2012 onwards ( England and Wales ) : 30 years after they became eligible for repayment Income - contingent loan repayments are usually made via the tax system . For employed borrowers in the PAYE system , this means the repayments can vary on a monthly or weekly basis . If this results in the total repayments for a tax year being more than the required annual amount , the excess may be reimbursed on request . Mortgage - Style ( `` Pre-1998 '' ) ICR Plan 1 ( `` Pre-2012 '' ) ICR Plan 2 ( `` Post-2012 '' ) ICR Postgraduate Loan Repayment rate Fixed term of 60 / 84 monthly instalments unless deferring 9 % of income above repayment threshold ( Plan 1 threshold applies where borrowers are repaying both Plan 1 and 2 loans ) 6 % of income above repayment threshold Cancellation Age 50 , 60 or after 25 years Age 65 , 25th or 35th anniversary of repayment start date 30th anniversary of repayment start date Academic year ( Sep - Aug ) Deferment threshold ( £ ) Interest rate ( % / year ) Repayment threshold ^ ( £ ) Interest rate ( % / year ) Repayment threshold ^ ( £ ) Interest rate ( % / year ) Max rate threshold ^ ( £ ) Repayment threshold ^ ( £ ) Interest rate ( % / year ) 1990 / 1991 11,580 9.8 1991 / 1992 12,660 5.8 1992 / 1993 13,560 3.9 1993 / 1994 13,980 1.2 1994 / 1995 14,592 2.3 1995 / 1996 15,204 3.5 1996 / 1997 15,792 2.7 1997 / 1998 16,488 2.6 1998 / 1999 17,784 3.5 3.5 1999 / 2000 18,192 2.1 2.1 2000 / 2001 19,104 2.6 10,000 2.6 2001 / 2002 19,725 2.3 10,000 2.3 2002 / 2003 21,022 1.3 10,000 1.3 2003 / 2004 21,364 3.1 10,000 3.1 2004 / 2005 22,759 2.6 10,000 2.6 2005 / 2006 24,137 3.2 15,000 3.2 2006 / 2007 24,412 2.4 15,000 2.4 2007 / 2008 25,287 4.8 15,000 4.8 2008 / 2009 25,936 3.8 15,000 3.8 ( Sep -- Nov ) 3.0 ( Dec ) 2.5 ( Jan ) 2.0 ( Feb ) 1.5 ( Mar -- Aug ) 2009 / 2010 27,050 − 0.4 15,000 0.0 2010 / 2011 26,449 4.4 15,000 1.5 2011 / 2012 27,734 5.3 15,000 1.5 2012 / 2013 27,813 3.6 15,795 1.5 3.6 - 6.6 2013 / 2014 28,775 3.3 16,365 1.5 3.3 - 6.3 2014 / 2015 26,727 2.5 16,910 1.5 2.5 - 5.5 2015 / 2016 28,828 0.9 17,335 0.9 0.9 - 3.9 2016 / 2017 29,126 1.6 17,495 1.25 21,000 1.6 - 4.6 41,000 * 4.6 2017 / 2018 29,219 3.1 17,775 1.25 ( Sep -- Nov ) 1.5 ( Dec -- ) 21,000 3.1 - 6.1 41,000 * 6.1 2018 / 2019 March 2018 RPI 18,330 25,000 45,000 * Mar 2018 RPI + 3 % 2019 / 2020 March 2019 RPI 21,000 Mar 2019 RPI + 3 % ^ The repayment and interest thresholds are set to the tax year starting on 6 April immediately prior to the corresponding academic year . † On 4 December 2008 the Bank of England base rate was cut to 2 % pa . As the ICR Plan 1 interest rate can never be more than 1 % above the Bank of England base rate , the loan interest rate was cut to 3 % . The rate was cut again for the same reasons in January , February , and March 2009 . ‡ The Teaching and Higher Education Act 1998 allows the government to charge - or indeed not to charge - compound interest for income contingent loans . If interest is to be charged by virtue of regulations , the rate must not exceed that needed to maintain the value of the loans in real terms ( by reference to RPI ) and must not at any time exceed the rate for low - interest loans ( bank base rate + 1 % ) . The Education Act 2011 allows post-2012 student loans to accrue interest up to market rates , again by virtue of regulations . In 2009 the government opted not to charge interest when the RPI rate was below zero in order to avoid applying a negative rate of interest . No such option applies to the pre-1998 mortgage - style loans , and the negative rate of interest was indeed applied to those loans . + Amending regulations introduced in 2011 provided for the indexation of the ICR Plan 1 repayment threshold by the prior year 's March RPI at the start of every tax year up to and including April 2015 , to start from April 2012 . Amending regulations 2014 removed the time - limit to the annual threshold adjustments to ensure that the threshold maintains its real value for the lifetime of the loans . Post-1998 ICR Plan 1 loans were not yet open for repayment . The first date for repayment on ICR Plan 1 was 6 April 2000 . § Post-2012 ICR Plan 2 loans were not yet open for repayment . The first date for repayment on ICR Plan 2 was 6 April 2016 . Post-2016 ICR Postgraduate loans were not yet open for repayment . The first date for repayment for ICR Postgraduate loans is 6 April 2019 . Repayment from Overseas ( edit ) Graduates who spend time overseas for more than three months are required to fill in an Overseas Income Assessment , Form theoretically to provide the Student Loan Company with a way of fixing repayments during that time in fixed instalments over twelve months . This fixed schedule highlights another inflexibility of the overseas repayment mechanism when compared to the UK PAYE scheme . In addition , it is possible to apply for a reassessment when moving between countries , but only if moving to a country with a higher threshold . The mechanism for repaying post-2012 loans if the customer has moved overseas is much the same as for those still in the UK : the same 9 % of gross income over a specified threshold ( set in GBP ) applies , except that the threshold is varied by country , ostensibly to take into account differences in salaries , cost of living , etc. , when compared to the UK . For example , in Poland the threshold is currently £ 7,005 for Plan 1 loans ( cf. £ 17,495 in the UK ) , and between £ 8,400 and £ 16,400 for Plan 2 loans ( cf . the lower and upper bounds of £ 21,000 and £ 41,000 for UK earners ) . The thresholds are reviewed at an unspecified time each year . If a recipient of a loan does not return an Overseas Income Assessment Form , a default monthly repayment amount , which also varies by country , will be applied . This figure is based on twice the country 's national average income and so is potentially quite large . However , the SLC 's actual record in pursuing money from students in a foreign country is extremely poor , with 45 % of such loans currently in arrears of repayment or actually written off ( see below ) . Postgraduate student loans ( edit ) It was announced at Autumn Statement 2014 ( 3 December 2014 ) that from academic year 2016 / 17 , students aged under 30 studying for a postgraduate taught Masters at a UK degree - awarding institution or other verified HEI will be eligible for a £ 10,000 student loan . The proposed repayment terms and eligibility criteria were put out to consultation in March 2015 and the outcome was published at Autumn Statement 2015 ( 25 November 2015 ) . The outcome of the consultation confirmed many aspects of the initial proposals but also contained several changes . Anyone aged under 60 who meets the other eligibility criteria will be eligible for a postgraduate loan ( previously it had been proposed that the loans would be restricted to under 30s ) , as will postgraduate research students . The repayment threshold of £ 21,000 has been confirmed , although the repayment rate ( initially proposed to be 9 % ) will now be 6 % of income above the threshold , ensuring repayments will be as affordable as possible for students repaying both an undergraduate and postgraduate student loan ( the combined repayment rate is 15 % although the repayment thresholds differ ) as it is also confirmed that repayments will be concurrent between the two loans . The interest rate applied to the loans has been confirmed as fixed at RPI + 3 % ( unlike undergraduate plan 2 loans where interest varies between RPI and RPI + 3 % depending on income ) . As with undergraduate plan 2 loans , the postgraduate loans will be written off 30 years after they become eligible to be repaid ( April after leaving course ) , although no postgraduate loans will be eligible for repayment before April 2019 ( a change from the proposed April 2018 ) . It was announced at Budget 2016 that Doctoral postgraduate loans of £ 25,000 would be available from academic year 2018 / 19 . It was originally announced at Budget 2016 that the intention was for Doctoral postgraduate loans to be repaid at 9 % above the repayment threshold with a combined 9 % repayment rate applying where a borrower is repaying both Masters and Doctoral postgraduate loans ; however , this was later revised to one combined postgraduate repayment of 6 % . One key difference for part - time postgraduate students compared with undergraduate student loans is that only 30 % of the postgraduate student loan is considered income according to new regulations detailed in statutory instrument 743 of 2016 an extract of which appears below . These new laws have implications for eligibility to benefits resulting in part - time postgraduate students potentially eligible to benefits . Therefore postgraduate student loans for part - time students are unlike undergraduate student loans which usually exclude students from receipt of benefits . Statutory Instruments S2016 No. 743 , Social Security , The Social Security ( Treatment of Postgraduate Master 's Degree Loans and Special Support Loans ) ( Amendment ) Regulations 2016 : ' Where a student is treated as possessing a postgraduate master 's degree loan under paragraph ( 3 ) in respect of an academic year , the amount of that loan to be taken into account as income shall be , subject to paragraph ( 5 ) , a sum equal to 30 per cent. of the maximum postgraduate master 's degree loan the student is able to acquire in respect of that academic year by taking reasonable steps to do so . ' Private student loans ( edit ) Private loans are generally only sought in addition to government student loans , rather than in place of them ( for example if their student loan does not cover accommodation costs ) . These loans are not guaranteed by a government agency and are made to students by banks or finance companies . Unlike Government loans the repayments do not vary based on future earnings , and the loan will not be written off after a certain period . Private student loan types ( edit ) Private student loans generally come in two types : school - channel and direct - to - consumer . School - channel loans offer borrowers lower interest rates but generally take longer to process . School - channel loans are `` certified '' by the school , which means the school signs off on the borrowing amount , and the funds are disbursed directly to the school . Direct - to - consumer private loans are not certified by the school ; schools do n't interact with a direct - to - consumer private loan at all . The student simply supplies enrolment verification to the lender , and the loan proceeds are disbursed directly to the student . Although direct - to - consumer loans generally carry higher interest rates than school - channel loans , they do allow families to get access to funds very quickly -- in some cases , in a matter of days . Private student loan rates and fees ( edit ) Private student loans typically have variable interest rates while government student loans have fixed rates . Private loans often carry an origination fee . Origination fees are a one - time charge based on the amount of the loan . They can be taken out of the total loan amount or added on top of the total loan amount , often at the borrower 's preference . All lenders are legally required to provide you with a statement of the `` APR ( Annual Percentage Rate ) '' for the loan before you sign a promissory note and commit to it . Unlike the `` base '' rate , this rate includes any fees charged and can be thought of as the `` effective '' interest rate including actual interest , fees , etc . When comparing loans , it may be easier to compare APR rather than `` rate '' to ensure an apples - to - apples comparison Most private loan programs are tied to one or more financial indices , such as the BBA LIBOR rate , plus an overhead charge . Because private loans are based on the credit history of the applicant , the overhead charge varies . Students and families with excellent credit generally receive lower rates and smaller loan origination fees than those with less than perfect credit . Private loans in the UK are offered by the following companies : - Banks HSBC - Postgraduate loans . Barclays / Co-op - Professional and career and development loans . Alternative lenders Prodigy Finance - MBA loans ( launched 2007 ) Future Finance - Undergraduate and postgraduate loans ( launched 2014 ) Controversy ( edit ) 2009 student loans Company problems ( edit ) In the summer and autumn of 2009 , many students experienced delays in being assessed for and obtaining student loans and grants . As courses began in September or October , the SLC said that up to 116,000 students would have to begin the term without their funding in place . By 10 November 2009 , there were still 70,000 applications waiting to be processed and 3 out of 4 universities were using their own emergency funds to help affected students . Chair of the student group Unions 94 Michael Payne branded the situation `` inexcusable '' and the Million+ group of universities said the failures were `` very disappointing '' . An inquiry into the problems was set up , chaired by Professor Sir Deian Hopkin . The inquiry reported on 9 December 2009 . It found that the SLC processing system had faced problems with lost documents , equipment failures and difficulties with the online application system , and at peak times only 5 % of phone calls were answered . Responding to the report , the leader of the UCU lecturers ' union , Sally Hunt , said it had been `` a total fiasco from start to finish '' with failures that `` beggar belief '' . Liberal Democrat university spokesman Stephen Williams branded the report `` truly damning , revealing a breathtaking level of incompetence within the Student Loans Company . '' As a result of the report , the heads of customer services and information and communication technology at the SLC resigned , and the senior management team was restructured . However , the board of the SLC warned it could be another two years before the service was running properly . The SLC was also forced to delay accepting applications for the 2010 / 11 academic year . 2011 Chief Executive tax avoidance issue ( edit ) In January 2012 , a BBC Newsnight and Exaro investigation revealed that Ed Lester , the head of the SLC , was being paid his salary via a private firm , allowing him to reduce his payment of income tax and national insurance contributions . It was subsequently announced that he would be treated as a regular employee in the future . In May 2012 , Lester announced he would be leaving the SLC at the expiration of his contract in January 2013 although he insisted that the controversy had no bearing on his decision . His replacement is Mick Laverty , a former regional development agency chief executive , appointed in October 2012 and incumbent from January 2013 . Overpayment and non-repayment problems ( edit ) Major problems continue to beset the repayments system , leading to many thousands of graduates overpaying on their loans . The issue is that although repayments are processed by the SLC , under a specialist department headed by Kevin O'Connor , they are actually collected by HMRC . The payments collected by HMRC are passed across annually , and only then is the amount left on the student loan calculated . If the SLC notice an overpayment , then the money should be returned with interest . However , long delays in this process have been noticed - and in addition , the SLC have on occasion neglected to inform HMRC to stop taking payments , so a further year of repayments even when the loan has been acknowledged as cleared is not unusual . In 2011 / 12 , the money wrongly taken because of these practices amounted to £ 36.5 million . In 2009 , a new direct debit system was introduced to try and address this problem for graduates who were estimated to have fewer than two years ' repayments left to make . However , poor administration has bedevilled this system from the start , and inadequate record keeping means the SLC have great difficulty identifying how much is owed by individuals , meaning that occasionally they either miss the time when repayments should be switched to the direct debit system , or worse , send demand notices to graduates who have already paid off their loan . The transfer of information and even money between HMRC and the SLC has also been beset with difficulties , again apparently due to poor record keeping and the decision to process all repayments at once . Some graduates have found that large sums of money have gone missing in the records . The SLC will alter their records on receipt of the relevant payslips and P60s showing the missing payments . However , that makes it necessary to check all paperwork carefully and retain records for the period in question . Graduates are advised by Student Finance England to check all paperwork and ensure that the repayments are going in according to schedule , and not be afraid to complain or otherwise draw the SLC 's attention to the matter should they make a mistake . Non-collection of money due also causes problems . Because loans are collected through the UK tax system , there is no efficacious system of collecting them from eligible non-UK students who have returned to their home country ( mostly in the EU ) and the SLC has never attempted to sue through a foreign court for the money they are owed . In January 2012 , more than 45 % of such loans were in arrears and apparently had been effectively written off , at a cost to the Treasury of over £ 20 million . In December 2013 , the Public Accounts Committee described the repayments system as ' blatantly inadequate ' and its chairman Margaret Hodge advised the Chief Executive that when it came to systems for ensuring repayment , ' These are very simple things you are not doing . ' Only nine foreign nationals had ever been taken to court for non-payment , and just three had been convicted for non-repayment . In the same year , 92 applications for funding from abroad were found to be fraudulent , but no arrests or prosecutions had been instituted . See also ( edit ) Contractual term Erudio Student Loans Limitation Act 1980 Tuition fees in the UK Universities in the UK References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Anderson , Robert ( 8 February 2016 ) . `` University fees in historical perspective '' . History & Policy . History & Policy . Retrieved 19 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Student Loans Company Limited . `` take up statistics 1991 - 2005 '' . Slc.co.uk . Retrieved 12 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Student tuition fees : costly changes '' . BBC News . 19 May 1998 . Retrieved 24 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Smith , Mat ( 27 January 2004 ) . `` Timeline : tuition fees '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 24 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Bolton , Paul , `` Tuition Fee Statistics '' , UK House of Commons Library Section Social and General Statistics , Standard Note SN / SG / 917 dated 23 November 2010 Jump up ^ Harrison , Angela ( 8 November 2009 ) . `` Many ' against student fee rise ' '' . BBC News . Retrieved 24 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Student loans company to cut jobs '' . BBC News . 27 January 2010 . Retrieved 24 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Failure by Student Finance '' . Jump up ^ `` Business Secretary Vince Cable Sacks Top Brass of Student Loan Company '' . eGov Monitor. 26 May 2010 . Retrieved 2 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Quango high earners revealed by the Cabinet Office '' . Cabinet Office . Retrieved 2 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Revealed : special tax deal approved for senior official '' . Exaro news . 1 February 2012 . Retrieved 5 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Civil servant tax claims : Danny Alexander orders review '' . BBC . 1 February 2012 . Retrieved 5 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Urgent question on public servants tax avoidance '' . Parliament.uk. 2 February 2012 . Retrieved 5 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eligibility for student finance : Directgov - Education and learning '' . Direct.gov.uk . Retrieved 12 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Autumn Statement : Postgraduate loans of £ 10,000 '' . BBC . 3 December 2014 . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How much will university or college cost ? Tuition fees and other expenses : Directgov - Education and learning '' . Direct.gov.uk . Retrieved 12 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Money you can get to pay for university -- from 1 September 2012 '' . Direct.gov.uk . ^ Jump up to : `` Student MoneySaving : Funding , borrowing & living 10 / 11 '' . Moneysavingexpert.com . Retrieved 12 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Student finance - GOV.UK '' . www.gov.uk . Jump up ^ https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/597367/Part-time_Maintenance_Loans_-_Government_consultation_response_.pdf ^ Jump up to : Student Loans Company Limited . `` Maintenance Support '' . Slc.co.uk . Retrieved 12 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Students ' unaware ' of bursaries '' . BBC News . 3 December 2009 . Retrieved 24 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Should I repay student loan ? '' . Moneysavingexpert.com . Retrieved 15 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` On Sh Haitham 's Student ' Loans ' Fatwa - Islam21c '' . 5 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Income Contingent Repayment Plan 1 '' . Student Loans Company . Retrieved 15 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Student Loans : A Guide to Terms & Conditions - Student Finance England ( PDF 210kB ) '' ( PDF ) . Student Loans Company . Retrieved 15 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Paying Off Your Student Debt - The Facts Bond Payroll Services UK '' . BOND . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Income Contingent Repayment Plan 2 '' . Student Loans Company . Retrieved 15 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Income Contingent Repayments Plan 2 - Interest rates '' . Student Loans Company . Retrieved 15 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/597333/Doctoral_response_to_consultation.pdf Jump up ^ Limited , Student Loans Company . `` Student Loan Repayment - Plan 1 - How and when you repay '' . www.studentloanrepayment.co.uk . Jump up ^ Limited , Student Loans Company . `` Student Loan Repayment - Plan 1 - Interest rates '' . www.studentloanrepayment.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` PAYE update 2 : Threshold change for student loan borrowers '' . HM Revenue & Customs . Retrieved 15 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Insley , Jill ( 31 August 2009 ) . `` Millions of student loans have interest rate cut to zero or less '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Education ( Student Loans ) ( Repayment ) ( Amendment ) Regulations 2011 '' . Government . Retrieved 17 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Education ( Student Loans ) ( Repayment ) ( Amendment ) Regulations 2014 '' ( PDF ) . Government . Retrieved 17 October 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.studentloanrepayment.co.uk/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/RPIPG001/RPIPS001/RPIPS010/RPIPS048/RPIPS051/OVFA_WEB_FORM.PDF ^ Jump up to : `` Repaying from overseas - Overseas Income Assessment '' . Student Loans Company . Retrieved 15 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Overseas thresholds - ICR Plan 1 '' . Student Loans Company . Retrieved 15 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Overseas thresholds - ICR Plan 2 '' . Student Loans Company . Retrieved 15 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Parker , Olivia ( 15 March 2011 ) . `` Why your student loan could cost you £ 350 a month more '' . The Telegraph . London . Retrieved 15 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Henry , Julie ( 21 January 2012 ) . `` Thousands of EU students fail to repay loans '' . London : Telegraph Online . Retrieved 27 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Consultation outcome : Postgraduate study : student loans and other support '' . BIS. 25 November 2015 . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2016/743/pdfs/uksi_20160743_en.pdf Jump up ^ `` Prodigy Finance : International Student Loans '' . prodigyfinance.com . Jump up ^ https://wiki.financemyfuture.co.uk Jump up ^ Richardson , Hannah ( 12 October 2009 ) . `` Student loan firm explains delays '' . BBC News . Retrieved 24 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Universities ' bail out students ' '' . BBC News . 18 November 2009 . Retrieved 22 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Students still await loan money '' . BBC News . 10 November 2009 . Retrieved 24 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Coughlan , Sean ( 14 September 2009 ) . `` Student finance ' shambles ' anger '' . BBC News . Retrieved 24 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Fiasco ' of student loan failures '' . BBC News . 9 December 2009 . Retrieved 24 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pair quit amid student loans row '' . BBC News . 22 December 2009 . Retrieved 24 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Coughlan , Sean ( 9 December 2009 ) . `` Next year 's student loans delayed '' . BBC News . Retrieved 24 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Student Loans chief ' to pay tax at source ' '' . BBC News . 2 February 2012 . Retrieved 5 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Student Loans boss to stand down '' . BBC News . 25 May 2012 . Retrieved 29 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Student Loans Company Chief Executive Appointed '' . Student Loan Company Limited . Retrieved 29 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Student Loans Company Board '' . Student Loans Company Limited . Retrieved 29 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Yagoub , Mimi. `` Student Loans Company in £ 36.5 m cock - up '' . The Cambridge Student ONline . Retrieved 27 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Bischoff , V. `` Graduates Overcharged by Student Loans ( sic ) Company '' . www.lovemoney.com . Retrieved 27 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Starling , Nich. `` Student Loan Company not fit for purpose '' . Nich Starling , Norfolk Blogger . Retrieved 27 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Student Loan PAYE Repayments not Registered '' . Consumer Action Group . Retrieved 27 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Repayment FAQs : Student Finance England '' . Student Finance England ( the Student Loan Company Ltd ) . Retrieved 27 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bird , Steve ( 14 December 2013 ) . `` How foreign students are fleecing Britain '' . London : Daily Mail . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . External links ( edit ) Directgov student finance section Student Loans company website ( hide ) Student loans in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Student_loans_in_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=823089183 '' Categories : Department for Business , Innovation and Skills Education finance in the United Kingdom Student loan systems Students in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2012 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from April 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 January 2018 , at 04 : 54 . 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when did student loans start in the uk

The SLC was founded for the 1990 / 91 academic year to provide students with additional help towards living costs in the form of low - interest loans . In its first year , the SLC gave loans to 180,200 students This represented a take up rate of 28 % of eligible students , with an average loan of £ 390 .

General classification in the Tour de France - wikipedia General classification in the Tour de France `` Yellow Jersey '' redirects here . For the publisher Yellow Jersey Press , see Random House . See also : List of Tour de France general classification winners and Yellow jersey statistics Yellow jersey The 2013 yellow jersey , worn by Simon Gerrans Sport Road bicycle racing Competition Tour de France Given for Overall best time Local name Maillot jaune ( French ) History First award 1903 Editions 104 ( as of 2017 ) First winner Maurice Garin ( FRA ) Most wins Jacques Anquetil ( FRA ) Eddy Merckx ( BEL ) Bernard Hinault ( FRA ) Miguel Indurain ( ESP ) 5 wins Most recent Chris Froome ( GBR ) The general classification is the most important classification , the one by which the winner of the Tour de France is determined . Since 1919 , the leader of the general classification wears the yellow jersey ( French : maillot jaune pronounced ( majo ʒon ) ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Rules 3 More than one rider leading the general classification 4 No riders in yellow 5 Scandal in yellow 6 Record days in yellow 7 The man who refused the yellow jersey 8 `` Elegance in yellow '' 9 Sponsorship 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) The winner of the first Tour de France wore a green armband , not a yellow jersey . After the second Tour de France , the rules were changed , and the general classification was no longer calculated by time , but by points . This points system was kept until 1912 , after which it changed back into the time classification . At that time , the leader still did not wear a yellow jersey . There is doubt over when the yellow jersey began . The Belgian rider Philippe Thys , who won the Tour in 1913 , 1914 and 1920 , recalled in the Belgian magazine Champions et Vedettes when he was 67 that he was awarded a yellow jersey in 1913 when the organiser , Henri Desgrange , asked him to wear a coloured jersey . Thys declined , saying making himself more visible in yellow would encourage other riders to ride against him . He said : `` He then made his argument from another direction . Several stages later , it was my team manager at Peugeot , ( Alphonse ) Baugé , who urged me to give in . The yellow jersey would be an advertisement for the company and , that being the argument , I was obliged to concede . So a yellow jersey was bought in the first shop we came to . It was just the right size , although we had to cut a slightly larger hole for my head to go through . '' He spoke of the next year 's race , when `` I won the first stage and was beaten by a tyre by Bossus in the second . On the following stage , the maillot jaune passed to Georget after a crash . '' The Tour historian Jacques Augendre called Thys `` a valorous rider ... well - known for his intelligence '' and said his claim `` seems free from all suspicion '' . But : `` No newspaper mentions a yellow jersey before the war . Being at a loss for witnesses , we ca n't solve this enigma . '' According to the official history , the first yellow jersey was worn by the Frenchman Eugène Christophe in the stage from Grenoble to Geneva on July 18 , 1919 . The colour was chosen either to reflect the yellow newsprint of the organising newspaper , L'Auto , or because yellow was an unpopular colour and therefore the only one available with which a manufacturer could create jerseys at late notice . The two possibilities have been promoted equally but the idea of matching the colour of Desgrange 's newspaper seems more probable because Desgrange wrote : `` This morning I gave the valiant Christophe a superb yellow jersey . You already know that our director decided that the man leading the race ( de tête du classement général ) should wear a jersey in the colours of L'Auto . The battle to wear this jersey is going to be passionate . '' Christophe disliked wearing it , anyway , and complained that spectators imitated canaries whenever he passed . It was a habit encouraged by his nickname of Cri - Cri ( from `` Christophe '' ) which is French babytalk for a bird . Christophe remembered riders and spectators teasing : `` Ah , the yellow jersey ! Is n't he beautiful , the canary ? What are you doing , Madame Cri - Cri '' , adding , `` And that lasted the whole course . '' There was no formal presentation when Christophe wore his first yellow jersey in Grenoble , from where the race left at 2am for the 325 km to Geneva . He was given it the night before and tried it on later in his hotel . In the next Tour de France in 1920 , the yellow jersey was initially not awarded , but after the ninth stage , it was introduced again . Winner of the 1965 Tour 's general classification Felice Gimondi wearing the yellow jersey with the initials of Henri Desgrange , the first organiser of the Tour de France After Desgrange 's death , his stylized initials were added to the yellow jersey , originally on the chest . They moved in 1969 to the sleeve to make way for a logo advertising Virlux . A further advertisement for the clothing company Le Coq Sportif appeared at the bottom of the zip fastener at the neck , the first supplementary advertisement on the yellow jersey . Desgrange 's initials returned to the front of the jersey in 1972 , some years on the left , others on the right . They were removed in 1984 to make way for a commercial logo but Nike added them again in 2003 as part of the Tour 's centenary celebrations . One set of initials is now worn on the upper right chest of the jersey . In 2013 , a nighttime finish on the Champs - Élysées for the final stage was done to commemorate the race 's 100th edition . Race leader Chris Froome wore a special yellow jersey covered in small translucent sequins into Paris as well as on the podium to allow him to be more visible under the lights . The original yellow jerseys were of conventional style . Riders had to pull them over their head on the rostrum . For many years the jersey was made in only limited sizes and many riders found it a struggle to pull one on , especially when tired or wet . The presentation jersey is now made with a full - length zip at the back and the rider pulls it on from the front , sliding his hands through the sleeves rather like a strait - jacket . He then receives three further jerseys each day , plus money ( referred to as the `` rent '' ) for each day he leads the race . There is no copyright on the yellow jersey and it has been imitated by many other races , although not always for the best rider overall : in the Tour of Benelux yellow is worn by the best young rider . In professional surf , the current male and female leaders of the World Surf League get to wear a yellow jersey on all the heats of a tour stop . In American English it is sometimes referred to as the mellow johnny , a mispronunciation of its French name originally by Lance Armstrong , who wore it many times while riding in the 1999 - 2005 races . Armstrong also uses the name `` Mellow Johnny '' for his Texas - based bike shop . The Lance Armstrong Foundation donated the yellow jersey from Armstrong 's fourth Tour de France win ( 2002 ) to the National Museum of American History . Rules ( edit ) The Tour de France , and other bicycle stage races , are decided by totalling the time each rider takes on the daily stages . Time can be added or subtracted from this total time as bonuses or penalties for winning individual stages or being first to the top of a climb or for infractions of the rules . The rider with the lowest overall time at the end of each stage receives a ceremonial yellow bicycling jersey and the right to start the next stage , usually the next day , of the Tour in the yellow jersey . The rider to receive the yellow jersey after the last stage in Paris , is the overall ( or ultimate ) winner of the Tour . Similar leader 's jerseys exist in other cycling races , but are not always yellow ( the color being chosen by the individual race organizers ) . The Tour of California uses gold , the Giro d'Italia uses pink and the Tour Down Under uses an ochre - coloured jersey , as ochre is a colour strongly associated with Australia , particularly its desert regions . Until 2009 the Vuelta a España used gold ; since 2010 the leader 's jersey is red . More than one rider leading the general classification ( edit ) In the early years of the Tour de France , the time was measured in minutes . Although usually cyclists were seconds apart , sometimes several cyclists shared the same time . In 1914 , before the introduction of the yellow jersey , this had happened with the two leaders , Philippe Thys and Jean Rossius . After the introduction of the yellow jersey in 1919 , the situation occurred twice . The first time was in 1929 , when three riders had the same time when the race reached Bordeaux . Nicolas Frantz of Luxembourg and the Frenchmen Victor Fontan and André Leducq all rode in yellow , although none held it to the finish in Paris . In 1931 , Charles Pélissier and Rafaele di Paco were both leading with the same time . The problem of joint leaders was resolved in later Tours by giving the jersey to whichever rider had the best daily finishing places earlier in the race . The introduction of a short time trial at the start of the race in 1967 - the prologue time trial -- meant riders have since been divided by fractions of seconds recorded in that race , excepting the 2008 , 2011 and 2013 editions . According to the ASO rules `` In the event of a tie in the general ranking , the hundredth of a second recorded by the timekeepers during the individual time trial stages will be included in the total times in order to decide the overall winner and who takes the yellow jersey . If a tie should still result from this , then the places achieved for each stage are added up and , as a last resort , the place obtained in the final stage is counted . '' No riders in yellow ( edit ) Riders who became race leader through the misfortune of others have ridden next day without the yellow jersey . In 1950 , Ferdi Kubler of Switzerland rode in his national jersey rather than yellow when the race leader , Fiorenzo Magni abandoned the race along with the Italian team in protest at threats said to have been made by spectators . Eddy Merckx declined the jersey in 1971 after its previous wearer , Luis Ocaña , crashed on the col de Mente in the Pyrenees . The Dutchman Joop Zoetemelk did not wear the yellow jersey that passed to him in 1980 when his rival , Bernard Hinault retired with tendonitis . In 1991 , Greg LeMond rode without the jersey after a crash eliminated Rolf Sørensen of Denmark . In 2005 , Lance Armstrong refused to start in the yellow jersey after the previous owner , David Zabriskie , was eliminated by a crash , but put it on after the neutral zone on request of the race organizers . In 2015 , there was no yellow jersey in stage 7 after Tony Martin had crashed in the previous stage . Martin had finished the previous stage after the crash ( and officially retained the yellow jersey as a result ) , but had broken his collarbone in the crash and did not start stage 7 . Chris Froome became the overall leader with Martin 's non-start . The yellow jersey on the first day of the Tour is traditionally permitted to be worn by the winner of the previous year 's race ; however , wearing it is a choice left to the rider , and in recent years has gone out of fashion . If the winner does not ride , the jersey is not worn . The previous year 's winner traditionally has race number `` 1 '' ( with his teammates given the other single - digit racing numbers ) , with subsequent sets of numbers determined by the highest classified riders for that team in the previous Tour . The lead riders for a particular team will often wear the first number in the series ( 11 , 21 , 31 and so forth ) , but these riders are not necessarily contenders for the general classification -- teams led by sprinters will often designate the points classification contender as their lead rider . In 2007 there was neither a yellow jersey at the start of the race nor a number 1 ; the previous winner , Floyd Landis of the United States failed a doping control after the race and organisers declined to declare an official winner pending arbitration of the Landis case . On September 20 , 2007 , Landis was officially stripped of his title following the arbitration court 's guilty verdict , and the 2006 title passed to Óscar Pereiro ; in 2008 , the runner - up in 2007 , Cadel Evans was given the race number `` 1 '' when the 2007 winner , Alberto Contador was unable to defend his title due to a dispute between the organisers ASO and his new team Astana barring that team from riding the Tour . Scandal in yellow ( edit ) In 1978 the Belgian rider Michel Pollentier became race leader after attacking on the Alpe d'Huez . He was disqualified the same day after trying to cheat a drug test . In 1988 , Pedro Delgado of Spain won the Tour despite a drug test showing he had taken a drug what could be used to hide the use of steroids . News of the test was leaked to the press by the former organiser of the Tour , Jacques Goddet . Delgado was allowed to continue because the drug , probenecid , was not banned by the Union Cycliste Internationale . The 1996 winner Bjarne Riis of Denmark said , in 2007 , that he used drugs during the race . He was asked to stay away from the 2007 Tour in his role as directeur sportif of the Danish Team CSC ( now called Team Saxo - Tinkoff ) . The 2006 winner Floyd Landis was disqualified more than a year after the race . After he failed a doping control test following his stunning Stage 17 victory , an arbitration panel declared him guilty of doping in September 2007 ; the official title for the 2006 Tour passed to Óscar Pereiro . Landis appealed his case to the Court of Arbitration for Sport , but lost this appeal at the end of June 2008 allowing Oscar Pereiro to start the 2008 edition of Le Tour de France as the unqualified 2006 Tour champion . In 2007 , the Danish rider Michael Rasmussen was withdrawn from the race by his team after complaints that he had not made himself available for drug tests earlier in the year . Rasmussen said that he was in Mexico but there were reports that he was seen training in Italy . He later admitted doping for more than a decade . Maurice Garin won the Tour de France before yellow jerseys were awarded ; but in 1904 , he was disqualified as winner after complaints that he and other riders cheated . The allegations disappeared with the Tour de France 's other archives , when they were taken south in 1940 to avoid the German invasion . But a man , who knew Garin as a small boy , recalled that the Garin admitted catching a train part of the way . In 2012 , Lance Armstrong was stripped of his seven Tour de France titles by UCI , following a report by the United States Anti-Doping Agency revealing that Armstrong had systematically used performance - enhancing drugs for much of his career , including all seven Tour victories . Record days in yellow ( edit ) The rider who has most worn the yellow jersey is the Belgian Eddy Merckx , who wore it 96 days . The greatest number of riders to wear the jersey in a single edition of Le Tour de France is eight , which happened in 1958 and 1987 . The man who refused the yellow jersey ( edit ) The yellow jersey was made for decades , like all other cycling jerseys , from wool . No synthetic fibres existed which had both the warmth and the absorption of wool . Embroidery was expensive and so the only lettering to appear on the jersey was the H.D. of Desgrange 's initials . Riders added the name of the team for which they were riding or the professional team for which they normally rode ( in the years when the Tour was for national rather than sponsored teams ) by attaching a panel of printed cloth to the front of the jersey by pins . While synthetic material did n't exist in a way to create whole jerseys , synthetic thread or blends were added in 1947 , following the arrival of Sofil as a sponsor . Sofil made artificial yarn . Riders , especially the Frenchman Louison Bobet ( Louis Bobet as he was still known ) , believed in the pureness of wool . Bobet insisted that cyclists needed wool for their long days of sweating in the heat and dust . It was a matter of hygiene . Artificial fabrics made riders sweat too much . And , in his first Tour de France , he refused to wear the jersey with which he had been presented . Goddet recalled : `` It produced a real drama . Our contract with Sofil was crumbling away . If the news had got out , the commercial effect would have been disastrous for the manufacturer . I remember debating it with him a good part of the night . Louison was always exquisitely courteous but his principles were as hard as the granite blocks of his native Brittany coast . '' No compromise was possible . Goddet had to get Sofil to produce another jersey overnight , its logo still visible but artificial fabric absent . `` Elegance in yellow '' ( edit ) For the veteran writer and television broadcaster Jean - Paul Ollivier , the woollen yellow jersey ... `` ... gave the riders a rare elegance , even if the way it caught the air left something to be desired . In wool , then in Rovyl -- a material used for making underwear -- it entered into legend for the quality of those who wore it . Those were the years of national teams . In 1930 Henri Desgrange , the organiser , decided that commercially - sponsored teams were contriving to spoil his race and opted instead for teams representing countries . The Tour de France stayed that way until 1962 , when it reverted to commercial teams with the exception of 1967 and 1968 and the riders knotted on their jerseys a spare tyre ( across the shoulders ) A narrow slip of white cotton placed on the chest showed discreetly the name of the sponsor outside the Tour : La Perle , Mercier , Helyett ... '' The advent of printing by flocking , a process in which cotton fluff is sprayed on to stencilled glue , and then of screen printing , combined with the domination of synthetic materials to increase the advertising on jerseys : the domination which Ollivier regrets . `` All sorts of fantasies such as fluorescent jerseys or shorts , '' he said . Such was the quantity of advertising when Bernard Thévenet accepted the yellow jersey when the Tour finished for the first time on the Champs Elysées in 1975 that the French sports minister counted all the logos and protested to broadcasters . Since then the number of people with access to the podium has been restricted . Sponsorship ( edit ) The French bank , Crédit Lyonnais , has sponsored the maillot jaune since 1987 . The company has been a commercial partner of the Tour since 1981 . It awards a toy lion - le lion en peluche - to each day 's winner as a play on its name . In 2007 , sponsorship of the jersey was credited to LCL , the new name for Crédit Lyonnais following its takeover by another bank , Crédit Agricole . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Woodland , Les ( ed . ) ( 2007 ) . Yellow Jersey Companion to the Tour de France . Yellow Jersey , UK . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Chany , Pierre ( 1997 ) La Fabuleuse Histoire du Tour de France , Ed . de la Martinière , France . Jump up ^ Chany , Pierre : La Fabuleuse Histoire de Cyclisme , Nathan , France Jump up ^ `` C'était en 1913 . J'étais leader du classement général . Une nuit , Desgrange rêva d'un maillot couleur or et me proposa de le porter . Je refusais , car je me sentais déjà le point de mire de tous . Il insista , mais je me montrais intraitable . Têtu , H.D. revint à la charge par la tangente . En effet , quelques étapes plus loin , ce fut mon directeur sportif de la marque Peugeot , M. Baugé , qui me conseilla de céder . On acheta donc dans le premier magasin venu , un maillot jaune . Il était juste aux dimensions nécessaires . Trop juste même , puisqu'il fallut découper une encolure plus grande pour le passage de la tête et c'est ainsi que je fis plusieurs étapes en décolleté de grande dame . Ce qui ne m'empêcha pas de gagner mon premier Tour ! '' Jump up ^ Augendre , Jacques : Tour de France , panorama d'un siècle , Soc . du Tour de France , 1996 ^ Jump up to : Ollivier , Jean - Paul ( 2001 ) L'ABCdaire du Tour de France , Flammarion , France . Jump up ^ Desgrange , Henri , L'Auto , 1919 Jump up ^ Ollivier , Jean - Paul : Maillot Jaune , Selection Readers Digest , France , 1999 Jump up ^ McGann , Bill ; McGann , Carol ( 2006 ) . The Story of the Tour de France . Dog Ear Publishing . pp. 56 -- 57 . ISBN 1 - 59858 - 180 - 5 . Retrieved 12 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lance Armstrong , The Healing Cyclist and Tour de France Champion '' . National Museum of American History , Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Regulations of the race '' ( PDF ) . ASO / letour.fr . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 1914 '' ( in German ) . www.radsport-seite.de . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Velo - news online , US , June 29 , 2003 Jump up ^ McGann , Bill ; McGann , Carol ( 2006 ) . The Story of the Tour De France . Dog Ear Publishing . p. 92 . ISBN 1 - 59858 - 180 - 5 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 17 . Frantz , André Leducq and Victor Fontan , who were in that winning stage 17 break , were exactly tied in time . Today the judges would go back to the time trial and look at the fractions - of - a-second differences . If that does n't resolve the tie , then a look at placings solves the problem . The Tour did n't have rules to take care of ties , so 3 Yellow Jerseys were awarded . Jump up ^ McGann , Bill ; McGann , Carol ( 2006 ) . The Story of the Tour De France . Dog Ear Publishing . p. 118 . ISBN 1 - 59858 - 180 - 5 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 17 . Leading up to the Pyrenees , Italy 's ace sprinter Rafaelo di Paco dueled with France 's Charles Pélissier for stage wins and the lead . After stage 5 they shared the lead for a single day . ^ Jump up to : VeloNews.com ( July 9 , 2015 ) . `` Froome in yellow on Friday ? It 's his choice '' . VeloNews . Competitor Group , Inc . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2015 . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 2011 : Armstrong declines yellow jersey , organizers insist '' . Jump up ^ `` New Tour de France leader is n't wearing a yellow jersey on Friday '' . 10 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Goddet , Jacques , L'Équipée Belle , Laffont , France Jump up ^ `` Landis ban appeal is turned down '' . BBC News . June 30 , 2008 . Retrieved May 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Magnay , Jacquelin ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` Danish cyclist Michael Rasmussen admits doping for more than a decade and quits the sport '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ Woodland , Les : The Unknown Tour de France , van de Plas Publishing , US Jump up ^ `` Lance Armstrong stripped of all seven Tour de France wins by UCI '' . BBC . Retrieved 22 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Le maillot jaune LCL a 20 ans Archived 2007 - 11 - 01 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved December 2007 . External links ( edit ) Media related to General classification in the Tour de France at Wikimedia Commons Tour de France general classification winners 1903 -- 1919 1903 : Maurice Garin 1904 : Henri Cornet 1905 : Louis Trousselier 1906 : René Pottier 1907 -- 08 : Lucien Petit - Breton 1909 : François Faber 1910 : Octave Lapize 1911 : Gustave Garrigou 1912 : Odile Defraye 1913 -- 14 : Philippe Thys 1915 -- 18 : World War I 1919 : Firmin Lambot 1920 -- 1939 1920 : Philippe Thys 1921 : Léon Scieur 1922 : Firmin Lambot 1923 : Henri Pélissier 1924 -- 25 : Ottavio Bottecchia 1926 : Lucien Buysse 1927 -- 28 : Nicolas Frantz 1929 : Maurice De Waele 1930 : André Leducq 1931 : Antonin Magne 1932 : André Leducq 1933 : Georges Speicher 1934 : Antonin Magne 1935 : Romain Maes 1936 : Sylvère Maes 1937 : Roger Lapébie 1938 : Gino Bartali 1939 : Sylvère Maes 1940 -- 1959 1940 -- 46 : World War II 1947 : Jean Robic 1948 : Gino Bartali 1949 : Fausto Coppi 1950 : Ferdinand Kübler 1951 : Hugo Koblet 1952 : Fausto Coppi 1953 -- 55 : Louison Bobet 1956 : Roger Walkowiak 1957 : Jacques Anquetil 1958 : Charly Gaul 1959 : Federico Bahamontes 1960 -- 1979 1960 : Gastone Nencini 1961 -- 64 : Jacques Anquetil 1965 : Felice Gimondi 1966 : Lucien Aimar 1967 : Roger Pingeon 1968 : Jan Janssen 1969 -- 72 : Eddy Merckx 1973 : Luis Ocaña 1974 : Eddy Merckx 1975 : Bernard Thévenet 1976 : Lucien Van Impe 1977 : Bernard Thévenet 1978 -- 79 : Bernard Hinault 1980 -- 1998 1980 : Joop Zoetemelk 1981 -- 82 : Bernard Hinault 1983 -- 84 : Laurent Fignon 1985 : Bernard Hinault 1986 : Greg LeMond 1987 : Stephen Roche 1988 : Pedro Delgado 1989 -- 90 : Greg LeMond 1991 -- 95 : Miguel Indurain 1996 : Bjarne Riis 1997 : Jan Ullrich 1998 : Marco Pantani 2006 -- present 1999 -- 2005 : results voided because of doping 2006 : Óscar Pereiro 2007 : Alberto Contador 2008 : Carlos Sastre 2009 : Alberto Contador 2010 : Andy Schleck 2011 : Cadel Evans 2012 : Bradley Wiggins 2013 : Chris Froome 2014 : Vincenzo Nibali 2015 -- 2017 : Chris Froome Tour de France By year 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1997 1998 2017 2018 2019 Classifications ( `` jerseys '' ) Current General ( maillot jaune ) Points ( maillot vert ) Mountains ( maillot à pois ) Young rider ( maillot blanc ) Team ( classement d'équipes ) Combativity ( prix de combativité ) Former Combination ( maillot du combiné ) Intermediate sprints ( maillot rouge ) Directors 1903 -- 1935 : Henri Desgrange 1936 -- 1961 : Jacques Goddet 1962 -- 1986 : Jacques Goddet and Félix Lévitan 1987 : Jean - François Naquet - Radiguet 1988 : Xavier Louy 1989 -- 2006 : Jean - Marie Leblanc 2007 -- present : Christian Prudhomme Finish locations 1903 -- 1967 : Parc des Princes 1968 -- 1974 : Vélodrome de Vincennes 1975 -- present : Champs - Élysées final stage Lists General classification winners Secondary classification winners Grands Départs Records and statistics Mountain passes and hills Articles and topics During World War II Yellow jersey statistics Lanterne rouge Doping Hors catégorie Souvenir Jacques Goddet Souvenir Henri Desgrange Related articles Didi Senft Géo Lefèvre La Course by Le Tour de France Part of the Grand Tour Grand Tour ( cycling ) Races Tour de France General classification winners Secondary classification winners Records and statistics Yellow jersey statistics Giro d'Italia General classification winners Secondary classification winners Records and statistics Vuelta a España General classification winners Secondary classification winners Records and statistics GT winners General classification winners Points classification winners Mountains classification winners Stage winners at all three tours See also General classification Mountains classification Points classification Young rider classification Team classification Triple Crown of Cycling Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=General_classification_in_the_Tour_de_France&oldid=840788388 '' Categories : Tour de France classifications and awards Cycling jerseys Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing French - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català فارسی Français Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Македонски Polski Română Русский Српски / srpski Türkçe 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 May 2018 , at 04 : 51 . 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what colour jersey does the stage winner of the tour de france wear

The Tour de France , and other bicycle stage races , are decided by totalling the time each rider takes on the daily stages . Time can be added or subtracted from this total time as bonuses or penalties for winning individual stages or being first to the top of a climb or for infractions of the rules . The rider with the lowest overall time at the end of each stage receives a ceremonial yellow bicycling jersey and the right to start the next stage , usually the next day , of the Tour in the yellow jersey .

I 'd really love to see you tonight - wikipedia I 'd really love to see you tonight Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` I 'd Really Love to See You Tonight '' Big Tree Records 1976 single cover Single by England Dan & John Ford Coley from the album Nights Are Forever B - side `` It 's Not The Same '' Released May 1976 Format 7 '' Genre Soft rock Length 2 : 42 Label Big Tree ( US ) Atlantic ( UK ) Songwriter ( s ) Parker McGee Producer ( s ) Kyle Lehning England Dan & John Ford Coley singles chronology `` I 'd Really Love to See You Tonight '' ( 1976 ) `` Nights Are Forever Without You '' ( 1977 ) `` I 'd Really Love to See You Tonight '' ( 1976 ) `` Nights Are Forever Without You '' ( 1977 ) `` I 'd Really Love to See You Tonight '' is a song written by Parker McGee and was a hit by England Dan & John Ford Coley from their 1976 album Nights Are Forever . It eventually peaked at # 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart for two weeks , behind Wild Cherry 's `` Play That Funky Music '' and # 1 on the Easy Listening chart . Billboard ranked it as the # 21 song for 1976 . It reached # 26 in the official UK chart Dan Seals , the `` England Dan '' half of the duo , re-recorded the song in 1995 in an acoustic country music style . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chart history 1.1 Weekly charts 1.2 Year - end charts 2 Other cover versions 3 In popular culture 4 References Chart history ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1976 ) Peak position Australia Kent Music Report 25 Canada RPM Top Singles Canada RPM Adult Contemporary New Zealand 15 UK Singles Chart ( OCC ) 26 US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Easy Listening US Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1976 ) Rank Canada 67 US Billboard Hot 100 21 US Billboard Easy Listening US Cash Box 47 Other cover versions ( edit ) Dee Dee Sharp Gamble covered the song on her 1977 album What Color Is Love Reba McEntire and Jacky Ward covered the song in 1978 as part of a double - sided single with `` Three Sheets in the Wind '' . Ian McShane covered the song on his 1992 album From Both Sides Now . Barry Manilow covered it on the 1996 album Summer of ' 78 . Charlie McGettigan and Paul Harrington covered it on the album Rock ' n ' Roll Kids . Lillo Thomas covered the song on this 2010 album Come and Get It . In popular culture ( edit ) The band performed the song on the 1977 NBC teen drama series James at 15 in the episode `` The Blowout '' during the school dance scene . In the 1996 action thriller film The Long Kiss Goodnight starring Geena Davis and Samuel L. Jackson , Jackson 's character hears the song on the car radio while driving and starts to sing the chorus as `` I 'm not talking ' bout the linens ... '' , instead of `` I 'm not talking ' bout moving in '' , and Davis 's character then promptly corrects his mondegreen . In the 2013 comedy film Anchorman 2 , the song is briefly featured in a scene where Ron Burgundy ( played by Will Ferrell ) revisits his divorced wife Veronica Corningstone ( played by Christina Applegate ) and his son Walter just as he is approaching the door of their apartment in New York City with a gift for Walter . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 - 2001 . Record Research . p. 86 . Jump up ^ Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1976 Jump up ^ `` Forum - 1970 ( ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts ) '' . australian-charts.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Recorded Music New Zealand , 27 September 1976 Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 - 2001 . Record Research . p. 86 . Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles , September 18 , 1976 Jump up ^ `` Top Singles -- Volume 26 , No. 14 & 15 , January 08 1977 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Musicoutfitters.com Jump up ^ Top 50 Adult Contemporary Hits of 1976 Jump up ^ Cash Box Year - End Charts : Top 100 Pop Singles , December 25 , 1976 Preceded by `` If You Know What I Mean '' by Neil Diamond Billboard Easy Listening number - one single August 21 , 1976 Succeeded by `` Shower the People '' by James Taylor England Dan & John Ford Coley John Ford Coley Dan Seals Studio albums England Dan & John Ford Coley ( 1971 ) Fables ( 1972 ) I Hear the Music ( 1976 ) Nights Are Forever ( 1976 ) Dowdy Ferry Road ( 1977 ) Some Things Do n't Come Easy ( 1978 ) Dr. Heckle and Mr. Jive ( 1979 ) Just Tell Me You Love Me ( 1980 ) Compilations The Best of England Dan and John Ford Coley ( 1979 ) The Best of England Dan and John Ford Coley Vol. 2 ( 1981 ) Singles `` I 'd Really Love to See You Tonight '' `` It 's Sad to Belong '' `` We 'll Never Have to Say Goodbye Again '' `` Love Is the Answer '' Barry Manilow singles 1970s `` Mandy '' ( 1974 ) `` Sandra '' ( 1974 ) `` It 's a Miracle '' ( 1975 ) `` Could It Be Magic '' ( 1975 ) `` I Write the Songs '' ( 1975 ) `` Tryin ' to Get the Feeling Again '' ( 1976 ) `` This One 's for You '' ( 1976 ) `` Weekend in New England '' ( 1976 ) `` Looks Like We Made It '' ( 1977 ) `` Daybreak '' ( 1977 ) `` It 's Just Another New Year 's Eve '' ( 1977 ) `` Ca n't Smile Without You '' ( 1978 ) `` Even Now '' ( 1978 ) `` Copacabana '' ( 1978 ) `` Ready to Take a Chance Again '' ( 1978 ) `` Somewhere in the Night '' ( 1978 ) `` Ships '' ( 1979 ) `` When I Wanted You '' ( 1979 ) 1980s `` I Do n't Want to Walk Without You '' ( 1980 ) `` Bermuda Triangle '' ( 1980 ) `` I Made It Through the Rain '' ( 1980 ) `` Lonely Together '' ( 1981 ) `` The Old Songs '' ( 1981 ) `` Somewhere Down the Road '' ( 1981 ) `` Let 's Hang On ! '' ( 1982 ) `` Oh Julie '' ( 1982 ) `` Memory '' ( 1982 ) `` I 'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter '' ( 1982 ) `` Read ' Em and Weep '' ( 1983 ) `` When October Goes '' ( 1984 ) `` Run to Me '' ( 1985 ) `` I 'm Your Man '' ( 1986 ) `` Keep Each Other Warm '' ( 1989 ) 1990s `` If I Can Dream '' ( 1990 ) `` I 'd Really Love to See You Tonight '' ( 1997 ) 2000s `` River '' ( 2003 ) `` Unchained Melody '' ( 2006 ) `` Love Is a Many - Splendored Thing '' ( 2006 ) 2010s `` Santa Claus Is Coming to Town '' ( 2012 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%27d_Really_Love_to_See_You_Tonight&oldid=832038926 '' Categories : 1976 singles England Dan & John Ford Coley songs Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Vocal duets Reba McEntire songs Jacky Ward songs Song recordings produced by Kyle Lehning 1976 songs Big Tree Records singles Atlantic Records singles Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles needing additional references from March 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 23 March 2018 , at 13 : 20 . 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who wrote i really love to see you tonight

`` I 'd Really Love to See You Tonight '' is a song written by Parker McGee and was a hit by England Dan & John Ford Coley from their 1976 album Nights Are Forever . It eventually peaked at # 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart for two weeks , behind Wild Cherry 's `` Play That Funky Music '' and # 1 on the Easy Listening chart . Billboard ranked it as the # 21 song for 1976 . It reached # 26 in the official UK chart

Super Bowl I - wikipedia Super Bowl I Jump to : navigation , search Super Bowl I Kansas City Chiefs ( AFL ) Green Bay Packers ( NFL ) 10 35 Total KC 0 10 0 0 10 GB 7 7 14 7 35 Date January 15 , 1967 ( 1967 - 01 - 15 ) Stadium Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum , Los Angeles , California MVP Bart Starr , Quarterback Favorite Packers by 14 Referee Norm Schachter Attendance 61,946 Future Hall of Famers Chiefs : Lamar Hunt ( owner ) , Hank Stram ( coach ) , Bobby Bell , Buck Buchanan , Len Dawson , Emmitt Thomas Packers : Vince Lombardi ( coach ) , Herb Adderley , Willie Davis , Forrest Gregg , Paul Hornung , Henry Jordan , Jerry Kramer , Ray Nitschke , Dave Robinson , Bart Starr , Jim Taylor , Willie Wood Ceremonies National anthem The marching bands from the University of Arizona and the University of Michigan Coin toss Norm Schachter Halftime show Al Hirt , and the marching bands from the University of Arizona and Grambling State University TV in the United States Network CBS and NBC Announcers CBS : Ray Scott , Jack Whitaker and Frank Gifford NBC : Curt Gowdy and Paul Christman Nielsen ratings CBS : 18.5 ( est . 24.43 million viewers ) NBC : 22.6 ( est . 26.75 million viewers ) ( Total : 51.18 million viewers ) Market share CBS : 46 NBC : 49 Cost of 30 - second commercial $42,000 ( Both CBS and NBC ) Super Bowl II → The first AFL - NFL World Championship Game in professional American football , known retroactively as Super Bowl I and referred to in some contemporaneous reports , including the game 's radio broadcast , as the Super Bowl , was played on January 15 , 1967 at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum in Los Angeles , California . The National Football League ( NFL ) champion Green Bay Packers defeated the American Football League ( AFL ) champion Kansas City Chiefs by the score of 35 -- 10 . The Packers and the Chiefs in the first AFL -- NFL Championship Game ( Super Bowl I ) Coming into this game , considerable animosity existed between the AFL and NFL , thus the teams representing the two rival leagues ( Kansas City and Green Bay , respectively ) felt pressure to win . The Chiefs posted an 11 -- 2 -- 1 record during the 1966 AFL season , and defeated the Buffalo Bills 31 -- 7 , in the AFL Championship Game . The Packers finished the 1966 NFL season at 12 -- 2 , and defeated the Dallas Cowboys 34 -- 27 in the NFL Championship Game . Still , many sports writers and fans believed any team in the older NFL was vastly superior to any club in the upstart AFL , and so expected Green Bay would blow out Kansas City . The first half of Super Bowl I was competitive , as the Chiefs outgained the Packers in total yards , 181 -- 164 , to come within 14 -- 10 at halftime . Early in the third quarter , Green Bay safety Willie Wood intercepted a pass and returned it fifty yards to the five - yard line . The turnover sparked the Packers to score 21 unanswered points in the second half . Green Bay quarterback Bart Starr , who completed 16 of 23 passes for 250 yards and two touchdowns , with 1 interception , was named MVP . It remains the only Super Bowl to have been simulcast in the United States by two networks . NBC had the rights to nationally televise AFL games , while CBS held the rights to broadcast NFL games ; both networks were allowed to televise the game . The first Super Bowl 's entertainment consisted of college marching bands from the University of Arizona and Grambling State University , instead of featuring popular singers and musicians as in later Super Bowls . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Origins 1.2 Kansas City Chiefs 1.3 Green Bay Packers 1.4 Super Bowl pregame news and notes 2 Weather 3 Television 3.1 Simulcast 3.2 Game footage 4 Ceremonies and entertainment 5 Game summary 5.1 First quarter 5.2 Second quarter 5.3 Third quarter 5.4 Fourth quarter 5.5 Box score 6 Final statistics 6.1 Statistical comparison 6.2 Individual leaders 6.3 Records established 7 Starting lineups 8 Officials 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Background ( edit ) Origins ( edit ) Main article : AFL -- NFL merger Super Bowl I -- Los Angeles Coliseum When the NFL began its 40th season in 1960 , it had a new and unwanted rival : the American Football League . The NFL had successfully fended off several other rival leagues in the past , and so the older league initially ignored the new upstart and its eight teams , figuring it would be made up of nothing but NFL rejects , and that fans were unlikely to prefer it to the NFL . But unlike the NFL 's prior rivals , the AFL survived and prospered , in part by signing `` NFL rejects '' who turned out to be highly talented players the older league had badly misjudged . Soon the NFL and AFL found themselves locked in a massive bidding war for the top free agents and prospects coming out of college . Originally , there was a tacit agreement between the two not to raid each other by signing players who were already under contract with a team from an opposing league . This policy broke down in early 1966 when the NFL 's New York Giants signed Pete Gogolak , a placekicker who was under contract with the AFL 's Buffalo Bills . The AFL owners considered this an `` act of war '' and immediately struck back , signing several contracted NFL players , including eight of their top quarterbacks . Eventually the NFL had enough and started negotiations with the AFL in an attempt to resolve the issue . As a result of the negotiations , the leagues signed a merger agreement on June 9 , 1966 . Among the details , both leagues agreed to share a common draft in order to end the bidding war for the top college players , as well as merge into a single league after the 1969 season . In addition , an `` AFL - NFL World Championship Game '' was established , in which the AFL and NFL champions would play against each other in a game at the end of the season to determine which league had the best team . Los Angeles was not awarded the game until December 1 , less than seven weeks prior to the kickoff ; likewise , the date of the game was not set until December 13 . Since the AFL Championship Game originally was scheduled for Monday , December 26 , and the NFL Championship Game for Sunday , January 1 ( the reverse of the situation following the 1960 season ) , the `` new '' championship game was suggested to be played Sunday , January 8 . Eventually , an unprecedented TV doubleheader was held on January 1 , with the AFL Championship Game telecast from Buffalo starting at 1 p.m. EST on NBC and the NFL Championship Game telecast from Dallas starting at 4 p.m. EST ( 3 p.m. CST ) on CBS . Coming into this `` first '' game , considerable animosity still existed between the two rival leagues , with both of them putting pressure on their respective champions to trounce the other and prove each league 's dominance in professional football . Still , many sports writers and fans believed the game was a mismatch , and any team from the long - established NFL was far superior to the best team from the upstart AFL . The Green Bay Packers played the Kansas City Chiefs , with the Packers winning 35 -- 10 . The players ' shares were $15,000 each for the winning team and $7,500 each for the losing team . This was in addition to the league championship money earned two weeks earlier : the Packers shares were $8,600 each , and the Chiefs were $5,308 each . Kansas City Chiefs ( edit ) Main article : 1966 Kansas City Chiefs season The Chiefs entered the game after recording an 11 -- 2 -- 1 mark during the regular season . In the AFL championship game , they defeated the Buffalo Bills 31 -- 7 . Kansas City 's high - powered offense led the AFL in points scored ( 448 ) and total rushing yards ( 2,274 ) . Their trio of running backs , Mike Garrett ( 801 yards ) , Bert Coan ( 521 yards ) , and Curtis McClinton ( 540 yards ) all ranked among the top - ten rushers in the AFL . Quarterback Len Dawson was the top - rated passer in the AFL , completing 159 of 284 ( 56 % ) of his passes for 2,527 yards and 26 touchdowns . Wide receiver Otis Taylor provided the team with a great deep threat by recording 58 receptions for 1,297 yards and eight touchdowns . Receiver Chris Burford added 58 receptions for 758 yards and eight touchdowns , and tight end Fred Arbanas , who had 22 catches for 305 yards and four touchdowns , was one of six Chiefs offensive players who were named to the All - AFL team . The Chiefs also had a strong defense , with All - AFL players Jerry Mays and Buck Buchanan anchoring their line . Linebacker Bobby Bell , who was also named to the All - AFL team , was great at run stopping and pass coverage . The strongest part of their defense , though , was their secondary , led by All - AFL safeties Johnny Robinson and Bobby Hunt , who each recorded 10 interceptions , and defensive back Fred Williamson , who recorded four . Their head coach was Hank Stram . Green Bay Packers ( edit ) Main article : 1966 Green Bay Packers season The Packers were an NFL dynasty turning around what had been a losing team just eight years earlier . The team had posted an NFL - worst 1 -- 10 -- 1 record in 1958 before legendary head coach Vince Lombardi was hired in January 1959 . `` Their offense was like a conga dance , '' one sportswriter quipped. `` 1 , 2 , 3 and kick . '' Lombardi was determined to build a winning team . During the preseason , he signed Fred `` Fuzzy '' Thurston , who had been cut from three other teams , but ended up becoming an All - Pro left guard for Green Bay . In addition Lombardi also made a big trade with the Cleveland Browns that brought three players to the team who would become cornerstones of the defense : linemen Henry Jordan , Willie Davis , and Bill Quinlan . Lombardi 's hard work paid off , and the Packers improved to a 7 -- 5 regular season record in 1959 . They surprised the league during the following year by making it all the way to the 1960 NFL Championship Game . Although the Packers lost 17 -- 13 to the Philadelphia Eagles , they had sent a clear message that they were no longer losers . Green Bay went on to win NFL Championships in 1961 , 1962 , 1965 , and 1966 . Packers veteran quarterback Bart Starr was the top - rated quarterback in the NFL for 1966 , and won the NFL Most Valuable Player Award , completing 156 of 251 ( 62.2 % ) passes for 2257 yards ( 9.0 per attempt ) , 14 touchdowns , and only 3 interceptions . His top targets were wide receivers Boyd Dowler and Carroll Dale , who combined for 63 receptions for 1,336 yards . Fullback Jim Taylor was the team 's top rusher with 705 yards , adding 4 touchdowns , and caught 41 passes for 331 yards and 2 touchdowns . ( Before the season , Taylor had informed the team that instead of returning to the Packers in 1967 , he would become a free agent and sign with the expansion New Orleans Saints . Lombardi , infuriated at what he considered to be Taylor 's disloyalty , refused to speak to Taylor the entire season . ) The team 's starting halfback , Paul Hornung , was injured early in the season , but running back Elijah Pitts , a replacement , gained 857 all purpose yards . The Packers ' offensive line was also a big reason for the team 's success , led by All - Pro guards Jerry Kramer , and Fuzzy Thurston , and tackle Forrest Gregg . Green Bay also had an excellent defense that displayed their talent in the NFL championship game , stopping the Dallas Cowboys on four consecutive plays starting from the Packers 2 - yard line on the final drive to win the game . Lionel Aldridge had replaced Quinlan , but Jordan and Davis still anchored the defensive line ; linebacker Ray Nitschke excelled at run stopping and pass coverage , while the secondary was led by defensive backs Herb Adderley and Willie Wood . Wood was another example of how Lombardi found talent in players that nobody else could see . Wood had been a quarterback in college and was not drafted by an NFL team . When Wood joined the Packers in 1960 , he was converted to a free safety , and went on to make the All - Pro team 9 times in his 12 - year career . Super Bowl pregame News and notes ( edit ) Many people considered it fitting that the Chiefs and the Packers would be the teams to play in the first ever AFL - NFL World Championship Game . Chiefs owner Lamar Hunt had founded the AFL , while Green Bay was widely considered one of the better teams in NFL history ( even if they could not claim to be founding members of their own league , as the Packers joined the NFL in 1921 , a year after the league 's formation ) . Lombardi was under intense pressure from the entire NFL to make sure the Packers not only won the game , but preferably won big to demonstrate the superiority of the NFL . CBS announcer Frank Gifford , who interviewed Lombardi prior to the game , said Lombardi was so nervous , `` he held onto my arm and he was shaking like a leaf . It was incredible . '' The Chiefs saw this game as an opportunity to show they were good enough to play against any NFL team . One player who was really looking forward to competing in this game was Len Dawson , who had spent three years as a backup in the NFL before joining the Chiefs . However , the Chiefs were also nervous . Linebacker E.J. Holub said , `` the Chiefs were scared to death . Guys in the tunnel were throwing up . '' In the week prior to the game , Chiefs cornerback Fred `` The Hammer '' Williamson garnered considerable publicity by boasting he would use his `` hammer '' -- forearm blows to the head -- to destroy the Packers ' receivers , stating , `` Two hammers to ( Boyd ) Dowler , one to ( Carroll ) Dale should be enough . '' His prediction turned out to be partially correct as Dowler was knocked out of the game early in the first quarter ( although it was because of an exacerbation of an injury he had previously received during the NFL Championship game in Dallas on January 1 ) . However , Willamson himself was knocked out cold and carried off the field on a stretcher near the end of the game . The two teams played with their respective footballs from each league ; the Chiefs used the AFL ball , the slightly narrower and longer J5V by Spalding , and the Packers played with the NFL ball , `` The Duke '' by Wilson . The AFL 's two - point conversion rule was not in force ; the NFL added the two - point conversion in 1994 and it was first used in the Super Bowl that same season , Super Bowl XXIX in January 1995 . This is also the only Super Bowl where the numeric yard markers were 5 yards apart , rather than 10 as is customary today . Justin Peters of Slate watched all the Super Bowls over a two - month period in 2015 before Super Bowl 50 . He mentioned about the first Super Bowl having `` two dudes in rocket packs who flew around the stadium . I can forgive a lot of bad football as long as the game features two dudes in honest - to - God rocket packs . '' Weather ( edit ) The game was played in an outdoor stadium . The temperature was mild with clear skies . Television ( edit ) Simulcast ( edit ) This game is the only Super Bowl to have been broadcast in the United States by two television networks simultaneously ( no other NFL game was subsequently carried nationally on more than one network until December 29 , 2007 , when the New England Patriots faced the New York Giants on NBC , CBS , and the NFL Network ) . At the time , NBC held the rights to nationally televise AFL games while CBS had the rights to broadcast NFL games . Both networks were allowed to cover the game . During the week , tensions flared between the staffs of the two networks ( longtime arch - rivals in American broadcasting ) , who each wanted to win the ratings war , to the point where a fence was built between the CBS and NBC trucks . Each network used its own announcers : Ray Scott ( doing play - by - play for the first half ) , Jack Whitaker ( doing play - by - play for the second half ) and Frank Gifford provided commentary on CBS , while Curt Gowdy and Paul Christman were on NBC . While Rozelle allowed NBC to telecast the game , he decreed it would not be able to use its cameramen and technical personnel , instead forcing it to use the feed provided by CBS , since the Coliseum was home to the NFL 's Rams . Super Bowl I was the only Super Bowl in history that was not a sellout in terms of attendance , despite a TV blackout in the Los Angeles area ( at the time , NFL games were required to be blacked out in the market of origin , even if it was a neutral site game and if it sold out ) . Of the 94,000 - seat capacity in the Coliseum , 33,000 went unsold . Days before the game , local newspapers printed editorials about what they viewed as a then - exorbitant $12 price for tickets , and wrote stories about how viewers could pull in the game from stations in distant markets such as Bakersfield , Santa Barbara and San Diego . Game footage ( edit ) All known broadcast tapes of the game in its entirety were subsequently wiped by both NBC and CBS to save costs , a common practice at the time . This has prevented studies comparing each network 's respective telecast . For many years , only two small samples of the telecasts were known to have survived , showing Max McGee 's opening touchdown and Jim Taylor 's first touchdown run . Both were shown in 1991 on HBO 's Play by Play : A History of Sports Television and on the Super Bowl XXV pregame show . In January 2011 , a partial recording of the CBS telecast was reported to have been found in a Pennsylvania attic and restored by the Paley Center for Media in New York . The two - inch color videotape is the most complete version of the broadcast yet discovered , missing only the halftime show and most of the third quarter . The NFL owns the broadcast 's copyright and has blocked its sale or distribution . After remaining anonymous and only communicating with the media through his lawyer , the owner of the recording , Troy Haupt , came forward to The New York Times in 2016 to tell his side of the story . NFL Films had a camera crew present , and retains a substantial amount of film footage in its archives , some of which has been released in its film productions . One such presentation was the NFL 's Greatest Games episode about this Super Bowl , entitled The Spectacle of a Sport ( also the title of the Super Bowl I highlight film ) . On January 11 , 2016 , the NFL announced that , `` in an exhaustive process that took months to complete , NFL Films searched its enormous archives of footage and were able to locate all 145 plays from Super Bowl I from more than a couple dozen disparate sources . Once all the plays were located , NFL Films was able to put the plays in order and stitch them together while fully restoring , re-mastering , and color correcting the footage . Finally , audio from the NBC Sports radio broadcast featuring announcers Jim Simpson and George Ratterman was layered on top of the footage to complete the broadcast . The final result represents the only known video footage of the entire action from Super Bowl I . '' It then announced that NFL Network would broadcast the newly pieced together game footage in its entirety on January 15 , 2016 -- the 49th anniversary of the contest . This footage was nearly all on film with the exception of several player introductions and a post game locker room chat between Pat Summerall and Pete Rozelle Ceremonies and Entertainment ( edit ) The Los Angeles Ramettes , majorettes who had performed at all Rams home games , entertained during pregame festivities and after each quarter . Also during the pregame , the University of Arizona band created a physical outline of the continental United States at the center of the field , with the famed Anaheim High School drill team placing banners of each NFL and AFL team at each team 's geographical location . The halftime show featured trumpeter Al Hirt , the marching bands from the University of Arizona and Grambling State University , 300 pigeons , 10,000 balloons and a flying demonstration by the hydrogen - peroxide - propelled Bell Rocket Air Men . The postgame trophy presentation ceremony was handled by CBS ' Pat Summerall and NBC 's George Ratterman . Summerall and Ratterman were forced to share a single microphone . Game summary ( edit ) During the game , the official balls from both leagues were used -- when the Chiefs were on offense , the official AFL football ( Spalding JV - 5 ) was used , and when the Packers were on offense , the official NFL ball ( Wilson 's `` The Duke '' ) was used . Even the officiating crew was made up of a combination of AFL and NFL referees , with the NFL 's Norm Schachter as the head referee . First quarter ( edit ) After both teams traded punts on their first possessions of the game , the Packers jumped out to an early 7 -- 0 lead , driving 80 yards in six plays . The drive was highlighted by Starr 's passes , to Marv Fleming for 11 , to Elijah Pitts for 22 yards on a scramble , and to Carroll Dale for 12 yards . On the last play , Bart Starr threw a pass to reserve receiver Max McGee , who had replaced re-injured starter Boyd Dowler earlier in the drive . ( Dowler had injured the shoulder the previous week after scoring a third quarter touchdown ; Cowboys defensive back Mike Gaechter had upended him several steps after scoring and he landed awkwardly . ) McGee slipped past Chiefs cornerback Willie Mitchell , made a one - handed catch at the 23 - yard line , and then took off for a 37 - yard touchdown reception ( McGee had also caught a touchdown pass after replacing an injured Dowler in the NFL championship game ) . On their ensuing drive , the Chiefs moved the ball to Green Bay 's 33 - yard line , but kicker Mike Mercer missed a 40 - yard field goal . Second quarter ( edit ) Early in the second quarter , Kansas City drove 66 yards in six plays , featuring a 31 - yard reception by receiver Otis Taylor , to tie the game on a seven - yard pass to Curtis McClinton from quarterback Len Dawson . But the Packers responded on their next drive , advancing 73 yards down the field and scoring on fullback Jim Taylor 's 14 - yard touchdown run with the team 's famed `` Power Sweep '' play . Taylor 's touchdown run was the first in Super Bowl history . This drive was again highlighted by Starr 's key passes . He hit McGee for 10 yards on third and five ; Dale for 15 on third and ten ; Fleming for 11 on third and five ; and Pitts for 10 yards on third and seven to set up Taylor 's TD on the next play . Packers ' defensive linemen Willie Davis ( left ) and Henry Jordan ( right ) sack Chiefs ' quarterback Len Dawson ( middle ) during the game . Dawson was sacked for an eight - yard loss on the first play of the Chiefs ' next drive , but he followed it up with four consecutive completions for 58 yards , including a 27 - yarder to Chris Burford . This set up Mercer 's 31 - yard field goal to make the score 14 -- 10 at the end of the half . At halftime , the Chiefs appeared to have a chance to win . Many people watching the game were surprised how close the score was and how well the AFL 's champions were playing . Kansas City actually outgained Green Bay in total yards , 181 -- 164 , and had 11 first downs compared to the Packers ' 9 . The Chiefs were exuberant at halftime . Hank Stram said later , `` I honestly thought we would come back and win it . '' The Packers were disappointed with the quality of their play in the first half . `` The coach was concerned '' , said defensive end Willie Davis later . Lombardi told them the game plan was sound , but that they had to tweak some things and execute better . Third quarter ( edit ) On their first drive of the second half , the Chiefs advanced to their own 49 - yard line . But on a third - down pass play , a heavy blitz by linebackers Dave Robinson and Lee Roy Caffey collapsed the Chiefs pocket . Just as Packer end Lionel Aldridge was about to hit him , Dawson threw weakly toward tight end Fred Arbanas , but the ball was intercepted by Willie Wood . Wood raced 50 yards to Kansas City 's five - yard line where Mike Garrett dragged him down from behind . This was `` the biggest play of the game , '' wrote Starr later . On their first play after the turnover , running back Elijah Pitts scored on a five - yard touchdown run to give the Packers a 21 -- 10 lead . Stram agreed that it was the critical point of the game . The Packers defense then dominated the Chiefs offense for the rest of the game , only allowing them to cross midfield once , and for just one play . The Chiefs were forced to deviate from their game plan , and that hurt them . The Kansas City offense totaled only 12 yards in the third quarter , and Dawson was held to five of 12 second - half pass completions for 59 yards . Meanwhile , Green Bay forced Kansas City to punt from their own two - yard line after sacking Dawson twice and got the ball back with good field position on their own 44 - yard line . McGee subsequently caught three passes for 40 yards on a 56 - yard drive that ended with his 13 - yard touchdown reception . Fourth quarter ( edit ) Midway through the fourth quarter , Starr completed a 25 - yard pass to Carroll Dale and a 37 - yard strike to McGee , moving the ball to the Chiefs 18 - yard line . Four plays later , Pitts scored his second touchdown on a one - yard run to close out the scoring , giving the Packers the 35 -- 10 win . Also in the fourth quarter , Fred Williamson , who had boasted about his `` hammer '' prior to the game , was knocked out when his head collided with running back Donny Anderson 's knee , and then suffered a broken arm when Chiefs linebacker Sherrill Headrick fell on him . Williamson had three tackles for the game . Hornung was the only Packer not to see any action . Lombardi had asked him in the fourth quarter if he wanted to go in , but Hornung declined , not wanting to aggravate a pinched nerve in his neck . McGee , who caught only four passes for 91 yards and one touchdown during the season , finished Super Bowl I with seven receptions for 138 yards and two touchdowns . After the game was over , a reporter asked Vince Lombardi about if he thought Kansas City was a good team . Lombardi responded that though the Chiefs were an excellent , well - coached club , he thought several NFL teams such as Dallas were better . The Green Bay Packers were each paid a salary of $15,000 as the winning team . The Chiefs were paid $7,500 each . Box score ( edit ) Super Bowl I : Green Bay Packers 35 , Kansas City Chiefs 10 Total Chiefs ( AFL ) 0 10 0 0 10 Packers ( NFL ) 7 7 14 7 35 at Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum , Los Angeles , California Date : January 15 , 1967 Game time : 1 : 15 p.m. PST Game weather : 72 ° F ( 22 ° C ) , sunny ( hide ) Scoring summary Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Plays Yards TOP KC GB 6 : 04 6 80 3 : 06 GB Max McGee 37 - yard touchdown reception from Bart Starr , Don Chandler kick good 0 7 10 : 40 6 66 3 : 44 KC Curtis McClinton 7 - yard touchdown reception from Len Dawson , Mike Mercer kick good 7 7 4 : 37 13 73 6 : 03 GB Jim Taylor 14 - yard touchdown run , Chandler kick good 7 14 0 : 54 7 50 3 : 43 KC 31 - yard field goal by Mercer 10 14 12 : 33 5 0 : 09 GB Elijah Pitts 5 - yard touchdown run , Chandler kick good 10 21 0 : 51 10 56 5 : 25 GB McGee 13 - yard touchdown reception from Starr , Chandler kick good 10 28 6 : 35 8 80 4 : 13 GB Pitts 1 - yard touchdown run , Chandler kick good 10 35 `` TOP '' = time of possession . For other American football terms , see Glossary of American football . 10 35 Final statistics ( edit ) Sources : NFL.com Super Bowl I , Super Bowl Play Finder GB , Super Bowl Play Finder KC Statistical comparison ( edit ) Kansas City Chiefs Green Bay Packers First downs 17 21 First downs rushing 10 First downs passing 12 11 First downs penalty 0 Third down efficiency 3 / 13 11 / 15 Fourth down efficiency 0 / 0 0 / 0 Net yards rushing 72 133 Rushing attempts 19 34 Yards per rush 3.8 3.9 Passing -- Completions / attempts 17 / 32 16 / 24 Times sacked - total yards 6 -- 61 3 -- 22 Interceptions thrown Net yards passing 167 228 Total net yards 239 361 Punt returns - total yards 3 -- 19 4 -- 23 Kickoff returns - total yards 6 -- 130 3 -- 65 Interceptions - total return yards 1 -- 0 1 -- 50 Punts - average yardage 7 -- 45.3 4 -- 43.3 Fumbles - lost 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 Penalties - total yards 4 -- 26 4 -- 40 Time of possession 28 : 35 31 : 25 Turnovers Note : According to NBC Radio announcer Jim Simpson 's report at halftime of the game , Kansas City led 11 to 9 in first downs at halftime , 181 to 164 in total yards , and 142 to 113 in passing yards ( Green Bay led 51 to 39 in rushing yards ) . Bart Starr completed eight of 13 with no interceptions , while Len Dawson was 11 of 15 with no interceptions . Green Bay led 14 -- 10 at halftime . Green Bay had the ball five times , although only for a minute or so on the last possession ; they punted on their first possession , scored a touchdown on their second , punted on their third , scored a touchdown on their fourth , and had the ball when the half ended on their fifth . Kansas City had the ball four times -- punting on their first possession , driving to a missed field goal on their second possession , scoring a touchdown on their third , and kicking a field goal on their fourth . This means , in the second half , Green Bay led 12 to six in first downs , 197 to 58 in total yards , 115 to 25 in passing yards , and 82 to 33 in rushing yards ( the Packers won the second half , 21 -- 0 ) . Starr and his late - game replacement , Zeke Bratkowski , were eight for 11 with one interception ; Dawson and his late - game replacement , Pete Beathard , were just six for 17 , also with one interception . Each team had the ball seven times in the second half , although Green Bay 's first possession was just one play and their seventh possession was abbreviated because the game ended . Green Bay scored a touchdown on their first ( one play ) possession , punted on their second , scored a touchdown on their third , was intercepted at KC 's 15 - yard line on their fourth ( just Starr 's fourth interception of the year ) , scored a touchdown on their fifth , punted on their sixth , and had the ball when the game ended on their seventh possession . Kansas City was intercepted on their first possession -- Wood 's return to the five set up Pitts ' touchdown that made the score 21 -- 10 -- and then punted on each of their next six possessions . Individual leaders ( edit ) Chiefs passing C / ATT Yds TD INT Rating Len Dawson 16 / 27 211 80.9 Pete Beathard 1 / 5 17 0 0 41.3 Chiefs rushing Car Yds TD LG Yds / Car Len Dawson 24 0 15 8.00 Mike Garrett 6 17 0 9 2.83 Curtis McClinton 6 16 0 6 2.67 Pete Beathard 14 0 14 14.00 Bert Coan 0 0.33 Chiefs receiving Rec Yds TD LG Target Chris Burford 67 0 27 10 Otis Taylor 57 0 31 9 Mike Garrett 28 0 17 5 Curtis McClinton 34 27 Fred Arbanas 30 0 18 Reg Carolan 7 0 7 Bert Coan 5 0 5 Packers passing C / ATT Yds TD INT Rating Bart Starr 16 / 23 250 116.2 Zeke Bratkowski 0 / 1 0 0 0 39.6 Packers rushing Car Yds TD LG Yds / Car Jim Taylor 17 56 14 3.29 Elijah Pitts 11 45 12 4.09 Donny Anderson 30 0 13 7.50 Jim Grabowski 0 1.00 Packers receiving Rec Yds TD LG Target Max McGee 7 138 37 10 Carroll Dale 59 0 25 8 Elijah Pitts 32 0 22 Marv Fleming 22 0 11 Jim Taylor − 1 0 − 1 Completions / attempts Carries Long gain Receptions Times targeted Records established ( edit ) Because this was the first Super Bowl , a new record was set in every category . All categories are listed in the 2016 NFL Fact book . The following records were set in Super Bowl I , according to the official NFL.com boxscore and the Pro-Football-Reference.com game summary . Some records have to meet NFL minimum number of attempts to be recognized . The minimums are shown ( in parenthesis ) . Player records established Most points scored , game 12 Max McGee Elijah Pitts Most points scored , career 12 Most touchdowns , game Most touchdowns , career Longest scoring play 37 yard pass Max McGee Passing records Most attempts , game 27 Len Dawson Most attempts , career 27 Most completions , game 16 Len Dawson Bart Starr Most completions , career 16 Most interceptions thrown , game Most interceptions thrown , career Highest passer rating , game 116.2 Bart Starr Highest completion percentage , game , ( 20 attempts ) 69.6 % Most passing yards , game 250 yards Most passing yards , career 250 yards Longest pass 37 yards Highest average gain , game ( 20 attempts ) 10.87 yards ( 23 -- 250 ) Most touchdown passes , game Most touchdown passes , career Rushing records Most yards , game 56 yards Jim Taylor ( Green Bay ) Most yards , career 56 yards Most attempts , game 17 Most attempts , career 17 Longest Touchdown Run 14 yards Longest run from scrimmage 15 yards Len Dawson Most rushing yards , game , quarterback 24 yards Most touchdowns , game Elijah Pitts Most touchdowns , career Highest average gain , game ( 10 attempts ) 4.0 yards ( 11 -- 45 ) Receiving records Most yards , game 138 yards Max McGee Most yards , career 138 yards Most receptions , game 7 Most receptions , career 7 Longest reception 37 yards Longest touchdown reception 37 yards Highest average gain , game ( 3 receptions ) 19.7 yards ( 7 -- 138 ) Most touchdowns , game Most touchdowns , career Combined yardage records Most attempts , game 18 Jim Taylor Most Attempts , career 18 Most yards gained , game 138 Max McGee Most yards gained , career 138 Fumbles Most fumbles , game Jim Grabowski ( Green Bay ) Curtis McClinton ( Kansas City ) Most fumbles , career Defense Most interceptions , game Willie Wood ( Green Bay ) Willie Mitchell ( Kansas City ) Most interceptions , career Most interception yards gained , game 50 yards Willie Wood Most interception yards gained , career 50 yards Longest interception return 50 yards Most sacks , game 1.5 Henry Jordan ( Green Bay ) Willie Davis ( Green Bay ) Most sacks , career 1.5 Special Teams Longest kickoff return 31 yards Bert Coan ( Kansas City ) Most kickoff returns , game Most kickoff returns , career Most kickoff return yards , game 87 yards Most kickoff return yards , career 87 yards Highest kickoff return average , game ( 3 returns ) 21.8 yards ( 4 -- 87 ) Highest kickoff return average , career ( 4 returns ) 21.8 yards ( 4 -- 87 ) Longest punt 61 yards Jerrel Wilson ( Kansas City ) Most punts , game 7 Most punts , career 7 Highest punting average , game ( 4 punts ) 43.3 ( 7 -- 317 ) Most punt returns , game Donny Anderson ( Green Bay ) Most punt returns , career Most punt return yards gained , game 25 Most punt return yards gained , career 25 Longest punt return 15 Highest average , punt return yardage , game ( 3 returns ) 8.3 yards ( 3 -- 25 ) Most field goals attempted , game Mike Mercer ( Kansas City ) Most field goals attempted , career Most field goals made , game Most field goals made , career Longest field goal 31 Most ( one point ) extra points , game 5 Don Chandler ( Green Bay ) Most ( one point ) extra points , career 5 † This category includes rushing , receiving , interception returns , punt returns , kickoff returns , and fumble returns . ‡ Sacks an official statistic since Super Bowl XVII by the NFL . Sacks are listed as `` Tackled Attempting to Pass '' in the official NFL box score for Super Bowl I . Team records established Most Super Bowl appearances Packers Chiefs Most Super Bowl victories Packers Most Super Bowl losses Chiefs Super Bowl win with no home playoff games 2 games Packers Points Most points , game 35 points Packers Fewest points , game 10 points Chiefs Largest margin of victory 25 points Packers Most points scored , first half 14 points Most points scored , second half 21 points Most points scored in any quarter of play 14 points ( 3rd ) Most points , first quarter 7 points Most points , second quarter 10 points Chiefs Most points , third quarter 14 points Packers Most points , fourth quarter 7 points Largest lead , end of first quarter 7 points Largest halftime margin 4 points Largest lead , end of 3rd quarter 18 points Fewest points , first half 10 points Chiefs Fewest points , second half 0 points Touchdowns , PATs , field goals Most touchdowns , game 5 Packers Fewest touchdowns , game Chiefs Longest touchdown scoring drive 80 yards Packers Most ( one point ) PATs 5 Packers Most field goals attempted Chiefs Most field goals made Chiefs Net yards Most net yards , rushing and passing 361 yards Packers Fewest net yards , rushing and passing 239 yards Chiefs Rushing Most rushing attempts 34 Packers Fewest rushing attempts 19 Chiefs Most rushing yards ( net ) 133 yards Packers Fewest rushing yards ( net ) 72 yards Chiefs Highest average gain per rush attempt 3.9 yards Packers ( 133 -- 34 ) Lowest average gain per rush attempt 3.8 yards Chiefs ( 72 -- 19 ) Most rushing touchdowns Packers Fewest rushing touchdowns 0 Chiefs Passing Most passing attempts 32 Chiefs Fewest passing attempts 23 Packers Most passes completed 17 Chiefs Fewest passes completed 16 Packers Highest completion percentage ( 20 attempts ) 69.6 % Packers ( 16 -- 23 ) Lowest completion percentage ( 20 attempts ) 53.1 % Chiefs ( 17 -- 32 ) Most yards passing ( net ) 228 yds Packers Fewest yards passing ( net ) 167 yds Chiefs Highest average yards gained per pass attempt 9.9 yds Packers ( 228 -- 23 ) Lowest average yards gained per pass attempt 5.2 yds Chiefs ( 167 -- 32 ) Most times intercepted Packers Chiefs Most times sacked 6 Chiefs Fewest times sacked Packers Most passing touchdowns Packers Fewest passing touchdowns Chiefs First Downs Most first downs 21 Packers Fewest first downs 17 Chiefs Most first downs rushing 10 Packers Fewest first downs rushing Chiefs Most first downs , passing 12 Chiefs Fewest first downs passing 11 Packers Most first downs , penalty Chiefs Fewest first downs penalty 0 Packers Defense Most Interceptions by Packers Chiefs Most yards gained by interception return 50 yds Packers Most sacks , game 6 Packers Fewest sacks , game Chiefs Fewest yards allowed 239 yds Packers Most yards allowed 358 yds Chiefs Most yards allowed in a win 239 yds Packers Fumbles Most fumbles , game Packers Chiefs Most fumbles lost , game 0 Most fumbles recovered , game Turnovers Most turnovers , game Packers Chiefs Fewest turnovers , game Kickoff returns Most kickoff returns , game 6 Chiefs Fewest kickoff returns , game Packers Most yards gained , game 130 yds Chiefs Fewest yards gained , game 65 yds Packers Highest average gain , game ( 3 returns ) 21.7 yds Packers ( 65 -- 3 ) Chiefs ( 130 -- 6 ) Punting Most punts , game 7 Chiefs Fewest punts , game Packers Highest average , game ( 4 punts ) 45.3 yds Chiefs Punt returns Most punt returns , game Packers Fewest punt returns , game Chiefs Most yards gained , game 23 yds Packers Fewest yards gained , game 19 yds Chiefs Highest average return yardage , game ( 3 returns ) 6.3 yds Chiefs ( 19 -- 3 ) Penalties Most penalties , game Packers Chiefs Most yards penalized , game 40 yds Packers Fewest yards penalized , game 26 yds Chiefs Turnovers are defined as the number of times losing the ball on interceptions and fumbles . Records established , both team totals Total Green Bay Kansas City Points , both teams Most points 45 pts 35 10 Most points scored , first half 24 pts 14 10 Most points scored , second half 21 pts 21 0 Most points , first quarter 7 pts 7 0 Most points , second quarter 17 pts 7 10 Most points , third quarter 14 pts 14 0 Most points , fourth quarter 7 pts 7 0 Touchdowns , PATs , field goals , both teams Most touchdowns 6 5 Most ( one point ) PATs 6 ( 5 -- 5 ) ( 1 -- 1 ) Most field goals attempted 0 Most field goals made 0 Net yards , both teams Most net yards , rushing and passing 600 yds 361 229 Rushing , both teams Most rushing attempts 53 34 19 Most rushing yards ( net ) 205 yds 133 72 Most rushing touchdowns 0 Passing , both teams Most passing attempts 55 23 32 Most passes completed 33 16 17 Most passing yards ( net ) 395 yds 228 167 Most times sacked 9 6 Most times interceptioned Most passing touchdowns First downs , both teams Most first downs 38 21 17 Most first downs rushing 14 10 Most first downs , passing 23 11 12 Most first downs , penalty 0 Defense , both teams Most interceptions by Most yards gained by interception return 50 yds 50 0 Most sacks , game 9 6 Fumbles , both teams Most fumbles Most fumbles lost 0 0 0 Turnovers , both teams Most Turnovers Kickoff returns , both teams Most kickoff returns 9 6 Most yards gained 195 yds 65 130 Punting , both teams Most punts , game 11 7 Punt returns , both teams Most punt returns , game 7 Most yards gained , game 42 yds 23 19 Penalties , both teams Most penalties , game 8 Most yards penalized 66 yds 40 26 Starting lineups ( edit ) Source : Hall of Fame ‡ Kansas City Position Green Bay Offense Chris Burford SE Carroll Dale Jim Tyrer LT Bob Skoronski Ed Budde LG Fuzzy Thurston Wayne Frazier Bill Curry Curt Merz RG Jerry Kramer ‡ Dave Hill RT Forrest Gregg ‡ Fred Arbanas TE Marv Fleming Otis Taylor FL Boyd Dowler Len Dawson ‡ QB Bart Starr ‡ Mike Garrett HB Elijah Pitts Curtis McClinton FB Jim Taylor ‡ Defense Jerry Mays LE Willie Davis ‡ Andy Rice LT Ron Kostelnik Buck Buchanan ‡ RT Henry Jordan ‡ Chuck Hurston RE Lionel Aldridge Bobby Bell ‡ LLB Dave Robinson ‡ Sherrill Headrick MLB Ray Nitschke ‡ E.J. Holub RLB Lee Roy Caffey Fred Williamson LCB Herb Adderley ‡ Willie Mitchell RCB Bob Jeter Bobby Hunt LS Tom Brown Johnny Robinson RS Willie Wood ‡ Special Teams Mike Mercer Don Chandler Jerrel Wilson Don Chandler Officials ( edit ) Referee : Norm Schachter ( NFL ) Umpire : George Young ( AFL ) Head linesman : Bernie Ulman ( NFL ) Line judge : Al Sabato ( AFL ) Back Judge : Jack Reader ( AFL ) Field judge : Mike Lisetski ( NFL ) Alternate Referee : Art McNally ( NFL ) Alternate Umpire : Paul Trepinsky ( AFL ) Alternate Head linesman : Burl Toler ( NFL ) Alternate Line judge : Harry Kessel ( AFL ) Alternate Back judge : Charley Musser ( AFL ) Alternate Field judge : Herman Rohring ( NFL ) Note : A six - official system was used by the NFL from 1965 through the 1977 season . Since officials from the NFL and AFL wore different uniform designs , a `` neutral '' uniform was designed for this game . These uniforms had the familiar black and white stripes , but the sleeves were all black with the official 's uniform number . This design was also worn in Super Bowl II , but was discontinued after that game when AFL officials began wearing uniforms identical to those of the NFL during the 1968 season , in anticipation of the AFL - NFL merger in 1970 . See also ( edit ) 1966 NFL season 1966 AFL season American Football League playoffs References ( edit ) Jump up ^ DiNitto , Marcus ( January 25 , 2015 ) . `` Super Bowl Betting History -- Underdogs on Recent Roll '' . The Linemakers . Sporting News . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History '' . Vegas Insider . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Winners '' . NFL.com . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl -- Entertainment '' . National Football League . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Beschloss , Michael ( 24 Jan 2015 ) . `` Before the Bowl Was Super '' . New York Times . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Historical Super Bowl Nielsen TV Ratings , 1967 -- 2009 -- Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers . January 18 , 2009 . Retrieved October 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ MacCambridge , Michael ( February 4 , 2011 ) . `` Five myths about the Super Bowl '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Felser , Larry ( 2008 ) . Birth of the New NFL : How the 1966 NFL / AFL Merger Transformed Pro Football . Guilford , CT : Lyons Press . p. 31 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59921 - 762 - 8 . Jump up ^ Gruver , Ed ( 1997 ) . The American Football League : A Year - by - Year History , 1960 -- 1969 . Jefferson , NC : McFarland . p. 218 . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0399 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Kuechle , Oliver E. ( January 16 , 1967 ) . `` Interception vital '' . Milwaukee Journal . p. 15 , part 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wood 's steal changed our plans : Stram '' . Milwaukee Sentinel . UPI . January 16 , 1967 . p. 1 , part 2 . ^ Jump up to : Clines , Frank ( August 3 , 1989 ) . `` Wood shrugs off interception '' . Milwaukee Journal . p. 6C . ^ Jump up to : `` Football 's Super Bowl scheduled Jan. 15 at Los Angeles '' . Lewiston Morning Tribune . ( Idaho ) . December 14 , 1966 . p. 10 . ^ Jump up to : Rappoport , Ken ( 2010 ) . The Little League That Could : A History of the American Football League . Lanham , MD : Taylor Trade Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1589794627 . Jump up ^ `` Football 's Super Bowl game will be played at Los Angeles '' . Lewiston Morning Tribune . ( Idaho ) . December 2 , 1966 . p. 16 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History '' . Nfl.com . Retrieved October 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Record team payoff seen for grid play '' . Spokane Daily Chronicle . ( Washington ) . Associated Press . December 2 , 1966 . p. 14 . Jump up ^ `` Starr guns Packers to wild title victory '' . Spokesman - Review . ( Spokane , Washington ) . Associated Press . January 2 , 1967 . p. 16 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs ready for Packers '' . Lawrence Daily Journal - World . Kansas . Associated Press . January 2 , 1967 . p. 14 . Jump up ^ `` K.C. splits pot 51 ways '' . Lawrence Daily Journal - World . Kansas . January 2 , 1967 . p. 14 . Jump up ^ `` 1966 Kansas City Chiefs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Brenner , Richard ( 1996 ) . The Complete Super Bowl Story . ISBN 978 - 0943403311 . Jump up ^ Bart Starr , `` Super Bowl I , '' Super Bowl : The Game of Their Lives , Danny Peary , Editor . Macmillan , 1997 ISBN 0 - 02 - 860841 - 0 Jump up ^ `` 1966 Green Bay Packers '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Mickey Herskowitz , `` Winning the Big I , '' The Super Bowl : Celebrating a Quarter - Century of America 's Greatest Game . Simon and Schuster , 1990 ISBN 0 - 671 - 72798 - 2 Jump up ^ Kevin Jackson , Jeff Merron & David Schoenfield. `` 100 Greatest Super Bowl Moments '' . espn.com . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Merron , Jeff . `` The Biggest Super Bowl Goats '' . espn.com . ESPN . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History : San Francisco 49ers 49 vs. San Diego Chargers 26 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ http://media.gettyimages.com/photos/football-super-bowl-i-overall-view-of-stadium-and-field-before-bay-picture-id139021040 Jump up ^ Peters , Justin ( February 4 , 2016 ) . `` Every Super Bowl , Ranked '' . Slate . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles , CA ( 90037 ) Weather History for January 15th , 1967 '' . Jump up ^ Myslenski , Skip ( January 26 , 1986 ) . `` Super Bowl I : CBS vs. NBC '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved February 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Deninger , Dennis ( 2012 ) . Sports on Television : The how and why Behind what You See . New York : Taylor & Francis . ISBN 978 - 0415896757 . ^ Jump up to : `` 10 Things You May Not Know About the First Super Bowl '' . Jump up ^ Evan Weiner ( February 3 , 2011 ) . `` Vince Lombardi wanted no part of the Super Bowl '' . The Sports Digest . Retrieved February 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : David Roth ; Jared Diamond ( February 5 , 2011 ) . `` Found at Last : A Tape of the First Super Bowl '' . Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( 2016 - 02 - 02 ) . `` Out of a Rare Super Bowl I Recording , a Clash With the N.F.L. Unspools '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ Hill , Jeffrey ( 3 February 2008 ) . `` Winning Is Gut Pride : A Look at the NFL Super Bowl Films '' . Slant Magazine . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Network to re-air Super Bowl I for first time '' . National Football League . January 11 , 2016 . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ News , A.B.C. ( 6 February 2016 ) . `` The Story Behind Super Bowl I '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ Total Super Bowl ^ Jump up to : Glazer , Jay ( August 7 , 2008 ) . `` Packers trade Favre to Jets '' . Fox Sports . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2008 . Retrieved August 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Best of AFL Inferior , Says Lombardi '' . Chicago Tribune . January 16 , 1967 . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Dave ( 30 January 2012 ) . `` Winning Super Bowl All About the Ring '' . CNBC . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ ( www.profootballhof.com/news/super-bowl-game-time-temperatures/ `` Super Bowl Game - Time Temperatures '' ) Check url = value ( help ) . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 NFL Factbook '' ( PDF ) . NFL . Retrieved 7 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl I boxscore '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 7 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl I statistics '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 6 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl definitiona '' . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ Neft , David S. , Cohen , Richard M. , and Korch , Rick . The Complete History of Professional Football from 1892 to the Present. 1994 ISBN 0 - 312 - 11435 - 4 Jump up ^ `` List officials for big pro game today '' . Chicago Tribune . Associated Press . January 15 , 1967 . p. 2 , sec. 2 . Jump up ^ `` `` . The Terre - Haute Tribune from Terre Haute , Indiana on 15 January 1967 , page 56 . The Terre - Haute Tribune . Retrieved 29 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Football League : On Field Officials '' . remembertheafl.com . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Brulia , Tim ( February 2012 ) . `` Super Bowl Trivia Answers '' . The Gridiron Uniform Database . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . External links ( edit ) Super Bowl official website 2006 NFL Record and Fact Book . Time Inc . Home Entertainment . ISBN 1 - 933405 - 32 - 5 . Total Football II : The Official Encyclopedia of the National Football League . Harper Collins . ISBN 1 - 933405 - 32 - 5 . The Official NFL Encyclopedia Pro Football . NAL Books . ISBN 0 - 453 - 00431 - 8 . The Sporting News Complete Super Bowl Book 1995 . 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who scored the first touchdown in superbowl 1

After both teams traded punts on their first possessions of the game , the Packers jumped out to an early 7 -- 0 lead , driving 80 yards in six plays . The drive was highlighted by Starr 's passes , to Marv Fleming for 11 , to Elijah Pitts for 22 yards on a scramble , and to Carroll Dale for 12 yards . On the last play , Bart Starr threw a pass to reserve receiver Max McGee , who had replaced re-injured starter Boyd Dowler earlier in the drive . ( Dowler had injured the shoulder the previous week after scoring a third quarter touchdown ; Cowboys defensive back Mike Gaechter had upended him several steps after scoring and he landed awkwardly . ) McGee slipped past Chiefs cornerback Willie Mitchell , made a one - handed catch at the 23 - yard line , and then took off for a 37 - yard touchdown reception ( McGee had also caught a touchdown pass after replacing an injured Dowler in the NFL championship game ) . On their ensuing drive , the Chiefs moved the ball to Green Bay 's 33 - yard line , but kicker Mike Mercer missed a 40 - yard field goal .

England at the FIFA World Cup - wikipedia England at the FIFA World Cup The England national football team has competed at the FIFA World Cup since 1950 . The FIFA World Cup is the premier competitive international football tournament , first played in 1930 , whose finals stage has been held every four years since , except 1942 and 1946 , due to the Second World War . The tournament consists of two parts , the qualification phase and the final phase ( officially called the World Cup Finals ) . The qualification phase , which currently take place over the three years preceding the finals , is used to determine which teams qualify for the finals . The current format of the finals involves thirty - two teams competing for the title , at venues within the host nation ( or nations ) over a period of about a month . The World Cup Finals is the most widely viewed sporting event in the world , with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the 2006 Final . England did not enter the competition until 1950 , but have entered all eighteen subsequent tournaments . They have failed to qualify for the finals on three occasions , 1974 ( West Germany ) , 1978 ( Argentina ) and 1994 ( United States ) , and have failed to advance from the group stages on three occasions ; at the 1950 FIFA World Cup , the 1958 FIFA World Cup and the 2014 FIFA World Cup . Their best ever performance is winning the Cup in the 1966 tournament held in England , whilst they also finished in fourth place in 1990 , in Italy , and in 2018 in Russia . Other than that , the team have reached the quarter - finals on nine occasions , the latest of which were at the 2002 ( South Korea / Japan ) and the 2006 ( Germany ) . England are the only team not representing a sovereign state to win the World Cup , which they did in 1966 when they hosted the finals . They defeated West Germany 4 -- 2 after extra time to win the World Cup title . Since then , they have generally reached the knockout stages of almost every competition they have qualified for , including a fourth - place finish in the 1990 and 2018 World Cups . At the world cup , England have had more goalless draws than any other team . Contents 1 History 1.1 Brazil 1950 1.1. 1 1950 Finals 1.2 Switzerland 1954 1.2. 1 1954 Finals 1.3 Sweden 1958 1.4 Chile 1962 1.5 England 1966 1.6 Mexico 1970 1.7 West Germany 1974 1.8 Argentina 1978 1.9 Spain 1982 1.10 Mexico 1986 1.11 Italy 1990 1.12 United States 1994 1.13 France 1998 1.14 South Korea / Japan 2002 1.15 Germany 2006 1.16 South Africa 2010 1.17 Brazil 2014 1.18 Russia 2018 1.18. 1 2018 Finals 2 Records 2.1 By match 2.2 By opponent 3 Players ' honours 3.1 List of England players with the most appearances at World Cups 3.2 List of England top goalscorers at World Cups 3.3 List of England goals by tournament 3.4 List of England players playing abroad at a World Cup 4 Team awards and records 5 Refereeing 6 Notes and references 6.1 Notes 6.2 References History ( edit ) Brazil 1950 ( edit ) Main article : 1950 FIFA World Cup See also : 1949 -- 50 British Home Championship England 's first qualifying campaign for the FIFA World Cup doubled as the 1950 British Home Championship . The series kicked off for England on 15 October 1949 at Ninian Park , Cardiff , against Wales . Stan Mortensen gave England the lead after twenty two minutes , and just seven minutes later , Jackie Milburn doubled the lead . This was the first goal of Milburn 's hat trick , which left England 4 -- 0 up with 20 minutes to play . Mal Griffiths scored a consolation goal for Wales ten minutes from time , but England held on for a comfortable victory . A month later , England welcomed Ireland to Maine Road , and it began well for the home side as Jack Rowley scored inside six minutes . England were already 6 -- 0 up , thanks to Jack Froggatt , two for Stan Pearson , Stan Mortensen and a second from Rowley , by the time Ireland struck back through Samuel Smyth after 55 minutes . Rowley added a third and a fourth to his tally in the three minutes following Smyth 's goal , however , leaving the score at 8 -- 1 at the hour mark . The frantic scoring rate calmed down after that , with only one apeice before the final whistle , with Stan Pearson completing his brace for England 's ninth , and Bobby Brennan scoring for Ireland . It was not until May 1950 that England travelled to Hampden Park to face Scotland , who were also undefeated after their games against Ireland and Wales . With the top two from the group qualifying , both teams were guaranteed progression to the finals , and the game was solely for the honour of winning the British Home Championship , and the seeding advantage to be enjoyed upon reaching Brazil . A solitary goal from Roy Bentley gave England the victory , the title and the top spot in the group . 1950 finals ( edit ) England were seeded in pot one for the finals , which meant they were the favourites to progress from Group 2 , which also contained Spain , Chile and the United States . England 's campaign kicked off against Chile in Rio de Janeiro , and , as was expected , England cruised to a 2 -- 0 victory , courtesy of goals from Stan Mortensen and Wilf Mannion . Main article : United States v England ( 1950 FIFA World Cup ) Their troubles began four days later when they faced the Americans in Belo Horizonte in what has become one of the most famous matches of all time . Joe Gaetjens scored the only goal of the match to give the United States an unlikely victory , which has gone down as one of the World Cup 's greatest upsets . A myth arose that the English newspapers were so confident of an English victory that when the result was telegrammed back , they assumed a misprint and printed the score as 10 -- 1 in England 's favour . However , this has proven to be untrue . This left England in a sticky situation prior to their final match , against Spain in Rio . They needed to win , and for Chile to beat the United States to stand any chance of going through , and even then they would need the goal averages to fall in their favour . As it turned out , no such calculations were necessary , despite Chile 's victory , as Spain 's Zarra scored the only goal of the game , eliminating England from the competition . Switzerland 1954 ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main articles : 1954 FIFA World Cup and 1953 -- 54 British Home Championship As with their first World Cup , England 's qualifying for the 1954 edition also constituted the 1953 -- 54 British Home Championship . They played Wales at Ninian Park as their first match once again , and the 4 -- 1 result was the same . However , unlike four years earlier , it was the home side that went into the lead , after twenty two minutes through Ivor Allchurch . Despite being 1 -- 0 down at half time , England scored four within eight minutes of the restart ; two each for Dennis Wilshaw and Nat Lofthouse . Goodison Park was the venue for England 's home clash against Ireland , who were newly renamed Northern Ireland . Harold Hassall got England off to a good start with a goal after just ten minutes . Eddie McMorran put the Irish back on terms just before the hour mark , but Hassall completed his brace six minutes later . Lofthouse completed a comfortable 3 -- 1 win for England . With the top two in the group qualifying for the finals , the final game between England and Scotland , at Hampden Park , settled nothing except the placings within the group , despite Scotland having dropped a point with a 3 -- 3 draw at home to Wales . Allan Brown put the home side ahead after just seven minutes , but it was all square again thanks to Ivor Broadis just four minutes later . Johnny Nicholls gave England the lead for the first time just after half time , and they began to extend a lead after Ronnie Allen 's 68th - minute goal . Jimmy Mullen made the game all but certain seven minutes from time , and although Willie Ormond scored a consolation for Scotland with just 1 minute to play , England topped the competition for the second time in a row . 1954 finals ( edit ) England were drawn in Group 4 for the finals , with hosts Switzerland , Italy and Belgium . In an odd twist , unique to the 1954 tournament , England and Italy , as the two seeded teams in the group , did not have to play each other . Equally , Switzerland and Belgium did not have to play each other . England 's first game in Switzerland was against Belgium in Basel , and they suffered a shock as Léopold Anoul put the Belgians into the lead after just five minutes . Ivor Broadis put the favourites back on terms just over twenty minutes later , and although Nat Lofthouse gave England the lead 10 minutes later , it was proving to be tougher than they had expected against the Belgians . Broadis scored his second just after the hour , but Henri Coppens hit back four minutes later to keep Belgium in the game at only 3 -- 2 down . Anoul completed his brace another four minutes after that to level the scores again . In another oddity peculiar to this World Cup , drawn matches in the group stage would go to extra time , and as such the teams played on with the score at 3 -- 3 . Just one minute into the added period , Lofthouse added a fourth for England and they seemed to have won it , but Jimmy Dickinson scored an own goal three minutes later to put the score back at 4 -- 4 . It stayed this way until the extra period was up , and as penalty shoot - outs were yet to be invented and replays were not used in the group , the match was recorded as a draw . England 's second and final group game was against the hosts in Bern . This proved to be an easier game for the Three Lions , and they scored one goal in each half ( from Jimmy Mullen and Dennis Wilshaw respectively ) to give them a comfortable win of 2 -- 0 . As Switzerland ( against England ) , Italy ( against Switzerland ) and Belgium ( against Italy ) had all lost one game , England progressed as group winners , along with Switzerland , who won a play - off against Italy . England faced the winners of group three and defending champions Uruguay in the quarter - finals . Carlos Borges gave the South Americans the lead inside 5 minutes , but Lofthouse put England back on terms ten minutes later . England were clearly struggling , but held on until just before half time , when Obdulio Varela gave the lead back Uruguay . Juan Alberto Schiaffino doubled the lead just after the break , but Tom Finney kept England 's foot in the door with his sixty seventh - minute goal . However , it was all over after Javier Ambrois restored the two - goal lead with twelve minutes to play . The score remained at 4 -- 2 , and England were eliminated from the cup . Sweden 1958 ( edit ) Main article : 1958 FIFA World Cup For the first time , England had to play against countries other than the Home Nations to reach the Finals in Sweden . They were drawn against the Republic of Ireland and Denmark . In the qualifying round , England won three out of the four games and drew the other . Four months before the World Cup , Roger Byrne , Duncan Edwards , David Pegg and Tommy Taylor all lost their lives in the Munich air disaster while playing for Manchester United . At the finals , which is the only tournament to have seen all Home Nations take part , the Home Nations were all drawn in different groups . England were drawn against the Soviet Union ( 2 -- 2 ) , Brazil ( 0 -- 0 ) and Austria ( 2 -- 2 ) , who finished third in the 1954 World Cup . At the end of the group stage , Soviet Union and England each had three points , and had scored four goals and conceded four goals . This meant there was a play - off to decide the second - placed team in the group , the winner to qualify . England lost the play - off 1 -- 0 and were thus knocked out . The only consolation for England was that they were the only team to play the eventual winners Brazil and not lose . Chile 1962 ( edit ) Main article : 1962 FIFA World Cup The third World Cup which took place in South America , saw England qualify by successfully qualifying from the group , which contained Portugal and Luxembourg , defeating Luxembourg on both occasions , and defeating Portugal at home , and drawing in Lisbon . At the finals , England were drawn in a group with Hungary , Argentina and Bulgaria . England defeated Argentina 3 - 1 , thanks to goals from Ron Flowers , Bobby Charlton and Jimmy Greaves , before playing out a goalless draw with Bulgaria , and a 2 -- 1 defeat to Hungary . England finished in second place behind Hungary and played the winners of group 3 , defending champions Brazil , in the quarter - finals . Brazil scored first through Garrincha , before an equaliser for Gerry Hitchens before half time . However , second - half goals from Garrincha and Vavá meant Brazil won the game 3 -- 1 , and eliminated England from the competition . This defeat was manager Walter Winterbottom 's last game in charge . Winterbottom had led England to four World Cup Finals . From May 1963 , Alf Ramsey became the manager of England . England 1966 ( edit ) Main article : 1966 FIFA World Cup This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2018 ) In the 1966 World Cup Finals , England used their home advantage and , under Ramsey , won their first , and only , World Cup title . England played all their games at Wembley Stadium in London , which became the last time that the hosts were granted this privilege . After drawing 0 -- 0 in the opening game against former champions Uruguay , which started a run of four games all ending goalless . England then beat both France and Mexico 2 -- 0 and qualified for the quarter - finals . The quarter - finals saw England play Argentina , which ended in a 1 -- 0 win to England . This match saw the start of the rivalry between England and Argentina , when Argentinian Antonio Rattín was dismissed by German referee Rudolf Kreitlein in a very fierce game . A 2 -- 1 win against Portugal in the semi-final then followed . Portugal were the first team to score against England in the tournament . The final saw England play West Germany , with the result finishing in a 4 -- 2 win for England , after extra time . Mexico 1970 ( edit ) Main article : 1970 FIFA World Cup 1970 saw the first World Cup finals take place in North America and England qualified automatically for the tournament by winning the 1966 FIFA World Cup . England were drawn in a group with Romania , former world champions Brazil and Czechoslovakia . Each of the matches only saw one goal , with England defeating Romania and Czechoslovakia , and losing to Brazil . The quarter - final saw a repeat of the 1966 final , with England playing West Germany . England were hampered by the fact that first - choice goalkeeper Gordon Banks was ill , and Peter Bonetti played instead . England led 2 -- 0 with goals by Alan Mullery and Martin Peters , but in the 70th minute , Franz Beckenbauer pulled one goal back for West Germany . After Beckenbauer 's goal , Ramsey substituted Bobby Charlton , who overtook Billy Wright as England 's most capped player ever , with caps totalling 106 . Uwe Seeler equalised for the Germans in the eighty first minute , thereby taking the game into extra time . During extra time , Gerd Müller scored the winning goal for West Germany which saw the German side win 3 -- 2 . This turned out to be Charlton 's last game for England . West Germany 1974 ( edit ) Main article : 1974 FIFA World Cup qualification For the first time , England did not qualify for a World Cup . In a group with Olympic champions Poland and Wales , England could not overtake Poland . After only drawing at home to Wales 1 -- 1 and losing the first leg 2 -- 0 to Poland , meant that England had to beat Poland at home , whilst Poland only needed to draw . Poland managed to withstand England 's attacks in the first half , who had Martin Peters playing for them . Poland took the lead in the 57th minute with a goal from Jan Domarski . England equalised six minutes later , with a penalty converted by Allan Clarke . England were unable to score any more goals with goalkeeper Jan Tomaszewski keeping England at bay . Brian Clough had previously called Tomaszewski a `` clown '' . The commentator of the game then said `` it 's all over '' . Poland took this good form to the finals and ended in third place . After failing to qualify , Alf Ramsey resigned from his post and after a time , where Ramsey and his predecessor had lasted a total of 29 years , no manager was able to last in the job for longer than eight years . This ended when Bobby Robson became England manager . Argentina 1978 ( edit ) See also : 1978 FIFA World Cup qualification This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) England also did not qualify for the fourth World Cup which took place in South America . This time , England were denied by Italy , who had scored three more goals than England after both teams finished on the same points . Goals scored dictated who qualified after the head - to - head record between the two sides finished the same , following a 2 -- 0 home win for each team . The lower - ranked teams in the group were Finland and Luxembourg , but the size of the wins against them proved to be decisive . Nevertheless , Ron Greenwood was given a second chance in charge of England , after taking the role in 1977 . Spain 1982 ( edit ) Main article : 1982 FIFA World Cup 1982 saw the first time where the European Qualifying Rounds were divided into groups of five teams , where the top two teams qualify for the World Cup . Greenwood used his second chance and took England to Spain by finishing second behind Hungary and above Romania , Switzerland and Norway . At the finals , England won all three group games , defeating France 3 - 1 , with a brace from Bryan Robson , before beating Czechoslovakia 2 -- 0 , with a Jozef Barmos own goal , and World Cup newcomers Kuwait 1 -- 0 , thanks to a Trevor Francis goal . The next round saw a second group stage consisting of three teams , a first time event at the World Cup . England drew with West Germany 0 -- 0 and after the Germans beat Spain 2 -- 1 , England then had to beat Spain with a two - goal difference to progress to the next round . England , however , only managed a 0 -- 0 draw against the Spanish . England remained unbeaten at the end of the tournament . After the World Cup , Ron Greenwood 's time as England manager ended , and he was replaced by Bobby Robson . Mexico 1986 ( edit ) Main article : 1986 FIFA World Cup This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1986 saw the second World Cup to take place in Mexico . England qualified for Mexico 1986 by winning four games and drawing four times against Northern Ireland , who qualified in second place , Romania , Finland and Turkey . In Mexico , England lost their opening game to Portugal 1 -- 0 and could only manage a goalless draw against Morocco . The final group game , however , saw England beat Poland 3 -- 0 , which is one of the three highest scores for England at the World Cup , with Gary Lineker scoring a hat - trick . This result took England to second place and finished behind Morocco . England then also beat Paraguay 3 -- 0 in the Round of 16 . In the quarter - finals , England renewed their rivalry with Argentina in a game that has become notorious for the Argentina goals , both scored by Diego Maradona . Maradona 's first goal , known as the Hand of God , was illegal and should not have counted , as he used his hand to punch the ball into the net . However , the referee missed this infringement , and ruled that the goal should stand . Maradona then made the score 2 - 0 , famously dribbling from inside Argentina 's half and around several English players before scoring . Gary Lineker pulled back the score to 2 - 1 , but England ran out of time to equalise , and were eliminated . Nevertheless , Lineker finished with the Golden Boot by scoring six goals and thereby becoming England 's first Golden Boot winner . Italy 1990 ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup By winning three and drawing three , England qualified for Italia ' 90 , the second World Cup to be held in Italy , scoring ten goals and conceding none . England were unbeaten through qualification , winning three games , and drawing the remaining three , but still finished second to Sweden , whom they drew with twice . England profited from Romania 's 3 -- 1 win over Denmark , who , had they won , would have qualified as the third - best second - placed team . West Germany and England were able to qualify for Italia ' 90 as the best second - placed teams in the groups with four teams . Because a few years previously saw English hooligans at European competition matches , England were forced to play their group games on Sardinia and Sicily . In group F , was the European champions Netherlands , the Republic of Ireland and Egypt and England . After opening the tournament with a 1 -- 1 draw against Ireland and a 0 -- 0 draw against the Dutch , England then beat Egypt 1 -- 0 . This was Egypt 's first appearance since the 1934 World Cup . England won the group with four points . In the next round , England had to play Belgium . The game went to extra time , and in the hundredth and nineteenth minute , David Platt scored the winning goal . England also had to play extra time against Cameroon in the quarter - finals . Cameroon were the first African team to have reached the quarter - finals . England opened the scoring through David Platt , but Cameroon quickly turned around the game to lead 2 - 1 . Lineker subsequently won and scored a penalty in the 83rd minute to ensure the game went to extra time . He then scored a second penalty , to see England reach the semi-finals . In the semi-finals , England met West Germany . There was no separating the two teams after 90 minutes , which made England the first team to have played extra time in three successive World Cup games . There was also no separating the two teams after extra time , thereby taking the game to penalties . Although English goalkeeper Peter Shilton dived the right way for every penalty , he was unable to save any . German goalkeeper Bodo Illgner , having failed to save any of England 's first three penalties , saved England 's fourth penalty , taken by Stuart Pearce . Olaf Thon then scored for Germany , meaning that England 's Chris Waddle would have to score his fifth penalty and hope that Shilton saved the Germans ' fifth penalty . However , Waddle 's penalty missed completely , going high over the crossbar , thereby resulting in England 's being knocked out of the competition . The third - place playoff between England and Italy saw England lose their only game of the tournament in normal time . Even though this was England 's best finish since the 1966 World Cup , Bobby Robson 's time as England manager had come to an end . United States 1994 ( edit ) Main article : 1994 FIFA World Cup qualification For the 1994 World Cup in the United States , under the leadership of new manager Graham Taylor , England surprisingly did not qualify for the tournament . In a group with six teams , England lost to Norway and the Netherlands , finishing third above Poland , Turkey and San Marino . England went into their final game with San Marino knowing they would need a seven - goal victory and for Poland to beat the Netherlands in the other match in order to qualify . In the game against San Marino , Davide Gualtieri scored against England after nine seconds , taking the lead for the outsiders . England went on to win 7 -- 1 , which was too small a goal margin . Additionally , despite the half - time score between the Poles and the Dutch being 1 - 1 , the Dutch went on to win 3 - 1 , meaning that however many goals England scored , they could still not qualify . Taylor 's tenure in charge ended and he was replaced by Terry Venables , who was dismissed after England lost the semi-final of Euro 1996 , hosted in England . France 1998 ( edit ) Main article : 1998 FIFA World Cup After missing out on the World Cup in 1994 , England , managed by Glenn Hoddle , qualified for the World Cup in France . England were drawn in Group 2 of UEFA qualifying with Italy , Poland , Georgia and Moldova . England beat Poland , Georgia and Moldova both home and away , but a home defeat to Italy in their fourth match meant they went into the final qualifier at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome just a point ahead of the Azzurri and only needing a draw to qualify automatically ; defeat would see them have to navigate a play - off to secure qualification . The match finished as a goalless draw and England finished top of the group . At the finals in France , England played in Group G. England defeated Tunisia 2 -- 0 in the first game , with goals from Alan Shearer and Paul Scholes . Their second match saw England lose 2 -- 1 to Romania ; despite an 81st - minute equaliser from Michael Owen , Dan Petrescu scored a winner shortly before injury time . In their final group game , England defeated Colombia 2 -- 0 in the decisive match , thanks to goals from midfielders Darren Anderton and David Beckham . England finished second in Group G , which saw them qualify for the last 16 phase , and play the winner of 1998 FIFA World Cup Group H , Argentina . In a fiery game containing six yellow cards and two penalties , David Beckham was controversially sent off in the 47th minute for what many felt was at most a yellow card offence , knocking over Diego Simeone . Gabriel Batistuta opened the scoring from the penalty spot in the fifth minute of the game , before an equaliser also from the spot by Alan Shearer four minutes later . England took the lead through Owen , in the 16th minute . Argentina drew level through Javier Zanetti in injury time of the first half . The game finished 2 - 2 , and , as neither team were able to find a winner in extra time , penalties were needed to decide the team that qualified to the next round . While David Seaman did save one penalty , Argentine goalkeeper Carlos Roa managed to save two , including the vital one from David Batty , thereby knocking England out of the World Cup . Beckham subsequently received death threats and was sent bullets in the post . South Korea / Japan 2002 ( edit ) Main article : 2002 FIFA World Cup In 2002 the World Cup took place in Asia for the first time . England , under its first ever foreign manager in Swedish Sven - Göran Eriksson , were able to qualify for the tournament . England were drawn in Group 9 , alongside Germany , Finland , Greece and Albania . In the last ever game in the original Wembley Stadium , ( which closed after the match ) England played Germany , losing 1 -- 0 , the only goal scored by Dietmar Hamann . The match was the last under the management of Kevin Keegan , who resigned at the end of the match , and was replaced by Eriksson . By beating Germany 5 -- 1 in Munich , England 's qualifying campaign was revitalised , and they qualified automatically , by drawing 2 -- 2 with Greece . Germany , who could only draw 0 -- 0 with Finland , had to play a play - off game against Ukraine , with England qualifying ahead winning the group . In Japan , England had to play against Eriksson 's homeland , Sweden , and both settled out for a 1 -- 1 draw . England and Beckham gained a measure of revenge for their previous 1998 defeat in defeating Argentina 1 - 0 , thanks to a Beckham penalty . However , England could only manage a disappointing 0 - 0 draw against Nigeria , meaning that although they were able to qualify for the second round , where they played Denmark , they qualified as runners up , which meant that they would meet favourites Brazil in the quarter - finals if they qualified . England played Denmark in the round of 16 defeating Denmark 3 -- 0 , thanks to goals from Micheal Owen , Rio Ferdinand , and Emile Heskey . England played four - time World Cup winners and 1998 runners - up Brazil in the quarter - finals . Despite leading through a Michael Owen goal , a mistake by David Seaman saw England lose 2 -- 1 , and Brazil won their fourth World Cup match against England , and went on to win the tournament . Germany 2006 ( edit ) Main article : 2006 FIFA World Cup England were drawn into Group 6 of European qualifying for the 2006 World Cup . The group featured other home nations in Wales , and Northern Ireland , as well as Poland ( who had eliminated England the last time the World Cup took place in Germany ) , Azerbaijan and Austria . England won eight of the 10 games , and qualified as group winners , in front of Portugal , despite drawing to Austria in Vienna , and losing to Northern Ireland in Belfast . In Germany , however , England were less convincing . England played in Group B , alongside Paraguay , Trinidad and Tobago , and Sweden . England started with a 1 -- 0 win against Paraguay ; which was won due to a 3rd minute own goal . The second game against first time qualifiers Trinidad and Tobago saw England have to wait until the 83rd minute for England to take the lead , with Peter Crouch opened the scoring with a goal many felt was illegal , and the second goal of the game coming in added time from Steven Gerrard . The last group game saw England play against Sweden , where an eventual 2 - 2 draw saw them qualify for the next round as group winners , thereby avoiding playing hosts Germany . In the last 16 stage , a free kick from David Beckham saw England win 1 -- 0 against Ecuador and reach the quarter - finals , where they faced Portugal . The game finished goalless , and England once again were knocked out on penalties and Portuguese goalkeeper Ricardo became the first goalkeeper to save three penalties in a penalty shoot - out . Ricardo saved from Frank Lampard , Steven Gerrard , and Jamie Carragher ; the only England player who successfully converted his penalty was Owen Hargreaves . Portugal won the shoot - out 3 - 1 , despite misses from Petit and Hugo Viana . This game was also Erickson 's final match as England manager . South africa 2010 ( edit ) Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup Qualification for the first African World Cup went successfully for new England manager Fabio Capello , after previous manager Steve McClaren was unable to secure qualification to the Euro 2008 . By winning nine times and only losing to Ukraine , England qualified ahead of Croatia , Belarus , Kazakhstan and Andorra . England 's group was seen as a favourable one , containing comparatively much weaker teams . However , England opened up their campaign with a 1 -- 1 draw against the United States , thanks to a major error by goalkeeper Robert Green . They then drew 0 -- 0 against Algeria and were booed off the field by their own fans , drawing the ire of striker Wayne Rooney . England eventually qualified for the next round by beating Slovenia 1 -- 0 , but only qualified as runners up to the United States , thereby meaning they would draw favourites Germany . In the second round match , Germany took the lead after 20 minutes after goalkeeper Manuel Neuer played the ball down the pitch to Miroslav Klose , who opened the scoring . The score became 2 -- 0 to Germany after 32 minutes . Shortly after , England defender Matthew Upson scored a header . Later , Frank Lampard had a shot at goal which was disallowed despite crossing the line ; which was confirmed on replays . German goalkeeper Manuel Neuer admitted subsequently he knew the ball had crossed the line , but decided to deceive the referee . The German media reported it was `` revenge for Wembley '' , while the English media criticised FIFA 's refusal to implement goal - line technology . Ironically , despite his earlier opposition to goal - line technology , Sepp Blatter said that it should be introduced after a Ukrainian goal against England at Euro 2012 was ruled out . As England tried to equalise , Germany used this to their advantage and scored two more goals . This became Germany 's biggest win against England in a World Cup , winning 4 - 1 . Brazil 2014 ( edit ) Main article : 2014 FIFA World Cup Under Roy Hodgson , who replaced Fabio Capello after Euro 2012 after a disagreement between Capello and The FA , England qualified for the second World Cup to be held in Brazil . Ukraine were again one of the opponents in the qualifying rounds . The other opponents included Montenegro , Poland , Moldova and San Marino . After winning six games and drawing four , England qualified unbeaten . The draw for the finals saw England have to play against Italy and Uruguay , both former world champions , which meant that it was the first ever time three World Champions were drawn in the same group , along with Costa Rica . England lost to Italy and Uruguay , and were thus knocked out after two games . The final match against Costa Rica finished as a goalless draw . This performance was statistically their worst ever performance at a World Cup , ending up with just one point after two losses to Uruguay and Italy and a goalless draw with Costa Rica in the dead rubber match , their lowest points total in the group stage of a world cup . Russia 2018 ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup England played in UEFA Group F in qualification for the 2018 World Cup , in a group of six with Slovakia , Slovenia , Scotland , Lithuania and Malta , with only the winner of the group guaranteed qualification . England went into the qualification process under manager Sam Allardyce , only for Allardyce to leave the post after just one game due to controversy regarding discussing breaking FIFA rules . Under Allardyce 's replacement , Gareth Southgate , England went undefeated throughout qualification , winning eight matches out of 10 , drawing with Slovenia 0 -- 0 in Ljubljana , and drawing 2 -- 2 with Scotland in Glasgow thanks to a 90th - minute equaliser from Harry Kane . This was the third successive major tournament that England were undefeated , having been undefeated in 2014 World Cup , and Euro 2016 qualifying . 2018 finals ( edit ) England national team at the 2018 World Cup in Russia Under Gareth Southgate , the England team began their tournament in group G against Tunisia . The game started well for England with a goal from Harry Kane in the 11th minute . Tunisia equalised through Sassi from the penalty spot in the 35th minute following a foul by Kyle Walker . Some controversy followed as various potential offences against Harry Kane , inside the penalty area were ignored by the referee and no VAR checks were carried out . England persevered and scored a second goal in the 91st minute , again by Harry Kane , resulting in a 2 -- 1 victory . In the second group stage match , England surpassed their record for goals scored in a World Cup match by beating Panama 6 - 1 . Jesse Lingard scored the third goal , John Stones scored the first and fourth goals and Harry Kane scored a hat - trick with the second , fifth and sixth goals . In the final group stage match , England narrowly lost 1 - 0 to Belgium . Adnan Januzaj scored the sole goal of the game ; but with both teams having fielded reserve teams , with England specificially making 9 changes . Before the game media outlets stating that a loss could potentially become beneficial , as the winner would be in the half of the draw with four of the top seven sides in the world . The result that meant Belgium topped the group and England finished second , setting up a last 16 clash with Group H winners Colombia . England played their last 16 match in the Otkritie Arena , Moscow , with the same team as against Tunisia . Harry Kane scored his sixth goal of the tournament , and the third penalty , after once again being fouled in the box from a corner , similarly as against Panama . The score remained at 1 - 0 , until stoppage time , where a header from Yerry Mina beat Jordan Pickford in goal to bring the game to extra time . Neither team managed to score in extra time , and the match went to penalties , which England won 4 - 3 . As well as being the first knockout match England had won at a major tournament since 2006 ( last defeating Ecuador in the last 16 ) ; it was the first time England won a World Cup penalty shoot - out . The match was notable for the heated atmosphere the game was played in , with a total of eight yellow cards being shown in the match . England played against Sweden in their quarter - final at Cosmos Arena , Samara on 7 July 2018 . They won the match 2 -- 0 , with defender Harry Maguire scoring his first England goal , a header scored from a corner , and Dele Alli a second header from close range . This would send them through to their third World Cup semi-final and their first since 1990 , and third overall . The team played Croatia in the semi-final , resulting in a 2 -- 1 loss after extra time . England would later finish fourth in the competition , the best result since 1990 . England would lose again to Belgium in the 3rd place playoff , thanks to goals from Thomas Meunier and Eden Hazard , despite a Eric Dier shot being cleared off the line by Toby Alderweireld . The tournament would see England score nine goals from set - pieces -- the most by a team in a single World Cup tournament since 1966 . Records ( edit ) Year Round Position GP D * GF GA GD 1930 Not a FIFA member 1934 1938 1950 Group stage 8th 0 0 1954 Quarter - finals 7th 8 8 0 1958 Group stage 11th 0 5 - 1 1962 Quarter - finals 8th 5 6 - 1 1966 Champions 1st 6 5 0 11 8 1970 Quarter - finals 8th 0 0 Did not qualify 1978 1982 Second group stage 6th 5 0 6 5 1986 Quarter - finals 8th 5 7 1990 Semi finals 4th 7 8 6 1994 Did not qualify 1998 Round of 16 9th 7 2002 Quarter - finals 6th 5 6 2006 Quarter - finals 7th 5 0 6 Round of 16 13th 5 - 2 2014 Group stage 26th 0 - 2 2018 Semi-finals 4th 7 12 8 2022 TBD 2026 Total 15 / 21 1 title 69 29 21 19 91 64 27 * Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks show England 's World Cup record First Match England 2 -- 0 Chile ( 25 June 1950 ; Rio de Janeiro , Brazil ) Biggest Win England 6 -- 1 Panama ( 24 June 2018 ; Nizhny Novgorod , Russia ) Biggest Defeat England 1 - 4 Germany ( 27 June 2010 ; Bloemfontein , South Africa ) Best Result Champions at the 1966 World Cup Worst Result Group stage in 1950 , 1958 and 2014 By match ( edit ) Year Round Against Score Scorers 1950 Group 2 Chile 2 -- 0 Mortensen , Mannion United States 0 -- 1 Spain 0 -- 1 1954 Group 4 Belgium 4 -- 4 ( aet ) Broadis ( 2 ) , Lofthouse ( 2 ) Switzerland 2 -- 0 Mullen , Wilshaw Quarter - final Uruguay 2 -- 4 Lofthouse , Finney 1958 Group 4 Soviet Union 2 -- 2 Kevan , Finney Brazil 0 -- 0 Austria 2 -- 2 Haynes , Kevan Play - off Soviet Union 0 -- 1 1962 Group 4 Hungary 1 -- 2 Flowers Argentina 3 -- 1 Flowers , Charlton , Greaves Bulgaria 0 -- 0 Quarter - final Brazil 1 -- 3 Hitchens 1966 Group 1 Uruguay 0 -- 0 Mexico 2 -- 0 Charlton , Hunt France 2 -- 0 Hunt ( 2 ) Quarter - final Argentina 1 -- 0 Hurst Semi-final Portugal 2 -- 1 Charlton ( 2 ) Final West Germany 4 -- 2 ( aet ) Hurst ( 3 ) , Peters 1970 Group 3 Romania 1 -- 0 Hurst Brazil 0 -- 1 Czechoslovakia 1 -- 0 Clarke Quarter - final West Germany 2 -- 3 ( aet ) Mullery , Peters 1982 Group 4 France 3 -- 1 Robson ( 2 ) , Mariner Czechoslovakia 2 -- 0 Francis , Barmoš ( o.g. ) Kuwait 1 -- 0 Francis Group B Round 2 West Germany 0 -- 0 Spain 0 -- 0 1986 Group F Portugal 0 -- 1 Morocco 0 -- 0 Poland 3 -- 0 Lineker ( 3 ) Round of 16 Paraguay 3 -- 0 Lineker ( 2 ) , Beardsley Quarter - final Argentina 1 -- 2 Lineker 1990 Group F Republic of Ireland 1 -- 1 Lineker Netherlands 0 -- 0 Egypt 1 -- 0 Wright Round of 16 Belgium 1 -- 0 ( aet ) Platt Quarter - final Cameroon 3 -- 2 ( aet ) Platt , Lineker ( 2 ) Semi-final West Germany 1 -- 1 ( aet ) Lineker Third - place play - off Italy 1 -- 2 Platt 1998 Group G Tunisia 2 -- 0 Shearer , Scholes Romania 1 -- 2 Owen Colombia 2 -- 0 Anderton , Beckham Round of 16 Argentina 2 -- 2 ( aet ) Shearer , Owen 2002 Group F Sweden 1 -- 1 Campbell Argentina 1 -- 0 Beckham Nigeria 0 -- 0 Round of 16 Denmark 3 -- 0 Ferdinand , Owen , Heskey Quarter - final Brazil 1 -- 2 Owen 2006 Group B Paraguay 1 -- 0 Gamarra ( o.g. ) Trinidad and Tobago 2 -- 0 Crouch , Gerrard Sweden 2 -- 2 Cole , Gerrard Round of 16 Ecuador 1 -- 0 Beckham Quarter - final Portugal 0 -- 0 ( aet ) Group C United States 1 -- 1 Gerrard Algeria 0 -- 0 Slovenia 1 -- 0 Defoe Round of 16 Germany 1 -- 4 Upson 2014 Group D Italy 1 -- 2 Sturridge Uruguay 1 -- 2 Rooney Costa Rica 0 -- 0 2018 Group G Tunisia 2 -- 1 Kane ( 2 ) Panama 6 -- 1 Stones ( 2 ) , Kane ( 3 ) , Lingard Belgium 0 -- 1 Round of 16 Colombia 1 -- 1 ( aet ) Kane Quarter - final Sweden 2 -- 0 Maguire , Alli Semi-final Croatia 1 -- 2 ( aet ) Trippier Third - place play - off Belgium 0 -- 2 By opponent ( edit ) Country Played Won Drawn Lost GF GA GD Argentina 5 8 5 + 3 Germany 5 8 10 - 2 Brazil 0 6 - 4 Sweden 0 5 + 2 Belgium 5 7 - 2 Portugal 0 Uruguay 0 6 - 3 France 0 0 5 + 4 Paraguay 0 0 0 + 4 Tunisia 0 0 + 3 Czechoslovakia 0 0 0 + 3 Colombia 0 + 2 Romania 0 0 Soviet Union 0 - 1 United States 0 - 1 Spain 0 0 - 1 Italy 0 0 - 2 Panama 0 0 6 + 5 Poland 0 0 0 + 3 Denmark 0 0 0 + 3 Chile 0 0 0 + 2 Switzerland 0 0 0 + 2 Mexico 0 0 0 + 2 Trinidad and Tobago 0 0 0 + 2 Cameroon 0 0 + 1 Kuwait 0 0 0 + 1 Egypt 0 0 0 + 1 Ecuador 0 0 0 + 1 Slovenia 0 0 0 0 + 1 Austria 0 0 0 Republic of Ireland 0 0 0 Bulgaria 0 0 0 0 0 Morocco 0 0 0 0 0 Netherlands 0 0 0 0 0 Nigeria 0 0 0 0 0 Algeria 0 0 0 0 0 Costa Rica 0 0 0 0 0 Hungary 0 0 - 1 Croatia 0 0 - 1 Last update : 14 July 2018 Players ' honours ( edit ) List of England players with the most appearances at World Cups ( edit ) No . Name Matches World Cups Peter Shilton 17 1982 , 1986 , 1990 Terry Butcher 14 1982 , 1986 , 1990 Bobby Charlton 14 1958 , 1962 , 1966 , 1970 Ashley Cole 14 2002 , 2006 , 2010 Bobby Moore 14 1962 , 1966 , 1970 6 David Beckham 13 1998 , 2002 , 2006 7 Steven Gerrard 12 2006 , 2010 , 2014 Gary Lineker 12 1986 , 1990 Michael Owen 12 1998 , 2002 , 2006 10 Chris Waddle 11 1986 , 1990 List of England top goalscorers at World Cups ( edit ) No . Name Goals World Cups Gary Lineker 10 1986 ( 6 ) and 1990 ( 4 ) Harry Kane 6 2018 Geoff Hurst 5 1966 ( 4 ) and 1970 ( 1 ) Bobby Charlton 1962 ( 1 ) and 1966 ( 3 ) Michael Owen 1998 ( 2 ) and 2002 ( 2 ) 6 Nat Lofthouse 1954 Roger Hunt 1966 David Platt 1990 David Beckham 1998 , 2002 and 2006 Steven Gerrard 2006 ( 2 ) and 2010 11 Nine players Current as of 3 July 2018 after the match against Colombia List of England goals by tournament ( edit ) World Cup Goalscorer ( s ) 1950 Wilf Mannion , Stan Mortensen 1954 Nat Lofthouse ( 3 ) , Ivor Broadis ( 2 ) , Tom Finney , Jimmy Mullen , Dennis Wilshaw 1958 Derek Kevan ( 2 ) , Tom Finney , Johnny Haynes 1962 Ron Flowers ( 2 ) , Bobby Charlton , Jimmy Greaves , Gerry Hitchens 1966 Geoff Hurst ( 4 ) , Roger Hunt ( 3 ) , Bobby Charlton ( 3 ) , Martin Peters 1970 Allan Clarke , Geoff Hurst , Alan Mullery , Martin Peters 1982 Trevor Francis ( 2 ) , Bryan Robson ( 2 ) , Paul Mariner , Own Goal 1986 Gary Lineker ( 6 ) , Peter Beardsley 1990 Gary Lineker ( 4 ) , David Platt ( 3 ) , Mark Wright 1998 Michael Owen ( 2 ) , Alan Shearer ( 2 ) , Darren Anderton , David Beckham , Paul Scholes 2002 Michael Owen ( 2 ) , David Beckham , Sol Campbell , Rio Ferdinand , Emile Heskey 2006 Steven Gerrard ( 2 ) , David Beckham , Joe Cole , Peter Crouch , Own Goal Jermain Defoe , Steven Gerrard , Matthew Upson 2014 Wayne Rooney , Daniel Sturridge 2018 Harry Kane ( 6 ) , John Stones ( 2 ) , Jesse Lingard , Harry Maguire , Dele Alli , Kieran Trippier List of England players playing abroad at a World Cup ( edit ) Historically , very few English World Cup squad members were playing for a club in a foreign league at the time of their selection to the national squad . Year Number ( Country ) Players ( Apps ) 1950 -- 1958 0 1962 1 ( Italy ) Gerry Hitchens ( 2 ) 1966 -- 1970 0 1982 1 ( West Germany ) Tony Woodcock ( 2 ) 1986 2 ( Italy ) Mark Hateley ( 3 ) , Ray Wilkins 1990 5 ( 4 in Scotland , 1 in France ) Terry Butcher ( 5 ) , Trevor Steven ( 3 ) , Gary Stevens ( 2 ) , Chris Woods ( 0 ) ; Chris Waddle ( 7 ) 1998 0 2002 1 ( Germany ) Owen Hargreaves ( 2 ) 2006 2 ( 1 Spain , 1 Germany ) David Beckham ( 5 ) ; Owen Hargreaves ( 4 ) 0 2014 1 ( Scotland ) Fraser Forster ( 0 ) 2018 0 Team awards and records ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Team Awards World Champions 1966 FIFA Fair Play Trophy 1990 FIFA Fair Play Trophy 1998 ( shared ) Individual Awards Golden Ball 1966 : Bobby Charlton Silver Ball 1966 : Bobby Moore Golden Boot 1986 : Gary Lineker Golden Boot 2018 : Harry Kane Bronze Boot 1966 : Geoff Hurst Golden Glove 1966 : Gordon Banks Best Young Player Award 1998 : Michael Owen Team Records Most penalty shoot - outs lost : 3 ( shared with Italy and Spain ) Biggest World Cup victory : 6 - 1 vs Panama , 2018 Group Stage Individual Records Only hattrick in a final : Geoff Hurst ( 1966 v West Germany ) Oldest captain : Peter Shilton ( age 40 years and 292 days , 1990 v Italy ) Most clean sheets : Peter Shilton ( 10 , 1982 - 1990 ) ( shared with Fabien Barthez ) Refereeing ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Four FIFA World Cup finals were officiated by English referees , more than by any other football association . The first Englishman to officiate a final , George Reader , is also the oldest World Cup referee to date , as he was 53 years and 236 days old at the 1950 decisive match between Uruguay and Brazil . The other final referees are William Ling ( 1954 ) , Jack Taylor ( 1974 ) and Howard Webb ( 2010 ) . Arthur Ellis , who was a linesman at the 1950 final , is part of an elite group of referees who has been called up for three consecutive World Cups ( 1950 -- 1958 ) . Notes and references ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ England declined the chance , created and given to them when Austria withdrew from the tournament following the Anschluss , to take part in the 1938 FIFA World Cup . Jump up ^ Excluding the 1982 FIFA World Cup , which did not have formal quarter - finals , but instead had a second group stage that determined who would qualify for the semi-finals . Jump up ^ Belgium were ranked third , and Germany had already been eliminated . Only Switzerland ( 6 ) and Spain ( 10 ) would be on the loser 's half of the draw from the top 10 of the FIFA World Rankings Jump up ^ England had previously lost World Cup penalty shoot - outs in 1990 to West Germany , 1998 to Argentina and Portugal in 2006 . England 's penalty shoot - out record before the match was 1 -- 6 , with their only win against Spain in EURO 96 . Jump up ^ A total of six yellow cards for Colombia , and two for England . ^ Jump up to : England lost the penalty shoot - out Jump up ^ England won the penalty shoot - out References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jones , Ken ( 4 December 1997 ) . `` Football : It is possible to forget that England 's overall World Cup record is nothing much to shout about - Sport '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 22 November 2014 . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ 2006 FIFA World Cup TV Coverage Archived 14 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine . ( PDF ) , FIFA.com , Retrieved on 6 June 2007 Jump up ^ `` The full list of records broken by England at The euros '' . Goal.com. 25 June 2014 . Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Sport - World Cup 2014 : Roy Hodgson hopeful for England 's future '' . bbc.co.uk. 24 June 2014 . Archived from the original on 27 December 2014 . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Copies of old newspapers reveal England 's World Cup myth - The British Newspaper Archive Blog '' . 15 June 2014 . Archived from the original on 15 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1962 FIFA World Cup Chile TM - Matches - England - Argentina - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 23 May 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1962 FIFA World Cup Chile TM - Matches - England - Bulgaria - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 26 December 2017 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1962 FIFA World Cup Chile TM - Matches - Brazil - England - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 23 May 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup TM Archive - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 23 May 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England and Poland football teams played to a 1 : 1 draw , 17 October 1973 '' . eu-football.info . Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ cestrian81 ( 21 December 2011 ) . `` England 1 - 1 Poland ( 1973 ) WCQ '' . Archived from the original on 26 January 2016 -- via YouTube . ^ Jump up to : Fifield , Dominic . `` England managers and off - field controversies : from Revie to Hodgson '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 6 July 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 FIFA World Cup Spain TM - Matches - England - France - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 5 January 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 FIFA World Cup Spain TM - Matches - England - Czechoslovakia - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 29 October 2017 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 FIFA World Cup Spain TM - Matches - England - Kuwait - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 30 January 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` WORLD CUP 1990 '' . allworldcup.narod.ru . Archived from the original on 7 December 2009 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 FIFA World Cup Italy TM - Matches - England - Egypt - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 26 August 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 FIFA World Cup Italy TM - Matches - England - Belgium - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 24 July 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 FIFA World Cup Italy TM - Matches - England - Cameroon - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 10 November 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1990 FIFA World Cup Italy TM - Matches - Germany FR - England - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 9 November 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 FIFA World Cup Italy TM - Matches - Italy - England - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 9 November 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Engel , Matthew . `` Italia 90 : the World Cup when England rediscovered football '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 9 July 2018 . Retrieved 9 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Remember San Marino in 1993 ? What happened in England 's World Cup humiliation ... and to those who lined up in Graham Taylor 's final outing '' . Archived from the original on 12 October 2012 . Retrieved 23 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 FIFA World Cup France TM - Matches - England - Tunisia - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 11 January 2018 . Retrieved 5 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 FIFA World Cup France TM - Matches - Colombia - England - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 12 December 2017 . Retrieved 5 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Tench , Matt ( 19 May 2002 ) . `` Simeone : I conned red - card referee '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 11 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Beckham buries Simeone hatchet '' . Archived from the original on 11 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The dramatic redemption of David Beckham '' . 4 September 2017 . Archived from the original on 11 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Beckhams were sent bullets through post '' . Archived from the original on 11 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Harding , John ( 7 October 2010 ) . `` On This Day in History : 7 October - Keegan resigns after Didi Hamann scores last Wembley goal '' . Retrieved 2 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup TM Archive - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 23 May 2018 . Retrieved 5 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea / Japan TM - Matches - England - Brazil - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 2 January 2018 . Retrieved 5 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Northern Ireland 1 - 0 England '' . news.bbc.co.uk . Archived from the original on 30 March 2009 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany TM - Matches - England - Paraguay - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 23 May 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Peter Crouch is probably the most hated Englishman in our history ' '' . 15 June 2015 . Archived from the original on 14 October 2017 -- via www.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany TM - Matches - England - Trinidad and Tobago - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 25 May 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany TM - Matches - Sweden - England - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 25 May 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany TM - Matches - England - Ecuador - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 25 May 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany TM - Matches - England - Portugal - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 4 July 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England , Algeria , Slovenia , Yanks = E.A.S.Y ? '' . Jump up ^ Brodkin , Jon ( 18 June 2010 ) . `` World Cup 2010 : Wayne Rooney mocks booing fans in sarcastic aside '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 11 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Singer , Peter ( 29 June 2010 ) . `` Why is cheating OK in football ? - Peter Singer '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 11 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Association , Press ( 20 June 2012 ) . `` Euro 2012 : Sepp Blatter says goalline technology is ' a necessity ' '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 11 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Kelso , Paul ( 27 June 2010 ) . `` England v Germany : Frank Lampard 's ' goal ' reignites goal - line technology debate '' . Archived from the original on 11 March 2018 -- via www.telegraph.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup TM Archive - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 23 May 2018 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sky Sports . `` World Cup : England out as Italy lose 1 -- 0 to Costa Rica in Recife in Group D '' . skysports.com/ . BSkyB . Archived from the original on 23 June 2014 . Retrieved 20 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Allardyce : England manager leaves after one match in charge '' . BBC Sport . Archived from the original on 27 September 2016 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM - Matches - Scotland - England - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 14 October 2017 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ McGee , Nicholas ( 18 June 2018 ) . `` Captain Kane saves Three Lions '' . Goal.com . Archived from the original on 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England romp past Panama and into last 16 '' . FIFA.com. 24 June 2018 . Archived from the original on 23 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England 's game v Colombia ' biggest knockout game for decade ' '' . BBC Sport. 28 June 2018 . Archived from the original on 5 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Delaney , Miguel ( 28 June 2018 ) . `` Three Lions still left wondering how good they really are after deflating defeat '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 29 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup : England 's game v Colombia ' biggest knockout game for decade ' '' . BBC Sport . Archived from the original on 29 June 2018 . Retrieved 29 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England still left wondering how good they really are after defeat to Belgium '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 29 June 2018 . Retrieved 29 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM - Matches - Colombia - England - FIFA.com '' . www.fifa.com . Archived from the original on 4 July 2018 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Brashness of youth overcomes mental demons as England break penalty shoot - out hoodoo '' . ABC News . 4 July 2018 . Archived from the original on 3 July 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup 2018 : England players not bowed by history - Gareth Southgate '' . BBC Sport . Archived from the original on 4 July 2018 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 3 July 2018 ) . `` England knock Colombia out of World Cup in last - 16 penalty shootout '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 4 July 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` England penalties : 11 / 11 in open play , 11 / 19 in shootouts '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on 4 July 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sweden 0 - 2 England '' . BBC Sport. 7 July 2018 . Archived from the original on 7 July 2018 . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The three stages of England vs Croatia that turned a World Cup final into a third - place play - off '' . The Independent . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ FIFA.com. `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM - Matches - Belgium - England - FIFA.com '' . www.fifa.com . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 11 July 2018 ) . `` Croatia 2 England 1 '' . BBC Sport . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 12 June 2018 . Retrieved 11 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup : England set new records in 6 - 1 victory over Panama '' . BBC Sport . England national football squads England squad -- 1950 FIFA World Cup GK Ditchburn GK Williams DF Aston DF Eckersley DF Ramsey DF Scott DF Taylor DF Wright ( c ) MF Baily MF Cockburn MF Dickinson MF Hughes MF Nicholson MF Watson FW Bentley FW Finney FW Mannion FW Matthews FW Milburn FW Mortensen FW Mullen Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1954 FIFA World Cup 1 Merrick 2 Staniforth 3 Byrne 4 Wright ( c ) 5 Owen 6 Dickinson 7 Matthews 8 Broadis 9 Lofthouse 10 Taylor 11 Finney 12 Burgin 13 Green 14 McGarry 15 Wilshaw 16 Quixall 17 Mullen 18 Chilton 19 Armstrong 20 Jezzard 21 Haynes 22 Hooper Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1958 FIFA World Cup 1 McDonald 2 Howe 3 Banks 4 Clamp 5 Wright ( c ) 6 Slater 7 Douglas 8 Robson 9 Kevan 10 Haynes 11 Finney 12 Hopkinson 13 Hodgkinson 14 Sillett 15 Clayton 16 Norman 17 Brabrook 18 Broadbent 19 Smith 20 Charlton 21 A'Court 22 Setters Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1962 FIFA World Cup 1 Springett 2 Armfield 3 Wilson 4 Robson 5 Swan 6 Flowers 7 Connelly 8 Greaves 9 Hitchens 10 Haynes ( c ) 11 Charlton 12 Hodgkinson 13 Kevan 14 Anderson 15 Norman 16 Moore 17 Douglas 18 Hunt 19 Peacock 20 Eastham 21 Howe 22 Adamson Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1966 FIFA World Cup winners ( 1st title ) 1 Banks 2 Cohen 3 Wilson 4 Stiles 5 J. Charlton 6 Moore ( c ) 7 Ball 8 Greaves 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Connelly 12 Springett 13 Bonetti 14 Armfield 15 Byrne 16 Peters 17 Flowers 18 Hunter 19 Paine 20 Callaghan 21 Hunt 22 Eastham Coach : Ramsey England squad -- 1970 FIFA World Cup 1 Banks 2 Newton 3 Cooper 4 Mullery 5 Labone 6 Moore ( c ) 7 Lee 8 Ball 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Peters 12 Bonetti 13 Stepney 14 Wright 15 Stiles 16 Hughes 17 J. Charlton 18 Hunter 19 Bell 20 Osgood 21 Clarke 22 Astle Coach : Ramsey England squad -- 1982 FIFA World Cup 1 Clemence 2 Anderson 3 Brooking 4 Butcher 5 Coppell 6 Foster 7 Keegan 8 Francis 9 Hoddle 10 McDermott 11 Mariner 12 Mills ( c ) 13 Corrigan 14 Neal 15 Rix 16 Robson 17 Sansom 18 Thompson 19 Wilkins 20 Withe 21 Woodcock 22 Shilton Coach : Greenwood England squad -- 1986 FIFA World Cup 1 Shilton 2 G.M. Stevens 3 Sansom 4 Hoddle 5 Martin 6 Butcher 7 B. Robson ( c ) 8 Wilkins 9 Hateley 10 Lineker 11 Waddle 12 Anderson 13 Woods 14 Fenwick 15 G.A. Stevens 16 Reid 17 Steven 18 Hodge 19 Barnes 20 Beardsley 21 Dixon 22 Bailey Coach : R. Robson England squad -- 1990 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Shilton 2 Stevens 3 Pearce 4 Webb 5 Walker 6 Butcher 7 B. Robson ( c ) 8 Waddle 9 Beardsley 10 Lineker 11 Barnes 12 Parker 13 Woods 14 Wright 15 Dorigo 16 McMahon 17 Platt 18 Hodge 19 Gascoigne 20 Steven 21 Bull 22 Beasant Coach : R. Robson England squad -- 1998 FIFA World Cup 1 Seaman 2 Campbell 3 Le Saux 4 Ince 5 Adams 6 Southgate 7 Beckham 8 Batty 9 Shearer ( c ) 10 Sheringham 11 McManaman 12 Neville 13 Martyn 14 Anderton 15 Merson 16 Scholes 17 Lee 18 Keown 19 L. Ferdinand 20 Owen 21 R. Ferdinand 22 Flowers Coach : Hoddle England squad -- 2002 FIFA World Cup 1 Seaman 2 Mills 3 A. Cole 4 Sinclair 5 Ferdinand 6 Campbell 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Scholes 9 Fowler 10 Owen 11 Heskey 12 Brown 13 Martyn 14 Bridge 15 Keown 16 Southgate 17 Sheringham 18 Hargreaves 19 J. Cole 20 Vassell 21 Butt 22 James 23 Dyer Coach : Eriksson England squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup 1 Robinson 2 Neville 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard 5 Ferdinand 6 Terry 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Lampard 9 Rooney 10 Owen 11 J. Cole 12 Campbell 13 James 14 Bridge 15 Carragher 16 Hargreaves 17 Jenas 18 Carrick 19 Lennon 20 Downing 21 Crouch 22 Carson 23 Walcott Coach : Eriksson England squad -- 2010 FIFA World Cup 1 James 2 Johnson 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Dawson 6 Terry 7 Lennon 8 Lampard 9 Crouch 10 Rooney 11 J. Cole 12 Green 13 Warnock 14 Barry 15 Upson 16 Milner 17 Wright - Phillips 18 Carragher 19 Defoe 20 King 21 Heskey 22 Carrick 23 Hart Coach : Capello England squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup 1 Hart 2 Johnson 3 Baines 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Cahill 6 Jagielka 7 Wilshere 8 Lampard 9 Sturridge 10 Rooney 11 Welbeck 12 Smalling 13 Foster 14 Henderson 15 Oxlade - Chamberlain 16 Jones 17 Milner 18 Lambert 19 Sterling 20 Lallana 21 Barkley 22 Forster 23 Shaw Coach : Hodgson England squad -- 2018 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Pickford 2 Walker 3 Rose 4 Dier 5 Stones 6 Maguire 7 Lingard 8 Henderson 9 Kane ( c ) 10 Sterling 11 Vardy 12 Trippier 13 Butland 14 Welbeck 15 Cahill 16 Jones 17 Delph 18 Young 19 Rashford 20 Alli 21 Loftus - Cheek 22 Alexander - Arnold 23 Pope Coach : Southgate England national football team General The Football Association History Managers Captains Kits Venues Wembley Stadium 1923 stadium 2007 stadium Home venues St George 's Park ( Burton ) Statistics All - time record Records World Cup record European Championship record Hat - tricks Awards The FA England Awards The FA Women 's Football Awards Results Men 's 1872 -- 99 1900 -- 29 1930 -- 59 1960 -- 79 1980 -- 99 2000 -- 19 Unofficial matches Women 's 2010s Players World Cup & Euro Championship squads 10 + caps 4 -- 9 caps 2 -- 3 caps 1 cap Born outside England Other categories World Cups 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1982 1986 1990 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 European Championships 1968 1980 2000 2012 2016 Other tournaments British Home Championship ( 1884 -- 1984 ) Minor tournaments Noted rivalries Argentina Germany Scotland Culture Noted matches Band Songs Discography WAGs `` They think it 's all over '' Other FA teams Men 's England B England C Amateur ( defunct ) U-21 U-20 U-19 U-18 U-17 U-16 Futsal Learning Disabilities Beach ( not FA affiliated ) Women 's Senior U-23 U-20 U-19 U-17 U-15 Beach ( not FA affiliated ) Countries at the FIFA World Cup Team appearances Teams with no appearances All - time table AFC Australia China Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Kuwait North Korea Saudi Arabia South Korea United Arab Emirates CAF Algeria Angola Cameroon DR Congo Egypt Ghana Ivory Coast Morocco Nigeria Senegal South Africa Togo Tunisia CONCACAF Canada Costa Rica Cuba El Salvador Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Panama Trinidad and Tobago United States CONMEBOL Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay OFC New Zealand UEFA Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark East Germany England France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Considered a successor team by FIFA , or have competed under another name ( s ) . Have been member of multiple confederations . Team and national federation no longer exist . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=England_at_the_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=856208693 '' Categories : England at the FIFA World Cup Countries at the FIFA World Cup History of the England national football team Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links EngvarB from June 2018 Use dmy dates from June 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Articles needing additional references from July 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from July 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 16 : 37 ( UTC ) . 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how many world cup quarter finals have england played in

England did not enter the competition until 1950 , but have entered all eighteen subsequent tournaments . They have failed to qualify for the finals on three occasions , 1974 ( West Germany ) , 1978 ( Argentina ) and 1994 ( United States ) , and have failed to advance from the group stages on three occasions ; at the 1950 FIFA World Cup , the 1958 FIFA World Cup and the 2014 FIFA World Cup . Their best ever performance is winning the Cup in the 1966 tournament held in England , whilst they also finished in fourth place in 1990 , in Italy , and in 2018 in Russia . Other than that , the team have reached the quarter - finals on nine occasions , the latest of which were at the 2002 ( South Korea / Japan ) and the 2006 ( Germany ) .

Easter egg ( Media ) - wikipedia Easter egg ( Media ) This image reveals an Easter egg when the hedgehog is clicked or tapped . Another Easter egg can be found when a mouse pointer is hovered over it . In computer software and media , an Easter egg is an intentional inside joke , hidden message or image , or secret feature of a work . It is usually found in a computer program , video game , or DVD / Blu - ray Disc menu screen . The name is used to evoke the idea of a traditional Easter egg hunt . The term was coined to describe a hidden message in the Atari video game Adventure that encouraged the player to find further hidden messages in later games , leading them on a ' hunt ' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 In video games 3 In computing 3.1 Software 3.2 Hardware 4 Comics 5 Video 5.1 Home media 5.2 Broadcast media 6 Security concerns 7 In popular culture 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Origin ( edit ) See also : Adventure ( Atari 2600 ) § Easter egg The use of the term `` Easter egg '' to describe secret features originates from the 1979 video game Adventure for the Atari 2600 game console , programmed by employee Warren Robinett . At the time , Atari did not include programmers ' names in the game credits , fearing that competitors would attempt to steal their employees . Robinett , who disagreed with his supervisor over this lack of acknowledgment , secretly inserted the message `` Created by Warren Robinett '' . This message would only appear if a player moved their avatar over a specific pixel ( the `` Gray Dot '' ) during a certain part of the game . When Robinett left Atari , he did not inform the company of the acknowledgment that he included in the game . Shortly after his departure , the Gray Dot and his message were exposed by a player , who told Atari about their discovery . Atari 's management initially wanted to remove the message and release the game again , but this was deemed too costly an effort . Instead , Steve Wright , the Director of Software Development in the Atari Consumer Division , suggested that they keep the message and in fact encourage the inclusion of such messages in future games , describing them as Easter eggs for consumers to find . In video games ( edit ) In addition to Robinett 's name appearing in Adventure ( 1979 ) , there are many other instances where the Easter egg idea has been implemented . The first text adventure game , Colossal Cave Adventure ( 1976 ) , from which Adventure was fashioned , included several secret words . One of these was `` xyzzy '' , a command which enabled the player to move between two points in the game world . In 2004 , an Easter egg displaying programmer Bradley Reid - Selth 's surname was found in Video Whizball ( 1978 ) , a game for the Fairchild Channel F system . According to research by Ed Fries , the first known Easter egg in an arcade game was in Starship 1 ( 1977 ) , programmed by Ron Milner . By triggering the cabinet 's controls in the right order , the player could get the message `` Hi Ron ! '' to appear on the screen . Fries described it as `` the earliest arcade game yet known that clearly meets the definition of an Easter egg '' . The existence of this Easter egg was n't published until 2017 , leading Fries to suggest that , as more than one hundred arcade games predate Starship 1 , earlier Easter eggs may still be undiscovered . Fries noted that some Atari arcade cabinets were resold under the Kee Games label and included changes to the hardware that would make the game appear different from the Atari version . Anti-Aircraft II ( 1975 ) included a means to modify the circuit board to make the airplanes in the game appear as alien UFOs . Fries surmised that this feature may have been intended for a Kee Games release . For this reason , and because it required a hardware modification , Fries questioned whether it met the definition of an Easter egg . Since Adventure , there has been a long history of video game developers placing Easter eggs in their games . Most Easter eggs are intentional - an attempt to communicate with the player or a way of getting even with management for a slight . Easter eggs in video games have taken a variety of forms , from purely ornamental screens to aesthetic enhancements that change some element of the game during play . The Easter egg included in the original Age of Empires ( 1997 ) is an example of the latter ; catapult projectiles are changed from stones to cows . More elaborate Easter eggs include secret levels and developers ' rooms - fully functional , hidden areas of the game . Developers ' rooms often include inside jokes from the fandom or development team and differ from a debug room in that they are specifically intended for the player to find . Some games even include hidden minigames as Easter eggs . In the LucasArts game Day of the Tentacle ( 1993 ) , the original Maniac Mansion ( 1987 ) game can be played in its full version by using a home computer in a character 's room . Other Easter eggs originated unintentionally . The Konami Code , a type of cheat code , became an intentional Easter egg in most games , but originated from Konami 's Gradius ( 1985 ) for the Nintendo Entertainment System . The programmer , Kazuhisa Hashimoto , created the code as a means to rapidly debug the game by giving the player 's avatar additional health and powers to easily traverse the game . These types of codes are normally removed from the game before it is shipped but , in the case of Gradius , Hashimoto forgot to remove it and the code was soon discovered by players . Its popularity inspired Konami to reuse the code and purposely retain it for many of its future games as an Easter egg . Technical issues may also create unintentional Easter eggs . Jon Burton , founder of Traveller 's Tales , announced that many seemingly apparent Easter eggs in their Sega Genesis games came about as a result of introducing programming tricks to get around some of the difficulty they had in getting Sega 's strict certification for their games , catching any exceptions during execution to bring the game back to a usable state as to pass certification . For example , hitting the side of the Sonic 3D Blast ( 1996 ) cartridge while it was slotted in the console would bring the game back to the Level Select screen , which Burton explained was the default exception handling for any unidentified processor error , such as when connectivity between the cartridge and the console 's microprocessor was temporarily lost . In Computing ( edit ) Software ( edit ) Asking Google Maps for walking directions between fictional locations from The Lord of the Rings produced this `` Easter egg '' response , quoting a character 's warning from the story . In computer software , Easter eggs are secret responses that occur as a result of an undocumented set of commands . The results can vary from a simple printed message or image to a page of programmer credits or a small video game hidden inside an otherwise serious piece of software . In the TOPS - 10 operating system ( for the DEC PDP - 10 computer ) , the make command is used to invoke the TECO editor to create a file . if given the file name argument love , so that the command reads make love , it will pause and respond not war ? before creating the file . This same behavior occurred on the RSTS / E operating system , where TECO will provide this response . Other Unix operating systems respond to `` why '' with `` why not '' ( a reference to The Prisoner in Berkeley Unix , 1977 ) . Some versions of the DEC OpenVMS operating system have concealed exit status codes , including a reference to the Monty Python Dirty Hungarian Phrasebook skit ; `` exit % xb70 '' returns the message `` % SYSTEM - W - FISH , my hovercraft is full of eels '' while `` exit % x34b4 '' returns a reference to an early Internet meme : `` % SYSTEM - F - GAMEOVER , All your base are belong to us '' . Many personal computers have much more elaborate eggs hidden in ROM , including lists of the developers ' names , political exhortations , snatches of music , or images of the entire development team . Easter eggs in the 1997 version of Microsoft Office include a hidden flight simulator in Microsoft Excel and a pinball game in Microsoft Word . Since 2002 , Microsoft does not allow any hidden or undocumented code as part of its trustworthy computing initiative . The Debian operating system 's package tool apt - get has an Easter egg involving an ASCII cow when variants on apt - get moo are typed into the shell . An Easter egg is found on all Microsoft Windows operating systems before XP . In the 3D Text screen saver , entering the text `` volcano '' would display the names of all the volcanoes in the United States . Microsoft removed this Easter egg in XP but added others . Microsoft Excel 95 contained a hidden action game similar to Doom ( 1993 ) called The Hall of Tortured Souls . Easter eggs in Google Android OS The Google search engine famously contains many Easter eggs , given to the user in response to certain search queries . For example , Google Maps once responded to a request for directions from New York City to Tokyo by telling the user to kayak across the Pacific Ocean . Steve Jobs banned Easter eggs from Apple products upon his return to the company . The first Easter egg to appear after his death was in a 2012 update to the Mac App Store for OS X Mountain Lion , in which downloaded apps were temporarily timestamped as `` January 24 , 1984 '' , the date of the sales launch of the original Macintosh . Hardware ( edit ) The Macintosh SE has an Easter egg hidden in the ROM : four images of the engineering team . While computer - related Easter eggs are often found in software , occasionally they exist in hardware or firmware of certain devices . On some home computers the BIOS ROM contains Easter eggs . Notable examples include some errant 1993 AMI BIOS that on November 13 , 1993 , proceeded to play `` Happy Birthday '' via the PC speaker repeatedly instead of booting , as well as several early Apple Macintosh models that had pictures of the development team in the ROM . These Mac Easter eggs were well - publicized in the Macintosh press at the time along with the means to access them , and were later recovered by an NYC Resistor team , a hacker collective , through elaborate reverse engineering . Similarly , the Radio Shack Color Computer 3 's ROM contains code which displays what looks like three Microware developers on a Ctrl + Alt + Reset keypress sequence -- a hard reset which discards any information currently in RAM . Several oscilloscopes contain Easter eggs . One example is the HP 54600B , known to have a Tetris ( 1984 ) clone , and the HP 54622D contains an imitation of the Asteroids ( 1979 ) game named Rocks . Another is the Tektronix 1755A Vector and Waveform Monitor which displays swimming fish when Remote > Software version is selected on the CONFIG menu . In the second and third hardware revision of the Minolta Dynax / Maxxum / Alpha 9 SLR camera , including all SSM / ADI upgraded cameras , an undocumented button sequence can be utilized to reconfigure the camera to behave like the Dynax / Maxxum / Alpha 9Ti and subsequently invoke support for the limited model 's extra functions also in the black model . The Commodore Amiga 1000 computer includes the signatures of the design and development team embossed on the inside of the case , including Jay Miner and the paw print of his dog , Mitchy . The Commodore Amiga models 500 , 600 , and 1200 each feature Easter eggs in the form of song titles by The B - 52 's as white printing on the motherboards . The 500 says `` B52 / Rock Lobster '' , the 600 says `` June Bug '' , and the 1200 says `` Channel Z '' . The Amiga OS software contains hidden messages . Many integrated circuit ( chip ) designers have included hidden graphics elements termed chip art , including images , phrases , developer initials , logos , and more . This artwork , like the rest of the chip , is reproduced in each copy by lithography and etching . These are visible only when the chip package is opened and examined under magnification . The 1984 CVAX microchip implementation of the MicroVAX CPU contained in its etchings the Russian phrase in the Cyrillic alphabet `` VAX : When you care enough to steal the very best '' , placed there because , `` knowing that some CVAXs would end up in the USSR , the team wanted the Russians to know that we were thinking of them '' . Comics ( edit ) American comic book artists are known to include hidden messages in their art : In April 2017 , comic book artist Ardian Syaf caused an outcry with the Easter eggs he placed in his art for X-Men Gold # 1 . In a reprint of classic Captain America comics , a production artist drew a penis on Bucky Barnes . In 2000 , Al Milgrom inserted a message into Universe X : Spidey # 1 insulting his previous boss , Marvel Editor in Chief Bob Harras , following Harras ' termination from Marvel Comics . On Page 28 , panel 3 , the spines of books on a bookshelf in the background read , `` HARRAS HA HA , HE 'S GONE , GOOD RIDDANCE TO BAD RUBBISH HE WAS A NASTY S.O.B. '' The message was spotted after the book was printed but before it went on sale ; the copies that were printed for consumers were destroyed . However , 4,000 preview copies were distributed to retailers as part of a `` First Look '' deal , and these are today considered rare collectors ' items . Milgrom was `` apparently fired and allegedly ( and quietly ) re-hired several weeks later '' . Ethan Van Sciver hid the word `` sex '' in the background of nearly every page of New X-Men # 118 ( November 2001 ) . Van Sciver subsequently stated that he hid the word throughout the book because he was annoyed with Marvel at the time for reasons he can not remember , and thought it would be fun to engage in some mischief with his work . Indonesian artist Ardian Syaf is known to engage in the practice of hiding Easter egg references to political figures in the backgrounds of his artwork . In Batgirl ( vol. 4 ) # 9 ( July 2012 ) , Syaf included a storefront sign that referenced the President of Indonesia , Joko Widodo , although the text that accompanies the image of Widodo is covered by a caption . In April 2017 , he caused an outcry by placing Easter egg references to the November 2016 Jakarta protests into the pages of X-Men Gold # 1 , which were perceived by readers to be anti-Semitic and anti-Christian . Though Syaf acknowledged the political nature of the messages , he stated that they were not intended to express any anti-Semitic nor anti-Christian sentiment on his part . In response to these Easter eggs , Marvel terminated their contract with Syaf . Video ( edit ) Home Media ( edit ) Easter eggs are found on films , DVDs , and Blu - ray Discs , often as deleted scenes or bonus features . Klinger states that their presence is `` another signifier of artistry in the world of DVD supplements . '' According to Berardinelli and Ebert , most DVDs do not contain them and most examples are `` inconsequential '' , but a very few , such as the one found on the Memento DVD release , are `` worth the effort to seek out '' . Broadcast Media ( edit ) Unlike DVDs and computer games , broadcast radio and television programs contain no executable code . Easter eggs may still appear in the content itself , such as a hidden Mickey in a Disney film or a real telephone number instead of a 555 fictitious telephone number . A 2014 Super Bowl advertisement was leaked online in which a lady gives a man a real telephone number , which the advertiser had hidden as a marketing ploy ; the first caller to the number received a pair of tickets to the game . The 1980s animated series She - Ra : Princess of Power featured a character called Loo - Kee who typically appeared once per episode , hidden in a single screenshot . At the end of the episode , the screenshot would be shown again and Loo - Kee would challenge viewers to locate him before revealing his hiding place . Security concerns ( edit ) Security author Michel E. Kabay discussed security concerns of Easter eggs in 2000 , saying that , while software quality assurance requires that all code be tested , it is not known whether Easter eggs are . He said that , as they tend to be held as programming secrets from the rest of the product testing process , a `` logic bomb '' could also bypass testing . Kabay asserts that this undermined the Trusted Computing Base , a paradigm of trustworthy hardware and software in place since the 1980s , and is of concern wherever personal or confidential information is stored , as this may then be vulnerable to damage or manipulation . Microsoft created some of the largest and most elaborate Easter eggs , such as those in Microsoft Office . In 2005 , Larry Osterman of Microsoft acknowledged Microsoft Easter eggs , and his involvement in development of one , but described them as `` irresponsible '' , and wrote that the company 's Operating System division `` has a ' no Easter Eggs ' policy '' as part of its Trustworthy Computing initiative . In 2006 , Douglas W. Jones said , `` some Easter eggs may be intentional tools used to detect illegal copying , others are clearly examples of unauthorized functionality that has slipped through the quality - control tests at the vendor '' . While hidden Easter eggs themselves are harmless , it may be possible for malware to be hidden in similar ways in voting machines or other computers . Netscape Navigator contributor Jamie Zawinski stated in an interview in 1998 that harmless Easter eggs impose a negligible burden on shipped software , and serve the important purpose of helping productivity by keeping programmers happy . In popular Culture ( edit ) This section appears to contain trivial , minor , or unrelated references to popular culture . Please reorganize this content to explain the subject 's impact on popular culture rather than simply listing appearances ; add references to reliable sources if possible . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) Easter eggs have become more widely known to the general public and are referenced in contemporary artworks . They feature as key plot devices in : The Doctor Who episode `` Blink '' , in which the existence of video Easter eggs across a number of DVDs leads to solving the protagonists ' dilemma . Pixar Animation Studios are known for their inclusion of multiple Easter eggs in their films . The most notable one being a faded yellow 1978 Toyota Hilux pickup that is a delivery vehicle for the fictional ' ' Pizza Planet ' ' fast food restaurant from the Toy Story franchise . The pickup , dubbed the ' ' Pizza Planet Truck ' ' , appears in every Pixar film ( starting with Toy Story , with the exception of The Incredibles ) . The Disney Channel Original Show A.N.T. Farm had a scavenger hunt themed episode in Season 2 episode 15 . In this episode , while the main characters are out on an educational scavenger hunt , the character Gibson ( played by Zach Steel ) is hidden in several scenes and it 's the job of the viewer to find him and count the amount of times they see him ( or his likeness ) until the end of the episode . The novel Ready Player One and its film adaptation , in which several Easter eggs are discovered in video games in a virtual reality setting , in particular highlighting the Adventure Easter egg . See also ( edit ) Video games portal Software portal Hidden track List of Easter eggs in Microsoft products List of Google Easter eggs Magic string Rickrolling The Book of Mozilla Undocumented feature References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Zwei Kaninchen und ein Igel '' ( `` Two rabbits and a hedgehog '' ) by Carl Oswald Rostosky . ^ Jump up to : Wolf , Mark J.P. ( 2012 ) . Encyclopedia of Video Games : The Culture , Technology , and Art of Gaming . Santa Barbara , California : Greenwood . p. 177 . ISBN 9780313379369 . Jump up ^ Yarwood , Jack ( March 27 , 2016 ) . `` Easter Eggs : The Hidden Secrets of Videogames '' . Paste . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Play Atari Adventure '' . IGN . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Baker , Chris ( 13 March 2015 ) . `` How One Man Invented the Console Adventure Game '' . WIRED . Retrieved 2 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Salen , Katie ; Zimmerman , Eric ( 2005 ) . The Game Design Reader : A Rules of the Play Anthology . Cambridge , Massachusetts : MIT Press . pp. 690 -- 713 . ISBN 0262195364 . Jump up ^ `` Letter to Atari '' ( PDF ) . 2600 Connections . Wayback Machine . August 4 , 1980 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 13 , 2016 . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jerz , Dennis G. ( 2007 ) . `` Somewhere Nearby is Colossal Cave : Examining Will Crowther 's Original `` Adventure '' in Code and in Kentucky `` . Digital Humanities Quarterly . The Alliance of Digital Humanities Organizations . 1 ( 2 ) . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Machkovech , Sam ( 22 March 2017 ) . `` The arcade world 's first Easter egg discovered after fraught journey '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved 22 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fries , Ed ( 24 March 2017 ) . `` The Hunt For The First Arcade Game Easter Egg '' . Kotaku . Retrieved 24 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Consalvo , Mia ( 2007 ) . Cheating : Gaining Advantage in Videogames . Cambridge , Massachusetts : MIT Press . ISBN 9780262033657 . ^ Jump up to : Björk , Staffan ; Holopainen , Jussi ( 2005 ) . Patterns In Game Design ( 1st ed . ) . Hingham , Massachusetts : Charles River Media . p. 235 . ISBN 9781584503545 . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Optical Information Systems Update / library & Information Center Applications '' . CD - ROM World . Meckler Publishing . 9 ( 1 - 5 ) . February 1994 . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . The best Easter egg of all is the entire Maniac Mansion game , which appears on a computer in Doctor Fred 's mansion . Users can play the original game in its entirety . Jump up ^ Garmon , Jay ( 5 March 2007 ) . `` Geek Trivia : The cheat goes on '' . TechRepublic . Retrieved 16 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Orland , Kyle ( 4 October 2017 ) . `` How hitting a game cartridge unlocks gaming 's weirdest Easter egg '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Wagstaff , Keith ( 21 December 2011 ) . `` Google Maps Easter Egg : ' One Does Not Simply Walk Into Mordor ' '' . Time . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Montfort , Nick ; Bogost , Ian ( 2009 ) . Racing the Beam : The Atari Video Computer System . Cambridge , Massachusetts : MIT Press . p. 59 . ISBN 9780262012577 . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` OpenVMS Undocumented Features '' . PARSEC Group . Retrieved 6 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Anonymous ( 19 July 1999 ) . `` Excel Easter Egg - Excel 97 Flight to Credits '' . The Easter Egg Archive . Retrieved 4 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Arima , Kevin ( 20 July 2009 ) . `` Word ( Microsoft ) Easter Egg - Pinball in Word 97 '' . The Easter Egg Archive . Retrieved 4 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Grant , Rickford with ; Bull , Phil ( 2010 ) . Ubuntu for Non-Geeks : A Pain - Free , Get - Things - Done Guide ( 4th ed . ) . San Francisco : No Starch . p. 168 . ISBN 9781593272579 . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` apt / apt - Git repository for apt '' . anonscm.debian.org . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` apt / apt - Git repository for apt '' . anonscm.debian.org . Retrieved 18 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Hoye , David ( 13 March 2003 ) . `` ' Easter egg ' hunts can turn up surprises '' . Newsbank . The Sacramento Bee . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Gaskell , John ( 19 July 1999 ) . `` Excel Easter Egg - Excel 95 Hall of Tortured Souls '' . The Easter Egg Archive . Retrieved 30 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Firth , Niall ( 29 October 2010 ) . `` How do I get to China ? Jet ski ! Google Maps joke gives users unorthodox instructions for crossing the Pacific '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 29 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Diaz , Jesus ( 26 July 2012 ) . `` The Easter Eggs Are Back in OS X -- And This One Is Insanely Great '' . Gizmodo . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Birthday Description '' . F - Secure Labs . Retrieved 3 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Kendig , Brain ( 1994 ) . `` Macintosh / Newton Easter Egg List '' . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ hudson ( 21 August 2012 ) . `` Ghosts in the ROM '' . NYC Resistor . Archived from the original on 17 February 2015 . Retrieved 23 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Tirosh , Udi ( 22 August 2012 ) . `` Photographs Of Apple Team Found In 25 Years Old Macintosh SE '' . DIY Photography . Archived from the original on 26 February 2013 . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The World of 68 ' Micros , The - Vol. 5 Number 6 '' . 5 ( 6 ) . FARNA Systems . May 1998 : 5 . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ kcbhiw ( 24 July 2001 ) . `` HP 54600B Oscilloscope Easter Egg - Tetris Within Oscilloscope '' . The Easter Egg Archive . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ TonyK ( 24 April 2002 ) . `` HP 54622D Easter Egg - HP Asteroids '' . The Easter Egg Archive . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Pavel ( 8 April 2000 ) . `` Tektronix 1751 Digital Video Osciloscope / Vectorscope Easter Egg - Fishes Swimming on Screen '' . The Easter Egg Archive . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Corrigan , Patricia ( 2007 ) . Bringing Science to Life : A Guide from the Saint Louis Science . St. Louis , Missouri : Reedy Press . p. 69 . ISBN 9781933370163 . Jump up ^ `` ( title needed ) '' . Compute . Small System Service . 12 ( 6 -- 9 ) . 1990 . Jump up ^ Petersen , Julie K. ( 2002 ) . The Telecommunications Illustrated Dictionary ( 2nd ed . ) . Boca Raton , Florida : CRC Press . p. 293 . ISBN 9780849311734 . Retrieved 24 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Hyman , Michael ( 1995 ) . PC Roadkill . Foster City , California : Programmers Press . p. c . ISBN 9781568843483 . Retrieved 24 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Cronin , Brian ( 1 July 2011 ) . `` Comic Book Easter Eggs Archive ! '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Johnston , Rich ( 8 April 2017 ) . `` Marvel Artist Ardian Syaf Hid Antisemitic And Anti-Christian Messages In This Week 's X-Men Comic '' . Bleeding Cool . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ McCallum , Diana ( 4 February 2011 ) . `` 6 Comic Book Easter Eggs That Stuck It to The Man '' . Cracked.com . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Universe X Spidey 1 Harras Slander Variant : '' . Recalled Comics . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Cronin , Brian ( 19 July 2011 ) . `` Comic Book Easter Eggs - New `` Se '' X-Men # 118 Edition ! `` . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Gail Simone ( w ) , Ardian Syaf ( p ) , Vicente Cifuentes ( i ) . `` In the Line of Fire '' Batgirl v4 , 9 ( July 2012 ) , DC Comics Jump up ^ Lovett , Jamie ( 8 April 2017 ) . `` Marvel Releases Statement On Controversial X-Men Gold Art '' . ComicBook.com . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Buni Yani Questioned Again in Cyber Harassment Case '' . Jakarta Globe . January 2017 . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Brown , Tracy ( 11 April 2017 ) . `` Today in Entertainment : Inside Disney 's Pandora ; Fyre Fest 's apology ; and ' Hamilton ' ticket details '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Saltzman , Marc ( 2002 ) . DVD Confidential : Hundreds of Hidden Easter Eggs Revealed . McGraw - Hill Osborne Media . ISBN 978 - 0072226638 . ^ Jump up to : Bennett , James ; Brown , Tom ( 2008 ) . `` The DVD Cinephile : Viewing Heritages and Home Film Cultures '' . Film and television after DVD . New York : Routledge . p. 23 . ISBN 9780415962414 . Retrieved 22 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Berardinelli , James ; Ebert , Roger ( 2005 ) . `` Appendix : Easter Eggs , Extended Editions , and Director 's Cuts '' . Reel Views 2 : The Ultimate Guide to the Best 1,000 Modern Movies on DVD and Video , Volume 2 ( 1st U.S ed . ) . Boston : Justin , Charles & Co. p. 577 . ISBN 9781932112405 . Retrieved 22 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Merda , Chad ( January 30 , 2014 ) . `` Easter egg in Old Spice Super Bowl ad yields two tickets to curious fan '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Wayback Machine . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bricken , Rob ( May 25 , 2015 ) . `` Every She - Ra : Princess Of Power Figure , Ranked '' . io9 . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ DePiano , Hillary ( 2006 ) . The She - Ra Collector 's Inventory : an Unofficial Illustrated Guide to All Princess of Power Toys and Accessories . Priced Nostalgia Press . p. 33 . ISBN 9781411631281 . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kabay , M.E. ( 27 March 2000 ) . `` Easter eggs and the Trusted Computing Base '' . Network World . Archived from the original on 15 June 2006 . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Schultz , Greg ( 29 August 2010 ) . `` Take a look back at Microsoft Word Easter Eggs '' . ZDNet . Retrieved 5 October 2012 . Microsoft 's developers hid multiple Easter Eggs in Word 95 / 97 / 2000 . Jump up ^ Neuman , Peter G. ( 10 November 2006 ) . `` A Conversation with Douglas W. Jones and Peter G. Neumann '' . Queue. 5 ( 9 ) . Retrieved 5 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Spolsky , Joel ( 2004 ) . Joel on Software . Berkeley , California : Apress . p. 280 . ISBN 9781590593899 . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . External links ( edit ) `` Chip Fun : Microchip - based Easter eggs '' -- National Museum of American History . The Easter Egg Archive hide Hidden messages Main Hidden messages Subliminal message Audio Backmasking Reverse speech Numeric Numerology Theomatics Bible code Cryptology Visual Fnord Paranoiac - critical method Pareidolia Sacred geometry Steganography Visual cryptography Other Anagram Apophenia Asemic writing Easter egg Clustering illusion Observer - expectancy effect Pattern recognition Palindrome Synchromysticism Synchronicity Unconscious mind Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Easter_egg_(media)&oldid=846545925 '' Categories : Computer humor In - jokes Perception Software anomalies Software features Video game cheating Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from November 2017 Articles with trivia sections from November 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Ślůnski Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 12 : 20 ( UTC ) . 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where does the term easter egg come from

The use of the term `` Easter egg '' to describe secret features originates from the 1979 video game Adventure for the Atari 2600 game console , programmed by employee Warren Robinett . At the time , Atari did not include programmers ' names in the game credits , fearing that competitors would attempt to steal their employees . Robinett , who disagreed with his supervisor over this lack of acknowledgment , secretly inserted the message `` Created by Warren Robinett '' . This message would only appear if a player moved their avatar over a specific pixel ( the `` Gray Dot '' ) during a certain part of the game . When Robinett left Atari , he did not inform the company of the acknowledgment that he included in the game . Shortly after his departure , the Gray Dot and his message were exposed by a player , who told Atari about their discovery . Atari 's management initially wanted to remove the message and release the game again , but this was deemed too costly an effort . Instead , Steve Wright , the Director of Software Development in the Atari Consumer Division , suggested that they keep the message and in fact encourage the inclusion of such messages in future games , describing them as Easter eggs for consumers to find .

Money multiplier - wikipedia Money multiplier Jump to : navigation , search In monetary economics , a money multiplier is one of various closely related ratios of commercial bank money to central bank money under a fractional - reserve banking system . Most often , it measures an estimate of the maximum amount of commercial bank money that can be created , given a certain amount of central bank money . That is , in a fractional - reserve banking system , the total amount of loans that commercial banks are allowed to extend ( the commercial bank money that they can legally create ) is equal to an amount which is a multiple of the amount of reserves . This multiple is the reciprocal of the reserve ratio , and it is an economic multiplier . Although the money multiplier concept is a traditional portrayal of fractional reserve banking , it has been criticized as being misleading . The Bank of England and the Standard & Poor 's rating agency ( amongst others ) have issued detailed refutations of the concept together with factual descriptions of banking operations . Several countries ( such as Canada , the UK , Australia and Sweden ) set no legal reserve requirements . Even in those countries that do ( such as the USA ) , the reserve requirement is as a ratio to deposits held , not a ratio to loans that can be extended . Under the Basel III global regulatory standard , it is the level of bank capital that determines the maximum amount that banks can lend . Basel III does stipulate a liquidity requirement to cover 30 days net cash outflow expected under a modeled stressed scenario ( note this is not a ratio to loans that can be extended ) however liquidity coverage does not need to be held as reserves but rather as any high - quality liquid assets In equations , writing M for commercial bank money ( loans ) , R for reserves ( central bank money ) , and RR for the reserve ratio , the reserve ratio requirement is that R / M ≥ R R ; ( \ displaystyle R / M \ geq RR ; ) the fraction of reserves must be at least the reserve ratio . Taking the reciprocal , M / R ≤ 1 / R R , ( \ displaystyle M / R \ leq 1 / RR , ) which yields M ≤ R × ( 1 / R R ) , ( \ displaystyle M \ leq R \ times ( 1 / RR ) , ) meaning that commercial bank money is at most reserves times ( 1 / R R ) , ( \ displaystyle ( 1 / RR ) , ) the latter being the multiplier . If banks lend out close to the maximum allowed by their reserves , then the inequality becomes an approximate equality , and commercial bank money is central bank money times the multiplier . If banks instead lend less than the maximum , accumulating excess reserves , then commercial bank money will be less than central bank money times the theoretical multiplier . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition 2 Mechanism 2.1 Reserves first model 2.1. 1 Formula 2.1. 2 Table 2.1. 3 Example 2.2 Loans first model 3 Implications for monetary policy 4 References 5 Notes Definition ( edit ) The money multiplier is defined in various ways . Most simply , it can be defined either as the statistic of `` commercial bank money '' / `` central bank money '' , based on the actual observed quantities of various empirical measures of money supply , such as M2 ( broad money ) over M0 ( base money ) , or it can be the theoretical `` maximum commercial bank money / central bank money '' ratio , defined as the reciprocal of the reserve ratio , 1 / R R . ( \ displaystyle 1 / RR . ) The multiplier in the first ( statistic ) sense fluctuates continuously based on changes in commercial bank money and central bank money ( though it is at most the theoretical multiplier ) , while the multiplier in the second ( legal ) sense depends only on the reserve ratio , and thus does not change unless the law changes . For purposes of monetary policy , what is of most interest is the predicted impact of changes in central bank money on commercial bank money , and in various models of monetary creation , the associated multiple ( the ratio of these two changes ) is called the money multiplier ( associated to that model ) . For example , if one assumes that people hold a constant fraction of deposits as cash , one may add a `` currency drain '' variable ( currency -- deposit ratio ) , and obtain a multiplier of ( 1 + C D ) / ( R R + C D ) . ( \ displaystyle ( 1 + CD ) / ( RR + CD ) . ) These concepts are not generally distinguished by different names ; if one wishes to distinguish them , one may gloss them by names such as empirical ( or observed ) multiplier , legal ( or theoretical ) multiplier , or model multiplier , but these are not standard usages . Similarly , one may distinguish the observed reserve -- deposit ratio from the legal ( minimum ) reserve ratio , and the observed currency -- deposit ratio from an assumed model one . Note that in this case the reserve -- deposit ratio and currency -- deposit ratio are outputs of observations , and fluctuate over time . If one then uses these observed ratios as model parameters ( inputs ) for the predictions of effects of monetary policy and assumes that they remain constant , computing a constant multiplier , the resulting predictions are valid only if these ratios do not in fact change . Sometimes this holds , and sometimes it does not ; for example , increases in central bank money may result in increases in commercial bank money -- and will , if these ratios ( and thus multiplier ) stay constant -- or may result in increases in excess reserves but little or no change in commercial bank money , in which case the reserve -- deposit ratio will grow and the multiplier will fall . Mechanism ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see Fractional - reserve banking . There are two suggested mechanisms for how money creation occurs in a fractional - reserve banking system : either reserves are first injected by the central bank , and then lent on by the commercial banks , or loans are first extended by commercial banks , and then backed by reserves borrowed from the central bank . The `` reserves first '' model is that taught in mainstream economics textbooks , while the `` loans first '' model is advanced by endogenous money theorists . Reserves first model ( edit ) The expansion of $100 through fractional - reserve lending at varying rates , under the re-lending model . Each curve approaches a limit . This limit is the value that the money multiplier calculates . In the `` reserves first '' model of money creation , a given reserve is lent out by a bank , then deposited at a bank ( possibly different ) , which is then lent out again , the process repeating and the ultimate result being a geometric series . Formula ( edit ) The money multiplier , m , is the inverse of the reserve requirement , RR : m = 1 R R ( \ displaystyle m = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( RR ) ) ) This formula stems from the fact that the sum of the `` amount loaned out '' column above can be expressed mathematically as a geometric series with a common ratio of 1 − R R . ( \ displaystyle 1 - RR . ) To correct for currency drain ( a lessening of the impact of monetary policy due to peoples ' desire to hold some currency in the form of cash ) and for banks ' desire to hold reserves in excess of the required amount , the formula : m = ( 1 + C u r r e n c y D r a i n R a t i o ) ( C u r r e n c y D r a i n R a t i o + D e s i r e d R e s e r v e R a t i o ) ( \ displaystyle m = ( \ frac ( ( 1 + CurrencyDrainRatio ) ) ( ( CurrencyDrainRatio + DesiredReserveRatio ) ) ) ) can be used , where `` Currency Drain Ratio '' is the ratio of cash to deposits , i.e. C / D , and the Desired Reserve Ratio is the sum of the Required Reserve Ratio and the Excess Reserve Ratio . The formula above is derived from the following procedure . Let the monetary base be normalized to unity . Define the legal reserve ratio , α ∈ ( 0 , 1 ) ( \ displaystyle \ alpha \ in \ left ( 0 , 1 \ right ) \ ; ) , the excess reserves ratio , β ∈ ( 0 , 1 ) ( \ displaystyle \ beta \ in \ left ( 0 , 1 \ right ) \ ; ) , the currency drain ratio with respect to deposits , γ ∈ ( 0 , 1 ) ( \ displaystyle \ gamma \ in \ left ( 0 , 1 \ right ) \ ; ) ; suppose the demand for funds is unlimited ; then the theoretical superior limit for deposits is defined by the following series : D e p o s i t s = ∑ n = 0 ∞ ( ( 1 − α − β − γ ) ) n = 1 α + β + γ ( \ displaystyle Deposits = \ sum _ ( n = 0 ) ^ ( \ infty ) \ left ( \ left ( 1 - \ alpha - \ beta - \ gamma \ right ) \ right ) ^ ( n ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ alpha + \ beta + \ gamma ) ) ) . Analogously , the theoretical superior limit for the money held by public is defined by the following series : P u b l i c l y H e l d C u r r e n c y = γ ⋅ D e p o s i t s = γ α + β + γ ( \ displaystyle PubliclyHeldCurrency = \ gamma \ cdot Deposits = ( \ frac ( \ gamma ) ( \ alpha + \ beta + \ gamma ) ) ) and the theoretical superior limit for the total loans lent in the market is defined by the following series : L o a n s = ( 1 − α − β ) ⋅ D e p o s i t s = 1 − α − β α + β + γ ( \ displaystyle Loans = \ left ( 1 - \ alpha - \ beta \ right ) \ cdot Deposits = ( \ frac ( 1 - \ alpha - \ beta ) ( \ alpha + \ beta + \ gamma ) ) ) By summing up the two quantities , the theoretical money multiplier is defined as m = M o n e y S t o c k M o n e t a r y B a s e = D e p o s i t s + P u b l i c l y H e l d C u r r e n c y M o n e t a r y B a s e = 1 + γ α + β + γ ( \ displaystyle m = ( \ frac ( MoneyStock ) ( MonetaryBase ) ) = ( \ frac ( Deposits + PubliclyHeldCurrency ) ( MonetaryBase ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 + \ gamma ) ( \ alpha + \ beta + \ gamma ) ) ) where α + β = D e s i r e d R e s e r v e R a t i o ( \ displaystyle \ alpha + \ beta = DesiredReserveRatio ) and γ = C u r r e n c y D r a i n R a t i o ( \ displaystyle \ gamma = CurrencyDrainRatio ) The process described above by the geometric series can be represented in the following table , where loans at stage k ( \ displaystyle k \ ; ) are a function of the deposits at the precedent stage : L k = ( 1 − α − β ) ⋅ D k − 1 ( \ displaystyle L_ ( k ) = \ left ( 1 - \ alpha - \ beta \ right ) \ cdot D_ ( k - 1 ) ) publicly held money at stage k ( \ displaystyle k \ ; ) is a function of the deposits at the precedent stage : P H M k = γ ⋅ D k − 1 ( \ displaystyle PHM_ ( k ) = \ gamma \ cdot D_ ( k - 1 ) ) deposits at stage k ( \ displaystyle k \ ; ) are the difference between additional loans and publicly held money relative to the same stage : D k = L k − P H M k ( \ displaystyle D_ ( k ) = L_ ( k ) - PHM_ ( k ) \ ; ) Process of money multiplication n ( \ displaystyle n \ ; ) Deposits Loans Publicly Held Money n = 0 ( \ displaystyle n = 0 \ ; ) D 0 = 1 ( \ displaystyle D_ ( 0 ) = 1 \ ; ) - - n = 1 ( \ displaystyle n = 1 \ ; ) D 1 = ( 1 − α − β − γ ) ( \ displaystyle D_ ( 1 ) = \ left ( 1 - \ alpha - \ beta - \ gamma \ right ) ) L 1 = ( 1 − α − β ) ( \ displaystyle L_ ( 1 ) = \ left ( 1 - \ alpha - \ beta \ right ) ) P H M 1 = γ ( \ displaystyle PHM_ ( 1 ) = \ gamma \ ; ) n = 2 ( \ displaystyle n = 2 \ ; ) D 2 = ( 1 − α − β − γ ) 2 ( \ displaystyle D_ ( 2 ) = \ left ( 1 - \ alpha - \ beta - \ gamma \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) ) L 2 = ( 1 − α − β ) ( 1 − α − β − γ ) ( \ displaystyle L_ ( 2 ) = \ left ( 1 - \ alpha - \ beta \ right ) \ left ( 1 - \ alpha - \ beta - \ gamma \ right ) ) P H M 2 = γ ( 1 − α − β − γ ) ( \ displaystyle PHM_ ( 2 ) = \ gamma \ left ( 1 - \ alpha - \ beta - \ gamma \ right ) ) n = 3 ( \ displaystyle n = 3 \ ; ) D 3 = ( 1 − α − β − γ ) 3 ( \ displaystyle D_ ( 3 ) = \ left ( 1 - \ alpha - \ beta - \ gamma \ right ) ^ ( 3 ) ) L 3 = ( 1 − α − β ) ( 1 − α − β − γ ) 2 ( \ displaystyle L_ ( 3 ) = \ left ( 1 - \ alpha - \ beta \ right ) \ left ( 1 - \ alpha - \ beta - \ gamma \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) ) P H M 3 = γ ( 1 − α − β − γ ) 2 ( \ displaystyle PHM_ ( 3 ) = \ gamma \ left ( 1 - \ alpha - \ beta - \ gamma \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ... ... ... ... n = k ( \ displaystyle n = k \ ; ) D k = ( 1 − α − β − γ ) k ( \ displaystyle D_ ( k ) = \ left ( 1 - \ alpha - \ beta - \ gamma \ right ) ^ ( k ) ) L k = ( 1 − α − β ) ( 1 − α − β − γ ) k − 1 ( \ displaystyle L_ ( k ) = \ left ( 1 - \ alpha - \ beta \ right ) \ left ( 1 - \ alpha - \ beta - \ gamma \ right ) ^ ( k - 1 ) ) P H M k = γ ( 1 − α − β − γ ) k − 1 ( \ displaystyle PHM_ ( k ) = \ gamma \ left ( 1 - \ alpha - \ beta - \ gamma \ right ) ^ ( k - 1 ) ) ... ... ... ... n → ∞ ( \ displaystyle n \ rightarrow \ infty ) D ∞ = 0 ( \ displaystyle D_ ( \ infty ) = 0 ) L ∞ = 0 ( \ displaystyle L_ ( \ infty ) = 0 ) P H M ∞ = 0 ( \ displaystyle PHM_ ( \ infty ) = 0 ) Total Deposits : Total Loans : Total Publicly Held Money : D = 1 α + β + γ ( \ displaystyle D = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ alpha + \ beta + \ gamma ) ) ) L = 1 − α − β α + β + γ ( \ displaystyle L = ( \ frac ( 1 - \ alpha - \ beta ) ( \ alpha + \ beta + \ gamma ) ) ) P H M = γ α + β + γ ( \ displaystyle PHM = ( \ frac ( \ gamma ) ( \ alpha + \ beta + \ gamma ) ) ) Table ( edit ) This re-lending process ( with no currency drain ) can be depicted as follows , assuming a 20 % reserve ratio and a $100 initial deposit : Table Sources : Individual Bank Amount Deposited Lent Out Reserves 100.00 80.00 20.00 80.00 64.00 16.00 64.00 51.20 12.80 51.20 40.96 10.24 40.96 32.77 8.19 32.77 26.21 6.55 26.21 20.97 5.24 20.97 16.78 4.19 16.78 13.42 3.36 13.42 10.74 2.68 10.74 Total Reserves : 89.26 Total Amount of Deposits : Total Amount Lent Out : Total Reserves + Last Amount Deposited : 457.05 357.05 100.00 Example ( edit ) For example , with the reserve ratio of 20 percent , this reserve ratio , RR , can also be expressed as a fraction : R R = 1 5 ( \ displaystyle RR = ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 5 ) ) ) So then the money multiplier , m , will be calculated as : m = 1 / 1 5 = 5 ( \ displaystyle m = 1 / ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 5 ) ) = 5 ) This number is multiplied by the initial deposit to show the maximum amount of money it can be expanded to . Another way to look at the monetary multiplier is derived from the concept of money supply and money base . It is the number of dollars of money supply that can be created for every dollar of monetary base . Money supply , denoted by M , is the stock of money held by public . It is measured by the amount of currency and deposits . Money Base , denoted by B , is the summation of currency and reserves . Currency and Reserves are monetary policy that can be affected by the Federal Reserve . For example , the Federal Reserve can increase currency by printing more money and they can similarly increase reserve by requiring a higher percentage of deposits to be stored in the Federal Reserve . Mathematically : Let M = C + D ( \ displaystyle M = C + D ) and B = C + R ( \ displaystyle B = C + R ) where M = Money Supply C = Currency D = Deposits B = Money Base R = Reserve By algebraic manipulation M B = C + D C + R = C + D C + R . D / ( C R ) D / ( C R ) M = B . C + D C + R . D / ( C R ) D / ( C R ) = B . D R ( 1 + D C ) D R + D C ⏟ multiplier ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) ( \ frac ( M ) ( B ) ) & = ( \ frac ( C + D ) ( C + R ) ) = ( \ frac ( C + D ) ( C + R ) ). ( \ frac ( D / ( CR ) ) ( D / ( CR ) ) ) \ \ M& = B. ( \ frac ( C + D ) ( C + R ) ). ( \ frac ( D / ( CR ) ) ( D / ( CR ) ) ) \ \ & = B. \ underbrace ( \ frac ( ( \ tfrac ( D ) ( R ) ) ( 1 + ( \ tfrac ( D ) ( C ) ) ) ) ( ( \ tfrac ( D ) ( R ) ) + ( \ tfrac ( D ) ( C ) ) ) ) _ ( \ textrm ( multiplier ) ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) D R ( 1 + D C ) D R + D C ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( ( \ tfrac ( D ) ( R ) ) ( 1 + ( \ tfrac ( D ) ( C ) ) ) ) ( ( \ tfrac ( D ) ( R ) ) + ( \ tfrac ( D ) ( C ) ) ) ) ) is the multiplier . Therefore , if money base is held constant , the ratio of D / R and D / C affects the money supply . When the ratio of deposits to reserves ( D / R ) reduces , the multiplier reduces . Similarly , if the ratio of deposits to currency ( D / C ) falls , the multiplier falls as well . The multiplier effect is relevant to considering monetary and fiscal policies , as well how the banking system works . For example , the deposit , the monetary amount a customer deposits at a bank , is used by the bank to loan out to others , thereby generating the money supply . Most banks are FDIC insured ( Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ) , so that customers are assured that their savings , up to a certain amount , is insured by the federal government . Banks are required to reserve a certain ratio of the customer 's deposits in reserve , either in the form of vault cash or of a deposit maintained by a Federal Reserve Bank. ( 1 ) . Therefore , if the Federal Reserve Bank ( and hence its monetary policy ) requires a higher percentage of reserve , then it lowers the bank 's financial ability to loan . Loans first model ( edit ) In the alternative model of money creation , loans are first extended by commercial banks -- say , $1,000 of loans ( following the example above ) , which may then require that the bank borrow $100 of reserves either from depositors ( or other private sources of financing ) , or from the central bank . This view is advanced in endogenous money theories , such as the Post-Keynesian school of monetary circuit theory , as advanced by such economists as Basil Moore and Steve Keen . Finn E. Kydland and Edward C. Prescott argue that there is no evidence that either the monetary base or Ml leads the cycle . Jaromir Benes and Michael Kumhof of the IMF Research Department , argue that : the `` deposit multiplier `` of the undergraduate economics textbook , where monetary aggregates are created at the initiative of the central bank , through an initial injection of high - powered money into the banking system that gets multiplied through bank lending , turns the actual operation of the monetary transmission mechanism on its head . At all times , when banks ask for reserves , the central bank obliges . According to this model , reserves therefore impose no constraint and the deposit multiplier is therefore a myth . The authors therefore argue that private banks are almost fully in control of the money creation process . Implications for monetary policy ( edit ) See also : Monetary policy The multiplier plays a key role in monetary policy , and the distinction between the multiplier being the maximum amount of commercial bank money created by a given unit of central bank money and approximately equal to the amount created has important implications in monetary policy . If banks maintain low levels of excess reserves , as they did in the US from 1959 to August 2008 , then central banks can finely control broad ( commercial bank ) money supply by controlling central bank money creation , as the multiplier gives a direct and fixed connection between these . If , on the other hand , banks accumulate excess reserves , as occurs in some financial crises such as the Great Depression and the Financial crisis of 2007 -- 2010 , then this relationship breaks down and central banks can force the broad money supply to shrink , but not force it to grow : By increasing the volume of their government securities and loans and by lowering Member Bank legal reserve requirements , the Reserve Banks can encourage an increase in the supply of money and bank deposits . They can encourage but , without taking drastic action , they can not compel . For in the middle of a deep depression just when we want Reserve policy to be most effective , the Member Banks are likely to be timid about buying new investments or making loans . If the Reserve authorities buy government bonds in the open market and thereby swell bank reserves , the banks will not put these funds to work but will simply hold reserves . Result : no 5 for 1 , `` no nothing , '' simply a substitution on the bank 's balance sheet of idle cash for old government bonds . -- ( Samuelson 1948 , pp. 353 -- 354 ) Restated , increases in central bank money may not result in commercial bank money because the money is not required to be lent out -- it may instead result in a growth of unlent reserves ( excess reserves ) . This situation is referred to as `` pushing on a string '' : withdrawal of central bank money compels commercial banks to curtail lending ( one can pull money via this mechanism ) , but input of central bank money does not compel commercial banks to lend ( one can not push via this mechanism ) . This described growth in excess reserves has indeed occurred in the Financial crisis of 2007 -- 2010 , US bank excess reserves growing over 500-fold , from under $2 billion in August 2008 to over $1,000 billion in November 2009 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : ( Krugman & Wells 2009 , Chapter 14 : Money , Banking , and the Federal Reserve System : Reserves , Bank Deposits , and the Money Multiplier , pp. 393 -- 396 ) ^ Jump up to : ( Mankiw 2008 , Part VI : Money and Prices in the Long Run : The Money Multiplier , pp. 347 -- 349 ) Jump up ^ http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/publications/Documents/quarterlybulletin/2014/qb14q1prereleasemoneycreation.pdf Jump up ^ http://ommekeer-nederland.nl/documents/standard-poors-rating-services-lending-creating-deposits.pdf ^ Jump up to : http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2011/wp1136.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.bis.org/publ/bcbs189.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.bis.org/publ/bcbs238.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.bis.org/bcbs/basel3/b3summarytable.pdf ^ Jump up to : ( Krugman & Wells 2009 , p. 395 ) calls the observed multiplier the `` actual money multiplier '' . ^ Jump up to : ( Mankiw 2002 , Chapter 18 : Money Supply and Money Demand : A Model of the Money Supply , pp. 486 -- 487 ) Jump up ^ ( Mankiw 2002 , p. 489 ) Jump up ^ http://www.mhhe.com/economics/mcconnell15e/graphics/mcconnell15eco/common/dothemath/moneymultiplier.html Jump up ^ Table created with the OpenOffice.org Calc spreadsheet program using data and information from the references listed . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Education - How does the Fed Create Money ? http://www.federalreserveeducation.org/fed101_html/policy/money_print.htm See the link to `` The Principle of Multiple Deposit Creation '' pdf document towards bottom of page . Jump up ^ An explanation of how it works from the New York Regional Reserve Bank of the US Federal Reserve system . Scroll down to the `` Reserve Requirements and Money Creation '' section . Here is what it says : `` Reserve requirements affect the potential of the banking system to create transaction deposits . If the reserve requirement is 10 % , for example , a bank that receives a $100 deposit may lend out $90 of that deposit . If the borrower then writes a check to someone who deposits the $90 , the bank receiving that deposit can lend out $81 . As the process continues , the banking system can expand the initial deposit of $100 into a maximum of $1,000 of money ( $100 + $90 + 81 + $72.90 + ... = $1,000 ) . In contrast , with a 20 % reserve requirement , the banking system would be able to expand the initial $100 deposit into a maximum of $500 ( $100 + $80 + $64 + $51.20 + ... = $500 ) . Thus , higher reserve requirements should result in reduced money creation and , in turn , in reduced economic activity . '' The link to this page is : http://www.newyorkfed.org/aboutthefed/fedpoint/fed45.html Jump up ^ Bank for International Settlements - The Role of Central Bank Money in Payment Systems . See page 9 , titled , `` The coexistence of central and commercial bank monies : multiple issuers , one currency '' : http://www.bis.org/publ/cpss55.pdf A quick quote in reference to the 2 different types of money is listed on page 3 . It is the first sentence of the document : `` Contemporary monetary systems are based on the mutually reinforcing roles of central bank money and commercial bank monies . '' Jump up ^ Mankiw , N. Gregory ( 2001 ) , Principles of Macroeconomics Jump up ^ Debtwatch No. 38 : The GFC -- Pothole or Mountain ? , August 30 , 2009 Jump up ^ https://www.minneapolisfed.org/research/qr/qr1421.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2012/wp12202.pdf Jump up ^ EXCRESNS series , St. Louis Fed Jump up ^ Followup on Samuelson and monetary policy , Paul Krugman , New York Times , December 14 , 2009 Kydland , Finn E. ; Prescott , Edward C. , `` Business Cycles : Real Facts and a Monetary Myth '' , Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Quarterly Review , 14 ( 2 ) : 3 -- 18 Krugman , Paul ; Wells , Robin ( 2009 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7167 - 7161 - 6 ; a mainstream introductory text in macroeconomics . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Mankiw , N. Gregory ( 2008 ) , Principles of Macroeconomics ( 5th ed . ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 324 - 58999 - 3 ; a mainstream general introductory text to economics . Mankiw , N. Gregory ( 2002 ) , Macroeconomics ( 5th ed . ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7167 - 5237 - 0 ; a mainstream intermediate text in macroeconomics . Samuelson , Paul ( 1948 ) , Economics Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This can be proved mathematically as follows . Letting x = D / R ( \ displaystyle x = D / R ) and y = D / C ( \ displaystyle y = D / C ) for notational conciseness , the money supply can be written as a function of two variables M ( x , y ) = B x ( 1 + y ) x + y ( \ displaystyle M ( x , y ) = B ( \ frac ( x ( 1 + y ) ) ( x + y ) ) ) defined over the domain ( x ≥ 1 , y ≥ 1 ) ( \ displaystyle \ ( x \ geq 1 , y \ geq 1 \ ) ) . The partial derivatives of M with respect to both variables are positive , implying that this function is marginally increasing ( i.e. , considered as a function of either variable keeping the other constant ) over its domain in both of its variables . Note that the domain of definition , which is determined by economic considerations , is crucial in establishing both the differentiability and the marginal monotonicity of M ( \ displaystyle M ) . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Money_multiplier&oldid=764238193 '' Categories : Monetary policy Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano Қазақша Latviešu Македонски 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 7 February 2017 , at 20 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

the value of the money multiplier is equal to

In monetary economics , a money multiplier is one of various closely related ratios of commercial bank money to central bank money under a fractional - reserve banking system . Most often , it measures an estimate of the maximum amount of commercial bank money that can be created , given a certain amount of central bank money . That is , in a fractional - reserve banking system , the total amount of loans that commercial banks are allowed to extend ( the commercial bank money that they can legally create ) is equal to an amount which is a multiple of the amount of reserves . This multiple is the reciprocal of the reserve ratio , and it is an economic multiplier .

Zoopraxiscope - Wikipedia Zoopraxiscope Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Zoopraxiscope disc by Eadweard Muybridge Simulation of a spinning zoopraxiscope The zoopraxiscope is an early device for displaying motion pictures . Created by photographic pioneer Eadweard Muybridge in 1879 , it may be considered the first movie projector . The zoopraxiscope projected images from rotating glass disks in rapid succession to give the impression of motion . The stop - motion images were initially painted onto the glass , as silhouettes . A second series of discs , made in 1892 -- 1894 , used outline drawings printed onto the discs photographically , then colored by hand . Some of the animated images are highly complex , featuring multiple combinations of sequences of animal and human movement . The device appears to have been one of the primary inspirations for Thomas Edison and William Kennedy Dickson 's Kinetoscope , the first commercial film exhibition system . Images from all of the known seventy - one surviving zoopraxiscope discs have been reproduced in the book Eadweard Muybridge : The Kingston Museum Bequest ( The Projection Box , 2004 ) . See also ( edit ) History of cinema List of film formats Strobe light References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bierend , Doug ( 29 May 2014 ) . `` See Thomas Edison 's Steampunk Version of Oculus Rift '' . Wired . Condé Nast . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . External links ( edit ) Zoopraxiscope - Royal Borough of Kingston . Information about the Eadweard Muybridge Collection . Candy Spinner mobile application featuring zoopraxiscope images : Android , Apple Precursors of film Alethoscope Anorthoscope Camera obscura Chronophotography Electrotachyscope Flip book Kaiserpanorama Kinematoscope Kinetoscope Magic lantern Megalethoscope Mutoscope Peep show Phantasmagoria Phenakistiscope Praxinoscope Shadow play Stereoscope Thaumatrope Théâtre Optique Zoetrope Zograscope Zoopraxiscope This film technology article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zoopraxiscope&oldid=799040762 '' Categories : Precursors of film Film and video technology History of film History of animation Audiovisual introductions in 1879 Film technology stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2017 All articles needing additional references All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Asturianu Brezhoneg Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français עברית Nederlands Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 5 September 2017 , at 08 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who invented the zöopraxiscope which projected still photographs in rapid succession

The zoopraxiscope is an early device for displaying motion pictures . Created by photographic pioneer Eadweard Muybridge in 1879 , it may be considered the first movie projector . The zoopraxiscope projected images from rotating glass disks in rapid succession to give the impression of motion . The stop - motion images were initially painted onto the glass , as silhouettes . A second series of discs , made in 1892 -- 1894 , used outline drawings printed onto the discs photographically , then colored by hand . Some of the animated images are highly complex , featuring multiple combinations of sequences of animal and human movement .

She 's Always a Woman - wikipedia She 's Always a Woman Jump to : navigation , search `` She 's Always a Woman '' A-side label of U.S. vinyl single Single by Billy Joel from the album The Stranger B - side `` Movin ' Out ( Anthony 's Song ) '' Released 1977 Format 7 '' single , 12 '' single Recorded A & R Recording Inc. , New York City , 1977 Genre Soft rock Length 3 : 21 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Billy Joel Producer ( s ) Phil Ramone Billy Joel singles chronology `` Only the Good Die Young '' ( 1977 ) `` She 's Always a Woman '' ( 1977 ) `` The Stranger '' ( 1978 ) `` Only the Good Die Young '' ( 1977 ) `` She 's Always a Woman '' / `` Vienna '' ( 1977 ) `` The Stranger '' ( 1978 ) `` She 's Always a Woman '' is a song from Billy Joel 's 1977 album The Stranger . It is a love song about a modern woman , with whom he falls in love for her quirks as well as her flaws . The single peaked at # 17 in the U.S. in 1977 , and at # 53 in the UK in 1986 , when it was released as a double A-side with `` Just the Way You Are '' . It re-entered the UK chart in 2010 , reaching # 29 . A Muzak version of the track by Frank Chacksfield Orchestra is known to be one of the last songs played over the former World Trade Center complex before its collapse . The song is played in the compound time signature of 6 / 8 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin and meaning 2 Track listing 2.1 7 '' single ( 1977 ) 2.2 Single ( CBS ) 2.3 Japanese 7 '' single ( CBS 06SP 248 ) 3 Chart history 4 Fyfe Dangerfield cover 4.1 Track listing 4.2 Chart performance 5 Other covers 6 References 7 External links Origin and meaning ( edit ) The song was released in 1977 , following several other hits from The Stranger including `` Just the Way You Are '' , `` Movin ' Out ( Anthony 's Song ) '' and `` Only the Good Die Young '' . Musically , Joel has said that he was influenced by Gordon Lightfoot and his mellow acoustic guitar ballads . It is a love song that Joel wrote for his then wife , Elizabeth Weber . Elizabeth had taken over management of Joel 's career , and was able to put his financial affairs in order after Joel had signed some bad deals and contracts . She was a tough and savvy negotiator who could `` wound with her eyes '' or `` steal like a thief '' , but would `` never give in '' . Because of her tough - as - nails negotiating style , many business adversaries thought she was `` unfeminine , '' but to Joel , she was always a woman . The two eventually divorced in 1982 . Track listing ( edit ) 7 '' single ( 1977 ) ( edit ) `` She 's Always a Woman '' `` Vienna '' Single ( CBS ) ( edit ) `` She 's Always a Woman '' `` Movin ' Out ( Anthony 's Song ) '' Japanese 7 '' single ( CBS 06SP 248 ) ( edit ) `` She 's Always a Woman '' `` Only The Good Die Young '' Chart history ( edit ) Chart ( 1977 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Hot 100 17 U.S. Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks Chart ( 1978 ) Peak position Belgian Singles Chart ( Flanders ) 28 Canadian Singles Chart 12 Dutch Top 40 15 Chart ( 1986 ) Peak position Irish Singles Chart 22 UK Singles Chart 53 Chart ( 2007 ) Peak position Italian Singles Chart 56 Chart ( 2010 ) Peak position UK Singles Chart 29 Chart ( 2011 ) Peak position Austrian Singles Chart 37 Fyfe Dangerfield cover ( edit ) `` She 's Always a Woman '' Single by Fyfe Dangerfield from the album Fly Yellow Moon Released May 10 , 2010 Format Digital download Length 3 : 14 Label Fantastic Plastic , Polydor Songwriter ( s ) Billy Joel Fyfe Dangerfield singles chronology `` Faster Than the Setting Sun '' ( 2010 ) `` She 's Always a Woman '' ( 2010 ) `` Barricades '' ( 2010 ) `` Faster Than the Setting Sun '' ( 2010 ) `` She 's Always a Woman '' ( 2010 ) `` Barricades '' ( 2010 ) Fyfe Dangerfield , lead singer of the band Guillemots , recorded a version of this song in 2010 which was used in an advertisement for the British department store John Lewis . Subsequently , the Billy Joel original re-entered the UK singles chart at number 29 on May 1 , 2010 . On May 1 , 2010 , a new version of the advert aired ; which shows more of the song cover . In the annual ITV poll for 2010 advert of the year ; `` John Lewis - She 's always a Woman '' ranked fourth . The advert has been viewed on YouTube over 570,000 times ( collectively from the top 3 results ) since it aired on TV . Track listing ( edit ) Digital Download `` She 's Always a Woman '' - 3 : 14 Chart performance ( edit ) `` She 's Always a Woman '' debuted on the UK Singles Chart on May 2 , 2010 at # 99 . On its second week in the chart , the single climbed 85 places to # 14 , marking Dangerfield 's most successful single to date . On May 16 , 2010 , the single climbed 7 places to a current peak of # 7 before falling to # 9 in its second week within the Top 10 . Chart ( 2010 ) Peak Position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 7 Other covers ( edit ) Lynda Carter covered the song on her 1978 album Portrait . In 2004 , Zorán made a Hungarian cover `` A nő '' , on his maxi single `` A körben '' . In 2012 , Celtic Thunder covered the song on their album Voyage with Neil Byrne on vocals . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` She 's Always a Woman to Me '' . YouTube . Retrieved 8 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Song : `` She 's Always a Woman '' September 11th 2001 `` . YouTube . Retrieved 8 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Joel 's many songs about his many wives '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 7 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Joel - She 's Always A Woman '' . Ultratop.be . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Jaarlijst 1978 '' . Members.chello.ml . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Hit Parade Italia - Indice per Interprete : J '' . Hitparadeitalia.it . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Billy Joel - She 's Always A Woman '' . Austriancharts.at . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` John Lewis Ad 2010 - Fyfe Dangerfield ' She 's Always A Woman ' '' . YouTube . 2010 - 04 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` She 's Always A Woman ( Bonus Track ) : Fyfe Dangerfield : Amazon.co.uk : MP3 Downloads '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Fyfe Dangerfield : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` She 's Always a Woman '' . AllMusic . Archived from the original on 10 January 2017 . Retrieved 10 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A körben '' ( in Hungarian ) . Zoran.hu . December 3 , 2004 . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Billy Joel Studio albums Cold Spring Harbor Piano Man Streetlife Serenade Turnstiles The Stranger 52nd Street Glass Houses The Nylon Curtain An Innocent Man The Bridge Storm Front River of Dreams Fantasies & Delusions Live albums Songs in the Attic KOHЦEPT 2000 Years : The Millennium Concert 12 Gardens Live Live at Shea Stadium : The Concert Compilations Greatest Hits , Vol. 1 -- 3 Souvenir : The Ultimate Collection The Ultimate Collection The Essential Billy Joel Piano Man : The Very Best of Billy Joel My Lives The Hits Singles `` She 's Got a Way '' `` Piano Man '' `` You 're My Home '' `` Worse Comes to Worst '' `` Travelin ' Prayer '' `` The Ballad of Billy the Kid '' `` The Entertainer '' `` Just the Way You Are '' `` Movin ' Out ( Anthony 's Song ) '' `` Only the Good Die Young '' `` She 's Always a Woman '' `` Vienna '' `` The Stranger '' `` My Life '' `` Big Shot '' `` Honesty '' `` Until the Night '' `` All for Leyna '' `` You May Be Right '' `` It 's Still Rock and Roll to Me '' `` Do n't Ask Me Why '' `` Sometimes a Fantasy '' `` Say Goodbye to Hollywood '' ( Live ) `` She 's Got a Way '' ( Live ) `` Pressure '' `` Allentown '' `` Goodnight Saigon '' `` Tell Her About It '' `` Uptown Girl '' `` An Innocent Man '' `` The Longest Time '' `` Leave a Tender Moment Alone '' `` This Night '' `` Keeping the Faith '' `` You 're Only Human ( Second Wind ) '' `` The Night Is Still Young '' `` Modern Woman '' `` A Matter of Trust '' `` This Is the Time '' `` Baby Grand '' `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' ( Live ) `` We Did n't Start the Fire '' `` Leningrad '' `` I Go to Extremes '' `` The Downeaster ' Alexa ' '' `` That 's Not Her Style '' `` And So It Goes '' `` Shameless '' `` All Shook Up '' `` The River of Dreams '' `` All About Soul '' `` No Man 's Land '' `` Lullabye ( Goodnight , My Angel ) '' `` To Make You Feel My Love '' `` Hey Girl '' `` All My Life '' `` Christmas in Fallujah '' Other songs `` Everybody Loves You Now '' `` Captain Jack '' `` Los Angelenos '' `` Root Beer Rag '' `` New York State of Mind '' `` Prelude / Angry Young Man '' `` Miami 2017 ( Seen the Lights Go Out on Broadway ) '' `` Scenes from an Italian Restaurant '' `` Zanzibar '' `` Laura '' `` Scandinavian Skies '' `` Big Man on Mulberry Street '' Tours An Innocent Man Tour Face to Face 1994 Face to Face 1995 Face to Face 1998 Face to Face 2001 Face to Face 2003 Face to Face 2009 Face to Face 2010 Billy Joel in Concert Film Oliver & Company The Last Play at Shea See also Discography Movin ' Out Billy Joel Band The Hassles Attila Alexa Ray Joel Christie Brinkley Katie Lee `` Movin ' Out '' ( Glee episode ) Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=She%27s_Always_a_Woman&oldid=800176054 '' Categories : 1970s ballads 1977 singles 1978 singles Billy Joel songs Songs written by Billy Joel Song recordings produced by Phil Ramone Columbia Records singles Songs about women 1978 songs Hidden categories : CS1 Hungarian - language sources ( hu ) Use mdy dates from June 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for UKchartstats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Norsk nynorsk Português Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 22 : 51 . 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who was she's always a woman to me written about

The song was released in 1977 , following several other hits from The Stranger including `` Just the Way You Are '' , `` Movin ' Out ( Anthony 's Song ) '' and `` Only the Good Die Young '' . Musically , Joel has said that he was influenced by Gordon Lightfoot and his mellow acoustic guitar ballads . It is a love song that Joel wrote for his then wife , Elizabeth Weber . Elizabeth had taken over management of Joel 's career , and was able to put his financial affairs in order after Joel had signed some bad deals and contracts . She was a tough and savvy negotiator who could `` wound with her eyes '' or `` steal like a thief '' , but would `` never give in '' . Because of her tough - as - nails negotiating style , many business adversaries thought she was `` unfeminine , '' but to Joel , she was always a woman . The two eventually divorced in 1982 .

List of rivers by discharge - wikipedia List of rivers by discharge Some of this article 's listed sources may not be reliable . Please help this article by looking for better , more reliable sources . Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted . ( September 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This transport - related list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . This is a list of rivers by their average discharge , that is their water flow . Here , only those rivers are shown whose discharge is more than 2000 cubic meters per second . No Continent River Length ( km ) Length ( miles ) Drainage area ( km ) Average discharge ( m / s ) Outflow Reference S. America Amazon 6,400 4,132 7,050,000 209,000 Atlantic Ocean Africa Congo 4,371 2,716 4,014,500 41,200 Atlantic Ocean Eurasia Ganges -- Brahmaputra -- Meghna 5,425 3,371 1,731,334 38,129 Bay of Bengal S. America Orinoco 2,140 1,330 880,000 37,000 Atlantic Ocean S. America Madeira 3,380 2,100 1,420,000 31,200 Amazon River 6 Eurasia Yangtze ( Chang Jiang ) 6,418 3,988 1,808,500 30,166 East China Sea 7 S. America Negro 2,230 1,390 691,000 28,400 Amazon River 8 S. America Río de la Plata 290 180 3,100,000 22,000 Atlantic Ocean 9 Eurasia Brahmaputra 3,848 2,391 712,035 19,800 Padma River 10 Eurasia Yenisei 3,438 2,136 2,580,000 19,600 Kara Sea 11 S. America Japurá 2,615 1,625 267,730 18,620 Amazon River 12 S. America Paraná 4,880 3,050 2,582,672 17,290 Río de la Plata , Atlantic Ocean 13 Eurasia Lena 4,472 2,647 2,490,000 16,871 Laptev Sea 14 N. America Saint Lawrence 3,058 1,900 1,030,000 16,800 Gulf of Saint Lawrence 15 N. America Mississippi 3,730 2,320 3,202,230 16,792 Gulf of Mexico 16 S. America Marañón 1,737 1,074 358,000 16,708 Amazon River 17 Eurasia Ganges 2,510 1,560 907,000 16,648 Padma River 18 Eurasia Mekong 4,023 2,500 811,000 16,000 South China Sea 19 S. America Tocantins 2,699 1,677 920,000 13,600 Atlantic Ocean , Amazon River 20 S. America Tapajos 1,992 1,232 492,481 13,540 Amazon River 21 S. America Ucayali 2,670 1,651 337,519 13,500 Amazon River 22 Eurasia Irrawaddy 2,170 1,348 411,000 13,000 Andaman Sea 23 Eurasia Ob ' - Irtysh 5,410 3,449 2,990,000 12,475 Gulf of Ob 24 Eurasia Amur ( Heilong ) 4,352 2,714 1,855,000 11,400 Sea of Okhotsk 25 S. America Purus 3,211 1,995 371,042 10,970 Amazon River 26 S. America Beni 1,599 994 283,350 10,300 Madeira River 27 N. America Mackenzie - Peace - Finlay 4,241 2,635 1,790,000 10,300 Beaufort Sea 28 Africa Kwah - Kasai 2,272 1,405 881,890 9,873 Congo River 29 S. America Xingu 1,979 1,230 531,250 9,700 Amazon River 30 Eurasia Pearl - Xi Jiang ( West ) ( Si Kang ) 2,400 1,491 453,700 9,500 South China Sea 31 S. America Mamoré 2,200 1,361 595,000 8,800 Madeira River 32 S. America Putumayo 1,813 1,121 148,000 8,760 Amazon River 33 S. America Juruá 2,410 1,498 225,828 8,420 Amazon River 34 Africa Kasai 2,153 1,338 880,200 8,346 Congo River 35 S. America Guaviare 1,497 930 140,000 8,200 Orinoco River 36 Eurasia Volga 3,692 2,294 1,380,000 8,060 Caspian Sea 37 N. America Ohio 1,579 981 490,601 7,957 Mississippi River 38 N. America Columbia 2,000 1,243 668,000 7,500 Pacific Ocean 39 Eurasia Xi 2,197 1,359 409,480 7,410 Pearl River 40 Eurasia Danube 2,860 1,777 817,000 7,130 Black Sea 41 Africa Zambezi 2,574 1,599 1,331,000 7,070 Indian Ocean 42 S. America Magdalena 1,540 963 257,438 6,987 Atlantic Ocean 43 S. America Napo 1,075 665 100,518 6,976 Amazon River 44 Eurasia Indus 3,200 2,000 1,165,000 6,600 Arabian Sea 45 S. America Meta 1,200 742 93,800 6,500 Orinoco River 46 N. America Yukon 3,187 1,980 854,696 6,428 Bering Sea 47 S. America Madre de Dios 1,220 754 125,500 6,370 Beni River 48 S. America Araguaia 2,627 1,632 358,125 6,216 Tocantins River 49 Eurasia Kapuas 1,143 710 98,749 6,000 South China Sea 50 Oceania Fly 1,050 649 76,000 6,000 Gulf of Papua , Coral Sea 51 N. America Niagara 58 36 684,000 5,796 Lake Ontario 52 Africa Niger 4,167 2,589 2,090,000 5,589 Atlantic Ocean 53 S. America Uruguay 1,838 1,140 365,000 5,500 Atlantic Ocean , Río de la Plata 54 Eurasia Barito 880 544 100,000 5,500 Java Sea 55 Eurasia Aldan 2,273 1,412 729,000 5,489 Lena River 56 S. America Branco 775 479 195,000 5,400 Rio Negro 57 N. America Detroit 51 32 1,813 5,324 Lake Erie 58 N. America St. Clair 63 39 576,000 5,200 Lake St. Clair 59 S. America Atrato 750 466 38,500 4,900 Atlantic Ocean 60 Eurasia Salween 2,815 1,749 320,000 4,876 Andaman Sea 61 S. America Caroní 952 595 95,000 4,850 Orinoco River 62 Oceania Mamberamo 1,175 727 79,774 4,580 Pacific Ocean 63 Eurasia Angara 1,779 1,100 1,079,000 4,530 Yenisey River 64 S. America Juruena 1,240 770 190,391 4,360 Tapajos River 65 Eurasia Kama 1,805 1,122 507,000 4,100 Volga River 66 Africa Ubangi 2,272 1,405 772,800 4,000 Congo River 67 Eurasia Chindwin 1,207 750 114,000 4,000 Ayeyarwady River 68 S. America Teles Pires 1,638 1,013 141,718 3,978 Tapajos River 69 Eurasia Pechora 1,809 1,124 289,532 3,949 Barents Sea 70 S. America Apaporis 1,370 847 54,300 3,900 Japurá River 71 Oceania Sepik 1,126 700 80,321 3,804 Bismarck Sea 72 Eurasia Kolyma 2,129 1,317 644,000 3,800 East Siberian Sea 73 Eurasia Nizhnyaya Tunguska 2,989 1,848 473,000 3,680 Yenisei River 74 Eurasia Upper Meghna 1,040 643 82,000 3,600 Lower Meghna River 75 Eurasia Godavari 1,465 910 312,812 3,505 Bay of Bengal 76 S. America Huallaga 1,138 704 85,000 3,500 Ucayali River 77 N. America Fraser 1,375 854 220,000 3,475 Pacific Ocean 78 Eurasia Kaladan 450 278 3,468 Bay of Bengal 79 N. America Slave 434 270 616,400 3,414 Great Slave Lake 80 Eurasia Northern Dvina 744 462 357,052 3,332 White Sea 81 Eurasia Khatanga 1,636 1,012 364,000 3,320 Khatanga Gulf , Laptev Sea 82 Oceania Kikori 405 250 23,309 3,274 Gulf of Papua 83 S. America Parnaíba 1,070 662 220,000 3,200 Atlantic Ocean 84 S. America Jutai 1,200 742 60,000 3,000 Amazon River 85 S. America Caura 723 449 52,000 3,000 Orinoco River 86 Eurasia Ghaghara 1,080 671 127,950 2,990 Ganges River 87 Eurasia Irtysh 4,248 2,627 1,673,470 2,980 Ob River 88 Eurasia Yamuna 1,376 855 366,223 2,950 Ganges River 89 S. America São Francisco 2,830 1,758 641,000 2,943 Atlantic Ocean 90 S. America Trombetas 1,060 656 135,239 2,855 Amazon River 91 Africa Nile 6,853 4,258 3,400,000 2,830 Mediterranean Sea 92 S. America Tambo 1,000 618 135,000 2,800 Ucayali River 93 Africa Ruki 1,300 804 173,800 2,800 Congo River 94 N. America Koksoak 137 85 133,400 2,800 Ungava Bay , Arctic Ocean 95 S. America Pastaza 740 458 41,000 2,770 Marañón River 96 S. America Iriri 1,300 810 130,000 2,745 Xingu River 97 S. America Guapore 1,530 946 303,210 2,740 Mamoré River 98 Eurasia Zeya 1,242 768 233,000 2,700 Amur River 99 S. America Tigre 940 581 54,200 2,700 Marañón River 100 Africa Kwango 1,100 680 263,500 2,700 Kasai River 101 S. America Paraguay 2,621 1,629 365,592 2,700 Parana River 102 Eurasia Red 1,149 714 143,700 2,640 Gulf of Tonkin 103 S. America Uaupes 1,050 649 50,000 2,625 Rio Negro 104 Eurasia Yellow 5,464 3,395 752,000 2,571 East China Sea 105 Eurasia Pyasina 818 508 182,000 2,550 Kara Sea 106 Eurasia Amu Darya 2,400 1,491 534,739 2,525 Aral Sea 107 S. America Tietê 1,150 715 150,000 2,500 Paraná River 108 Africa Sankuru 1,200 756 156,000 2,500 Kasai River 109 Eurasia Mahakam 980 609 77,100 2,500 Makassar Strait 110 Africa Sangha 790 489 213,400 2,471 Congo River 111 Eurasia Songhua / Sungari 1,434 887 557,180 2,463 Amur River 112 S. America Javari 1,184 732 90,000 2,463 Amazon River 113 Eurasia Neva 74 46 281,000 2,445 Baltic Sea 114 N. America Missouri 3,767 2,341 1,371,010 2,445 Mississippi River 115 N. America Liard 1,115 693 277,100 2,434 Mackenzie River 116 S. America Rio Grande ( Paraná River ) 1,360 841 143,000 2,400 Paraná River 117 Africa Benue 1,370 847 2,400 Niger River 118 N. America Nelson 2,575 1600 982,900 2,370 Hudson Bay 119 S. America Cauca 1,180 730 59,840 2,364 Magdalena River 120 S. America Yarí 620 383 31,650 2,360 Japurá River 121 S. America Urubamba 724 448 60,300 2,330 Ucayali River 122 Eurasia Rhine 1,233 820 198,735 2,330 North Sea 123 S. America Apure 1,038 645 121,400 2,300 Orinoco River 124 Eurasia Xiang 856 529 96,400 2,288 Yangtze River 125 Eurasia Krishna River 1,400 870 258,948 2,213 Bay of Bengal 126 S. America San Juan 380 240 15,000 2,200 Pacific Ocean 127 Eurasia Vitim 1,978 1,223 227,000 2,200 Lena River 128 Eurasia Koshi 729 453 69,300 2,166 Ganges River 129 Eurasia Yuan 864 537 89,163 2,158 Yangtze River 130 Eurasia Han 1,532 952 174,300 2,156 Yangtze River 131 N. America St. Marys 120 75 127,700 2,135 Lake Huron 132 Eurasia Jialing 1,119 695 160,000 2,120 Yangtze River 133 Eurasia Mahanadi 858 533 141,600 2,119 Bay of Bengal 134 N. America Peace 1,923 1,195 306,000 2,110 Slave River 135 S. America Essequibo 1,014 627 69,300 2,104 Atlantic Ocean 136 S. America Ventuari 520 322 40,000 2,000 Orinoco river 137 S. America Inírida 1,300 804 2,000 Guaviare River 138 S. America Vichada 580 359 25,000 2,000 Orinoco River 139 Africa Aruwimi 1,030 808 116,100 2,000 Congo River References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Rivers of the Earth Archived August 14 , 2004 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Gupta , Avijit ( 2007 ) . Large rivers : geomorphology and management . John Wiley and Sons . p. 31 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 84987 - 3 . Retrieved 18 April 2011 . Jump up ^ . Beijing : Chinese Academy of Sciences . 2011 - 08 - 22 http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-08/22/c_131067137.htm . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 17 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://www.fundacionlasalle.org.ve/userfiles/men_1997_57_147_81-99.pdf ^ Jump up to : Agência Nacional de Águas ( ANA ) e Secretaria Nacional de Recursos Hídricos ( ( 1 ) ) Jump up ^ R. Ziesler and G.D. Ardizzone : The Inland Waters of Latin America . COPESCAL Technical Paper No. 1 , FAO , Fishery Information , Data and Statistics Service , Rome 1979 ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Scientists pinpoint sources of four major international rivers '' . Xinhua News Agency . 22 August 2011 . Retrieved 8 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Brahmaputra River '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . ^ Jump up to : GRDC Database Archived 2011 - 07 - 22 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Benke , Arthur C. ; Cushing , Colbert E. ( 2005 ) . Rivers of North America . Academic Press . pp. 989 -- 990 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 088253 - 3 . Retrieved 21 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kumar , Rakesh ; Singh , R.D. ; Sharma , K.D. ( 2005 - 09 - 10 ) . `` Water Resources of India '' ( PDF ) . Current Science . Bangalore : Current Science Association . 89 ( 5 ) : 794 -- 811 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ The Hydrographi Region of The Amazon Jump up ^ http://www.caee.utexas.edu/prof/mckinney/ce397/Topics/Amazon/Amazon(2012).pdf The Amazon River Basin ; CE 397 -- Transboundary Waters ^ Jump up to : http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_6/b_fdi_35-36/41614.pdf Water resources , salinity and yields of the rivers of the Bolivian Amazon Jump up ^ `` Chapter 5 : Plate D - 6 -- GES DISC : Goddard Earth Sciences , Data & Information Services Center '' . Disc.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 2013 - 02 - 03 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ Leeden , Frits van der ; Fcrimson L. Troise ; David Keith Todd ( 1990 ) . The Water Encyclopedia ( 2nd ed . ) . Chelsea , Mich. : Lewis Publishers . p. 126 . ISBN 0 - 87371 - 120 - 3 . Jump up ^ Fragmentation and Flow Regulation of the World 's Large River Systems ^ Jump up to : Jain , Sharad K. ; Agarwal , Pushpendra K. ; Singh , Vijay P. ( 2007 ) . Hydrology and water resources of India . Springer . p. 341 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 5179 - 1 . Retrieved 26 April 2011 . Jump up ^ São Francisco River Jump up ^ Nezhihovsky , R.A. ( 1981 ) . Neva River and Neva Bay . Gidrometeoizdat . Jump up ^ Nelson River Jump up ^ http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001333/133303e.pdf Rhine case study ; Technical documents in hydrology : PC - CP series ; Vol. : 17 ; 2003 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Greater than the discharge of the next seven rivers combined - see the introduction of said article ( for information ) Jump up ^ Because it has a larger discharge than the Mississippi River at their confluence , The Ohio River is technically the main stream of the Mississippi River System See also ( edit ) List of rivers by length List of watersheds List of rivers by dissolved load List of U.S. rivers by discharge List of rivers in India by discharge Hydropower Hydroelectricity generation Dam List of conventional hydroelectric power stations Pumped - storage hydroelectricity Small hydro Micro hydro Pico hydro Hydroelectricity equipment Francis turbine Kaplan turbine Tyson turbine Gorlov helical turbine Pelton wheel Turgo turbine Cross-flow turbine Water wheel Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_rivers_by_discharge&oldid=844955602 '' Categories : Lists of rivers Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from September 2009 Webarchive template wayback links Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Incomplete transport lists Talk About Wikipedia Bikol Central Eesti Esperanto Français Português Русский Suomi Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 8 June 2018 , at 10 : 07 . 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the amazon has the greatest discharge in the world. which river has the second greatest discharge

No Continent River Length ( km ) Length ( miles ) Drainage area ( km ) Average discharge ( m / s ) Outflow Reference S. America Amazon 6,400 4,132 7,050,000 209,000 Atlantic Ocean Africa Congo 4,371 2,716 4,014,500 41,200 Atlantic Ocean Eurasia Ganges -- Brahmaputra -- Meghna 5,425 3,371 1,731,334 38,129 Bay of Bengal S. America Orinoco 2,140 1,330 880,000 37,000 Atlantic Ocean S. America Madeira 3,380 2,100 1,420,000 31,200 Amazon River 6 Eurasia Yangtze ( Chang Jiang ) 6,418 3,988 1,808,500 30,166 East China Sea 7 S. America Negro 2,230 1,390 691,000 28,400 Amazon River 8 S. America Río de la Plata 290 180 3,100,000 22,000 Atlantic Ocean 9 Eurasia Brahmaputra 3,848 2,391 712,035 19,800 Padma River 10 Eurasia Yenisei 3,438 2,136 2,580,000 19,600 Kara Sea 11 S. America Japurá 2,615 1,625 267,730 18,620 Amazon River 12 S. America Paraná 4,880 3,050 2,582,672 17,290 Río de la Plata , Atlantic Ocean 13 Eurasia Lena 4,472 2,647 2,490,000 16,871 Laptev Sea 14 N. America Saint Lawrence 3,058 1,900 1,030,000 16,800 Gulf of Saint Lawrence 15 N. America Mississippi 3,730 2,320 3,202,230 16,792 Gulf of Mexico 16 S. America Marañón 1,737 1,074 358,000 16,708 Amazon River 17 Eurasia Ganges 2,510 1,560 907,000 16,648 Padma River 18 Eurasia Mekong 4,023 2,500 811,000 16,000 South China Sea 19 S. America Tocantins 2,699 1,677 920,000 13,600 Atlantic Ocean , Amazon River 20 S. America Tapajos 1,992 1,232 492,481 13,540 Amazon River 21 S. America Ucayali 2,670 1,651 337,519 13,500 Amazon River 22 Eurasia Irrawaddy 2,170 1,348 411,000 13,000 Andaman Sea 23 Eurasia Ob ' - Irtysh 5,410 3,449 2,990,000 12,475 Gulf of Ob 24 Eurasia Amur ( Heilong ) 4,352 2,714 1,855,000 11,400 Sea of Okhotsk 25 S. America Purus 3,211 1,995 371,042 10,970 Amazon River 26 S. America Beni 1,599 994 283,350 10,300 Madeira River 27 N. America Mackenzie - Peace - Finlay 4,241 2,635 1,790,000 10,300 Beaufort Sea 28 Africa Kwah - Kasai 2,272 1,405 881,890 9,873 Congo River 29 S. America Xingu 1,979 1,230 531,250 9,700 Amazon River 30 Eurasia Pearl - Xi Jiang ( West ) ( Si Kang ) 2,400 1,491 453,700 9,500 South China Sea 31 S. America Mamoré 2,200 1,361 595,000 8,800 Madeira River 32 S. America Putumayo 1,813 1,121 148,000 8,760 Amazon River 33 S. America Juruá 2,410 1,498 225,828 8,420 Amazon River 34 Africa Kasai 2,153 1,338 880,200 8,346 Congo River 35 S. America Guaviare 1,497 930 140,000 8,200 Orinoco River 36 Eurasia Volga 3,692 2,294 1,380,000 8,060 Caspian Sea 37 N. America Ohio 1,579 981 490,601 7,957 Mississippi River 38 N. America Columbia 2,000 1,243 668,000 7,500 Pacific Ocean 39 Eurasia Xi 2,197 1,359 409,480 7,410 Pearl River 40 Eurasia Danube 2,860 1,777 817,000 7,130 Black Sea 41 Africa Zambezi 2,574 1,599 1,331,000 7,070 Indian Ocean 42 S. America Magdalena 1,540 963 257,438 6,987 Atlantic Ocean 43 S. America Napo 1,075 665 100,518 6,976 Amazon River 44 Eurasia Indus 3,200 2,000 1,165,000 6,600 Arabian Sea 45 S. America Meta 1,200 742 93,800 6,500 Orinoco River 46 N. America Yukon 3,187 1,980 854,696 6,428 Bering Sea 47 S. America Madre de Dios 1,220 754 125,500 6,370 Beni River 48 S. America Araguaia 2,627 1,632 358,125 6,216 Tocantins River 49 Eurasia Kapuas 1,143 710 98,749 6,000 South China Sea 50 Oceania Fly 1,050 649 76,000 6,000 Gulf of Papua , Coral Sea 51 N. America Niagara 58 36 684,000 5,796 Lake Ontario 52 Africa Niger 4,167 2,589 2,090,000 5,589 Atlantic Ocean 53 S. America Uruguay 1,838 1,140 365,000 5,500 Atlantic Ocean , Río de la Plata 54 Eurasia Barito 880 544 100,000 5,500 Java Sea 55 Eurasia Aldan 2,273 1,412 729,000 5,489 Lena River 56 S. America Branco 775 479 195,000 5,400 Rio Negro 57 N. America Detroit 51 32 1,813 5,324 Lake Erie 58 N. America St. Clair 63 39 576,000 5,200 Lake St. Clair 59 S. America Atrato 750 466 38,500 4,900 Atlantic Ocean 60 Eurasia Salween 2,815 1,749 320,000 4,876 Andaman Sea 61 S. America Caroní 952 595 95,000 4,850 Orinoco River 62 Oceania Mamberamo 1,175 727 79,774 4,580 Pacific Ocean 63 Eurasia Angara 1,779 1,100 1,079,000 4,530 Yenisey River 64 S. America Juruena 1,240 770 190,391 4,360 Tapajos River 65 Eurasia Kama 1,805 1,122 507,000 4,100 Volga River 66 Africa Ubangi 2,272 1,405 772,800 4,000 Congo River 67 Eurasia Chindwin 1,207 750 114,000 4,000 Ayeyarwady River 68 S. America Teles Pires 1,638 1,013 141,718 3,978 Tapajos River 69 Eurasia Pechora 1,809 1,124 289,532 3,949 Barents Sea 70 S. America Apaporis 1,370 847 54,300 3,900 Japurá River 71 Oceania Sepik 1,126 700 80,321 3,804 Bismarck Sea 72 Eurasia Kolyma 2,129 1,317 644,000 3,800 East Siberian Sea 73 Eurasia Nizhnyaya Tunguska 2,989 1,848 473,000 3,680 Yenisei River 74 Eurasia Upper Meghna 1,040 643 82,000 3,600 Lower Meghna River 75 Eurasia Godavari 1,465 910 312,812 3,505 Bay of Bengal 76 S. America Huallaga 1,138 704 85,000 3,500 Ucayali River 77 N. America Fraser 1,375 854 220,000 3,475 Pacific Ocean 78 Eurasia Kaladan 450 278 3,468 Bay of Bengal 79 N. America Slave 434 270 616,400 3,414 Great Slave Lake 80 Eurasia Northern Dvina 744 462 357,052 3,332 White Sea 81 Eurasia Khatanga 1,636 1,012 364,000 3,320 Khatanga Gulf , Laptev Sea 82 Oceania Kikori 405 250 23,309 3,274 Gulf of Papua 83 S. America Parnaíba 1,070 662 220,000 3,200 Atlantic Ocean 84 S. America Jutai 1,200 742 60,000 3,000 Amazon River 85 S. America Caura 723 449 52,000 3,000 Orinoco River 86 Eurasia Ghaghara 1,080 671 127,950 2,990 Ganges River 87 Eurasia Irtysh 4,248 2,627 1,673,470 2,980 Ob River 88 Eurasia Yamuna 1,376 855 366,223 2,950 Ganges River 89 S. America São Francisco 2,830 1,758 641,000 2,943 Atlantic Ocean 90 S. America Trombetas 1,060 656 135,239 2,855 Amazon River 91 Africa Nile 6,853 4,258 3,400,000 2,830 Mediterranean Sea 92 S. America Tambo 1,000 618 135,000 2,800 Ucayali River 93 Africa Ruki 1,300 804 173,800 2,800 Congo River 94 N. America Koksoak 137 85 133,400 2,800 Ungava Bay , Arctic Ocean 95 S. America Pastaza 740 458 41,000 2,770 Marañón River 96 S. America Iriri 1,300 810 130,000 2,745 Xingu River 97 S. America Guapore 1,530 946 303,210 2,740 Mamoré River 98 Eurasia Zeya 1,242 768 233,000 2,700 Amur River 99 S. America Tigre 940 581 54,200 2,700 Marañón River 100 Africa Kwango 1,100 680 263,500 2,700 Kasai River 101 S. America Paraguay 2,621 1,629 365,592 2,700 Parana River 102 Eurasia Red 1,149 714 143,700 2,640 Gulf of Tonkin 103 S. America Uaupes 1,050 649 50,000 2,625 Rio Negro 104 Eurasia Yellow 5,464 3,395 752,000 2,571 East China Sea 105 Eurasia Pyasina 818 508 182,000 2,550 Kara Sea 106 Eurasia Amu Darya 2,400 1,491 534,739 2,525 Aral Sea 107 S. America Tietê 1,150 715 150,000 2,500 Paraná River 108 Africa Sankuru 1,200 756 156,000 2,500 Kasai River 109 Eurasia Mahakam 980 609 77,100 2,500 Makassar Strait 110 Africa Sangha 790 489 213,400 2,471 Congo River 111 Eurasia Songhua / Sungari 1,434 887 557,180 2,463 Amur River 112 S. America Javari 1,184 732 90,000 2,463 Amazon River 113 Eurasia Neva 74 46 281,000 2,445 Baltic Sea 114 N. America Missouri 3,767 2,341 1,371,010 2,445 Mississippi River 115 N. America Liard 1,115 693 277,100 2,434 Mackenzie River 116 S. America Rio Grande ( Paraná River ) 1,360 841 143,000 2,400 Paraná River 117 Africa Benue 1,370 847 2,400 Niger River 118 N. America Nelson 2,575 1600 982,900 2,370 Hudson Bay 119 S. America Cauca 1,180 730 59,840 2,364 Magdalena River 120 S. America Yarí 620 383 31,650 2,360 Japurá River 121 S. America Urubamba 724 448 60,300 2,330 Ucayali River 122 Eurasia Rhine 1,233 820 198,735 2,330 North Sea 123 S. America Apure 1,038 645 121,400 2,300 Orinoco River 124 Eurasia Xiang 856 529 96,400 2,288 Yangtze River 125 Eurasia Krishna River 1,400 870 258,948 2,213 Bay of Bengal 126 S. America San Juan 380 240 15,000 2,200 Pacific Ocean 127 Eurasia Vitim 1,978 1,223 227,000 2,200 Lena River 128 Eurasia Koshi 729 453 69,300 2,166 Ganges River 129 Eurasia Yuan 864 537 89,163 2,158 Yangtze River 130 Eurasia Han 1,532 952 174,300 2,156 Yangtze River 131 N. America St. Marys 120 75 127,700 2,135 Lake Huron 132 Eurasia Jialing 1,119 695 160,000 2,120 Yangtze River 133 Eurasia Mahanadi 858 533 141,600 2,119 Bay of Bengal 134 N. America Peace 1,923 1,195 306,000 2,110 Slave River 135 S. America Essequibo 1,014 627 69,300 2,104 Atlantic Ocean 136 S. America Ventuari 520 322 40,000 2,000 Orinoco river 137 S. America Inírida 1,300 804 2,000 Guaviare River 138 S. America Vichada 580 359 25,000 2,000 Orinoco River 139 Africa Aruwimi 1,030 808 116,100 2,000 Congo River

Woman Suffrage parade of 1913 - wikipedia Woman Suffrage parade of 1913 Jump to : navigation , search Official program for the Woman Suffrage Procession in Washington D.C. , March 3 , 1913 March 8 , 1913 front page of Woman 's Journal The woman suffrage parade of 1913 , officially the Woman Suffrage Procession , was the first suffragist parade in Washington , D.C. Organized by the suffragist Alice Paul for the National American Woman Suffrage Association , thousands of suffragists marched down Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington , D.C. , on Monday , March 3 , 1913 . The event was scheduled on the day before President Woodrow Wilson 's inauguration to `` march in a spirit of protest against the present political organization of society , from which women are excluded , '' as the official program stated . The march and the attention that it attracted were monumental in advancing women 's suffrage in the United States . The parade is scheduled to be depicted and honored on the redesign of the United States ten - dollar bill in 2020 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Antiblack racism 3 Aftermath 4 Popular culture 5 2020 United States ten - dollar bill 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) American suffragists Alice Paul and Lucy Burns spearheaded a drive to adopt a national strategy for women 's suffrage in the National American Woman Suffrage Association . Both women had been influenced by the militant tactics used by the British suffrage movement and recognized that the women from the six states that had full suffrage at the time comprised a powerful voting bloc . They submitted a proposal to Anna Howard Shaw and the NAWSA leadership at their annual convention in 1912 . The leadership was not interested in changing the state - by - state strategy and rejected the idea of holding a campaign that would hold the Democratic Party responsible . Paul and Burns appealed to prominent reformer Jane Addams , who interceded on their behalf . The women persuaded NAWSA to endorse an immense suffrage parade in Washington , D.C. , to coincide with newly - elected President Woodrow Wilson 's inauguration the following March . Paul and Burns were appointed chair and vice-chair of NAWSA 's Congressional Committee . They recruited Crystal Eastman , Mary Ritter Beard , and Dora Lewis to the Committee and organized volunteers , planned for , and raised funds in preparation of the parade with little help from the NAWSA . Affiliates of NAWSA from various states organized groups to march and activities leading up to the march , such as the Suffrage Hikes . Plans for the march were threatened when black suffragists announced they intended to participate , which lead white southern suffragists to threaten to boycott the event . One solution discussed was segregating the black suffragists in a separate section to mollify white southern delegates . The parade itself was led by labor lawyer Inez Milholland , dressed dramatically in white and mounted on a white horse , and included nine bands , five mounted brigades , 26 floats , and close to 8,000 marchers , including many notables such as Helen Keller , who was scheduled to speak at Constitution Hall after the march . Individuals came from European nations , Canada , India , Australia , New Zealand and many other countries around the world to support the movement . Most of the women marched in groups determined by their occupation or under their respective banners . Jeannette Rankin , from Montana , marched under her state 's sign ; she returned to Washington four years later as a U.S. Representative . Suffrage march line After a good beginning , the marchers encountered crowds , mostly male , on the street that should have been cleared for the parade . They were jeered and harassed while attempting to squeeze by the scoffing crowds , and the police , said to be of little help , sometimes even participated in the harassment . The Massachusetts and the Pennsylvania national guards stepped in . Eventually , boys from the Maryland Agricultural College created a human barrier protecting the women from the angry crowd and helping them progress forward to their destination . Over 200 people were treated for injuries at local hospitals . Still , most of the marchers finished the parade and viewed an allegorical tableau presented near the Treasury Building . The pageant was written by dramatist Hazel MacKaye and directed by Glenna Smith Tinnin . Antiblack racism ( edit ) Considerable debate exists about the segregation of black woman suffragists in the parade . A contemporaneous newspaper account indicated that Alice Paul objected to participation of `` Negro '' suffragists , but Anna Howard Shaw insisted that they to be allowed to participate . In a 1974 oral history interview , Alice Paul recalled the `` hurdle '' of Mary Church Terrell planning to bring a delegation from the National Association of Colored Women . Delegations from the National Association of Colored Women and from the new Alpha Chapter of Delta Sigma Theta sorority from Howard University participated and black women marched in various state and occupational groups . While in Paul 's memory , a compromise was reached to order the parade as southern women , then the men 's section , and finally the Negro women 's section , reports in the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People paper , The Crisis , depict events unfolding quite differently , with black women protesting the plan to segregate them . What is clear is that some groups attempted , on the day of the parade , to segregate their delegations , but women like Ida B. Wells - Barnett refused to comply . Aftermath ( edit ) Votes for Women Parade flowers , Historical Society of Washington , D.C. The mistreatment of the marchers by the crowd and the police caused a great furor . Alice Paul shaped the public response after the parade , portraying the incident as symbolic of systemic government mistreatment of women , stemming from their lack of a voice and political influence through the vote . She claimed the incident showed that the government 's role in women 's lives had broken down , and that it was incapable of even providing women with physical safety . Journalist Nellie Bly , who had participated in the march , headlined her article `` Suffragists are Men 's Superiors '' . Senate hearings , held by a subcommittee of the Committee on the District of Columbia , started on March 6 , only three days after the march , and lasted until March 17 , with the result that the District 's superintendent of police was replaced . NAWSA praised the parade and Paul 's work on it , saying `` the whole movement in the country has been wonderfully furthered by the series of important events which have taken place in Washington , beginning with the great parade the day before the inauguration of the president '' . Popular Culture ( edit ) Inez Milholland led the procession . The Woman Suffrage Procession plays a significant role in the 2004 film Iron Jawed Angels , which chronicles the strategies of Alice Paul , Lucy Burns , and the National Woman 's Party as they lobby and demonstrate for the passage of the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution , which would assure voting rights for all American women . 2020 United States ten - dollar bill ( edit ) The U.S. Treasury Department announced in 2016 that an image of the Woman Suffrage Procession will appear on the back of a newly designed $10 bill along with images of Lucretia Mott , Sojourner Truth , Susan B. Anthony , Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Alice Paul . Designs for new $5 , $10 and $20 bills will be unveiled in 2020 in conjunction with the 100th anniversary of American women winning the right to vote via the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution . See also ( edit ) Silent Sentinels Suffrage Hikes 1907 Mud March ( UK ) Women 's Sunday ( 1908 , UK ) List of suffragists and suffragettes Timeline of women 's suffrage Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Harvey , Sheridan . `` Marching for the Vote : Remembering the Woman Suffrage Parade of 1913 '' . American Women : A Library of Congress Guide for the Study of Women 's History and Culture in the United States . Library of Congress . Retrieved 1 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` '' The New $10 Note `` , United States Treasury website '' . Jump up ^ Lunardini 1986 , pp. 20 -- 21 Jump up ^ Lunardini 1986 , pp. 21 -- 22 Jump up ^ Lunardini 1986 , pp. 23 -- 24 Jump up ^ Baer , Ellen D. ( 2002 ) . Enduring Issues in American Nursing . New York : Springer Pub. Co. p. 295 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8261 - 1632 - 1 . Jump up ^ Crystal Nicole Feimster ( 2009 ) . Southern Horrors : Women and the Politics of Rape and Lynching . Harvard University Press . p. 217 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 03562 - 1 . Jump up ^ J.D. Zahniser ; Amelia R. Fry . Alice Paul : Claiming Power . pp. 137 -- 141 . ISBN 978 - 019 - 995842 - 9 . Jump up ^ Adams , Katherine ( 2008 ) . Alice Paul and the American Woman Suffrage Campaign . Chicago : University of Illinois . p. 104 . Jump up ^ `` Marching for the Vote : Remember the Woman Suffrage Parade of 1913 '' . American Women . Library of Congress . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Estimates for the number of marchers varied , with the Congressional Committee claiming 10,000 . Most accounts quoted the 8000 figure ; see The New York Times , March 3 , 1913 , and Lunardini 1986 , p. 28 ^ Jump up to : Woelfle , Gretchen ( 2009 ) . `` TAKING IT to the STREET . '' Cobblestone . Retrieved 12 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Flexner , Eleanor ( 1956 ) . Century of Struggle . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . Jump up ^ The Washington Post , March 5 , 1913 ; The New York Times , March 4 -- 5 , 1913 Jump up ^ `` Colored Women in Suffrage Parade '' ( PDF ) . Richmond , Virginia ) : The Times - Dispatch . March 2 , 1913 . p. 2 . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Robert A. ( 1974 ) . `` I Was Arrested , Of Course '' . American Heritage . 25 ( 2 ) : 20 . Jump up ^ `` Marching for the Vote : Remember the Woman Suffrage Parade of 1913 '' . American Women . Library of Congress . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Jill Diane Zahniser ; Amelia R. Fry ( 2014 ) . Alice Paul : Claiming Power . Oxford University Press . p. 144 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 995842 - 9 . Jump up ^ Suffrage Parade : Hearings before a Subcommittee of the Committee on the District of Columbia , Government Printing Office , 1913 Jump up ^ `` African American Women and Suffrage '' . National Women 's History Museum . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Treasury Secretary Lew Announces Front of New $20 to Feature Harriet Tubman , Lays Out Plans for New $20 , $10 and $5 '' . Dept. of the Treasury . April 20 , 2016 . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . References ( edit ) Brown , Harriet Connor , ed. , `` Official Program , Woman Suffrage Procession , Washington , D.C. , March 3 , 1913 '' ( Washington , 1913 ) , Library of Congress . ( 1 ) Harvey , Sheridan . `` American Women : Marching for the vote : Remembering the Woman Suffrage Parade of 1913 . '' American Women : A Library of Congress Guide for the Study of Women 's History and Culture in the United States . January 1 , 2001 . Accessed April 6 , 2015 . Lunardini , Christine A. ( 1986 ) . From Equal Suffrage to Equal Rights : Alice Paul and the National Woman 's Party , 1910 -- 1928 . New York : New York University Press . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 5022 - 2 . unknown . `` Views of Washington , D.C. suffrage parade and crowds . See individual photos for additional description . '' ( 1913 ) : ARTstor Digital Library , EBSCOhost ( accessed March 26 , 2015 ) . Woelfle , Gretchen . `` TAKING IT to the STREET . '' Cobblestone 30 , no . 3 ( March 2009 ) : 30 . MasterFILE Premier , EBSCOhost ( accessed March 22 , 2015 ) . External links ( edit ) `` The New $10 Note '' , United States Treasury website , includes more images of the procession . Media related to Woman suffrage parade of 1913 at Wikimedia Commons Alice Paul Life Paulsdale Women 's Social and Political Union Initiated and co-strategized 1913 Woman Suffrage Procession Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage National Woman 's Party Silent Sentinels Night of Terror Equal Rights Amendment Women 's rights in the 1964 Civil Rights Act Co-authored Equal Rights Amendment Main associates Alva Belmont Lucy Burns Crystal Eastman Inez Haynes Irwin Dora Lewis Inez Milholland Doris Stevens Mabel Vernon Legacy Belmont - Paul Women 's Equality National Monument 2012 ten - dollar coin 2020 United States ten - dollar bill Iron Jawed Angels ( 2004 film ) Alice Paul Institute Related 19th Amendment to the United States Constitution Women 's suffrage in the United States ( hide ) Suffrage Basic topics Universal suffrage Women Black Youth Resident foreigners Expatriates in country of origin Voting age Demeny voting Suffragette Compulsory voting Disfranchisement Women 's liberation movement By country Australia 1902 Commonwealth Franchise Act aboriginal women Japan Hong Kong Kuwait New Zealand Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom women Wales laws 1832 1918 1928 United States women Native Americans foreigners District of Columbia Puerto Rico amendments 15th 19th 23rd 24th 26th 1965 Voting Rights Act Events International Woman Suffrage Alliance conferences 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 1 July marches 2014 protests UK Mud March ( 1907 ) Women 's Sunday ( 1908 ) Black Friday ( 1910 ) Great Pilgrimage ( 1913 ) Open Christmas Letter U.S. Seneca Falls Convention Declaration of Sentiments Rochester Convention Ohio Women 's Convention National Women 's Rights Convention Suffrage Hikes 1913 Woman Suffrage Procession Silent Sentinels Night of Terror `` Give Us the Ballot '' Selma to Montgomery marches Related Age of candidacy US Voting Rights Museum Umbrella Movement Women Suffragists Timeline of women 's suffrage US in majority - Muslim countries Women 's suffrage organizations and publications Women 's rights activists Suffragette Memorial Pankhurst Centre Pankhurst Memorial Belmont - Paul Monument International Women 's Day Susan B. Anthony Day Women 's Equality Day Eagle House Justice Bell 1920 US presidential election Leser v. Garnett Popular culture `` The March of the Women '' ( 1910 song ) The Mother of Us All ( 1947 opera ) `` Sister Suffragette '' ( 1964 song ) Shoulder to Shoulder ( 1974 series ) Not for Ourselves Alone ( 1999 documentary ) Iron Jawed Angels ( 2004 film ) Great Petition ( 2008 sculpture ) Selma ( 2014 film ) Suffragette ( 2015 film ) Susan B. Anthony dollar 2020 US ten - dollar bill Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Woman_suffrage_parade_of_1913&oldid=830948285 '' Categories : Women 's suffrage in the United States 1913 in the United States Parades in the United States 1913 in Washington , D.C. Protest marches in Washington , D.C. Progressive Era in the United States Alice Paul March 1913 events 1913 in women 's history Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia עברית Edit links This page was last edited on 17 March 2018 , at 21 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

what was the purpose of the parade in washington in march 1913

The woman suffrage parade of 1913 , officially the Woman Suffrage Procession , was the first suffragist parade in Washington , D.C. Organized by the suffragist Alice Paul for the National American Woman Suffrage Association , thousands of suffragists marched down Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington , D.C. , on Monday , March 3 , 1913 . The event was scheduled on the day before President Woodrow Wilson 's inauguration to `` march in a spirit of protest against the present political organization of society , from which women are excluded , '' as the official program stated .

Professor - wikipedia Professor Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Professor ( disambiguation ) . For the highest academic rank in most countries , see Full professor . For the broader American term for academic employees , see Faculty ( academic staff ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Professor Albert Einstein as a professor Occupation Names Professor Education , research , teaching Activity sectors Academics Description Competencies Academic knowledge , research , writing journal articles or book chapters , teaching Education required Master 's degree , doctoral degree ( e.g. , Ph. D . ) , professional degree , or other terminal degree Fields of employment Academics Related jobs Teacher , lecturer , reader , researcher Professor ( commonly abbreviated as Prof . ) is an academic rank at universities and other post-secondary education and research institutions in most countries . Literally , professor derives from Latin as a `` person who professes '' being usually an expert in arts or sciences , a teacher of the highest rank . In most systems of academic ranks the word `` professor '' , and particularly the unqualified word , only refers to the most senior academic position , sometimes informally known as `` full professor '' . In some countries or institutions , the word professor is also used in titles of lower ranks such as associate professor and assistant professor ; this is particularly the case in the United States , where the word professor is sometimes used colloquially to refer to anyone in an academic post . This colloquial usage would be considered incorrect nearly everywhere else . Professors conduct original research and commonly teach undergraduate , professional and postgraduate courses in their fields of expertise . In universities with graduate schools , professors may mentor and supervise graduate students conducting research for a thesis or dissertation . In many universities , ' full professors ' take on senior managerial roles , leading departments , research teams and institutes , and filling roles such as president , principal or vice-chancellor . The role of professor may be more public facing than that of more junior staff , and professors are expected to be national or international leaders in their field of expertise . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Description 3 Tasks 4 Around the world 5 Salary 5.1 Germany and Switzerland 5.2 Spain 5.3 Education professors 5.4 Netherlands 5.5 Table of wages 6 Research professor 7 In fiction 8 See also 9 Notes and references 10 External links Etymology ( edit ) The Ancient Greek philosopher Socrates was one of the earliest recorded professors . The term `` professor '' was first used in the late 14th century to mean `` one who teaches a branch of knowledge . '' The word comes `` ... from Old French professeur ( 14c . ) and directly from ( the ) Latin professor ( , for ) `` person who professes to be an expert in some art or science ; teacher of highest rank , '' ; the Latin term came from the `` ... agent noun from profiteri `` lay claim to , declare openly . '' As a title that is `` prefixed to a name , it dates from 1706 . '' The `` ( s ) hort form prof is recorded from 1838 . '' The term `` professor '' is also used with a different meaning : `` ( o ) ne professing religion . This canting use of the word comes down from the Elizabethan period , but is obsolete in England . '' Description ( edit ) A professor is an accomplished and recognized academic . In most Commonwealth nations , as well as northern Europe , the title professor is the highest academic rank at a university . In the United States and Canada , the title of professor applies to most post-doctoral academics , so a larger percentage are thus designated . In these areas , professors are scholars with doctorate degrees ( typically Ph. D. degrees ) or equivalent qualifications who teach in four - year colleges and universities . An emeritus professor is a title given to selected retired professors with whom the university wishes to continue to be associated due to their stature and ongoing research . Emeritus professors do not receive a salary , but they are often given office or lab space , and use of libraries , labs , and so on . The term professor is also used in the titles assistant professor and associate professor , which are not considered professor - level positions in European countries . In Australia , the title associate professor is used in place of reader , ranking above senior lecturer and below full professor . Beyond holding the proper academic title , universities in many countries also give notable artists , athletes and foreign dignitaries the title honorary professor , even if these persons do not have the academic qualifications typically necessary for professorship and they do not take up professorial duties . However , such `` professors '' usually do not undertake academic work for the granting institution . In general , the title of professor is strictly used for academic positions rather than for those holding it on honorary basis . Tasks ( edit ) Toni Morrison , Emeritus Professor at Princeton University . Professors are qualified experts in their field who generally perform some or all the following tasks : Managing teaching , research and publications in their departments ( in countries where a professor is head of a department ) ; Presenting lectures and seminars in their specialties ( i.e. , they `` profess '' ) ; Performing , leading and publishing advanced original research in peer reviewed journals in their fields ; Providing pro bono community service , including consulting functions ( such as advising government and nonprofit organizations ) or providing expert commentary on TV or radio news or public affairs programs ; Mentoring graduate students in their academic training ; Mentoring more junior academic staff ; Conducting administrative or managerial functions , usually at a high level ( e.g. deans , heads of departments , research centers , etc . ) ; and Assessing students in their fields of expertise ( e.g. , through grading examinations or viva voce defenses ) . Other roles of professorial tasks depend on the institution , its legacy , protocols , place ( country ) , and time . For example , professors at research - oriented universities in North America and , generally , at European universities , are promoted primarily on the basis of research achievements and external grant - raising success . Around the world ( edit ) Main article : List of academic ranks Academic ranks worldwide Argentina Australia Brazil Canada China Colombia Czech Republic Denmark Egypt France Finland Germany Hungary India Israel Italy Jordan Kenya Malaysia New Zealand Netherlands Norway Portugal Serbia Slovakia Russia South Africa Spain Thailand United Kingdom United States Many colleges and universities and other institutions of higher learning throughout the world follow a similar hierarchical ranking structure amongst scholars in academia ; the list above provides details . Salary ( edit ) Further information : Professors in the United States § Salary Salary of professors , as reported in the 2005 report the Deutscher Hochschulverband ( de ) DHV . Bars are for assistant professor , associate professor and full professor , respectively . A professor typically earns a base salary and a range of benefits . In addition , a professor who undertakes additional roles in their institution ( e.g. , department chair , dean , head of graduate studies , etc . ) earns additional income . Some professors also earn additional income by moonlighting in other jobs , such as consulting , publishing academic or popular press books , giving speeches , or coaching executives . Some fields ( e.g. , business and computer science ) give professors more opportunities for outside work . Germany and Switzerland ( edit ) A report from 2005 by the `` Deutscher Hochschulverband DHV '' , a lobby group for German professors , the salary of professors , the annual salary of a German professor is € 46,680 in group `` W2 '' ( mid-level ) and € 56,683 in group `` W3 '' ( the highest level ) , without performance - related bonuses . The anticipated average earnings with performance - related bonuses for a German professor is € 71,500 . The anticipated average earnings of a professor working in Switzerland vary for example between 158,953 CHF ( € 102,729 ) to 232,073 CHF ( € 149,985 ) at the University of Zurich and 187,937 CHF ( € 121,461 ) to 247,280 CHF ( € 159,774 ) at the ETH Zurich ; the regulations are different depending on the Cantons of Switzerland . Spain ( edit ) The salaries of civil servant professors in Spain are fixed in a nationwide basis , but there are some bonus related to performance and seniority and a number of bonus granted by regional governments . These bonus mean significant differences in the final salary . Some of the bonuses are the `` trienios '' ( depending on seniority , one for each three years ) , `` quinquenios '' ( depending on the accomplishment of teaching criteria defined by the university , one for each five years of seniority ) and `` sexenios '' ( depending on the accomplishment of research criteria defined by the national government , one for each six years of seniority ) . These bonifications are quite small . However , the total number of `` sexenios '' is a requisite for being a member of different committees . The importance of these `` sexenios '' as a prestige factor in the university was increased by the LOU 2001 . Some indicative numbers can be interesting , in spite of the variance in the data . We report net monthly payments ( after taxes and social security fees ) , without bonifications : Ayudante , 1,200 euros ; Ayudante Doctor , 1,400 ; Contratado Doctor ; 1,800 ; Profesor Titular , 2,000 euros ; Catedrático , 2,400 euros . There are a total of 14 payments per year , including 2 extra payments in July and December ( but for less than a normal monthly payment ) . Education professors ( edit ) Professors in teacher education sometimes earn less than they would if they were still elementary classroom teachers . In one case study report , it was shown that a beginning full - time tenure - track assistant professor in elementary teacher education at California State University , Northridge was hired in 2002 at a salary of $53,000. , which was $15,738 . less than she would have earned in her previous position as a 9 - month public school kindergarten teacher , ( $68,738 ) . See Gordon , L.M. ( 2004 , January 6 ) . From kindergarten teacher to college professor : A comparison chart of salaries , work load , and professional preparation requirements . Published proceedings of the Hawaii International Conference on Education . ISSN 1541 - 5880 . Netherlands ( edit ) In 2007 the Dutch social fund for the academic sector SoFoKleS commissioned a comparative study of the wage structure of academic professions in the Netherlands in relation to that of other countries . Among the countries reviewed are the United States , the United Kingdom , Switzerland , Germany , Belgium , France , Sweden and the Netherlands . To improve comparability , adjustments have been made to correct for purchasing power and taxes . Because of differences between institutions in the US and UK these countries have two listings of which one denotes the salary in top - tier institutions ( based on the Shanghai - ranking ) . Table of wages ( edit ) Students of a U.S. university with their Professor on the far right , 2009 The table below shows the final reference wages expressed in net amounts of Dutch Euros in 2007 . ( i.e. converted into Dutch purchasing power ) . Country Assistant professor Associate professor Full professor United States $38,948 $44,932 $60,801 United States -- top universities $49,300 $57,142 $87,702 United Kingdom £ 37,424 £ 46,261 £ 60,314 United Kingdom -- top universities £ 42,245 £ 47,495 £ 82,464 Germany € 50,052 € 68,472 € 79,248 France € 22,546 € 26,316 € 37,118 Italy € 21,678 € 25,994 € 37,351 Netherlands € 30,609 € 37,991 € 46,180 Switzerland € 60,158 € 69,118 € 78,068 Luxembourg € 20,320 € 22,785 € 26,391 Belgium € 29,244 € 33,778 € 38,509 Spain € 17,180 € 20,284 € 26,573 Sweden € 22,257 € 26,666 € 31,639 Jordan € 16,800 € 20,400 € 25,200 Algeria € 6,109 € 9,163 € 14,181 Research professor ( edit ) In a number of countries , the title `` research professor '' refers to a professor who is exclusively or mainly engaged in research , and who has few or no teaching obligations . For example , the title is used in this sense in the United Kingdom ( where it is known as research professor at some universities and professorial research fellow at some other institutions ) and in northern Europe . Research professor is usually the most senior rank of a research - focused career pathway in those countries , and regarded as equal to the ordinary full professor rank . Most often they are permanent employees , and the position is often held by particularly distinguished scholars ; thus the position is often seen as more prestigious than an ordinary full professorship . The title is used in a somewhat similar sense in the United States , with the exception that research professors in the United States are often not permanent employees and often must fund their salary from external sources , which is usually not the case elsewhere . In fiction ( edit ) Main article : List of fictional professors Professor Moriarty from the Sherlock Holmes story `` The Final Problem '' Traditional fictional portrayals of professors , in accordance with a stereotype , are shy , absent - minded individuals often lost in thought . In many cases , fictional professors are socially or physically awkward . Examples include the 1961 film The Absent - Minded Professor or Professor Calculus of The Adventures of Tintin stories . Professors have also been portrayed as being misguided into an evil pathway , such as Professor Metz , who helped Bond villain Blofeld in the film Diamonds Are Forever ; or simply evil , like Professor Moriarty , archenemy of British detective Sherlock Holmes . The modern animated series Futurama has Professor Hubert Farnsworth , a typical absent - minded but genius - level professor . A related stereotype is the mad scientist . Vladimir Nabokov , author and professor of English at Cornell , frequently used professors as the protagonists in his novels . Professor Henry Higgins is a main character in George Bernard Shaw 's play Pygmalion . In the popular Harry Potter series , set in a wizard 's school called Hogwarts , the protagonists ' magic and wizarding teachers are known as professors , many of whom play important roles , notably Professor Dumbledore , Professor Minerva McGonagall , and Professor Severus Snape . In the board game Cluedo , Professor Plum has been depicted as an absent - minded academic . Christopher Lloyd played Plum 's film counterpart , a psychologist who had an affair with one of his patients . Since the 1980s and 1990s , various stereotypes were re-evaluated , including professors . Writers began to depict professors are just normal human beings and might be quite well - rounded in abilities , excelling both in intelligence and in physical skills . An example of a fictional professor not depicted as shy or absent - minded is Indiana Jones , a professor as well as an archeologist - adventurer , who is skilled at both scholarship and fighting . The popularity of the Indiana Jones movie franchise had a significant impact on the previous stereotype , and created a new archetype which is both deeply knowledgeable and physically capable . The character generally referred to simply as the Professor on the television sit com series , Gilligan 's Island , although described alternatively as a high - school science teacher or research scientist , is depicted as a sensible advisor , a clever inventor , and a helpful friend to his fellow castaways . John Houseman 's portrayal of law school professor Charles W. Kingsfield , Jr. , in The Paper Chase ( 1973 ) remains the epitome of the strict , authoritarian professor who demands perfection from students . Annalise Keating ( played by Viola Davis ) from the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) legal drama mystery television series How to Get Away with Murder is a law professor at the fictional Middleton University . Early in the series , Annalise is a self - sufficient and confident woman , respected for being a great law professor and a great lawyer , feared and admired by her students , whose image breaks down as the series progresses . Mysterious , older men with magical powers ( and unclear academic standing ) are sometimes given the title of `` Professor '' in literature and theater . Notable examples include Professor Marvel in The Wizard of Oz and Professor Drosselmeyer ( as he is sometimes known ) from the ballet The Nutcracker . Also , the magician played by Christian Bale in the film , The Prestige , adopts ' The Professor ' as his stage name . A variation of this type of non-academic professor is the `` crackpot inventor , '' as portrayed by Professor Potts in the film version of Chitty Chitty Bang Bang or the Jerry Lewis - inspired Professor Frink character on The Simpsons . Other professors of this type are the thoughtful and kind Professor Digory Kirke of C.S. Lewis ' Chronicles of Narnia . The title has been used by comedians , such as `` Professor '' Irwin Corey and Soupy Sales in his role as `` The Big Professor . '' In the past , pianists in saloons and other rough environments have been called `` professor . '' The puppeteer of a Punch and Judy show is also traditionally known as a `` professor . '' See also ( edit ) Academic discipline Adjunct professor Sacrae Theologiae Professor ( S.T.P. ) -- degree now awarded as S.T.D. or Doctor of Divinity ( D.D. ) Habilitation Scholarly method School and university in literature Notes and references ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Harper , Douglas . `` Professor '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Pettigrew , Todd ( 2011 - 06 - 17 ) . `` Assistant ? Associate ? What the words before `` professor '' mean : Titles may not mean what you think they do `` . Maclean 's . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` United Kingdom , Academic Career Structure '' . European Univesrsity Institute . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Hartley , Tom . `` Dr Who or Professor Who ? On Academic Email Etiquette '' . Tom Hartley . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Promoted from doctor to professor : what changes ? '' . Times Higher Education . 14 November 2016 . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ David K. Knox Socrates : The First Professor Innovative Higher Education December 1998 , Volume 23 , Issue 2 , pp 115 -- 126 Jump up ^ `` Associate Professor - definition of associate professor by the Free Online Dictionary , Thesaurus and Encyclopedia '' . Thefreedictionary.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Australia , Academic Career Structure European University Institute '' . Jump up ^ `` Deutscher Hochschulverband '' . Hochschulverband.de . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` SoFoKleS Sociaal Fonds voor de KennisSector '' . Sofokles.nl . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ SEO Economic Research ( 29 May 2007 ) . `` International wage differences in academic occupations '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ Classification of Ranks and Titles Jump up ^ `` Viola Davis as Annalise Keating '' . ABC . The Walt Disney Company . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Kumari Upadhyaya , Kayla ( 25 September 2014 ) . `` How To Get Away With Murder : `` Pilot '' `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Kumari Upadhyaya , Kayla ( 23 October 2015 ) . `` A new lie has consequences for everyone on How To Get Away With Murder '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) '' . IMDb.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The Prestige ( 2006 ) '' . IMDb.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Music : Machines & Musicians '' . TIME. 1937 - 08 - 30 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 09 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Professor Media related to Professors at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of professor at Wiktionary Academic ranks overview Overview Faculty Ranks Titles Professorship North American system Adjunct professor ( non-tenure track ) Instructor ( non-tenure track ) Assistant professor Associate professor Professor ( full ) Chair / Distinguished Professor Commonwealth system Lecturer Senior lecturer Reader or Associate professor Professor Researchers Research assistant Research associate Research fellow Postdoctoral researcher Other positions Agrégation Docent Habilitation Privatdozent Teaching assistant Teaching associate Levels of academic degree Undergraduate ISCED level 5 Associate degree Foundation degree Higher National Diploma / Diploma of Higher Education / Certificate of Higher Education ISCED level 6 Bachelor 's degree Honours degree Postgraduate ISCED level 7 Master 's degree Magister degree Postgraduate certificate / diploma Diplom degree Specialist degree Engineer 's degree ISCED level 8 Doctorate Candidate of Sciences Magister degree Other Postdoctoral Higher doctorate Doktor nauk Habilitation Docent Tenure Fellow No dominant classification Laurea Licentiate Professional degree Graduate certificate / diploma Terminal degree Unearned Honorary degree Ad eundem degree GND : 4025243 - 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Professor&oldid=832772377 '' Categories : Academic ranks University and college people Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Articles needing additional references from September 2016 All articles needing additional references Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Interlanguage link template link number Use dmy dates from April 2011 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Aymar aru Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Esperanto فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vèneto Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 粵語 中文 62 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 22 : 33 . 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what is the qualification to become a professor

A professor is an accomplished and recognized academic . In most Commonwealth nations , as well as northern Europe , the title professor is the highest academic rank at a university . In the United States and Canada , the title of professor applies to most post-doctoral academics , so a larger percentage are thus designated . In these areas , professors are scholars with doctorate degrees ( typically Ph. D. degrees ) or equivalent qualifications who teach in four - year colleges and universities . An emeritus professor is a title given to selected retired professors with whom the university wishes to continue to be associated due to their stature and ongoing research . Emeritus professors do not receive a salary , but they are often given office or lab space , and use of libraries , labs , and so on .

Black Panther ( Comics ) - Wikipedia Black Panther ( Comics ) Black Panther Art by Gabriele Dell'Otto Publication information Publisher Marvel Comics First appearance Fantastic Four # 52 ( July 1966 ) Created by Stan Lee Jack Kirby In - story information Full name T'Challa Place of origin Wakanda , Africa Team affiliations Fantastic Four Avengers Fantastic Force Ultimates Partnerships Storm Shuri Notable aliases King of the Dead Mr. Okonkwo Abilities Black Panther Knowledge : T'Challa has the power to draw all the knowledge , strength , and every experience from every previous Black Panther Enhanced strength , speed , durability , and senses Genius Intelligence Master Martial Artist Master Tactician and Strategist Master Inventor Utilizes vibranium suit and equipment Black Panther is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . The character was created by writer - editor Stan Lee and writer - artist Jack Kirby , first appearing in Fantastic Four # 52 ( cover - dated July 1966 ) in the Silver Age of Comic Books . Black Panther 's real name is T'Challa , king and protector of the fictional African nation of Wakanda . Along with possessing enhanced abilities achieved through ancient Wakandan rituals of drinking the essence of the heart - shaped herb , T'Challa also relies on his proficiency in science , rigorous physical training , hand - to - hand combat skills , and access to wealth and advanced Wakandan technology to combat his enemies . Black Panther is the first superhero of African descent in mainstream American comics , having debuted years before early African American superheroes such as Marvel Comics ' the Falcon ( 1969 ) , Luke Cage ( 1972 ) and Blade ( 1973 ) , or DC Comics ' John Stewart in the role of Green Lantern ( 1971 ) . In one comic book storyline , the Black Panther mantle is handled by Kasper Cole , a multiracial New York City police officer . Beginning as an impersonator , Cole would later take on the moniker of White Tiger and become an ally to T'Challa . The role of Black Panther and leadership of Wakanda is also given to T'Challa's sister Shuri for a short time . Black Panther has made numerous appearances in various television shows , animated films and video games . The character is portrayed in live action by Chadwick Boseman in the 2016 film Captain America : Civil War , and the 2018 films Black Panther and Avengers : Infinity War , set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . In 2011 , Black Panther was ranked 51st overall on IGN 's `` Top 100 Comic Books Heroes '' list . Contents 1 Concept and creation 1.1 Name 1.2 Publication history 2 Fictional character biography 2.1 Early life and background 2.2 Return to Wakanda 2.3 Marriage and passing the mantle 2.4 The Man Without Fear 2.5 Wakanda again 2.6 Incursions 2.7 Secret Wars 2.8 All - New , All - Different Marvel 3 Powers and abilities 4 Other Black Panthers 4.1 Bashenga 4.2 Chanda 4.3 T'Chaka 4.4 Erik Killmonger / N'Jadaka 4.5 S'Yan 4.6 Shuri 5 Enemies 6 Reception 6.1 Volume 3 6.2 Volume 4 7 Other versions 7.1 Earth - 355 7.2 Age of Ultron 7.3 Amalgam Comics 7.4 Avengers Forever 7.5 Civil War 7.6 Earth - 6606 7.7 Earth X 7.8 Exiles 7.9 Fox Kids 7.10 Mangaverse 7.11 Marvel 2099 7.12 Marvel Knights 2099 7.13 Marvel Zombies 7.14 MC2 7.15 Mutant X 7.16 Ultimate Marvel 8 In other media 8.1 Television 8.2 Film 8.2. 1 Live - action 8.2. 2 Animation 8.2. 3 Web 8.3 Video games 8.4 Role - playing games 9 Collected editions 9.1 Marvel Masterworks 9.2 Epic Collections 9.3 Volume 1 9.4 Miniseries 9.5 Volume 3 9.6 Volume 4 9.7 Volume 5 9.8 The Man Without Fear / The Most Dangerous Man Alive 9.9 Volume 6 9.10 Volume 7 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Concept and creation ( edit ) Name ( edit ) The Black Panther 's name predates the October 1966 founding of the Black Panther Party , though not the black panther logo of the party 's predecessor , the Lowndes County Freedom Organization ( LCFO ) , nor the segregated World War II Black Panthers Tank Battalion . Stan Lee , co-creator of the comic , denied that the comic , which pre-dates the political usage of the term , was , or could have been , named after any of the political uses of the term `` black panther '' , including the LCFO , citing `` a strange coincidence '' . He is the first black superhero in American mainstream comic books ; very few black heroes were created before him , and none with actual superpowers . These included the characters in the single - issue , low - distribution All - Negro Comics # 1 ( 1947 ) ; Waku , Prince of the Bantu , who starred in his own feature in the omnibus title Jungle Tales , from Marvel 's 1950s predecessor , Atlas Comics ; and the Dell Comics Western character Lobo , the first black person to star in his own comic book . Previous non-caricatured black supporting characters in comics include U.S. Army infantry private Gabriel Jones of Sgt . Fury and his Howling Commandos . In a guest appearance in Fantastic Four # 119 ( Feb. 1972 ) , the Black Panther briefly tried using the name Black Leopard to avoid connotations with the Party , but the new name did not last . The character 's name was changed back to Black Panther in Avengers # 105 , with T'Challa explaining that renaming himself made as much sense as altering the Scarlet Witch 's name , and he is not a stereotype . Co-creator Stan Lee recounted that the name was inspired by a pulp adventure hero who has a black panther as a helper . Jack Kirby 's original concept art for Black Panther used the concept name Coal Tiger . Publication history ( edit ) Following his debut in Fantastic Four # 52 -- 53 ( July -- Aug. 1966 ) and subsequent guest appearance in Fantastic Four Annual # 5 ( 1967 ) and with Captain America in Tales of Suspense # 97 -- 100 ( Jan. -- April 1968 ) , the Black Panther journeyed from the fictional African nation of Wakanda to New York City to join the titular American superhero team in The Avengers # 52 ( May 1968 ) , appearing in that comic for the next few years . During his time with the Avengers , he made solo guest - appearances in three issues of Daredevil , and fought Doctor Doom in Astonishing Tales # 6 -- 7 ( June & Aug. 1971 ) , in that supervillain 's short - lived starring feature . He received his first starring feature with Jungle Action # 5 ( July 1973 ) , a reprint of the Panther - centric story in The Avengers # 62 ( March 1969 ) . A new series began running the following issue , written by Don McGregor , with art by pencilers Rich Buckler , Gil Kane , and Billy Graham , and which gave inkers Klaus Janson and Bob McLeod some of their first professional exposure . The critically acclaimed series ran in Jungle Action # 6 -- 24 ( Sept. 1973 -- Nov. 1976 ) . One now - common format McGregor pioneered was that of the self - contained , multi-issue story arc . The first , `` Panther 's Rage '' , ran through the first 13 issues . Critic Jason Sacks has called the arc `` Marvel 's first graphic novel '' : ( T ) here were real character arcs in Spider - Man and the Fantastic Four ( comics ) over time . But ... `` Panther 's Rage '' is the first comic that was created from start to finish as a complete novel . Running in two years ' issues of Jungle Action ( # s 6 through 18 ) , `` Panther 's Rage '' is a 200 - page novel that journeys to the heart of the African nation of Wakanda , a nation ravaged by a revolution against its king , T'Challa , the Black Panther . The second and final arc , `` Panther vs. the Klan '' , ran as mostly 17 - page stories in Jungle Action # 19 -- 24 ( Jan. -- Nov. 1976 ) , except for issue # 23 , a reprint of Daredevil # 69 ( Oct. 1970 ) , in which the Black Panther guest - starred . The subject matter of the Ku Klux Klan was considered controversial in the Marvel offices at the time , creating difficulties for the creative team . African - American writer - editor Dwayne McDuffie said of the Jungle Action `` Black Panther '' feature : This overlooked and underrated classic is arguably the most tightly written multi-part superhero epic ever . If you can get your hands on it ... sit down and read the whole thing . It 's damn - near flawless , every issue , every scene , a functional , necessary part of the whole . Okay , now go back and read any individual issue . You 'll find seamlessly integrated words and pictures ; clearly introduced characters and situations ; a concise ( sometimes even transparent ) recap ; beautifully developed character relationships ; at least one cool new villain ; a stunning action set piece to test our hero 's skills and resolve ; and a story that is always moving forward towards a definite and satisfying conclusion . That 's what we should all be delivering , every single month . Don ( McGregor ) and company did it in only 17 story pages per issue . Cover of Jungle Action # 23 ( Sept. 1976 ) . Art by John Byrne and Dan Adkins . Though popular with college students , the overall sales of Jungle Action were low , and Marvel relaunched the Black Panther in a self - titled series , bringing in the character 's co-creator Jack Kirby -- newly returned to Marvel after having decamped to rival DC Comics for a time -- as writer , penciler , and editor . However , Kirby wanted to work on new characters and was unhappy at being assigned a series starring a character he had already worked with extensively . He left the series after only 12 issues and was replaced by Ed Hannigan ( writer ) , Jerry Bingham ( penciler ) , and Roger Stern ( editor ) . Black Panther ran 15 issues ( Jan. 1977 -- May 1979 ) . Due to the series 's cancellation , the contents of what would have been Black Panther # 16 -- 18 were published in Marvel Premiere # 51 -- 53 . A four - issue miniseries , Black Panther vol. 2 , ( July -- Oct. 1988 ) was written by Peter B. Gillis and penciled by Denys Cowan . McGregor revisited his Panther saga with Gene Colan in `` Panther 's Quest '' , published as 25 eight - page installments within the bi-weekly anthology series Marvel Comics Presents ( issues # 13 -- 37 , Feb. -- Dec. 1989 ) . He later teamed with artist Dwayne Turner in the square - bound miniseries Black Panther : Panther 's Prey ( Sept. 1990 -- March 1991 ) . McGregor conceived a fifth arc in his Black Panther saga , titled `` Panther 's Vows '' , but it failed to get off the ground . Writer Christopher Priest 's and penciller Mark Texeira 's 1998 series The Black Panther vol. 3 used Erik Killmonger , Venomm , and other characters introduced in `` Panther 's Rage '' , together with new characters such as State Department attorney Everett Ross ; the Black Panther 's adopted brother , Hunter ; and the Panther 's protégé , Queen Divine Justice . The Priest - Texeira series was under the Marvel Knights imprint in its first year . Priest said the creation of character Ross contributed heavily to his decision to write the series . `` I realized I could use Ross to bridge the gap between the African culture that the Black Panther mythos is steeped in and the predominantly white readership that Marvel sells to , '' adding that in his opinion , the Black Panther had been misused in the years after his creation . The last 13 issues ( # 50 -- 62 ) saw the main character replaced by a multiracial New York City police officer named Kasper Cole , with T'Challa relegated to a supporting character . This Black Panther , who became the White Tiger , was placed in the series The Crew , running concurrently with the final few Black Panther issues . The Crew was canceled with issue # 7 . In 2005 , Marvel began publishing Black Panther vol. 4 , which ran 41 issues ( April 2005 -- Nov. 2008 ) . It was initially written by filmmaker Reginald Hudlin ( through issue # 38 ) and penciled by John Romita , Jr. ( through # 6 ) . Hudlin said he wanted to add `` street cred '' to the title , although he noted that the book was not necessarily or primarily geared toward an African - American readership . As influences for his characterization of the character , Hudlin has cited comic character Batman , film director Spike Lee , and music artist Sean Combs . Other influences include historical figures such as 14th - century Mali Empire sultan Mansa Musa and 20th - century Jamaican activist Marcus Garvey , as well as Biblical figures such as Ham and Canaan . Black Panther vol. 5 launched in February 2009 , with Hudlin , again scripting , introducing a successor Black Panther , T'Challa's sister Shuri . Hudlin co-wrote issue # 7 with Jonathan Maberry , who then became the new writer , joined by artist Will Conrad . The Panther was also a featured player , with members of the Fantastic Four and the X-Men , in the Doctor Doom - based , six - issue miniseries Doomwar ( April -- Sept. 2010 ) . T'Challa then accepted an invitation from Matt Murdock , the superhero Daredevil , to become the new protector of New York City 's Hell 's Kitchen neighborhood . He became the lead character in Daredevil beginning with issue # 513 ( Feb. 2011 ) , when that series was retitled Black Panther : The Man Without Fear . Under writer David Liss and artist Francesco Francavilla , he took on the identity of Mr. Okonkwo , an immigrant from the Democratic Republic of the Congo , and becomes the owner of a small diner in order to be close to the people . A new Black Panther series written by Ta - Nehisi Coates and drawn by Brian Stelfreeze was launched in 2016 and continues to be published with Coates as the head writer . In 2017 , the afrofuturist writer Nnedi Okorafor wrote the series Black Panther : Long Live the King . Fictional character biography ( edit ) This section describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Early life and background ( edit ) Debut of the short - lived cowl mask on the cover of The Avengers # 52 ( May 1968 ) . Art by John Buscema . The Black Panther is the ceremonial title given to the chief of the Panther Tribe of the advanced African nation of Wakanda . In addition to ruling the country , he is also chief of its various tribes ( collectively referred to as the Wakandas ) . The Panther habit is a symbol of office ( head of state ) and is used even during diplomatic missions . The Panther is a hereditary title , but one must still earn it . In the distant past , a meteorite made of the ( fictional ) vibration - absorbing mineral vibranium crashed in Wakanda , and was unearthed . Reasoning that outsiders would exploit Wakanda for this valuable resource , the ruler , King T'Chaka , like his father and other Panthers before him , concealed his country from the outside world . T'Chaka's first wife N'Yami died while in labor with T'Challa , and his second wife Ramonda was taken prisoner by Anton Pretorius during a visit to her homeland of South Africa , so for most of his childhood T'Challa was raised by his father alone . T'Chaka was murdered by the adventurer Ulysses Klaw in an attempt to seize the vibranium mound . With his people still in danger , a young T'Challa used Klaw 's sound weapon on Klaw and his men , shattering Klaw 's right hand and forcing him to flee . T'Challa was next in line to be the king of Wakanda and Black Panther , but until he was ready to become the leader of the nation , his uncle S'yan ( T'Chaka's younger brother ) successfully passed the trials to become the Black Panther . While on his Wakandan walkabout rite of passage , T'Challa met and fell in love with apparent orphaned teen Ororo Munroe , who would grow up to become the X-Men member Storm . The two broke off their relationship due to his desire to avenge his father 's death and to become the type of man who could suitably lead Wakanda , but they would see each other over the years when they could . T'Challa earned the title and attributes of the Black Panther by defeating the various champions of the Wakandan tribes . One of his first acts was to disband and exile the Hatut Zeraze -- the Wakandan secret police -- and its leader , his adopted brother Hunter the White Wolf . He sold off small portions of vibranium to scientific institutions around the world , amassing a fortune which he used to arm himself with advanced technology . Later , to keep peace , he picked dora milaje ( `` adored ones '' ) from rival tribes to serve as his personal guard and ceremonial wives - in - training . He then studied abroad for a time before returning to his kingship . In his first published appearance , the now - adult T'Challa invites the American superhero team the Fantastic Four to Wakanda , then attacks and attempts to neutralize them individually in order to test himself to see if he is ready to battle Klaw , who had replaced his shattered right hand with a sonic weapon . For their part , the Four manage to rally and stymie T'Challa in a team counter-attack , enabling the impressed King to stand down and explain himself to the team 's satisfaction . After the ruler makes proper amends to the Four , they befriend and help T'Challa , and he in turn aids them against the supervillain the Psycho - Man . T'Challa later joins the Avengers , beginning a long association with that superhero team . He first battles the Man - Ape while with the group , and then meets the American singer Monica Lynne , with whom he becomes romantically involved . He helps the Avengers defeat the second Sons of the Serpent , and then reveals his true identity on American television . He encounters Daredevil , and reveals to him that he had deduced Daredevil 's true identity . Return to Wakanda ( edit ) After receiving numerous urgent official letters requesting him to return to his increasingly troubled homeland , the Panther eventually leaves his active Avengers membership to return to a Wakanda on the brink of civil war , bringing Lynne with him . After defeating would - be usurper Erik Killmonger and his minions , the Panther ventures to the American South to battle the Ku Klux Klan . He later gains possession of the mystical time - shifting artifacts known as King Solomon 's Frogs . These produce an alternate version of T'Challa from a future 10 years hence , a merry , telepathic Panther with a terminal brain aneurysm , whom T'Challa places in cryogenic stasis . Later , while searching for and finding his stepmother Ramonda , the Panther contends with South African authorities during Apartheid . T'Challa eventually proposes and becomes engaged to Monica Lynne , though the couple never marry . Years later , the Panther accepts a Washington , D.C. envoy , Everett K. Ross , and faces multiple threats to Wakanda 's sovereignty . Ross assists him in many of these threats . In gratitude , the Panther often risks much for Ross in return . The first threat he and Ross encounter is `` Xcon '' , an alliance of rogue intelligence agents backing a coup led by the Reverend Achebe . Afterward , Killmonger resurfaces with a plot to destroy Wakanda 's economy . This forces T'Challa to nationalize foreign companies . Killmonger then defeats him in ritual combat , thus inheriting the role of Black Panther , but falls into a coma upon eating the heart - shaped herb -- poisonous to anyone outside the royal bloodline , which had a hereditary immunity to its toxic effects . T'Challa preserves his rival 's life rather than allowing him to die . Later , T'Challa finds he has a brain aneurysm like his alternate future self , and succumbs to instability and hallucinations . After his mental state almost causes tribal warfare , the Panther hands power to his council and hides in New York City . There he mentors police officer Kasper Cole ( who had adopted an abandoned Panther costume ) , an experience that gives T'Challa the strength to face his illness , reclaim his position , and return to active membership in the Avengers , whom he helps secure special United Nations status . Marriage and passing the mantle ( edit ) Main article : Civil War ( comics ) The marriage of Storm and the Black Panther . Promotional art for Black Panther # 18 ( Sept. 2006 ) by Frank Cho . T'Challa recounts the story of his ascension as the Black Panther in the fourth volume of his eponymous comic book series . He defeated his uncle during the Black Panther celebration , and during his walkabout when he met and fell in love with a street urchin named Ororo in Cairo , Egypt . Unbeknownst to him the US government is planning a coup in order to get access to the vibranium . They allow Klaw to recruit a team of villains in order to support his totalitarian neighbor , Niganda . Klaw recruits Rhino , Black Knight , Batroc the Leaper , and Radioactive Man to lead the invasion . The US government then deploys an army of Deathloks to `` support '' T'Challa and justify an invasion , but T'Challa kills Klaw and Storm wipes out the Deathlok army in a hurricane . T'Challa then helps his old flame Ororo Munroe reunite with her surviving family members in Africa and the U.S. He shortly afterward proposes , and the two are married in a large Wakandan ceremony attended by many superheroes . One of the couple 's first tasks is to embark on a diplomatic tour , in which they visit the Inhumans , Doctor Doom , the President of the United States , and Namor , with only the last one ending well . After the death of Bill Foster , the Black Panther and Storm side with Captain America 's anti-registration forces . During the end battle between both sides , the Wakandan embassy in Manhattan is heavily damaged , though no Wakandans are hurt . After the confrontation , the Panther and Storm briefly fill in for vacationing Fantastic Four members Reed and Sue Richards before returning to Wakanda . Upon returning to Wakanda alone , leaving Storm in New York to aid the X-Men , Black Panther faces Erik Killmonger , defeating him with assistance from Monica Rambeau ( a.k.a. Pulsar ) . Afterward , Wakanda fends off the alien shapeshifters the Skrulls , who had infiltrated as part of their `` Secret Invasion '' plan to conquer Earth . Prince Namor attempts to recruit T'Challa for the Cabal , a secret council of supervillains . Attacked by the forces of fellow Cabal member Doctor Doom , T'Challa is left comatose . His sister Shuri is trained as the next Panther , with the mantle passing onto her officially after T'Challa awakens from his coma and attempts to recover from his injuries . In the aftermath , T'Challa loses all of his enhanced attributes given to him by being the panther totem . As a result , he works with his sorcerer , Zawavari , to accumulate a replacement . He has since made a pact with another unknown Panther deity , returning his attributes to an even higher level as well as placing incantations on his body , making himself highly resistant to most magic and mystic assaults . This has all been done in preparation for the imminent battle with Doctor Doom , which culminated in T'Challa rendering all of the processed vibranium inert to give his people a chance to rebuild without their dependence on the element . The Man without Fear ( edit ) After the events of `` Shadowland '' , Matt Murdock ( the superhero Daredevil ) asks T'Challa to replace him as guardian of Hell 's Kitchen , which gives T'Challa a chance to discover himself . With the help of Foggy Nelson , T'Challa assumes the identity of Mr. Okonkwo , an immigrant from the Congo and manager of a diner called Devil 's Kitchen , so that he can blend in and learn about the denizens as an ordinary man . He gets on well with two of the Kitchen 's staff : Sofija , a migrant from Serbia who was formerly involved in violent Serbian nationalism , and the busboy , Brian . He also gets to know some of the neighbors from his apartment block : Mr. Nantakarn and his son Alec , as well as Iris , a social worker assigned to handle cases of child abuse . T'Challa finds himself up against an ambitious new crime lord , Vlad Dinu , who styles himself `` The Impaler '' . He also seeks an understanding with the police through Detective Alex Kurtz . During an attempt by Vlad to terminate the Panther , Brian from the Devil 's Kitchen is seriously injured by an energy blast from Vlad , and is reported dead . The conflict between Vlad and the Panther becomes more personal , especially after Vlad discovers the Panther over his wife Angela dead from a gunshot wound . T'Challa learns that Iris was the serial shooter who killed abusers of children -- Gabe was abused secretly by Angela . Brian was kidnapped by his doctor , Dr. Holman , at the behest of Nicolae who wanted to use someone who received a dose of Vlad 's power . After being subjected to torturous experiments , Brian lost the ability to think for himself but was rescued by Gabe who also stole the serum produced from the experiment meant to endow the recipient with Vlad 's powers . The Panther obtains evidence of Vlad Dinu 's crimes as well as clues to Iris as the serial shooter , and turns the evidence over to Kurtz . Vlad kills his own son Nicolae before being subdued by the Panther . Gabe is arrested for attempting to take Iris ' life . Before being taken away , Gabe reveals to the Panther Brian 's fate . Though aware of the Panther 's identity as Mr. Okonkwo , both Iris and Sofija promise to keep silent . Wakanda again ( edit ) Shortly after Daredevil returns to Hell 's Kitchen , T'Challa returns to Wakanda , serving as a second to his sister , Shuri . In preparation for an upcoming attack on Wakanda as part of the Avengers vs. X-Men storyline , the Panther God returns T'Challa's abilities . Empowered by the Phoenix , Namor destroys Wakanda with a massive tidal wave . Returning to help , Storm is stunned when the Panther informs her that their marriage has been annulled . Incursions ( edit ) After witnessing an alternate Earth over Wakanda being destroyed by the Black Swan , T'Challa reforms the Illuminati -- with Beast replacing the now - deceased Charles Xavier -- to confront the threat of the Incursions , parallel universes colliding with each other to the destruction of both . Although able to avert one Incursion with the Infinity Gauntlet , the subsequent destruction of the Infinity Gems forces the group to decide to resort to more questionable measures to protect Earth from future Incursions , wiping Captain America 's mind so that he will not remember these events , allowing them to do `` what needs to be done '' . Although equipped with planet - destroying weapons to protect Earth , the Illuminati mostly become disgusted with the wholesale slaughter , until Namor breaks off from the group to form a new Cabal of villains to do what the heroes will not . Despite Namor 's Cabal achieving legitimacy as Earth 's protectors , Namor grew weary of the wholesale slaughter they carried out in the name of preserving their universe . Although he collaborated with the Illuminati in a plan to destroy the Cabal by trapping them on the next Earth to be destroyed , Black Panther and Black Bolt left him behind to die with the Cabal , disgusted at his earlier actions , although Namor and the Cabal escape to the Ultimate universe when the other Earth has a simultaneous Incursion . Secret Wars ( edit ) When the final Incursion occurs during the Secret Wars storyline , resulting in all realities collapsing into one Earth , Black Panther is one of the few heroes to survive the Incursion in a specially - designed `` life pod '' -- other survivors including Mister Fantastic , Star - Lord , Spider - Man , the new Thor , Captain Marvel and a Phoenix - enhanced Cyclops -- although they are only released into the new world after an eight - year stasis . Retrieved by Doctor Strange , they learn that Strange has assumed a role of `` sheriff '' to Doctor Doom , who has appointed himself the god of the new `` Battleworld '' created from the multiple realities . Although Doom effortlessly kills Cyclops , Strange protects the other heroes by dispersing them across Battleworld , with T'Challa and Namor eventually discovering a new version of the Infinity Gauntlet that Strange collected , ensuring that the Gems he found would work in the location where Doom built his main fortress . Recruiting the residents of the deadlands as an army , T'Challa marches on Doom at the same time as multiple other areas rebel against him through the encouragement of the heroes , but admits when Doom confronts him that he was only intended as a distraction while Reed targets Doom 's power source . As Reed takes Doom 's power and sets out to rebuild the multiverse , T'Challa uses the Time Gem to take himself back to Wakanda before the Incursions , proclaiming to his people that they will lead the way to the stars and explore new ideas . All - new , all - Different Marvel ( edit ) As part of the All - New , All - Different Marvel , Black Panther is a member of the Ultimates . During the Civil War II storyline , Black Panther represents Wakanda on the Alpha Flight Space Program 's Board of Governors . He sides with Captain Marvel on needing help from an Inhuman who can predict the possible future named Ulysses Kain . Black Panther and Shuri take part in the fight against the Leviathon Tide . During Hydra 's reign over the world led by Arnim Zola , Baron Zemo and Steve Rogers , Panther is captured for opposing this regime , and brought into a containing room . Once Panther and Zemo are alone , Winter Soldier rescues Panther . Panther entrusts the unconscious Zemo to Winter Soldier , while trailing Rogers and Zola into the secret lab . Panther finds out that Zola infused a brainwashed Captain America with a Cosmic Cube using a stolen Stark tech modified by Zola himself , and warns his allies to retreat from a Cosmic Cube - powered Steve Rogers , but is too late . Even though one of the heroes knows they can not defeat a Cosmic Cube - powered Supreme Hydra Rogers , Winter Soldier , Captain America ( Sam Wilson ) and Ant - Man ( Scott Lang ) trick Rogers by surrendering the last fragment of the cube to him . Winter Soldier and Ant - Man steal the cube from Rogers before he uses its full potential , and bring back Kobik and the real Steve Rogers . After the defeat of Supreme Hydra Steve Rogers , Black Panther establishes his quest to go across the universe with his people , and found an Intergalactic Empire of Wakanda on Planet Bast , located in the Benhazin Star System . Powers and abilities ( edit ) The title `` Black Panther '' is a rank of office , chieftain of the Wakandan Panther Clan . As chieftain , the Panther is entitled to consume a special heart - shaped herb which , in addition to his mystical , shamanistic connection with the Wakandan Panther God Bast , grants him superhumanly acute senses , enhanced strength , speed , agility , stamina , durability , healing , and reflexes . He has since lost this connection and forged a new one with another unknown Panther deity , granting him augmented physical attributes as well as a resistance to magic . His senses are so powerful that he can pick up a prey 's scent and memorize tens of thousands of individual ones . Following his war with Doom , T'Challa loses his enhanced abilities only to once again establish a connection with the Panther God . In addition to the resurgence of his now superhuman abilities , he is anointed `` King of the Dead '' , granting him the power and knowledge of all the past Black Panthers as well as the ability to control the Undead . After Battleworld and the resurgence of the Multiverse T'challa eventually showcased new powers in regards to his King of the Dead status , for not only could he reanimate the dead but summon departed spirits into the physical world with tangible form as well . Using these spiritual energies also enables him to conjure a mythical mystical spear of glowing blue energy to his hand . T'Challa worked with his sorcerer , Zawavari , to endow T'Challa with immunity to mystical attacks and detection in order to defeat Dr. Doom . When T'Challa's alchemical upgrade was tested by means of Wakanda 's most powerful acolytes attacking T'Challa in unison , each mystical attack was absorbed and only served to strengthen T'Challa . During these preparations , T'Challa invented a potent mystical - scientific hybrid art called `` shadow physics '' and was able to use it to craft shadow weapons and to track vibranium on a quantum level . As king of Wakanda , the Panther has access to a vast collection of magical artifacts , advanced Wakandan technological and military hardware , and the support of his nation 's wide array of scientists , warriors , and mystics . The Wakandan military has been described as one of the most powerful on Earth . His attire is the sacred vibranium costume of the Wakandan Panther Cult . He is a skilled hunter , tracker , strategist , politician , inventor , and scientist . He has a PhD in physics from Oxford University . He is proficient in physics and advanced technology , and is also an inventor . T'Challa has been granted the strength and knowledge of every past Black Panther . T'Challa is rigorously trained in acrobatics and hand - to - hand combat . He is skilled in various forms of unarmed combat , with a unique hybrid fighting style that incorporates acrobatics and aspects of animal mimicry . The chieftain of the Wakandan Panther Clan is one of the wealthiest people in the world , although financial estimates are difficult given Wakanda 's isolation from the world 's economy and the uncertain value of Wakanda 's vast vibranium reserves and extremely advanced technologies . In Black Panther volume 3 , writer Christopher Priest expanded the Panther 's day - to - day arsenal to include equipment such as an `` energy dagger '' , a vibranium - weave suit , and a portable supercomputer , the `` Kimoyo card '' . In Black Panther volume 4 , writer Reginald Hudlin introduced such specialized equipment as `` thrice - blessed armor '' and `` light armor '' for specific tasks , and for a short while outfitted him with the Ebony Blade of the Black Knight . Other Black Panthers ( edit ) Main article : List of Black Panther supporting characters The mantle of the Black Panther is passed down from generation to generation among the rulers of Wakanda although it must still be deserved through a severe selection involving the best warriors of the nation . Bashenga ( edit ) Bashenga appeared for the first time in Black Panther Vol. 1 # 7 ( January 1978 ) by Jack Kirby ( scripts and drawings ) . Wise warrior at the head of the Panther Tribe , according to legends , during the tumult where the vibranium meteorite fell on the soil of the village , then composed of various warring clans , he gathered all the aforementioned under his guide to defeating the inhabitants transformed by the impact into fierce `` demonic spirits '' , a company which has unified the nation by founding Wakanda and becoming its first ruler and the first to obtain the title of `` Black Panther '' as it tells of his `` spiritual connection '' with the Goddess Pantera Bast that led to the foundation of the Cult of the Panther . Chanda ( edit ) Chanda appeared for the first time in Fantastic Four Unlimited Vol. 1 # 1 ( March 1993 ) by Roy Thomas ( scripts ) and Herb Trimpe ( drawings ) . Black Panther and ruler of Wakanda during the Second World War , Chanda is the husband of Nanali and father of T'Chaka and S'Yan ; distinguished by an excessively good and compassionate nature , he welcomed the Nazi colonel Fritz Klaue after he crashed into his reign due to a plane crash . Over time , the two make a kind of friendship and Klaue develops a strong obsession with the culture of Wakanda coming to try to convince them to make their religion deist rather than spiritist , which causes a strong friction between him and Chanda culminating in the death of Nanali by the Nazi and in its subsequent expulsion from the country . In several subsequent stories , T'Chaka's father ( and husband of Nanali ) is called Azzuri the Wise and is presented in a completely different way from Chanda , leaving the doubt if it is only a sort of nickname or another character . T'Chaka ( edit ) Main article : T'Chaka T'Chaka appeared for the first time in Fantastic Four Vol. 1 # 53 ( August 1966 ) by Stan Lee ( script ) and Jack Kirby ( art ) . The eldest son of King Azzuri and Queen Nanali , T'Chaka inherits the throne and the title of the Black Panther on his father 's death by being helped in his monarch duties by his younger brother and trusted adviser S'Yan . After having married a woman named N'Yami , believing she can not have children , she adopts a child with her , Hunter , however , she later becomes pregnant and dies giving birth to her first child , T'Challa ; from the relationship with a woman of another tribe T'Chaka then has a second son , Jakarra , and finally remarries with Ramonda , a woman who grows her children as her own and from whom she has her only daughter , Shuri , but which subsequently disappears into nothingness , leading him to believe that he has abandoned it . To protect the kingdom , T'Chaka instituted a policy of strong isolationism , but in the course of his life he often collaborated with agents of the US government . He is killed by Ulysses Klaw after having surprised him to illegally extract vibranium in his kingdom . Erik Killmonger / N'Jadaka ( edit ) Main article : Erik Killmonger In Black Panther Vol. 3 # 15 ( February 2000 ) , Erik Killmonger challenges and beats T'Challa in a duel for the throne , overthrowing him as king of Wakanda and taking on the role as the Black Panther . He becomes comatose after attempting to ingest the Heart - shaped Herb to acquire the Black Panther 's powers , as he is not of royal blood . Killmonger 's time as king is short - lived however , as he is killed by Monica Rambeau during T'Challa's attack to reclaim Wakanda . S'Yan ( edit ) Main article : S'Yan S'Yan The Fast , appeared for the first time in Black Panther Vol. 4 # 2 ( May , 2005 ) by Reginald Hudlin ( scripts ) and John Romita Jr. ( drawings ) . The second son of King Azzuri and Queen Nanali , S'Yan is T'Chaka's younger and trusted advisor , after whose death , although he has no desire to reign , he agrees to ascend the throne until his nephew became an adult . Ironically , S'Yan , who has never wanted to be king , becomes one of the most beloved monarchs in the history of Wakanda but , nevertheless , when T'Challa returns home and obtains the title of Black Panther , he leaves with joy , returning to play the role of royal adviser . He died during the war with Latveria to defend Ramonda from the soldiers of Doctor Doom . Shuri ( edit ) Main article : Shuri ( comics ) When T'Challa ends up in a coma because of Doctor Doom , Shuri becomes his substitute as Black Panther and queen of Wakanda which , after the rise of her half - brother to `` king of the dead '' , creates for the first time in history two avatars of the Panther Goddess . Enemies ( edit ) Main article : List of Black Panther supporting characters Erik Killmonger - Erik Killmonger , born as N'Jadaka , first appeared in Jungle Action Vol 2 # 6 ( September , 1973 ) . He is a Wakandan native who is exiled from the kingdom after his father N'Jobu was killed by Klaw . N'Jadaka relocates to Harlem , New York , where he takes the name Erik Killmonger , and obtains an Engineering PhD at Massachusetts Institute of Technology . Killmonger applies Wakandan technology , tactical knowledge , and combat experience in his pursuit of vengeance on T'Challa for his exile , and on Klaw , for the murder of his father . Man - Ape - First appearing in Avengers Vol 1 # 62 ( March , 1969 ) , M'Baku is the leader of the Jabari people , one of several tribes in Wakanda . With the help of his White Gorilla Cult he plans to overthrow T'Challa and ban the use of all advanced technology in Wakanda , reverting the kingdom to a traditional and archaic age . He has hand - to - hand combat abilities , and acquires superhuman strength and durability , after performing a mystic ritual that involves killing and consuming the flesh of a white gorilla . Klaw - Ulysses Klaue , also known as Klaw , first appeared in Fantastic Four Vol 1 # 53 . A physicist with a deep desire to obtain Vibranium , Klaw is responsible for the murders of T'Challa's father , T'Chaka , and Killmonger 's father , N'Jobu . He is capable of transforming his body into a solid construct of living sound , thanks to a Vibranium device . He has a powerful sound - emitting device in place of his right hand , which was severed by T'Challa after witnessing his fathers death . His powers , technology , and genius - level intellect make him a formidable adversary to the Black Panther . Reception ( edit ) Black Panther was ranked the 79th greatest comic book character by Wizard magazine . IGN ranked the character the 51st greatest comic book hero , stating that Black Panther could be considered Marvel 's equivalent to Batman ; he was also ranked tenth in their list of `` The Top 50 Avengers '' . In 2013 , ComicsAlliance ranked the Black Panther as # 33 on their list of the `` 50 Sexiest Male Characters in Comics '' . Volume 3 ( edit ) Journalist Joe Gross praised Christopher Priest for his characterization of the Black Panther , stating , that the writer `` turned an underused icon into the locus of a complicated high adventure by taking the Black Panther to his logical conclusion . T'Challa ( the title character ) is the enigmatic ruler of a technologically advanced , slightly xenophobic African nation , so he acts like it '' . Gross applauded the title 's `` endless wit , sharp characterization , narrative sophistication and explosive splash panels '' . Comics reviewer and journalist Mike Sangiacomo , however , criticized the narrative structure . `` Christopher Priest 's fractured writing is getting on my nerves . Like the Spider - Man comics , I want to like Black Panther , but Priest 's deliberately jumbled approach to writing is simply silly . I know it 's a style , but does he have to do it every issue ? '' Reporter Bill Radford cited similar concerns when the title had just launched . `` I appreciate the notion of seeing the Black Panther through the eyes of an Everyman , but the Panther is almost relegated to secondary status in his own book . And Ross ' narration jumps around in time so much that I feel like his boss , who , in trying to get Ross to tell her what has happened , complains : ' This is like watching `` Pulp Fiction '' in rewind . My head is exploding . ' '' Volume 4 ( edit ) Publishers Weekly gave a negative review to the first arc , `` Who Is the Black Panther ? '' , a modern retelling of the character 's origin , saying , `` Hudlin 's take is caught between a rock and a hard place . His over-the - top narrative is not likely to appeal to fans of the most recent version of the character , but it 's too mired in obscure Marvel continuity to attract the more general reader . The plot manages to be convoluted without ever becoming absorbing '' . Journalist Shawn Jeffords , citing the lack of appearances of the title character in the first issue , called the new series a `` fairly unimpressive launch '' . Jeffords also said general - audience unfamiliarity was a hindrance . `` He 's never been a marquee character and to make him one will be tough '' . Other versions ( edit ) Earth - 355 ( edit ) T'Challa is Coal Tiger , Sersi kills the Avengers and Coal Tiger is the only survivor . Age of Ultron ( edit ) In the Age of Ultron story , Black Panther contacts the Fantastic Four and informs them that Ultron has invaded Earth with an army of Ultron Sentinels . Black Panther was later seen with Red Hulk and Taskmaster in Chicago spying on some Ultron Sentinels . When Taskmaster takes out a Sentinel that was sneaking up on him , alerting the other Sentinels , Red Hulk holds off the Sentinels while Black Panther and Taskmaster flee . During the mayhem , Black Panther falls several stories and breaks his neck , killing him instantly . Amalgam Comics ( edit ) Main article : List of Amalgam Comics characters Bronze Tiger is the ruler of Wakanda and is named B'Nchalla ; an amalgamation of the Bronze Tiger ( DC ) and the Black Panther ( Marvel ) . Avengers Forever ( edit ) In Avengers Forever , Captain America and Goliath visit an alternate future timeline where Martian invaders have ravaged the Earth . An aged Black Panther leads this reality 's version of the Avengers , who consist of Jocasta , Living Lightning , Killraven , Crimson Dynamo and Thundra . Civil War ( edit ) In an alternate reality where the Civil War between Iron Man and Captain America never ended , Black Panther was killed alongside Maria Hill after activating Prison 42 's self - destruct mechanism . He is succeeded by his son , Azari , who takes on the Black Panther name . It is later revealed that the Black Panther who destroyed Prison 42 was actually Queen Veranke of the shape - shifting alien Skrull race , who had stolen T'Challa's identity in order to manipulate and prolong the Civil War to suit her own needs . Earth - 6606 ( edit ) T'Challa is Chieftain Justice , a Captain Britain Corps member , in Excalibur # 44 ( 1991 ) . Earth X ( edit ) In the alternate universe of Earth X , T'Challa has been affected by the mutative event that drives the plot . Like most of humanity , he is mutated ; in this case to become a humanoid black panther . He is entrusted with the Cosmic Cube by Captain America , who knows that T'Challa would be the only one to resist using it and to never give it back if asked . In fact , Captain America does ask for it back and T'Challa is forced to refuse . Exiles ( edit ) An alternate version of Black Panther , called simply `` Panther '' , is drafted onto the interdimensional superhero team the Exiles . The Panther is the son of T'Challa and Storm and named T'Chaka , after his grandfather . Originating from Earth - 1119 , he was ambushed by Klaw while examining some ruins . Caught in Klaw 's blast , the Panther was plucked out of time and placed on the team . Unlike the stoic 616 - Black Panther , The Panther is a wisecracking flirt . After his assumed death on Earth - 1119 , his sister took up the mantle of Black Panther . Fox kids ( edit ) The Black Panther appears in issues # 1 and # 6 -- 7 of Marvel Comics / Fox Kids comic book series based on the TV show The Avengers : United They Stand . Mangaverse ( edit ) T'Challa appears in Marvel Mangaverse Volume 2 as a man with a pet panther . When summoning the spirits , T'Challa and his panther combine to become the Black Panther . He also became The Falcon . This Black Panther found himself the object of affection of the Mangaverse version of Tigra . T'Challa's sister , T'Chana , reveals herself to be this universe 's Doctor Doom . Marvel 2099 ( edit ) In the Marvel 2099 continuity , a greatly weakened Wakanda is soon to be governed by its princess , Okusana . Fearing that she is not ready , she requests Doom 's help in resurrecting Thandaza , her grandfather and a former Black Panther . Doom ( who claims to have agreed to the proposal out of respect for T'Challa ) and the Wakandan scientists revive Thandaza in a cyberbetic body made from vibranium , but the plan goes awry when Mkhalali , the current Panther Guard , opens fire on Thandaza , believing his resurrection to be an abomination . The attack throws off the calibrations and leaves Thandaza in a maddened state and constant pain , causing him to go on a bloody rampage . Doom is ultimately forced to kill Thandaza , who thanks him for ending his suffering . Marvel Knights 2099 ( edit ) Black Panther was featured in the Marvel Knights 2099 one shots , which were not tied to the main 2099 continuity . A new Black Panther , K'Shamba , rose to fight and thwart the mounting invasions by the successor of Doom . While the victory over the new Doom appeared triumphant , the new Wakandan king was ultimately revealed to be a puppet of Doom . Marvel Zombies ( edit ) Black Panther is , for the most part , one of the few uninfected superheroes in the alternate - universe series Marvel Zombies , where he is kept as a food supply for the Zombie Giant - Man , who keeps the Panther imprisoned and cuts off various limbs so that he can maintain his intelligence via a ready access to fresh meat without infecting Panther with the zombie `` virus '' . Despite having lost half of his right arm and his left foot , the Panther escapes -- with the severed head of zombified superheroine the Wasp in tow -- and joins forces with the mutant group the Acolytes . While with the Acolytes , T'Challa briefly talks with his Earth - 616 counterpart , where he expresses surprise at his marriage to Storm but offers him all the information he can provide about the zombie plague . Decades later , T'Challa has married one of the Acolytes , Lisa Hendricks , and they have a son , with Forge having provided T'Challa with artificial limbs to compensate for his injuries . Facing retirement , the Panther is stabbed and critically wounded by an agent of an Acolyte splinter group , and the Wasp -- now a willing ally after having lost her zombie hunger -- zombifies the Panther in order to grant him continued existence . With the Wasp 's help , he survives to the post-hunger stage himself and continues to lead his people , despite his status . Further internal betrayal lead the Black Panther and many of his allies to be tossed through the dimensions . He ends up involved with another Earth that is threatened by the zombie virus . His attempts to save this new planet fail and he is destroyed , leaving only one hand displayed as a trophy by his enemies . MC2 ( edit ) In the MC2 universe , Black Panther has a son named T'Chaka II , who joined the A-Next as the Coal Tiger . Mutant X ( edit ) In the Mutant X reality , Black Panther had the appearance of a humanoid black panther . He is among the second wave of heroes who died fighting the Beyonder . Ultimate Marvel ( edit ) Promotional art for Ultimate Captain America Annual # 1 ( Dec. 2008 ) , by Brandon Peterson . In the alternate - reality Ultimate Marvel imprint , the Black Panther is T'Challa Udaku , a young man who is experimented on in the Weapon X program before being liberated by Nick Fury . T'Challa , the younger son of King T'Chaka of Wakanda , is severely injured during the `` Trial of the Panther '' from which the protector of the nation is selected . His older brother M'Baku finds T'Challa bloodied , mute , and near death but derisively calls him a fool for attempting the trial . Later , M'Baku adds that he , not T'Challa , should have taken the trial . Angry that his father has decided to share Wakanda 's technology in exchange for America 's help in saving T'Challa's life , M'Baku leaves the kingdom . To save T'Challa , T'Chaka turns him over to the Weapon X program . Over a year later , a healthy T'Challa , in his full Black Panther garb , has enhanced speed , strength , night vision , and healing ability . Additionally , he can summon short , cat - like Adamantium claws from his knuckles by balling his hands into fists . T'Chaka becomes outraged upon learning that S.H.I.E.L.D. ( who had shut down Weapon X and freed T'Challa ) now considers his son an asset of the U.S. and S.H.I.E.L.D. He subsequently sends M'Baku a letter , claiming that M'Baku , not T'Challa , is the titular `` favorite son '' , and he implores M'Baku to return . Fury has Captain America train and mentor the Panther , who reveals his damaged throat . Captain America , sympathizing for the Panther 's plight , encourages Fury to place the Panther in the superhero team the Ultimates . This turns out to be a ruse in which Captain America impersonates the Panther , allowing T'Challa to escape and return home to Wakanda . Captain America later impersonates Black Panther during an Ultimates confrontation with the Juggernaut . After Ultimatum , Black Panther joins the New Ultimates . In other media ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Marvel Animation and BET began producing a primetime animated series called `` Black Panther '' . Djimon Hounsou was cast as the voice of T'Challa / Black Panther . The series is produced in motion comic style . The world premiere of the show was in Australia , on ABC 3 on January 16 , 2010 . The series premiered online in the US on June 23 , 2010 , and was released on DVD in the US in January 2011 . The Black Panther in the 1994 Fantastic Four animated series . Black Panther appeared in the `` Prey of the Black Panther '' episode of the 1994 Fantastic Four animated TV series , voiced by Keith David . He enlists the Fantastic Four to help him save Wakanda from the invasion of Klaw . He makes a cameo appearance in later episode `` Hopelessly Impossible '' . The Black Panther had a non-speaking cameo in the X-Men TV series . In The Avengers : United They Stand , a portrait of the Black Panther hangs in Avengers Mansion in Episode 1 . While the Black Panther does not appear in the animated series , he does appear in the comic book series based on the show . T'Challa / Black Panther appears in Iron Man : Armored Adventures , voiced by Jeffrey Bowyer - Chapman . As seen in `` Panther 's Prey '' , he wears panther - like armor and his father was killed by Moses Magnum . He returns in the episode `` Line of Fire '' and the series finale `` The Makluan Invasion '' Parts I and II . T'Challa / Black Panther appears in The Super Hero Squad Show , voiced by Taye Diggs . As seen in the episode `` Tremble at the Might of MODOK '' , he is in a relationship with Storm . Black Panther appears in The Avengers : Earth 's Mightiest Heroes , voiced by James C. Mathis III . His origin is told in the episode `` The Man in the Ant Hill '' where he becomes Black Panther after Man - Ape killed T'Chaka in combat with some unseen help from Klaw . In the episode `` Panther 's Quest '' , he made himself known to the Avengers and joins them . However , in the episode `` Who Do You Trust ? '' , he leaves the team due to his uncertainty of his teammates and his need to protect Wakanda from the Skrulls . He rejoins the team in the episode `` Behold ... The Vision ! '' after a battle with Vision . He was thought dead in the episode `` Operation Galactic Storm '' when he drove a Kree ship into the sun . However , just as the ship is about to crash , Panther uses its teleporter to take him to a Kree ship on the other side of the wormhole . On the Kree ship , he steals a smaller ship , and follows the Avengers down to Hala . Panther rescued Iron Man , Vision , Hawkeye , and Thor from a monster , and helped them free the others . He then travels back to Earth with them . T'Challa / Black Panther appears in episode 29 of the Japanese anime series Marvel Disk Wars : The Avengers , voiced by Mahito Ōba . He appears in subsequent episodes as Jessica 's `` second hero '' . Black Panther appears in the Avengers Assemble animated series , with James C. Mathis III reprising the role . Introduced in the show 's third season Avengers : Ultron Revolution , T'Challa was first seen speaking before an assembly about Wakanda when Crossbones attacks in order to take out T'Challa . After becoming Black Panther and helping Captain America to take out Crossbones , T'Challa makes off with Captain America 's shield claiming that it was stolen property . This leads Captain America to bring Iron Man , Hawkeye , and Thor to Wakanda in order to reclaim it . During the confrontation , Black Panther claims that Howard Stark stole vibranium in order to make Captain America 's shield . To make matters worse , Ulysses Klaue appears where he makes off with Captain America 's shield upon using a sound attack on the group . Both sides work to find Klaue as Captain America states to Black Panther that T'Chaka gave the vibranium for Stark to make into Captain America 's shield . Tracking him to a hideout in the Himalayas , the Avengers and Black Panther engage Klaue in an armor made out of vibranium . With a special tactic , the Avengers and Black Panther were able to knock Klaue out of the armor as Black Panther plans to make Ulysses Klaue answer for his crimes . With Klaue 's vibranium armor in Wakandan custody , Black Panther changes his opinion of the Avengers and is offered reserve membership into the group . In the show 's fourth season Avengers : Secret Wars , Black Panther becomes the new leader of the All - New , All - Different Avengers ( consisting of himself , Captain Marvel , Ant - Man , Wasp , Vision , and Ms. Marvel ) after the original team disappears . On July 22 , 2017 , Marvel renewed Avengers Assemble for a fifth season titled Avengers : Black Panther 's Quest centering around T'Challa . Film ( edit ) Live - Action ( edit ) Chadwick Boseman as Black Panther in Captain America : Civil War . Chadwick Boseman portrays T'Challa within the Marvel Cinematic Universe , first appearing in Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) . In the film , he is shown displaying enhanced speed , agility , strength , and durability , which he gains from ingesting the heart - shaped herb , as in the comics . His suit has retractable claws and is made of a vibranium weave , which can deflect heavy machine gun fire . As of the 2018 film Black Panther , he wears a new variant of the suit that can absorb kinetic energy ( represented as purple highlights ) and release it as a purple shockwave after enough has been amassed . It can also fold into a silver necklace . During the events of Civil War , motivated by revenge for his father 's death during the UN signing of the Sokovian Accords in the aftermath of Avengers : Age of Ultron , T'Challa joins Iron Man 's faction to oppose Captain America as he is protecting the Winter Soldier who was implicated for the attack . But T'Challa learns the bombing attack was actually arranged by Helmut Zemo to orchestrate his own revenge on the Avengers for inadvertently creating the Sokovia crisis which killed his family . After hearing Zemo 's confession as he succeeded in turning Stark and Rogers against each other , T'Challa renounces his revenge while preventing Zemo 's suicide and handing him over to Everett K. Ross . T'Challa grants Rogers and Barnes sanctuary in Wakanda while also aiding in the latter 's recovery from his Hydra brainwashing . Boseman reprises the role in Black Panther ( 2018 ) . By October 2015 , Joe Robert Cole was in final negotiations to write the film 's script . In January 2016 , it was announced that Ryan Coogler had been hired to direct the film , and was later revealed to be co-writing the script with Cole . Filming began in January 2017 at Pinewood Studios in Atlanta , Georgia . The film was released on February 16 , 2018 . During the film 's storyline , after completing the ritual of succession , T'Challa finds himself dealing with opposition to his new position from various fronts . Boseman appears as Black Panther again in Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) . In the film , T'Challa , Steve Rogers , Bucky , the rest of the Avengers and a few members of the Guardians of the Galaxy try to defend Wakanda from the oncoming onslaught of Thanos , who seeks to claim all the Infinity Stones to destroy half of the sentient universe . When his plan succeeds , many of Earth 's citizens and the Avengers start to disintegrate , with T'Challa being among them . Boseman will return in the fourth Avengers movie ( 2019 ) . Animation ( edit ) Black Panther appears in the direct - to - DVD animated feature Ultimate Avengers 2 ( 2006 ) as a central character , voiced by Jeffrey D. Sams . In the direct - to - DVD film , Next Avengers : Heroes of Tomorrow , T'Challa has a son with Storm named Azari . Black Panther was called one last time to fight with the Avengers against the robot Ultron ... but Black Panther did not survive . It is unknown what happened to Storm , for after the Battle with Ultron , Tony Stark ( Iron Man ) raised Azari along with the children of the fallen members of the Avengers . Black Panther appears in the 2014 animated motion comic movie Marvel Knights : Wolverine vs. Sabretooth . When Wolverine winds up in Africa , Black Panther and Storm assist him . On October 9 , 2017 , Black Panther : Trouble in Wakanda was announced . Web ( edit ) In 2016 , Disney XD launched on its YouTube channel the motion comic `` Black Panther in ... The Visitor '' . Video games ( edit ) Black Panther is a playable character in Marvel : Ultimate Alliance , voiced by Phil LaMarr . Black Panther is an NPC in Marvel : Ultimate Alliance 2 , voiced by Tim Russ . He is playable in Vicarious Visions ( Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 , later also PlayStation 4 , Xbox One and PC ) versions and originally as a downloadable character for PS3 and Xbox 360 . Black Panther appears as an NPC in Storm 's ending for Marvel vs. Capcom 3 : Fate of Two Worlds . Black Panther is a playable character in Marvel Super Hero Squad Online . Black Panther is a playable character in the Facebook game Marvel : Avengers Alliance . Black Panther was a playable character in the MMORPG Marvel Heroes , voiced by James C. Mathis III . Black Panther appears as a playable character in Lego Marvel Super Heroes , voiced by John Eric Bentley . Black Panther is a playable character in Marvel Avengers Alliance Tactics . Black Panther is a playable character in Marvel Contest of Champions . Black Panther is a playable character in Marvel Mighty Heroes . Black Panther is a playable character in Marvel Future Fight . Black Panther is a playable character in Disney Infinity 3.0 . The MCU version of Black Panther is a playable character in Lego Marvel 's Avengers . He is a DLC character available in the `` Civil War '' pack . A DLC pack based on Classic Black Panther was later released for the game . Classic Black Panther appears as the main playable character of the pack along with several other supporting characters and villains and his Skybike . Black Panther appears as a playable character in Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2 . Black Panther appears as a downloadable character in Marvel vs. Capcom : Infinite , with James C. Mathis III reprising his role . Black Panther appears as a playable character in Marvel Strike Force . Role - playing games ( edit ) Black Panther appears in the 1984 role - playing game based on Marvel characters , Marvel Super Heroes . He also appears in all subsequent updates and versions . Collected editions ( edit ) Marvel Masterworks ( edit ) Title Material collected Year ISBN Marvel Masterworks : Black Panther Volume 1 Jungle Action # 6 -- 24 ISBN 978 - 0785141990 Marvel Masterworks : Black Panther Volume 2 Black Panther # 1 -- 15 , Marvel Premiere # 51 -- 53 , back - up story from Marvel Team - Up # 100 2016 ISBN 978 - 1302900205 Epic Collections ( edit ) Title Material collected Year ISBN Black Panther Epic Collection Volume 1 : Panther 's Rage Fantastic Four # 52 -- 53 , Jungle Action # 6 -- 24 2016 ISBN 978 - 1302901905 Black Panther Epic Collection Volume 2 : Revenge of the Black Panther Black Panther ( Vol. 1 , 1977 ) # 1 - 15 , Marvel Premiere # 51 - 53 , Black Panther ( Vol. 2 , 1988 ) # 1 - 4 , and material from Marvel Team - Up # 100 2019 ISBN 978 - 1302915421 Volume 1 ( edit ) Title Material collected Year ISBN Black Panther by Jack Kirby Volume 1 Black Panther # 1 -- 7 2005 ISBN 978 - 0785116875 Black Panther by Jack Kirby Volume 2 Black Panther # 8 -- 13 2006 ISBN 978 - 0785120698 Miniseries ( edit ) Title Material collected Year ISBN Black Panther : Panther 's Quest Material from Marvel Comics Presents # 13 - 37 2018 ISBN 978 - 1302908034 Volume 3 ( edit ) Title Material collected Year ISBN Black Panther Vol. 1 : The Client Black Panther Volume 3 # 1 -- 5 978 - 0785107897 Black Panther Vol. 2 : Enemy of the State Black Panther Volume 3 # 6 -- 12 2002 978 - 0785108290 Black Panther by Christopher Priest : The Complete Collection Volume 1 Black Panther vol. 3 # 1 -- 17 2015 978 - 0785192671 Black Panther by Christopher Priest : The Complete Collection Volume 2 Black Panther vol. 3 # 18 -- 35 , Deadpool Vol. 3 # 44 2015 978 - 0785198116 Black Panther by Christopher Priest : The Complete Collection Volume 3 Black Panther vol. 3 # 36 -- 49 , # 57 -- 58 ; Incredible Hulk vol. 3 # 33 ; Thor vol. 1 # 370 material from Marvel Double - Shot 2 2016 978 - 0785195085 Black Panther by Christopher Priest : The Complete Collection Volume 4 Black Panther vol. 3 # 50 -- 56 , # 59 -- 62 ; The Crew 1 -- 7 2016 978 - 1302900588 Volume 4 ( edit ) Title Material collected Year ISBN Black Panther : Who is the Black Panther ? Black Panther vol. 4 # 1 -- 6 2006 978 - 0785120483 House of M : World of M Featuring Wolverine Wolverine vol. 3 # 33 -- 35 , Black Panther vol. 4 # 7 , Captain America vol. 5 # 10 , The Pulse # 10 . 2006 978 - 0785119227 X-Men / Black Panther : Wild Kingdom Black Panther vol. 4 # 8 -- 9 , X-Men vol. 2 # 175 -- 176 2006 978 - 0785117896 Black Panther : Bad Mutha Black Panther vol. 4 # 10 -- 13 2006 978 - 0785117506 Black Panther : The Bride Black Panther vol. 4 # 14 -- 18 2006 978 - 0785121077 Black Panther : Civil War Black Panther vol. 4 # 19 -- 25 2007 978 - 0785122357 Black Panther : Four the Hard Way Black Panther vol. 4 # 26 -- 30 2007 978 - 0785126553 Black Panther : Little Green Men Black Panther vol. 4 # 31 -- 34 2008 978 - 0785126577 Black Panther : Back To Africa Black Panther vol. 4 # 35 -- 38 , Annual # 1 2008 978 - 0785124528 Black Panther : Secret Invasion Black Panther vol. 4 # 39 -- 41 2008 978 - 0785133971 Black Panther by Reginald Hudlin : The Complete Collection Vol. 1 Black Panther vol. 4 # 1 -- 18 , X-Men vol. 2 # 175 -- 176 2017 978 - 1302907716 Black Panther by Reginald Hudlin : The Complete Collection Vol. 2 Black Panther vol. 4 # 19 -- 34 , Annual vol. 4 # 1 2018 978 - 1302909475 Black Panther by Reginald Hudlin : The Complete Collection Vol. 3 Black Panther vol. 4 # 35 -- 41 , Black Panther vol. 5 # 1 -- 6 , Black Panther / Captain America : Flags of Our Fathers 1 -- 4 , Black Panther Saga 2018 978 - 1302910358 Volume 5 ( edit ) Title Material collected Year ISBN Black Panther : The Deadliest of the Species Black Panther vol. 5 , # 1 -- 6 2009 978 - 0785133421 Black Panther : Power Black Panther vol. 5 , # 7 -- 12 978 - 0785138617 Doomwar Doomwar # 1 -- 6 2011 978 - 0785147152 Black Panther : Doomwar Black Panther vol. 5 , # 7 -- 12 , Doomwar # 1 -- 6 , Klaws of the Panther # 1 -- 4 , Material from Age of Heroes # 4 2017 978 - 1302904166 The Man Without Fear / The Most Dangerous Man Alive ( edit ) Title Material collected Year ISBN Black Panther : The Man Without Fear : Urban Jungle Black Panther : The Man Without Fear # 513 -- 518 material from the X-Men Curse of the Mutants Spotlight 2011 978 - 0785145233 Black Panther : The Man Without Fear : Fear Itself Black Panther : The Man Without Fear # 519 -- 523 , Black Panther : The Most Dangerous Man Alive # 524 2012 978 - 0785152064 Black Panther -- The Most Dangerous Man Alive : The Kingpin of Wakanda Black Panther : The Most Dangerous Man Alive # 523.1 , 525 -- 529 2012 978 - 0785160373 Black Panther : The Man Without Fear -- The Complete Collection Black Panther : The Man Without Fear # 513 -- 523 , Black Panther : The Most Dangerous Man Alive # 523.1 , 524 -- 529 2018 978 - 1302907723 Volume 6 ( edit ) Title Material collected Year ISBN Black Panther : A Nation Under Our Feet Book 1 Black Panther Vol. 6 # 1 -- 4 , Fantastic Four Vol. 1 # 52 2016 978 - 1302900533 Black Panther : A Nation Under Our Feet Book 2 Black Panther Vol. 6 # 5 -- 8 2017 978 - 1302900540 Black Panther : A Nation Under Our Feet Book 3 Black Panther Vol. 6 # 9 -- 12 2017 978 - 1302901912 Black Panther Book 4 : Avengers of the New World Part 1 Black Panther Vol. 6 # 13 -- 18 2017 978 - 1302906498 Black Panther Book 5 : Avengers of the New World Part 2 Black Panther Vol. 6 # 166 - 172 2018 978 - 1302909888 Black Panther Vol. 1 Black Panther Vol. 6 # 1 -- 12 2017 978 - 1302904159 Black Panther Vol. 2 : Avengers of the New World Black Panther Vol. 6 # 13 - 18 , 166 - 172 2018 978 - 1302908959 Black Panther : World of Wakanda Black Panther : World of Wakanda # 1 -- 6 2017 978 - 1302906504 Black Panther & the Crew : We Are the Streets Black Panther & the Crew # 1 -- 6 2017 978 - 1302908324 Rise of the Black Panther Rise of the Black Panther # 1 - 6 2018 978 - 1302908843 Volume 7 ( edit ) Title Material collected Year ISBN Black Panther Book 6 Black Panther vol. 7 # 1 - 6 2019 978 - 1302912932 See also ( edit ) African characters in comics American comic books Comics portal Speculative fiction portal Superhero fiction portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` IGN 's Top 100 Comic Book Heroes : # 51 Black Panther '' . 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Jump up ^ `` AOTF -- Attack of the Fan Boy Ant - Man , Black Panther and Vision Get Leaked in Disney 3.0 '' . Jump up ^ Gerding , Stephen ( January 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Ant - Man , ' ' Captain America : Civil War ' Characters Join ' LEGO Marvel 's Avengers ' '' . Comic Book Resources . Jump up ^ Paget , Mat ( March 17 , 2016 ) . `` Lego Avengers DLC Season Pass Detailed '' . Gamespot . Jump up ^ `` LEGO Marvel Super Heroes 2 Coming This Fall '' . News - Marvel.com . Jump up ^ `` Marvel vs. Capcom : Infinite story mode demo out now on PS4 and XB1 , trailer shows several new characters '' . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( March 28 , 2018 ) . `` Drax hilariously takes center stage in new MARVEL Strike Force trailer '' . Jump up ^ classicmarvel.com , Aunt Petunia . `` Marvel Heroes Classic Roleplaying Game -- Marvel RPG '' . classicmarvelforever.com . External links ( edit ) Black Panther at the Marvel Universe wiki Black Panther at the Marvel Directory Black Panther at the Comic Book DB World of Black Heroes : Black Panther -- T'challa Biography Black Panther Stan Lee Jack Kirby Black Panthers T'Chaka T'Challa Kasper Cole Shuri Supporting characters Avengers Blade Brother Voodoo Captain America Dora Milaje Eden Fesi Everett K. 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when did stan lee write the black panther

Black Panther Art by Gabriele Dell'Otto Publication information Publisher Marvel Comics First appearance Fantastic Four # 52 ( July 1966 ) Created by Stan Lee Jack Kirby In - story information Full name T'Challa Place of origin Wakanda , Africa Team affiliations Fantastic Four Avengers Fantastic Force Ultimates Partnerships Storm Shuri Notable aliases King of the Dead Mr. Okonkwo Abilities Black Panther Knowledge : T'Challa has the power to draw all the knowledge , strength , and every experience from every previous Black Panther Enhanced strength , speed , durability , and senses Genius Intelligence Master Martial Artist Master Tactician and Strategist Master Inventor Utilizes vibranium suit and equipment

2018 FIFA World Cup broadcasting rights - wikipedia 2018 FIFA World Cup broadcasting rights Television camera filming Serbia versus Brazil in Group E . FIFA , through several companies , sold the broadcasting rights for the 2018 FIFA World Cup to the following broadcasters . Television ( edit ) Country / Region Broadcaster Ref . Afghanistan ATN Albania RTSH Andorra TF1 , France Télévisions , TVE , beIN Sports Angola TPA , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Argentina TV Pública , TyC Sports , DirecTV Armenia ARMTV Australia SBS , Optus Sport Austria ORF , OE24 , DAZN Azerbaijan İTV , AzTV Bangladesh BTV , Maasranga TV , Nagorik TV , Sony Pictures Networks Bahamas ZNS , DirecTV Belarus BTRC Belgium VRT , RTBF Benin ORTB , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Bermuda BBC , DirecTV Bhutan Sony Pictures Networks Bolivia Unitel , Red Uno , DirecTV Bosnia and Herzegovina BHRT Brazil Globo , SporTV , Fox Sports Brunei Astro Bulgaria BNT Burkina Faso RTB , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Cambodia CBS Cameroon CRTV , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Canada CBC , Sportsnet , TVA Sports Chad ORTNV , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Chile Canal 13 , TVN , Mega , DirecTV , Movistar China CCTV , Migu , Youku Colombia Caracol TV , RCN TV , DirecTV Congo Télé Congo , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Costa Rica Teletica , Sky , Movistar Côte d'Ivoire RTI , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Croatia HRT Cuba ICRT Cyprus CyBC Czech Republic ČT Denmark DR , TV 2 Dominica Sky , DirecTV Dominican Republic Antena 7 , Sky Ecuador RTS , DirecTV El Salvador TCS , Sky Estonia ERR Faroe Islands DR , TV 2 Finland Yle France TF1 , France Télévisions , beIN Sports Gabon RTG , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Gambia GRTS , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Germany ARD , ZDF , Sky Sport , DAZN Georgia GPB Ghana GBC , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Greece ERT Greenland DR , TV 2 Guatemala TV Azteca , Tigo Sports , Sky , Movistar Guinea RTG , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Honduras TVC , Sky , Movistar Hong Kong ViuTV , Now TV Hungary MTVA Iceland RÚV India Jio TV , AirTel TV , Sony Pictures Networks Indonesia Trans Media , K - Vision , SuperPass , USeeTV Iran IRIB , beIN Sports Ireland RTÉ Israel KAN , Keshet , Sport 5 , Charlton Italy Mediaset Jamaica TVJ , DirecTV Japan NHK , NTV , TV Asahi , TBS , Fuji TV Kazakhstan Qazaqstan Kenya NTV , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Kosovo RTK Kyrgyzstan KTRK Laos TVLAO Latvia LTV Lebanon Télé Liban , beIN Sports Liechtenstein SRG SSR Lithuania LRT Macau TDM Madagascar ORTM , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Malaysia Astro , RTM Maldives PSM , Sony Pictures Networks Mali Africable , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Malta PBS Mauritius MBC , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Mexico Televisa , TV Azteca , Sky México Moldova TRM Monaco TF1 , France Télévisions , beIN Sports Mongolia NTV , MNB Montenegro RTCG Morocco SNRT , beIN Sports Mozambique TVM , TV Miramar , TV Sucesso , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Myanmar Skynet Sports Namibia NBC , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Nepal NTV , Kantipur TV , Sony Pictures Networks Netherlands NOS New Zealand Sky Sport Nicaragua Ratensa , Sky , Movistar Niger ORTN , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Nigeria NTA , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ North Korea KCTV Norway NRK , TV 2 Pakistan PTV , Sony Pictures Networks Panama Corporación Medcom , Televisora Nacional , Sky , Movistar Papua New Guinea EM TV , Sky Pacific Paraguay SNT , Telefuturo , TyC , DirecTV Peru Latina , DirecTV Philippines ABS - CBN Poland TVP , NC+ Portugal RTP , SIC , SportTV Romania TVR Rwanda RBA , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Russia Perviy Kanal , VGTRK , Match TV San Marino Mediaset Senegal RTS , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Serbia RTS Seychelles SBC , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Singapore Mediacorp , Singtel , StarHub Slovakia RTVS Slovenia RTVSLO Solomon Islands Our Telekom , Sky Pacific South Africa SABC , SuperSport , StarTimes South Korea KBS , MBC , SBS Spain TVE Sri Lanka Sri Lanka Rupavahini Corporation , Sony Pictures Networks Suriname SCCN , DirecTV Sweden SVT , TV4 Switzerland SRG SSR , DAZN Taiwan ELTA , CTS Tajikistan Varzish TV Tanzania TBC , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Thailand TrueVisions , Channel 5 , Amarin TV Timor Leste ETO Telco Togo TVT , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Trinidad & Tobago CNC3 , DirecTV Tunisia ERTT , beIN Sports Turkey TRT Uganda BBS , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Ukraine Inter , NTN United Kingdom Home Nations / Territories Channel Islands England Isle of Man Northern Ireland Scotland Wales BBC , ITV United States and territories American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Baker Island Howland Island Jarvis Island Johnston Atoll Kingman Reef Midway Islands Navassa Island Palmyra Atoll Wake Island NBC , Telemundo Uruguay Monte Carlo , Canal 10 , Teledoce , TyC , DirecTV Uzbekistan Uzreport TV , Futbol TV Vatican City RAI , Sky Sport Venezuela Venevisión , TVes , Meridiano Televisión , VC Sports , DirecTV Vietnam VTV Zambia Muvi TV , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Region Broadcaster Ref . Caribbean Countries / Territories Antigua & Barbuda Anguilla Aruba Barbados Belize British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Dominican Republic Grenada Guyana Haiti Montserrat St. Lucia St. Kitts & Nevis St. Vincent & the Grenadines Turks and Caicos U.S. Virgin Islands DirecTV Middle East and North Africa Countries Algeria Bahrain Comoros Djibouti Egypt Iraq Jordan Kuwait Libya Mauritania Oman Palestinian Authority Qatar Saudi Arabia Somalia South Sudan Sudan Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen beIN Sports Oceania Countries / Territories Cook Islands Fiji Kiribati Micronesia Nauru Palau Samoa Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Sky Pacific Sub-Saharan Africa Countries Botswana Burundi Cape Verde Central African Republic DR Congo Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Guinea - Bissau Lesotho Liberia Malawi Sierra Leone Swaziland Zimbabwe Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Radio ( edit ) Nation / Territory Broadcaster Ref Albania RTSH Australia SBS , ABC Austria ORF Belarus BTRC Belgium VRT , RTBF Bosnia and Herzegovina BHRT Brazil Rádio Bandeirantes , Rádio Gaúcha , Rádio Itatiaia , Rádio Jovem Pan , Rádio Verdes Mares , Radio Sagres 730 , Sistema Globo de Rádio , Super Rádio Tupi Bulgaria BNR Chile ADN Radio , Radio Bío - Bío , Radio Cooperativa , UCV Radio Colombia Blu Radio , Caracol Radio , RCN Radio Costa Rica Radio Columbia , Radio Monumental , Teletica Radio Croatia HRT Cyprus CyBC Denmark DR Ecuador RTS Estonia ERR France Europe 1 , RTL , Radio France , RMC Finland Yle Georgia GPB Germany ARD , RTL Radio , Radio Hamburg , Radio NRW , Hitradio RTL Sachsen , Hitradio FFH , Antenne Bayern , 89.0 RTL Guatemala Emisoras Unidas , La Red Deportes 106.1 Hong Kong RTHK Iceland RÚV Indonesia RRI Iran IRIB Ireland RTÉ Israel KAN Italy RAI , Mediaset Jamaica RJR 94 FM Kosovo RTK Liechtenstein SRG SSR Lithuania LT Macau TDM Macedonia MRT Moldova TeleRadio - Moldova Monaco RMC Sport Montenegro RTCG Morocco SNRT , Radio Mars Netherlands NOS Norway NRK Peru RPP Portugal RTP , TSF , Rádio Renascença Portuguese - speaking Africa Countries Cape Verde Guinea - Bissau Mozambique São Tomé and Príncipe RTP Russia VGTRK Serbia RTS Slovenia RTVSLO South Africa SABC South Korea SBS Spain RTVE , Cadena COPE , Cadena SER , Onda Cero , Radio Marca Sub-Saharan Africa Countries Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Congo Côte d'Ivoire DR Congo Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Swaziland Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe France Médias Monde Sweden SR Switzerland SRG SSR Turkey TRT United Kingdom Home Nations / Territories England Scotland Wales Northern Ireland Gibraltar Channel Islands Isle of Man BBC , talkSPORT United States and territories American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Baker Island Howland Island Jarvis Island Johnston Atoll Kingman Reef Midway Islands Navassa Island Palmyra Atoll Wake Island ESPN Radio , Fútbol de Primera Uruguay 770 AM Oriental , 810 AM El Espectador , 850 AM Carve , 890 AM Sarandí Sport , 930 AM Monte Carlo , 970 AM Radio Universal , 1090 AM Radio Imparcial , 1410 AM Radio LaCatorce10 , 99.5 FM Del Sol Vietnam VOV References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia Media Rights Licensees '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com. 20 June 2018 . Retrieved 22 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 FIFA World Cup '' ( PDF ) . Infront . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Hassett , Sebastian ( 28 October 2011 ) . `` SBS locks in two more World Cups '' . Brisbane Times . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA awards further TV rights for 2015 -- 2022 '' . FIFA. 27 October 2011 . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SBS strike EPL deal with Optus '' . SBS.com.au . SBS . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Independent , The . `` Three TVs to broadcast FIFA WC matches live '' . Three TVs to broadcast FIFA WC matches live theindependentbd.com . Retrieved 5 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Globo buys broadcast rights to 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups '' . FIFA. 28 February 2012 . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fox Sports fecha acordo para transmitir Copa do Mundo da Rússia '' . Folha de São Paulo ( in Portuguese ) . 21 August 2017 . Retrieved 12 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Band fecha acordo para transmissão da Copa da Rússia '' . UOL. 19 October 2017 . Retrieved 13 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bell Media lands deal for FIFA soccer from 2015 through 2022 '' . The Sports Network . 27 October 2011 . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CCTV pockets Fifa media rights until 2022 '' . SportsProMedia. 1 November 2017 . Retrieved 2 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Youku acquires World Cup streaming rights in China '' . SportsProMedia. 30 May 2018 . Retrieved 30 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Movistar Costa Rica ( 13 June 2017 ) , Mirá La Copa FIFA Confederaciones en Movistar Play , retrieved 15 June 2017 Jump up ^ `` Antena 7 y Antena 21 transmitirán el Mundial de Fútbol para la República Dominicana '' . www.diariolibre.com ( in Spanish ) . Diario Libre . Retrieved 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Rasila , Tanja ( 11 June 2017 ) . `` Ylelle mittava jalkapallosopimus -- seuraavat MM - kisat ja FIFA Confederations Cup näkyvät Ylellä '' . yle.fi ( in Finnish ) . Yleisradio . Retrieved 29 April 2018 . Sopimukseen kuuluvat miesten jalkapallon MM - kisat kesällä 2018 , naisten jalkapallon MM - kisat 2019 ja tänä kesänä maanosaliittojen Confederations Cup sekä naisten EM - lopputurnaus . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA Executive Committee agrees major governance reforms & Ethics structure '' . FIFA. 30 March 2012 . Archived from the original on 1 April 2012 . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Cushnan , David ( 8 June 2014 ) . `` BBC , ITV , ARD and ZDF sign World Cup TV deals '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Connoly , Eoin ( 2 April 2012 ) . `` ARD and ZDF get rights to 2018 World Cup '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Elena . `` Sky Deutschland gets ultra HD rights for 2018 Fifa World Cup '' . SportsPro Media . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Elena ( 18 May 2018 ) . `` DAZN lands Fifa World Cup highlights in Germany '' . SportsPro Media . Retrieved 18 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Now TV ‧ ViuTV 獨家 播 2018 世界 盃 '' ( in Chinese ) . Now TV . 30 November 2017 . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Now TV 與 ViuTV 獨家 播放 俄羅斯 2018 FIFA 世界 盃 '' ( in Chinese ) . ViuTV. 30 November 2017 . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup 2018 live broadcasters in India '' . Financial Express . Jump up ^ `` Transmedia Jadi Pemegang Hak Siar Piala Dunia 2018 '' ( in Indonesian ) . CNN Indonesia . 15 December 2017 . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Bolasport.com . `` K - Vision Pegang Hak Siar Piala Dunia 2018 untuk Televisi Kabel '' . bolasport.com ( in Indonesian ) . Retrieved 29 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Superpass Jadi Penyedia Siaran Piala Dunia 2018 via TV Kabel '' . FMA dan SuperPass Resmi Bekerjasama dalam Menyiarkan Piala Dunia ( in Indonesian ) . JawaPos.com . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IndiHome Sajikan Siaran Langsung Piala Dunia 2018 Goal.com '' ( in Indonesian ) . Retrieved 19 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` تدارک صداوسیما برای جام‌جهانی 2018 '' ( in Persian ) . Jameja Online . 10 June 2018 . Retrieved 10 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Staff , Annahar ( 30 May 2018 ) . `` Télé Liban to broadcast World Cup for free in Lebanon '' . Annahar . Retrieved 12 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Darrous , Sabine ( 6 June 2018 ) . `` World Cup to be broadcast live for free on Télé Liban '' . The Daily Star . Retrieved 12 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Connoly , Eoin ( 24 April 2012 ) . `` SRG secures Swiss World Cup rights until 2022 '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 澳 廣 視 《 2018 FIFA 俄羅斯 世界 盃 》 64 場 全程 直播 '' ( in Chinese ) . TDM. 27 March 2018 . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Guan Eng : RM30mil sponsorship secured for World Cup on RTM '' . The Star . 3 June 2018 . Retrieved 7 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Malaysia 's World Cup broadcasts all covered by sponsors , says finance minister '' . Channel NewsAsia. 3 June 2018 . Retrieved 7 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Emmanuel Santa Maria Chin ( 8 June 2018 ) . `` Maxis main sponsor for RTM 's World Cup 2018 telecast , Gobind reveals '' . The Malay Mail . Retrieved 9 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Russie 2018 : La SNRT a obtenu les droits de retransmission des matches '' . Medias24 - Site d'information ( in French ) . Retrieved 25 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sky Sports signs eight - year deal with FIFA '' . New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 7 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ABS - CBN S + A , Liga to broadcast the 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia '' . ABS - CBN Sports . 5 June 2018 . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` RTP e Seleção Nacional até 2018 '' ( in Portuguese ) . Rádio e Televisão de Portugal . 10 April 2013 . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Lopes , Maria . `` RTP partilha direitos do Mundial 2018 com SIC '' . Público.pt ( in Portuguese ) . Público . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sport TV garante emissão da totalidade dos jogos do Mundial 2018 '' . Infocul ( in Portuguese ) . Infocul . Retrieved 7 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fifa awards media rights in Russia for 2018 World Cup '' . Sportspromedia.com . SportsPro . Retrieved 2 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mediacorp , Singtel , StarHub to broadcast 2018 World Cup '' . Channel NewsAsia. 25 April 2018 . Retrieved 25 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA awards 2017 - 2018 media rights for sub-Saharan Africa '' . FIFA.com . FIFA . Retrieved 2 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 世 足 6 月 登場 華 視 加入 轉播 行列 '' ( in Chinese ) . Chinese Television System . 30 March 2018 . Retrieved 1 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TrueVisions picked to broadcast World Cup '' . The Nation. 28 April 2018 . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Elena Holmes ( 30 April 2018 ) . `` Fifa World Cup rights deals agreed in Thailand '' . SportsPro Media . Retrieved 30 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Wassana Nanuam ; Nanat Suchiva ( 1 May 2018 ) . `` World Cup to be live streamed free , in full '' . Bangkok Post . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Інтер транслюватиме усі матчі ЧС - 2018 , -- голова редакції спортпрограм телеканалу '' . Football24.ua ( in Ukrainian ) . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Longman , Jeré ( 22 October 2011 ) . `` NBC Sports and Telemundo Win U.S. Rights to World Cups '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA awards US TV Rights for 2015 -- 2022 '' . FIFA.com ( Press release ) . FIFA. 21 October 2011 . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` UZREPORT приобрел права трансляции Чемпионата мира по футболу 2018 '' ( in Uzbek ) . uzreport. news . 14 April 2018 . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Ha Do ( 8 June 2018 ) . `` Vietnam strikes eleventh hour World Cup 2018 deal '' . VnExpress . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Nguyên Hà ( 9 June 2018 ) . `` Tiết lộ : Viettel và Vingroup giúp VTV mua bản quyền World Cup 2018 '' ( in Vietnamese ) . Voice of Vietnam . Retrieved 9 June 2018 . 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Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` RTP É MUNDIAL '' ( PDF ) . Rádio e Televisão de Portugal . Retrieved 7 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Futbol de Primera Awarded the Exclusive U.S. Spanish - Language Radio Rights to the Mexican National Team '' . FDP Radio . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Theo dõi World Cup 2018 trên các kênh của Đài Tiếng Nói Việt Nam '' ( in Vietnamese ) . Voice of Vietnam . 13 June 2018 . Retrieved 13 June 2018 . FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . 2018 FIFA World Cup Stages Group stage Group A Group B Group C Group D Group E Group F Group G Group H Knockout stage Final General information Qualification Awards Bids Broadcasting rights Controversies Discipline Officials Opening ceremony Seeding Squads Statistics Official symbols Adidas Telstar 18 ( ball ) `` Live It Up '' ( song ) Zabivaka ( mascot ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_FIFA_World_Cup_broadcasting_rights&oldid=850545656 '' Categories : 2018 FIFA World Cup FIFA World Cup broadcasting rights Hidden categories : CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) CS1 Indonesian - language sources ( id ) CS1 Persian - language sources ( fa ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Ukrainian - language sources ( uk ) CS1 Uzbek - language sources ( uz ) CS1 Vietnamese - language sources ( vi ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Use dmy dates from June 2018 Talk About Wikipedia বাংলা Català Español 한국어 Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Português Русский Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 15 : 05 ( UTC ) . 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FIFA Club World Cup - Wikipedia FIFA Club World Cup Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the men 's competition . For the proposed women 's competition , see FIFA Women 's Club World Cup . FIFA Club World Cup Founded 2000 2005 ( in its current format ) Region International ( FIFA ) Number of teams 7 ( from 6 confederations ) Current champions Real Madrid ( 2nd title ) Most successful club ( s ) Barcelona ( 3 titles ) Website FIFA Club World Cup 2017 FIFA Club World Cup The FIFA Club World Cup is an international men 's association football competition organised by the Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) , the sport 's global governing body . The competition was first contested in 2000 as the FIFA Club World Championship . It was not held between 2001 and 2004 due to a combination of factors , most importantly the collapse of FIFA 's marketing partner International Sport and Leisure . Since 2005 , the competition has been held every year , and has been hosted by Brazil , Japan , the United Arab Emirates and Morocco . The FIFA Club World Cup 's prestige is perceived quite differently in different parts of the football world : while it is widely regarded as the most distinguished club level trophy in South America , it struggles to attract interest in most of Europe . The first FIFA Club World Championship took place in Brazil in 2000 . It ran in parallel with the Intercontinental Cup ( also known as European / South American Cup ) , a competition organised jointly by the Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) and the Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol ( CONMEBOL ) first disputed in 1960 by the winners of the European Champions ' Cup and the Copa Libertadores . In 2005 , after the Intercontinental Cup 's last edition , that competition was merged with the Club World Cup 's pilot edition and renamed the `` FIFA Club World Championship '' . In 2006 , the tournament took its current name . The current format of the tournament involves seven teams competing for the title at venues within the host nation over a period of about two weeks ; the winners of that year 's AFC Champions League ( Asia ) , CAF Champions League ( Africa ) , CONCACAF Champions League ( North America ) , Copa Libertadores ( South America ) , OFC Champions League ( Oceania ) and UEFA Champions League ( Europe ) , along with the host nation 's national champions , participate in a straight knock - out tournament . The host nation 's national champions dispute a play - off against the Oceania champions , from which the winner joins the champions of Asia , Africa and North America at the quarter - finals . The quarter - final winners go on to face the European and South American champions , who enter at the semi-final stage , for a place in the final . The current champions are Spain 's Real Madrid , who defeated Japan 's Kashima Antlers 4 -- 2 in the final of the 2016 edition , to win a second title in the competition . European teams have been the most successful , with nine titles . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origin 1.2 Obstacles to the creation of the Club World Cup 1.3 Birth of the FIFA Club World Cup 2 Performances 2.1 Results by club 2.2 Results by confederation 2.3 Results by league 3 Format and rules 4 Trophy 5 Awards 6 Prize money 7 Sponsorship 8 Records and statistics 9 Reception 10 Broadcasting rights 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links History ( edit ) Origin ( edit ) See also : Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy , Copa Rio ( international tournament ) , and Pequeña Copa del Mundo de Clubes The first club tournament to be billed as the `` Football World Championship '' was held in 1887 , in which Scottish Cup champions Hibernian defeated English FA Cup semi-finalists Preston North End . According to FIFA , the first attempt at creating a global club football tournament was in 1909 , 21 years before the first FIFA World Cup . The Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy was held in Italy in 1909 and 1911 , and contested by English , Italian , German and Swiss clubs . It was won by English amateur side West Auckland on both occasions . The idea that FIFA should organise international club competitions dates from the beginning of the 1950s . In 1951 , FIFA President Jules Rimet was asked about FIFA 's involvement in the Copa Rio , and stated that it was not under FIFA 's jurisdiction since it was organised and sponsored by the Brazilian Football Confederation ( Confederação Brasileira de Futebol ; CBF ) . The competition was succeeded by another tournament , named Torneio Octogonal Rivadavia Corrêa Meyer , which was won by Vasco da Gama . This tournament had five Brazilian sides , and three foreign clubs , thus , losing half of its intercontinental aspect . In December 2007 , FIFA turned down Palmeiras ' request to recognise the tournament as a Club World Cup since the participants were limited to two continents . Estádio do Maracanã , the location of the first Club World Cup final in 2000 in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil . Although the competition was discontinued , it was held in high regard . FIFA board members Stanley Rous and Ottorino Barassi participated personally , albeit not in their capacity as FIFA members , in the organisation of the competition in 1951 . Rous ' role was attributed to the negotiations with European clubs , whereas Barassi helped form the framework of the competition . Commenting on Juventus ' acceptance to participate in the tournament , the Italian press stated that `` an Italian club could not be missing in such an important and worldwide - reaching event '' . Because of the difficulty the CBF found in bringing European clubs to the competition , the O Estado de S. Paulo newspaper suggested that there should be FIFA involvement in the programming of international club competitions saying that , `` ideally , international tournaments , here or abroad , should be played at times set by FIFA '' . However , no response was received . The Pequeña Copa del Mundo was a tournament held in Venezuela between 1952 and 1957 , with a two short revivals in 1963 and in 1965 . It was usually played by eight participants , half from Europe and half from South America . After the late 1950s , the tournament rapidly lost status as the pedigree of its participants decreased . This competition , along with the creation of the European Cup and the Copa Libertadores , created the groundwork of the eventual Intercontinental Cup . Obstacles to the creation of the Club World Cup ( edit ) See also : Intercontinental Cup ( football ) , Interamerican Cup , and Afro - Asian Club Championship After winning the Intercontinental Cup , Real Madrid titled themselves world champions until FIFA stepped in and objected , citing that the competition did not include any other champions from the other confederations ; FIFA stated that they can only claim to be intercontinental champions of a competition played between two organisations in which no one else had the opportunity to participate . FIFA failed to authorise the competition in the 1960s . FIFA stated that they would prohibit the 1961 edition to be played out unless the organisers regarded the competition as a friendly or a private match between two organisations . That same year the Intercontinental Cup was first played , FIFA authorised the International Soccer League to be contested with ratification from Sir Stanley Rous , who had become the FIFA President by that point . Although FIFA hoped to eventually transform the International Soccer League into a Club World Cup , the Intercontinental Cup had attracted the interest of other continents . The North and Central America confederation , CONCACAF , was created in 1961 to organise its intentions of allowing its clubs to participate in the Copa Libertadores and , by extension , the Intercontinental Cup . However , their entry into both competitions was rejected . Subsequently , the CONCACAF Champions ' Cup began in 1962 . FIFA was asked by CONMEBOL and UEFA in 1963 to make the Intercontinental Cup official ; however , FIFA gave the same response as in 1960 and stated that they would only recognise the competition if the Asian and African champions were included . Due to the brutality of the Argentine and Uruguayan clubs at the Intercontinental Cup , FIFA was asked several times during the late 1960s to assess penalties and regulate the tournament . However , FIFA refused each request . The first of these requests was made in 1967 , after a play - off match labelled The Battle of Montevideo . The Scottish Football Association , via President Willie Allan , wanted FIFA to recognise the competition in order to enforce football regulation ; FIFA responded that it could not regulate a competition it did not organise . Allan 's crusade also suffered after CONMEBOL , with the backing of its President Teofilo Salinas and the Argentine Football Association ( Asociación del Fútbol Argentino ; AFA ) , refused to allow FIFA to have any hand in the competition , stating : `` The CSF is the entity in charge of controlling , in South America , the organisation of the tournament between the champions of Europe and ( South ) America , a competition FIFA considers a friendly . We do not think it 's appropriate that FIFA has to meddle in the matter . '' René Courte , FIFA 's General Sub-Secretary , wrote an article shortly afterwards stating that FIFA viewed the competition as a `` European - South American friendly match '' . This was confirmed by Sir Stanley Rous , who then stated that FIFA saw the Intercontinental Cup as a friendly match . However , with the Asian and North American club competitions in place , FIFA opened the idea of supervising the competition if it included those confederations , which was met with a negative response from its participating confederations , UEFA and CONMEBOL . According to Stanley Rous , CONCACAF and the Asian Football Confederation had requested their participation in the Intercontinental Cup , which was rejected by UEFA and CONMEBOL . Madrid newspaper ABC then pointed out that , though the Intercontinental Cup was not officially endorsed by FIFA , it was endorsed by UEFA and CONMEBOL , therefore being an `` intercontinental jurisdiction '' cup . The 1968 and 1969 Intercontinental Cups finished in similar fashion , with Manchester United manager Matt Busby insisting that `` the Argentineans should be banned from all competitive football . FIFA should really step in '' . Soon after , Stanley Rous wrote an article for the FIFA magazine , reaffirming his desire that FIFA could create a Club World Cup featuring champion clubs of all confederations . In 1970 , during its Congress in Mexico , FIFA officially proposed for the first time the creation of a FIFA Club World Cup , to feature champion clubs of all confederations . The proposal received a negative response from the Europeans . In 1973 , French newspaper L'Équipe , who helped bring about the birth of the European Cup , volunteered to sponsor a Club World Cup contested by the champions of Europe , South America , North America and Africa , the only continental club tournaments in existence at the time ; the competition was to potentially take place in Paris between September and October 1974 , with an eventual final to be held at the Parc des Princes . The extreme negativity of the Europeans prevented this from happening . L'Équipe tried once again in 1975 to create a Club World Cup , in which participants would have been the four semi-finalists of the European Cup , both finalists of the Copa Libertadores , as well as the African and Asian champions . However , UEFA , via its president , Artemio Franchi , declined once again and the proposal failed . With the Intercontinental Cup in danger of being dissolved , West Nally , a British marketing company , was hired by UEFA and CONMEBOL to find a viable solution in 1980 ; Toyota Motor Corporation , via West Nally , took the competition under its wing and rebranded it as the Toyota Cup , a one - off match played in Japan . Toyota invested over US $700,000 in the 1980 edition to take place in Tokyo 's National Olympic Stadium , with over US $200,000 awarded to each participant . The Toyota Cup , with its new format , was received with scepticism , as the sport was unfamiliar in the Far East . However , the financial incentive was welcomed , as European and South American clubs were suffering financial difficulties . To protect themselves against the possibility of European withdrawals , Toyota , UEFA and every European Cup participant signed annual contracts requiring the eventual winners of the European Cup to participate at the Intercontinental Cup , as a condition UEFA stipulated to the clubs ' participation in the European Cup , or risk facing an international lawsuit from UEFA and Toyota . In 1983 , The Football Association tried organising a Club World Cup to be played in 1985 and sponsored by West Nally , only to be denied by UEFA . The Interamerican Cup and the Afro - Asian Club Championship were tournaments created to allow those regions their own Club competitions , in large part due to the refusal of UEFA and CONMEBOL to allow CONCACAF , AFC and CAF clubs to compete in the Intercontinental Cup . According to Brazilian newspaper O Estado de São Paulo , the deal for the establishment of the Interamerican Cup was made in 1968 by CONMEBOL and CONCACAF , and established that the Interamerican Cup champion club would be entitled to represent the American continent in the Intercontinental Cup . According to the Mexican newspapers , after winning the 1977 and 1980 editions of the Interamerican Cup , Mexican teams Club América and Club Universidad Nacional , as well as the Mexican Football Federation , demanded , unsuccessfully , to participate in the Intercontinental Cup . Birth of the FIFA Club World Cup ( edit ) The framework of the 2000 FIFA Club World Championship was laid years in advance . According to Sepp Blatter , the idea of the tournament was presented to the Executive Committee in December 1993 in Las Vegas , USA , by A.C. Milan president Silvio Berlusconi . Initially , there were nine candidates to host the competition , of which only Saudi Arabia , Mexico , Brazil and Uruguay confirmed their interest to FIFA . On 3 September 1997 , FIFA selected Brazil to host the competition , which was initially scheduled to take place in 1999 . The competition gave away US $28 million in prize money and its TV rights , worth US $40 million , were sold to 15 broadcasters across five continents . The final draw of the first Club World Championship was done on 19 October 1999 at the Copacabana Palace Hotel in Rio de Janeiro . The inaugural competition was planned to be contested in 1999 by the continental club winners of 1998 , the Intercontinental Cup winners and the host nation 's national club champions , but it was postponed by one year . When it was rescheduled , the competition had eight new participants from the continental champions of 1999 : Brazilian clubs Corinthians and Vasco da Gama , English side Manchester United , Mexican club Necaxa , Moroccan club Raja Casablanca , Spanish side Real Madrid , Saudi club Al - Nassr , and Australian club South Melbourne . The first goal of the competition was scored by Real Madrid 's Nicolas Anelka in a 3 -- 1 win over Al - Nassr on 5 January 2000 . The final was an all - Brazilian affair , as well as the only one which saw one side have home advantage . Vasco da Gama could not take advantage of its local support , being beaten by Corinthians 4 -- 3 on penalties after a 0 -- 0 draw in extra time . The second edition of the competition was planned for Spain in 2001 , and was supposed to feature 12 clubs . The draw was performed at A Coruña on 6 March 2001 . However , it was cancelled on 18 May , due to a combination of factors , most importantly the collapse of FIFA 's marketing partner International Sport and Leisure . The participants of the cancelled edition received US $750,000 each in compensation ; the Royal Spanish Football Federation ( RFEF ) also received US $1 million from FIFA . Another attempt to stage the competition in 2003 , in which 17 countries were looking to be the host nation , also failed to happen . FIFA agreed with UEFA , CONMEBOL and Toyota to merge the Intercontinental Cup and Club World Championship into one event . The final Intercontinental Cup was in 2004 , with a relaunched Club World Championship held in Japan in December 2005 . Barcelona manager Pep Guardiola is hoisted in the air after his team won the 2011 FIFA Club World Cup , defeating Santos 4 -- 0 in the final . The 2005 tournament was shorter than the previous World Championship , reducing the problem of scheduling the tournament around the different club seasons across each continent . It contained just the six reigning continental champions , with the CONMEBOL and UEFA representatives receiving byes to the semi-finals . A new trophy was introduced . The draw for the 2005 edition of the competition took place on 30 July 2005 at The Westin Tokyo . In the final , one goal from Mineiro was enough for São Paulo to defeat English club Liverpool ; Internacional defeated defending world and South American champions São Paulo in the 2006 Copa Libertadores finals in order to qualify for the 2006 tournament , which they won with a late goal from Adriano Gabiru to defeat Barcelona in the final It was in 2007 when Brazilian hegemony was finally broken , when Milan defeated Boca Juniors 4 -- 2 in a final that saw players on both sides sent off : Milan 's Kakha Kaladze in the 77th minute , and 11 minutes later , Boca Juniors ' Pablo Ledesma . The following year , Manchester United saw off Ecuadorian club LDU Quito 1 -- 0 to become world champions in 2008 . Corinthians won their second world title after defeating Chelsea 1 -- 0 in the final . The United Arab Emirates applied , with success , for the right to host the FIFA Club World Cup in 2009 and 2010 . Barcelona dethroned world and European champions Manchester United in the 2009 UEFA Champions League final to qualify for that year 's Club World Cup . After a close final encounter , which saw the need for extra-time , Lionel Messi scored from a header to snatch victory for Barcelona and complete an unprecedented sextuple . The 2010 tournament saw the first team from outside Europe or South America side to reach the final : DR Congo 's TP Mazembe defeated Brazil 's Internacional 2 -- 0 in the semi-final to face Internazionale , who had beaten South Korean club Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma 3 -- 0 . Internazionale would go on to beat Mazembe with the same scoreline to complete their quintuple . The FIFA Club World Cup returned to Japan for the 2011 and 2012 edition . In 2011 , Barcelona comfortably won their semi-final match 4 -- 0 against Qatari club Al Sadd . In the final , Barcelona would repeat their performance against Santos ; this is , to date , the largest winning margin in the final of the competition . Messi also became the first player to score in two different Club World Cup finals . The 2012 edition saw Europe 's dominance come to an end as Corinthians , boasting over 30,000 travelling fans which was dubbed the `` Invasão da Fiel '' , travelled to Japan to join Barcelona in being two - time winners of the competition . In the semi-finals , Al - Ahly managed to keep the scoreline close as Corinthians ' Paolo Guerrero scored to send the Timão into their second final . Guerrero would once again come through for Corinthians as the Timão saw off English side Chelsea 1 -- 0 in order to bring the trophy back to Brazil . 2013 and 2014 had the Club World Cup moving to Morocco . The first edition saw a Cinderella run of host team Raja Casablanca , who had to start in the play - off round and became the second African team to reach the final , after defeating Brazil 's Atlético Mineiro in the semi-final . Like Mazembe , Raja also lost to the European champion , this time a 2 -- 0 defeat to Bayern Munich . 2014 again had a decision between South America and Europe , and Real Madrid beat San Lorenzo 2 -- 0 . The 2015 and 2016 editions once again saw Japan as hosts for the 7th and 8th time respectively in the 12th and 13th editions of the FIFA Club World Cup . The 2015 Edition saw a Final between River Plate and FC Barcelona . FC Barcelona lifted their 3rd FIFA Club World Cup , with Suarez scoring two goals and Lionel Messi scoring one goal in the Final . One notable thing that occurred in the 2015 tournament was that Sanfrecce Hiroshima made it to third place , the farthest ever achieved by a Japanese club . This record would not last though , as the 2016 edition saw J1 League winners Kashima Antlers making it to the Final ( outscoring rivals 7 - 1 ) , against Real Madrid . A Gaku Shibasaki inspired Kashima attempted to win their first FIFA Club World Cup ( a feat never done by a host club or any club outside of Europe and South America ) , but were denied by Real Madrid , who won 4 - 2 in extra time , thanks to a hat - trick by Cristiano Ronaldo . The victory saw Real Madrid win their 2nd FIFA Club World Cup , and their 5th International title ( counting the three Intercontinental Cups Real Madrid had won prior to 2014 ) . Performances ( edit ) See also : List of FIFA Club World Cup finals Barcelona hold the record for most victories , winning the competition three times . Corinthians ' inaugural victory remains the best result from a host nation 's national league champions . Teams from Spain have won the tournament five times , the most for any nation . Key to the table Match was won during extra time Match was won on a penalty shoot - out Season Host Winners Score Runners - up Third place Score Fourth place Ref 2000 Brazil Corinthians 0 -- 0 Vasco da Gama Necaxa 1 -- 1 Real Madrid 2005 Japan São Paulo 1 -- 0 Liverpool Saprissa 3 -- 2 Al - Ittihad 2006 Japan Internacional 1 -- 0 Barcelona Al Ahly 2 -- 1 América 2007 Japan Milan 4 -- 2 Boca Juniors Urawa Red Diamonds 2 -- 2 Étoile du Sahel 2008 Japan Manchester United 1 -- 0 LDU Quito Gamba Osaka 1 -- 0 Pachuca 2009 United Arab Emirates Barcelona 2 -- 1 Estudiantes Pohang Steelers 1 -- 1 Atlante United Arab Emirates Internazionale 3 -- 0 TP Mazembe Internacional 4 -- 2 Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma 2011 Japan Barcelona 4 -- 0 Santos Al Sadd 0 -- 0 Kashiwa Reysol 2012 Japan Corinthians 1 -- 0 Chelsea Monterrey 2 -- 0 Al Ahly 2013 Morocco Bayern Munich 2 -- 0 Raja Casablanca Atlético Mineiro 3 -- 2 Guangzhou Evergrande 2014 Morocco Real Madrid 2 -- 0 San Lorenzo Auckland City 1 -- 1 Cruz Azul 2015 Japan Barcelona 3 -- 0 River Plate Sanfrecce Hiroshima 2 -- 1 Guangzhou Evergrande 2016 Japan Real Madrid 4 -- 2 Kashima Antlers Atlético Nacional 2 -- 2 América 2017 United Arab Emirates 2018 United Arab Emirates Results by club ( edit ) Club Won Lost Years won Years lost Barcelona 2009 , 2011 , 2015 2006 Corinthians 0 2000 , 2012 -- Real Madrid 0 2014 , 2016 -- São Paulo 0 2005 -- Internacional 0 2006 -- Milan 0 2007 -- Manchester United 0 2008 -- Internazionale 0 -- Bayern Munich 0 2013 -- Results by Confederation ( edit ) Africa 's best representatives are TP Mazembe from the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Moroccan club Raja Casablanca both finishing in second place in 2010 and 2013 respectively . Kashima Antlers is Asia 's best representative , finishing second in the 2016 edition . They remain the only clubs from outside Europe and South America to play in the final . Mexican clubs Necaxa and Monterrey , as well as Costa Rica 's Saprissa , have each earned third place , North America 's best results . Auckland City has earned third place and is the only OFC team to reach the semi-finals . Confederation Winner Second Third Fourth UEFA 9 -- CONMEBOL 7 -- CAF -- AFC -- 5 5 CONCACAF -- -- 5 OFC -- -- -- Total 13 13 13 13 Table current through 18 December 2016 Results by league ( edit ) This table shows the leagues whose representatives have finished in the top four at least once at the FIFA Club World Cup : Results by league League Confederation 1st 2nd 3rd 4th La Liga UEFA 5 0 Campeonato Brasileiro CONMEBOL 0 Serie A UEFA 0 0 0 Premier League UEFA 0 0 Bundesliga UEFA 0 0 0 Argentine Primera División CONMEBOL 0 0 0 J1 League AFC 0 Botola CAF 0 0 0 Linafoot CAF 0 0 0 Ecuadorian Serie A CONMEBOL 0 0 0 Liga MX CONCACAF 0 0 5 Egyptian Premier League CAF 0 0 K League Classic AFC 0 0 ASB Premiership OFC 0 0 0 Costa Rican Primera División CONCACAF 0 0 0 Primera A CONMEBOL 0 0 0 Qatar Stars League AFC 0 0 0 Chinese Super League AFC 0 0 0 Saudi Professional League AFC 0 0 0 Tunisian Ligue Professionnelle 1 CAF 0 0 0 Table current through 18 December 2016 Format and rules ( edit ) See also : List of FIFA Club World Cup participants Distribution of clubs in the FIFA Club World Cup Play - off round Winners of the OFC Champions League Host nation 's national league champions Quarter - final round Winners of the AFC Champions League Winners of the CONCACAF Champions League Winners of the CAF Champions League Winners of the play - off round Semi-final round Winners of the Copa Libertadores Winners of the UEFA Champions League Two winners of the quarter - final round Final Two winners of the semi-final round As of 2012 , most teams qualify to the FIFA Club World by winning their continental competitions , be it the Asian AFC Champions League , African CAF Champions League , North American CONCACAF Champions League , South American Copa Libertadores , Oceanian OFC Champions League or European UEFA Champions League . Aside from these , the host nation 's national league champions qualify as well . The maiden edition of this competition was separated into two rounds . The eight participants were split into two groups of four teams . The winner of each group met in the final while the runners - up played for third place . The competition changed its format during the 2005 relaunch into a single - elimination tournament in which teams play each other in one - off matches , with extra time and penalty shoot - outs used to decide the winner if necessary . It featured six clubs competing over a two - week period. There were three stages : the quarter - final round , the semi-final round and the final . The quarter - final stage pitted the Oceanian Champions League winners , the African Champions League winners , the Asian Champions League winners and the North American Champions League winners against each other . Afterwards , the winners of those games would go on to the semi-finals to play the European Champions League winners and South America 's Copa Libertadores winners . The victors of each semi-final would play go on to play in the final . With the introduction of the current format , which now has a fifth place match and a place for the host nation 's national league champions , the format slightly changed . There are now four stages : the play - off round , the quarter - final round , the semi-final round and the final . The first stage pits the host nation 's national league champions against the Oceanian Champions League winners . The winner of that stage would go on the quarter - finals to join the African Champions League winners , the AFC Champions League winners and the CONCACAF Champions League winners . The winners of those games would go on to the semi-finals to play the UEFA Champions League winners and South America 's Copa Libertadores winners . The winners of each semi-final play each other in the final . Trophy ( edit ) The trophy used during the inaugural competition was called the FIFA Club World Championship Cup . The original laurel was created by Sawaya & Moroni , an Italian designer company that produces contemporary designs with cultural backgrounds and design concepts . The designing firm is based in Milan . The fully silver - coloured trophy had a weight of 4 kg ( 8.8 lb ) and a height of 37.5 cm ( 14.8 in ) . Its base and widest points are 10 cm ( 3.9 in ) long . The trophy had a base of two pedestals which had four rectangular pillars . Two of the four pillars had inscriptions on them ; one contained the phrase , `` FIFA Club World Championship '' imprinted across . The other had the letters `` FIFA '' inscribed on it . On top , a football based on the 1998 FIFA World Cup ball , the Adidas Tricolore , can be seen . The production costs of the laurel was US $25,000 . It was presented for the first time at Sheraton Hotels and Resorts in Rio de Janeiro on 4 January 2000 . Just as the ( FIFA ) women 's ( World Cup ) trophy had a distinct feminine note to it , so this new trophy is more masculine . It is also inspired by a classic sense of geometry and architecture , enduring concepts just like the status of a World Champion . `` '' William Sawaya , designer of the FIFA Club World Championship trophy , commenting on the laurel ; Fédération Internationale de Football Association , 3 January 2000 . The tournament , in its present format , shares its name with the current trophy , also called the FIFA Club World Cup or simply la Copa , which is awarded to the FIFA Club World Cup winner . It was unveiled at Tokyo on 30 July 2005 during the draw of that year 's edition of the competition . The laurel was designed in 2005 in Birmingham , United Kingdom , at Thomas Fattorini Ltd , by English designer Jane Powell , alongside her assistant Dawn Forbes , at the behest of FIFA . The gold - and - silver - coloured trophy , weighing 5.2 kg ( 11 lb ) , has a height of 50 cm ( 20 in ) . Its base and widest points are also measured at exactly 20 cm ( 7.9 in ) . It is made out of a combination of brass , copper , sterling silver , gilding metal , aluminium , chrome and rhodium . The trophy itself is gold plated . The design , according to FIFA , shows six staggered pillars , representing the six participating teams from the respective six confederations , and one separate metal structure referencing the winner of the competition . They hold up a globe in the shape of a football -- a consistent feature amongst almost all of FIFA 's event trophies . The graceful curves and inherent strength of the trophy evoke the balletic and athletic qualities necessary to successfully compete in the FIFA Club World Cup and the tension and movement describe the competitive energy amongst the participants . The golden pedestal has the phrase , `` FIFA Club World Cup '' , imprinted at the bottom . Awards ( edit ) Main article : FIFA Club World Cup awards At the end of each Club World Cup , awards are presented to the players and teams for accomplishments other than their final team positions in the tournament . There are currently four awards : The Golden Ball for the best player , determined by a vote of media members ; the Silver Ball and the Bronze Ball are awarded to the players finishing second and third in the voting respectively ; The Golden Boot ( sometimes called the Golden Shoe ) for the top goalscorer ; the Silver Boot and the Bronze Boot have been awarded to the second and third top goalscorers respectively ; The FIFA Fair Play Trophy for the team with the best record of fair play , according to the points system and criteria established by the FIFA Fair Play Committee . The Most Valuable Player of the Final Match Trophy for the best performing player in the FIFA Club World Cup final . It was first awarded in 2005 . The MVP of the Final Match is also rewarded with an automobile by Toyota , the presenting sponsor of the FIFA Club World Cup . The winners of the competition also receive the FIFA Club World Cup Champions Badge ; it features an image of the trophy , which the reigning champion is entitled to display on its kit until the final of the next championship . The first edition of the badge was presented to Milan , the winners of the 2007 final . All four previous champions were allowed to wear the badge until the 2008 final , where Manchester United gained the sole right to wear the badge by winning the trophy . Each tournament 's top three teams receives a set of gold , silver or bronze medals to distribute to their players . Prize money ( edit ) Prize money Winner US $5 million Runner - up US $4 million Third place US $2.5 million Fourth place US $2 million Fifth place US $1.5 million Sixth place US $1 million Seventh place US $0.5 million The 2000 FIFA Club World Championship was the inaugural edition of this competition ; it provided US $28 million in prize money for its participants . The prize money received by the clubs participating was divided into fixed payments based on participation and results . Clubs finishing the tournament from fifth to eighth place received US $2.5 million . The club who would eventually finish in fourth place received US $3 million while the third - place team received US $4 million . The runner - up earned US $5 million while the eventual champions would gain US $6 million . The relaunch of the tournament in 2005 FIFA Club World Championship saw different amounts of prize money given and some changes in the criteria of receiving certain amounts . The total amount of prize money given dropped to US $16 million . The winners received US $5 million and the runners - up US $4 million , with $2.5 million for third place , US $2 million for fourth , US $1.5 million for fifth and US $1 million for sixth . For the 2007 FIFA Club World Cup , a play - off match between the OFC champions and the host - nation champions for entry into the quarter - final stage was introduced in order to increase home interest in the tournament . The reintroduction of the match for fifth place for the 2008 competition also prompted an increase in prize money by US $500,000 to a total of US $16.5 million . Sponsorship ( edit ) Like the FIFA World Cup , the FIFA Club World Cup is sponsored by a group of multinational corporations . Toyota Motor Corporation , a Japanese multinational automaker headquartered in Toyota , Aichi , Japan , was the Presenting Partner of the FIFA Club World Cup until its sponsorship agreement expired at the end of December 2014 and was not renewed . Because Toyota was an automobile manufacturer and the main sponsor of the tournament , Hyundai - Kia 's status as a FIFA partner was not active with respect to the Club World Cup prior to 2015 . However , the other FIFA partners -- Adidas , Coca - Cola , and Visa -- retained full sponsorship rights . From 2015 to 2022 , the tournament will be presented by Alibaba E-Auto . The inaugural competition had six event sponsors : Fujifilm , Hyundai , JVC , McDonald 's , Budweiser , and MasterCard . Individual clubs may wear jerseys with advertising , even if such sponsors conflict with those of the FIFA Club World Cup . However , only one main sponsor is permitted per jersey in addition to that of the kit manufacturer . The tournament 's current event sponsors and brands advertised ( in italic ) are : FIFA partners Adidas Coca - Cola Wanda Group Gazprom Visa Qatar Airways Records and Statistics ( edit ) Pep Guardiola is the most successful manager , winning two of his titles with Barcelona and a third with Bayern Munich . Main article : FIFA Club World Cup records and statistics See also : List of FIFA Club World Cup goalscorers , List of FIFA Club World Cup winning managers , and Historical table of the FIFA Club World Cup Seven players have won the FIFA Club World Cup on three occasions : Dani Alves , Sergio Busquets , Andrés Iniesta , Lionel Messi , Gerard Piqué , Cristiano Ronaldo and Toni Kroos . César Delgado , Cristiano Ronaldo , Lionel Messi and Luis Suárez hold the record of being the overall top goalscorers in FIFA Club World Cup history with five goals . Denilson and Mohamed Aboutrika share fifth place with four goals each . Wael Gomaa is the player with most appearances in the competition with eleven matches , followed by Xavi , Valdés and Puyol playing six matches each . Barcelona claims the record with the most wins ( 7 ) . Corinthians , Necaxa , Real Madrid and Kashiwa Reysol have the most draws ( 2 ) , while Al Ahly have the record of the most losses ( 7 ) . Barcelona also possess the record for most goals scored in the competition ( 23 ) , while Al Ahly claim the record of most goals conceded ( 15 ) . Barcelona also has the best goal difference in the competition ( + 20 ) . Pep Guardiola is the only head coach to win three FIFA Club World Cups . As of the end of the 2016 tournament , Auckland City FC has played the most games with 14 in eight different tournaments . Barcelona holds the record for scoring the most goals , playing eight games in four different editions and scoring 23 goals . Reception ( edit ) Since its inception in 2000 , the competition , despite its name and the contestants ' achievements , has received differing reception . In most of Europe it struggles to find broad media attention compared to the UEFA Champions League and commonly lacks recognition as a high - ranking contest . In South America , however , it is widely considered the highest point in the career of a footballer , coach and / or team at international club level . The competition is also criticized , mainly by the European press and fans among others , by its competition format , which widely favours the UEFA and CONMEBOL teams , since their contestants start in the semi-final round and can only play between them in the final match . It is also criticized for its poor organisation , the poor reception among the local fans for the matches not featuring any European or South American team , FIFA 's decision to select the competition 's host based on economic deals and not on their footballing merit at the international stage like Morocco and the United Arab Emirates , and the poor economic benefits for the winning team , regarded as inferior than any Super Cup prizes . Broadcasting rights ( edit ) Latin America Union of South American Nations Fox Sports Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Score was 0 -- 0 after 120 minutes . Corinthians won 4 -- 3 on penalties . Jump up ^ Extra time was played in the third - place match . Necaxa won 4 -- 3 on penalties . Jump up ^ No extra time was played in the third - place match . Urawa Red Diamonds won 4 -- 2 on penalties . Jump up ^ Score was 1 -- 1 after 90 minutes . Jump up ^ No extra time was played in the third - place match . Pohang Steelers won 4 -- 3 on penalties . Jump up ^ No extra time was played in the third - place match . Al Sadd won 5 -- 3 on penalties . Jump up ^ No extra time was played in the third - place match . Auckland City won 4 -- 2 on penalties . Jump up ^ Score was 2 -- 2 after 90 minutes . Jump up ^ No extra time was played in the third - place match . Atlético Nacional won 4 -- 3 on penalties . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fraser , Graham ( 25 May 2013 ) . `` Hibs historian laments ' disastrous effect ' of Celtic in 1880s '' . STV . Retrieved 21 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Maintaining the Corporate Image '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 17 June 1998 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The History of Football '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original on 4 September 2011 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` West Auckland AFC statue to mark Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy win '' . BBC News ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 23 September 2012 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Veronese , Andrea ( 20 November 2004 ) . `` Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy ( Torino ) '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Importantes Declaraciones de Mr. Jules Rimet , presidente de la F.I.F.A '' ( Important declarations from Mr. Jules Rimet , FIFA President ) ( PDF ) . El Mundo Deportivo ( in Spanish ) . 5 April 1951 . p. 3 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ de Arruda , Marcelo Leme ; Ricardo Caldas e Almeida , José ( 20 May 2004 ) . Moreira , Marcos Galves ; Prais , Mauro , eds . `` Torneio Octogonal Rivadavia Corrêa Meyer 1953 '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Originally , the 1953 competition was supposed to include four Brazilian teams and four foreign teams , but the Uruguayan Football Association prohibited Club Nacional de Montevideo from participating at the last minute . They were replaced by another Brazilian club , Fluminense , as there was not enough time to search for a foreign substitute . Jump up ^ `` Approval for Refereeing Assistance Programme and upper altitude limit for FIFA competitions '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 15 December 2007 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Bernardi , Bruno ( 30 June 1975 ) . `` Parola ed Altafini sarà una tournée piena di ricordi e nostalgie '' ( Parola and Altafini will make this a nostalgic tournament to remember ) . La Stampa ( in Italian ) . p. 10 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Carsughi , Claudio ( 14 June 1951 ) . `` Il Palmeiras vedeta del `` Torneo dei Campioni '' '' ( Palmeiras will seek to win the `` Tournament of Champions '' ) . Corriere dello Sport -- Stadio ( in Italian ) . p. 4 . Archived from the original on 23 October 2013 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` O ESTADO DE S. PAULO : PÁGINAS DA EDIÇÃO DE 26 DE Junho DE 1962 '' . O Estado de S. Paulo ( in Portuguese ) . 26 June 1962 . p. 11 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Stokkermans , Karel ; Varanda , Pedro ( 19 August 2010 ) . `` Pequeña Copa del Mundo and Other International Club Tournaments in Caracas '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` La Copa Intercontinental , un perro sin amo '' ( The Intercontinental Cup , a dog without an owner ) ( PDF ) . El Mundo Deportivo ( in Spanish ) . 22 November 1979 . p. 2 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ UEFA Direct , no 105 , 2011 , page 15 . Access on 04 / Feb / 2013 . Jump up ^ Mundo Deportivo . Spanish sports newspaper : No Habrá La Copa Intercontinental ( There wo n't be the Intercontinental Cup ) 03 / Jun / 1961 , page 3 . Jump up ^ `` O ESTADO DE S. PAULO : PÁGINAS DA EDIÇÃO DE 24 DE Maio DE 1961 '' . O Estado de S. Paulo ( in Portuguese ) . 24 May 1961 . p. 17 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Briordy , William ( 24 May 1961 ) . `` Bangu , Karlsruhe Play Tonight In Polo Grounds Soccer Game ; Permission is Received by International League to Continue its Schedule '' . New York Times . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` O ESTADO DE S. PAULO : PÁGINAS DA EDIÇÃO DE 15 DE Janeiro DE 1960 '' . O Estado de S. Paulo ( in Portuguese ) . 15 January 1960 . p. 18 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` O ESTADO DE S. PAULO : PÁGINAS DA EDIÇÃO DE 20 DE Agosto DE 1961 '' . O Estado de S. Paulo ( in Portuguese ) . 20 August 1961 . p. 29 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FC Internazionale Milano on top of the world '' ( PDF ) . Union of European Football Associations. 1 February 2011 . p. 15 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ¿ Se desentendera la FIFA ? '' ( Is FIFA misunderstanding ? ) ( PDF ) . El Mundo Deportivo ( in Spanish ) . 27 November 1963 . p. 6 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` La Copa Intercontinental de futbol debe ser oficial '' ( Football 's Intercontinental Cup should be given official status ) ( PDF ) . El Mundo Deportivo ( in Spanish ) . 30 November 1967 . p. 4 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` El proyecto de Copa del Mundo se discutira en Mejico '' ( The Club World Cup project will be discussed in Mexico ) ( PDF ) . El Mundo Deportivo ( in Spanish ) . 24 April 1970 . p. 10 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` La FIFA , no controla la Intercontinental '' ( FIFA does not control the Intercontinental Cup ) ( PDF ) . El Mundo Deportivo ( in Spanish ) . 3 November 1967 . p. 6 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Stein gives a pledge before ... Feud in the Sun , `` We 'll give as much as we take '' `` . Evening Times . 3 November 1967 . p. 24 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` La FIFA rehuye el bulto '' ( FIFA shuns the bulge ) ( PDF ) . El Mundo Deportivo ( in Spanish ) . 25 November 1967 . p. 8 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` La Copa del Mundo Inter-clubs se amplia '' ( The Intercontinental Clubs ' Cup will be amplified ) ( PDF ) . El Mundo Deportivo ( in Spanish ) . 25 February 1970 . p. 13 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ / Mundo Deportivo . Spanish sports newspaper : La FIFA no controla la intercontinental ( FIFA does not control the Intercontinental Cup ) . 3 / Nov / 1967 , page 6 . Jump up ^ Glasgow Herald ( Scottish newspaper , 06 / Nov / 1967 , page 06 : `` Sir Stanley said then that FIFA regarded the competition , which is between the winners of the European Cup and the South American equivalent , as a friendly fixture '' . Jump up ^ Archive of Italian newspaper La Stampa . Look for : `` La finale mondiale Europa - America di calcio ufficialmente è una semplice gara amichevole '' , published 03. nov. 1967 page 10 . '' Jump up ^ ABC Newspaper , Madrid ( Spain ) , Nov. 03 , 1967 , page 97 . Headline La FIFA no quiere saber nada de la final intercontinental , pues para ella es um partido `` amistoso '' . ( In English : FIFA does not care about the Intercontinental final , as , for FIFA , it is a `` friendly match '' . ) Contents in Spanish : Rous declaró em um almuerzo de redactores esportivos que los partidos anuales para el título intercontinental -- entre los ganadores de la Copa de Europa y de America del Sur -- está considerados oficialmente como encontros amistosos ... Rous anadió que otras Federaciones , la Asiatica y de Americas Central y del Norte -- han solicitado la participacion de sus clubs campeones en la Copa Intercontinental . Se oponen a ello -- dijo el -- las federaciones Europea y Sudamericana ... Siguió diciendo Sir Stanley que espera que se estudie todo lo relacionado con la competicion en la proxima Asemblea General de la FIFA : `` Si se aprueba , la competicion se desarrollaria a partir de entonces bajo la tutela del organismo mundial que presido '' , finalizó diciendo Sir Stanley Rous ... ( English translation : Rous stated , during a lunch with sports writers , that the annual matches for the intercontinental cup -- between the winners of the European Cup and the South American one - are officially considered as friendly fixtures ... Rous also said that other Federations , the Asian and the North - Central American one - have requested the participation of their champion clubs in the Intercontinental Cup . According to Rous , the European and South American federations are opposed to it ... Sir Stanley kept on saying that he expects that everything related to the competition should be studied in the next FIFA General Assembly : `` If approved , the competition would go on from then on under the auspices of the world organisation I preside '' , concluded Sir Stanley . ) Jump up ^ `` La Copa Intercontinental de futbol debe ser oficial '' . El Mundo Deportivo ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 2 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` La FIFA rehuye el bulto '' . El Mundo Deportivo ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 2 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` La FIFA , no controla la Intercontinental '' . El Mundo Deportivo ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 2 July 2010 . Jump up ^ ABC , Madrid newspaper , 08 / nov / 1967 , page 87 Jump up ^ `` Estudiantes leave their mark '' . ESPN FC. 16 December 2010 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ ABC , Madrid newspaper , 03 / Jan / 1968 , page 51 . Jump up ^ `` El proyecto de Copa del Mundo se discutira en Méjico '' . El Mundo Deportivo ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 2 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ¿ Nueva Copa Intercontinental ? '' . El Mundo Deportivo ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 2 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` La Copa del Mundo Inter-clubs se amplia '' . El Mundo Deportivo ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 2 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` European Cup : 50 Years '' ( PDF ) . Union of European Football Associations. 25 October 2004 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Una copa mundial de clubs con los campeones de Europa , Asia , Africa , Sudamerica y America Central '' ( A Club World Cup with the European , Asian , African , South American and Central American champions ) ( PDF ) . El Mundo Deportivo ( in Spanish ) . 29 November 1973 . p. 4 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Una idea para los cinco campeones de cada continente '' ( An idea for the five continental champions ) ( PDF ) . El Mundo Deportivo ( in Spanish ) . 5 June 1975 . p. 13 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Europa a desvalorizado la Copa Intercontinental '' ( Europe has devalued the Intercontinental Cup ) ( PDF ) . El Mundo Deportivo ( in Spanish ) . 10 April 1975 . p. 15 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` La Copa Intercontinental anda renqueante '' ( The Intercontinental Cup is ailing ) ( PDF ) . El Mundo Deportivo ( in Spanish ) . 6 August 1979 . p. 16 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` La final Intercontinetal , en peligro '' ( The Intercontinental final , in danger ) ( PDF ) . El Mundo Deportivo ( in Spanish ) . 1 September 1980 . p. 16 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` La Copa Intercontinetal ya tiene fechas '' ( The Intercontinental Cup has dates ) ( PDF ) . El Mundo Deportivo ( in Spanish ) . 24 September 1980 . p. 13 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` La final Intercontinetal , a un partido y en Japon '' ( The Intercontinental final , one game in Japan ) ( PDF ) . El Mundo Deportivo ( in Spanish ) . 30 November 1980 . p. 16 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` La Intercontinetal , en Tokio a un partido '' ( The Intercontinental Cup , one game in Tokyo ) ( PDF ) . El Mundo Deportivo ( in Spanish ) . 11 September 1980 . p. 19 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gray y Robertson no estarán en Valencia con el Nottingham '' ( Gray and Robertson will not be in Valencia with Nottingham ) ( PDF ) . El Mundo Deportivo ( in Spanish ) . 12 December 1980 . p. 18 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Calvo , J.A. ( 12 February 1981 ) . `` El año de los Charruas '' ( The Charruan year ) ( PDF ) . El Mundo Deportivo ( in Spanish ) . p. 19 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nacional se queja del campo '' ( Nacional complains over the pitch ) ( PDF ) . El Mundo Deportivo ( in Spanish ) . 7 February 1981 . p. 18 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Todo preparado para la Intercontinental '' ( Everything is prepared for the Intercontinental Cup ) ( PDF ) . El Mundo Deportivo ( in Spanish ) . 11 February 1981 . p. 19 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ¿ Debe ir el Nottingham a Tokio ? '' ( Should Nottingham go to Tokyo ? ) ( PDF ) . El Mundo Deportivo ( in Spanish ) . 4 February 1981 . p. 19 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Aguilar , Francesc ( 18 September 1992 ) . `` La negociación será difícil '' ( Negotiations will be difficult ) ( PDF ) . El Mundo Deportivo ( in Spanish ) . p. 8 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` No habra una Copa Mundial de Clubes '' ( There will not be a Club World Cup ) ( PDF ) . El Mundo Deportivo ( in Spanish ) . 23 November 1983 . p. 20 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` O ESTADO DE S. PAULO : PÁGINAS DA EDIÇÃO DE 10 DE Outubro DE 1968 '' . O Estado de S. Paulo ( in Portuguese ) . 10 October 1968 . p. 28 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Brazilian newspaper O Estado de São Paulo , 10 / 10 / 1968 , page. 28 Jump up ^ Mexican neswspaper El Informador , 14 and 16 of April 1978 , referring to Club America 's claim to participate in the Intercontinental Cup . Jump up ^ Mexican newspaper El Siglo de Torréon . Archive . `` Los Pumas Por La Copa Concacaf - EUFA '' ( 15 / May / 1981 , page 13 ) . Jump up ^ Mexican newspaper El Siglo de Torréon . Archive . `` Mediocridad existente en el futbol del area de Concacaf . '' ( 29 / August / 1980 , page 11 ) . Jump up ^ `` O ESTADO DE S. PAULO : PÁGINAS DA EDIÇÃO DE 16 DE Junho DE 1994 '' . O Estado de S. Paulo ( in Portuguese ) . 16 June 1994 . p. 30 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Blatter : `` The Club World Championship holds promise for the future '' `` . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 6 December 1999 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mundial de Clubs en 1999 '' ( Club World Cup in 1999 ) ( PDF ) . El Mundo Deportivo ( in Spanish ) . 3 September 1997 . p. 42 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Charlton , Bobby ( 28 December 1999 ) . `` Un desafio fascinante '' ( A fascinating challenge ) . Jornal do Brasil ( in Portuguese ) . p. 54 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil 2000 Final Draw '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 14 October 1999 . Archived from the original on 9 November 2013 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Who will go down in history ? '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 31 December 1999 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid -- Al Nassr '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 5 January 2000 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Corinthians -- Vasco da Gama '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 14 January 2000 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Corinthians crowned world champions '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 15 January 2000 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Stokkermans , Karel ( 31 December 2005 ) . `` 2001 FIFA Club World Cup '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Galaxy to face Real , African and Asian teams '' . USA Today . 7 March 2001 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA decides to postpone 2001 Club World Championship to 2003 '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 18 May 2001 . Retrieved 26 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World Club Championship might grow '' . USA Today . 10 October 2001 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Davies , Christopher ( 18 May 2001 ) . `` FIFA postpone club cup '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Numerous interests in hosting 2003 / 2005 FIFA Club World Championships '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 10 May 2001 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota confirmed as FIFA Club World Championship 2005 naming partner '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 15 March 2005 . Archived from the original on 9 November 2013 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Logo revealed for top club competition '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 5 April 2005 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA Club World Championship TOYOTA Cup Japan 2005 trophy to be unveiled at Official Draw on 30 July in Tokyo '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 21 July 2005 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Conquistas '' ( Conquests ) ( in Portuguese ) . São Paulo Futebol Clube . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sao Paulo FC -- Liverpool FC '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 18 December 2005 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Inter take title and a place in Japan '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 17 August 2006 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sport Clube Internacional -- FC Barcelona '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 17 December 2006 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dominant Milan rule the world '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 16 December 2007 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Red Devils rule in Japan '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 21 December 2008 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Unanimous support for 6 + 5 , FIFA Club World Cup hosts revealed '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 27 May 2008 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Barça reign supreme '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 27 May 2009 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Palmarès '' ( Trophies ) . fcbarcelona.cat ( in Catalan ) . FC Barcelona . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Barça belatedly rule the world '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 19 December 2009 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Liceras , Ángel ( 19 December 2012 ) . `` Recordando la temporada perfecta '' ( Remembering a perfect season ) . Marca ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Barcelona beat Estudiantes to win the Club World Cup . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 19 December 2012 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The year in pictures '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Inter stunned as Mazembe reach final '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 14 December 2010 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Seongnam sunk as Inter stroll '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 15 December 2010 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Palmares : Primo Mondiale per Club FIFA -- 2010 / 11 '' ( Trophies : First FIFA Club World Cup -- 2010 / 11 ) . inter.it ( in Italian ) . Football Club Internazionale Milano . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Internazionale on top of the world '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 18 December 2010 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Blatter reveals double boost for Japan '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 23 May 2011 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Adriano at the double as Barça cruise '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 15 December 2011 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Santos humbled by brilliant Barcelona '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 18 December 2011 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lionel Messi '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Corinthian Invasion of Japan '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 12 December 2012 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Corinthians halt European domination '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 17 December 2012 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Corinthians edge Al - Ahly to reach final '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 12 December 2012 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Futebol : Titulos '' ( Football : Titles ) ( in Portuguese ) . Sport Club Corinthians Paulista . Archived from the original on 4 March 2013 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Guerrero the hero as Corinthians crowned '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 16 December 2012 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Ian ( 13 December 2013 ) . `` Raja revel in historic victory '' . BBC . Retrieved 6 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bayern Munich manager Pep Guardiola targets more silverware after Club World Cup victory '' . The Daily Telegraph . 22 December 2013 . Retrieved 9 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid beat San Lorenzo to take Club World Cup crown '' . ESPN . 22 December 2014 . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : de Arruda , Marcelo Leme ( 10 January 2013 ) . `` FIFA Club World Championship '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid -- Necaxa '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 14 January 2000 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Club World Championship Brazil 2000 '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Pontes , Ricardo ( 29 May 2007 ) . `` FIFA Club World Championship 2000 '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Club World Championship Toyota Cup Japan 2005 '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Nakanishi , Masanori `` Komabano '' ; de Arruda , Marcelo Leme ( 30 April 2006 ) . `` FIFA Club World Championship 2005 '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Club World Cup Japan 2006 '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Nakanishi , Masanori `` Komabano '' ; de Arruda , Marcelo Leme ( 10 May 2007 ) . `` FIFA Club World Championship 2006 '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Shootout sends bronze to Urawa '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 16 December 2007 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Club World Cup Japan 2007 '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ de Arruda , Marcelo Leme ( 28 May 2008 ) . `` FIFA Club World Championship 2007 '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Club World Cup Japan 2008 '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Nakanishi , Masanori `` Komabano '' ; de Arruda , Marcelo Leme ( 21 May 2009 ) . `` FIFA Club World Championship 2008 '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Club Estudiantes de La Plata -- FC Barcelona '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 19 December 2009 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pohang Steelers FC -- Atlante Futbol Club '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 19 December 2009 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Club World Cup UAE 2009 '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ de Arruda , Marcelo Leme ( 14 May 2010 ) . `` FIFA Club World Championship 2009 '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Club World Cup UAE 2010 '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ de Arruda , Marcelo Leme ( 17 July 2012 ) . `` FIFA Club World Championship 2010 '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Al - Sadd take third on penalties '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 18 December 2011 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Club World Cup Japan 2011 '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ de Arruda , Marcelo Leme ( 17 July 2012 ) . `` FIFA Club World Championship 2011 '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Club World Cup Japan 2012 '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ de Arruda , Marcelo Leme ( 10 January 2013 ) . `` FIFA Club World Championship 2012 '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Club World Cup Morocco 2013 '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ de Arruda , Marcelo Leme ( 23 December 2013 ) . `` FIFA Club World Championship 2013 '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Auckland City claim historic bronze '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 20 December 2014 . Retrieved 20 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Club World Cup Morocco 2014 '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ de Arruda , Marcelo Leme ( 23 December 2014 ) . `` FIFA Club World Championship 2014 '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Club World Cup Japan 2015 '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 13 September 2016 . Jump up ^ King , Ian ; Stokkermans , Karel ( 20 December 2015 ) . `` FIFA Club World Cup 2015 '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 13 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid -- Kashima Antlers '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 18 December 2016 . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Club América -- Atlético Nacional '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 18 December 2016 . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Club World Cup Japan 2016 '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original on 25 December 2011 . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Stokkermans , Karel ( 18 December 2016 ) . `` FIFA Club World Cup 2016 '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2012 FIFA Club World Cup -- Regulations '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Silver Trophy for Club World Champions '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 3 January 2000 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA awards '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . p. 2 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sawaya & Moroni '' . Sawaya & Moroni . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Club World Championship Cup '' . Sawaya & Moroni . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Regulations -- FIFA Club World Cup Morocco 2013 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bayern join elite group of badge - winners '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . 17 December 2012 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Corinthians join elite group of badge - wearers '' . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . December 17 , 2012 . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 28 Million Dollars in Prize Money on Offer '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 3 January 2000 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA Club World Cup : Statistical Kit '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 5 December 2011 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Club World Cup : It 's big in Japan , and so is the prize money '' . Daily Mail . 17 December 2008 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TOYOTA END CLUB WORLD CUP SPONSORSHIP '' . ( 1 ) . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Alibaba E-Auto signs as Presenting Partner of the FIFA Club World Cup '' . FIFA.com. 9 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Club World Cup awards '' . Toyota Motor Corporation . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marketing Affiliates '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 8 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dani Alves '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sergio Busquets '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Andres Iniesta '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gerard Pique '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Toni kroos '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cesar Delgado '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Denilson '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mohamed Aboutrika '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Carles Puyol '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Victor Valdes '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Xavi '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Peter Staunton ( 12 December 2014 ) . `` Why does the Club World Cup still struggle for relevance ? '' . goal.com . Retrieved 24 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Tim Vickery ( 13 December 2010 ) . `` World Club Cup deserves respect '' . BBC . Retrieved 15 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ignored in Europe , Club World Cup finds adulation in S. America '' . Times of Oman. 14 December 2015 . Retrieved 15 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Tim Vickery ( 15 December 2008 ) . `` The prestige of the Club World Cup '' . BBC . Retrieved 24 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Miguel Caballero ( 11 December 2015 ) . `` Mundial de Clubes , ¿ la antítesis de un Mundial de Selecciones ? '' ( in Spanish ) . goal.com . Retrieved 15 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Albert Masnou ( 18 December 2015 ) . `` El ridículo premio por ganar el Mundial de clubes '' ( in Spanish ) . Sport . Retrieved 19 December 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Augustyn , Adam ( 2011 ) . The Britannica Guide to Soccer . The Rosen Publishing Group . ISBN 1 - 61530 - 581 - 5 . Darby , Paul ( 2002 ) . Africa , Football and Fifa : Politics , Colonialism and Resistance ( Sport in the Global Society ) . Frank Cass Publishers . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 8029 - X . Dunmore , Tom ( 2011 ) . Historical Dictionary of Soccer . Scarecrow Press . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 7188 - 2 . Fortin , François ( 2003 ) . Sports : The Complete Visual Reference . Firefly Books . ISBN 1 - 55297 - 807 - 9 . Goldblatt , David ( 2008 ) . The Ball Is Round : A Global History of Soccer . Penguin Group . ISBN 1 - 59448 - 296 - 9 . Jozsa , Frank ( 2009 ) . Global Sports : Cultures , Markets and Organizations . World Scientific . ISBN 981 - 283 - 569 - 5 . Mitten , Adam ( 2010 ) . The Rough Guide to Cult Football . Penguin Group . ISBN 1 - 4053 - 8577 - 4 . Oliver , Guy ( 2006 ) . Almanack of World Football 2007 . Headline Book Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7553 - 1506 - 5 . Peterson , Marc ( 2009 ) . The Integrity of the Game and Shareholdings in European Football Clubs . GRIN Verlag . ISBN 3 - 640 - 43109 - X . Radnedge , Keir ( 2011 ) . FIFA World Football Records 2012 . Carlton Books . ISBN 1 - 84732 - 840 - 7 . Sugden , John ( 1998 ) . FIFA and the Contest For World Football . Polity Press . ISBN 0 - 7456 - 1661 - 5 . Trecker , Jim ; Miers , Charles ( 2008 ) . Whitesell , J. Brett , ed . Women 's Soccer : The Game and the Fifa World Cup ( Illustrated ed . ) . Explorer Publishing . ISBN 9948 - 8585 - 3 - 0 . Witzig , Richard ( 2006 ) . The Global Art of Soccer . CusiBoy Publishing . ISBN 0 - 9776688 - 0 - 0 . Explorer Tokyo : The Complete Residents ' Guide . Penguin Group . 2008 . ISBN 1 - 59448 - 296 - 9 . Soccer : The Ultimate Guide . Penguin Group . 2010 . ISBN 0 - 7566 - 7321 - 6 . External links ( edit ) FIFA 's official website for the FIFA Club World Cup FIFA Club World Cup Anthem Awards Finals Goalscorers Historical table Participants Records and statistics Winning managers Editions Brazil 2000 Spain 2001 Japan 2005 Japan 2006 Japan 2007 Japan 2008 UAE 2009 UAE 2010 Japan 2011 Japan 2012 Morocco 2013 Morocco 2014 Japan 2015 Japan 2016 UAE 2017 UAE 2018 Finals 2000 2001 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Squads 2000 2001 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Qualification AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Portal Multimedia FIFA History of FIFA FIFA Anthem FIFA Congress FIFA Council FIFA Ethics Committee FIFA headquarters Football at the Summer Olympics List of football federations International Football Association Board Timeline of association football Football codes Association football Beach soccer Futsal Confederations AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Men 's tournaments FIFA World Cup FIFA Confederations Cup FIFA U-20 World Cup FIFA U-17 World Cup FIFA Club World Cup FIFA Futsal World Cup FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup Blue Stars / FIFA Youth Cup Women 's tournaments FIFA Women 's World Cup FIFA U-20 Women 's World Cup FIFA U-17 Women 's World Cup FIFA Women 's Club World Cup Other tournaments FIFA Interactive World Cup Presidents Robert Guérin ( 1904 -- 1906 ) Daniel Burley Woolfall ( 1906 -- 1918 ) Jules Rimet ( 1921 -- 1954 ) Rodolphe Seeldrayers ( 1954 -- 1955 ) Arthur Drewry ( 1955 -- 1961 ) Stanley Rous ( 1961 -- 1974 ) João Havelange ( 1974 -- 1998 ) Sepp Blatter ( 1998 -- 2015 ) Issa Hayatou ( 2015 -- 2016 , acting ) Gianni Infantino ( 2016 -- present ) General Secretaries Louis Muhlinghaus ( 1904 -- 1906 ) Wilhelm Hirschman ( 1906 -- 1931 ) Ivo Schricker ( 1932 -- 1951 ) Kurt Gassmann ( 1951 -- 1960 ) Helmut Käser ( 1961 -- 1981 ) Sepp Blatter ( 1981 -- 1998 ) Michel Zen - 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who has won the most club world cups

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List of Dragon Ball Super episodes - wikipedia List of Dragon Ball Super episodes Jump to : navigation , search Promotional artwork Dragon Ball Super is a Japanese anime television series produced by Toei Animation that began airing on July 5 , 2015 on Fuji TV . It is the first Dragon Ball television series featuring a new storyline in 18 years . Storywise , the series retells the events of the last two Dragon Ball Z films , Battle of Gods and Resurrection ' F ' , which themselves follow the events of Dragon Ball Z . Afterwards , the series proceeds to tell an original story about the exploration of other universes , the reemergence of Future Trunks , and a new threat to his Earth known as Goku Black and a Supreme Kai from Universe 10 named Zamasu . Later , the Z Fighters participate in a universal tournament held by Zeno - sama to decide the fate of multiple universes . If they lose in the universal tournament , then their entire universe will be erased . Twelve pieces of theme music are used : two opening themes and ten ending themes . For the first 76 episodes , the opening theme is `` Chōzetsu ☆ Dynamic ! '' ( 超絶 ☆ ダイナミック ! , Chōzetsu Dainamikku , `` Excellent Dynamic ! '' ) performed by Kazuya Yoshii of The Yellow Monkey . The lyrics were penned by Yukinojo Mori who has written numerous songs for the Dragon Ball series . Beginning with episode 77 , the second opening theme is `` Limit - Break x Survivor '' ( 限界 突破 × サバイバー , Genkai Toppa x Sabaibā ) by Kiyoshi Hikawa . Mori wrote the lyrics for the rock number `` Genkai Toppa x Survivor '' and Takafumi Iwasaki composed the music . For the first 12 episodes , the ending theme is `` Hello Hello Hello '' ( ハロー ハロー ハロー , Harō Harō Harō ) by Japanese rock band Good Morning America . The second ending theme song for episodes 13 to 25 is `` Starring Star '' ( スターリング スター , Sutāringu Sutā ) by Key Talk . The third ending theme song for episodes 26 to 36 is `` Usubeni '' ( 薄 紅 , `` Light Pink '' ) by Lacco Tower . The fourth ending theme song for episodes 37 to 49 is `` Forever Dreaming '' ( フォーエバー ドリーミング , Fōebā Dorīmingu ) by Czecho No Republic . The fifth ending theme song for episodes 50 to 59 is `` Yokayoka Dance '' ( よかよか ダンス , Yokayoka Dansu , `` It 's Fine Dance '' ) by idol group Batten Showjo Tai . The sixth ending theme for episodes 60 to 72 is `` Chao Han Music '' ( 炒飯 MUSIC , Chāhan Myūjikku ) by Arukara . The seventh ending theme from episodes 73 to 83 is `` Aku no Tenshi to Seigi no Akuma '' ( 悪 の 天使 と 正義 の 悪魔 , An Evil Angel and the Righteous Devil ) by THE COLLECTORS . The eighth ending theme from episodes 84 to 96 is `` Boogie Back '' by Miyu Innoue . The ninth ending theme from episodes 97 to 108 is `` Haruka '' by Lacco Tower . Beginning with episode 109 , the tenth ending theme is `` By A 70cm Square Window '' by the rock band RottenGraffty . The anime episodes are being released on Japanese Blu - ray and DVD sets that contain twelve episodes each . The first set was released on December 2 , 2015 . The second set was released on March 2 , 2016 . The third set was released on July 2 , 2016 . The fourth set was released on October 10 , 2016 . Dragon Ball Super received an English - language dub that premiered on the Toonami channel in Southeast Asia and India in January 2017 . The series has been aired in Israel on Nickelodeon and in Portugal on SIC . Toei Animation Europe announced that Dragon Ball Super would be broadcast in France , Italy , Spain , and English - speaking Africa in Fall 2016 . An official English sub of the series would be simulcasted legally on Crunchyroll , Daisuki.net , and Anime Lab beginning October 22 , 2016 . Funimation announced the company acquired the rights to the series and will be producing an English dub . As well as officially announcing the dub , it was also announced they will be simulcasting the series on their streaming platform , FunimationNow . Funimation 's English dub of Dragon Ball Super started airing on Adult Swim 's Toonami block starting January 7 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episode list 2.1 Season 1 : God of Destruction Beerus 2.2 Season 2 : Golden Frieza 2.3 Season 3 : Universe 6 2.4 Season 4 : `` Future '' Trunks 2.5 Season 5 : Universe Survival 3 Blu - ray and DVD release 3.1 Region 1 ( North America ) 3.1. 1 Volumes 3.2 Region 2 ( Japan ) 4 Notes 5 References Series overview ( edit ) Season Saga Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired God of Destruction Beerus 14 July 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 05 ) October 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 11 ) Golden Frieza 13 October 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 18 ) January 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 17 ) Universe 6 19 January 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 24 ) June 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 05 ) `` Future '' Trunks 30 June 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 12 ) January 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 29 ) 5 Universe Survival TBA February 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 05 ) TBA Episode list ( edit ) Season 1 : God of Destruction Beerus ( edit ) Overall No . Saga No . English translation / Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate `` The Peace Reward - Who Will Get the 100 Million Zeni ? '' / `` A Peacetime Reward : Who Gets the 100,000,000 Zeni ? ! '' `` Heiwa no hōshū - ichioku Zenī wa dare no te ni ! ? '' ( 平和 の 報酬 1 億 ゼニー は 誰 の 手 に ! ? ) July 5 , 2015 January 7 , 2017 After Son Goku defeated the dangerous Majin Buu , peace has returned to Earth . Chi - Chi wants Goku to get a job , so he works as a farmer . Son Goten and his friend Trunks search for a gift for his sister - in - law Videl , who is married to his older brother , Son Gohan . The two consider jewelry and makeup , but they are unable to afford anything . Goten and Trunks head for the hot springs in the woods to bottle up some mineral water instead . While there , they are attacked by a giant snake , which they manage to scare away . For his purported role in saving Earth from Majin Buu , Mr. Satan has been awarded with 100 million Zeni that he does not want . He decides to give the money to one of the fighters . Goku gives the money to Chi - Chi , so she would let him train . Meanwhile , somewhere in the depths of space , Beerus , the God of Destruction , has awakened from his slumber . Keen on battling the worthy opponent that appeared to him in his visions , Beerus and his attendant , Whis , set out to discover who this opponent is . `` To the Promised Resort ! Vegeta Goes on a Family Trip ? ! '' / `` To the Promised Resort ! Vegeta Takes a Family Trip ! '' `` Yakusoku no rizōto e ! Bejīta ga kazoku ryokō ! ? '' ( 約束 の リゾート へ ! ベジータ が 家族 旅行 ! ? ) July 12 , 2015 January 14 , 2017 Goku goes to King Kai 's planet to train with King Kai . Meanwhile , Vegeta , Bulma , and Trunks take a family trip to a resort . Bulma and Trunks are enjoying the family time together , while Vegeta is bothered by the fact that Goku gets to train . Fed up with what he considers a waste of time , Vegeta flies away and heads back to Capsule Corporation to train . Somewhere in space , Beerus and Whis scour an alien planet in search of dinosaur meat . They are confronted by the planet 's strongest dweller , but he proves to be no match for them . Shortly afterwards , Beerus destroys the planet in order to have another vision of his destined opponent -- the Super Saiyan God . `` Where 's the Rest of the Dream ? ! In Search of the Super Saiyan God ! '' / `` Where Does the Dream Pick Up ? Find the Super Saiyan God ! '' `` Yume no tsuzuki wa doko da ! ? Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo o sagase ! '' ( 夢 の 続き は どこ だ ! ? 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド を 探せ ! ) July 19 , 2015 January 21 , 2017 Fearing what might happen knowing that the God of Destruction is awake , the Old Supreme Kai and Supreme Kai urge King Kai to ensure that Goku never finds out about Beerus . However , Goku overhears the conversation and becomes curious . Back in his temple , Beerus and Whis continue their search for the Super Saiyan God . They soon learn of Goku and his feats . Beerus and Whis decide to pay him and King Kai a visit . Meanwhile , back on Earth , Goku 's friends and family members begin gathering on the cruise ship for Bulma 's birthday party except for Vegeta who is still training to overpower Goku and everyone else in the universe . `` Aim for the Dragon Balls ! Pilaf Gang in Action ! '' / `` Bid for the Dragon Balls ! Pilaf and Crew 's Impossible Mission ! '' `` Mezase Doragon Bōru ! Pirafu ichimi no dai - sakusen ! '' ( 目指せ ドラゴンボール ! ピラフ 一味 の 大 作戦 ! ) August 2 , 2015 January 28 , 2017 With all guests now gathered except for Goku and Vegeta , Bulma 's birthday party gets underway . Trunks shows Goten where his mother hid the bingo tournament grand prize -- the Dragon Balls . Not far off from the ship , the Pilaf Gang are now poor and hungry . They are trying to get by until they find the Dragon Balls and make their wishes come true . When his Dragon Radar picks up a signal coming from Bulma 's ship , Pilaf and his henchmen hastily board the ship with Trunks and Goten 's help . Meanwhile , on his planet , King Kai explains to Goku who and what Beerus exactly is and that for every benevolent God there must be a malevolent one in order to keep the universe in balance . Just as he finishes , Beerus and Whis arrive . 5 5 `` The Ultimate Fight on King Kai 's Planet ! Goku vs. the God of Destruction Beerus '' / `` Showdown on King Kai 's World ! Goku vs. Beerus the Destroyer ! '' `` Kaiō - sei no kessen ! Gokū VS Hakaishin Birusu '' ( 界 王 星 の 決戦 ! 悟空 VS 破壊 神 ビルス ) August 9 , 2015 February 4 , 2017 Beerus and Whis arrive on King Kai 's planet and detect Goku 's presence . While he is initially disappointed that Goku does not know what a `` Super Saiyan God '' is , he agrees to test his strength in a sparring match . Goku attempts to fight him in all of the Super Saiyan transformations , but Beerus effortlessly defeats him in two strikes . Beerus and Whis head for Earth shortly afterwards , while King Kai uses his telepathy to warn Vegeta ahead of their arrival . 6 6 `` Do n't Anger the God of Destruction ! Excitement at the Birthday Party '' / `` Do n't Anger the Destroyer ! A Heart - Pounding Birthday Party ! '' `` Hakaishin o okoraseru na ! Doki - doki tanjō pātī '' ( 破壊 神 を 怒ら せる な ! ドキドキ 誕生 パーティー ) August 16 , 2015 February 11 , 2017 Beerus and Whis arrive on Earth , where Bulma 's birthday party is underway . Initially , Vegeta is paralyzed by Beerus ' presence . He recalls a childhood encounter with the deity a long time ago when Beerus visited Planet Vegeta and threatened his father , King Vegeta . Shortly afterwards , Bulma pops up . She invites Beerus and Whis to join the party . The two gladly accept her offer and quickly become enamored with the Earth 's cuisine . They start mingling with the other guests , while Vegeta tries his best to ensure that Beerus remains calm . Whis soon learns of pudding , which he finds to be extraordinarily delicious . Whis urges Beerus to have some too . It turns out that Majin Buu had taken the remaining pudding cups for himself and refuses to share . Angered by Majin Buu 's insolence , Beerus attacks him . 7 7 `` How Dare You Hurt My Bulma ! Vegeta 's Sudden , Angry Shift ? ! '' / `` How Dare You Do That To My Bulma ! Vegeta 's Metamorphosis of Fury ? '' `` Yokumo ore no Buruma o ! Bejīta ikari no totsuzenhen'i ! ? '' ( よく も オレ の ブルマ を ! ベジータ 怒り の 突然 変異 ! ? ) August 23 , 2015 February 18 , 2017 Beerus effortlessly disposes of Majin Buu , while Vegeta stands by in awe . Vegeta tries to persuade Beerus to calm down and enjoy himself , but he refuses to listen . Trunks and Goten fuse into Gotenks and attack to no avail . Powerless to do anything else , Gotenks starts insulting Beerus for which he is promptly punished . Piccolo , Tien Shinhan , and Android 18 try taking on Beerus with little success . Majin Buu attacks again , but he is unable to land a single hit . While observing the battle , Dende realizes what Beerus actually is and immediately informs Piccolo . Before Piccolo is able to warn him , Gohan powers up and charges towards Beerus . Using Majin Buu as a weapon , Beerus repels Gohan and takes them both out . Being the last one standing , Vegeta confronts Beerus , but he is swiftly brought to the ground . Beerus tells Vegeta that he is disappointed with him since he is just as weak as his father was . Just as Beerus is about to finish Vegeta , Bulma walks up and slaps him for ruining her party . Beerus retaliates in similar fashion . Seeing Bulma struck infuriates Vegeta . He explodes and powers up immensely . 8 8 `` Goku Arrives ! A Last Chance from Beerus Sama ? ! '' / `` Goku Makes an Entrance ! A Last Chance from Lord Beerus ? '' `` Gokū kenzan ! Birusu - sama kara no rasuto chansu ! ? '' ( 悟空 見参 ! ビルス 様 から の ラスト チャンス ! ? ) August 30 , 2015 February 25 , 2017 Having powered up , Vegeta charges towards Beerus . He manages to land a few punches before Beerus , who was using only a fraction of his power , knocks him out . Just as he is about to destroy Earth , Beerus has a sudden idea . He decides to give the Earthlings another chance at saving Earth . Meanwhile , fearing for their lives , the Pilaf Gang disembark Bulma 's ship on a rowboat and sail away . Thinking he is the same as Majin Buu because of his pink hue , Beerus picks Oolong out of the crowd and challenges him to a game of rock -- paper -- scissors to decide the fate of the Earth . Oolong manages to draw twice , but Beerus eventually wins and proceeds to power up his attack . Just as Beerus is about to fire , Goku chimes in and says he has thought of a way to find out about the Super Saiyan God . He will summon and ask Shenron about it . 9 9 `` Sorry for the Wait , Beerus Sama . The Super Saiyan God Is Finally Born ! '' / `` Thanks for Waiting , Lord Beerus ! A Super Saiyan God is Born At Last ! '' `` O matase , Birusu - sama . Tsuini Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo tanjō ! '' ( お 待た せ 、 ビルス 様 . ついに 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド 誕生 ! ) September 6 , 2015 March 4 , 2017 Goku gathers the Dragon Balls together and summons Shenron , who is startled by Beerus ' presence . Shenron quickly explains that the Super Saiyan God is not a person , but it is a legendary transformation that only kindhearted Saiyans can achieve by fusing their power together . The Saiyans attempt to transform Goku , but they fail as they are one Saiyan short . Growing tired of waiting , Beerus starts preparing his attack to destroy the planet . Suddenly , Videl jumps in front of the Saiyans . She says that there is one more Saiyan who might be able to help them , who happens to be her and Gohan 's unborn child . The Saiyans and Videl attempt the transformation again and manage to transform Goku into the Super Saiyan God . 10 10 `` Unleash It , Goku ! The Power of the Super Saiyan God ! ! '' / `` Show Us , Goku ! The Power of a Super Saiyan God ! '' `` Misero Gokū ! Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo no pawā ! ! '' ( 見せろ 悟空 ! 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド の 力 ( パワー ) ! ! ) September 13 , 2015 March 11 , 2017 Goku is now a Super Saiyan God . He confronts Beerus . Goku is amazed by the immense power his body has gained with the transformation . He is initially unable to fully grasp its newfound potential . Fighting with Beerus , Goku manages to grow gradually into his new form . Seeing as how Goku might turn out to be a worthy adversary after all , Beerus decides it is time for them to unleash their true power and have a real battle of Gods . 11 11 `` Let 's Keep Going , Beerus Sama ! Our Battle of Gods ! '' / `` Let 's Keep Going , Lord Beerus ! The Battle of Gods ! '' `` Tsudukeyō ze Birusu - sama ! Kami to kami no tatakai o ! '' ( 続け よう ぜ ビルス 様 ! 神 と 神 の 戦い を ! ) September 20 , 2015 March 18 , 2017 Having somewhat got a grip on the Super Saiyan God form , Goku initially manages to keep up with Beerus . He soon realizes that his opponent is still not fighting at his maximum . It is revealed that Beerus is doing so only to motivate Goku to catch up with him . To that end , Beerus drags Goku to space , where he swiftly knocks him out . Goku comes crashing down back to Earth and ends up in an ocean . Amazed by such power , Goku gets excited and powers up . He heals himself in the process . Willing to have another go , Goku flies out of the ocean and dashes towards Beerus . 12 12 `` The Universe Crumbles ? ! Clash ! God of Destruction vs. Super Saiyan God '' / `` The Universe Will Shatter ? Clash ! Destroyer vs. Super Saiyan God '' `` Uchū ga kudakeru ! ? Gekitotsu ! Haikaishin VS Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo ! '' ( 宇宙 が 砕ける ! ? 激突 ! 破壊 神 VS 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド ! ) September 27 , 2015 March 25 , 2017 Goku and Beerus continue to fight in space . As both of them power up and clash , the universe begins to crumble under the power of the gods . Celestial bodies blow up due to the shock waves . Meanwhile , Old Supreme Kai reveals to the younger Supreme Kai that with three more blows the whole universe would be destroyed along with Beerus and Goku . When Goku lands the third clash with Beerus , he unknowingly stops the universe 's collapse by balancing Beerus ' attack with his own . Beerus gets enraged and uses his atomic bomb attack on Goku . Goku uses the Super Saiyan God energy to power up his Kamehameha attack to keep Beerus ' attack at bay . 13 13 `` Goku , Go Beyond Super Saiyan God '' / `` Goku , Surpass Super Saiyan God ! '' `` Gokū yo , Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo o koete ike ! '' ( 悟空 よ 、 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド を 越え て 行け ! ) October 4 , 2015 April 8 , 2017 The Supreme Kais are surprised that the universe is still intact following the battle , but they fear the worst is still to come . On Earth , Vegeta , Whis , and the others are still standing by while watching the battle . Whis is surprised by the Super Saiyan God 's power and its ability to keep up with his trainee . In space , Goku struggles to keep up with Beerus ' attack , which ultimately ends up in a massive explosion that blinds everyone on Earth . Shortly after , the light clears out , which reveals everything to be as it was prior to the explosion . Beerus explains that he used his full power to negate the explosion , which saved the universe . Seeing it as a perfect opportunity to boast , Mr. Satan arranges to have himself be falsely credited with saving the planet yet again . Despite being at his limit , Goku remains calm , which annoys the God of Destruction . Beerus thinks Goku might have a strategy that he has been hiding , which Goku promptly denies . Goku says that everything he had been doing was improvised as they fought . The Gods quickly power up and continue fighting , but this time both are at their limit . As soon as they start , Goku loses his Super Saiyan God aura and reverts to the ordinary Super Saiyan form . Upon noticing that , Beerus decides to quit . He thinks it is pointless to fight an ordinary Super Saiyan . However , Goku does not notice and keeps going at it . Whis is able to sense Goku 's mortal energy . Whis assumes that the battle has concluded and that Goku has lost . However , Piccolo begs to differ . Surprised that Goku is still able to hit him even after losing his Super Saiyan God form , Beerus surmises that Goku 's body has adjusted to the Super Saiyan God power . This made him stronger in his ordinary form . With or without the Super Saiyan God form , Goku proclaims that it is still him that Beerus is up against . Beerus and Goku resume their battle of Gods . Note : This episode was originally scheduled to air on April 1 , 2017 , but an unannounced change in schedule on April Fools ' Day supplanted a new Dragon Ball Super episode with the premiere of the third season of Rick and Morty , which aired repeatedly from 8 PM to midnight . 14 14 `` This Is Every Ounce of Power I Have ! The Battle of Gods ' Conclusion ! '' / `` This Is All the Power I 've Got ! A Settlement Between Gods '' `` Kore ga ora no arittake no chikarada ! Ketchaku ! Kami to kami '' ( これが オラ の ありったけ の 力 だ ! 決着 ! 神 と 神 ) October 11 , 2015 April 15 , 2017 Now with only a Super Saiyan form at his disposal , Goku powers up and attacks but to no avail , as Beerus knocks him out effortlessly . With Goku knocked out , Beerus prepares to destroy the Earth . In a final effort to stop Beerus , Goku once again powers up and charges his Kamehameha attack . Goku manages to prevent Beerus ' attack , but he completely depletes what was left of his energy in the process . He comes crashing down to Earth onto Bulma 's ship , where Vegeta manages to catch him . Beerus lands on the planet shortly after to finish what he started , but he suddenly falls asleep . Whis explains that Goku must have tired Beerus out , and that by the time he wakes up he will have forgotten about their trip to Earth . Beerus was faking his sudden sleep because the Earth 's food convinced him to spare the planet . Beerus and Whis leave for Beerus ' planet . With Earth safe again , Goku decides to relax and enjoy the party . Season 2 : Golden Frieza ( edit ) Overall No . Saga No . English translation / Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 15 `` Make a Miracle , Satan the Hero ! A Challenge from Outer Space ! '' / `` Valiant Mr. Satan , Work a Miracle ! A Challenge from Outer Space ! '' `` Yūsha Satan yo kiseki o okose ! Uchū kara no chōsenjō ! ! '' ( 勇者 サタン よ 奇跡 を 起こせ ! 宇宙 から の 挑戦 状 ! ! ) October 18 , 2015 April 22 , 2017 With Earth no longer in danger , Goku and the others return to their ordinary lives . Chi - Chi tells Goku she has already spent the 100 million Zeni received from Mr. Satan . She orders Goku to leave training behind and find a job so he can support the family . Meanwhile , Mr. Satan 's self - promotion goes awry when a group of aliens land in the city . The aliens reveal that they are ambassadors who wish to thank and reward whoever defeated Beerus and thus protected their planet from destruction . Before he is given the reward , Mr. Satan is asked to demonstrate his godlike power against the alien 's mightiest champion in a sparring match . Knowing that he does not stand a chance , Mr. Satan quickly scampers away to safety and calls for help , but no one answers him . Suddenly , Goku arrives at the scene in need of Mr. Satan 's help . Mr. Satan arranges to have Goku fight for him instead . Just before the fight , Goku spots Chi - Chi and immediately runs away to avoid being scolded for disobeying her . Mr. Satan is left to confront the alien champion on his own . Suddenly , the cynophobic aliens spot Mr. Satan 's dog and run away in fear . With the aliens gone , the crowd praises Mr. Satan , whom they think saved them and Earth yet again . 16 `` Vegeta Becomes an Apprentice ? ! Winning Whis Over ! '' / `` Vegeta Becomes a Student ? ! Win Over Whis ! '' `` Bejīta ga deshi'iri ! ? Uisu o kōryakuse yo ! '' ( ベジータ が 弟子入り ! ? ウイス を 攻略 せよ ! ) October 25 , 2015 April 29 , 2017 Chi - Chi still has Goku doing work out on the farm . Instead of working , Goku decides to rest and falls asleep . Krillin flies in and wakes up Goku . Krillin is very surprised to hear that Goku is still on Earth and not training with King Kai . He reminisces about his training with Goku under Master Roshi and the power level difference between them since they were children . Curious to see how large the gap is , Krillin tells Goku to punch him with all his power . A reluctant Goku tries to change Krillin 's mind . Goku ends up punching Krillin anyway , which sends Krillin flying into a boulder . Shortly afterwards , Goku heads home . Android 18 treats Krillin 's wounds . Krillin states that he misses martial arts and wishes to start training again . Meanwhile , Vegeta is seen in the wastelands standing determined . He states his intent to surpass Goku without the aid of others . Elsewhere , Whis and Bulma are having lunch together . Whis is enjoying all the food Bulma is having her chef make . While they dine , Bulma asks Whis to protect Earth from Beerus in case he ever shows up again . Vegeta arrives and sees Whis . He asks Whis to see Beerus , but Whis refuses to do so . Whis tells Vegeta that he is Beerus ' martial arts teacher . Whis informs Vegeta that with the proper tutelage he could one day surpass Goku . Vegeta bows and kneels before Whis and begs to become his student . An unimpressed Whis walks past him . Vegeta decides to convince Whis by giving him the tastiest food on Earth . After several failed attempts , Vegeta finally impresses Whis with a cup of instant noodle . Before Vegeta heads off with Whis to train on Beerus ' planet , Bulma hands him new battle armor . Whis and Vegeta arrive on Beerus ' planet . Whis prepares to train Vegeta . 17 `` Pan Is Born ! And Goku Goes on a Training Trip ? ! '' / `` Pan is Born ! And Goku Goes on a Training Journey ? ! '' `` Pan tanjō ! Soshite Gokū wa shugyō no tabi he ! ? '' ( パン 誕生 ! そして 悟空 は 修行 の 旅 へ ! ? ) November 1 , 2015 May 6 , 2017 Pan has been born . While most of her family members and friends think that she should be taught martial arts , Chi - Chi is revolted by the very idea . She believes that Pan should be raised to be a lady and not a mindless fighter like her grandfather Goku . Everyone tries to persuade Chi - Chi to change her mind but to no avail . Bulma accidentally mentions that Vegeta has been away training with Whis for six months , which shocks Goku . After some time , Whis returns to Earth to enjoy more of the food Earth has to offer . Goku approaches Whis and asks to become his pupil . Whis accepts Goku 's plea . Whis thinks it is the perfect time for Goku to join Vegeta in training . Just as the two are about to depart , Chi - Chi runs up and stops Goku from leaving . Despite her wishes , Goku ends up leaving with Whis . Chi - Chi has a sudden change of heart . She says that Goku will return once he gets hungry anyway . 18 `` I 'm Here , Too ! Training Begins on Beerus ' Planet ! '' / `` I 'm Here , Too ! Training Commences on Beerus ' World ! '' `` Ora mo kita zo ! Birusu - sei de shugyō kaishi da ! '' ( オラ も 来 た ぞ ! ビルス 星 で 修行 開始 だ ! ) November 8 , 2015 May 13 , 2017 Goku and Whis arrive on Beerus ' planet , where Vegeta is tasked with housekeeping . Goku is surprised to learn that Vegeta has gotten considerably stronger training under Whis . Goku wants to start his training right away . Before he is allowed to train , Whis orders him to help Vegeta with the chores including changing Beerus ' bed sheets without waking him up . Goku and Vegeta promptly do their chores and start their training with Whis . Whis ' training routine quickly wears Goku out . He falls asleep . Vegeta , who is willing to surpass Goku at any cost , keeps on training . The next day , Whis decides to have a sparring match with his apprentices in order to gauge their speed . The two prove to be no match for Whis . Goku and Vegeta are too slow to land a single hit on Whis . Somewhere in space , surviving members of Frieza 's army are led by Sorbet . They continue with their effort of resurrecting their leader . Not far off , mysterious beings from a different universe named Champa ( シャンパ , Shanpa ) and Vados ( ヴァドス , Vadosu ) continue their search for Beerus . 19 5 `` Despair Rises ! The Emperor of Evil , Frieza , Resurrected ! '' / `` Despair Redux ! The Return of the Evil Emperor , Frieza ! '' `` Zetsubō futatabi ! Aku no teiō Furīza no fukkatsu ! '' ( 絶望 ふたたび ! 悪 の 帝王 ・ フリーザ の 復活 ! ) November 15 , 2015 May 20 , 2017 Goku and Vegeta continue their training under Whis on Beerus ' planet . Meanwhile , Sorbet and his assistant Tagoma ( タゴマ ) depart their ship and head for Earth in order to find the Dragon Balls , which they intend to resurrect their leader Frieza . They run into the Pilaf Gang , who had collected all seven Dragon Balls just before their arrival . Sorbet coerces Pilaf into summoning Shenron . At first , Shenron refuses to revive Frieza because he sees it as pointless given his current state , where Frieza was cut in pieces just as he was when Future Trunks killed him . Tagoma suggests using their advanced healing technology to make Frieza intact again . Sorbet has Frieza resurrected . Sorbet and Tagoma collect all of Frieza 's pieces and return to their ship . Frieza is completely renewed shortly afterwards . 20 6 `` Jaco 's Warning ! Frieza and His 1000 Troops Approach '' / `` A Warning from Jaco ! Frieza and 1,000 Soldiers Close In '' `` Jako kara no keikoku ! Semari kuru Furīza to 1000 - ri no heishi - tachi ! '' ( ジャコ から の 警告 ! 迫り 来る フリーザ と 1000 人 の 兵士 達 ) November 22 , 2015 June 3 , 2017 Once restored , Frieza plans revenge against Goku and Future Trunks . Tagoma objects to Frieza 's plans , but Frieza promptly subdues him . When Frieza finds out that Goku has gotten much stronger since they last met , he decides to train in order to become more powerful . Since Frieza 's power was inborn , he reveals that he had never felt the need to train a day in his life before now . Four months pass before Frieza and his army head for Earth . All the while , Goku and Vegeta continue their training under Whis . Jaco the Galactic Patrolman travels to Earth to inform Bulma that Frieza had been revived . Frieza will be approaching Earth shortly with an army of one thousand soldiers . With Frieza 's army fast approaching , Bulma gathers the remaining fighters to fight Frieza 's army in hopes of holding out until Goku and Vegeta make it back to Earth . 21 7 `` The Start of Revenge ! The Malice of Frieza Army Strikes Gohan ! '' / `` The Start of Vengeance ! The Frieza Force 's Malice Strikes Gohan ! '' `` Fukushū no hajimari ! Furīza - gun no akuiga satoshi Gohan outsu ! '' ( 復讐 の 始まり ! フリーザ 軍 の 悪意 が 悟 飯 を 撃つ ! ) November 29 , 2015 June 10 , 2017 Frieza and his army arrive on Earth , where Gohan , Piccolo , Krillin , Master Roshi , Tien , and Jaco have gathered to hold out until Goku and Vegeta return . Frieza says that he has waited a long time to have his revenge and that he wishes to face Goku . Seeing as how Goku is not present to help , Frieza orders his army to attack the Earthlings . His army proves to be no match for the fighters even for Krillin , who had given up fighting . Disappointed with his lackluster army , Frieza orders Sorbet to send in his elite soldier , Shisami ( シサミ ) , to take out Gohan . Suddenly , Tagoma fires a beam at Shisami and Gohan , which kills the former and badly injures the latter . Sorbet is surprised by Tagoma 's newfound power , which he had achieved through training with Frieza . Frieza promises Tagoma the command of his army if he takes out the Earthlings . He accepts and prepares to fight the Earthlings . Meanwhile , Goku and Vegeta are oblivious to what is happening on Earth . They continue their training under Whis on Beerus ' planet . 22 8 `` Change ! An Unexpected Return ! His Name is Ginyu ! ! '' `` Chēnji ! Masaka no fukkatsu ! Sono na wa Ginyū ! ! '' ( チェーンジ ! まさかの 復活 ! その 名 は ギニュー ! ! ) December 6 , 2015 June 17 , 2017 Tagoma powers up and confidently approaches his opponents . Piccolo is instantly outmatched . Gohan blasts Tagoma , which causes him to fly several yards away . As the dust settles , Tagoma reveals himself to be unharmed . Suddenly , Gotenks arrives and headbutts Tagoma . Everybody is shocked to see this . While Tagoma is struggling to recuperate from Gotenks ' attack , Captain Ginyu , who is in his frog form , pounces close to him and inscribes a message in the gravel . Tagoma accidentally sets off Ginyu 's signature move , and the two swap bodies . Ginyu rapidly adjusts to his new body 's immense power and assaults all of his rivals simultaneously . Bulma , Trunks , and Goten attempt to contact Whis , which bewilders Jaco . While fighting Gohan , Ginyu appears to have the upper hand until Gohan transforms into a Super Saiyan and defeats him . When Gohan shows mercy to Ginyu , Frieza becomes enraged and repeatedly fires multiple blasts at Gohan . Before Frieza can kill Gohan , Piccolo steps in to save him . 23 9 `` The Earth ! Gohan ! Absolute Peril ! Hurry and Get Here , Son Goku ! ! '' / `` Earth ! Gohan ! Both on the Ropes ! Hurry and Get Here , Goku ! ! '' `` Chikyū ga ! Gohan ga ! Zettaizetsumei ! Hayaku kite kure Son Gokū ! ! '' ( 地球 が ! 悟 飯 が ! 絶 体 絶命 ! 早く 来 て くれ 孫悟空 ! ! ) December 13 , 2015 June 24 , 2017 Piccolo takes Frieza 's attack to save Gohan and dies in the process . On Beerus ' planet , Beerus desires more pizza . Whis gets an invitation from Bulma for a strawberry dessert . As Whis telepathically contacts her , she reveals Frieza 's revival and Piccolo 's death to him . Initially shocked to realize that Frieza is revived , Goku and Vegeta get set to fight Frieza . As Whis says it would take some time to reach Earth , Goku resorts to instant transmission on Beerus ' advice . Goku realizes that instant transmission is impossible due to the large distance between Earth and Beerus ' planet . Nevertheless , Goku tries to search for someone 's energy on Earth . On Earth , Gohan powers up to his maximum limit . This helps Goku to identify an energy source to perform instant transmission . Goku and Vegeta arrive on Earth in the nick of time to save Gohan . Vegeta executes Ginyu . As Goku and Frieza meet after a long time , Frieza transforms into his final form in a fit to demonstrate his new power . This results in the death of all his men except for Sorbet , who is at a considerable distance . Perplexed by Frieza 's new power , Goku prepares to engage in a battle . 24 10 `` Clash ! Frieza vs. Son Goku ; This Is The Result of My Training ! '' / `` Clash ! Frieza vs. Goku ! This is the Result of My Training ! '' `` Gekitotsu ! Furīza VS Son Gokū ; Kore ga ora no shugyō no seikada ! '' ( 激突 ! フリーザ VS 孫悟空 これが オラ の 修行 の 成果 だ ! ) December 20 , 2015 July 8 , 2017 The battle between Goku and Frieza begins . They fight on even ground , and neither one is able to inflict significant damage to the other . Frieza resorts to attacking Krillin and Bulma . When Goku tries to save them , he is caught off guard when Frieza lands several blows on him . Vegeta grows impatient due to the constant rambling by both fighters . He charges at Goku in frustration and asks him to give it all he has . Goku takes Vegeta 's request into account and convinces Frieza to power up to his maximum . When Frieza calls out to Goku to show his full power , Goku transforms into a Super Saiyan Blue . 25 11 `` An All - Out Battle ! The Revenge of Golden Frieza ! '' / `` A Full - Throttle Battle ! The Vengeful Golden Frieza '' `` Zenkai Batoru ! Fukushū no Gōruden Furīza '' ( 全開 バトル ! 復讐 の ゴールデン フリーザ ) December 27 , 2015 July 15 , 2017 After briefly testing Goku 's new transformation , Frieza transforms into Golden Frieza . Both are impressed by the other 's progress . They engage in a fierce battle . Meanwhile , Whis informs Bulma of their arrival on Earth in a few minutes . On their way to Earth , Beerus and Whis encounter the God of Destruction of Universe Six , Champa , and his assistant , Vados . After having a short conversation with Champa and Vados , Beerus and Whis finally arrive on the battlefield . While eating Bulma 's delicious dessert , Beerus and Whis acknowledge that Frieza has indeed become significantly stronger . They also notice that Goku seems to have a tough time keeping up with Golden Frieza . Still not use to his newest form , Goku struggles to keep up with Golden Frieza 's speed and prowess . 26 12 `` A Glint of Hope Shines Through in a Crisis ! Time to Fight Back , Son Goku ! '' / `` A Chance Appears in a Tight Spot ! Launch a Counteroffensive , Goku ! '' `` Dai pinchi ni shōki ga mieta ! Hangeki kaishida Son Gokū ! '' ( 大 ピンチ に 勝機 が 見え た ! 反撃 開始 だ 孫悟空 ! ) January 10 , 2016 July 22 , 2017 Frieza and Goku continue their protracted battle with Frieza landing more blows on Goku . While no match for Frieza 's raw power , Goku manages to withstand and dodge Frieza 's attacks . Goku and Vegeta notice that Frieza is progressively losing stamina and that his power level is dropping . Frieza himself fails to notice this . Vegeta urges Goku to quickly finish Frieza off before he has a chance to recover , or he will step up and do so himself . After Goku and Frieza exchange some sarcastic banter , they power up again and continue their fight . Frieza still has the upper hand , but Goku knows that he only needs to continue for a while longer before Frieza 's weakness appears again . After a fully powered Frieza unleashes a barrage of attacks , he quickly becomes tired and starts running out of breath . His attacks no longer hurt Goku . Frieza finally realizes his weakness . Goku explains that Frieza rushed to Earth immediately after achieving the Golden form without giving himself enough time to master it . Frieza mouths a few inaudible words to his subordinate , Sorbet , and agonizes over his failed chance at revenge . Goku tells Frieza to leave Earth , while he still can . To everyone 's surprise , a laser beam pierces Goku 's chest fired from Sorbet 's ray gun . Frieza steps on Goku 's chest wound and gloats about his backup strategy to have Goku let his guard down . As Goku screams in pain , Frieza mocks him for being overconfident . According to Frieza , Goku 's overconfidence prevents him from being the strongest fighter . Before Frieza can unleash his killing shot on Goku , Vegeta fires at Frieza and announces that it is his turn to fight . 27 13 `` The Earth Explodes ? ! The Deciding Kamehameha '' / `` The Earth Explodes ? A Decisive Kamehameha ! '' `` Chikyū bakuhatsu ! ? Ketchaku no kamehameha '' ( 地球 爆発 ! ? 決着 の かめ はめ 波 ) January 17 , 2016 July 29 , 2017 Goku is critically injured , but Vegeta intervenes before Frieza can deliver a killing blow . When Krillin attempts to deliver Goku a Senzu Bean , Frieza attempts to blast him . Vegeta redirects the blast to Sorbet , which kills him . Afterwards , Vegeta demonstrates his new ability to transform into a Super Saiyan Blue . Frieza attempts to land a hit on Vegeta , but he fails to do so . Frieza quickly finds himself completely outmatched by Vegeta . Enraged and humiliated , Frieza refuses to accept defeat . While Vegeta powers up his final attack , Frieza instead blows up the Earth . Whis protects Goku and the others . As Goku laments his missed opportunity to defeat Frieza , Whis offers to turn back time by a couple of minutes , which will allow Goku to have another chance . The moment is reset to the end of Vegeta and Frieza 's battle . This allows Goku just enough time to charge up a Kamehameha attack and kill Frieza . Later , the group gathers at Capsule Corporation . Piccolo is revived with the Namekian Dragon Balls . Gohan tells Piccolo that he intends to resume his training so that he can protect his loved ones . Piccolo is delighted to hear this . Season 3 : Universe 6 ( edit ) Overall No . Saga No . English translation Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 28 `` The God of Destruction from Universe 6 - His Name Is Champa ! '' / `` The 6th Universe 's Destroyer ! His Name is Champa ! '' `` Dai - 6 uchū no hakaishin - Sono na wa Shanpa '' ( 第 6 宇宙 の 破壊 神 その 名 は シャンパ ) January 24 , 2016 August 5 , 2017 As Goku and Vegeta continue their vigorous training , Champa and Vados abruptly arrive on Beerus ' planet . After a small skirmish between Beerus and Champa , everyone settles down to eat some food . Formal introductions are exchanged , where Champa is introduced as Beerus ' twin brother and Vados as Whis ' older sister . An argument erupts concerning which universe 's food is superior . This leaves Goku and Vegeta bewildered . Whis explains that there are twelve universes . When two universes add up to thirteen , each universe compliments each other such as the sixth and the seventh universe . After Vados discovers that Universe Six 's Earth has been destroyed through warfare , Champa proposes a tournament between Universe Six and Seven to determine who acquires the Earth of Universe Seven . Beerus protests the idea . He believes it is impossible to do so . Champa ascertains that it is doable by using the Super Dragon Balls , which the Namekian Dragon Balls were trimmed from . At the current moment , Champa has six of them . Goku informs Beerus and Champa that Bulma is capable of locating the final Super Dragon Ball necessary to perform the wish . With tensions mounted , Beerus accepts Champa 's proposal . 29 `` The Martial Arts Match Has Been Decided ! The Team Captain Is Stronger Than Goku '' / `` Combat Matches Are a Go ! The Captain is Someone Stronger Than Goku '' `` Kakutō shiai kaisai kettei ! Shushō wa Gokū yori tsuyoi yatsu '' ( 格闘 試合 開催 決定 ! 主将 は 悟空 より も 強い ヤツ ) January 31 , 2016 August 12 , 2017 Champa decides to host the tournament on a vacated nameless planet located between Universe Six and Universe Seven . Goku suggests the rules be similar to that of the Tenkaichi Budokai tournaments held on Earth . Vegeta recommends a written exam be implemented in order to prevent insensitive beings lacking knowledge of the regulations from participating . The tournament is scheduled to begin several days after the encounter between Beerus and Champa . On Earth , Whis requests that Bulma use her Dragon Radar in order to obtain the final Super Dragon Ball . Contrary to this , Bulma believes it would be easier to simply summon Shenron to locate it instead . Shenron reveals that tracking down the Super Dragon Balls is beyond his power . Meanwhile , Vados selects a portion of the nameless planet and transforms it into the tournament 's arena . After judging Whis ' students , Champa realizes he should also enlist a Saiyan onto his team . Beerus explains that Goku is merely the second strongest opponent he has ever faced . He proceeds to take off to inform Monaka ( モナカ ) , the strongest warrior he has ever fought , of the tournament . The next morning , Bulma finishes constructing the Super Dragon Radar . She intends to collect the Super Dragon Balls of Universe Seven before Beerus can use them to wish for total annihilation of the entire world . 30 `` A Review Before the ' Martial Arts Match ' - Who Are the Last Two Members ? ! '' / `` A Run - Through For the Competition ! Who Are the Last Two Members ? '' `` '' Kakutō '' shiai e no o sarai - Nokori futari no menbā wa dareda ! ? '' ( 「 格闘 試合 」 へ の お さらい 残り 二 人 の メンバー は 誰 だ ! ? ) February 7 , 2016 August 19 , 2017 Goku and Vegeta meet up with Krillin , who goes with them to recruit Majin Buu as the fourth combatant of the Universe Seven team . Although Majin Buu is reluctant due to his hatred of Beerus , he agrees when Goku promises him a wish from the Super Dragon Balls , which he plans on giving to Mr. Satan . Goten and Trunks try to join , but they are denied by Vegeta because their use of fusion is illegal . The group finds Piccolo training with Gohan . They recruit Piccolo as the fifth and final member . Gohan considers joining the team , but he can not participate due to a business meeting on the day of the tournament . Beerus and the others think back over recent events . Beerus and Whis contemplate the intentions behind Champa 's plans . A series of flashbacks recapping the series is shown up to Frieza 's demise . 31 `` Off to Zuno Sama 's ! Find Out Where Super Dragon Balls Are ! '' / `` Off to See Master Zuno ! Find Out Where the Super Dragon Balls Are ! '' `` Zunō - sama no moto e ! Sūpā Doragon Bōru no arika o kikidase ! '' ( ズノー 様 の も と へ ! 超 ( スーパー ) ドラゴンボール の あり か を 聞き 出せ ! ) February 14 , 2016 August 26 , 2017 Bulma and Jaco travel to meet an omniscient alien , Zunō - sama ( ズノー 様 ) , to ask him about the Super Dragon Balls . After arriving on Zunō - sama 's planet , the duo encounters a spacefaring criminal named Burpman ( ゲップマン , Geppuman ) , who is wanted for leaving a restaurant without paying the bill . As a reward for subduing the criminal , Zunō - sama 's attendants allow Bulma and Jaco to skip the lengthy waiting list and seek Zunō - sama 's advice right away . Bulma unwittingly wastes two of her three questions , but she does glean information on the radius and other properties of the Super Dragon Balls . This includes the fact that they were formerly scattered across both Universe Six and Universe Seven . 32 5 `` The Match Begins ! Let 's All Go to the `` Nameless Planet '' ! '' / `` The Matches Begin ! We 're All Off to the Planet with No Name ! '' `` Shiaikaishi da ! Min'na de `` Namae no nai hoshi '' e ! '' ( 試合 開始 だ ! みんな で 「 名前 の ない 星 」 へ ! ) February 21 , 2016 September 9 , 2017 On Earth , everyone gathers for the trip to the tournament . Goku and Vegeta arrive after having trained in the Hyperbolic Time Chamber for three years . After stopping at Beerus ' planet to get both him and Monaka , everyone proceeds to go to the tournament . The group meets their competition who are all somewhat unusual . This includes a Saiyan with a radically different history as well as a fighter who looks like Frieza . After the written test , the Universe Seven team is left one team member down because Majin Buu falls asleep . Majin Buu is deemed unfit and disqualified . Beerus decides that Monaka will go last . After a round of rock - paper - scissors , it is decided that Goku will fight first , followed by Piccolo , and then Vegeta . Goku and his competitor named Botamo ( ボタモ ) , who is a giant bear - like creature , enter the tournament ring . 33 6 `` Behold , Universe 6 ! This Is the Super Saiyan ? Son Goku ! '' / `` Surprise , 6th Universe ! This is Super Saiyan Goku ! '' `` Odoroke Dai - 6 uchū yo ! Kore ga Sūpā Saiya - jin ・ Son Gokū da ! '' ( 驚け 第 6 宇宙 よ ! これが 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ・ 孫悟空 だ ! ) February 28 , 2016 September 16 , 2017 The fight between Goku and Botamo commences . Goku takes a while to warm up due to having overeaten during the trip . Although Goku seems faster and more well trained than Botamo , none of the hits that he lands seem to have an effect . Botamo seems content to simply take the punishment . Urged by Vegeta to think before he acts , Goku drags Botamo to the side of the ring and throws him out . This results in a win for Universe Seven . The next match begins almost immediately . The Frieza look alike named Frost ( フロスト , Furosuto ) is Goku 's next opponent . In direct contrast to Frieza , Frost is a kind and beloved hero in Universe Six who looks forward to a challenge . Goku surprises Frost with knowledge of his transformations . Frost assumes a form that mirrors Frieza 's third form . Goku mentions his ability to transform as well . He transforms into a Super Saiyan . Frost responds by transforming into his final form . Frost seems greatly outmatched by Goku even in his final transformation . Suddenly , a strange effect comes over Goku that severely weakens him and allows Frost a chance to strike . Frost knocks Goku out of the ring , which stuns everyone from Universe Seven . 34 7 `` Piccolo vs. Frost - Put It All on the Special Beam Cannon ! '' / `` Piccolo vs Frost ! Stake it All on the Special Beam Cannon ! '' `` Pikkoro VS Furosuto - Makankōsappō ni subete o kakero ! '' ( ピッコロ VS フロスト 魔 貫 光 殺 砲 に すべて を かけろ ! ) March 6 , 2016 September 23 , 2017 Frost beats Goku by knocking him out of the ring . Piccolo walks up to Frost to face him next . Piccolo charges his signature attack while simultaneously evading Frost 's attacks . To buy himself time to charge his attack , Piccolo creates clones of himself to distract Frost . Frost quickly disposes of decoys and charges at Piccolo . After a bout of close combat , Frost defeats Piccolo with a power blast . Before the referee could rule in Frost 's favor , Jaco chimes in claiming that Frost had been cheating all along . The referee examines Frost and finds that he had been using a forbidden tool . Champa is initially outraged to find that Frost had cheated . Champa decides to forgive and help him in his universe if Frost continues to play by the rules . Frost reveals that he set up the attacks on the planets he saved . The referee declares Piccolo the winner until Vegeta steps in and says that he wishes to face Frost . 35 8 `` Turn Rage into Strength ! Vegeta 's Full - On Battle ! '' / `` Turn Your Anger into Strength ! Vegeta 's Full - Bore Battle ! '' `` Ikari o chikara ni kaero ! Bejīta no zenkai batoru '' ( 怒り を 力 に 変えろ ! ベジータ の 全開 バトル ) March 20 , 2016 September 30 , 2017 Frost cockily announces his intent to utterly defeat Vegeta in combat with the presentation of yet another weapon . Both parties agree that the match should not be regulated by the standard rules of the tournament in order to avoid disqualification and allow the combatants to fight at their full power . Vegeta mercilessly assaults Frost and sends him flying out of the barrier . Vegeta declares that he did not kill Frost because he was not going to stoop down to the latter 's level . Beerus discovers that Goku was also affected by Frost 's weapon , and he proceeds to convince the referee to allow Goku to return to the competition . Goku protests the turn order because he desperately wants to see Monaka in combat . Beerus explains that Monaka , as his trump card , must fight last . This prompts a hushed remark from Whis concerning Monaka 's `` true colors '' . Vados generates a new barrier around the ring as the referee announces a new rule , where any contact an individual makes with the barrier automatically disqualifies them . Meanwhile , Frost attempts to steal the tournament winnings and escape in Champa 's transportation cube . Frost is stunned by a purple humanoid , Hit ( ヒット , Hitto ) , in the process . Hit takes the unconscious Frost back to the arena . The next match begins . Vegeta faces off against the robot Magetta ( マゲッタ ) . The audience begins to dispute over Magetta 's eligibility because of the fact that Magetta can spit lava . Magetta is declared eligible because the lava is just his saliva . Magetta 's volcanic fumes engulf the barrier and cause Vegeta to perspire rapidly and breathe heavily from the extreme heat . 36 9 `` An Unexpected Desperate Battle ! Vegeta 's Furious Explosion ! '' / `` An Unexpectedly Uphill Battle ! Vegeta 's Great Blast of Fury ! '' `` Masaka no dai kusen ! Bejīta ikari no dai bakuhatsu ! '' ( まさかの 大 苦戦 ! ベジータ 怒り の 大 爆発 ! ) March 27 , 2016 October 7 , 2017 Vegeta continues his battle with Magetta . He is struggling against the rising temperatures in the enclosed arena . Vegeta tries to win quickly , but Magetta endures and counters his attacks . Magetta follows it with a punch that sends Vegeta flying toward the ground . After nearly being disqualified through by going out of bounds , Vegeta powers up in anger and destroys the barrier of the arena . He blasts Magetta and forces him to the very edge of the stage . However , Vegeta is unable to knock Magetta off the stage . After Vegeta insults Magetta , he loses his will to fight . Magetta is knocked out of the ring . 37 10 `` Do n't Forget Your Saiyan Pride ! Vegeta vs. the Saiyan of Universe 6 ! '' / `` Do n't Forget Your Saiyan Pride ! Vegeta vs The 6th Universe 's Saiyan ! '' `` Saiya - jin no hokori o wasureruna ! Bejīta VS Dai - 6 uchū no Saiya - jin '' ( サイヤ 人 の 誇り を 忘れる な ! ベジータ VS 第 6 宇宙 の サイヤ 人 ) April 3 , 2016 October 14 , 2017 Vegeta faces a slim and short Saiyan from Universe Six , Cabba ( キャベ ) , in the following round . Unlike their Universe Seven counterparts , Saiyans of Universe Six are heroic and kind . They are known as benevolent galactic protectors . Vegeta and Cabba are initially equally matched . After Vegeta pushes Cabba to power up , Cabba admits he can not do it . Cabba asks for Vegeta to teach him how to transform . This seemingly enrages Vegeta . Vegeta transforms into a Super Saiyan and begins to mercilessly beat Cabba . Vegeta threatens Cabba . He says he will kill him and destroy his planet if he forfeits . An enraged Cabba suddenly transforms and goes on the offensive . Vegeta reveals the Super Saiyan transformation is unlocked through drawing on one 's inner anger . Vegeta 's actions were intended to bring about that transformation . Vegeta quickly powers up even more and knocks Cabba out with a single punch . After the fight , Cabba thanks Vegeta for telling him about his untapped potential . Vegeta brushes him off and tells him not to forget his Saiyan pride . Vegeta also tells Cabba to surpass all other Saiyans . Cabba acknowledges Vegeta 's advice and walks off the stage . With Universe Six now down to their last fighter , Champa is still unconcerned as he is certain his hit man , Hit , will be able to settle the score . 38 11 `` The Ultimate Warrior of Universe 6 ! Assassin Hit Appears ! ! '' / `` The 6th Universe 's Mightiest Warrior ! Engage the Assassin Hit ! '' `` Dai - 6 uchū saikyō no senshi ! Koroshi ya Hitto kenzan ! ! '' ( 第 6 宇宙 最強 の 戦士 ! 殺し 屋 ヒット 見参 ! ! ) April 10 , 2016 October 21 , 2017 Vegeta and Hit start their battle . To Vegeta 's surprise , he is unable to land a single blow on Hit due to his superior speed . Eventually , Vegeta is struck by a heavy blow and collapses . Hit is declared the winner of the match . Suddenly , it is revealed that Hit used a `` time - skipping '' technique , where he gets to time travel and be the only person able to move for a split second . Goku walks up to battle Hit . Initially , Hit overpowers Goku , which prompts him to ask Goku to surrender . Goku refuses and says he used the time to figure out how Hit 's technique works . Goku predicts Hit 's moves and evades his attacks . Hit claims that Goku 's foresight was just a fluke and that he will not be able to use it again . However , Goku is able to foresee Hit 's attacks and defend himself . Goku proposes that both of them fight at their full power . Hit concurs and withdraws . Shortly afterwards , both start preparing for their next fight . 39 12 `` The Advanced `` Time - Skip '' Fights Back ? ! Will It Come Forth ? Goku 's New Technique ! '' / `` A Developed Time - Skip Counterstrike ? Here Comes Goku 's New Move ! '' `` Seichōshita `` toki tobashi '' no hangeki ! ? Deru ka ! ? Gokū no aratana waza ! '' ( 成長 した `` 時 とばし '' の 反撃 ! ? 出る か ! ? 悟空 の 新た な 技 ! ) April 17 , 2016 November 4 , 2017 Goku and Hit both power up before the match . Goku is finally able to counter Hit 's time - manipulating attacks , which displeases Hit . Hit tries to power up even more , but Goku prevents him . Soon after , Hit manages to counter Goku 's blows , while he simultaneously grows even stronger . Badly hurt , Goku hits the ground . Champa tells Hit to finish off Goku , but Hit refuses to obey his order . Goku manages to get back on his feet , and the two resume their fight . Goku is soon backed into a corner and resorts to his Kaiō - ken technique , which greatly increases his strength and speed . Having powered up , Goku begins pummeling and blasting Hit , who manages to evade most of the attacks with ease . 40 13 `` At Last , It Comes to an End ! Is the Winner Beerus ? Or is it Champa ? '' / `` A Decision at Last ! Is the Winner Beerus ? Or is it Champa ? '' `` Tsuini ketchaku ! Shōsha wa Birusu ? Soretomo Shanpa ? '' ( ついに 決着 ! 勝者 は ビルス ? それとも シャンパ ? ) April 24 , 2016 November 4 , 2017 Goku and Hit fight to an indecisive stalemate . Neither side is able to gain ground against the other . Goku requests that the rules of the fight be waived so that Hit can use his assassination techniques freely . Champa and Beerus argue over this decision . During their argument , Goku jumps out of the arena . He forfeits the match . Goku argues that he would have been unable to continue due to the strain on his body brought on by his Kaiō - ken technique . Shortly afterwards , Monaka faces Hit . Monaka is scared to fight . Monaka punches Hit . Hit throws the fight as repayment for Goku enabling him to surpass his limits . With Hit defeated , the Universe Seven team is declared the winner of the tournament . Just as the festivities are about to conclude , Zenō ( 全 王 ) , a mysterious `` King of Universes '' , appears in the center of the fighting stage . 41 14 `` Come , God of Dragons - And Pretty Please Grant My Wish ! '' / `` Arise , Divine Dragon ! And Pretty Please Grant My Wish ! '' `` Ide deyo kami no ryū - soshite negai o kanaete chonmage ! '' ( 出 で よ 神 の 龍 そして 願い を 叶え て ちょんまげ ! ) May 1 , 2016 November 11 , 2017 Zenō announces that he will organize a martial arts tournament for all twelve universes . Goku disrespectfully approaches and talks to Zenō , much to Zenō 's amusement and everyone else 's discomfort . Champa scolds his team for losing and orders them to train for the upcoming tournament . Champa and his team leave shortly afterwards . Beerus asks the Earthlings to find the Super Dragon Balls . Android 18 notices that all Super Dragon Balls are clumped together on the radar , and Monaka deduces that the planet they have been fighting on is actually the seventh Super Dragon Ball . Beerus , Goku , and the others leave for the location of all seven Super Dragon Balls . Once they are there , Whis summons Super Shenron ( スーパー シェンロン , Chāo Shénlóng ) , which is a more powerful version of Shenlong . Unknown to anyone else , Beerus secretly wishes to have Universe Six 's Earth restored back to normal . Vados informs Champa what Beerus wished for . Whis leaves Beerus and Monaka on Beerus ' planet and departs for Earth . Monaka is revealed to be an ordinary mail deliveryman who is an aspiring fighter . Beerus rewards Monaka with money for his help motivating Goku and Vegeta . Goku , Vegeta , and the others from Earth return home , much to Goku 's delight . 42 15 `` Trouble at the Victory Celebration ! Showdown at Last ? ! Monaka vs. Son Goku ! '' / `` A Turbulent Victory Celebration ! Showdown at Last ? Monaka vs Goku ! '' `` Haran no shukushō kai ! Tsuini taiketsu ! ? Monaka VS Son Gokū ! '' ( 波乱 の 祝勝 会 ! 遂に 対決 ! ? モナカ VS 孫悟空 ) May 8 , 2016 November 18 , 2017 With the tournament completed , Bulma decides to hold a celebration party at the Capsule Corporation . She also decides to invite Monaka who she considers to be the real winner of the tournament . Beerus and Whis are opposed to Bulma 's idea as they believe that Goku would want to fight Monaka if he were to attend . Ultimately , Monaka does attend . Beerus decides to tell everyone besides Goku about Monaka 's secret . Monaka is not nearly as powerful as everyone believes him to be . Goten and Trunks suggest that Beerus disguises himself as Monaka and fight Goku in Monaka 's place . Beerus agrees to the plan and disguises himself . Pu'ar also shape - shifts itself into Beerus to act as a decoy . Goku and a disguised Beerus begin their match shortly after . Following a brief clash , Whis interrupts the battle . Everyone carries on with the festivities . 43 16 `` Goku 's `` Ki '' is Out of Control ? ! Looking After Pan is A Lot of Trouble ! '' / `` Goku Ca n't Control His Ki ? ! A Struggle to Look After Pan ! '' `` Gokū no `` Ki '' ga seigyo funō ! ? Pan no osewa de shikuhakku ! '' ( 悟空 の 「 気 」 が 制御 不能 ! ? パン の お世話 で 四苦八苦 ) May 15 , 2016 November 25 , 2017 Due to overexerting himself during the tournament , Goku has problems controlling his energy . He decides to take a break and relax in order to get his strength back . While Gohan and Videl are out , Goku and his family babysit Pan . That morning , Pilaf and his companions plan to attack Goku , while he is asleep . They end up fleeing in terror and bring Pan along with them . Inside their ship , Pilaf accidentally launches them into the stratosphere . The pressure from the launch destroys their ship , but Pan is able to fly back home with her captives in tow . On their way home , Goku 's family is relieved to find Pan even though they remain ignorant of her exploits . 44 17 `` Seal of Planet Potofu - Secret of the Superhuman Water Is Unleashed ! '' / `` The Seal on Planet Potofu ! The Secret of the Unleashed Superhuman Water ! '' `` Potofu sei no fūin toki hanatareta - `` Chōjin sui '' no himitsu ! '' ( ポトフ 星 の 封印 解き放た れ た `` 超人 水 '' の 秘密 ! ) May 22 , 2016 December 2 , 2017 While Monaka delivers a package to Bulma , Goten and Trunks sneak into his delivery truck and are accidentally taken to Planet Potofu . A group of space bandits , headed by a teal humanoid Gryll ( グリル , Guriru ) , attempt to steal a key to an item called the Superhuman Water ( 超人 水 , Chōjin Mizu ) from an elder named Potaji ( ポタジ ) . The bandits succeed and are absorbed and cloned by the purple viscous liquid . At Bulma 's request , Vegeta and Jaco arrive on the planet to search for the children . Shortly after they arrive , the liquid absorbs and clones Vegeta . 45 18 `` Vegeta Disappears ? ! The Threat of Duplicated Vegeta ! '' / `` Bejīta ga kieru ! ? Fukusei bejīta no kyōi ! '' ( ベジータ が 消える ! ? 複製 ベジータ の 脅威 ! ) May 29 , 2016 TBA Vegeta is powerless due to the purple viscous liquid cloning and absorbing his powers . The liquid is revealed to be a sentient being known as Komeson ( コメソン ) . Superhuman Water is just one of its many names known throughout the universe . Vegeta and the rest flee from the cloned Vegeta and the space bandits . Learning that the original will disappear once cloned , Goten and Trunks attempt to defeat the clone before that happens . Goku is fully recovered while training on King Kai 's planet . He senses that Goten and Trunks are in danger and teleports to Goten 's side . Goku prepares to fight the cloned Vegeta . 46 19 `` Goku vs. Duplicated Vegeta ! Who 's Gonna Win ? ! '' / `` Gokū VS fukusei Bejīta ! Katsu no wa dotchida ! ? '' ( 悟空 VS 複製 ベジータ ! 勝つ の は どっち だ ! ? ) June 5 , 2016 TBA Goku and the cloned Vegeta begin their battle . Each side holds its own . Vegeta tells Goku that he can not beat him with attacks like that . The cloned Vegeta backs Goku into a corner . Goku teleports behind his opponent and lands a blow on him , which briefly turns the battle in his favor . Vegeta starts getting frustrated that his clone is failing to dodge certain attacks and begins cheering for the clone when it knocks Goku away . Trunks reminds Vegeta that if they do not defeat the clone , Vegeta would die . Vegeta attempts to attack the clone himself , but he fails to do any damage . Frustrated , Vegeta criticizes both his clone and Goku . Goku begins wondering whose side Vegeta is on . He and the cloned Vegeta quickly power up , and the two continue their fight . Jaco points out that Vegeta is even more transparent than before . Potaji tells Vegeta to use Komeson to gain time . Trunks wonders if there might be another way to save Vegeta in case their plan fails . Potaji suggests that the Komeson should be destroyed to weaken the clones it had created . Trunks , Goten , Potaji , and Jaco fly away to retrieve the weapon . Meanwhile , Goku manages to fight off cloned Vegeta . Vegeta is frustrated that it is Goku who is fighting the clone and not him . The fight causes a destructive shock wave . Komeson takes advantage of this and quickly attacks Trunks . Vegeta feels that Trunks is in trouble and tries to reach him . Monaka accidentally steps on Komeson 's core behind him , which damages it along with its clones . Potaji notes that even though the core was destroyed , time has run out and Vegeta is disappearing . Realizing this is his last chance , Goku destroys the cloned Vegeta . As a result , Vegeta 's body regenerates and Potaji reseals Komeson . Goku thanks Monaka for his help and says that he would have been beaten by the cloned Vegeta if it were not for him . With the Planet Potofu saved and the threat destroyed , Goku and the others return to Earth . Meanwhile , in an annihilated alternate timeline , Future Trunks looks to destroy a new threat that has been terrorizing his world . Season 4 : `` Future '' Trunks ( edit ) Overall No . Saga No . English translation Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 47 `` An SOS from the Future ! A Dark New Enemy Emerges ! ! '' / `` Mirai kara no esuōesu ! Kuroki arata na teki arawaru ! '' ( 未来 から の SOS ! 黒き 新た な 敵 現 る ! ! ) June 12 , 2016 TBA In an alternate timeline , Future Trunks is hiding from a mysterious enemy that has been terrorizing the Future Earth . He meets with his mother in their hideout , Future Bulma , who is relieved that he survived . She is revealed to have been working on the time machine for their trip to find help . Just as they are about to leave , an explosion destroys Future Bulma 's equipment . Seeing as they are in danger , Future Bulma urges Future Trunks to leave without her . Shortly after , a mysterious enemy demolishes the hideout . Future Bulma is killed by falling debris following the explosion , but Future Trunks manages to escape . Back in the present timeline , Goku is showing his new farm to Chi - Chi and Goten . Piccolo arrives shortly after at Goku 's request . Goku says he wants to use his work as a way to train . While Goku and Piccolo are having a harvesting competition , on Beerus ' planet , Vegeta is training with Whis . Goku notices this and teleports to them . Beerus asks if Goku brought him a gift , and Goku gives him a ball of lettuce he grabbed during his contest with Piccolo . Beerus enjoys the lettuce , but he considers it inadequate . Meanwhile , in the alternate timeline , Future Trunks meets up with Future Mai . Future Trunks tells her that his mother has sacrificed herself so he could escape and return to the past and save his world . Back on Beerus ' planet , Goku , Vegeta , Beerus , and Whis discuss Zenō , who is the `` King of Universes '' . Beerus says that Zenō is the most powerful being there is . Whis says that Zenō is also able to erase entire universes as there has originally been more than there are at present . In the alternate timeline , Future Trunks and Future Mai are eating and resting . They discuss about going back 17 years in the past , where Future Trunks ' friends would be . They make their way to Capsule Corporation . They stumble upon a vortex in the sky out of which arrives the mysterious enemy that the two have been running away from . Future Trunks tells Future Mai to go on ahead as he draws his sword . He tries to face the enemy but to no avail . In order to save Future Trunks and give him a chance to escape , Future Mai acts as a decoy . Future Mai is hit by the enemy 's blast and seemingly killed on the spot . Future Trunks is enraged and looks at the enemy , who is revealed to be a Goku look - alike being named Goku Black ( ゴクウ ブラック , Gokū Burakku ) . 48 `` Hope ! ! Once More Awaken in the Present , Trunks '' / `` Kibō ! ! Futatabi - Imade mezame yo Torankusu '' ( HOPE ( き ぼう ) ! ! 再び 現在 で 目覚めよ トランクス ) June 19 , 2016 TBA Goku Black taunts Future Trunks as he could not save any of his family or friends . Future Trunks powers up to Super Saiyan to fight Goku Black , but he is outmatched . He distracts Goku Black with an energy attack and quickly boards the Time Capsule and escapes 17 years into the past . Goku Black is frustrated that he can not find Trunks in the future timeline . Meanwhile in the present timeline , Trunks is studying in class along with Pilaf 's Gang . During a recess break , Trunks feels strange and looks at the sky to observe the Time Capsule arriving with Future Trunks inside . He immediately calls for his mother Bulma . Bulma contacts Vegeta and Goku who are training on Beerus ' planet . Bulma asks Trunks to power up in order for Goku to be able to teleport himself and Vegeta to their location . Whis and Beerus also arrive to see Future Trunks . Vegeta asks Goku to get some Senzu beans . Goku goes to Korin 's place to get some Senzu beans . Future Trunks regains consciousness thanks to the Senzu bean . Upon spotting Goku , Future Trunks recalls Goku Black 's attacks and immediately charges towards Goku , which shocks everyone around . 49 `` A Message from the Future - Goku Black Strikes ! '' / `` Mirai kara no messēji - Gokū Burakku shūrai ! '' ( 未来 から の メッセージ ゴクウ ブラック 襲来 ! ) June 26 , 2016 TBA Goku manages to fight off Future Trunks . Bulma manages to calm down Future Trunks . Future Trunks gets clued in as to where he had ended up . He is also introduced to Beerus and Whis . Future Trunks apologizes to Goku for attacking him . He tells him he looks just like an enemy he was after . Both Goku and Vegeta are intrigued by this enemy . They decide to help him . Meanwhile in an alternate timeline , Goku Black is searching for Future Trunks . Realizing Future Trunks escaped using a time - traveling machine , Goku Black decides to go after him . Goku and Future Trunks decide to have a quick fight to determine each other 's power . Goku easily defeats Future Trunks , but Future Trunks warns Goku that Goku Black is a lot more powerful . While Goku and Future Trunks practice , a portal opens above them . Goku Black comes out of the portal and introduces himself . 50 `` Goku vs. Black ! The Closed Path to the Future '' / `` Gokū VS Burakku ! Tozasareta mirai e no michi '' ( 悟空 VS ブラック ! 閉ざさ れ た 未来 へ の 道 ) July 3 , 2016 TBA Goku Black arrives in the past . Future Trunks decides to fight Goku Black , but Vegeta stops him . Curious to know how powerful Goku Black really is , Goku decides to fight him . Neither of them seems to be particularly interested in their fight . Goku decides to transform into a Super Saiyan . Goku Black proves to be no match for powered - up Goku . Future Trunks wonders why Goku does not simply destroy his opponent . Goku Black tries to power up but before he is able to , Goku thwarts him . While Goku and Goku Black fight , the time portal starts to disappear . It also starts dragging Goku Black towards itself . Goku Black realizes this . He destroys the Time Machine as soon as he had been dragged into it , which prevents others to return to the future . With Goku Black suddenly gone , Goku wonders where his enemy could have disappeared . Whis explains that Goku Black used a time - traveling method only Supreme Kai know about . Bulma decides to search for the other Time Machine that Cell used to travel back in time . Just as Goku Black reappears in the future timeline , Mai regains consciousness . 51 5 `` Feelings That Travel Beyond Time - Trunks and Mai '' / `` Toki o koeta omoi - Torankusu to Mai '' ( 時 を こえ た 想い トランクス と マイ ) July 10 , 2016 TBA Bulma finds the Time Machine that Cell used to travel to the past and promptly gathers the team to repair it . While Future Trunks is waiting for Bulma to finish the repairs , Goku heads off to King Kai 's planet to train . Future Trunks and Mai discuss their counterparts from alternate timelines . Future Trunks explains to Mai that Future Mai was a leader of Earth 's resistance movement who died fighting to protect the planet . He also mentions Goku Black 's ultimate goal , which is to rid the world of humans who are seen as inferior beings . Determined to find Goku Black , Beerus and Whis search for the villain 's energy signature . Meanwhile , Goku Black is surprised that he had grown stronger fighting Goku . He seeks to fight him again to become even stronger . 52 6 `` Teacher and Student Reunited - Son Gohan and `` Future '' Trunks '' / `` Shitei saikai - Son Gohan to `` Mirai '' Torankusu '' ( 師弟 再会 孫 悟 飯 と `` 未来 '' トランクス ) July 17 , 2016 TBA Bulma and her team are still repairing the Time Machine . Piccolo and Krillin are mending the damages in the wake of Goku 's fight with Goku Black . Piccolo mentions that Gohan had changed since he is not the pupil he had trained years ago . He is dissatisfied with the fact that Gohan decided to abandon his training to become a scholar . Future Trunks is surprised by Piccolo 's point of view . Piccolo and Krillin suggest that Future Trunks should meet their timeline 's Gohan . Future Trunks meets Gohan at the latter 's house , and the two discuss their shared future . Gohan introduces Future Trunks to his family . Shortly after , Future Trunks leaves for the Capsule Corporation . Meanwhile , Goku , Beerus , and Whis travel to an alternate universe , where they had detected Goku Black 's energy . 53 7 `` Uncover Black 's Identity ! To the Sacred World of the Kais ! '' / `` Burakku no shōtai o abake ! Iza dai 10 uchū no kaiōshin kai e ! '' ( ブラック の 正体 を 暴け ! いざ 第 10 宇宙 の 界 王 神 界 へ ! ) July 31 , 2016 TBA Goku , Beerus , and Whis arrive to Universe Ten . They meet the Supreme Kai beings called Zamasu ( ザマス ) , an apprentice Supreme Kai , and Gowasu ( ゴワス ) , Zamasu 's master . Gowasu shows to be a kind hearted Supreme Kai who loves all creation , while Zamasu despises mortals , specifically humans . Goku is excited by the idea of fighting a Supreme Kai . He asks Zamasu to spar with him . Zamasu objects to fighting Goku , but he is asked to fight by his master . Zamasu is baffled to learn that he is no match for Goku . Beerus and Whis realize that the energy they had detected is actually that of Zamasu . Goku , Beerus , and Whis head back to Universe Seven 's Earth . Meanwhile on Earth , Krillin introduces Future Trunks to his wife , Android 18 , and his daughter , Marron . 54 8 `` The One Who Inherits the Saiyan Blood - Trunk 's Resolve '' / `` Saiya - jin no chiohikumono - Torankusu no ketsui '' ( サイヤ 人 の 血 を ひく 者 トランクス の 決意 ) August 7 , 2016 TBA Bulma and her team put the finishing touches to the rebuilt Time Machine . Meanwhile , Vegeta wants to test Future Trunks ' power to see how strong his son had become . Future Trunks proves to be no match for Vegeta at his full power . Future Trunks is outmatched in every way . However , Future Trunks finds this fact reassuring . Knowing how powerful Vegeta and Goku have become , he is certain that Goku Black will not be much of a threat . Vegeta is disappointed and angry with Future Trunks . Vegeta believes that Saiyans should continually strive to grow stronger and not only when enemies present themselves . On Beerus ' planet , Beerus and Whis are about to eat dinner . Suddenly , Zenō contacts them and tells them that he wishes to meet Goku , which shocks Beerus and Whis . 55 9 `` I Want to See Son Goku - Zen - Oh Sama 's Summoning ! '' / `` Son Gokū ni aitai no ne - Zenō - sama kara no yobidashi ! '' ( 孫悟空 に 会 いたい の ね 全 王様 から の よびだし ! ) August 21 , 2016 TBA Whis and Beerus are worried over Zenō - sama 's request to meet Goku and what it could mean for their universe . They do not want Goku to meet Zenō - sama out of fear that he would come across as crude and offensive . Whis and Beerus reluctantly decide to heed Zenō - sama 's request . They tell Goku to keep quiet about their plans regarding Goku Black and time - traveling . In Universe Ten on Planet Babari ( 惑星 ババリ , Wakusei Babari ) , Zamasu kills one of the natives after it tried to attack them . Gowasu scolds his student and says such behavior goes against his teaching of maintaining the balance between good and evil . Zamasu flouts that mindset and argues that the only way to maintain balance is to eradicate mortals . As Zamasu stands in the wind , rose petals start to whirl around him , which gives an allusion to distinctive red energy of Goku Black . Goku and the others arrive to Zenō - sama 's sanctuary . Zenō - sama says that all he wanted was a friend to play with when he feels like having fun . Goku promises that he will find more friends for him to play with . Before Goku leaves , Zenō - sama gives him a button and says to press it if Goku ever wants to summon him . Shortly afterwards , Goku and the others leave for Earth , where the Time Machine has been repaired . Goku , Vegeta , and Future Trunks arrive into Future Trunks ' alternate timeline . As soon as they arrive , Goku is attacked by the Earth 's resistance forces who mistook him for Goku Black . 56 10 `` Rematch With Goku Black ! Super Saiyan Rosé Appears '' / `` Saisen Gokū Burakku ! Sūpā Saiya - jin Roze tōjō ! ! '' ( 再戦 ゴクウ ブラック ! 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ロゼ 登場 ! ! ) August 28 , 2016 TBA Future Trunks quickly pacifies the resistance fighters . He explains that he has returned with Goku and Vegeta to defeat Goku Black . The fighters reveal that Future Mai has left them with an action plan in case Goku Black appears . Future Trunks , Goku , and Vegeta leave and meet Future Mai at her hideout . Future Mai explains that after she managed to escape , she stumbled on a group of resistance members who took her in . However , their refuge was soon attacked and destroyed by Goku Black . Goku spots Future Yajirobe ( 未来 の ヤジロベー , Mirai no Yajirobē ) , who Future Trunks believed to be dead in the resistance 's ranks . Future Yajirobe reveals that his life was saved by a Senzu bean , which Korin had given him . Vegeta states that he plans to take on Goku Black alone this time . Goku suggests that they play a game of Rock - paper - scissors to decide who gets to fight first . Vegeta accepts the proposal and wins . Meanwhile , Goku Black is wandering the desolate ruins of Earth . Future Trunks , Goku , and Vegeta suddenly appear near him . Vegeta powers up and engages Goku Black who seems to be completely uninterested . Goku Black transforms into a pink - haired Super Saiyan and fights Vegeta . He dubs the form Super Saiyan Rose ( 超 サイヤ 人 ロゼ , Sūpā Saiya - jin Roze ) following Goku 's naming pattern . Goku Black tells Vegeta that their fight only made him stronger . Vegeta and Goku Black exchange a few blows . Vegeta knocks him away . Vegeta charges in to attack again . Goku Black uses his ki to form an energy blade on his hand and stabs Vegeta in the chest , which critically wounds him . Goku quickly powers up and charges at Goku Black . As the two fight , Future Trunks thinks they are evenly matched , but Vegeta notices that Goku Black has an advantage over Goku as well . Just as Goku Black begins charging his attack , Zamasu appears and stops the fight . He urges Goku Black to allow him to kill Goku just as they have agreed . 57 11 `` The God With the Immortal Body - Zamasu Descends '' / `` Fujimi no karada o motsu kami - Zamasu kōrin '' ( 不死身 の 体 を 持つ 神 ザマス 降臨 ) September 4 , 2016 TBA Zamasu appears unexpectedly from the sky . He states that he and Goku Black are `` kindred spirits '' who want a world without mortals . Goku challenges Zamasu to a fight and Zamasu accepts . During the fight , Goku Black suddenly comes between Goku and Zamasu and smashes Goku into a corner . Future Trunks appears and attacks Goku Black . Goku Black uses Goku 's Kamehameha blast at Goku and Future Trunks . They fail to dodge it . As Goku Black and Zamasu use their combined power to finish off Goku and Future Trunks , Vegeta steps in and saves the two . Vegeta himself gets badly wounded . Future Yajirobe swoops in to rescue wounded Goku and Future Trunks and takes them to a safer location . Before Goku Black and Zamasu are able to finish off Vegeta , Future Mai and the resistance soldiers intervene and rescue Vegeta . Goku and the others return to their timeline using the Time Machine . Future Mai and Future Yajirobe are left behind . 58 12 `` Zamasu and Black - The Mystery of the Two Deepens '' / `` Zamasu to Burakku - Fukamaru futari no nazo '' ( ザマス と ブラック 深まる 二 人 の 謎 ) September 11 , 2016 TBA Wanting to learn more about the Super Dragon Balls , Zamasu visits Zunō - sama 's planet . Under duress , Zunō - sama explains exactly how the Super Dragon Balls work and where they are . At Capsule Corporation , Bulma nurses Goku , Vegeta , and Future Trunks back to health . Beerus and Whis arrive with Supreme Kai . After listening to what happened in the alternate timeline , Whis posits a theory as to what exactly Zamasu is planning . He believes that , after losing to Goku , Zamasu became obsessed with Goku and his incredible power . Zamasu needed an ally as powerful as Goku to achieve his goal of obliterating mortals . Goku Black was therefore supposed to be a copy of Goku and created using the Super Dragon Balls . Whis also adds his earlier theory about how Goku Black is able to time travel using Supreme Kai 's method . He believes that their timeline 's Zamasu is the one who is going to kill Gowasu and give Goku Black the time - traveling device known as the Time Ring ( 時 の 指輪 , Toki no yubiwa ) . Supreme Kai takes Goku , Beerus , and Whis to Universe Ten to warn Gowasu , while Vegeta stays behind . They arrive to the Supreme Kai Realm ( 界 王 神 界 , Kaiōshin Kai ) , where they meet Gowasu . Gowasu explains that Zamasu has left on what he called an important mission . Goku tries to warn Gowasu of what Zamasu has done in the future , but Beerus promptly silences him . They wonder if Gowasu noticed anything wrong with his apprentice . Gowasu mentions the doubts Zamasu has had regarding the role of the Supreme Kai and their relationship with mortals , but it should not be a cause for concern . Just as Gowasu finishes , Zamasu arrives . 59 13 `` Protect Supreme Kai Gowasu - Destroy Zamasu ! '' / `` Kaiōshin Gowasu o mamore - Zamasu o hakai seyo ! '' ( 界 王 神 ゴワス を 守れ ザマス を 破壊 せよ ! ) September 25 , 2016 TBA Whis gifts Gowasu with rice cakes and says that he and the others did not mean to disturb Zamasu and him . They leave shortly after . While they are in space , Whis uses his staff to eavesdrop on Gowasu and Zamasu . They watch as Zamasu kills Gowasu . Whis turns back time so that Goku can save Gowasu . Zamasu claims he did not plan on killing Gowasu , but Whis tells him otherwise . Angered that his plan has failed , Zamasu tries to kill Goku . Beerus saves Goku and kills Zamasu . With the present day Zamasu killed , Goku and the others decide to track down Goku Black . In the alternate timeline , Zamasu and Goku Black are discussing Goku Black 's power . 60 14 `` Back to the Future - Goku Black 's Identity Is Revealed ! ! '' / `` Futatabi mirai e - Akasareru Gokū Burakku no shōtai ! ! '' ( 再び 未来 へ 明かさ れる ゴクウ ブラック の 正体 ! ! ) October 2 , 2016 TBA With Zamasu defeated , Beerus is convinced that Future Trunks ' timeline has become peaceful once again . Although hesitant , Future Trunks decides to go back to his timeline to make sure that is the case . Goku , Vegeta , and Bulma accompany him . As soon as they arrive , they realize that nothing has changed . Future Zamasu and Goku Black learn of Goku and the others ' return . The two groups meet shortly after . Goku Black reveals himself to be the version of Zamasu who successfully killed Gowasu and was apparently erased by Whis ' time powers ; he had protected himself by using the Time Ring . Afterwards , he stole the body of his timeline 's Goku with the wish granted by the Super Dragon Balls . Goku Black used its potential to grow stronger than Goku himself . 61 15 `` Zamasu 's Ambition - The Awful `` Zero Mortal Plan '' Is Revealed '' / `` Zamasu no yabō - Katarareru kyōfu no `` Ningen 0 keikaku '' '' ( ザマス の 野望 語 られる 恐怖 の 『 人間 0 計画 』 ) October 9 , 2016 TBA Future Zamasu reveals himself to be Zamasu from Future Trunks ' alternate timeline , who used the Super Dragon Balls in this timeline to wish for immortality . Goku fights Goku Black and Future Zamasu , but he is outmatched by the two villains . Goku Black tells Goku that after taking over his body , he killed Chi - Chi and Goten just to spite him . Enraged , Goku takes on both of the villains . He is initially able to hold his own , but he is soon overpowered and knocked out . With Goku defeated , Future Trunks and Vegeta are backed into a corner . Future Zamasu holds Future Trunks and his constant time - traveling responsible for thwarting his plan to eradicate all mortals . This infuriates Future Trunks , who explodes and transforms into an immensely powerful new form of Super Saiyan . 62 16 `` I 'll Protect the World ! Trunks ' Furious Super Power Explodes ! ! '' / `` Sekai wa ore ga mamoru ! Torankusu ikari no sūpā pawā sakuretsu ! ! '' ( 世界 は オレ が 守る ! トランクス 怒り の 超 ( スーパー ) パワー 炸裂 ! ! ) October 16 , 2016 TBA While Future Trunks ' new form is enough to match Goku Black , Future Trunks is still unable to deal the death blow . Future Trunks tells Vegeta to take Goku back to the past , while he faces their opponents . Goku Black attempts to prevent them from escaping , but he fails to do so . Goku , Vegeta , and Bulma arrive in the present . Vegeta explains what happened in Future Trunks ' timeline and Goku Black 's origin to Beerus and Whis . Believing they had done their part , Beerus and Whis leave . Meanwhile , Chi - Chi and Gohan meet with Krillin to ask if he knows where Goku went . Krillin hesitates and dodges the question . They leave for Bulma 's house to ask her the same question . Once there , they meet Goku in bandages . With everyone present , Piccolo thinks of a new plan . He proposes using Evil Containment Wave ( 魔 封 波 , Mafūba ) , which is an ancient technique used to seal demons in jars . Wondering what the Evil Containment Wave is , Goku quickly teleports to Kame House . Goku spends the night at Master Roshi 's house training to master the Evil Containment Wave , while Vegeta trains in the Hyberbolic Time Chamber . 63 17 `` Do n't Disrespect Saiyan Cells ! Vegeta 's Heroic Battle Begins ! ! '' / `` Saiya - jin no saibō o kegasu na ! Bejīta no sōzetsu batoru kaien ! ! '' ( サイヤ 人 の 細胞 を 汚す な ! ベジータ の 壮絶 バトル 開演 ! ! ) October 23 , 2016 TBA Before Goku Black and Zamasu are able to kill him , Future Trunks is saved by the resistance . Future Yajirobe informs Future Trunks that Mai has found Goku Black 's hideout . Future Trunks leave for the hideout . Mai tries to shoot Goku Black , but she misses her shot . Just as Goku Black and Zamasu try to retaliate , Future Trunks intervenes in the nick of time . Future Trunks fights the two again without success . Goku and Vegeta arrive just in time to save him . Goku Black destroys the Time Machine , but Bulma manages to salvage what was left by dousing the fire . Gowasu and Supreme Kai arrive from the past to stop Zamasu from going on a killing spree . Goku Black and Future Zamasu explain that they killed all of the Supreme Kais in the future timeline ; during the conversation , it is revealed that Whis and those like him are actually angels . Goku Black tries to kill Gowasu , but Goku and Vegeta stop him . Goku fights Future Zamasu , while Vegeta battles Goku Black . Bulma begins repairing the Time Machine and asks Future Trunks to prepare the seal , which Goku has brought to seal Zamasu . Vegeta gets the upper hand over Goku Black due to his latest training , which he interprets as a tipping point in his latent power that he possesses as the Prince of Saiyans . 64 18 `` Revere Him ! Praise Him ! Fusion Zamasu 's Explosive Birth ! ! '' / `` Agameyo ! Tataeyo ! Gattai Zamasu bakutan ! ! '' ( 崇めよ ! 讃えよ ! 合体 ザマス 爆誕 ! ! ) October 30 , 2016 TBA Vegeta continues to overpower Goku Black . Future Zamasu attempts to intervene , but Goku cuts him off . Goku Black realizes that Vegeta 's increased power comes from his anger and uses that method to increase his own power . Goku Black distracts Goku and Vegeta by creating many energy duplicates of himself to confuse them , while Future Zamasu goes after Future Trunks , Mai , and Bulma . Bulma attempts to buy time for Future Trunks to prepare the Evil Containment Wave by flirting with Future Zamasu . However , he sees through her trick and knocks her out . This angers Future Trunks , who powers up to his new Super Saiyan form and uses the Evil Containment Wave on Future Zamasu . The Evil Containment Wave works on Future Zamasu , who is sealed within the jar . However , in the present , Master Roshi realizes that he forgot to give Goku the paper amulet that would make the seal permanent . As a result , the seal fails and Future Zamasu breaks out of the jar , which weakened him . Goku Black goes to help him , and Goku and Vegeta follow in pursuit . Realizing that they have underestimated their enemies , Goku Black and Future Zamasu use their Potarra Earrings to fuse into a single immensely powerful being known as Fusion Zamasu . 65 19 `` Is This the Final Judgement ? ! The Ultimate Power of the Absolute God '' / `` Saigo no shipan ka ! ? Zettai shin no kyūkyoku no pawā '' ( 最後 の 審判 か ! ? 絶対 神 の 究極 の 力 ( パワー ) ) November 6 , 2016 TBA Fusion Zamasu explains that he possesses the immortality of Future Zamasu as well as Goku Black 's Saiyan ability to grow stronger from each fight . He shows off his power and devastates the Earth in the process . Meanwhile , Future Trunks decides to rejoin the fight , while Mai and Bulma are working on the Time Machine . Goku and Vegeta fight Fusion Zamasu , but they are easily defeated . Future Trunks joins the fight , but he is also overpowered . Fusion Zamasu begins charging up an enormous ki blast known as the Holy Wrath to destroy the planet . Future Trunks uses a last - ditch Galick Gun attack to hold him off . Vegeta joins the clash with his own all - out Galick Gun . Surprisingly , their combined attack overpowers Fusion Zamasu 's attack and saves the Earth . However , Fusion Zamasu survives unscathed . Vegeta barely saves Future Trunks from a deadly attack by Fusion Zamasu . Vegeta gets knocked out by the blast . Fusion Zamasu charges a second attack , but Goku rejoins the fight and counters it with his Kamehameha attack . 66 20 `` The Climactic Battle ! The Miraculous Power of a Relentless Warrior ! '' / `` Kessen ! Akiramenai senshi - tachi no kiseki no pawā ! '' ( 決戦 ! あきらめ ない 戦士 たち の 奇跡 の 力 ( パワー ) ! ) November 13 , 2016 TBA Goku puts all of his power into his Kamehameha , which is able to pierce through Fusion Zamasu 's attack and stop him from destroying Earth . In the wake of the explosion , Goku is exhausted , and Fusion Zamasu is injured . When Fusion Zamasu grabs him , Goku overpowers him using his Kaio - ken technique , and knocks Fusion Zamasu back temporarily . However , Goku 's use of the Kaio - ken drains all of his energy , and he collapses . Fusion Zamasu regains consciousness and powers up , but he still does not heal properly . Vegeta wonders why Fusion Zamasu is not healing . Gowasu explains that Fusion Zamasu must be mortal since Goku Black was as well . Goku decides that the only way they can win is for him and Vegeta to fuse using Supreme Kai 's Potarra Earrings . Vegeta initially refuses until Gowasu explains that a Potarra fusion that does not involve a Kai only lasts for one hour . Goku and Vegeta fuse to become Vegito . Vegito powers up to Super Saiyan Blue and begins fighting Fusion Zamasu . Vegito quickly gains the advantage , but Fusion Zamasu grows even stronger . Gowasu explains that Zamasu 's mutation is a result of his anger manifesting in physical form . Meanwhile , Bulma and Mai finish repairing the Time Machine . Mai gives Future Trunks his broken sword , which inspires him to keep fighting . Future Trunks uses his power to restore the sword . Vegito and Fusion Zamasu continue fighting . Vegito is winning until his fusion abruptly breaks . Fusion Zamasu begins to pummel Goku and Vegeta until Future Trunks arrives to help . Future Trunks unknowingly begins gathering energy from all living things on Earth . With this new power , Future Trunks runs his sword through Fusion Zamasu and cuts him in half . 67 21 `` With New Hope ! ! In Our Hearts - Farewell , Trunks '' / `` Aratana kibō ! ! O mune ni - saraba Torankusu '' ( 新た な HOPE ( き ぼう ) ! ! を 胸 に さらば トランクス ) November 20 , 2016 TBA Fusion Zamasu expresses his disbelief that a mortal could defeat him and then disintegrates . However , as everyone exchanges congratulations , Fusion Zamasu 's essence returns and begins spreading over the entire planet . Gowasu explains that Zamasu has cast off his physical form and is trying to physically merge his spirit and energy with the entire universe . Zamasu begins raining destruction down on the Earth and annihilates everything and everyone on the planet except Goku and the others . Zamasu 's power is even felt in the present timeline , where Beerus and Whis sense it . Goku looks for another Senzu bean in his pocket , but instead he finds the button that Zenō - sama gave him in the present timeline . Goku presses the button and Future Zenō - sama appears . After Goku explains the situation , Future Zenō - sama decides to erase the future timeline due to the corruption that Zamasu has caused . Gowasu and Supreme Kai teleport away , while Goku and the others escape using the Time Machine . Future Zenō - sama erases the entire future timeline and Fusion Zamasu . After the others return to the present , Goku and Future Trunks return to what is left of the future timeline . They retrieve Future Zenō - sama and bring him back to the present with them . Goku and Whis bring Future Zenō - sama to meet the present Zenō - sama , which fulfills Goku 's promise to provide the present Zenō - sama with a friend to play with . Whis also meets another angel , the Great Priest ( 大 神官 , Daishinkan ) , who is revealed to be his father , and invites him to visit Universe Seven . In the aftermath , Whis devises a solution for Future Trunks and Future Mai . Whis explains that they can return to the future timeline before Zamasu became a threat , which would create a new and safe version of the future timeline with the price of there being two duplicates of both Future Trunks and Future Mai living in the new timeline . Future Trunks and Future Mai accept Whis ' solution and use the time machine to travel to their new future . 68 22 `` Come Forth , Shenlong ! Whose Wish Will Be Granted ? ! '' / `` Ideyo Shenron ! Kanaeru negai wa dare no mono ! ? '' ( いでよ 神龍 ( シェンロン ) ! 叶える 願い は 誰 の もの ! ? ) November 27 , 2016 TBA Bulma is secretly trying to build a new Time Machine , but she has so far been unsuccessful . Goku decides to gather the Dragon Balls and use them to revive King Kai . However , Bulma wants to use them to acquire a rare mineral that she needs for the Time Machine , which can only be found at the Earth 's core . Wanting to taste more Earth food , Beerus and Whis return to Earth . Bulma takes them to a seafood restaurant and attempts to keep them from finding out about the Time Machine as they had previously forbidden her from making another Time Machine . Goku gathers the Dragon Balls and summons Shenron . Before Goku can make his wish , several others show up who want to make their respective wishes . As the others are all fighting over the wishes , Gohan arrives with Pan , who is sick and suffering from a severe fever . Goku and the others immediately allow Gohan to use one of the two wishes to heal Pan . After Gohan and Pan leave , the others resume fighting over the remaining wish . Bulma manages to talk everyone else out of making wishes by solving their problems herself . Goku still insists on getting his wish granted . Bulma agrees , but she convinces Goku to go to the Earth 's core and retrieve the rare mineral she needs in exchange for letting him use the wish . Beerus and Whis finish eating and leave the restaurant . They spot Shenron and promptly go to the scene , and they find Goku at the Earth 's core . Having deduced that Bulma is trying to make another Time Machine , Beerus destroys both the mineral and the Time Machine . Just as Goku is about to make his wish , the Dragon Balls deactivate and scatter around the Earth . Goku promises to revive King Kai as soon as the Dragon Balls reactivate . 69 23 `` Goku vs. Arale ! A Ridiculous Battle Will End the Earth ? ! '' / `` Gokū VS Arare ! Hachamechabatoru de Chikyū ga owaru ! ? '' ( 悟空 VS アラレ ! ハチャメチャ バトル で 地球 が 終わる ! ? ) December 4 , 2016 TBA Vegeta , Bulma , and Trunks attend a science competition that Bulma is participating in , which is hosted by Mr. Satan , while Goku is hired to work security for the event . Dr. Senbei Norimaki of Penguin Village , who has created a device that can create any item its user can think of out of thin air , wins the award . Dr. Norimaki 's nemesis , Dr. Mashirito , appears as a ghost , and reveals that he has used a chemical called Playtine - X to gain control over Norimaki 's powerful robot daughter , Arale Norimaki . Vegeta attempts to stop Arale , but her overwhelming strength and seeming ability to defy the laws of physics are too much for him . She sends him flying into the distance . Goku transforms into Super Saiyan Blue and begins fighting Arale . They initially seem to be evenly matched , but it becomes apparent that their battle could easily destroy the Earth . Dr. Norimaki is able to use his new invention to distract Arale temporarily . Meanwhile , Bulma uses the invention to conjure up a mass of delicious food , which immediately attracts Beerus , who had been taking a nap . Dr. Mashirito confronts Beerus , who promptly obliterates him . Beerus also easily overpowers Arale . Just as Beerus is about to destroy her , the food he has eaten causes him severe stomach pain , which prompts him to rush home with Whis immediately . Shortly after , Dr. Norimaki and Arale leave and return home . Goku and Arale agree to fight again in the future . 70 24 `` Champa 's Challenge ! This Time We Fight with Baseball ! ! '' / `` Shanpa kara no chōsen - jō ! Kondo wa yakyū de shōbuda ! ! '' ( シャンパ から の 挑戦 状 ! 今度 は 野球 で 勝負 だ ! ! ) December 11 , 2016 TBA Champa contacts Beerus and challenges him to a game of baseball ( 野球 , Yakyū ) as a way of reconciling Universes Six and Seven . The baseball game is arranged to be held on Universe Seven 's Earth . Champa explains to Vados that he intends to use the game as an opportunity to steal food from Earth . The game begins with Goku initially unsuccessful as the pitcher for Beerus ' team due to his lack of experience . Yamcha , who has extensive experience playing baseball , steps up and gives the Universe Seven team an advantage . However , he is injured several times over the course of the game by Vegeta , who is playing on the Universe Six team with Champa . Champa and Beerus end up fighting , which almost destroys the planet . Whis and Vados intervene and call the game off . Vados reveals that Yamcha , despite his injuries , made it to home plate and scored a run before the game was called off , thereby winning the game for Universe Seven . Champa and his team return to Universe Six . Champa has seemingly forgotten his goal of stealing Universe Seven 's Earth 's food , as he has already become obsessed with training to prepare for a rematch . 71 25 `` The Death of Goku ! The Guaranteed Assassination Mission '' / `` Gokū shisu ! Zettai shikkō no ansatsu ninrai ! '' ( 悟空 死す ! 絶対 執行 の 暗殺 任 頼 ) December 18 , 2016 TBA Goku begins acting strangely . He admits to Gohan and Goten that he thinks someone wants to kill him . Meanwhile , in Universe Six , Hit carries out an assassination mission by killing a crime boss . His next target is revealed to be Goku . Goku senses Hit coming and flies to a remote area so that their fight would not put anyone else in danger . Hit arrives to kill Goku . Goku charges at Hit , but he can not hit him . Hit seemingly kills Goku with a single blow to the chest and disappears just before Piccolo , Gohan , and Goten arrive and find Goku 's body . 72 26 `` Will There Be a Counterattack ? ! The Invisible Killing Strike ! ! '' / `` Hangeki naruka ! ? Mienai koroshi no waza ! ! '' ( 反撃 なる か ! ? 見え ない 殺し の 技 ! ! ) December 25 , 2016 TBA Piccolo tries to revive Goku to no avail , but Goku had fired an energy blast in the air shortly before he was killed , reviving him . Goku learns that Hit 's assassination technique is an invisible energy blast . Goku shocks Hit by being the first person to ever dodge this technique , but he is still unable to land a blow on Hit and remains at a disadvantage . Meanwhile , Champa and Vados come to see the fight . They are later joined by Vegeta , Beerus , and Whis . Vados explains how Hit is able to use his secret technique , which makes him seemingly untouchable . In the midst of the battle , Goku fires his Kamehameha attack , which proves to be powerful enough to knock out both Hit and himself . In the aftermath , Goku reveals to Vegeta , Champa , and Beerus that he had hired Hit , because he wanted to fight him at full strength , and that Whis and Vados were involved in his plan as well . 73 27 `` Gohan 's Misfortune ! An Unexpected Great Saiyaman Movie ? ! '' / `` Gohan no sainan ! Gurētosaiyaman masakano eiga ka ! ? '' ( 悟 飯 の 災難 ! グレート サイヤマン まさかの 映画 化 ! ? ) January 8 , 2017 TBA Mr. Satan reveals to Videl and Gohan that he is starring in a new superhero film : `` Great Saiyaman vs. Mister Satan '' ! As Videl , Gohan , and Pan check out the film set , the lead in the film -- - a famous but self - absorbed actor named Barry Kahn -- becomes enamored with Videl and tries to woo her . Videl rejects Barry in front of the entire film crew , which angers him . Seeking revenge on Videl for his humiliation , Barry convinces Gohan to take over as the main stuntman for the film in order to embarrass and potentially maim him . As Gohan is the real Great Saiyaman , he uses his powers to easily take on the role . Gohan later dons the suit again for a fight against a pair of bank robbers . When the film crew accuses Gohan of using the suit and stopping the bank robbery , Bulma bails him out . However , Gohan 's identity is accidentally revealed to Cocoa , who is a starlet in the film . Cocoa blackmails Gohan into flying her around the city . Meanwhile , Jaco chases after a being known as Watagashi ( 綿 餓死 ) , which is an extraterrestrial parasitic criminal that possesses its hosts . Suspecting that `` The Great Saiyaman '' might be the host of Watagashi , Jaco attacks Gohan with a vaporizing cannon . 74 28 `` For the Ones He Loves ! The Unbeatable Great Saiyaman ! ! '' / `` Aisuru mono no tame ni ! Fukutsu no Gurēto Saiyaman ! ! '' ( 愛する ものの ため に ! 不屈 の グレート サイヤマン ! ! ) January 15 , 2017 TBA Gohan manages to dodge Jaco 's cannon blast and learns of Watagashi 's ability to possess its hosts . Cocoa brings Gohan back to her apartment to rehearse , but she hides the fact that she was forced by Barry to let photos be taken of the pair for the tabloids . She has a secret change of heart and does not let the photos get taken in her room . When the pair go to the roof the next morning , Barry gets the pictures of Gohan getting a kiss from Cocoa and revealing himself as Great Saiyaman . Barry immediately brings the photos to Videl in an attempt to expose Gohan as a cheater . As he tries to woo Videl again , she sees through Barry 's act and refuses his advances . Watagashi finds and possesses Barry by turning him into a powerful monster in the process . The possessed Barry dispatches Gohan and kidnaps Pan . He seeks a final showdown with Gohan . Barry proves formidable . Gohan is nearly killed in the struggle . Videl and Pan express complete faith in Gohan 's desire to protect them and call out for his aid . Gohan transforms into `` Super Great Saiyaman '' and knocks out Barry , which separates him from Watagashi in the process . The film becomes a hit . Cocoa blackmails Barry into keeping Gohan 's secret with the knowledge that Barry was the monster that attacked the city . Now seeing him as less of a threat , Jaco lets Watagashi escape . 75 29 `` Goku and Krillin Back to the Old Training Grounds '' / `` Gokū to Kuririn - Natsukashi no shugyō no ba e '' ( 悟空 と クリリン 懐かし の 修行 の 場 へ ) January 22 , 2017 TBA Goku seeks a sparring partner to train with , but he laments being unable to find a suitable opponent . On Goten 's suggestion , Goku goes to ask Krillin , who is still working as a police officer . Krillin is grazed by a bullet during a shootout with a pair of burglars , but they are easily disarmed by Goku . Krillin declines Goku 's offer to spar . He knows he would be no challenge for Goku and that he has given up martial arts for good . Krillin is chastised by Android 18 , who says the strong man she fell in love could never be harmed by a bullet . Her words lead Krillin to reconsider Goku 's offer and ultimately accepts it . The two leave for Master Roshi 's to train as they did when they were children . Krillin proves to be no match for Goku even though Goku is wearing a heavy suit as a handicap . Sensing Krillin 's self - doubt and believing that a different approach is needed , Master Roshi sends his students on a race to a heavily forested island to recover a rare herb . As a reward , Master Roshi offers to teach the winner a secret technique that can immensely increase the user 's strength . On the island , Goku and Krillin meet Fortuneteller Baba . They tell her about Master Roshi 's challenge . Interested to see what will happen , Baba decides to observe the race using her crystal ball . Goku and Krillin venture into the forest in search of the herb . As they enter , a heavy fog rolls in , where familiar foes emerge . 76 30 `` Defeat These Terrifying Enemies ! Krillin 's Fighting Spirit Returns ! '' / `` Kowa teki o uchiyabure ! Kuririn no tōshi futatabi ! '' ( 恐 敵 を 打ち破れ ! クリリン の 闘志 ふたたび ! ) January 29 , 2017 TBA Android 18 arrives at Master Roshi 's house and searches for Krillin . Master Roshi and Fortuneteller Baba explain that Krillin and Goku have entered the `` Forest of Terror , '' which is a place where they have to face illusions of enemies that they had battled before . Master Roshi intended this exercise as a way to help Krillin overcome his lack of confidence . In the forest , Krillin is terrified by what he sees . Among the group of illusions are Tambourine , Frieza , Dabura , and Majin Buu , where all of them previously killed or seriously wounded Krillin . Overcome with fear , Krillin attempts to abandon the race and fly out of the forest . The trees move to block the entrance , which leave Goku and Krillin stranded . The illusions attack and separate Goku and Krillin . Krillin finds himself surrounded by the illusions , but his attacks only make them stronger . After slicing one in half , he discovers that they are powered by his own energy . He heeds Master Roshi 's training and calms himself down , which weakens the illusions . As a final challenge , Fortuneteller Baba summons an illusion of Super Shenron , which immediately ensnares Goku . Krillin quickly arrives and frees him . The two of them use a combined Kamehameha blast to destroy the illusion . The illusions turn into the rare herbs that Master Roshi wanted . Goku and Krillin return to Master Roshi 's house with bags full of the herb . Master Roshi admits that there is actually no secret technique . Krillin , who has regained his confidence , disagrees . Goku and Krillin soon leave . Krillin returns home , where Android 18 shaves his head . This signals Krillin 's decision to pick up his martial arts training once again . Season 5 : Universe Survival ( edit ) Overall No . Saga No . English translation Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 77 `` Let 's Do It , Zen - Oh Sama ! The All - Universe Martial Arts Tournament ! ! '' `` Yarou ze Zenō - sama ! Uchū ichi Budō - kai ! ! '' ( や ろう ぜ 全 王様 ! 宇宙 一 武道 会 ! ! ) February 5 , 2017 TBA The Present Zenō - sama and Future Zenō - sama are playing a game together in their realm , but both have become bored with their monotonous routine . Meanwhile , Goku heads to a local farmer 's market to sell his produce and get Chi - Chi off his back about making money . On the way home , he is ambushed by some robbers . Goku defeats them , but he is injured in the process . Deciding that he has grown rusty , Goku and Goten decide to train with Whis . They head to the Capsule Corporation building , where Bulma reveals she is pregnant with her and Vegeta 's second child . Goten remains behind to train with Trunks . Vegeta declines to accompany Goku so that he can be with Bulma when she gives birth . Goku heads to Beerus ' planet alone . While training with Whis , Goku remembers Zenō - sama 's intention to hold a multiverse martial arts tournament . Heedless of Beerus and Whis ' warnings , Goku uses Zenō - sama 's button to head to his realm and convince both Zenō - samas to hold the tournament . When he returns to Beerus ' planet , Beerus angrily berates Goku and explains that Zenō - sama 's naive and innocent nature combined with his extreme power makes him a danger to the multiverse . Beerus threatens to kill Goku if he steps out of line again . Goku , Beerus , and Whis head to the Sacred World of the Kais , where the Great Priest arrives . He tells the group to assemble their ten most powerful warriors to compete in the `` Tournament of Power '' ( 力 の 大会 , Chikara no Taikai ) . 78 `` The Gods of Every Universe in Shock ? ! Losers Erased in the Tournament of Power '' `` Zen uchū no kami - sama mo don hiki ! ? Maketara shōmetsu `` Chikara no taikai '' '' ( 全 宇宙 の 神様 も ドン 引き ! ? 負け たら 消滅 「 力 の 大会 」 ) February 12 , 2017 TBA The Great Priest explains the details of the `` Tournament of Power '' and states that it will be held on `` the World of Void '' . It is a place of `` infinite nothingness '' , where the competitors can fight without limits . The tournament champion will be granted a wish by the Super Dragon Balls , while the losers and their respective universes will be completely erased from existence . Everyone is horrified by this harsh penalty . Goku suggests asking Zenō - sama to ignore it , but Whis advises against this . Whis tells Goku that Zenō - sama has already made up his mind and attempting to change it could be dangerous . Beerus demands that Goku takes responsibility for asking Zenō - sama to hold the tournament in the first place . Goku declares that he will defeat any opponent he faces . The Great Priest also reveals that Universes 7 and 9 are to have a smaller exhibition tournament for Future Zenō - sama 's benefit . Each universe is to name three fighters . Goku sets off to recruit teammates . After Vegeta refuses , Goku recruits Gohan and Majin Buu , who is accompanied by Mr. Satan to represent Universe 7 . Goku also explains the potential penalty to Gohan . Gohan tells Goku to keep the stakes a secret to prevent mass panic . Back at Zenō - sama 's palace , all the gods from all 12 universes gather . The Great Priest explains the purpose of the Zen Exhibition Match . He alludes to the possibility of Zenō - sama erasing the fighters that he deems unfit for the tournament . In the first round , Majin Buu is to fight Basil ( バジル , Bajiru ) , a humanoid canine fighter from Universe 9 . 79 `` Universe 9 's Basil the Kicker VS Universe 7 's Majin Buu ! ! '' `` Dai kyu uchū keri no Bajiru basasu Dai nana uchū Majinbū ! ! '' ( 第 9 宇宙 蹴り の バジル VS 第 7 宇宙 魔 人 ブウ ! ! ) February 19 , 2017 TBA Basil quickly gains the upper hand and beats down Majin Buu , who is not taking the fight seriously and thinks of it as a game . Goku goads Basil into showing his full power to get Majin Buu 's attention , which leads to Basil using his ultimate attack . As Roh ( ロウ , Rō ) , the Supreme Kai of Universe 9 , claims victory , Majin Buu emerges with a hole in his stomach , but he is otherwise unmoved . Basil and Roh are shocked to see this . Mr. Satan is injured during the attack . He tells Majin Buu to beat Basil before falling unconscious . This enrages Majin Buu to the point , where he effortlessly beats Basil and knocks him out of the ring . However , since neither Zenō - sama is satisfied with the fight , Basil is allowed to get back into the ring . Roh gives Basil a drug that makes him far more powerful . Although Beerus demands that Basil is disqualified for obvious cheating , Zenō - sama is entertained by this and allows the fight to continue . The Great Priest announces that the rules will be improvised as the tournament goes along . Basil overpowers Majin Buu and seemingly beats him , which causes Roh to prematurely gloat about the superiority of Universe 9 . However , Majin Buu emerges unscathed and launches a full power attack at Basil . This knocks him out and clinches Universe 7 the victory . As the Universe 9 team laments Basil 's loss , Basil 's second oldest brother Lavender ( ラベンダ , Rabenda ) says that if he is allowed to kill his opponent , which Bergamo gives him permission to do , he can win his match . Gohan volunteers to fight Lavender . 80 `` Awaken Your Sleeping Battle Spirit ! Son Gohan 's Fight ! ! '' `` Nemutta tōshi o yobisamase ! Son Gohan no tatakai ! ! '' ( 眠っ た 闘志 を 呼び覚ませ ! 孫 悟 飯 の 闘い ! ! ) February 26 , 2017 TBA As their battle begins , Lavender spits a poison mist into Gohan 's eyes and blinds him . Shin offers Gohan a Senzu bean to cure the poison , but Gohan refuses and says he wants to fight with his strength alone . Unable to see , Gohan uses his other senses to track Lavender and scores several blows . Lavender counters by levitating , which eliminates the sound of his footsteps . Gohan responds by powering up to Super Saiyan and bouncing his own ki off of Lavender 's body , which uses it as a kind of active radar . Powering up also causes the poison to spread rapidly through Gohan 's body . Lavender mounts a comeback . In desperation , Gohan grabs hold of Lavender and launches a kamikaze attack . He drives both of their bodies into the ring at high speed . Lavender is knocked out , but Gohan is so weakened by the poison that he can not continue . With both fighters down , the match is declared a tie . After Goku feeds Gohan a Senzu bean , the Great Priest announces to those in attendance that all universes that lose the Tournament of Power will be erased with their respective gods as well . However , Universes 1 , 5 , 8 , and 12 will be exempt from erasure as will the Angels from all universes because their inhabitants are particularly strong . Zeno - sama had long believed that there were too many universes . He was planning to erase most of them anyway , but the tournament will afford one of the weaker universes the chance to be spared . With the announcement concluded , the ring is repaired in preparation for the final exhibition match where Goku will fight Bergamo ( ベルガモ , Berugamo ) , Basil 's oldest brother who is also a humanoid canine . 81 5 `` Bergamo the Crusher Vs Son Goku ! Which One Wields the Limitless Power ? ! '' `` Tsubushi no Berugamo VS Son Gokū ! Aotenjō no tsuyosa wa dotchida ! ? '' ( 潰し の ベルガモ VS 孫悟空 ! 青 天井 の 強 さ は どっち だ ! ? ) March 5 , 2017 TBA Before their battle begins , Bergamo denounces Goku before the assembled gods . Bergamo pleads with Zenō - sama to rescind the rule that the universes that lose the Tournament of Power be erased . Zenō - sama agrees on the condition that Bergamo beats Goku in an all out battle . Great Priest states that if Goku holds back to cancel the erasure , Zenō - sama will immediately erase all of the universes . Both Goku and Bergamo agree to the terms . When the fight begins , Bergamo invites Goku to hit him and leaves himself exposed . Goku obliges and strikes Bergamo several times , but Bergamo absorbs the energy of Goku 's attacks . He grows stronger and physically larger . Goku continues to attack , which causes Bergamo to grow so large that the ring begins to buckle under his weight . Goku transforms to Super Saiyan Blue , which shocks the gods and quickly overwhelms Bergamo with a Kaioken powered Kamehameha . Bergamo claims every universe participating in the Tournament of Power will seek vengeance on Goku for making them face erasure , but Goku relishes the idea of such a challenge . The Zen Exhibition Match comes to a close and the Tournament of Power will soon begin . The universe with the most fighters remaining or the last fighter standing will be declared the winner . Suddenly , a mysterious fighter from Universe 11 named Toppo ( トッポ ) appears and challenges Goku to a battle . Goku , who is unsatisfied after his short fight with Bergamo , agrees to fight Toppo . 82 6 `` Never Forgive Son Goku ! Toppo the Warrior of Justice Intrudes ! ! '' `` Son Gokū yurusumaji ! Seigi no senshi Toppo ran'nyū ! ! ! '' ( 孫悟空 許す まじ ! 正義 の 戦士 トッポ 乱入 ! ! ) March 19 , 2017 TBA After obtaining Zenō - sama 's blessing to proceed , Goku and Toppo begin their battle . Toppo quickly gains the upper hand and dislocates Goku 's shoulder . Goku responds by attacking with a flurry of blows , but Toppo manages to grab Goku in a powerful bear hug . He begins squeezing the life out of Goku , which forces Goku to turn Super Saiyan Blue to escape . Goku gains the upper hand in this form and damages Toppo with a Kamehameha . Just as the two power up even more , the Great Priest puts an end to the fight . As Toppo leaves , he reveals to Goku that Universe 11 has a warrior even stronger than him named Jiren ( ジレン ) . The Great Priest begins creating a martial arts arena suitable for the Tournament of Power . In the Sacred World of the Kais , Beerus and Goku get into an argument over Goku 's constant relaxed and negligent attitude , which Whis breaks up . The group agrees to convene at the Capsule Corporation to discuss their future strategy . 83 7 `` Form the Universe 7 Representing Team ! Who are the Strongest Ten ? ! '' `` Dai - 7 uchū daihyō chīmu o kessei seyo ! Saikyō no 10 - ri wa dareda ? '' ( 第 7 宇宙 代表 チーム を 結成 せよ ! 最強 の 10 人 は 誰 だ ! ? ) March 26 , 2017 TBA Goku and the others arrive at Capsule Corporation . They discuss who should be on the team . Goku immediately suggests Monaka , but Beerus tells him that Monaka is sick and can not participate . Goku and Gohan agree on Vegeta , Piccolo , Krillin , Master Roshi , No. 18 , and No. 17 , which would bring the total number of fighters up to nine . Trunks and Goten are ruled out due to their inexperience . They proceed to ask Vegeta , who has been thinking of a name for his second child . Vegeta refuses to participate . He says he will not fight , while Bulma is pregnant . Whis uses his time warping ability to birth the baby sooner than expected in order to get Vegeta to agree to the fight . Everyone celebrates the baby 's birth . Trunks is slightly disappointed he has a sister because he wanted to train with a younger brother . As soon as the baby is handed to Vegeta , he develops an attachment to her . Bulma names the baby Bulla even though Vegeta hoped to give her the Saiyan name Eschalot . However , Vegeta quickly accepts Bulla 's name . Goku leaves to recruit members and heads to Krillin 's house . 84 8 `` Son Goku the Recruiter Invites Krillin and No. 18 '' `` Sukautoman Son Gokū - Kuririn to 18 - gō o izanau '' ( スカウト マン 孫悟空 クリリン と 18 号 を 誘う ) April 2 , 2017 TBA Goku and Gohan arrive at Krillin 's house and ask him and No. 18 to join the Tournament of Power . No. 18 convinces Krillin to participate in order to put his newfound martial arts training to use . No. 18 is reluctant to join herself . She quickly suspects Goku and Gohan of hiding something from them , but Goku convinces her that the secret is a 10 million Zeni reward , which convinces her to participate . Gohan decides to test Krillin in a sparring match on the coast . After Gohan overpowers him in hand to hand combat , Krillin swiftly defeats Gohan by blinding him with his new move named Solar Flare x 100 and knocking him into the sea . Goku is excited by Krillin 's new power . He challenges him to a sparring match as well . They relocate to a building owned by Mr. Satan , where Krillin 's strategies make up for the gap in power , forcing Goku to go Super Saiyan . Goku then transforms into his Super Saiyan Blue form , and he and Krillin have a Kamehameha clash . As Goku increases his power and starts to overpower Krillin , No. 18 intervenes and blocks Goku 's Kamehameha , just as Krillin collapses from exhaustion . She justifies herself by noting that the Tournament of Power will be a battle royal and that Goku can not expect to fight one - on - one all the time . Goku concedes the match and realizes he will have to adjust his tactics in order to win the Tournament of Power . No. 18 reveals that No. 17 is currently working at a wildlife reserve , but she does not know where . Goku decides to ask Dende to find No. 17 . 85 9 `` The Universes Begin to Make Their Moves Their Individual Motives '' `` Ugokidasu uchū - sorezore no omowaku '' ( 動き出す 宇宙 - それぞれ の 思惑 ) April 9 , 2017 TBA Gohan leaves to recruit Piccolo , while Goku prepares to head to the Lookout . He encounters Majin Buu and Mr. Satan training . Goku discovers that Buu has lost weight and has gotten much slimmer in appearance . The two spar together . Buu defeats Goku by overwhelming him with ki blasts and knocking him out of the fighting stage . Meanwhile , Khai ( カイ ) , the Supreme Kai of Universe 11 , gathers all of the Supreme Kais involved in the tournament except for Universe 7 's , who is ostracized due to Goku 's involvement with the creation of the tournament . Khai asks his fellow Supreme Kais to request that Zenō - sama cancel the erasure of the universes , but they are all too afraid of his wrath to do so . Champa gathers all the Gods of Destruction involved in the tournament except Beerus after finding out about the Supreme Kai 's meeting , and they discuss Goku . Toppo recruits his fellow Pride Troopers Kahseral ( カーセラル , Kāseraru ) and Dyspo ( ディスポ , Disupo ) . Champa recruits Cabba and demands he find more powerful Saiyans . Goku meets Dende and Mr. Popo at the Lookout and learns No. 17 's location . Gohan prepares to train with Piccolo . 86 10 `` Fist Cross for the First Time ! Android # 17 VS Son Goku ! ! '' `` Hajimete majiwaru kobushi ! Jinzōningen Jūnana - gō VS Son Gokū ! ! '' ( 初めて 交わる 拳 ! 人造 人間 17 号 VS 孫悟空 ! ! ) April 16 , 2017 TBA On their way to the island where No. 17 is working , Dende explains that since the conclusion of the Cell Games , No. 17 has started a family and gotten far stronger . Dende also reveals that Kid Buu has reincarnated as a young Earthling with massive fighting potential and asks Goku to train him when he is old enough . They reach the island as Goku arrives just in time to witness No. 17 defeat a group of armed poachers . As they introduce themselves to each other , a large army of poachers arrive . Goku and No. 17 team up to subdue them all . Afterwards , No. 17 explains that the poachers are after the last Minotaurus in order to steal its rare and valuable horns . The two decide to have a sparring match . No. 17 evenly matches Super Saiyan Goku , which causes him to turn Super Saiyan Blue . Goku launches a Kamehameha at No. 17 , who easily deflects it with an energy shield . The two go toe - to - toe until No. 17 ends the match in order to avoid catching the island in the crossfire . Goku and No. 17 acknowledge that they were both holding back in the fight . Afterwards , Goku attempts to convince him to join the Tournament of Power , but No. 17 is uninterested . He remains indifferent even when Goku reveals that the losing universes will be erased . Meanwhile , alien poachers arrive on Earth and they set their sights on the Minotaurus . 87 11 `` Hunt the Poachers ! Goku and No. 17 's United Front ! ! '' `` Mitsuryō - dan o kare ! Gokū to Jūnana - gō no kyōtō ! ! '' ( 密漁 団 を 狩れ ! 悟空 と 17 号 の 共闘 ! ! ) April 23 , 2017 TBA Goku entices No. 17 with a wish on the Super Dragon Balls . As he begins to consider Goku 's offer , the alien poachers arrive and abduct all of the island 's animals . Goku uses his Instant Transmission to teleport himself and No. 17 aboard their ship before it can escape . After defeating some of the poachers , No. 17 sets off to defeat the leader , while Goku remains behind to battle the rest of the poachers . No. 17 confronts and easily defeats the leader . Goku catches up just as the leader pulls out a switch and threatens to self - destruct if he is not released immediately . No. 17 smashes him out of a window , which vents both of them into deep space . Goku manages to use his Instant Transmission to teleport all three of them to King Kai 's world . Dende contacts Goku and informs him that the leader 's threat was a bluff . Afterwards , Goku and No. 17 return the animals to their rightful homes . Jaco arrives to arrest the alien poachers . No. 17 decides to leave his island in the hands of Goten and Trunks and accepts Goku 's offer to fight in the Tournament of Power . He hopes to use the Super Dragon Balls to wish for an expensive boat and travel the world with his family . 88 12 `` Gohan and Piccolo Teacher and Pupil Clash in Max Training ! '' `` Gohan to Pikkoro Shitei gekitotsu no Genkai shugyō ! '' ( 悟 飯 と ピッコロ 師弟 激突 の 限界 修業 ! ) April 30 , 2017 TBA Gohan and Piccolo engage in intense training . Piccolo explains that Goku has already informed him about the potential erasure of the universe and that he is going to participate in the Tournament of Power . He points out that Gohan 's over eagerness to protect his loved ones is making him reckless . Gohan transforms into a Super Saiyan , and the two continue to spar . Meanwhile , Cabba heads to the residence of his retired captain and mentor , Renso ( レンソウ ) . Cabba asks him to join Universe 6 's team for the Tournament of Power , but Renso refuses due to an injury to his leg . Renso suggests his sister , Caulifla ( カリフラ , Karifura ) , instead , who he claims is even stronger than him . Back in Universe 7 , Piccolo removes his weighted clothes to go all out and quickly defeats Gohan . Piccolo explains that Gohan has a tendency to become arrogant when he has the advantage in battle . After being encouraged by Piccolo , Gohan manages to reach the level of power he had against Super Buu . The two fight again , and Gohan successfully severs Piccolo 's arm . However , Piccolo blasts him in the back with the severed arm and defeats Gohan , which proves Piccolo 's point about Gohan 's overconfidence . That night , Piccolo vows to push Gohan to new heights of power . They both agree to work on combination moves . 89 13 `` An Unknown Beauty Appears ! The Tenshin - Style Dojo 's Mystery ? ! '' `` Arawareta nazo no bijo ! Tenshin - ryū Dōjō no kai ! ? '' ( 現れ た 謎 の 美女 ! 天津 流 道場 の 怪 ! ? ) May 7 , 2017 TBA Goku heads to Master Roshi 's island , where Oolong informs him that Tien and Chiaotzu have started a martial arts dojo , and that Roshi has headed there to act as a special instructor . Goku decides to make Tien the tenth member of the team , and heads off to recruit him and Roshi . At Tien 's dojo , a woman named Yurin ( ユーリン , Yūrin ) with a grudge against Tien arrives and requests to join the dojo . Although Tien denies her because her motivation of beauty was unfit for his dojo , Roshi drags Yurin off to ogle her . Goku arrives and asks Tien to join the Tournament of Power , but , even after Goku bribes him with 10 million Zeni , Tien refuses . Yurin escapes Roshi 's advances and uses witchcraft to drive Tien 's students on a rampage throughout town . Goku , Tien , Chiaotzu , and Roshi arrive at the village , where Yurin confronts them . Yurin explains that she is a former classmate of Tien 's during his time at the Crane School and that she swore revenge on him after he left the school and refused to fight her . Meanwhile , Cabba sways Caulifla into joining Universe 6 's team by promising to teach her how to become a Super Saiyan . Back on Earth , while Goku , Chiaotzu , and Tien cure the students of their brainwashing , Roshi battles Yurin . He lowers his guard after catching a glimpse of Yurin 's panties , which allows her to brainwash him . The brainwashed Roshi quickly defeats Tien , but Goku intervenes . While Chiaotzu temporarily disables Yurin , Goku subdues Roshi with a Kamehameha and cures him of the brainwashing . Tien orders Yurin to apologize to everyone she hurt and offers her a place at his dojo . Tien decides to join the Tournament of Power because he believes that the 10 million Zeni Goku promised will repair the village . After hearing about the 10 million Zeni , Master Roshi quickly agrees to join as well . 90 14 `` See The Wall That Must Be Passed ! Goku vs Gohan '' `` Koerubeki kabe o misuete ! Gokū bāsasu Gohan '' ( 超える べき 壁 を 見据え て ! 悟空 VS 悟 飯 ) May 14 , 2017 TBA As Gohan finishes training with Piccolo , they go to meet with Goku , Master Roshi , and Tien . At Gohan 's request , Goku and Tien have a fight against Gohan and Piccolo to practice for the tournament . Although Tien views this as a practice match and wants to avoid injuring anyone , Gohan and Goku take the fight seriously . As Gohan fights both his father and Tien , Piccolo spends the time charging a strong technique , which ultimately destroys the mountain fighting stage when it is launched . Tien calls the match off on the grounds that the fighting stage is now destroyed . Although Goku agrees , Gohan requests to have a one - on - one fight against his father . Goku accepts , and Gohan powers up while Goku goes Super Saiyan 2 . Although Goku has the upper hand for much of the fight , Gohan turns the tables and begins to overpower Goku . Gohan begs Goku to use his full power . Goku responds by becoming a Super Saiyan Blue and using his Kaio - Ken technique , then defeats Gohan with a single blow . Impressed with his son 's improvement , Goku assigns Gohan as the leader of their Universe 7 team . Meanwhile , Rumsshi ( ラムーシ , Ramūshi ) recruits a powerful fighter named Murichim ( ムリチム , Murichimu ) and his companions to represent Universe 10 in the tournament . 91 15 `` Which Universe Will Survive ? ! The Strongest Warriors Are Gathering ! ! '' `` Kachinokoru no wa dono Uchū da ! ? Zokuzoku to tsudou Saikyō no senshi - tachi ! ! '' ( 勝ち残る の は どの 宇宙 だ ! ? 続々 と 集う 最強 の 戦士 たち ! ! ) May 21 , 2017 TBA The Zenō - samas are suffering from extreme boredom again . They decide to observe the universes ' progress in assembling their strongest warriors . In Universe 7 , Vegeta prepares to enter the Hyperbolic Time Chamber for some intense training . Goku spars with Whis in Vegeta 's gravity chamber . Master Roshi and Puar train to remove Roshi 's weakness to seduction techniques , which fails miserably . In Universe 9 , word has spread of the potential erasure of their universe . The populace has descended into anarchy . The three canine brothers have been unable to find any other fighters . In Universe 6 , Hit tracks down the destitute Frost and forces him to join the Tournament of Power , while he relieves him of his poison needles in the process . In Universe 11 , Toppo 's comrade Kahseral is delayed from joining when he aids a cat stuck in a tree . In Universe 2 , a magical girl named Brianne de Chateau ( ブリアン ・ デ ・ シャトー , Burian de Shatō ) transforms into her alter ego named Ribrianne ( リブリアン , Riburian ) and auditions for a spot in the tournament . In Universe 10 , Murichim and his comrades record a dance video to improve team spirit . Back in Universe 7 , Mr. Satan calls and unexpectedly reveals that Majin Buu has fallen into a deep sleep and can not join the tournament , which horrifies everyone . 92 16 `` Emergency Development ! The Incomplete Ten Members ! ! '' `` Kinkyū jitai hassei ! Sorowanai jū nin no menbā ! ! '' ( 緊急 事態 発生 ! そろわ ない 10 人 の メンバー ! ! ) May 28 , 2017 TBA Goku races to Mr. Satan 's house , where he proves unable to wake Majin Buu from his hibernation . Meanwhile , all of Universe 7 's remaining warriors except Master Roshi and No. 17 gather at the Capsule Corporation . After Krillin brings up the 10 million Zeni prize that Goku had bribed him , Piccolo and Gohan reveal to Krillin , No. 18 , and Tien that the prize of 10 million Zeni was a lie and that the universe will be erased if they lose . When Goku returns , Krillin berates him and threatens to withdraw from the team along with No. 18 . After Goku fails to convince them otherwise , Beerus swiftly threatens Krillin into staying , while Bulma agrees to pay out the promised reward . In Universe 6 , Cabba takes Caulifla to a deserted wasteland to teach her how to become a Super Saiyan . As Caulifla 's protégée , Kale ( ケール , Kēru ) , observes them , Cabba ineffectually attempts to provoke Caulifla in order to make her transform . When that fails , he teaches her to focus her energy on an area in her back . Caulifla successfully transforms into a Super Saiyan . Caulifla tests her newfound power and agrees to join Universe 6 's team for the Tournament of Power . She beckons Kale over to attempt the transformation herself . In Universe 11 , Kahseral arrives at the Pride Trooper headquarters , where he and Toppo agree to leave the universe in their trainees ' hands so they can participate in the tournament . In Universe 3 , two cyborg warriors named Nigrisshi ( ニグリシ , Nigrisshi ) and Narirama ( ナリラマ , Narirāma ) display their upgrades for the tournament to Universe 3 's God of Destruction Mosco ( モスコ , Mosuko ) , Supreme Kai Ea ( エア ) , and Angel Campari ( カンパーリ , Kanpāri ) . Back in Universe 7 , Goku and his friends are unable to figure out who can replace Buu . When Beerus claims they have no suitable fighters because Goku destroyed the Frieza Force , Goku is inspired to recruit Frieza , which shocks everyone . 93 17 `` You 're The Tenth Warrior ! Goku Goes To See Frieza ! ! '' `` Jū ninme no senshi wa omē da ! Gokū Furīza no moto e ! ! '' ( 10 人目 の 戦士 はお め え だ ! 悟空 フリーザ の も と へ ! ! ) June 4 , 2017 TBA Goku 's idea is met with much hesitance from his comrades . He explains that he intends to have Fortuneteller Baba resurrect Frieza for 24 hours to fight in the tournament . If Frieza betrays them then either he or Vegeta can defeat him . Goku 's friends reluctantly agree , and he sets out to the afterlife . The Universe 7 team are unaware that a spy from Universe 4 is observing them . In Universe 6 , Cabba and Caulifla attempt to teach Kale how to turn into a Super Saiyan but to no avail . Kale begins to despair over her own uselessness , and it enrages her enough to trigger her transformation into an extremely powerful Uncontrollable Super Saiyan ( スーパー サイヤ 人 ( 暴走 ) , Sūpā Saiya - jin ( Bōsō ) ) . Kale immediately goes berserk and attacks Cabba . Caulifla quickly deduces that Kale is jealous of her and Cabba 's perceived relationship . She denies having any sort of feelings for Cabba . Kale calms down and collapses in Caulifla 's arms . Cabba , who is impressed by Kale 's power , decides to add her to Universe 6 's team . Back in Universe 7 , Goku arrives in the afterlife and receives King Yemma 's permission to visit Frieza . He explains about the Tournament of Power and asks Frieza to join them . Frieza agrees to aid him on the condition that he be properly resurrected with Earth 's Dragon Balls . When Goku hesitates to agree , Frieza goads him by playing to his desire to see how powerful Frieza can become . Goku accepts his terms . In Universe 4 , Ganos ( ガノス , Ganosu ) reports Universe 7 's latest actions to Universe 4 's God of Destruction Quitela ( キテラ , Kitera ) and Supreme Kai Kuru ( クル ) . Quitela immediately begins making plans to counter Beerus . 94 18 `` The Emperor of Evil Returns ! A Reception of Mysterious Assassins ? ! '' `` Aku no Teiō fukkatsu ! Demukaeru Nazo no Shikaku - tachi ! ? '' ( 悪 の 帝王 復活 ! 出迎える 謎 の 刺客 たち ! ? ) June 11 , 2017 TBA Quitela contacts Universe 9 's God of Destruction Sidra ( シドラ , Shidora ) and informs him that Universe 7 is planning to use Frieza to assassinate their rivals before the tournament begins and that the only way to counter them is to kill them first . Sidra and Roh agree to have Frieza killed . Meanwhile , Goku returns to the Capsule Corporation to update everyone on his success . As Master Roshi completes his training at Korin 's tower , Krillin and No. 18 head to No. 17 's island to pick him up and drop off Goten , Trunks , and Marron . Goku goes to Fortuneteller Baba 's home , where she completes the ritual to resurrect Frieza . As Goku and Frieza prepare to depart , an army of assassins arrives to claim their heads . Despite the time pressure , Frieza wounds the assassins ' leader , transforms into his Golden form , and prepares for battle . 95 19 `` The Worst ! The Most Evil ! Frieza 's Rampage ! ! '' `` Saikyō ! Saiaku ! Furīza Ōabare ! ! '' ( 最 凶 ! 最悪 ! フリーザ 大 暴れ ! ! ) June 18 , 2017 TBA Frieza explains to Goku that he spent his recent incarceration in Hell undergoing intense mental training to overcome the stamina issues that plagued him during his previous battles with the Z - Fighters . He quickly slaughters most of the assassins , which horrifies Goku . The assassins ' leader , who has been directly empowered by Sidra , attacks Frieza with Sidra 's power , but Frieza manages to overcome and hijack the attack . Frieza spitefully uses the attack on Goku and traps him . Frieza tortures and kills the assassins until they reveal that Roh and Sidra hired them . Frieza contacts Universe 9 and offers his services as a defector . Roh and Sidra begin arguing about whether or not to accept him . Roh fears Frieza 's psychopathic and treasonous nature , while Sidra wants his power . Sidra is confident he could kill him if he stepped out of line . Their argument buys time for Beerus and Whis to arrive and rescue Goku . Frieza cuts the connection . He begins making plans to use the Tournament of Power to manipulate the gods to suit his own ends . Goku and Frieza have a brief sparring match , which ends in a draw . Goku , Frieza , Beerus , and Whis return to the Capsule Corporation . The Universe 7 team prepare to travel to the World of Void for the Tournament of Power . 96 20 `` The Time Is Here ! To The World Of Void For The Fate Of The Universe ! ! '' `` Toki wa kita ! Uchū no Meiun o kake Mu no Kai e ! ! '' ( 時 は きた ! 宇宙 の 命運 を かけ 無 の 界 へ ! ! ) June 25 , 2017 TBA In the World of Void , Universes 1 , 5 , and 8 's Gods of Destruction Iwne ( イワン , Iwan ) , Arack ( アラク , Araku ) , and Liquiir ( リキュール , Rikīru ) have a brief exhibition match to test the durability of the Tournament of Power 's fighting stage . Afterwards , the Great Priest forces them all to clean up their mess and fix the stage . In Universe 7 , Gohan and Shin 's strategy is to have the team members stick together to conserve energy and use strength of numbers to defeat anyone who attacks them . This suggestion offends Goku and Vegeta 's Saiyan pride . Whis transports the team to the World of Void . All of the other universes arrive . Frieza and Frost befriend each other and agree to work together , while Goku singles out Jiren as a potential rival due to his extreme power . As the Great Priest introduces each team , Universe 4 seemingly has only 8 warriors on their team , which confuses most of Universe 7 , except for Tien , who tells No. 18 that he can sense a faint presence . After a speech from the Zenō - samas , the 80 warriors prepare for battle . 97 21 `` Survive ! The Tournament of Power Begins at Last ! ! '' `` Ikinokore ! Tsui ni kaimaku Chikara no Taikai ! ! '' ( 生き残れ ! ついに 開幕 「 力 の 大会 」 ! ! ) July 2 , 2017 TBA The Great Priest reminds everyone of the rules and officially starts the tournament . A massive free - for - all ensues . Goku targets Toppo , but he is intercepted by Ganos . Disregarding Gohan 's plan as well , No. 17 , No. 18 , Vegeta , and Frieza all jump into the fray . Universe 3 gains an early advantage when Narirama unleashes a spinning attack designed to knock its opponents off the stage , but Hit and Basil disable it . Universe 10 's Lilibeu ( リリベウ , Ririberu ) attacks Basil , but Basil successfully knocks her off the stage . Meanwhile , the five Universe 7 warriors who stayed together are confronted by a gang of warriors from varying universes , but Universe 7 uses teamwork to fend them off . Basil nearly defeats Universe 10 's Napapa , but Napapa is able to push his attacks away at the last moment . As Goku is pursuing Toppo , he comes face to face with Jiren until Universe 4 's Nink ( ニンク , Ninku ) outflanks Goku by grappling and dragging him towards the edge of the stage with the intention of jumping off with him . Goku turns Super Saiyan Blue and knocks Nink off the stage . As Goku reverts back to his normal form to conserve energy , Basil , Lavender , Bergamo , and two other Universe 9 warriors surround him with 47 minutes remaining in the tournament . 98 22 `` Oh , Uncertainty ! A Universe Despairs ! ! '' `` Ā mujou ! Zetsubō suru Uchū ! ! '' ( あぁ 無常 ! 絶望 する 宇宙 ! ! ) July 9 , 2017 TBA Roh orders his warriors to attack Goku to avenge their defeat at the Zen Exhibition Match . Goku is forced to avoid fighting at his fullest in order to conserve stamina for later in the tournament . He fights Team Universe 9 , where the Trio de Dangers brothers manage to overwhelm him thanks to their teamwork . Vegeta notices Goku 's plight and reinforces him . Roh sends over three more fighters . Team Universe 9 is able to push Goku and Vegeta to the brink until Vegeta tricks Lavender and Hop ( ソレル , Hoppu ) into accidentally hitting each other . Goku and Vegeta take advantage of the confusion to defeat five of the Universe 9 warriors . No. 18 and Frieza each defeat Sorrel ( ソレル , Soreru ) and Roselle . Only Basil , Lavender , and Bergamo remain in the tournament for Team Universe 9 . Goku and Vegeta push them to the edge of the stage . The brothers use a combination beam as a last ditch effort , but Goku and Vegeta power up to Super Saiyan Blue and knock them off the stage with a Final Kamehameha . With all 10 members defeated , Universe 9 is eliminated from the tournament . As a result , the Zenō - samas erase Universe 9 , Roh , Sidra , and all of their fighters . This amuses Universe 9 's angel Mojito ( モヒイト , Mohi'ito ) and horrifies everyone else . 99 23 `` Show Them ! Krillin 's True Power ! ! '' `` Misetsukero ! Kuririn no sokojikara ! ! '' ( 見せつけろ ! クリリン の 底力 ! ! ) July 16 , 2017 TBA As the other warriors recover from the shock of Universe 9 's erasure , No. 17 reminds No. 18 that they have infinite stamina due to their cyborg bodies and have no reason to hold back . Vegeta tries to fight Hit , but he is blocked by Botamo , who is immune to damage . Vegeta manages to pick Botamo up and nearly throws him off the stage , but Magetta stops him at the last moment . Meanwhile , Universe 10 's Jium ( ジウム , Jiumu ) attacks Gohan and his friends . Jium is swiftly defeated by Master Roshi . Universe 4 's Shosa ( ショイサ , Shōsa ) tricks No. 18 into lowering her guard by faking his own death and nearly knocks her off the stage with a barrage of ki blasts . Krillin rescues No. 18 , and the two defeat Shosa with a powerful combination attack . They are challenged by Universe 4 's Majora ( マジョラ ) , who is a blind fighter that uses his powerful sense of smell to locate his enemies in battle . Although Majora proves to be stronger than Krillin , Krillin disables his nose by throwing his smelly shoe at him and knocks him off the stage . Krillin boasts about his victory , which allows Frost to knock him off with a single blow . Beerus and Shin berate Krillin for his carelessness with 43 minutes remaining in the tournament . 100 24 `` Out Of Control ! The Savage Berserker Awakens ! ! '' `` Daibōsō ! Mezame araburu Kyōsenshi ! ! '' ( 大 暴走 ! 目覚め 荒 ぶる 狂 戦士 ! ! ) July 23 , 2017 TBA As Universe 7 recovers from Krillin 's defeat , Cabba defeats Nigrisshi and Universe 10 's Murisam ( ムリサーム ) and confronts Vegeta . Hit blows off Narirama 's limbs and uses his time skip ability to dodge his ultimate attack . He flicks him off the stage . Meanwhile , Kale is disabled by Universe 10 's Napapa and Methiop ( メチオープ ) . They knock her unconscious and attempt to throw her off the stage , but Caulifla rescues her and defeats Napapa . The two confront Goku , and Caulifla knocks away Universe 2 's Jimeze ( ジーミズ , Jimizu ) and demands to know how to become a Super Saiyan Blue . Goku refuses , and Caulifla transforms into an Ultra Super Saiyan . However , her increased muscle mass cripples her speed and allows Goku to counterattack . With Goku 's aid , Caulifla manages to become a Super Saiyan 2 , and the two resume their fight . As Kale watches them , she is once again consumed by her feelings of uselessness and transforms into the Uncontrollable Super Saiyan . Hit uses his time skip to save Caulifla from getting caught in the crossfire . Kale flies into a jealous rage and attacks Goku for allegedly stealing Caulifla from her . Kale easily overwhelms Goku and forces him to power up to Super Saiyan Blue . He unleashes a powerful Kamehameha , but Kale powers through it unharmed . As Piccolo realizes she has lost control of her power , Kale begins firing ki blasts at everything in sight and defeats Methiop . When Universe 11 's Vuon ( ブーオン , Būon ) attempts to stop her , Kale defeats him as well . Jiren knocks her unconscious with a single ki blast . As Hit and Caulifla retreat with Kale , Goku challenges Jiren . 101 25 `` The Impending Warriors of Justice ! The Pride Troopers ! ! '' `` Semari kuru seigi no senshi ! Puraido Torūpāsu ! ! '' ( 迫り くる 正義 の 戦士 ! プライド ・ トルーパス ! ! ) July 30 , 2017 TBA As Goku prepares to fight Jiren , Toppo suddenly ambushes him with a barrage of ki blasts . Toppo and Jiren decide to retreat and conserve their stamina . This leaves Goku to be dealt with by Kahseral and their fellow Pride Troopers Tupper ( タッパー , Tappā ) , Zoiray ( ゾイレー , Zoirē ) , Cocotte ( ココット , Kokotto ) , and Kettol . The five declare their intent to defeat Caulifla and Kale to avenge Vuon 's defeat . The two are forced to form a temporary alliance with Goku . Meanwhile , Master Roshi and Tien team up to defeat Universe 3 's The Preecho ( ザ ・ プリーチョ ) . They regroup with Gohan , Piccolo , Vegeta , and Frieza , where he has defeated Murichim . The Pride Troopers push Goku , Caulifla , and Kale to the brink , but No. 17 and No. 18 rescue them . No. 18 and Goku defeat Tupper , while No. 17 easily overpowers Kahseral . The remaining Pride Troopers regroup and focus their assault on the wounded Caulifla and Kale . Cocotte seals them in a separate dimension to ensure that Goku , No. 17 , and No. 18 do not interfere . As the four beat Caulifla , Kale 's self - hatred causes her to return to the Uncontrollable Super Saiyan form , but she remains in control of herself this time . Caulifla and Kale use an extremely powerful combination ki blast to defeat Kahseral , Zoiray , and Kettol . Cocotte seals herself in a mini-dimension to avoid the blast , but No. 18 simply throws it off , eliminating Cocotte . Goku allows Caulifla and Kale to retreat so he can fight them at their full strength after they rest . The group is unaware that Brianne is observing them . 102 26 `` The Power of Love Explodes ? ! Universe 2 's Little Witch Warriors ! ! '' `` Ai no chikara ga dai bakuhatsu ! ? dai ni uchu majo - kko senshi ! ! '' ( 愛 の 力 が 大 爆発 ! ? 第 2 宇宙 の 魔女 っ 子 戦士 ! ! ) August 6 , 2017 TBA Brianne and her companions Sanka Ku ( サンカ ・ クー , Sanka Kū ) and Su Roas ( スー ・ ロース , Sū Rōsu ) announce themselves to the other fighters and begin to transform into their magical girl alter - egos . No. 17 blasts them before they can transform , but Brianne , Goku , and Toppo berate him for his dishonorable tactics and browbeat him into allowing them to transform , much to Beerus ' dismay . They assume their alter - egos Ribrianne , Kakunsa ( カクンサ , Kakunsa ) , and Rozie ( ロージィ , Rōjī ) and barrage the arena with a powerful love - based attack that brainwashes some of the fighters . Universe 7 's mental discipline allows them to overcome its effects . Gohan 's group elects to split up and fight independently . Vegeta attacks Ribrianne , who counters with a rolling attack that knocks out Universe 10 's Jirasen ( ジラセン ) . Rozie attacks Goku with a flurry of blows that grows more powerful the longer she keeps it up , while Kakunsa battles No. 17 with her animalistic fighting style . No. 17 baits her into overextending herself and stuns her with a barrier . He attempts to knock her out of the stage , but her teammate Vikal ( ビカル , Bikaru ) rescues her . No. 17 decides to stop holding back and swiftly eliminates Vikal . He also eliminates Kakunsa with a powerful ki blast . Enraged by his actions , Ribrianne powers up and prepares to battle No. 17 . 103 27 `` Gohan , Show No Mercy ! Showdown With Universe 10 ! ! '' `` Gohan yo hijōnare ! Dai ju uchu to no kessen ! ! '' ( 悟 飯 よ 非情 なれ ! 第 10 宇宙 と の 決戦 ! ! ) August 13 , 2017 TBA Ribrianne and No. 17 fiercely attack each other , while Rozie begins to overwhelm Goku 's defenses . She surrounds him with ki balls and attempts to blow him up , but No. 17 protects him with a barrier . Goku , who has studied Rozie 's techniques , hits her with a powerful ki blast . As he and No. 17 corner Rozie and Ribrianne , Jimeze arrives and rescues them with instant transmission . Elsewhere , Botamo challenges Gohan on Champa 's orders . As Piccolo and Goku observe , Gohan attacks with a flurry of blows , which apparently have no effect . However , Gohan 's attacks begin to lift Botamo off the ground and renders him unable to defend himself , allowing Gohan to knock him off the stage . Universe 10 's Obuni ( オブニ ) and Rubalt ( ルバルト , Rubaruto ) appear to challenge Gohan and Piccolo . Jimeze defeats Universe 10 's Jilcol ( ジルコル Jirukoru ) . With 8 warriors eliminated , Gowasu accepts his imminent demise , while Rumsshi remains defiant . Obuni shifts his ki away from his body to render himself impossible to detect and wounds Gohan . Rubalt initially has the upper hand against Piccolo , but Piccolo uses his Hellzone Grenade attack to knock out Rubalt , leaving Universe 10 with only Obuni . Obuni begins to overwhelm Gohan , which makes Gowasu want to cling to life again . Gohan powers up and powers through one of Obuni 's punches . He counterattacks Obuni 's moves by locating and hitting Obuni after he gets hit . Obuni pauses the fight to show his respect for Gohan , but refuses to lose for the sake of Universe 10 . Gohan battles and defeats Obuni with a Kamehameha . All of Universe 10 's fighters have been eliminated . Right before Universe 10 is annihilated , Gohan discovers a locket containing a picture of Obuni and his wife and child . Gohan and Universe 10 's angel , Cus ( クス , Kusu ) , mourn Universe 10 's erasure . 104 28 `` The Ultimate High Speed Battle Begins ! Goku and Hit Join Forces ! ! '' `` Chōzetsu kōsoku batoru boppatsu ! Gokū to hitto no kyōdō sensen ! ! '' ( 超絶 光速 バトル 勃発 ! 悟空 と ヒット の 共同 戦線 ! ! ) August 20 , 2017 TBA Dyspo challenges Hit and uses his incredible speed to overwhelm Hit 's Time Skip . Everyone quickly deduces that Dyspo is listening for the sound of Hit 's body tensing up to determine when he is about to attempt to use Time Skip . Hit resorts to fighting him conventionally , but he is pushed to the edge of the stage . Toppo deduces that Hit has adjusted to Dyspo 's fighting style and is luring him into a trap . Toppo sends fellow pride trooper Kunshi ( クンシー , Kunshī ) to back him up . Before Dyspo can land the finishing blow , Hit suddenly turns intangible and sends Dyspo over the edge . However , Kunshi uses ropes made of his energy to pull Dyspo back onto the stage before he is eliminated . The two launch a renewed assault against Hit and drive him into a corner . Before they can finish him off , Goku interferes and rescues Hit . Goku uses his Super Saiyan God form to counter Dyspo 's speed , while Hit uses his assassination technique to injure Kunshi . The two switch places . Hit uses a fake Time Skip to throw Dyspo off and wound him , while Goku overwhelms Kunshi with his Super Saiyan Blue form . Hit attempts to eliminate Dyspo , but Kunshi rescues him again . Kunshi charges Hit , who turns intangible and knocks him off the stage . Dyspo retreats and regroups with his allies . Toppo abandons all notions of justice and decides to focus on survival . Hit decides not to battle Goku as thanks for lending a hand . Goku and Hit vow to settle the score if they both make it to the end of the tournament . 105 29 `` A Desperate Battle ! Master Roshi 's Sacrifice ! ! '' `` Funsen ! Mutenroshi inochi o Moyasu ! ! '' ( 奮戦 ! 武 天 老師 命 を 燃やす ! ! ) August 27 , 2017 TBA Master Roshi quietly observes the battles from afar . He is challenged by an attractive warrior from Universe 4 , Caway ( キャウェイ , Kyauei ) , who attempts to seduce him . However , Caway 's attempts to attack him brings him back to his senses . Roshi destroys her energy weapon , powers up , and drives her to jump off the stage . Roshi is next challenged by Dercori ( ダーコリ , Dākori ) , who is a talisman - wielding warrior from Universe 4 . She uses her talismans to confound Roshi with illusions and trap him in a single spot . Roshi uses the Evil Containment Wave to seal her in a small bottle and throw her off the arena . Quitela and Beerus get into an argument about the legality of the move , which is defused when both Zenō - samas rule in Roshi 's favor . Ganos , who is enraged at Roshi for eliminating his friends , challenges him and powers up into an avian form . Initially , Roshi is able to use his experience to predict , evade , and counter Ganos ' attacks . However , Ganos is able to grow more powerful the longer a fight drags on . He rallies and delivers a fierce series of blows to Roshi . Roshi attempts to hypnotize Ganos into falling asleep , but he attacks himself to wake himself up . Ganos demands that Roshi accept his limits and give up , but Roshi refuses . He unleashes a Max Power Kamehameha that defeats Ganos . However , the effort is too much for Roshi 's body to handle , and he collapses . Goku races over to him and successfully defibrillates him with his ki . Goku escorts Roshi to safety . 106 30 `` Find Him ! Death Match With An Invisible Attacker ! ! '' `` Mikiwamero ! Sugata naki atakkā to no shitō ! ! '' ( 見極めろ ! 姿 なき アタッカー と の 死闘 ! ! ) September 3 , 2017 TBA Goku brings Master Roshi to an isolated part of the stage and leaves him to rest at his request . Gohan and Piccolo are confronted by Universe 6 's Dr. Rota ( Dr. ロタ , Dokutā Rota ) , but Rota is shot down by a sniper before he can reveal his ability . Gohan and Piccolo are unable to find the location of the sniper until they find a red orb on the ground . It is revealed that the sniper , Universe 2 's Prum ( プラン , Puran ) , can see through these orbs . The lasers ricochet off of the orbs so that his true location is a secret . Piccolo tries to create a smokescreen in order to blur the vision , but Prum can still see them via their heat signatures . Prum shoots Piccolo and destroys both of his arms , which forces him to painfully regenerate them . Gohan and Piccolo realize that the orbs depend on heat signatures and blast the surrounding area to create multiple heat signatures . Prum responds by coming out of his hiding spot and blasting the entire area . Gohan and Piccolo are forced into hiding . Tien analyzes Dr. Rota and deduces that he was hit by a sniper as Goku and Vegeta arrive . Vegeta berates Tien , who warns them about Prum , but Vegeta arrogantly brushes it off until he is almost incapacitated by one of Prum 's blasts . As Goku and Tien observe Prum , they deduce that there is another shooter from behind as Prum is merely reflecting the blasts . Vegeta and Goku go after Prum , while Tien goes to save Gohan and Piccolo . Goku and Vegeta try to attack Prum , but their ki blasts are reflected off of his body . Tien navigates through the field of blasts and confronts the true sniper , Prum 's teammate Hermila ( ハーミラ , Hāmira ) . Realizing that Prum can deflect ki blasts and not physical attacks , Vegeta and Goku throw giant boulders at him . Tien uses his Multi-form technique in order to buy himself time against Hermila , but three of his clones are shot down . The fourth and final Tien defeats Hermila . Just as Tien is about to eliminate him , Hermila shoots the ground underneath Tien 's feet and knocks him off the stage . However , Tien 's other three clones come back and drag Hermila down with them . Tien and Hermila are eliminated from the tournament . Although Beerus praises Tien for forcing the battle into a draw , Tien is noticeably upset about being defeated . As Prum is confronted by Vegeta , Dr. Rota comes back and attacks Prum as revenge for shooting him . Shortly after , Vegeta eliminates Prum and Dr. Rota from the tournament . 107 31 `` Revenge `` F '' The Cunning Trap ? ! '' `` Fukushū no Efu ! Shikakerareta Kōkatsu na Wana ! ? '' ( 復讐 の 「 F 」 ! しかけ られ た 狡猾 な 罠 ! ? ) September 17 , 2017 TBA Frost recalls how Champa promised to pardon his crimes if he humiliated and defeated Universe 7 . Elsewhere , Universe 3 's Maji Kayo confronts Universe 11 's remaining warriors . He entraps Dyspo with his liquid body , but Jiren effortlessly defeats him with a single blow . As Master Roshi attempts to recover from his previous fights , Frost corners and attacks him . Goku sees this and tries to rush to his aid , but he is confronted by Ribrianne . Roshi hits Frost with a flurry of blows and attempts to use the Evil Containment Wave , but the strain proves too much for him . He flubs the attack . Frost barrages Roshi with ki blasts and sends an attack towards Vegeta , which provokes him . Vegeta interferes before Frost can finish Roshi . Magetta arrives to reinforce Frost , and the two battle Vegeta . Frost goads Roshi into using the Evil Containment Wave on Magetta despite the risk of killing himself . When Roshi falls for it , Frost reflects the attack and seals Vegeta into a bottle . With the last of his strength , Roshi uses a small ki blast to destroy the bottle and free Vegeta . Vegeta immediately turns Super Saiyan Blue , and Frost flees . Vegeta knocks Magetta off the stage and tells Roshi to drop out so he can receive medical attention . Roshi jumps off the stage , and he is given a Senzu Bean . Beerus admits that Roshi has earned his respect . 108 32 `` Frieza and Frost ! Conjoined Malice ? ! '' `` Furīza to Furosuto ! Majiwaru Akui ! ? '' ( フリーザ と フロスト ! 交わる 悪意 ! ? ) September 24 , 2017 TBA As Goku battles Ribrianne , the gods of the top four universes speculate on who will win the tournament . Meanwhile , Gohan is confronted by Jimeze . Jimeze makes use of his Instant Transmission technique to confound and damage Gohan . As he prepares to finish him , Frieza intervenes . When Frieza does not immediately attack Jimeze , Universe 7 's spectators speculate he may intend to betray and defeat Gohan so he can seize the wish on the Super Dragon Balls for himself . Frieza steps aside and allows Jimeze to continue his fight with Gohan . Jimeze corners Gohan again and attempts to finish him , but Frieza destroys his attack with a ki blast . Enraged , Jimeze attacks Frieza , who swiftly tortures and eliminates him . Frost appears and declares his intention to defeat Gohan , and Frieza admits that the two intend to work together in order to exact revenge on the Saiyans . Frieza battles Gohan , who counterattacks . Frieza uses his Golden form to knock out Gohan . However , instead of eliminating him , he double - crosses and eliminates Frost . Gohan admits that he immediately figured out Frieza 's plan and played along with him . An enraged Frost attempts to attack Frieza from the spectator stands , but Zenō - sama erases him , who explains this is forbidden and Universe 6 would be erased upon a second offence . Meanwhile , Goku continues to battle Ribrianne . 109 33 `` The Ultimate Enemy Approaches Goku ! Now , Let Loose ! The Killer Spirit Bomb ! ! '' `` Goku ni Semaru Saikyo no Teki ! Ima Koso Hanate ! Hisassu no Genki - Dama ! ! '' ( 悟空 に 迫る 最強 の 敵 ! 今 こそ 放 て ! 必殺 の 元気 玉 ! ! ) October 8 , 2017 TBA Ribrianne declares her intention to use the wish to become a love goddess adored by all beings using the Super Dragon Balls . Goku considers using the wish to benefit his family or meet a strong opponent . Ribrianne absorbs the love of her teammates and becomes Super Ribrianne . She attacks Goku with several ki blasts , and he counters by turning Super Saiyan Blue and knocking her away . Ribrianne lands near Jiren , and Goku sees him and prepares to finally battle him . Universe 11 's God of Destruction , Belmod , telepathically orders Jiren to defeat Goku . Belmod hopes to demoralize the other universes by defeating the strongest fighter besides Jiren himself . Goku powers up to Super Saiyan Blue Kaioken x20 , but that proves to be no match for Jiren 's overwhelming power . Goku begins powering up a Spirit Bomb , and all of his teammates except Vegeta lend him their energy . Despite the time it takes to charge the attack , Jiren agrees to wait for him to complete it . Ribrianne attempts to attack Goku from behind , but she is stopped by Vegeta . Goku completes the Spirit Bomb and throws it , but Jiren deflects it . The two engage in a struggle to take control of the Spirit Bomb . This forces Goku to use Super Saiyan Blue Kaioken x20 to keep up . However , Jiren prevails and begins to overwhelm Goku with his own attack . 110 34 `` Son Goku Wakes ! New Level of the Awakened ! ! '' `` Son Gokū kakusei ! Mezameshi mono no aratanaru gokui ! ! '' ( 孫悟空 覚醒 ! 目覚め し 者 の 新た なる 極意 ! ! ) October 8 , 2017 TBA Goku rallies himself and pushes the Spirit Bomb back towards Jiren , which locks him in a stalemate . Whis realizes that Jiren is at least as powerful as a God of Destruction . As the two struggle to overpower each other , the Spirit Bomb suddenly condenses into a small black ball , which absorbs Goku and causes him to vanish . The Great Priest rules that since Goku 's own attack apparently vaporized him , Jiren will not be disqualified for destroying him . As the Zenō - samas prepare to eliminate Goku , he suddenly reappears and reaches a new level of power . Goku resumes the fight , and he is able to go toe - to - toe with Jiren . Whis theorizes Goku must have absorbed the Spirit Bomb and unlocked an ability called Ultra Instinct ( 身勝手 の 極意 , Migatte no Goku'i ' ) . Goku uses another powerful attack in an attempt to eliminate Jiren , but he fails and exhausts his newfound power . Jiren knocks him away , and Hit attempts to take advantage of the opportunity and attacks Jiren . Vegeta demands to know what happened to Goku before preparing to fight Ribrianne , while Frieza appears to corner Goku and aim an attack at him . 111 35 `` The Surreal Supreme Battle ! Hit vs Jiren ! ! '' `` I jigen no kyokuchi batoru ! Hitto basasu Jiren ! ! '' ( 異 次元 の 極致 バトル ! ヒット VS ジレン ! ! ) October 15 , 2017 TBA Instead of killing the defenseless Goku , Frieza shares with him some of his energy and repays his act of mercy during their fight on Planet Namek . Meanwhile , Hit uses his time - skip powers against Jiren , but his attacks fail to connect . Goku spectates the battle , but he is ambushed by Saonel ( サオネル , Saoneru ) and Pilina ( ピリナ , Pirina ) , Namekians from Universe 6 , who are confronted by Gohan and Piccolo . Elsewhere , Vegeta fights Ribrianne , and he is easily overpowering her in his base form until Rozie interferes and retreats with Ribrianne . Ribrianne loses hope due to the gap in power , but Rozie motivates her . Meanwhile , Hit keeps attacking Jiren to no avail , but he is able to react and block most of Jiren 's punches . After being knocked back , Hit sneaks up behind Jiren and lands a strong punch on his heart . He knocks Jiren to the edge of the ring after a brief struggle . Hit uses his own time - skip powers continually on Jiren to stop his movement . Realizing that he can not hold Jiren for long , Hit urges Cabba , Caulifla , and Kale to keep fighting for Universe 6 . Hit pools all his energy in a final attack to defeat him , but Jiren stops Hit 's attack only with his glare . Jiren breaks free and eliminates Hit . As the Tournament of Power reaches its midway point , Jiren begins to meditate . He is certain that there are no other warriors strong enough to fight him . Jiren leaves the fight to Toppo and Dyspo . Biarra ( ビアラ , Biara ) and Catopesra ( カトペスラ , Katopesura ) of Universe 3 attempt to attack him while meditating , but Jiren 's energy alone is enough to push them back . 112 36 `` A Saiyan 's Vow ! Vegeta 's Resolution ! ! '' `` Saiya - jin no chikai ! Bejīta no kakugo ! ! '' ( サイヤ 人 の 誓い ! ベジータ の 覚悟 ! ! ) October 22 , 2017 TBA Despite his exhaustion and low energy , Goku is determined to keep fighting . However , he is suddenly targeted by Koitsukai ( コイツカイ , Koitukai ) , Pancea ( パンチア , Panchia ) , and Borareta ( ボラレータ , Borarēta ) of Universe 3 . Gohan and Piccolo want to help him , but they are distracted by their own battle with Saonel and Pilina . Caulifla and Kale are discussing the battle between Goku and Jiren , when they are confronted by Monna ( モンナ , Monna ) , a female warrior from Universe 4 . Caulifla faces off against Monna , but Cabba appears and takes her place . He instructs Caulifla and Kale to retreat for now . Cabba turns Super Saiyan and battles Monna , but he is initially overpowered . Monna almost knocks Cabba off the stage , but Vegeta intervenes and catches him before he can fall . Vegeta and Cabba both promise that , if either of them wins the tournament , the winner will use the Super Dragon Balls to restore the other 's erased universe and its inhabitants . Newly inspired , Cabba fights Monna again , but he is losing until he taps into his anger and unlocks Super Saiyan 2 . With his new power , Cabba easily defeats and eliminates Monna . However , Frieza then appears and fights Cabba , easily overpowering and eliminating him as well . Frieza reveals that he plans to win the tournament in order to use the Super Dragon Balls to control the gods . Meanwhile , Vegeta decides to challenge Jiren , but he is intercepted by Toppo . The two battle each other . Vegeta ends up meeting up with Goku , who is still having difficulty with his three opponents . However , Caulifla intervenes and knocks Koitsukai , Borareta , and Pancea away , before powering up to Super Saiyan 2 and challenging Goku herself . 113 37 `` With Great Joy ! The Repeat Battle - Crazy Saiyan Fight ! ! '' `` Kiki to Shite ! Sentō - kyō Saiya - jin Batoru Futatabi ! ! '' ( 嬉々 として ! 戦闘 狂 サイヤ 人 バトル 再び ! ! ) October 29 , 2017 TBA Blu - ray and DVD release ( edit ) Region 1 ( North America ) ( edit ) Volumes ( edit ) Name Date Discs Episodes Part One July 25 , 2017 01 -- 13 Part Two October 3 , 2017 14 -- 26 Region 2 ( Japan ) ( edit ) Name Date Discs Episodes Box 1 December 2 , 2015 1 -- 12 Box 2 March 2 , 2016 13 -- 24 Box 3 July 2 , 2016 25 -- 36 Box 4 October 4 , 2016 37 -- 48 Box 5 January 6 , 2017 49 -- 60 Box 6 April 4 , 2017 61 -- 72 Box 7 August 2 , 2017 73 -- 84 Box 8 October 3 , 2017 85 -- 96 Box 9 January 6 , 2018 97 - 108 Box 10 April 3 , 2018 109 - 120 Box 11 July 3 , 2018 121 - 133 Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Episodes 109 and 110 aired together as a 1 - hour television special . ^ Jump up to : English titles per Crunchyroll . ^ Jump up to : English dub titles per Funimation . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super TV Anime Debuts on July 5 '' . Anime News Network . June 4 , 2015 . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kazuya Yoshii , Good Morning America to Perform Theme Songs For Dragon Ball Super '' . Anime News Network . May 19 , 2015 . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gods And Heroes Of `` Dragon Ball Super - Universal Survival Arc '' Gathered For New Opening Preview Shots `` . Crunchyroll . February 4 , 2017 . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super 's New Opening Sequence Previewed in Screenshots '' . Anime News Network . February 4 , 2017 . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VIDEO : KEYTALK Performs New ED Song for `` Dragon Ball Super '' `` . Crunchyroll . October 1 , 2015 . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super To Introduce A New Theme This April '' . attackofthefanboy . March 17 , 2016 . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Batten Showjo Tai Performs New Dragon Ball Super Ending Theme '' . Anime News Network . June 19 , 2016 . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rock Band Arukara Performs New Dragon Ball Super Ending Theme '' . Anime News Network . September 21 , 2016 . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` THE COLLECTORS Perform New `` Dragon Ball Super '' Ending Theme `` . Crunchyroll . December 6 , 2016 . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spring 's `` Dragon Ball Super '' End Theme Revealed `` . Crunchyroll . March 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Miyu Inoue Sings New Dragon Ball Super Ending Theme Song '' . Anime News Network . March 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lacco Tower Returns For New `` Dragon Ball Super '' Ending `` . Crunchyroll . June 5 , 2017 . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dragon Ball Super ' To Get New Ending '' . Comicbook . September 13 , 2017 . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RottenGraffty To Perform New `` Dragon Ball Super '' Ending `` . Crunchyroll . September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blu - ray ・ DVD 情報 ドラゴンボール 超 東映 アニメーション ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Toonami Snaps up ' Dragon Ball Super ' '' . Animation World Network . November 10 , 2015 . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` DRAGON BALL SUPER , READY FOR EMEA TAKEOVER WITH TURNER '' . www.toei-animation.com . Toei Animation Europe . October 10 , 2016 . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barder , Ollie ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Dragon Ball Super ' Will Start Airing In Europe This Fall , Still No Word On A US Release '' . Forbes . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Dragon Ball Super English Sub Announced '' . IGN . Ziff Davis , LLC . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super to Simulcast on Crunchyroll , Daisuki , AnimeLab ( Updated ) '' . Anime News Network . Anime News Network . October 19 , 2016 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' DRAGON BALL SUPER '' SUBTITLED EPISODES BEGIN STREAMING TODAY ON FUNIMATIONNOW WITH NEW SIMULCAST EPISODES STARTING NOVEMBER 5 , 2016 . Funimation to Produce English Dub of New Series. `` . Funimation . Funimation . November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Licenses Dragon Ball Super , Plans English Dub '' . Anime News Network . Anime News Network . November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Toonami : Hope you 're sitting down for this ... '' . Facebook . December 7 , 2016 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super -- Universe Survival Saga -- Official PV 1 ( SUB ) '' . Funimation . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dragon Ball Super Universe Survival arc jump festa 17 promo video '' . kanzenshuu . December 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : あらすじ ドラゴンボール 超 ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Listings Grid , TV Guide and TV Schedule , Where to Watch TV Shows - Screener '' . Retrieved 1 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Julia Alexander ( April 3 , 2017 ) , Samurai Jack gets left behind for Rick and Morty , and no one 's happy about it , retrieved April 3 , 2017 Jump up ^ Rick and Morty Twitter account ( April 1 , 2017 ) , New Episode of RICK AND MORTY airing NOW thru MIDNIGHT ( ET / PT ) and ONLINE at http://www.adultswim.com/streams , archived from the original on May 7 , 2017 , retrieved May 7 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Blu - ray Part 1 '' . FUNimation . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Blu - ray Part 2 '' . FUNimation . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 1 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 2 '' ( in Urdu ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 3 '' ( in e ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 4 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 5 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 6 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 7 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 8 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 9 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 10 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 11 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . September 30 , 2017 . 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Overall No . Saga No . English translation / Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 15 `` Make a Miracle , Satan the Hero ! A Challenge from Outer Space ! '' / `` Valiant Mr. Satan , Work a Miracle ! A Challenge from Outer Space ! '' `` Yūsha Satan yo kiseki o okose ! Uchū kara no chōsenjō ! ! '' ( 勇者 サタン よ 奇跡 を 起こせ ! 宇宙 から の 挑戦 状 ! ! ) October 18 , 2015 April 22 , 2017 With Earth no longer in danger , Goku and the others return to their ordinary lives . Chi - Chi tells Goku she has already spent the 100 million Zeni received from Mr. Satan . She orders Goku to leave training behind and find a job so he can support the family . Meanwhile , Mr. Satan 's self - promotion goes awry when a group of aliens land in the city . The aliens reveal that they are ambassadors who wish to thank and reward whoever defeated Beerus and thus protected their planet from destruction . Before he is given the reward , Mr. Satan is asked to demonstrate his godlike power against the alien 's mightiest champion in a sparring match . Knowing that he does not stand a chance , Mr. Satan quickly scampers away to safety and calls for help , but no one answers him . Suddenly , Goku arrives at the scene in need of Mr. Satan 's help . Mr. Satan arranges to have Goku fight for him instead . Just before the fight , Goku spots Chi - Chi and immediately runs away to avoid being scolded for disobeying her . Mr. Satan is left to confront the alien champion on his own . Suddenly , the cynophobic aliens spot Mr. Satan 's dog and run away in fear . With the aliens gone , the crowd praises Mr. Satan , whom they think saved them and Earth yet again . 16 `` Vegeta Becomes an Apprentice ? ! Winning Whis Over ! '' / `` Vegeta Becomes a Student ? ! Win Over Whis ! '' `` Bejīta ga deshi'iri ! ? Uisu o kōryakuse yo ! '' ( ベジータ が 弟子入り ! ? ウイス を 攻略 せよ ! ) October 25 , 2015 April 29 , 2017 Chi - Chi still has Goku doing work out on the farm . Instead of working , Goku decides to rest and falls asleep . Krillin flies in and wakes up Goku . Krillin is very surprised to hear that Goku is still on Earth and not training with King Kai . He reminisces about his training with Goku under Master Roshi and the power level difference between them since they were children . Curious to see how large the gap is , Krillin tells Goku to punch him with all his power . A reluctant Goku tries to change Krillin 's mind . Goku ends up punching Krillin anyway , which sends Krillin flying into a boulder . Shortly afterwards , Goku heads home . Android 18 treats Krillin 's wounds . Krillin states that he misses martial arts and wishes to start training again . Meanwhile , Vegeta is seen in the wastelands standing determined . He states his intent to surpass Goku without the aid of others . Elsewhere , Whis and Bulma are having lunch together . Whis is enjoying all the food Bulma is having her chef make . While they dine , Bulma asks Whis to protect Earth from Beerus in case he ever shows up again . Vegeta arrives and sees Whis . He asks Whis to see Beerus , but Whis refuses to do so . Whis tells Vegeta that he is Beerus ' martial arts teacher . Whis informs Vegeta that with the proper tutelage he could one day surpass Goku . Vegeta bows and kneels before Whis and begs to become his student . An unimpressed Whis walks past him . Vegeta decides to convince Whis by giving him the tastiest food on Earth . After several failed attempts , Vegeta finally impresses Whis with a cup of instant noodle . Before Vegeta heads off with Whis to train on Beerus ' planet , Bulma hands him new battle armor . Whis and Vegeta arrive on Beerus ' planet . Whis prepares to train Vegeta . 17 `` Pan Is Born ! And Goku Goes on a Training Trip ? ! '' / `` Pan is Born ! And Goku Goes on a Training Journey ? ! '' `` Pan tanjō ! Soshite Gokū wa shugyō no tabi he ! ? '' ( パン 誕生 ! そして 悟空 は 修行 の 旅 へ ! ? ) November 1 , 2015 May 6 , 2017 Pan has been born . While most of her family members and friends think that she should be taught martial arts , Chi - Chi is revolted by the very idea . She believes that Pan should be raised to be a lady and not a mindless fighter like her grandfather Goku . Everyone tries to persuade Chi - Chi to change her mind but to no avail . Bulma accidentally mentions that Vegeta has been away training with Whis for six months , which shocks Goku . After some time , Whis returns to Earth to enjoy more of the food Earth has to offer . Goku approaches Whis and asks to become his pupil . Whis accepts Goku 's plea . Whis thinks it is the perfect time for Goku to join Vegeta in training . Just as the two are about to depart , Chi - Chi runs up and stops Goku from leaving . Despite her wishes , Goku ends up leaving with Whis . Chi - Chi has a sudden change of heart . She says that Goku will return once he gets hungry anyway . 18 `` I 'm Here , Too ! Training Begins on Beerus ' Planet ! '' / `` I 'm Here , Too ! Training Commences on Beerus ' World ! '' `` Ora mo kita zo ! Birusu - sei de shugyō kaishi da ! '' ( オラ も 来 た ぞ ! ビルス 星 で 修行 開始 だ ! ) November 8 , 2015 May 13 , 2017 Goku and Whis arrive on Beerus ' planet , where Vegeta is tasked with housekeeping . Goku is surprised to learn that Vegeta has gotten considerably stronger training under Whis . Goku wants to start his training right away . Before he is allowed to train , Whis orders him to help Vegeta with the chores including changing Beerus ' bed sheets without waking him up . Goku and Vegeta promptly do their chores and start their training with Whis . Whis ' training routine quickly wears Goku out . He falls asleep . Vegeta , who is willing to surpass Goku at any cost , keeps on training . The next day , Whis decides to have a sparring match with his apprentices in order to gauge their speed . The two prove to be no match for Whis . Goku and Vegeta are too slow to land a single hit on Whis . Somewhere in space , surviving members of Frieza 's army are led by Sorbet . They continue with their effort of resurrecting their leader . Not far off , mysterious beings from a different universe named Champa ( シャンパ , Shanpa ) and Vados ( ヴァドス , Vadosu ) continue their search for Beerus . 19 5 `` Despair Rises ! The Emperor of Evil , Frieza , Resurrected ! '' / `` Despair Redux ! The Return of the Evil Emperor , Frieza ! '' `` Zetsubō futatabi ! Aku no teiō Furīza no fukkatsu ! '' ( 絶望 ふたたび ! 悪 の 帝王 ・ フリーザ の 復活 ! ) November 15 , 2015 May 20 , 2017 Goku and Vegeta continue their training under Whis on Beerus ' planet . Meanwhile , Sorbet and his assistant Tagoma ( タゴマ ) depart their ship and head for Earth in order to find the Dragon Balls , which they intend to resurrect their leader Frieza . They run into the Pilaf Gang , who had collected all seven Dragon Balls just before their arrival . Sorbet coerces Pilaf into summoning Shenron . At first , Shenron refuses to revive Frieza because he sees it as pointless given his current state , where Frieza was cut in pieces just as he was when Future Trunks killed him . Tagoma suggests using their advanced healing technology to make Frieza intact again . Sorbet has Frieza resurrected . Sorbet and Tagoma collect all of Frieza 's pieces and return to their ship . Frieza is completely renewed shortly afterwards . 20 6 `` Jaco 's Warning ! Frieza and His 1000 Troops Approach '' / `` A Warning from Jaco ! Frieza and 1,000 Soldiers Close In '' `` Jako kara no keikoku ! Semari kuru Furīza to 1000 - ri no heishi - tachi ! '' ( ジャコ から の 警告 ! 迫り 来る フリーザ と 1000 人 の 兵士 達 ) November 22 , 2015 June 3 , 2017 Once restored , Frieza plans revenge against Goku and Future Trunks . Tagoma objects to Frieza 's plans , but Frieza promptly subdues him . When Frieza finds out that Goku has gotten much stronger since they last met , he decides to train in order to become more powerful . Since Frieza 's power was inborn , he reveals that he had never felt the need to train a day in his life before now . Four months pass before Frieza and his army head for Earth . All the while , Goku and Vegeta continue their training under Whis . Jaco the Galactic Patrolman travels to Earth to inform Bulma that Frieza had been revived . Frieza will be approaching Earth shortly with an army of one thousand soldiers . With Frieza 's army fast approaching , Bulma gathers the remaining fighters to fight Frieza 's army in hopes of holding out until Goku and Vegeta make it back to Earth . 21 7 `` The Start of Revenge ! The Malice of Frieza Army Strikes Gohan ! '' / `` The Start of Vengeance ! The Frieza Force 's Malice Strikes Gohan ! '' `` Fukushū no hajimari ! Furīza - gun no akuiga satoshi Gohan outsu ! '' ( 復讐 の 始まり ! フリーザ 軍 の 悪意 が 悟 飯 を 撃つ ! ) November 29 , 2015 June 10 , 2017 Frieza and his army arrive on Earth , where Gohan , Piccolo , Krillin , Master Roshi , Tien , and Jaco have gathered to hold out until Goku and Vegeta return . Frieza says that he has waited a long time to have his revenge and that he wishes to face Goku . Seeing as how Goku is not present to help , Frieza orders his army to attack the Earthlings . His army proves to be no match for the fighters even for Krillin , who had given up fighting . Disappointed with his lackluster army , Frieza orders Sorbet to send in his elite soldier , Shisami ( シサミ ) , to take out Gohan . Suddenly , Tagoma fires a beam at Shisami and Gohan , which kills the former and badly injures the latter . Sorbet is surprised by Tagoma 's newfound power , which he had achieved through training with Frieza . Frieza promises Tagoma the command of his army if he takes out the Earthlings . He accepts and prepares to fight the Earthlings . Meanwhile , Goku and Vegeta are oblivious to what is happening on Earth . They continue their training under Whis on Beerus ' planet . 22 8 `` Change ! An Unexpected Return ! His Name is Ginyu ! ! '' `` Chēnji ! Masaka no fukkatsu ! Sono na wa Ginyū ! ! '' ( チェーンジ ! まさかの 復活 ! その 名 は ギニュー ! ! ) December 6 , 2015 June 17 , 2017 Tagoma powers up and confidently approaches his opponents . Piccolo is instantly outmatched . Gohan blasts Tagoma , which causes him to fly several yards away . As the dust settles , Tagoma reveals himself to be unharmed . Suddenly , Gotenks arrives and headbutts Tagoma . Everybody is shocked to see this . While Tagoma is struggling to recuperate from Gotenks ' attack , Captain Ginyu , who is in his frog form , pounces close to him and inscribes a message in the gravel . Tagoma accidentally sets off Ginyu 's signature move , and the two swap bodies . Ginyu rapidly adjusts to his new body 's immense power and assaults all of his rivals simultaneously . Bulma , Trunks , and Goten attempt to contact Whis , which bewilders Jaco . While fighting Gohan , Ginyu appears to have the upper hand until Gohan transforms into a Super Saiyan and defeats him . When Gohan shows mercy to Ginyu , Frieza becomes enraged and repeatedly fires multiple blasts at Gohan . Before Frieza can kill Gohan , Piccolo steps in to save him . 23 9 `` The Earth ! Gohan ! Absolute Peril ! Hurry and Get Here , Son Goku ! ! '' / `` Earth ! Gohan ! Both on the Ropes ! Hurry and Get Here , Goku ! ! '' `` Chikyū ga ! Gohan ga ! Zettaizetsumei ! Hayaku kite kure Son Gokū ! ! '' ( 地球 が ! 悟 飯 が ! 絶 体 絶命 ! 早く 来 て くれ 孫悟空 ! ! ) December 13 , 2015 June 24 , 2017 Piccolo takes Frieza 's attack to save Gohan and dies in the process . On Beerus ' planet , Beerus desires more pizza . Whis gets an invitation from Bulma for a strawberry dessert . As Whis telepathically contacts her , she reveals Frieza 's revival and Piccolo 's death to him . Initially shocked to realize that Frieza is revived , Goku and Vegeta get set to fight Frieza . As Whis says it would take some time to reach Earth , Goku resorts to instant transmission on Beerus ' advice . Goku realizes that instant transmission is impossible due to the large distance between Earth and Beerus ' planet . Nevertheless , Goku tries to search for someone 's energy on Earth . On Earth , Gohan powers up to his maximum limit . This helps Goku to identify an energy source to perform instant transmission . Goku and Vegeta arrive on Earth in the nick of time to save Gohan . Vegeta executes Ginyu . As Goku and Frieza meet after a long time , Frieza transforms into his final form in a fit to demonstrate his new power . This results in the death of all his men except for Sorbet , who is at a considerable distance . Perplexed by Frieza 's new power , Goku prepares to engage in a battle . 24 10 `` Clash ! Frieza vs. Son Goku ; This Is The Result of My Training ! '' / `` Clash ! Frieza vs. Goku ! This is the Result of My Training ! '' `` Gekitotsu ! Furīza VS Son Gokū ; Kore ga ora no shugyō no seikada ! '' ( 激突 ! フリーザ VS 孫悟空 これが オラ の 修行 の 成果 だ ! ) December 20 , 2015 July 8 , 2017 The battle between Goku and Frieza begins . They fight on even ground , and neither one is able to inflict significant damage to the other . Frieza resorts to attacking Krillin and Bulma . When Goku tries to save them , he is caught off guard when Frieza lands several blows on him . Vegeta grows impatient due to the constant rambling by both fighters . He charges at Goku in frustration and asks him to give it all he has . Goku takes Vegeta 's request into account and convinces Frieza to power up to his maximum . When Frieza calls out to Goku to show his full power , Goku transforms into a Super Saiyan Blue . 25 11 `` An All - Out Battle ! The Revenge of Golden Frieza ! '' / `` A Full - Throttle Battle ! The Vengeful Golden Frieza '' `` Zenkai Batoru ! Fukushū no Gōruden Furīza '' ( 全開 バトル ! 復讐 の ゴールデン フリーザ ) December 27 , 2015 July 15 , 2017 After briefly testing Goku 's new transformation , Frieza transforms into Golden Frieza . Both are impressed by the other 's progress . They engage in a fierce battle . Meanwhile , Whis informs Bulma of their arrival on Earth in a few minutes . On their way to Earth , Beerus and Whis encounter the God of Destruction of Universe Six , Champa , and his assistant , Vados . After having a short conversation with Champa and Vados , Beerus and Whis finally arrive on the battlefield . While eating Bulma 's delicious dessert , Beerus and Whis acknowledge that Frieza has indeed become significantly stronger . They also notice that Goku seems to have a tough time keeping up with Golden Frieza . Still not use to his newest form , Goku struggles to keep up with Golden Frieza 's speed and prowess . 26 12 `` A Glint of Hope Shines Through in a Crisis ! Time to Fight Back , Son Goku ! '' / `` A Chance Appears in a Tight Spot ! Launch a Counteroffensive , Goku ! '' `` Dai pinchi ni shōki ga mieta ! Hangeki kaishida Son Gokū ! '' ( 大 ピンチ に 勝機 が 見え た ! 反撃 開始 だ 孫悟空 ! ) January 10 , 2016 July 22 , 2017 Frieza and Goku continue their protracted battle with Frieza landing more blows on Goku . While no match for Frieza 's raw power , Goku manages to withstand and dodge Frieza 's attacks . Goku and Vegeta notice that Frieza is progressively losing stamina and that his power level is dropping . Frieza himself fails to notice this . Vegeta urges Goku to quickly finish Frieza off before he has a chance to recover , or he will step up and do so himself . After Goku and Frieza exchange some sarcastic banter , they power up again and continue their fight . Frieza still has the upper hand , but Goku knows that he only needs to continue for a while longer before Frieza 's weakness appears again . After a fully powered Frieza unleashes a barrage of attacks , he quickly becomes tired and starts running out of breath . His attacks no longer hurt Goku . Frieza finally realizes his weakness . Goku explains that Frieza rushed to Earth immediately after achieving the Golden form without giving himself enough time to master it . Frieza mouths a few inaudible words to his subordinate , Sorbet , and agonizes over his failed chance at revenge . Goku tells Frieza to leave Earth , while he still can . To everyone 's surprise , a laser beam pierces Goku 's chest fired from Sorbet 's ray gun . Frieza steps on Goku 's chest wound and gloats about his backup strategy to have Goku let his guard down . As Goku screams in pain , Frieza mocks him for being overconfident . According to Frieza , Goku 's overconfidence prevents him from being the strongest fighter . Before Frieza can unleash his killing shot on Goku , Vegeta fires at Frieza and announces that it is his turn to fight . 27 13 `` The Earth Explodes ? ! The Deciding Kamehameha '' / `` The Earth Explodes ? A Decisive Kamehameha ! '' `` Chikyū bakuhatsu ! ? Ketchaku no kamehameha '' ( 地球 爆発 ! ? 決着 の かめ はめ 波 ) January 17 , 2016 July 29 , 2017 Goku is critically injured , but Vegeta intervenes before Frieza can deliver a killing blow . When Krillin attempts to deliver Goku a Senzu Bean , Frieza attempts to blast him . Vegeta redirects the blast to Sorbet , which kills him . Afterwards , Vegeta demonstrates his new ability to transform into a Super Saiyan Blue . Frieza attempts to land a hit on Vegeta , but he fails to do so . Frieza quickly finds himself completely outmatched by Vegeta . Enraged and humiliated , Frieza refuses to accept defeat . While Vegeta powers up his final attack , Frieza instead blows up the Earth . Whis protects Goku and the others . As Goku laments his missed opportunity to defeat Frieza , Whis offers to turn back time by a couple of minutes , which will allow Goku to have another chance . The moment is reset to the end of Vegeta and Frieza 's battle . This allows Goku just enough time to charge up a Kamehameha attack and kill Frieza . Later , the group gathers at Capsule Corporation . Piccolo is revived with the Namekian Dragon Balls . Gohan tells Piccolo that he intends to resume his training so that he can protect his loved ones . Piccolo is delighted to hear this .

Eye in the Sky ( song ) - wikipedia Eye in the Sky ( song ) `` Eye in the Sky '' Single by The Alan Parsons Project from the album Eye in the Sky B - side `` Gemini '' , `` Mammagamma '' ( Germany ) Released August 1982 Format 7 '' Recorded Late 1981 Abbey Road Studios Genre Soft rock , progressive rock Length 4 : 36 3 : 55 ( 7 '' version ) Label Arista Songwriter ( s ) Alan Parsons , Eric Woolfson Producer ( s ) Alan Parsons , Eric Woolfson The Alan Parsons Project singles chronology `` Snake Eyes '' ( 1981 ) `` Eye in the Sky '' ( 1982 ) `` Psychobabble '' ( 1982 ) `` Snake Eyes '' ( 1981 ) `` Eye in the Sky '' ( 1982 ) `` Psychobabble '' ( 1982 ) Eye in the Sky track listing `` Sirius '' ( 1 ) `` Eye in the Sky '' ( 2 ) `` Children of the Moon '' ( 3 ) `` Eye in the Sky '' is a 1982 song by the British rock band The Alan Parsons Project from the album Eye in the Sky . It hit # 3 on the Billboard charts in the U.S. in October 1982 , # 1 in both Canada and Spain , and # 6 in New Zealand and was their most successful release . The instrumental piece entitled `` Sirius '' segues into `` Eye in the Sky '' ' on the original recording . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Personnel 3 Charts 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 4 Cover versions 5 References 6 External links Overview ( edit ) The 1 : 54 minute instrumental piece entitled `` Sirius '' immediately precedes `` Eye in the Sky '' ' on the original recording , which then segues into `` Eye in the Sky '' . On the single release , `` Eye In The Sky '' appears on its own , with `` Sirius '' edited out ; this is the version that was usually played on pop radio at the time . However , album - oriented rock and classic rock stations almost exclusively include the `` Sirius '' intro . Personnel ( edit ) Alan Parsons -- Fairlight CMI , production , engineering , composer Eric Woolfson -- Wurlitzer electric piano , vocals , composer , lyrics Ian Bairnson -- acoustic and electric guitars David Paton -- bass Stuart Elliott -- drums Chris Rainbow -- backing vocals Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Charts ( 1982 ) Peak position Australian Kent Music Report 22 Canadian RPM Top Singles Canadian RPM Top Adult Contemporary 7 French Singles Chart 16 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 38 Italian Singles Chart 5 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 6 Spain ( AFYVE ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) 11 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1982 ) Rank Canadian RPM Top Singles 31 Italian Singles Chart 45 Spanish Singles Chart US Billboard Hot 100 32 US Cashbox Top 100 28 Cover versions ( edit ) Asia Featuring John Payne released a cover of this song on their album Recollections : A Tribute to British Prog in 2014 . Synthpop artist Parralox released a cover of this song as a single in 2013 . Disco band `` Mad '' covered this song in 1983 . Folk rock artist Jonatha Brooke covered this song on her 2004 album , Back in the Circus . Israeli artist Noa covered this song on her 2002 album , Now . Rapper Immortal Technique sampled the song on his 2011 album , The Martyr . Gary War covered the song on his 2008 album New Raytheonport . `` The Saga Continues '' by P. Diddy on his 2001 album The Saga Continues ... `` Ja no brillen mai '' by Joan Dausà i els Tipus d'Interès ( in Catalan ) . The song was covered in 2013 by Red Band and Marina Maximilian Blumin on Israeli TV show The Red and Dvir Show ( המופע של רד ודביר ) . An instrumental cover of the song was released on jazz guitarist Gilad Hekselman 's 2013 album `` This Just In '' . The Portland , Oregon band Viva Voce recorded the song in 2007 as part of a compilation album called Bridging the Distance , made to benefit p : ear , a local program designed to assist homeless and transitional youth . Critics in Europe and North America have pointed to similarities between the melody of Lady Antebellum 's 2010 single `` Need You Now '' and `` Eye in the Sky '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( 27 October 2009 ) . `` Backwards Bullets : This Week In Charts 1982 '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 8 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . Australian Chart Book . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Eye in the Sky in Canadian Charts '' . CollectionsCanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 15 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eye in the Sky in Canadian Adult Contemporary Charts '' . CollectionsCanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 15 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Artists '' . InfoDisc.fr . Retrieved 8 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Alan Parsons Project : Eye in the Sky ( song ) '' . Retrieved 8 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` I singoli più venduti del 1982 '' . HitParade Italia ( in Italian ) . Retrieved 8 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- THE ALAN PARSONS PROJECT -- EYE IN THE SKY '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` THE ALAN PARSONS PROJECT Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` THE ALAN PARSONS PROJECT Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` THE ALAN PARSONS PROJECT Chart History ( Mainstream Rock ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles '' . RPM . republished online at CollectionsCanada.gc.ca. 37 ( 19 ) . 25 December 1982 . Retrieved 8 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1982 / Top 100 Songs of 1982 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The CASH BOX Year - End Charts : 1982 Top 100 Pop Singles , December 25 , 1982 '' . Cashbox . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Hermann , Andy ( 23 February 2004 ) . `` Jonatha Brooke : Back in the Circus '' . PopMatters . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . Even better is her completely unexpected take on that old Alan Parsons Project chestnut , `` Eye in the Sky '' , which she reclaims as a heart - wrenching folk ballad . Jump up ^ RODGERS , D. PATRICK , `` Alan Parsons ' Camp Alleges Lady Antebellum Rip - Off , '' Nashville Scene ( NOV 11 , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ `` Is this an Awards Show or What ? '' . NOW Toronto . 14 February 2011 . External links ( edit ) Songfacts - Eye in the Sky by The Alan Parsons Project hide The Alan Parsons Project Alan Parsons Eric Woolfson Ian Bairnson Andrew Powell David Paton Stuart Elliott Stuart Tosh Laurence Cottle Duncan Mackay Mel Collins Lenny Zakatek Chris Rainbow Geoff Barradale John Miles Colin Blunstone Jack Harris Dave Townsend Studio albums Tales of Mystery and Imagination ( 1976 ) I Robot ( 1977 ) Pyramid ( 1978 ) Eve ( 1979 ) The Turn of a Friendly Card ( 1980 ) Eye in the Sky ( 1982 ) Ammonia Avenue ( 1984 ) Vulture Culture ( 1984 ) Stereotomy ( 1985 ) Gaudi ( 1987 ) Freudiana ( 1990 ) The Sicilian Defence ( 2014 ) Compilations The Best of The Alan Parsons Project ( 1983 ) The Best of The Alan Parsons Project , Vol. 2 ( 1988 ) The Instrumental Works ( 1988 ) The Definitive Collection ( 1997 ) The Best of The Alan Parsons Project ( 2002 ) The Essential Alan Parsons Project ( 2007 ) Songs `` ( The System of ) Dr. Tarr and Professor Fether '' `` The Raven '' `` I Would n't Want to Be Like You '' `` Games People Play '' `` Time '' `` Snake Eyes '' `` Sirius '' `` Eye in the Sky '' `` Old and Wise '' `` Do n't Answer Me '' Related articles Discography Keats Freudiana Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eye_in_the_Sky_(song)&oldid=847826122 '' Categories : 1982 songs The Alan Parsons Project songs RPM Top Singles number - one singles Songs written by Eric Woolfson Arista Records singles Songs written by Alan Parsons Song recordings produced by Alan Parsons Pop ballads Rock ballads 1980s ballads Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Use dmy dates from January 2014 Use British English from January 2014 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardmainstreamrock Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Italiano Nederlands Português Edit links This page was last edited on 28 June 2018 , at 01 : 39 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who sings the song eye in the sky

`` Eye in the Sky '' is a 1982 song by the British rock band The Alan Parsons Project from the album Eye in the Sky . It hit # 3 on the Billboard charts in the U.S. in October 1982 , # 1 in both Canada and Spain , and # 6 in New Zealand and was their most successful release . The instrumental piece entitled `` Sirius '' segues into `` Eye in the Sky '' ' on the original recording .

2018 Wimbledon Championships -- men 's singles - wikipedia 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- men 's singles Men 's Singles 2018 Wimbledon Championships Champion Novak Djokovic Runner - up Kevin Anderson Final score 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 2 , 7 -- 6 Events Singles men women boys girls Doubles men women mixed boys girls Legends men women seniors WC Doubles men women ← 2017 Wimbledon Championships 2019 → Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships Roger Federer was the top seed and defending champion , but lost in the quarterfinals to Kevin Anderson . Novak Djokovic claimed his fourth Wimbledon title , defeating Anderson in the final 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 2 , 7 -- 6 . The win moved him to 13 grand slam titles , and outright fourth place on the all time men 's singles grand slam wins list , passing Roy Emerson . The win was also Djokovic 's first title on the ATP tour for over 12 months , his last win coming at Eastbourne on July 1 , 2017 . The semifinal match between Anderson and John Isner , lasting 6 hours 36 minutes , was the second longest men 's singles match at Wimbledon and the third longest men 's singles match in tennis history . Isner has thus played in the two longest matches in Wimbledon history ( the other one being the record - holding 2010 match against Nicolas Mahut ) . The 2018 semifinals were the longest two semifinals in Wimbledon history . Anderson became the first man representing South Africa to reach the Wimbledon men 's singles final since Brian Norton in 1921 ( South African - born Kevin Curren represented the United States when he was a finalist in 1985 ) . Federer and Rafael Nadal were in contention for the ATP No. 1 ranking at the start of the tournament . Nadal retained the top ranking by reaching the fourth round . Feliciano López made his 66th consecutive Grand Slam main draw appearance , surpassing the previous record of 65 consecutive appearances he jointly held with Federer . Contents 1 Seeds 2 Qualifying 3 Draw 3.1 Key 3.2 Finals 3.3 Top half 3.3. 1 Section 1 3.3. 2 Section 2 3.3. 3 Section 3 3.3. 4 Section 4 3.4 Bottom half 3.4. 1 Section 5 3.4. 2 Section 6 3.4. 3 Section 7 3.4. 4 Section 8 4 References 5 External links Seeds ( edit ) 01 . Roger Federer ( Quarterfinals ) 02 . Rafael Nadal ( Semifinals ) 03 . Marin Čilić ( Second round ) 04 . Alexander Zverev ( Third round ) 05 . Juan Martín del Potro ( Quarterfinals ) 06 . Grigor Dimitrov ( First round ) 07 . Dominic Thiem ( First round , retired ) 08 . Kevin Anderson ( Final ) 09 . John Isner ( Semifinals ) 10 . David Goffin ( First round ) 11 . Sam Querrey ( Third round ) 12 . Novak Djokovic ( Champion ) 13 . Milos Raonic ( Quarterfinals ) 14 . Diego Schwartzman ( Second round ) 15 . Nick Kyrgios ( Third round ) 16 . Borna Ćorić ( First round ) 17 . Lucas Pouille ( Second round ) 18 . Jack Sock ( First round ) 19 . Fabio Fognini ( Third round ) 20 . Pablo Carreño Busta ( First round ) 21 . Kyle Edmund ( Third round ) 22 . Adrian Mannarino ( Fourth round ) 23 . Richard Gasquet ( First round ) 24 . Kei Nishikori ( Quarterfinals ) 25 . Philipp Kohlschreiber ( Third round ) 26 . Denis Shapovalov ( Second round ) 27 . Damir Džumhur ( Second round ) 28 . Filip Krajinović ( First round ) 29 . Marco Cecchinato ( First round ) 30 . Fernando Verdasco ( First round ) 31 . Stefanos Tsitsipas ( Fourth round ) 32 . Leonardo Mayer ( First round ) Click on the seed number of a player to go to their draw section . Qualifying ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Men 's Singles Qualifying Draw ( edit ) Key ( edit ) Q = Qualifier WC = Wild Card LL = Lucky Loser Alt = Alternate SE = Special Exempt PR = Protected Ranking w / o = Walkover r = Retired d = Defaulted Finals ( edit ) Quarterfinals Semifinals Final Roger Federer 6 7 5 11 8 Kevin Anderson 6 7 6 13 8 Kevin Anderson 7 6 6 6 26 9 John Isner 6 7 7 24 13 Milos Raonic 7 6 9 John Isner 6 7 6 6 8 Kevin Anderson 6 12 Novak Djokovic 6 6 7 12 Novak Djokovic 6 6 6 24 Kei Nishikori 6 12 Novak Djokovic 6 7 10 Rafael Nadal 6 6 6 8 5 Juan Martín del Potro 5 7 6 Rafael Nadal 7 6 6 6 Top half ( edit ) Section 1 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round R Federer 6 6 6 D Lajović R Federer 6 6 6 L Lacko 6 7 6 L Lacko Q B Bonzi 6 6 R Federer 6 7 6 I Karlović 7 7 6 J-L Struff 5 M Youzhny 6 5 6 I Karlović 7 6 6 6 11 J-L Struff 6 7 7 6 J-L Struff 6 7 7 13 32 L Mayer 6 7 6 6 R Federer 6 7 6 22 A Mannarino 6 7 6 22 A Mannarino 0 5 Q C Garín 6 6 22 A Mannarino 7 7 7 R Harrison 6 6 6 R Harrison 5 5 6 R Carballés Baena 22 A Mannarino 6 6 5 6 G García López 6 6 6 D Medvedev 6 7 G Elias G García López D Medvedev 7 6 6 D Medvedev 6 6 6 16 B Ćorić 6 Section 2 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 11 S Querrey 6 6 6 J Thompson 11 S Querrey 7 6 6 WC S Stakhovsky 6 6 5 6 WC S Stakhovsky 6 J Sousa 7 6 11 S Querrey 7 L Đere 6 7 G Monfils 5 6 6 6 P Lorenzi 7 6 6 6 P Lorenzi 6 6 6 G Monfils 7 7 6 G Monfils 6 7 7 23 R Gasquet 6 5 G Monfils 6 6 7 6 25 P Kohlschreiber 6 6 7 8 K Anderson 7 7 5 7 E Donskoy 5 25 P Kohlschreiber 7 7 7 G Müller 7 7 6 G Müller 6 6 6 LL M Mmoh 5 6 6 6 25 P Kohlschreiber 5 5 Q J-P Smith 8 K Anderson 6 7 7 A Seppi 6 6 6 A Seppi 7 Q N Gombos 8 K Anderson 6 6 6 6 8 K Anderson 6 6 6 Section 3 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round M Čilić 6 6 6 PR Y Nishioka M Čilić 6 6 6 5 Q J Kubler 5 6 6 G Pella 6 7 7 G Pella 6 7 7 G Pella 6 R Berankis 6 6 6 M McDonald 6 6 7 M McDonald 7 6 7 M McDonald 7 5 6 11 N Jarry 6 7 6 N Jarry 6 7 6 9 28 F Krajinović 6 6 M McDonald 7 17 L Pouille 6 6 6 13 M Raonic 6 6 6 6 WC D Kudla 6 17 L Pouille 7 6 LL P Polansky 6 Q D Novak 6 6 6 6 Q D Novak 6 6 7 Q D Novak 6 6 5 J Millman 6 6 7 6 13 M Raonic 7 7 6 Q S Travaglia 7 5 J Millman 6 6 6 WC L Broady 5 0 13 M Raonic 7 7 7 13 M Raonic 7 6 6 Section 4 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 9 J Isner 6 7 7 Q Y Maden 6 5 9 J Isner 6 6 6 6 7 S Johnson 5 6 7 6 Q R Bemelmans 7 7 5 Q R Bemelmans 7 6 6 8 9 J Isner 6 6 6 A Bedene 7 7 6 R Albot C Norrie 6 6 6 A Bedene 6 6 7 R Albot 6 6 6 6 R Albot 6 7 5 6 20 P Carreño Busta 6 0 7 9 J Isner 6 7 7 31 S Tsitsipas 6 6 6 7 31 S Tsitsipas 6 6 Q G Barrère 7 5 31 S Tsitsipas 6 6 6 M Jaziri 6 J Donaldson 6 6 J Donaldson 7 6 6 31 S Tsitsipas 6 6 6 Y Bhambri 6 Q T Fabbiano Q T Fabbiano 6 6 6 Q T Fabbiano 7 6 7 S Wawrinka 7 7 6 S Wawrinka 6 6 6 G Dimitrov 6 6 6 Bottom half ( edit ) Section 5 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 7 D Thiem 5 0 M Baghdatis 6 7 M Baghdatis 6 7 5 D Ferrer 6 6 5 K Khachanov 6 6 6 7 K Khachanov 6 7 7 K Khachanov 7 6 6 J Benneteau 7 7 6 F Tiafoe 6 6 6 M Fucsovics 5 5 J Benneteau 6 F Tiafoe 7 7 6 F Tiafoe 6 6 6 30 F Verdasco 6 6 6 K Khachanov 21 K Edmund 6 6 7 12 N Djokovic 6 6 6 Q A Bolt 5 21 K Edmund 6 7 6 Y Sugita 6 6 Q B Klahn 6 Q B Klahn 7 6 6 21 K Edmund 6 G Andreozzi 6 6 12 N Djokovic 6 6 6 H Zeballos 7 6 6 H Zeballos T Sandgren 12 N Djokovic 6 6 6 12 N Djokovic 6 6 6 Section 6 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 15 N Kyrgios 7 7 6 6 D Istomin 6 6 7 15 N Kyrgios 6 6 7 M Copil 6 5 6 6 R Haase 5 R Haase 7 7 7 15 N Kyrgios 6 LL B Tomic 6 6 7 24 K Nishikori 6 7 6 LL H Hurkacz 6 LL B Tomic 6 6 5 Q C Harrison 6 6 24 K Nishikori 6 7 7 24 K Nishikori 6 7 6 24 K Nishikori 7 7 6 27 D Džumhur 6 6 6 Q E Gulbis 6 6 6 M Marterer 27 D Džumhur 6 6 Q E Gulbis 6 7 6 Q E Gulbis 6 6 6 WC J Clarke 6 6 6 Q E Gulbis 7 5 6 6 LL L Sonego 6 A Zverev 6 6 7 0 T Fritz 6 6 6 T Fritz 7 7 PR J Duckworth 5 0 A Zverev 6 5 6 6 6 A Zverev 7 6 6 Section 7 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 5 JM del Potro 6 6 6 P Gojowczyk 5 JM del Potro 6 6 6 F López 6 6 6 F López F Delbonis 5 JM del Potro 6 7 6 B Paire 7 7 6 B Paire 6 LL J Jung 5 6 B Paire 0 6 6 7 J Chardy 6 5 26 D Shapovalov 6 6 26 D Shapovalov 6 7 6 5 JM del Potro 7 7 5 7 18 J Sock 7 7 5 G Simon 6 6 7 6 M Berrettini 6 6 6 7 6 M Berrettini 6 G Simon 6 7 6 G Simon 6 7 6 N Basilashvili 6 G Simon 6 6 6 7 A Ramos Viñolas 6 M Ebden 7 6 Q S Robert 7 6 6 Q S Robert 6 6 M Ebden 6 6 6 M Ebden 6 7 6 10 D Goffin Section 8 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 14 D Schwartzman 6 6 6 M Bašić 14 D Schwartzman 6 J Veselý 7 6 6 J Veselý 6 6 7 F Mayer 6 6 J Veselý 7 6 6 P Cuevas 6 6 19 F Fognini 6 6 LL S Bolelli 7 7 6 LL S Bolelli T Daniel 6 19 F Fognini 6 6 6 19 F Fognini 6 6 6 J Veselý 29 M Cecchinato 7 6 R Nadal 6 6 6 A de Minaur 6 6 7 6 A de Minaur 6 6 7 6 P-H Herbert 6 6 6 P-H Herbert 7 5 M Zverev A de Minaur V Pospisil 6 R Nadal 6 6 6 M Kukushkin 6 6 6 M Kukushkin D Sela R Nadal 6 6 6 R Nadal 6 6 6 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jurejko , Jonathan ( 15 July 2018 ) . `` Novak Djokovic wins fourth Wimbledon by beating Kevin Anderson '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Novak Djokovic seals fourth Wimbledon title in final stroll over Kevin Anderson '' . Guardian . 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 17 July 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.tennis.com/pro-game/2018/07/the-latest-mens-wimbledon-semifinals-underway/75276/ Jump up ^ Quarrell , Dan ( 14 July 2018 ) . `` Novak Djokovic pips Rafael Nadal in second longest Wimbledon semi-final ever '' . Eurosport . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Anderson Wins 26 - 24 In Fifth Set , Reaches Wimbledon Final '' . atpworldtour.com . July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tennis : Del Potro shows his form in three - set Wimbledon romp past Lopez '' . The Straits Times . July 5 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Men 's singles draw Wimbledon men 's singles drawsheets Pre Open Era 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 -- 1918 ( WWI ) 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 -- 1945 ( WWII ) 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 Open Era 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 2018 ATP World Tour `` 2017 2019 '' Grand Slam events Australian Open ( S , D , X ) French Open ( S , D , X ) Wimbledon ( S , D , X ) US Open ( S , D , X ) ATP World Tour Masters 1000 Indian Wells ( S , D ) Miami ( S , D ) Monte Carlo ( S , D ) Madrid ( S , D ) Rome ( S , D ) Toronto ( S , D ) Cincinnati ( S , D ) Shanghai ( S , D ) Paris ( S , D ) ATP World Tour 500 series Rotterdam ( S , D ) Rio de Janeiro ( S , D ) Dubai ( S , D ) Acapulco ( S , D ) Barcelona ( S , D ) London ( S , D ) Halle ( S , D ) Hamburg ( S , D ) Washington D.C. ( S , D ) Beijing ( S , D ) Tokyo ( S , D ) Vienna ( S , D ) Basel ( S , D ) ATP World Tour 250 series Brisbane ( S , D ) Doha ( S , D ) Pune ( S , D ) Auckland ( S , D ) Sydney ( S , D ) Montpellier ( S , D ) Sofia ( S , D ) Quito ( S , D ) Buenos Aires ( S , D ) Uniondale ( S , D ) Delray Beach ( S , D ) Marseille ( S , D ) São Paulo ( S , D ) Houston ( S , D ) Marrakesh ( S , D ) Budapest ( S , D ) Estoril ( S , D ) Istanbul ( S , D ) Munich ( S , D ) Geneva ( S , D ) Lyon ( S , D ) Rosmalen ( S , D ) Stuttgart ( S , D ) Antalya ( S , D ) Eastbourne ( S , D ) Båstad ( S , D ) Newport ( S , D ) Umag ( S , D ) Atlanta ( S , D ) Gstaad ( S , D ) Kitzbühel ( S , D ) Los Cabos ( S , D ) Winston - Salem ( S , D ) Metz ( S , D ) St. Petersburg ( S , D ) Chengdu ( S , D ) Shenzhen ( S , D ) Antwerp ( S , D ) Moscow ( S , D ) Stockholm ( S , D ) Team events Davis Cup ( World Group + Play - offs Americas Asia / Oceania Europe / Africa ) ATP Finals , London ( S , D ) Next Generation ATP Finals , Milan Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Wimbledon_Championships_ -- _Men % 27s_Singles&oldid = 852204248 '' Categories : 2018 Wimbledon Championships Wimbledon Championship by year -- Gentlemen 's Singles 2018 ATP World Tour Hidden categories : Pages using infobox tennis tournament year footer with an unknown event Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 July 2018 , at 09 : 33 ( UTC ) . 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who won the men's single final at wimbledon

Novak Djokovic claimed his fourth Wimbledon title , defeating Anderson in the final 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 2 , 7 -- 6 . The win moved him to 13 grand slam titles , and outright fourth place on the all time men 's singles grand slam wins list , passing Roy Emerson . The win was also Djokovic 's first title on the ATP tour for over 12 months , his last win coming at Eastbourne on July 1 , 2017 .

Society of the Sacred Heart - wikipedia Society of the Sacred Heart The Society of the Sacred Heart ( Society of the Sacred Heart of Jesus ) is an international Roman Catholic religious congregation for women established in France by St. Madeleine Sophie Barat in 1800 . Members use the suffix `` RSCJ '' which represents Religieuses du Sacré - Cœur de Jésus or Religiosa Sanctissimi Cordis Jesu or Religious of the Sacred Heart of Jesus . It has a presence in 41 countries . They should not be confused with the Religious of the Sacred Heart of Mary ( RSHM ) , another teaching order of sisters . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Ministry 3 Notable members 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Madeleine Sophie Barat founded the Society of the Sacred Heart in the wake of the French Revolution to provide educational opportunities for girls . The manner of life was to be simple without the prescribed austerities of the older orders , which would be incompatible with the work of education . In some houses the religious conducted just one school , but in several places , especially in the larger houses in cities there were at least two schools , a boarding school and a school for poor children . The first convent was opened at Amiens in 1801 . Other houses were opened in Grenoble , Poitiers , Niort , and Cuigniers . In 1826 the society obtained the formal approbation of Pope Leo XII and the first cardinal protector was appointed . Barat remained superior general of the Society from 1806 until her death in 1865 . The Society of the Sacred Heart quickly expanded within Europe and beyond . In 1818 Rose Philippine Duchesne first brought the Society to the Americas , establishing the first free school west of the Mississippi in St. Charles Missouri . The Society opened institutions of higher education for women in Cincinnati ; Grand Coteau , Louisiana ; Lake Forest , Illinois ; New York ; Torresdale ( a suburb of Philadelphia ) , Pennsylvania ; Omaha ; St. Louis ; San Francisco ; Seattle ; Newton , Massachusetts ; and San Diego . The Society came to England in 1842 , founding a girl 's boarding school at Elm Grove in Roehampton . That school evolved into a teacher training school Digby Stuart College . The Sisters have been involved in education ever since , and founded schools around the country . Most are no longer directly run by the order but are under its trusteeship or the diocese . In 2004 Digby Stuart College federated with three other local colleges to become the University of Roehampton . The England and Wales province are largely centered in Roehampton where it maintains two houses . The Barat House community consists of a group of RSCJ sisters and university students who live in the community house in the grounds of Digby Stuart College . The Duchesne House is also a registered care house for elderly sisters . Its community plays an active role in the pastoral care of pupils at the nearby Sacred Heart Primary School . The first RSCJ arrived in New Zealand in 1880 . In 1909 RSCJ established a Catholic girls school , Baradene College of the Sacred Heart in Remuera , Auckland , New Zealand . Sr. Philomene ( Phil ) Tiernan , RSCJ of the Australis / New Zealand Province was among the passengers of Malaysia Airlines flight MH17 shot down over the Ukraine in 2014 . Between 1906 and 1909 , the French government forced the closing of forty - seven houses of the Society in that country , and 2500 religious were dispersed to other countries . The motherhouse was relocated to Ixelles , Belgium . The rule of cloister was removed at the General Chapter of 1964 . The first foundation in Uganda was established by six RSCJ in 1962 . In 1984 RSCJ took over management of the St. Charles Lwanga Girls ' Training Centre , in Kalungu , founded in 1967 by Fr . Emiliano La Croix of the Missionaries of Africa . Ministry ( edit ) As of 2015 about 2,600 religious serve in 41 countries around the world . Members do many works , but focus on education , particularly girls ' education . There are about 75 RSCJ in the Province of England and Wales . Since 1979 , members of the Llannerchwen Community have operated a retreat centre near Brecon , Wales . The Society of the Sacred Heart operates Sprout Creek Farm , a non-profit working farm and educational center located in Poughkeepsie , New York . In addition to its production of vegetables , meat , and cheese , the farm also offers educational programs to children throughout the year . In Uganda and Kenya , sisters are involved in teaching from Primary level to University level , in counseling , pastoral work , development of village women , work in prisons , health care , AIDS education , home - based care of those with AIDS and a home for children with disabilities . Association Mondiale des Anciennes et Anciens du Sacré - Coeur ( AMASC ) is a worldwide organization of alumnae and alumni of Sacred Heart schools established in 1960 to cooperate effectively with the Society of the Sacred Heart in its mission and ministries . One of its projects is providing support for the Sacred Heart School at Kyamusansala Hill , Uganda . Support included the construction of a residential school which as of 2015 provides education for 530 girls . The society holds NGO status at the UN as a special consultant with the Economic and Social Council . Notable members ( edit ) St. Madeleine Sophie Barat St. Rose Philippine Duchesne Yelizaveta Golitsyna Janet Erskine Stuart , fifth Superior General of the Society of the Sacred Heart , author of The Education of Catholic Girls . Mary Aloysia Hardey Karuna Mary Braganza See also ( edit ) Schools of the Sacred Heart References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gimber RSCJ , Frances . `` Keepers of the Flame '' , 2011 Jump up ^ Stuart , Janet . `` The Society of the Sacred Heart of Jesus . '' The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 14 . New York : Robert Appleton Company , 1912 . 22 Sept. 2015 ^ Jump up to : `` Our heritage '' , Society of the Sacred Heart , United States - Canada ^ Jump up to : Society of the Sacred Heart , England & Wales Archived 2015 - 09 - 23 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Where we live and what we do : Duchesne House '' . Society of the Sacred Heart ( England and Wales ) . Jump up ^ Baradene College of the Sacred Heart , Remuera , Auckland Jump up ^ `` MH17 Tragedy : Prayers for Philomene Tiernan RSCJ '' , Society of the Sacred Heart , International , July 18 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Society of the Sacred Heart , Uganda / Kenya Province Jump up ^ `` Projects '' , AMASC External links ( edit ) RSCJ International - International official website . Mother Janet Erskine Stuart , RSCJ United States - Canada Province Network of Sacred Heart Schools in the United States and Canada World Association of Alumnae and Alumni of the Sacred Heart ( schools ) hide Catholic religious institutes Including orders ( monastic / cenobitic / enclosed / idiorrhythmic ) , Canons Regular , mendicants , second orders , Clerks Regular , and congregations of the Catholic Church Male and female Alexians Assumptionists ( A.A. ) Augustinian Recollects ( O.A.R. ) Basilian Alepians ( B.A. ) Basilian Chouerites ( B.C. ) Benedictines ( O.S.B. ) Canossians ( F.D.C.C. ) Carmelites ( O. Carm . ) Carthusians ( O. Cart . ) Cistercians ( O. Cist . ) Congregation of Our Lady of Sion ( N.D.S. ) Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary ( SS.CC . ) Congregations of the Heart of Mary Discalced Carmelites ( O.C.D. ) Dominicans ( O.P. ) Franciscans ( O.F.M. ) Institute of the Incarnate Word ( I.V.E. ) Maryknoll ( M.M. ) Mercedarians ( O. de M . ) Miles Jesu Missionaries of Charity ( M.C. ) Missionaries of St. Charles Borromeo ( C.S. ) Premonstratensians ( O. Praem . ) Servants of Charity ( S.C. ) Servite Order ( O.S.M. ) Society of the Atonement ( S.A. ) T.O.R. Franciscans Trappists ( O.C.S.O. ) Trinitarian Order ( O. SS. T . ) Male Adorno Fathers ( C.R.M. ) Albertine Brothers Augustinians ( O.S.A. ) Barnabites ( B . ) Basilians ( C.S.B. ) Brotherhood of Hope ( B.H. ) Brothers of Our Lady of Mercy ( F.D.M. ) Camillians ( M.I. ) Canons Regular of Saint John Cantius Capuchins ( O.F.M. Cap . ) Christian Brothers ( Irish ) ( C.F.C. ) Immaculate Heart of Mary ( C.I.C.M. ) Congregation of the Blessed Sacrament ( S.S.S. ) Claretians ( C.M.F. ) Companions of the Cross ( C.C. ) Congregation of Saint Thérèse of Lisieux ( C.S.T. ) Conventual Franciscans ( O.F.M. Conv . ) Crosiers ( O.S.C. ) De La Salle Brothers ( F.S.C. ) Discalced Augustinians ( O.A.D. ) Franciscan Friars of the Renewal ( C.F.R. ) Franciscan Missionaries of the Eternal Word ( M.F.V.A. ) Gabrielites Holy Cross ( C.S.C. ) Holy Ghost Fathers ( C.S. Sp ) Institute of Christ the King Sovereign Priest ( I.C.R.S.S. ) Jesuits ( S.J. ) Josephite Fathers ( S.S.J. ) Legion of Christ ( L.C. ) Little Brothers of Jesus Marians of the Immaculate Conception ( M.I.C. ) Marianists ( S.M. ) Marist Brothers ( F.M.S. ) Marists ( S.M. ) Mechitarists ( C.A.M. ) Missionaries of La Salette ( M.S. ) Missionaries of St. Francis de Sales ( M.S.F.S ) Missionaries of the Poor ( M.O.P. ) Missionaries of the Precious Blood ( C. PP. S . ) Missionaries of the Sacred Heart ( M.S.C. ) Missionaries of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary Oblates of Mary Immaculate ( O.M.I. ) Missionary Society of Saint Paul of Nigeria ( M.S.P. ) Missionary Society of St. Columban Oblates of the Virgin Mary ( O.M.V. ) Oblates of St. Francis de Sales ( O.S.F.S. ) Oratory of Saint Philip Neri ( C.O. ) Order of Friars Minor ( O.F.M. ) Pallottines ( S.A.C. ) Passionists ( C.P. ) Paulist Fathers ( C.S.P. ) Priestly Fraternity of St. Peter ( F.S.S.P. ) Redemptorists ( C. Ss. R . ) Rogationists of the Heart of Jesus ( R.C.J. ) Sacred Heart Brothers Salesians ( S.D.B. ) Servants of Jesus and Mary ( S.J.M. ) Society of the Divine Word ( S.V.D. ) Society of Saint Edmund ( S.S.E. ) Sons of the Most Holy Redeemer ( F. SS. R . ) Vincentians ( C.M. ) White Fathers ( M. Afr . ) Xaverian Brothers ( C.F.X. ) Sulpicians ( P.S.S. ) Female Adorers of the Blood of Christ ( A.S.C. ) Apostolic Carmel ( A.C. ) Basilian Alepian Sisters Basilian Chouerite Sisters Bridgettines Brigidines Congregation of the Franciscan Hospitaller Sisters of the Immaculate Conception ( CONFHIC ) Daughters of Charity Daughters of Divine Love Daughters of Mary of the Immaculate Conception Faithful Companions of Jesus Felicians ( C.S.S.F. ) Filippini Sisters ( M.P.F. ) Handmaids of the Sacred Heart of Jesus Hijas de Jesús Holy Spirit Adoration Sisters Institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary Institute of the Maids of the Poor Little Sisters of Jesus Little Sisters of the Poor Lovers of the Holy Cross Marianites of Holy Cross Missionary Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Mother of God ( S.M.I.C. ) Missionary Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary ( I.C.M. ) Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart Oblate Sisters of Providence Oblates of Jesus the Priest Oblate Sisters of the Virgin Mary of Fatima ( O.M.V.F. ) Order of Our Lady of Charity ( O.D.N.C. ) Order of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary Poor Clares ( O.S.C. ) Religious of the Sacred Heart of Jesus ( R.C.S.J. ) Religious of the Virgin Mary ( R.V.M. ) Servants of St. Joseph ( S.S.J. ) Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament Sisters of Charity Sisters of Charity of Saints Bartolomea Capitanio and Vincenza Gerosa ( SCCG ) Sisters of the Christian Doctrine ( Nancy ) Sisters of the Cross and Passion Sisters of the Destitute Sisters of the Good Shepherd ( R.G.S ) Sisters of Holy Cross Sisters of the Holy Cross Sisters of the Holy Family - Louisiana Sisters of the Holy Names of Jesus and Mary Sisters of the Immaculate Conception Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary Sisters , Servants of the Immaculate Heart of Mary Sisters of Life Sisters of Mercy ( R.S.M. ) Sisters of Providence of Saint Mary - of - the - Woods Sisters of Saint Francis ( general ) Sisters of Saint Francis ( U.S. ) Sisters of Saint Joseph The Sisters of St. Joseph of Peace Sisters of Saint Joseph of the Sacred Heart ( R.S.J. ) Society of the Helpers of the Holy Souls Ursulines ( O.S.U. ) White Sisters See also : Third orders of Catholic laity Catholicism portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Society_of_the_Sacred_Heart&oldid=846048722 '' Categories : Roman Catholic female orders and societies Religious organizations established in 1800 Roman Catholic religious institutes established in the 18th century 1800 establishments in France Society of the Sacred Heart Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar مصرى Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 June 2018 , at 22 : 52 . 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when was the society of the sacred heart founded

The Society of the Sacred Heart ( Society of the Sacred Heart of Jesus ) is an international Roman Catholic religious congregation for women established in France by St. Madeleine Sophie Barat in 1800 . Members use the suffix `` RSCJ '' which represents Religieuses du Sacré - Cœur de Jésus or Religiosa Sanctissimi Cordis Jesu or Religious of the Sacred Heart of Jesus . It has a presence in 41 countries .

Guiding Light - wikipedia Guiding Light For the song , see Guiding Light ( song ) . Guiding Light Also known as The Guiding Light GL Genre Soap opera Created by Irna Phillips Written by Various Directed by See below Starring Series cast Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons NBC and CBS : 19 ( radio ) CBS : 57 ( television ; includes four years on both TV and radio ) Total : 72 No. of episodes NBC : 2,500 ( radio ) CBS : 15,762 ( radio & TV ) Total : 18,262 Production Executive producer ( s ) Lucy Ferri Rittenberg ( 1952 -- 75 ) Allen M. Potter ( 1976 -- 82 ) Gail Kobe ( 1982 -- 86 ) Joe Willmore ( 1986 -- 87 ) Robert Calhoun ( 1987 -- 91 ) Jill Farren Phelps ( 1991 -- 95 ) Michael Laibson ( 1995 -- 96 ) Paul Rauch ( 1996 -- 2002 ) John Conboy ( 2002 -- 04 ) Ellen Wheeler ( 2004 -- 09 ) Producer ( s ) See below Location ( s ) Chicago , Illinois ( 1937 -- 47 ) Los Angeles , California ( 1947 -- 49 ) New York City , New York ( 1949 -- 2009 ) Running time 15 minutes ( 1937 -- 68 ) 30 minutes ( 1968 -- 77 ) 60 minutes ( 1977 -- 2009 ) Production company ( s ) Procter & Gamble Productions ( 1952 -- 2008 ) TeleNext Media , Inc. ( 2008 -- 09 ) Distributor CBS Daytime TeleNext Media , Inc . Release Original network NBC Radio ( 1937 -- 46 ) CBS Radio ( 1947 -- 56 ) CBS Television ( 1952 -- 2009 ) Original release NBC Radio : January 25 , 1937 ( 1937 - 01 - 25 ) -- November 29 , 1946 ( 1946 - 11 - 29 ) CBS Radio : June 2 , 1947 ( 1947 - 06 - 02 ) -- June 29 , 1956 ( 1956 - 06 - 29 ) CBS Television : June 30 , 1952 ( 1952 - 06 - 30 ) -- September 18 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 18 ) Chronology Related shows `` The Cradle Will Fall '' External links Website Guiding Light ( known as The Guiding Light before 1975 ) is an American television soap opera . It is listed in Guinness World Records as the longest - running drama in television in American history , broadcast on CBS for 57 years from June 30 , 1952 , until September 18 , 2009 , overlapping a 19 - year broadcast on radio from 1937 to 1956 . Its radio and television runs taken together , Guiding Light is the longest running soap opera and the fifth - longest running program in all of broadcast history ; only the American country music radio program Grand Ole Opry ( first broadcast in 1925 ) , the BBC religious program The Daily Service ( 1928 ) , the CBS religious program Music and the Spoken Word ( 1929 ) , and the Norwegian children 's radio program Lørdagsbarnetimen ( first aired in 1924 , cancelled in 2010 ) have been on the air longer . Guiding Light was created by Irna Phillips , and began as an NBC Radio serial on January 25 , 1937 . On June 2 , 1947 , the series was transferred to CBS Radio , before starting on June 30 , 1952 , on CBS Television . It continued to be broadcast concomitantly on radio until June 29 , 1956 . The series was expanded from 15 minutes to a half - hour during 1968 ( and also switched from broadcasting live to pre-taping around this same time ) , and then to a full hour on November 7 , 1977 . The series broadcast its 15,000 th CBS episode on September 6 , 2006 . On April 1 , 2009 , CBS announced that it canceled Guiding Light after a run of 72 years due to low ratings . The show taped its final scenes on August 11 , 2009 , and its final episode on the network aired on September 18 , 2009 . On October 5 , 2009 , CBS replaced Guiding Light with an hour - long revival of Let 's Make a Deal , hosted by Wayne Brady . On August 22 , 2013 , Grant Aleksander , who had portrayed Phillip Spaulding on Guiding Light from 1983 through the series finale in 2009 , revealed in an interview with Carolyn Hinsey that former Guiding Light executive producer Paul Rauch had been working on a continuation of Guiding Light at the time of his death in December 2012 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins , plot development , and cast 1.1 1930s and 1940s 1.2 1950s 1.3 1960s 1.4 1970s 1.5 1980s 1.6 1990s 1.7 2000s 1.7. 1 End 2 Production and locales 2.1 Final CBS seasons 2.2 Production summary 3 Cast and characters 4 Broadcast history 5 Broadcast history in Canada 6 Awards 6.1 Daytime Emmy Awards 6.1. 1 Show 6.1. 2 Individuals 6.2 Other awards 7 Head writers and executive producers 8 Home media 9 Note 10 References 11 External links Origins , plot development , and cast ( edit ) Guiding Light has had a number of plot sequences during the series ' long history , on both radio and television . These plot sequences include complex storylines , and different writers and casting . 1930s and 1940s ( edit ) Main article : Guiding Light ( 1937 -- 49 ) The series was created by Irna Phillips , who based it on personal experiences . After giving birth to a still - born baby at age 19 , she found spiritual comfort listening to the radio sermons of Preston Bradley , a famous Chicago preacher and founder of the People 's Church , a church which promoted the brotherhood of man . These sermons originated the idea of the creation of The Guiding Light , which began as a radio series . The original radio series was first broadcast as 15 - minute episodes on NBC Radio , starting on January 25 , 1937 . The series was transferred to CBS Radio during 1947 . 1950s ( edit ) Main article : Guiding Light ( 1950 -- 59 ) The Guiding Light was broadcast first by CBS Television on June 30 , 1952 , replacing the canceled soap opera The First Hundred Years . These episodes were also 15 minutes long . During the period from 1952 to 1956 , The Guiding Light existed as both a radio and television serial , with actors recording their performances twice for each day that the shows were broadcast . The radio broadcast of The Guiding Light ceased production during 1956 , ending this overlap . With the transition to television , the main characters became the Bauers , a lower - middle class German immigrant family who were first introduced in the radio serial in 1948 . Many storylines revolved around Bill Bauer ( son of patriarch Friedrich `` Papa '' Bauer ) and his new wife Bertha ( nicknamed `` Bert '' ) . Papa Bauer , who came to the United States during World War I with just a few dollars in his pocket , was a salt of the earth character who succeeded in offering opportunities to his children by working hard , and he instilled that work ethic into his children . Bert had dreams of climbing the social ladder and keeping up appearances , and it was up to Bill ( and sometimes Papa Bauer ) to bring her down to earth . The Guiding Light ranked as the number one - rated soap opera during both 1956 and 1957 , before being replaced during 1958 by As the World Turns . After Irna Phillips was transferred to As the World Turns during 1958 , her protege Agnes Nixon became head writer of The Guiding Light . The first television producer of The Guiding Light was Luci Ferri Rittenberg , who produced the show over 20 years . 1960s ( edit ) Main article : Guiding Light ( 1960 -- 69 ) Agnes Nixon relinquished her role as chief writer during 1965 to work for the series Another World . On March 13 , 1967 , The Guiding Light was first broadcast in color . On September 9 , 1968 , the program was expanded from 15 to 30 minutes . The 1960s featured the introduction of African American characters , and the main emphasis of the series shifted to Bill and Bert 's children , Mike and Ed ; the character of Bill Bauer was written out in July 1969 , presumed dead after a plane crash . The show also became a bit more topical during the 1960s , with such storylines as Bert Bauer 's diagnosis of uterine cancer in 1962 . A number of new characters were introduced during the mid - to late 1960s , including Dr. Sara McIntyre , who remained a major character through the early 1980s . 1970s ( edit ) Main article : Guiding Light ( 1970 -- 79 ) Much of the story during the first half of the 1970s was dominated by Stanley Norris ' November 1971 murder and the ensuing trial , as well as the exploits of villainesses Charlotte Waring and Kit Vested . Charlotte ( at the time played by Melinda Fee ) was murdered by Kit ( Nancy Addison ) on August 26 , 1973 , and then Kit herself was shot by Dr. Joe Werner ( Anthony Call ) in self - defense on April 24 , 1974 , after she had attempted to poison Dr. Sara McIntyre . A pivotal character , off - and - on , until the spring of 1998 , Roger Thorpe , was introduced on April 1 , 1971 . The role of Roger was originally proposed to be blonde , fair - skinned preppy type , a man who was dating his boss 's daughter Holly . Ultimately , Michael Zaslow , a dark haired actor with a more ethnic appearance , was hired for the role instead by long - time casting director , Betty Rea . Zaslow portrayed Roger as a complicated and multifaceted villain . Theo Goetz , the actor who played Papa Bauer since the first episode of The Guiding Light , died in 1972 . The decision was made to have Papa Bauer die in the storyline as well . The cast paid tribute to Goetz and Papa Bauer in a special memorial episode which aired on February 27 , 1973 . Pressured by newer , more youth - oriented soap operas such as All My Children , Procter & Gamble hired head writers Bridget and Jerome Dobson during 1975 , who started writing in November 1975 . The Dobsons introduced a more nuanced , psychologically layered writing style , and included timely story lines , including a complex love / hate relationship between estranged spouses / step - siblings Roger and Holly . They also created a number of well - remembered characters , including Rita Stapleton , whose complex relationships with Roger and Ed propelled much of the story for the remainder of the decade , Alan Spaulding , and Ross Marler , both of whom remained major characters into the 2000s . The decision was made during the fall of 1977 to reintroduce the thought - dead character of Bill Bauer , in a major retcon . The other characters thought that he had died in an airplane crash in July 1969 , but he was said to actually be alive . ( Many viewers who had also paid attention to the show and story line back in September 1968 , remembered that Bill was told he would only have nine more years to live . ) One of the problems with this return is that the Dobsons seemed not quite sure what to do with his return . Although it was shocking , at first , to many of the characters , Bill himself ended up being charged for a murder of a man in Vancouver ( Mike got his father off for the crime , proving that it was an accident , rather quickly and by April 1978 Bill had left town , again . Although Bill returned briefly in November 1978 , April 1980 , and then again in July 1983 and in flashbacks in November 1983 . ) Bill 's return introduced the audience and the Bauers to another character that stayed on the show until September 1984 , Hillary Kincaid , R.N. ( Bauer ) , Bill 's daughter ( and thus Ed and Mike 's half - sister ; Bill had accidentally killed the man that Hillary originally thought was her father , but was actually her step - father ) and she becomes a nurse at Cedars and a major character . Surprising many viewers , Jerome and Bridget Dobson killed the show 's young heroine , Leslie Jackson Bauer Norris Bauer , in June 1976 . Lynne Adams was reported at the time to want to leave the role , and the Dobsons decided against recasting the part . Leslie was killed by a drunk driver . Her father , Dr. Steve Jackson , remained on the show for the remainder of the ' 70s , serving as a senior physician at Cedars , and as a friend and companion to Bert Bauer . In November 1975 , the name was changed in the show 's opening and closing visuals from The Guiding Light to Guiding Light . On November 7 , 1977 , the show expanded to a full hour and was broadcast from 2 : 30 to 3 : 30 pm daily . The series during the 1970s emphasized the Bauers and the Spauldings . Several notable characters were introduced . 1980s ( edit ) Main article : Guiding Light ( 1980 -- 89 ) Bridget and Jerome Dobson assumed the head writing duties of As the World Turns in late 1979 . Former actor Douglas Marland , assumed the head writing reins of Guiding Light in 1979 . He introduced many new characters , including the Reardon family . During May 1980 , Guiding Light won its first Outstanding Drama Series Daytime Emmy . One of Marland 's stories featured the character of Carrie Todd Marler , played by Jane Elliot . Carrie was diagnosed with multiple personalities . Marland had barely delved into her psychosis when Elliot 's contract was abruptly terminated by Executive Producer Allen M. Potter in 1982 . As a result , Marland resigned in protest . During the early 1980s , the show began to emphasize younger characters more , as an attempt to compete with the younger - skewing ABC serials . A number of longtime characters were eliminated during this time , including Ben and Eve McFarren , Diane Ballard , Dr. Sara McIntyre , Adam Thorpe , Barbara Norris Thorpe , Justin Marler and Steve Jackson . Actress Lenore Kasdorf quit the show in 1981 , and producers decided not to recast the role of Rita Stapleton Bauer , given how popular Kasdorf had been . The Bauer family matriarch , Bertha ' Bert ' Bauer , died in March 1986 , following the real - life death of Charita Bauer in 1985 . During Guiding Light 's 50th anniversary year in 1987 , a commitment was pledged to showcase the Bauer family in primary roles as much as possible , after audience reaction to the Oklahoma - bred Lewis and Shayne families turned out to be mixed . As a result , the tradition of the Bauer July 4th family barbecue began that year , and continued until 2009 , the serial 's final year on CBS Television . An ever more complicated storyline emphasized the Bauer , Spaulding , Reardon , and Raines families . Pam Long , actress and writer for NBC 's Texas from 1981 to 1982 , became head writer during 1983 and reemphasized the series on Freddy Bauer Phillip Spaulding , Mindy Lewis , and Beth Raines . She also introduced characters Alexandra Spaulding , performed by actress Beverlee McKinsey , of Another World and Texas fame ; and Reva Shayne , played by Kim Zimmer . The ratings in the mid - to late 1980s were solid and healthy . Pamela K. Long returned for a second head writer stint from 1987 to 1990 . The characters of Roger Thorpe and Holly Norris returned to the series during the late 1980s . Maureen Garrett reprised her role of Holly # 2 in 1988 , followed by Michael Zaslow as Roger in 1989 . 1990s ( edit ) Main article : Guiding Light ( 1990 -- 99 ) With the new decade , the series ' storytelling transitioned from Long 's homespun style to a more realistic style with a new group of chief writers . The Bauer , Spaulding , Lewis , and Cooper families had been established as core families , and most major plot developments concerned them . The show generally held on in the middle of the pack as far as ratings went throughout the decade . The show suffered major character losses mid-decade , including the car accident death of Maureen Bauer and the exit of Alexandra Spaulding from the story . As the decade progressed , the program developed a series of outlandish plot twists seemingly to compete with the serials Passions and Days of Our Lives . In an attempt to revive the series , the character Reva Shayne was brought back to Springfield during April 1995 . She 'd been presumed dead for the previous five years , after having driven her car off of a bridge and into the water off the Florida Keys . Later that July , antiheroine Tangie Hill ( played by Marcy Walker , who declined to renew her contract ) was eliminated after nearly two years with the show in favor of the full - time return of fan favorite Nola Chamberlain , played by Lisa Brown . During January 1996 , soap opera veteran Mary Stuart joined the cast as Meta Bauer ( though referred to many times over the years , the long - running character originally played by Ellen Demming had not been seen onscreen since 1974 ) ; the character remained on the show until Stuart 's death during 2002 . January 1998 , Bethany Joy Lenz came to the show as `` Teenage Reva Clone '' . Producers were so impressed with her acting and attitude during her three - week role as `` Teenage Reva Clone '' on the show that she was re-hired later that year in the contract role of `` Michelle Bauer Santos '' on the daytime serial . From 1999 - 2000 . 2000s ( edit ) Main article : Guiding Light ( 2000 -- 09 ) The 2000s began with the division of the show into two locales : Springfield and the fictional island nation of San Cristobel . In Springfield , the Santos mob dynasty created much of the drama . Meanwhile , the royal Winslow family had their own series of intrigues with which to deal . During 2002 , however , San Cristobel was eliminated from the series and the mob 's influence in the story was subsequently diminished and , with the departure of character Danny Santos during 2005 , eliminated altogether . Also , Guiding Light celebrated its 50th Anniversary as a television show on June 30 , 2002 . During 2004 , former director and actress Ellen Wheeler ( Emmy Award winner as an actress for the series All My Children and Another World ) took over as executive producer of Guiding Light . She and writer David Kreizman made numerous changes to the sets , stories , and the cast . Several veteran actors were eliminated , mainly because of budget decreases . Because of the lack of veteran influence , Wheeler reemphasized the youth of Springfield , especially the controversial pairing of cousins Jonathan and Tammy . During 2006 , an episode featured character Harley Cooper gaining heroic abilities . The episode was semi-continued in an 8 - page story in select Marvel Comics productions . The series had its 70th broadcast anniversary during 2007 . The anniversary was commemorated with the initiation of website FindYourLight.net and a program of outreach , representing Irna Phillips 's original message . There was also a special episode during January 2007 , with current cast members playing Phillips and some of the earlier cast members . The series also introduced special beginning credits commemorating the anniversary . Despite low ratings , the show won 2007 Daytime Emmy Awards for Best Writing and Best Show ( sharing Best Show with The Young and the Restless ) . End ( edit ) On April 1 , 2009 , CBS announced that it would not renew Guiding Light , and the last broadcast date would be September 18 , 2009 . Procter & Gamble initially announced that they would attempt to find another outlet to distribute the series , but later admitted that they had been unsuccessful in doing so , and that on September 18 , 2009 , after 57 years on television ( preceded by 15 years on radio for a total broadcast history of 72 years ) , Guiding Light would end its broadcast history on CBS . During the final weeks of the series , numerous characters from the series ' past passed through Springfield one last time , culminating with Ed and Holly , who impulsively embarked on an unspecified journey together . Alan Spaulding suffered fatal heart failure during the final week , but not before resolving conflicts with many former adversaries , including Jonathan . Alan 's death brought the characters together in a way that could not have happened while he was still alive . Alexandra is especially distraught about Alan 's death , but was pleased when Fletcher Reade came to the Spaulding Mansion after Alan 's service , and convinced her to accompany him to Europe . Beth and Phillip have grown closer and decided to remarry ; Mindy Lewis returned to Springfield for good , and she and Rick also became fonder of each other . Reva and Josh had a discussion , and agreed that they each had their respective problems that they need to solve . Josh told Reva that he was leaving Springfield for a job for the next year , but proposes that he return one year from that date and , if by that time , she wants to reunite with him , she should meet him at the lighthouse and , if she is not there , he will assume she is not interested . The final episode is pleasant , featuring many of the characters gathering in the park for a large picnic . Toward the end of the episode , it jumps forward one year , by which time , Phillip and Beth have reunited , as have Rick and Mindy . Olivia and Natalia , happy with their new baby , pick up Raphael as he returns from the army . The episode concludes with Josh arriving at the lighthouse , as promised , and finding Reva there . They declare their undying love . James , Ashlee , and Daisy leave Springfield and relocate to Santa Barbara , California . Josh asks if Reva is packed , to go on an adventure . The two grab the luggage , and with Reva 's young son , they climb into Josh 's pick - up truck . Josh says to Reva , `` You ready ? '' She replies `` Always . '' As the truck drives away with the lighthouse in the background , `` The End '' appears on the screen before a final fadeout . The song heard playing in the background during the final scene is `` Together '' by Michelle Branch . The final episode also included the original tag line , with some revision , printed on the screen with the words `` There is a destiny that makes us FAMILY '' ( replacing the word ' brothers ' ) , as well as quick film clips of each of the show 's title cards and announcers during the six decades it was on television , leading to the show 's former long - time beginning announcement : `` And now , The Guiding Light '' . Production and locales ( edit ) Guiding Light was broadcast from three locations : Chicago ( where creator Irna Phillips resided ) , from 1937 until 1946 ; Hollywood , from 1947 until 1949 ; and New York City starting during 1949 . It was relocated from Chicago to Hollywood ( despite objections of both Phillips and Arthur Peterson ) to take advantage of the talent pool . Production was subsequently relocated to New York City , where the majority of soap operas were produced during the 1950s , 1960s and much of the 1970s ; it remained based in New York City until the show 's conclusion . Its final taping location was the CBS studios in midtown Manhattan . From the 1970s to the 1990s it was filmed at the Chelsea Studios . From soon before February 29 , 2008 , outdoor scenes were filmed on location in Peapack , New Jersey . The location filming coincided with another significant production change , as the series became the first American weekday soap opera to be recorded digitally . The production team chose to film with Canon XH - G1 HDV camcorders . Unlike the old production model with pedestal - style cameras and traditional three - sided sets , handheld cameras allowed producers to choose as many locations as they wished . Final CBS seasons ( edit ) During the daytime drama 's 57th season on television and 72nd overall season , the series had changed its look to a more realistic experience in an attempt to compete with the growing popularity of reality television . The new look of Guiding Light included free - hand camera work and less action shown on traditional studio sets . Producer Ellen Wheeler introduced a `` shaky - cam '' style , present in a number of movies , featuring extreme - closeups and frequent cuts , including those that `` broke the axis '' ( which proved disorienting to viewers accustomed to shows with the traditional `` soap opera look '' ) . Also new was the filming of outdoor scenes in actual outdoor settings . Even many indoor scenes had more of an `` on location '' feel , repurposing real locations , such as Guiding Light 's production offices , to be motel rooms , nail salons , quick - mart and other businesses or locations . Thereby , the series had numerous sets without the cost of numerous separate locations . CBS and the show 's producers had hoped that the new look would increase ratings , but the plan was ultimately unsuccessful . On April 1 , 2009 , the series was canceled by CBS after 72 years , with the series finale airing on September 18 , 2009 , making it the second - to - last Procter & Gamble soap opera to end . Production summary ( edit ) Production summary Start date End date Time slot ( ET / CT ) Run time ( minutes ) Network Filming location Notes January 25 , 1937 October 13 , 1939 -- 15 NBC Red Radio Chicago Canceled by Procter & Gamble , resulting in 75,000 protest letters . January 22 , 1940 March 15 , 1942 NBC Blue Radio Sponsored by Procter & Gamble March 16 , 1942 November 29 , 1946 NBC Red Radio Canceled by General Mills . June 2 , 1947 1949 12 : 45 pm / 11 : 45 am CBS Radio Hollywood Sponsored by Procter & Gamble 1949 June 29 , 1956 CBS New York City July 2 , 1956 September 6 , 1968 CBS Television September 9 , 1968 September 1 , 1972 2 : 30 pm / 1 : 30 pm 30 -- September 4 , 1972 November 28 , 1975 2 : 00 pm / 1 : 00 pm December 1 , 1975 November 4 , 1977 2 : 30 pm / 1 : 30 pm November 7 , 1977 February 1 , 1980 2 : 30 pm / 1 : 30 pm 60 February 4 , 1980 September 18 , 2009 3 : 00 pm / 2 : 00 pm As early as 1993 , some affiliates began airing the show at 9 AM , 10 AM , or noon local time in favor of local programming airing at 3 pm on some CBS affiliates . The action has also been set in three different locales -- it was based in the fictional towns of Five Points and Selby Flats before its final locale of Springfield . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main articles : List of Guiding Light cast members and Children of Guiding Light Broadcast history ( edit ) Main article : List of U.S. daytime soap opera ratings This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Unlike most popular radio serials transitioning to television , The Guiding Light had no difficulty holding onto its old listening audience and simultaneously earning a new television fanbase . For at the time The Guiding Light made its television debut , neither ABC nor NBC had broadcast programs on their respective networks at 2 : 30 p.m. Eastern / 1 : 30 Central , where CBS first placed The Guiding Light . However , six months into the run , the network moved the serial to a timeslot that gave it great popularity with its housewife audience : 12 : 45 p.m. / 11 : 45 a.m. It kept the new timeslot for the next 19 years and eight months , sharing the half - hour with its sister Procter & Gamble - packaged soap opera , Search for Tomorrow . The Guiding Light handled the competition breezily , even against otherwise - legendary shows such as Queen for a Day on ABC ( briefly in 1960 ) and NBC 's Truth or Consequences . Usually , The Guiding Light ranked second in the Nielsen ratings behind another serial , As the World Turns. 1968 , however , saw changing viewership trends that prompted CBS to expand its last two 15 - minute daytime dramas , disrupting long - standing viewing habits . Search for Tomorrow took over the entire 12 : 30 -- 1 / 11 : 30 -- Noon period , with The Guiding Light returning to its first timeslot , 2 : 30 / 1 : 30 , albeit in the now - standard half - hour format , on September 9 . This twin bill of expansions also caused the dislocation of The Secret Storm and the beloved Art Linkletter 's House Party , as well as the cancellation of the daytime To Tell the Truth . The next 12 years brought several similar shifts around CBS ' lineup . The 1970s saw the popularity of The Guiding Light dip somewhat . The competition imposed upon The Guiding Light during this decade was from other serials such as The Doctors on NBC , but it still garnered decent ratings . After four years , CBS bumped its timeslot up by a half - hour to accommodate Procter & Gamble 's demand that The Edge of Night move to 2 : 30 / 1 : 30 , a move that led to the end of that show on CBS three years later . In the meantime , The Guiding Light stayed steadily on course against NBC 's Days of Our Lives and ABC 's The Newlywed Game . In late 1974 , ABC replaced The Newlywed Game with The $10,000 Pyramid , which went on to garner strong ratings , but not greatly at The Guiding Light 's expense . Meanwhile , by fall 1975 ( at which point the show had officially dropped the word `` The '' from its title , although it was still referred to as The Guiding Light on air for several years after ) , the impending departure of The Edge of Night for ABC - to say nothing of CBS ' planned expansion of some serials - affected Guiding Light by pushing it back to 2 : 30 / 1 : 30 once more in December . At that time , NBC still ran The Doctors in the 2 : 30 slot , and ABC had a short - lived hit the next year with an updated version of the game show Break the Bank . To complicate the picture further , ABC opted to make its first show expansions , that of One Life to Live and General Hospital , in July 1976 ; each of those shows occupied one - half of a 90 - minute block until November 4 , 1977 . With this in mind , ABC and CBS acted to give a contending chance to both General Hospital and Guiding Light by expanding them to an hour in length . CBS did so first by expanding Guiding Light on November 7 , 1977 . This gained particular importance when ABC finally added 15 minutes to both One Life to Live and General Hospital on January 16 , 1978 , so that Guiding Light straddled those two programs , as well as the first half of sister P&G show Another World on NBC . Despite that General Hospital surprising all observers by skyrocketing from near - cancellation to the top place in the ratings with the various storylines , Guiding Light held its own while in direct competition with General Hospital , still hit an upswing as the decade ended . On February 4 , 1980 , CBS bumped Guiding Light down again , to 3pm / 2c , and its sister P&G soap As The World Turns to 2pm / 1c , in the midst of a major scheduling shuffle intended to give The Young and the Restless ( itself now expanding to an hour length ) a shot at beating ABC 's All My Children . NBC did the same with its soap operas as well with all three networks now going head - head in every time slot . It remained in this time slot for the rest of its run in some markets , facing General Hospital and NBC entries such as Texas ( a spin - off of Another World ) , The Match Game - Hollywood Squares Hour and Santa Barbara . None of these shows - not even General Hospital - had any significant impact on the ratings of Guiding Light at 3 : 00 pm during this period . Overall , the first half of the 1980s saw a revival in Guiding Light 's popularity , with a top - five placing achieved in most years and even a brief dethroning of then - powerhouse General Hospital from the # 1 ratings spot for three consecutive weeks . However , as the decade progressed , the ratings slipped a bit , although it was still performing solidly . In 1995 , beginning with CBS flagship station WCBS - TV in New York , Guiding Light began airing at 10 a.m. Eastern time in several markets . Its once - solid performance began to crumble by the mid-1990s , when its ratings sunk as low as ninth place out of ten . However , during the controversial clone storyline in 1998 , the ratings experienced a brief resurgence , moving up to fifth for many weeks that summer . Nielsen reported Guiding Light had 5 million viewers in 1999 . Up until its finale in 2009 , stations in a number of markets aired Guiding Light in the morning either at 9 or 10 a.m. local time : Miami , Chicago , Baltimore , Boston , Detroit , New York City , Los Angeles , San Francisco , Philadelphia , Pittsburgh , Dallas - Fort Worth , Orlando , Atlanta , Columbia , SC , Fort Wayne , IN , South Bend , IN , Portland , OR , Quad Cities , Buffalo , Reno , Portland , ME , Milwaukee , Albany , NY , and Scranton - Wilkes Barre , PA . Guiding Light aired at 12 noon local time in Honolulu , Hawaii . In Savannah , GA , it aired at 4 : 00 pm local time . Before 2004 , stations that aired Guiding Light in the morning were always one episode behind those that aired the program at its official timeslot of 3 : 00 pm ( ET ) . This changed in March 2004 , during the first day of the NCAA March Madness basketball tournament , in which stations airing the show at 10 : 00 am were able catch up with stations that televised it at 3 : 00 pm . Starting in 2006 , stations that televised Guiding Light at 9 : 00 am were also offered a same - day feed to catch up with the rest of the network . As a result of this , daily episodes for the remaining years of GL were the same on all stations regardless of timeslot . Guiding Light maintained strong ratings in Pittsburgh , despite being moved to 10 : 00 am in 2006 . According to a 2006 article in the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette , Dr. Phil had n't been able to pull in the same numbers that Guiding Light did in that time slot a year prior , while Guiding Light was maintaining its audience share . One CBS affiliate that did not air the show was KOVR - TV in Sacramento , California , which had become a CBS affiliate in 1995 . Before CBS affiliated with KOVR , it had been affiliated in Sacramento with KXTV , which had dropped Guiding Light from its schedule in 1992 and did not air it again . As such , the show was preempted in the Sacramento area from 1992 to the show 's cancellation . WNEM - TV in Flint / Saginaw / Bay City , Michigan , which also became a CBS affiliate that year , initially ran the soap before dropping it in 1996 because of disappointing ratings . In the fall of 2006 , WNEM began running Guiding Light on its digital channel My 5 at 10 am , airing there for the remainder of its run . Internationally , Guiding Light currently airs in Iceland , Italy , Hungary and Serbia . It also aired September 3 , 2007 to August 26 , 2011 in the UK on Zone Romantica / CBS Drama , and was pulled at the point where the outside location filming was due to begin . The last screened scene of the show in the UK was Cassie hiding out with troubled son Will -- just as the rest of the family were discovering that he had actually killed his uncle Alonzo . Since it ended its CBS run on September 18 , 2009 , the reruns of Guiding Light currently air on Sky 1 since September 21 , 2009 . Broadcast history in Canada ( edit ) In Canada , Guiding Light was available to viewers directly through CBS - TV network affiliates from border cities or cable TV feeds until the show 's ending in 2009 . In addition , Guiding Light also made it on several Canadian television networks through the 1980s up until its last air date . Atlantic Satellite Network ( ASN ) -- a supplementary service to its ATV system of CTV affiliates exclusively for Atlantic Canada -- aired the soap simultaneously with the CBS feed from 1983 to 1984 ; then , the broadcast was moved to 12 noon until 1985 . The show also aired in French in Quebec . TVA , a Quebec privately owned French - language television network , rebroadcast episodes in French translation , twelve months behind , for a short period in 1984 . In the early 1990s , the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( CBC ) briefly aired the P&G serial nationally at 3 : 00 p.m. in each specific local Canadian time zone . The CBC Television broadcast of Guiding Light was also on its scheduled during the latter part of the 1960s during the serial 15 - minute format . On both occasions , the daytime drama was only aired for a few seasons . After a hiatus from Canadian television stations for many years , the series came back on CHCH - TV , exclusively for the Ontario market . In September 2007 , Global picked up the show nationwide after CHCH - TV dropped it , claiming Passions ' former time slot . Guiding Light returned to CHCH for the rest of its run when Global decided to air the 2008 TV series The Doctors . Awards ( edit ) Daytime Emmy Awards ( edit ) Show ( edit ) 1980 Outstanding Daytime Drama Series 1981 Outstanding Writing for a Daytime Drama Series 1982 Outstanding Daytime Drama Series 1982 Outstanding Writing for a Daytime Drama Series 1982 Outstanding Achievement in Any Area of Creative Technical Crafts ( Technical Direction / Electronic Camerawork ) 1983 Outstanding Achievement in Any Area of Creative Technical Crafts ( Lighting Direction ) 1984 Outstanding Achievement in Design Excellence for a Daytime Drama Series 1985 Outstanding Direction for a Drama Series 1985 Outstanding Achievement by a Drama Series Design Team -- Ronald M. Kelson 1986 Outstanding Drama Series Writing Team 1986 Outstanding Achievement in Hairstyling for a Drama Series 1986 Outstanding Achievement in Costume Design for a Drama Series 1987 Outstanding Achievement in Makeup for a Drama Series 1987 Outstanding Achievement in Hairstyling for a Drama Series 1990 Outstanding Drama Series Writing Team 1991 Outstanding Original Song : `` Love Like This '' 1991 Outstanding Music Direction and Composition for a Drama Series 1992 Outstanding Original Song : `` I Knew That I 'd Fail '' 1992 Outstanding Music Direction and Composition for a Drama Series 1992 Outstanding Achievement in Graphics and Title Design 1993 Outstanding Drama Series Writing Team 1993 Outstanding Achievement in Multiple Camera Editing for a Drama Series 1994 Outstanding Drama Series Directing Team 1994 Outstanding Music Direction and Composition for a Drama Series 1995 Outstanding Lighting Direction for a Drama Series 1995 Outstanding Achievement in Makeup for a Drama Series 1996 Outstanding Music Direction and Composition for a Drama Series 1996 Outstanding Achievement in Makeup for a Drama Series 1996 Outstanding Live and Direct - to - Tape Sound Mixing for a Drama Series 1996 Outstanding Lighting Direction for a Drama Series 1998 Outstanding Music Direction and Composition for a Drama Series 1998 Outstanding Lighting Direction for a Drama Series 1998 Outstanding Original Song : `` Hold Me '' 2007 Outstanding Writing Team for a Daytime Drama Series 2007 Outstanding Daytime Drama Series ( tie , with The Young and the Restless ) 2007 Outstanding Achievement in Music Direction and Composition for a Drama Series 2008 Outstanding Achievement in Music Direction and Composition for a Drama Series 2008 Outstanding Achievement in Live & Direct To Tape Sound Mixing for a Drama Series 2008 Outstanding Achievement in Multiple Camera Editing Individuals ( edit ) 1983 Lifetime Achievement Award : Charita Bauer ( Bert Bauer ) 1984 Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series : Judi Evans Luciano ( Beth Raines ) 1985 Distinguished Service to Daytime Television : Charita Bauer ( Bert Bauer ) ( posthumous ) 1985 Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series : Kim Zimmer ( Reva Shayne ) 1985 Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series : Larry Gates ( H.B. Lewis ) 1987 Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series : Kim Zimmer ( Reva Shayne ) 1990 Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series : Kim Zimmer ( Reva Shayne ) 1991 Outstanding Younger Actor in a Drama Series : Rick Hearst ( Alan - Michael Spaulding ) 1992 Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series : Maeve Kinkead ( Vanessa Chamberlain ) 1993 Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series : Ellen Parker ( Maureen Reardon ) 1993 Outstanding Younger Actor in a Drama Series : Monti Sharp ( David Grant ) 1994 Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series : Michael Zaslow ( Roger Thorpe ) 1994 Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series : Justin Deas ( Buzz Cooper ) 1994 Outstanding Younger Actress in a Drama Series : Melissa Hayden ( Bridget Reardon ) 1995 Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series : Justin Deas ( Buzz Cooper ) 1995 Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series : Jerry verDorn ( Ross Marler ) 1996 Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series : Jerry verDorn ( Ross Marler ) 1996 Outstanding Younger Actor in a Drama Series : Kevin Mambo ( Marcus Williams ) 1997 Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series : Justin Deas ( Buzz Cooper ) 1997 Outstanding Younger Actor in a Drama Series : Kevin Mambo ( Marcus Williams ) 1998 Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series : Cynthia Watros ( Annie Dutton ) 2002 Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series : Crystal Chappell ( Olivia Spencer ) 2003 Outstanding Younger Actor in a Drama Series : Jordi Vilasuso ( Tony Santos ) 2006 Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series : Kim Zimmer ( Reva Shayne ) 2006 Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series : Jordan Clarke ( Billy Lewis ) 2006 Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series : Gina Tognoni ( Dinah Marler ) 2006 Outstanding Younger Actor in a Drama Series : Tom Pelphrey ( Jonathan Randall ) 2008 Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series : Gina Tognoni ( Dinah Marler ) 2008 Outstanding Younger Actor in a Drama Series : Tom Pelphrey ( Jonathan Randall ) 2009 Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series : Jeff Branson ( Shayne Lewis ) Other awards ( edit ) Writers Guild of America Award ( 1980 , 1992 , 2005 ) Directors Guild of America Award ( 2005 ) Head writers and executive producers ( edit ) Head writer ( s ) Years Executive producers Irna Phillips 1937 -- 1952 David Lesan , Joe Ainley , Carl Waster 1952 -- 1956 David Lesan , Joe Ainley Television Irna Phillips 1952 -- 1958 Lucy Ferri Rittenberg Agnes Nixon 1958 -- 1966 David Lesan , Julian Funt , Theordore Ferro , Mathilde Ferro , John Boruff , James Lipton and Gabrielle Upton 1966 -- 1968 Irna Phillips 1968 -- 1969 Robert Soderberg and Edith Sommer 1969 -- 1973 James Gentile , Robert Cenedella and James Lipton 1973 -- 1975 Allen M. Potter Bridget and Jerome Dobson 1975 -- 1979 Douglas Marland January 1980 -- 1982 Pat Falken Smith 1982 Gail Kobe L. Virginia Browne , Gene Palumbo 1982 - 1983 Carolyn Culliton Pamela K. Long and Richard Culliton 1983 -- 1984 Pamela K. Long and Jeff Ryder 1984 -- 1986 Jeff Ryder February 1986 -- September 1986 Mary Ryan Munisteri & Ellen Barrett September 1986 -- November 1986 Joseph D. Manetta October 1986 -- December 1986 Joe Willmore Joseph D. Manetta and Sheri Anderson December 1986 -- early 1987 Pamela K. Long 1987 -- 1990 Robert Calhoun Stephen Demorest , James E. Reilly , and Nancy Curlee 1990 -- 1992 Stephen Demorest , James E. Reilly , Nancy Curlee , and Lorraine Broderick Jill Farren Phelps Stephen Demorest , Nancy Curlee , and Lorraine Broderick 1992 -- 1993 Nancy Curlee and Stephen Demorest 1993 - 1994 Stephen Demorest , Patrick Mulcahey , and Nancy Williams Watt Stephen Demorest , Patrick Mulcahey , Nancy Williams Watt , Millee Taggart , and Leah Laiman 1994 - August 1994 Stephen Demorest , Nancy Williams Watt , Millee Taggart , and Leah Laiman September - November 1994 Stephen Demorest November 1994 - January 1995 Douglas Anderson January - April 1995 Michael Laibson Douglas Anderson , Peggy Sloane , and Nancy Williams Watt April - June 1995 Megan McTavish June 1995 -- October 1996 Michael Conforti , Victor Miller and Nancy Williams Watt October 1996 - April 1997 Paul Rauch James Harmon Brown and Barbara Esensten April 1997 -- August 2000 Claire Labine August 7 , 2000 -- July 2001 Lloyd Gold and Christopher Dunn July 2001 - November 2002 Millee Taggart and Carolyn Culliton November 2002 - September 12 , 2003 John Conboy Ellen Weston and Donna Swajeski September 2003 -- July 5 , 2004 Ellen Wheeler David Kreizman and Donna Swajeski July 6 , 2004 - February 29 , 2008 No Head Writer Listed March 3 , 2008 - April 11 , 2008 David Kreizman and Donna Swajeski April 14 , 2008 - August 21 , 2008 David Kreizman , Christopher Dunn , Lloyd Gold , and Jill Lorie Hurst August 22 , 2008 - September 18 , 2009 Home Media ( edit ) In January 2012 , SoapClassics released a four - disc DVD collection of 20 selected episodes . The oldest episode on the collection dates from April 1 , 1980 , while the latest episode is from September 14 , 2009 , during the show 's final broadcast week . The company has since released special collections celebrating Reva Shayne and Phillip Spaulding . In May 2012 , SoapClassics released the final ten Guiding Light episodes on a two - disc DVD set . Also beginning in June 2012 the series was later released on DVD in Germany beginning with the 1979 episodes . Note ( edit ) Jump up ^ By number of episodes : In terms of total duration , As the World Turns is longer than Guiding Light , at 13,763 hours vs. 3,940 hours 30 minutes of Guiding Light . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Longest Running TV Drama '' . Arts & Media . Guinness World Records . 2009 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Guiding Light '' . The Original Old - Time Radio BBS . October 25 , 2005 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A list of Guiding Light 's theme songs '' . Daytime Soap Opera Theme Songs and Main Titles Page . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World 's longest running soap ends '' . BBC . 19 September 2009 . Retrieved 20 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Бесконечная история . Сериал `` Санта - Барбара '' '' ( in Russian ) . RIA Novosti. 30 July 2014 . Retrieved 20 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Cancels THE GUIDING LIGHT After 57 Years '' . Glued to the Tube. April 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Stanglin , Doug ( August 12 , 2009 ) . `` ' Guiding Light ' shoots last episode after 76 years '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2009 . Retrieved May 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Carter , Bill . `` CBS Turns Out ' Guiding Light ' . '' The New York Times . April 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2013 . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : At 50 , Guiding Light Recalls Its Past Jump up ^ Waggett , Gerard J. ( November 1997 ) . `` Part VI : Soap Opera Nielsen Ratings '' . The Soap Opera Encyclopedia . HarperPaperbacks . pp. 625 -- 642 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 101157 - 6 . Jump up ^ HIRSCH , LYNDA . `` SABATINO OF ' B&B ' A SOAP VETERAN . '' Sun - Sentinel 29 Jul. 1995 , ALL , LIFESTYLE : 4D . NewsBank . Web . 3 Jul. 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pulpy TV and Soapy Comics Find a Lot to Agree On '' . The New York Times . October 31 , 2006 . Retrieved May 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Moore , Frazier. ( 2009 , Sept. 19 ) . Associated Press report , The Chicago Tribune Jump up ^ New York : The Movie Lover 's Guide : The Ultimate Insider Tour of Movie New York -- Richard Alleman -- Broadway ( February 1 , 2005 ) ISBN 0 - 7679 - 1634 - 4 Jump up ^ Albanese , Elizabeth ; and Dan J Kroll ( January 29 , 2008 ) . `` Guiding Light To Debut Groundbreaking Changes '' . Jump up ^ `` Canon XH G1 HD -- Guiding Light , HighDef Sep -- Oct 2008 , p. 27 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ http://boards.soapoperanetwork.com/topic/31140-july/ Jump up ^ `` TV Q&A with Rob Owen '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . October 27 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2012 . Retrieved January 27 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) CBS 's homepage for Guiding Light ( archives ) Guiding Light Characters Remy Boudreau Marina Cooper Cyrus Foley Daisy Lemay Billy Lewis Bill Lewis Joshua Lewis Mindy Lewis Shayne Lewis Dinah Marler Jeffrey O'Neill Jonathan Randall Natalia Rivera Rafe Rivera Danny Santos Reva Shayne Alan Spaulding Lizzie Spaulding Phillip Spaulding Olivia Spencer Ashlee Wolfe Recurring characters Sarah Randall Beth Raines Blake Marler Alexandra Spaulding Doris Wolfe Related topics Springfield , Illinois ( Guiding Light ) Guiding Light cast members Children of Guiding Light Bert Buhrman History 1937 -- 1949 1950 -- 1959 1960 -- 1969 1970 -- 1979 1980 -- 1989 1990 -- 1999 2000 -- 2009 Radio soap operas in the United States Adopted Daughter ( 1939 -- 41 ) Against the Storm ( 1939 -- 52 ) Amanda of Honeymoon Hill ( 1940 -- 46 ) Aunt Jenny 's Real Life Stories ( 1937 -- 55 ) Aunt Mary ( 1944 -- 61 ) Bachelor 's Children ( 1935 -- 46 ) Backstage Wife ( 1935 -- 59 ) Big Sister ( 1936 -- 52 ) The Brighter Day ( 1948 -- 56 ) Clara , Lu , and Em ( 1930 -- 42 ) Dan Harding 's Wife ( 1936 -- 38 ) David Harum ( 1936 -- 50 ) Girl Alone ( 1935 -- 41 ) The Goldbergs ( 1929 -- 50 ) The Guiding Light ( 1937 -- 56 ) Jane Arden ( 1938 -- 39 ) Judy and Jane ( 1932 -- 35 ) Just Plain Bill ( 1932 -- 55 ) Kitty Keene , Incorporated ( 1937 -- 41 ) Life Can Be Beautiful ( 1938 -- 54 ) Lonely Women ( 1942 -- 43 ) Lorenzo Jones ( 1937 -- 55 ) Ma Perkins ( 1933 -- 60 ) Myrt and Marge ( 1931 -- 42 ) The O'Neills ( 1935 -- 43 ) One Man 's Family ( 1932 -- 59 ) Our Gal Sunday ( 1936 -- 59 ) Painted Dreams ( 1930 -- 43 ) Pepper Young 's Family ( 1932 -- 59 ) Perry Mason ( 1943 -- 55 ) Portia Faces Life ( 1940 -- 53 ) The Romance of Helen Trent ( 1933 -- 60 ) Rosemary ( 1944 -- 55 ) Second Husband ( 1936 - 46 ) Stella Dallas ( 1937 -- 55 ) Today 's Children ( 1933 -- 38 ) Today 's Children ( second series ) ( 1943 -- 50 ) Valiant Lady ( 1938 - 52 ) When a Girl Marries ( 1939 -- 57 ) Young Doctor Malone ( 1939 -- 60 ) Young Widder Brown ( 1938 -- 56 ) Your Family and Mine ( 1938 -- 40 ) Daytime television soap operas in the United States Current The Bold and the Beautiful ( 1987 -- present ) Days of Our Lives ( 1965 -- present ) General Hospital ( 1963 -- present ) The Young and the Restless ( 1973 -- present ) 1940s debuts Faraway Hill ( 1946 ) Highway to the Stars ( 1947 ) These Are My Children ( 1949 ) A Woman to Remember ( 1949 ) 1950s debuts As the World Turns ( 1956 -- 2010 ) The Brighter Day ( 1954 -- 1962 ) The Edge of Night ( 1956 -- 1984 ) The First Hundred Years ( 1950 -- 1952 ) First Love ( 1954 -- 1955 ) From These Roots ( 1958 -- 1961 ) Golden Windows ( 1954 -- 1955 ) Guiding Light ( 1952 -- 2009 ) Hawkins Falls ( 1950 -- 1955 ) Love of Life ( 1951 -- 1980 ) Miss Susan ( 1951 ) One Man 's Family ( 1954 -- 1955 ) Portia Faces Life ( 1954 -- 1955 ) The Secret Storm ( 1954 -- 1974 ) Search for Tomorrow ( 1951 -- 1986 ) Three Steps to Heaven ( 1953 -- 1954 ) Young Doctor Malone ( 1958 -- 1963 ) 1960s debuts Another World ( 1964 -- 1999 ) Bright Promise ( 1969 -- 1972 ) The Clear Horizon ( 1960 -- 1962 ) Dark Shadows ( 1966 -- 1971 ) Days of Our Lives ( 1965 -- present ) The Doctors ( 1963 -- 1982 ) A Flame in the Wind ( 1964 -- 1966 ) General Hospital ( 1963 -- present ) Hidden Faces ( 1968 -- 1969 ) Love is a Many Splendored Thing ( 1967 -- 1973 ) Morning Star ( 1965 -- 1966 ) Never Too Young ( 1965 -- 1966 ) The Nurses ( 1965 -- 1967 ) One Life to Live ( 1968 -- 2012 ) Our Five Daughters ( 1962 ) Paradise Bay ( 1965 -- 1966 ) Where the Heart Is ( 1969 -- 1973 ) The Young Marrieds ( 1964 -- 66 ) 1970s debuts All My Children ( 1970 -- 2011 ) The Best of Everything ( 1970 ) How to Survive a Marriage ( 1974 -- 1975 ) Lovers and Friends ( 1977 -- 1978 ) Return to Peyton Place ( 1972 -- 1974 ) Ryan 's Hope ( 1975 -- 1989 ) Somerset ( 1970 -- 1976 ) A World Apart ( 1970 -- 1971 ) The Young and the Restless ( 1973 -- present ) 1980s debuts Another Life ( 1981 -- 1984 ) The Bold and the Beautiful ( 1987 -- present ) Capitol ( 1982 -- 1987 ) Generations ( 1989 -- 1991 ) Loving ( 1983 -- 1995 ) Rituals ( 1984 -- 1985 ) Santa Barbara ( 1984 -- 1993 ) Texas ( 1980 -- 1982 ) 1990s debuts The City ( 1995 -- 1997 ) Passions ( 1999 -- 2008 ) Port Charles ( 1997 -- 2003 ) Sunset Beach ( 1997 -- 1999 ) Swans Crossing ( 1992 ) Tribes ( 1990 ) Undressed ( 1999 -- 2002 ) 2000s debuts Spyder Games ( 2001 ) Web series All My Children ( 2013 ) Anacostia ( 2009 -- present ) As the Cookie Crumbles ( 2008 ) The Bay ( 2010 -- present ) Beacon Hill ( 2014 -- present ) The Cavanaughs ( 2010 -- 2011 ) DeVanity ( 2011 -- 2014 ) East Los High ( 2013 -- present ) EastSiders ( 2012 -- present ) Miss Behave ( 2010 -- 2012 ) One Life to Live ( 2013 ) Ragged Isle ( 2011 -- 2014 ) River Ridge ( 2012 ) The Spot ( 1995 -- 1997 ) Tainted Dreams ( 2013 -- 2014 ) They Go On ( 1997 ) Venice : The Series ( 2009 -- present ) What If ... ( 2010 ) Winterthorne ( 2015 ) Awards for Guiding Light Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series The Doctors ( 1972 ) The Edge of Night ( 1973 ) The Doctors ( 1974 ) The Young and the Restless ( 1975 ) Another World ( 1976 ) Ryan 's Hope ( 1977 ) Days of Our Lives ( 1978 ) Ryan 's Hope ( 1979 ) Guiding Light ( 1980 ) General Hospital ( 1981 ) Guiding Light ( 1982 ) The Young and the Restless ( 1983 ) General Hospital ( 1984 ) The Young and the Restless ( 1985 ) The Young and the Restless ( 1986 ) As the World Turns ( 1987 ) Santa Barbara ( 1988 ) Santa Barbara ( 1989 ) Santa Barbara ( 1990 ) As the World Turns ( 1991 ) All My Children ( 1992 ) The Young and the Restless ( 1993 ) All My Children ( 1994 ) General Hospital ( 1995 ) General Hospital ( 1996 ) General Hospital ( 1997 ) All My Children ( 1998 ) General Hospital ( 1999 ) General Hospital ( 2000 ) As the World Turns ( 2001 ) One Life to Live ( 2002 ) As the World Turns ( 2003 ) The Young and the Restless ( 2004 ) General Hospital ( 2005 ) General Hospital ( 2006 ) Guiding Light and The Young and the Restless ( tie , 2007 ) General Hospital ( 2008 ) The Bold and the Beautiful ( 2009 ) The Bold and the Beautiful ( 2010 ) The Bold and the Beautiful ( 2011 ) General Hospital ( 2012 ) Days of Our Lives ( 2013 ) The Young and the Restless ( 2014 ) Days of Our Lives and The Young and the Restless ( tie , 2015 ) General Hospital ( 2016 ) General Hospital ( 2017 ) Days of Our Lives ( 2018 ) Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series Directing Team Days of Our Lives ( 1974 ) The Young and the Restless ( 1975 ) One Life to Live ( 1976 ) Ryan 's Hope ( 1977 ) The Young and the Restless ( 1978 ) Ryan 's Hope ( 1979 ) Ryan 's Hope ( 1980 ) General Hospital ( 1981 ) General Hospital ( 1982 ) One Life to Live ( 1983 ) One Life to Live ( 1984 ) Guiding Light ( 1985 ) The Young and the Restless ( 1986 ) The Young and the Restless ( 1987 ) The Young and the Restless ( 1988 ) The Young and the Restless ( 1989 ) Santa Barbara ( 1990 ) Santa Barbara ( 1991 ) Another World ( 1992 ) As the World Turns ( 1993 ) Guiding Light ( 1994 ) All My Children ( 1995 ) The Young and the Restless ( 1996 ) The Young and the Restless ( 1997 ) The Young and the Restless ( 1998 ) The Young and the Restless ( 1999 ) General Hospital ( 2000 ) The Young and the Restless ( 2001 ) The Young and the Restless ( 2002 ) All My Children ( 2003 ) General Hospital ( 2004 ) General Hospital ( 2005 ) General Hospital ( 2006 ) As the World Turns ( 2007 ) One Life to Live ( 2008 ) One Life to Live ( 2009 ) General Hospital ( 2010 ) The Bold and the Beautiful / The Young and the Restless ( 2011 ) General Hospital ( 2012 ) The Bold and the Beautiful ( 2013 ) One Life to Live ( 2014 ) The Bold and the Beautiful ( 2015 ) General Hospital ( 2016 ) General Hospital ( 2017 ) Days of Our Lives ( 2018 ) Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series Writing Team The Edge of Night ( 1974 ) Another World ( 1975 ) Days of Our Lives ( 1976 ) Ryan 's Hope ( 1977 ) Ryan 's Hope ( 1978 ) Ryan 's Hope ( 1979 ) Ryan 's Hope ( 1980 ) General Hospital ( 1981 ) Guiding Light ( 1986 ) One Life to Live ( 1987 ) All My Children ( 1988 ) Santa Barbara ( 1989 ) Guiding Light ( 1990 ) Santa Barbara ( 1991 ) The Young and the Restless ( 1992 ) Guiding Light ( 1993 ) One Life to Live ( 1994 ) General Hospital ( 1995 ) All My Children ( 1996 ) All My Children / The Young and the Restless ( 1997 ) All My Children ( 1998 ) General Hospital ( 1999 ) The Young and the Restless ( 2000 ) As the World Turns ( 2001 ) As the World Turns ( 2002 ) General Hospital ( 2003 ) As the World Turns ( 2004 ) As the World Turns ( 2005 ) The Young and the Restless ( 2006 ) Guiding Light ( 2007 ) One Life to Live ( 2008 ) General Hospital ( 2009 ) The Bold and the Beautiful ( 2010 ) The Young and the Restless ( 2011 ) Days of Our Lives ( 2012 ) The Bold and the Beautiful ( 2013 ) The Young and the Restless ( 2014 ) The Bold and the Beautiful ( 2015 ) The Bold and the Beautiful ( 2016 ) The Young and the Restless ( 2017 ) Days of Our Lives ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guiding_Light&oldid=850231431 '' Categories : 1952 American television series debuts 2009 American television series endings 1950s American drama television series 1960s American drama television series 1970s American drama television series 1980s American drama television series 1990s American drama television series 2000s American drama television series 2010s American drama television series American television soap operas CBS network shows Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series winners English - language television programs Guiding Light Television series based on radio programs Television series by Procter & Gamble Productions Television series created by Irna Phillips NBC radio programs Fictional television shows with religious themes CBS network soap operas Hidden categories : CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Use mdy dates from June 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2015 Articles needing additional references from January 2011 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська Vèneto 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 July 2018 , at 16 : 05 ( UTC ) . 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how long was the guiding light on tv

Guiding Light Also known as The Guiding Light GL Genre Soap opera Created by Irna Phillips Written by Various Directed by See below Starring Series cast Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons NBC and CBS : 19 ( radio ) CBS : 57 ( television ; includes four years on both TV and radio ) Total : 72 No. of episodes NBC : 2,500 ( radio ) CBS : 15,762 ( radio & TV ) Total : 18,262 Production Executive producer ( s ) Lucy Ferri Rittenberg ( 1952 -- 75 ) Allen M. Potter ( 1976 -- 82 ) Gail Kobe ( 1982 -- 86 ) Joe Willmore ( 1986 -- 87 ) Robert Calhoun ( 1987 -- 91 ) Jill Farren Phelps ( 1991 -- 95 ) Michael Laibson ( 1995 -- 96 ) Paul Rauch ( 1996 -- 2002 ) John Conboy ( 2002 -- 04 ) Ellen Wheeler ( 2004 -- 09 ) Producer ( s ) See below Location ( s ) Chicago , Illinois ( 1937 -- 47 ) Los Angeles , California ( 1947 -- 49 ) New York City , New York ( 1949 -- 2009 ) Running time 15 minutes ( 1937 -- 68 ) 30 minutes ( 1968 -- 77 ) 60 minutes ( 1977 -- 2009 ) Production company ( s ) Procter & Gamble Productions ( 1952 -- 2008 ) TeleNext Media , Inc. ( 2008 -- 09 ) Distributor CBS Daytime TeleNext Media , Inc . Release Original network NBC Radio ( 1937 -- 46 ) CBS Radio ( 1947 -- 56 ) CBS Television ( 1952 -- 2009 ) Original release NBC Radio : January 25 , 1937 ( 1937 - 01 - 25 ) -- November 29 , 1946 ( 1946 - 11 - 29 ) CBS Radio : June 2 , 1947 ( 1947 - 06 - 02 ) -- June 29 , 1956 ( 1956 - 06 - 29 ) CBS Television : June 30 , 1952 ( 1952 - 06 - 30 ) -- September 18 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 18 ) Chronology Related shows `` The Cradle Will Fall '' External links Website