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[ "Modou Barrow (born 13 October 1992), commonly known as Mo Barrow, is a Gambian professional footballer who plays for K League 1 club Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors and the Gambia national team.", "He is a winger but can also play as a forward.", "He grew up in Sweden where he played for several senior clubs.", "In 2014, he signed for Swansea City of the Premier League.", "After loans to three Championship clubs, he transferred to Reading in 2017.", "Barrow made his international debut for the Gambia national team in 2015.", "Club career\n\nEarly life and Sweden\nBarrow was born in the Gambia.", "When he was 11, his mother died.", "He and his four brothers joined their father in Sweden.", "He reflected that \"Football obviously helped me get through that period of my life.", "I was very good at football and got a lot of friends at my new school, mainly because many of them really liked to play football with me.", "I was never bullied because I was from another country.\"", "He spent his youth career at Östers IF and Mjölby AI, before earning his first senior appearances with Mjölby AI.", "His best friend from Gambia had moved to the town of Mjölby.", "While visiting his friend, he was invited to train with the club, and quickly caught the eye of the senior squad.", "This in turn led to a deal with the nearby club IFK Norrköping.", "After spells at fellow Swedish sides Mjölby Södra IF, IFK Norrköping, and Varbergs BoIS, he joined Swedish second-tier side Östersunds FK in 2014.", "He scored 10 goals in 19 matches in his only season for them in Superettan.", "Swansea City\nOn 30 August 2014, Barrow completed his transfer to Premier League side Swansea City for an undisclosed fee, believed to be around £1.5 million, after being signed by manager Garry Monk.", "He became the first Gambian footballer to play in the Premier League – Omar Koroma spent two seasons at Portsmouth starting in 2008, but failed to make an appearance.", "\"I like the way Swansea play football, it reminds me of how I used to play back home.", "I've watched a lot of their matches on TV and I was impressed with what I saw,\" he said on signing for Swansea.", "\"They like to give young players a chance and hopefully I can progress here.\"", "Barrow went straight into the Under-21s squad.", "On 28 October 2014, Barrow was included on the bench for Swansea's League Cup match against Liverpool.", "He was assigned the squad number 58.", "On 9 November 2014, Barrow made his Swansea City and Premier League debut against Arsenal, coming on in place of Marvin Emnes for the last 23 minutes of a 2–1 home win.", "He scored his first Swansea goal on 3 January 2015 in a 6–2 win at Tranmere Rovers in the third round of the FA Cup.", "Barrow signed a new four-year contract until June 2018.", "Barrow was loaned to Nottingham Forest on 11 March 2015 until the end of the 2014–15 season.", "On 10 August 2015, Barrow was loaned to Blackburn Rovers on a three-month emergency loan.", "On 8 September, he was recalled by Swansea and remained a regular under manager Francesco Guidolin, Barrow scored his first league goal for Swansea in a 3–2 defeat at Bournemouth on 12 March 2016.", "He signed a new contract at Swansea on 7 July 2016, keeping him at the club until 2019 and also adding a £15 million pound release clause for the player.", "Despite playing 20 times for Swansea during the first half of the 2016–17 season under Guidolin and Bob Bradley, after falling out of favour under new manager Paul Clement due to the signing of Luciano Narsingh, Barrow was made available for a transfer.", "He was strongly linked with a move to Championship side Newcastle United.", "On 31 January 2017, Barrow joined Leeds United on loan until the end of the 2016–17 season, with a view to a permanent deal.", "The move saw him link up with Monk.", "After failing to break into the first team, he was not purchased by Leeds.", "During his time at Swansea he became the first Gambian to score a Premier League goal.", "Reading\nOn 21 July 2017, Swansea rejected a bid from Reading in the region of £1.25 million, before Barrow signed a four-year contract with Reading on 3 August for an undisclosed fee.", "He scored his first goal for Reading in a 2–1 home win against Aston Villa on 15 August.", "Denizlispor (loan)\nOn 12 August 2019, Denizlispor announced the signing of Barrow on a season-long loan deal, with Reading confirming the deal a day later.", "Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors\nOn 20 July 2020, Reading confirmed the permanent transfer of Barrow to Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors.", "International career\nOn 31 March 2015, Barrow was called up for the Sweden national under-21 football team, however he pulled out of the squad due to an injury he had sustained.", "In May 2015, he was called up for the Gambia national football team, and on 22 May, he confirmed on his Twitter account that he had decided to play for his native Gambia.", "Barrow made his debut for Gambia during the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations qualification in a goalless draw away to South Africa on 13 June 2015.", "Barrow scored his first international goal on 27 March 2017, opening a 2–1 friendly win over the Central African Republic in Kenitra, Morocco.", "Style of play\nBarrow is a pacey winger, who likes to run with the ball and take on defenders and create chances.", "He can also play as a forward.", "He revealed that with his style of play that 'I want to get the fans on their feet, and I fight until the end'.", "Personal life\nBarrow lives with his fiancée and their daughter Anya, born in November 2014.", "Barrow holds a Swedish citizenship.", "In 2012, Barrow was sentenced to community service and probation after assaulting his girlfriend.", "He is a devout Muslim.", "Career statistics\n\nClub\n\nInternational\n\nScores and results list Gambia's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Barrow goal.", "Honours\nJeonbuk Hyundai Motors\nK League 1: 2020\nKorean FA Cup: 2020\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n1992 births\nLiving people\nPeople from Banjul\nGambian emigrants to Sweden\nGambian footballers\nAssociation football forwards\nThe Gambia international footballers\n2021 Africa Cup of Nations players\nAllsvenskan players\nSuperettan players\nPremier League players\nEnglish Football League players\nSüper Lig players\nIFK Norrköping players\nÖstersunds FK players\nSwansea City A.F.C.", "players\nNottingham Forest F.C.", "players\nBlackburn Rovers F.C.", "players\nLeeds United F.C.", "players\nReading F.C.", "players\nDenizlispor footballers\nJeonbuk Hyundai Motors FC players\nGambian expatriate footballers\nGambian expatriate sportspeople in Sweden\nExpatriate footballers in Sweden\nGambian expatriate sportspeople in Wales\nExpatriate footballers in Wales\nGambian expatriate sportspeople in England\nExpatriate footballers in England\nGambian expatriate sportspeople in Turkey\nExpatriate footballers in Turkey\nGambian expatriate sportspeople in South Korea\nExpatriate footballers in South Korea" ]

[ "Modou Barrow, commonly known as Mo Barrow, is a professional footballer from the country of the same name.", "He can also play as a forward.", "He played for several senior clubs in Sweden.", "He joined Swansea City in the premier league.", "He moved to Reading after loans to three Championship clubs.", "Barrow made his international debut in 2015.", "Sweden Barrow was born in the Gambia.", "His mother died when he was 11.", "They joined their father in Sweden.", "Football helped me get through that time in my life.", "Many of my friends at my new school liked to play football with me because I was good at it.", "I was not bullied because I was from another country.", "He earned his first senior appearances with Mjlby AI after spending his youth career at sters IF.", "The best friend of his moved to Mjlby.", "While visiting his friend, he was invited to train with the club and quickly caught the attention of the senior squad.", "The deal was made with the nearby club IFK Norrkping.", "He joined Swedish second-tier side stersunds FK after spells at other Swedish sides.", "He scored 10 goals in 19 matches for Superettan.", "Barrow's transfer to Swansea City was completed in August of last year and is believed to have cost around £1.5 million.", "Koroma was the first Gambian footballer to play in the premier league but failed to make an appearance.", "It reminds me of how I used to play back home when I was younger.", "He said he was impressed with what he saw when he watched a lot of their matches.", "I hope I can progress here because they like to give young players a chance.", "Barrow joined the Under-21s squad.", "Barrow was on the bench for the League Cup match.", "The squad number 58 was assigned to him.", "In the last 23 minutes of a 2–1 home win, Barrow came on in place of Marvin Emnes, who had been on the bench.", "He scored his first goal for the club in a 6–2 win at Tranmere in the third round of the FA Cup.", "A new four-year contract was signed by Barrow.", "Barrow was on loan toNottingham Forest until the end of the season.", "Barrow was on a three-month emergency loan.", "Barrow scored his first league goal forSwansea in a 3–2 defeat at Bournemouth on 12 March 2016 after being recalled by the team.", "He signed a new contract with the club on July 7, 2016 that will keep him at the club until 2019.", "After falling out of favour under Paul Clement due to the signing of Luciano Narsingh, Barrow was made available for a transfer.", "He was linked with a move to the Championship.", "Barrow joined Leeds United on loan until the end of the 2016–17 season with a view to a permanent deal.", "He and Monk were linked up by the move.", "He was not purchased by the team after failing to break into the first team.", "He was the first Gambian to score a goal in the premier league.", "Barrow signed a four-year contract with Reading on 3 August after Reading's bid was rejected bySwansea.", "He scored his first goal for Reading on August 15th.", "On August 12th, Denizlispor announced the signing of Barrow on a season-long loan deal with Reading.", "Reading confirmed the permanent transfer of Barrow to Jeonbuk.", "On March 31, 2015, Barrow was called up for the Sweden national under-21 football team, however he pulled out due to an injury.", "He decided to play for his native country after he was called up for the national football team.", "A goalless draw away to South Africa in June of 2015 marked Barrow'sGambia debut in the Africa Cup of Nations.", "A 2–1 friendly win over the Central African Republic was Barrow's first international goal.", "Barrow likes to run with the ball and take defenders with him, creating chances.", "He is able to play as a forward.", "He said that he wants to get the fans on their feet and fight until the end.", "Barrow lives with his fiancée and daughter.", "Barrow is a Swedish citizen.", "Barrow was sentenced to community service for hitting his girlfriend.", "He is a Muslim.", "The score column indicates the score after each Barrow goal.", "The 2020 Korean FA Cup is a reference to External links 1992 births Living people from Banjul to Sweden.", "The players are from the Forest F.C.", "The players are from the team from the team from the team from the team from the team from the team from the team from the team from the team from the team from the team from the team from the team from the team from the team from the team from the team from the team from", "The players are fromLeeds United F.C.", "The players are reading.", "Football players in England, Sweden, and Wales are expatriates." ]

[ "Modou Barrow", "Mo Barrow", "Barrow", "Barrow", "Barrow", "Barrow", "Barrow", "Barrow", "Barrow", "Barrow", "Barrow", "Barrow", "Barrow", "Barrow", "Barrow", "Barrow", "Barrow" ]

[ "Modou Barrow", "Mo Barrow", "Barrow", "Barrow", "Barrow", "Barrow", "Barrow", "Barrow", "Barrow", "Barrow" ]

[ "Vincent Bernard Orange, Sr. (born April 11, 1957) is a former American politician from Washington, D.C. and former president of the D.C. Chamber of Commerce.", "An attorney and a certified public accountant, Orange represented Ward 5 on the Council of the District of Columbia from 1999 to 2007, and was an at-large member from 2011 to 2016.", "He lost the June 2016 Democratic primary election to Robert White.", "Although his term was not due to end until January 2, 2017, Orange resigned from the council effective August 15, 2016, in the wake of conflict of interest charges over his new employment at the Chamber of Commerce.", "Early years\nVincent Bernard Orange was born April 11, 1957, and raised in Oakland, California.", "With a scholarship Orange attended Fountain Valley School of Colorado in Colorado Springs, Colorado.", "He graduated from the University of the Pacific, where he earned a Bachelor of Science in Business Administration in 1979 and a Bachelor of Arts in Communications in 1980.", "In 1983, he earned a Juris Doctor from Howard University School of Law.", "He worked as a senior tax accountant for accounting firm Arthur Andersen from 1983 to 1987.", "In 1988, he graduated from the Georgetown University Law Center, where he earned a Master of Laws in Taxation.", "Orange is a member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity.", "In 1981, Orange worked weekends as a security guard at the Washington Post, a position he kept for fourteen years.", "From 1987 to 1989, Orange worked for the district's department of finance and revenue.", "He was manager of the district's Tax Amnesty Program, and he was acting chief of the District's Office of Real Property Tax Assessment Services Division.", "In 1988, he served as a United States delegate to the United States/Japan Bilateral Session: \"A New Era in Legal and Economic Relations\" in Tokyo, Japan.", "In September 1990, he served as a delegate to the Moscow Conference on Law and Bilateral Economic Relations.", "Early electoral history\n\nUnsuccessful 1990 race\nIn 1990, he ran for chair of the Council of the District of Columbia, against Democrat John A. Wilson, who was then a council member representing Ward 2.", "Also running for chair was Libertarian Party candidate Jacques Chevalier.", "Orange criticized Wilson's chairmanship of the council's Finance and Revenue Committee, noting that the district's financial troubles happened during Wilson's eleven-year tenure.", "Orange advocated collecting unpaid tax bills, rather than increasing tax rates, as he said Wilson wanted to do.", "Wilson won the Democratic primary with 82 percent of the vote, to Orange's 18 percent.", "In 1991, he was hired as acting director of internal audit for the University of the District of Columbia.", "The next year, Orange discovered that the university was paying a fuel supplier, Tri-Continental, for fuel it never actually received.", "According to the District's inspector general, over a period of eighteen months, the District had paid one million dollars to Tri-Continental for fuel it had not received.", "The day after Orange released his memo naming two university administrators to be at fault, Orange's employment was terminated.", "The university said that Orange had been hired under an invalid contract.", "Unsuccessful 1993 race\nAfter Wilson's suicide in 1993, Orange was one of seven individuals to file to run to fill the position of Council Chair.", "Also filing to run in the race were Ward 4 Councilmember Charlene Drew Jarvis and Linda Cropp.", "Orange did not collect enough signatures to run, and his candidacy was disqualified by the District of Columbia Board of Elections.", "Orange's appealed, saying that the District's requirement of filing nominating petitions with 3,000 valid signatures was onerous, but District of Columbia Court of Appeals disagreed, and Orange stayed off the ballot.", "Orange declared himself a write-in candidate.", "Clarke won the election with 47 percent of the vote.", "Write-in votes, including those for Orange, were one percent of the total.", "Unsuccessful 1995 race\nIn 1994, Orange ran for councilmember to represent Ward 5, along with incumbent Harry Thomas, Sr. and eight other Democratic party candidates.", "Orange advocated banning new liquor licenses, developing Fort Lincoln, and building a new convention center at New York Avenue and Florida Avenue.", "Thomas won with 39 percent of the vote, compared to Orange's 17 percent.", "Council of the District of Columbia\n\n1998 successful Council race\nIn 1998, Orange ran again for councilmember to represent Ward 5; Harry Thomas, Sr. ran for reelection.", "The Washington Post'''s editorial board endorsed Orange's candidacy.", "Orange emphasized improvements to New York Avenue, improving the economy and schools, and restricting liquor licenses.", "Orange defeated Thomas, receiving 38 percent of the vote to Thomas' 34 percent.", "The Post called described it as an upset victory.", "Orange won the general election as well with 89 percent of the vote.", "Unsuccessful 2006 mayoral race\nIn 2006, Orange ran for District mayor.", "During his campaign, he said he was against same-sex marriage.", "In September 2006, Orange lost his bid for mayor in the Democratic primary, receiving 2.9% of the vote.", "From 2007 to 2010, Orange was the regional vice president for Pepco Holdings Inc. for the Washington, D.C. metro area.", "Unsuccessful council chair race\nIn 2010, Orange announced his candidacy for chair of council of the District of Columbia, challenging at-large council member Kwame Brown for the position.", "At the time, he was working as the chief financial officer of the National Children's Center.", "Orange said he was now in favor of same-sex marriage, changing his position from four years earlier, saying \"times change.\"", "After three credit card companies sued Brown for unpaid bills and Brown said his mortgage and other personal debt totaled around $700,000, Orange said Brown's poor handling of his personal finances should make him unfit to handle the District's finances.", "Orange was also critical of irregularities in Brown's financial filings for his previous two campaigns, which Brown attributed to accounting errors.", "Two of Orange's campaign aides resigned due to the negative tone of his campaign.", "The editorial board of the Washington Post endorsed Orange's candidacy.", "All but one of the sitting council members endorsed Brown's reelection.", "Brown won the Democratic primary with 55 percent of the vote, while Orange received 39 percent.", "Brown prevailed in the general election as well.", "When Brown resigned from his at-large council seat, Orange lobbied the District of Columbia Democratic State Committee to be appointed as the interim to replacement on the council, but they voted to appoint Sekou Biddle to the seat instead.", "Successful 2011 Council race\nOrange was a candidate in the 2011 special election to fill the at-large seat vacated by Brown; Biddle ran in the special election to keep the seat as well.", "The editorial board of the Washington Post endorsed the candidacy of Republican Patrick Mara.", "Orange won election with 28 percent of the vote.", "In March 2011, the council was trying to close a budget shortfall, and it considered taxing out-of-state bonds for upper-income individuals.", "Orange only decided to support the idea on the condition that the council would budget spending $500,000 for an Emancipation Day parade at the Lincoln Theatre, where Orange sat on the board of directors.", "In June 2011, the Washington City Paper reported that Orange received more than $100,000 of campaign contributions from Jeffrey Thompson, CEO of a health provider accused of defrauding the D.C. government.", "When council member Muriel Bowser introduced an ethics bill that would disqualify mayors and council members convicted of felonies while in office, Orange opposed the bill, saying it would create unneeded bureaucracy.", "Orange supported new restrictions on medical marijuana retailers and adult entertainment businesses in Northeast D.C. Orange was also in favor of using District funds to build Nationals Park.", "2012 term and reelection\nOn June 6, 2012, federal prosecutors charged District Council chairman Kwame R. Brown with one count of bank fraud in U.S. District Court; Brown resigned from the council later that day.", "Upon Kwame R. Brown's resignation, it became the responsibility of the council to vote to appoint one of the at-large council members to the vacant seat of chair.", "Orange and Phil Mendelson both wanted to be appointed chair.", "After the council voted to appoint Mendelson the new chair, Orange asked the council to appoint him to Mendelson's former position of chair pro tem.", "The council voted to appoint Michael A.", "Brown to the position of chair pro tem.", "Orange felt appointing an independent council member to a position formerly held by a Democrat was a poor idea.", "In 2012, Orange ran for reelection as at-large council member, his fifth campaign in six years.", "Orange received $26,000 of money orders, which he called \"suspicious\" campaign donations, all in sequential numbers and written in the same handwriting.", "The money orders may have been connected to city contractor Jeffrey E. Thompson, whose home and office had been raided by the FBI and the IRS.", "Jeanne Clarke Harris later admitted she had run a straw donor scheme funded by Thompson.", "Orange won the Democratic primary with 42 percent of the vote and the subsequent general election with 38 percent of the vote.", "During his term in office, Orange supported a bill to increase the minimum wage to $12.50 per hour for certain large employers.", "In December 2012, health inspectors found unsanitary conditions and rat droppings in a produce market in the Florida Avenue Market.", "The District of Columbia Department of Health ordered the market be closed immediately.", "Orange intervened for the owner, who had donated to Orange's campaign, While Orange accepted responsibility of the charges, he insisted he performed a function of constituent service and thus did not violate the council's Code of Conduct or abuse his position.", "Orange agreed he would attend ethics training and never abuse his position again.", "Orange said he thought his actions were an acceptable constituent service and that his behavior did not reflect poorly on him at all.", "To settle the matter, Orange agreed to attend ethics training.", "\"In the past, this has been clearly acceptable constituent service, but now you have people looking at it a different way,\" Orange told the Post's Tim Craig.", "To the Washington Examiner, he said, \"I don't think it reflects poorly on me at all\" and health inspectors allowed the market to open the next day.", "Unsuccessful 2014 mayoral race\nOn November 8, 2013, Orange announced that he would run for Mayor of the District of Columbia in the 2014 election.", "His campaign slogans were \"Leaving No One Behind\" and \"Taking No One for Granted\".", "He supported demolishing Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium and replacing it with a commercial strip, a golf course, a movie sound stage, a hotel, an indoor waterpark, and a film and photography center.", "In the Democratic primary, he came sixth out of eight candidates, receiving 1,946 votes (2.01%).", "Unsuccessful 2016 reelection race\nOrange filed to run for reelection in October 2015.", "The same month, former Advisory Neighborhood Commissioner Shaw resident David Garber filed to run against Orange in the Democratic primary, calling Orange \"a corrupt politician with deep pockets.\"", "Robert White, a former aide to District of Columbia Attorney General Karl A. Racine and resident of Brightwood Park, also ran against Orange.", "The editorial board of the Washington Post'' endorsed Orange's candidacy.", "White won the Democratic primary with 43% of the vote, compared to Orange's 41% and Garber's 16%.", "Committees\nOrange served on the following committees while on the Council of the District of Columbia:\n Committee on Business, Consumer and Regulatory Affairs (chair during his final term)\n Committee on Finance and Revenue\n Committee on Housing and Committee Development\n\nCouncil resignation\nOn July 28, 2016, the D.C. Chamber of Commerce announced that it had selected Vincent Orange to be the organization's next president.", "Council rules permit outside employment, and Orange said he had received guidance from the city's ethics office that his new job would not create a conflict of interest with his council work.", "Orange's new job created a public scandal.", "His colleagues on the council strongly disputed Orange's claim that there was no conflict of interest.", "On August 3, Orange dissolved a subcommittee on business regulation, which he chaired.", "On August 5, with the scandal only worsening, Orange announced he would retire from the council on August 15, 2016, the same day on which his Chamber of Commerce position began.", "Orange officially left the council on August 15, reminding the public of his 12 years of \"service above self\".", "No other council members appeared at his press conference.", "The D.C. Office of Government Ethics said it would soon issue a draft of restrictions that would limit Orange's ability to lobby the council, as required by law.", "The D.C. Board of Ethics and Government Accountability ruled in late September 2016 that Orange did not break ethics laws or regulations in seeking the Chamber of Commerce position.", "Unsuccessful 2020 council race\nIn June 2020, Orange left his job at the D.C. Chamber of Commerce to run for an at-large council seat left open by David Grosso's retirement.", "An issue in the race was DC's paid family leave law, which Orange criticized and suggested repealing.", "Orange lost the general election with 12% of the vote.", "Future 2022 council race\nIn the wake of Councilman McDuffie's decision not to seek another term as ward 5 council member, Orange has declared that he will run in 2022.", "D.C. Chamber of Commerce presidency\nOrange's appointment as the president the D.C. Chamber of Commerce (DCCoC) was effective at noon on August 15, 2016.", "Orange said that, due to legal restrictions on his ability to lobby his former Council colleagues, he would, for the immediate future, focus on adding new members to the DCCoC and raising funds for its operations.", "The Chamber's board announced on July 16, 2020 that Orange would step down from the organization, effective July 30, 2020.", "Personal life\nOrange lives in Ward 5, with his wife, Gwendolyn.", "He has three children, and is a member of the Metropolitan AME Church.", "References\n\n|-\n\n1957 births\nHoward University alumni\nLiving people\nUniversity of the Pacific (United States) alumni\nGeorgetown University Law Center alumni\nMembers of the Council of the District of Columbia\nWashington, D.C. Democrats\nAfrican-American people in Washington, D.C. politics\n21st-century American politicians\n21st-century African-American politicians\n20th-century African-American people" ]

[ "He is a former American politician from Washington, D.C. and the president of the D.C. Chamber of Commerce.", "Orange was an at-large member of the Council of the District of Columbia from 2011 to 2016 and represented Ward 5 from 1999 to 2007.", "He lost the Democratic primary to Robert White.", "Orange resigned from the council effective August 15, 2016 in the wake of conflict of interest charges over his new employment at the Chamber of Commerce.", "In 1957,Vincent Bernard Orange was born and raised in Oakland, California.", "Fountain Valley School of Colorado is in Colorado Springs, Colorado.", "He graduated from the University of the Pacific in 1979 with a Bachelor of Science in Business Administration and a Bachelor of Arts in Communications.", "He graduated from the Howard University School of Law with a Juris Doctor in 1983.", "Arthur Andersen employed him as a senior tax accountant from 1983 to 1987.", "He graduated from the Georgetown University Law Center in 1988 with a Master of Laws in Taxation.", "Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity has a member named orange.", "Orange worked weekends as a security guard at the Washington Post for fourteen years.", "Orange worked in the finance and revenue department.", "He was acting chief of the District's Office of Real Property Tax Assessment Services.", "He was a United States delegate to the United States/Japan Bilateral Session: \"A New Era in Legal and Economic Relations\" in Tokyo, Japan.", "He was a delegate to the Moscow Conference on Law and Bilateral Economic Relations.", "He ran for chair of the Council of the District of Columbia in 1990 and lost to John A. Wilson.", "Jacques Chevalier was a Libertarian Party candidate.", "Wilson's chairmanship of the council's Finance and Revenue Committee was criticized by Orange because of the district's financial troubles.", "Wilson wanted to increase tax rates, but Orange wanted to collect tax bills.", "Wilson won the Democratic primary with an overwhelming majority of the vote.", "He was hired as acting director of internal audit at the University of the District of Columbia in 1991.", "Orange discovered that it was paying Tri-Continental for fuel that it never received.", "Over the course of eighteen months, the District paid one million dollars to Tri-Continental for fuel it did not receive.", "Orange's employment was terminated the day after he named two university administrators to be at fault.", "Orange was hired by the university under an invalid contract.", "The race to fill the position of Council Chair was unsuccessful after Wilson's suicide.", "They filed to run in the race.", "The District of Columbia Board of Elections disqualified Orange's candidacy because he did not collect enough signatures.", "The District of Columbia Court of Appeals disagreed and Orange stayed off the ballot.", "A write-in candidate was declared by Orange.", "The election was won by Clarke with 47 percent of the vote.", "The write-in votes for Orange were one percent of the total.", "In 1994, Orange ran for councilmember to represent Ward 5, along with incumbent Harry Thomas, Jr. and eight other Democratic party candidates.", "Orange wanted to ban new liquor licenses, develop Fort Lincoln, and build a new convention center at New York Avenue and Florida Avenue.", "Thomas won with 39 percent of the vote, compared to Orange's 17 percent.", "The Council of the District of Columbia had a successful race in 1998.", "Orange's candidacy was endorsed by the Washington Post's editorial board.", "Improvements to New York Avenue, the economy and schools were emphasized by Orange.", "Orange received 38 percent of the vote to Thomas' 34 percent.", "The Post said it was an upset victory.", "The general election was won by Orange with 89 percent of the vote.", "The 2006 mayoral race was unsuccessful.", "He said during his campaign that he was against same-sex marriage.", "Orange lost his bid for mayor in the Democratic primary in September of 2006 with 2.9% of the vote.", "Orange was the regional vice president for the Washington, D.C. metro area.", "In 2010, Orange announced his candidacy for chair of council of the District of Columbia, challenging at-large council member Kwame Brown for the position.", "He was the chief financial officer of the National Children's Center.", "Four years ago, Orange said he was against same-sex marriage, but now he is in favor of it.", "According to Orange, Brown's poor handling of his personal finances should make him unsuitable to handle the District's finances.", "Brown blamed accounting errors for the discrepancies in his previous two campaigns.", "The negative tone of Orange's campaign caused two of his aides to resign.", "Orange's candidacy was endorsed by the editorial board of the Washington Post.", "Brown's reelection was endorsed by all but one of the council members.", "Brown got 55 percent of the vote, while Orange got 39 percent.", "Brown won the general election.", "When Brown resigned from his at-large council seat, Orange tried to get the District of Columbia Democratic State Committee to appoint an interim to replace him, but they decided against it.", "In the special election to fill the at-large seat, Orange was a candidate, while Biddle ran to keep the seat.", "Patrick Mara was endorsed by the editorial board of the Washington Post.", "Orange received 28 percent of the vote.", "The council considered taxing out-of-state bonds in March of 2011.", "Orange sat on the board of directors of the Lincoln Theatre and supported the idea on the condition that the council would allocate $500,000 for the parade.", "According to the Washington City Paper, Orange received more than $100,000 in campaign contributions from Jeffrey Thompson, the CEO of a health provider accused of defrauding the D.C. government.", "The ethics bill that would disqualify mayors and council members convicted of felonies while in office was opposed by Orange.", "New restrictions on medical marijuana retailers and adult entertainment businesses were supported by Orange.", "Brown resigned from the council after he was charged with bank fraud.", "It was the responsibility of the council to appoint a new chair after Brown resigned.", "Both Phil and Orange wanted to be the chair.", "Orange asked the council to appoint him to Mendelson's former position of chair pro tem after the council voted to appoint him the new chair.", "Michael A was appointed by the council.", "The chair pro tem is brown.", "It was felt that appointing an independent council member to a position was a poor idea.", "In 2012 Orange ran for reelection as at-large council member, his fifth campaign in six years.", "Orange received $26,000 of money orders, which he called \"suspicious\" campaign donations, all in sequential numbers and written in the same handwriting.", "Jeffrey E. Thompson's home and office were raided by the FBI and the IRS.", "The straw donor scheme was funded by Thompson.", "Orange won the Democratic primary with 42 percent of the vote and went on to win the general election with 38 percent of the vote.", "Orange supported a bill to raise the minimum wage to $12.50 per hour for large employers.", "In December of 2012 health inspectors found unsanitary conditions and rat droppings at the Florida Avenue Market.", "The market was ordered to be closed by the District of Columbia Department of Health.", "While Orange accepted responsibility of the charges, he insisted he did not violate the council's Code of Conduct or abuse his position, because he performed a function of constituent service.", "Orange would attend ethics training and never abuse his position again.", "Orange thought his actions were acceptable and that his behavior did not reflect poorly on him.", "Orange agreed to attend ethics training.", "\"In the past, this has been clearly acceptable, but now you have people looking at it a different way,\" Orange told the Post's Tim Craig.", "He told the Washington Examiner that health inspectors allowed the market to open the next day because he didn't think it reflected poorly on him.", "On November 8, Orange announced that he would run for Mayor of the District of Columbia.", "His slogans were \"leaving no one behind\" and \"taking no one for granted\".", "He was in favor of demolishing Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium and replacing it with a commercial strip, a golf course, a movie sound stage, a hotel, an indoor waterpark, and a film and photography center.", "He received 1,946 votes in the Democratic primary.", "In October 2015, Orange filed to run for reelection.", "David Garber filed to run against Orange in the Democratic primary, calling him a corrupt politician with deep pockets.", "Robert White was an aide to the District of Columbia Attorney General.", "Orange's candidacy was endorsed by the editorial board of the Washington Post.", "White won the Democratic primary with over 40% of the vote.", "The D.C. Chamber of Commerce announced that Orange resigned from the Council of the District of Columbia.", "Orange said he had been told by the city's ethics office that his new job wouldn't conflict with his work on the council.", "A public scandal was created by Orange's new job.", "His colleagues on the council disagreed with Orange's claim that there was no conflict of interest.", "Orange chaired a subcommittee on business regulation.", "With the scandal only getting worse, Orange decided to retire from the council on August 15, the day after his Chamber of Commerce position began.", "Orange left the council on August 15 to remind the public of his 12 years of service.", "He did not have any other council members at his press conference.", "The D.C. Office of Government Ethics will soon issue a draft of restrictions that will limit Orange's ability to lobby the council.", "In September of 2016 the D.C. Board of Ethics and Government Accountability ruled that Orange did not break ethics laws when he applied for the Chamber of Commerce position.", "In June 2020, Orange left his job at the D.C. Chamber of Commerce to run for an at-large council seat.", "DC's paid family leave law was an issue in the race, which Orange criticized and suggested repeal.", "Orange lost the election with 12% of the vote.", "In the wake of McDuffie's decision not to seek another term as ward 5 council member, Orange has declared that he will run in 2022.", "Orange became the president of the D.C. Chamber of Commerce at noon on August 15th.", "Orange said that due to legal restrictions on his ability to lobby his former Council colleagues, he would focus on adding new members to the DCCoC and raising funds for its operations.", "On July 16, 2020, the Chamber's board announced that Orange would step down from the organization on July 30, 2020.", "Orange lives in Ward 5 with his wife.", "He is a member of the Metropolitan AME Church.", "Members of the Council of the District of Columbia are alumni of Georgetown University." ]

[ "Vincent Bernard Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Vincent Bernard Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Vincent Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange" ]

[ "Orange", "Orange", "Vincent Bernard Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange", "Orange" ]

[ "George Thorp (9 September 1777 – 25 July 1797) was an officer of the Royal Navy who saw service during the French Revolutionary Wars.", "His short, but distinguished, career culminated in service as first lieutenant of the frigate and his death, aged 19, at the side of his commanding officer, Captain Richard Bowen, in the assault on Santa Cruz, Tenerife.", "Family and early life\nGeorge Thorp was born on 9 September 1777, the fourth son of Dr Robert Thorp MA, DD, Rector of Ryton from 1781 to 1795, Archdeacon of Northumberland from 1792 to 1806, a distinguished mathematician (senior wrangler at Cambridge in 1758) and Latin scholar.", "His younger brother Charles Thorp also became rector of Ryton and later Archdeacon of Durham and a founder of Durham University.", "In 1788, Pooley Onslow, a first cousin of George's and daughter of his father's sister Jane, married Rear Admiral Sir Francis Samuel Drake, 1st Baronet, brother of Sir Francis Henry Drake, 5th Baronet and last in the line of baronets descended from Sir Francis Drake, 1st Baronet, nephew of the Elizabethan naval hero Sir Francis Drake.", "In the year following his marriage, Sir Samuel (as he was known) was appointed a junior lord of the admiralty, though dying shortly afterwards.", "The marriage likely gave Lady Drake the ear of many senior naval officers in addition to those of other distinguished persons known to her father, George Onslow, Member of Parliament and an ex-army officer and her grandfather, Lieutenant-General Richard Onslow.", "Surviving correspondence between George and his family makes clear the patronage he received from Lady Drake throughout his short career.", "Enlistment at Portsmouth\n\nThorp joined the Royal Navy in Portsmouth in February 1790, aged 12, and served in the following ships:\n\nFor his arrival at Portsmouth, Lady Drake provided George with several letters of introduction.", "Dr Thorp, who accompanied his young son, wrote to his wife in Gateshead \"George has got a letter from Lord Hood to his Captain which cannot fail to procure him a good reception... Lady Drake has also got him letters to Capt.", "Onslow & Adm. Roddam...\" (Vice-Admiral Robert Roddam, Commander-in-Chief at Portsmouth).", "\"Roddam will have to introduce him to the several officers of the ship.\"", "HMS Thisbe\nMost of Thorp's period on his first ship, the 28-gun Enterprise-class sixth-rate frigate was spent in Nova Scotia, for which the frigate sailed in March 1790, returning to England in July of the following year.", "Correspondence from Thorp to his family during this time seems to have been lost or perhaps there was none, so little is known of his activities, but the ship was at Nova Scotia during the Nootka Crisis.", "It was feared that war might be declared with Spain and Thorp's captain, Rupert George, was foremost among captains of other ships in an unsuccessful attempt to obtain authority to press local men into service to make up the difference between ships' peacetime and wartime complements, suggesting that Thisbe may have been maintained in a state of preparedness for action that provided good training for Thorp.", "On Thisbes return to England in July 1791, Thorp transferred to the ship-of-the-line Magnificent.", "HMS Juno\nOn 16 November 1791, Thorp reported on board the frigate (32 guns), under the command of Captain Samuel Hood, a cousin once removed of Lord Hood and later to become Vice-Admiral Sir Samuel Hood, 1st Baronet.", "Throughout 1792, Juno was based at Weymouth in attendance on the King and frequently embarked members of the Royal Family.", "Early in 1793 she joined the Mediterranean Fleet under Lord Hood.", "The Juno later took part in some notable events during the time Thorp served in her.", "Escape from Toulon\nIn a letter to his family, Thorp gives a vivid account of the Juno'''s night-time arrival in Toulon on 11 January 1794 with a contingent of army onboard numbering half as many again as the ship's company, to provide urgently needed assistance for the occupying force under the command of Lord Hood, only to discover after anchoring that the English fleet had vacated Toulon, which was now under French occupation, escaping under point-blank fire from ships and shore batteries.", "Attack on the tower and redoubt at Mortella Bay, Corsica\nOn 7 February 1794, Juno, in company with the ship-of-the-line Fortitude (74 guns), carried out an attack on the tower at Mortella Point, Corsica.", "The tower held out at first because of its robust design, inflicting heavy damage on the Fortitude with red-hot shot and causing the ships to withdraw temporarily.", "As the tower's two 18-pounder guns could only fire in a seaward direction a scheme was hatched to attack it from the landward side, involving almost inhuman effort in landing and hauling ship's guns and ammunition up the steep terrain to a point behind and overlooking the tower, from which a successful bombardment was mounted.", "Thorp was ashore and one of the party involved throughout the successful attack and wrote a detailed account of the action to his parents.", "A dramatic account of what Thorp described as \"the worst was to come\" is given in William James' The Naval History of Great Britain, Vol.", "1HMS Aigle\nWhen Captain Hood transferred from the Juno to the bigger frigate (38 guns) in March 1794 he took with him a contingent of officers and men that included Midshipman Thorp.", "Corsica\nBetween April and August 1795, Aigle took part in the blockade of Corsica and the capture of Calvi.", "SmyrnaAigle spent six months from May to October 1795 blockading French warships in the Turkish port of Smyrna (now Izmir) – a very unpopular operation because of its lack of opportunity for prizes and its unhealthy climate, with frequent outbreaks of the plague.", "HMS Victory\nThorp was transferred to Sir John Jervis' flagship in April 1796, where he was to sit the lieutenants' examination.", "Promotion to lieutenant\nThorp's seniority as lieutenant was 1 May 1796, at which time he would have been 18 years and 7 months old, having enlisted the aid of his sister Jane to obtain documents asserting that he was over 20 years old, the minimum age for candidates sitting the lieutenants' examination.", "HMS Terpsichore\n\nOn 8 May 1796, almost immediately after his promotion, Thorp joined the frigate (32 guns) under the command of Captain Richard Bowen, as third lieutenant.", "He served in her during the capture of the Spanish frigate Mahonesa (34 guns) and the capture, then loss in heavy weather, of the French frigate Vestale (36 guns), though he was in command of a prize being sailed to Gibraltar at the time of the latter action.", "On rejoining Terpsichore, Thorp was appointed as the first lieutenant, though (presumably unbeknownst to his shipmates) little more than 19 years old and still under the minimum age for lieutenant.", "It was in that capacity that he served during the Terpsichore's solo encounter on 1 March 1797 with the partially disabled Spanish ship-of-the-line Santisima Trinidad (136 guns), largest warship afloat at that time, which was retreating from the Battle of Cape St Vincent.", "Terpsichore's subsequent 10-hour engagement from early afternoon until dark resulted in 9 killed and several seriously injured on the Santisima Trinidad but no serious injuries on the Terpsichore.", "Cutting Out of the Principe Fernando\nIn April 1797 Sir John Jervis sent the Terpsichore together with the Dido (28 guns) to reconnoitre off Tenerife, where they found the Cadiz-bound Philippine frigates Principe Fernando and El Principe d'Asturia in the Bay of Santa Cruz.", "On the night of 17/18 April a joint cutting out expedition was mounted by the two British frigates, each sending three boats of which those from the Terpsichore were under the command of Thorp.", "In correspondence to his family, Thorp says that Captain Bowen (who was in command of the expedition) told him that he had drawn lots with the captain of Dido as to whose boats should attempt to take the closer of the two frigates to the shore and batteries and that Terpsichore had drawn the short straw.", "Despite adverse weather, which caused the boats to be rowed for more than three hours longer than anticipated before reaching their quarries, Terpsichore's boats' crews successfully boarded and captured their frigate, the Principe Fernando, sailing and towing her to sea while under fire from shore batteries for two hours, without loss of life but with the loss of 10 lives of the Philippine frigate's crew.", "Dido's crews were unsuccessful.", "Battle of Santa Cruz, Tenerife\nIn July 1797, Terpsichore became part of the squadron under Rear-Admiral Nelson that sought to invade Tenerife and capture Santa Cruz, which was being used as a port of refuge by richly laden ships from the West Indies and beyond bound for Spain.", "On the night of 24 July, following unsuccessful attempts to land troops some distance from the town, Nelson led a full-frontal assault on Santa Cruz under cover of darkness in which Terpsichore's role was to land a party on the town's mole and neutralise the battery overlooking the waters to the mole's north-east in which direction the main force would head.", "Thorp must have known the danger likely to be faced through his prior acquaintance of the mole when cutting out the Philippine frigate Principe Fernando three months earlier and wrote a letter addressed to \"My ever dear Parents, Brothers & Sister\" saying: \n\nIn the subsequent action Terpsichores boat sustained a direct hit from the battery and capsized in the heavy swell, several crew members drowning, but some of the party got ashore, took the mole battery, spiked its six 24-pounder guns and were progressing towards the town when they were mown down by grapeshot fired from a cannon that had been relocated from one of the town's forts for that purpose earlier in the day.", "Thorp was one of those killed at the side of his captain, Richard Bowen.", "After the cessation of the action, their bodies were recovered and buried at sea off Tenerife on 27 July.", "Retrospect\nThorp seems never to have returned home to Northumberland nor to have seen his parents again after bidding his father farewell in Portsmouth in February 1790, aged 12, spending all his time abroad save for his time in the Magnificent and the first year of his time in the Juno, waiting on the Royal Family, followed by a short period in the English Channel.", "He is mentioned with affection and respect in correspondence from several senior officers:\n\nIn a letter dated 16 August 1797 to his sister, Captain Cuthbert Collingwood (later Vice-Admiral Cuthbert Collingwood, 1st Baron Collingwood), close friend of Nelson and at that time captain of the ship-of-the-line Excellent as part of Sir John Jervis' squadron blockading Cadiz, wrote: \"Capt.", "Bowen of Terpsichore and his first Lieut poor Thorp were both killed while they were spiking the guns in a battery which they had got possession of.\"", "In a letter dated 31 August 1797 to J E Blackett Esq, his father-in-law and a former Mayor of Newcastle upon Tyne, also written aboard the Excellent, Captain Collingwood wrote: \"Captain Bowen was killed, and his First Lieutenant, Thorpe, for whom I was very sorry: he was a fine young man, and promised to be an excellent officer.\"", "The early career of Admiral of the Fleet Sir William Hall Gage mirrored that of Thorp almost identically.", "Gage was born three weeks after Thorp in 1777 and joined the Royal Navy in 1789, three months before Thorp.", "Thereafter their careers followed similar courses until April 1796 when they were together as midshipmen on board Admiral Sir John Jervisʼ flagship HMS Victory, Thorp waiting to take the Lieutenantʼs examination and Gage having just passed it and awaiting promotion.", "Both were only 18 years old and would not have been eligible to sit the Lieutenantʼs examination in the ordinary course until having turned 20 years of age, but in one case at least (Thorp) the date of birth is known to have been falsified to establish premature eligibility.", "Gage was known to Thorpʼs family, as in a letter to his sister Jane dated 18 April 1796 Thorp wrote: “Hall is likewise in Victory & has passed & I hope will soon be promoted.", "He is very well & desires me to remember him to you and all at Goswick.” Both men then served as lieutenants in ships of the Mediterranean Squadron under Sir John Jervis, until the Battle of Santa Cruz, when Thorp as First Lieutenant of HMS Terpsichore was killed together with his captain, Richard Bowen, on 25 July 1797.", "On the next day, in a remarkable twist of fate, Gage, who had been promoted to commander in June, was appointed captain of Terpsichore.", "Letters to his family\nThorp wrote numerous letters to his parents and siblings throughout his career, except for his time on Thisbe in Nova Scotia during his first year of service and his subsequent time on Magnificent.", "These were deposited in the National Maritime Museum in 1968 in the form of two letterbooks.", "Regrettably, no record of persons inspecting these letterbooks seems to have been kept by the National Maritime Museum but anyone studying them in detail who is familiar with the Aubrey–Maturin series of novels of Patrick O'Brian may find a remarkable coincidence between some of the descriptions in Thorp's letters and events or characters in O'Brian's novels, inviting speculation whether O'Brian may have read the letters and been inspired by their content.", "Thorp's letters describing the escape from Toulon, the attack on the Mortella Tower and the siege of Saint-Florent, the blockade of Corsica, the capture of Calvi and the cutting out of the Principe Fernando'' are particularly noteworthy.", "Citations\n\nReferences\n\n \n\nRoyal Navy officers\nRoyal Navy personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars\nBritish military personnel killed in the French Revolutionary Wars\n1777 births\n1797 deaths\nPeople from Northumberland" ]

[ "During the French Revolutionary Wars, George Thorp was an officer of the Royal Navy.", "His short, but distinguished, career culminated in service as first lieutenant of the frigate and his death at the side of his commanding officer in the assault on Santa Cruz, Tenerife.", "George Thorp was the fourth son of Dr Robert Thorp MA,DD, and was the Archdeacon of Northumberland from 1792 to 1806, a distinguished mathematician and Latin scholar.", "His younger brother became the Archdeacon of Durham and a founder of Durham University.", "Rear admiral Sir Francis Samuel Drake, 1st Baronet, brother of Sir Francis Henry Drake, 5th Baronet and last in the line of baronets married a first cousin of George's and daughter of his father's sister Jane.", "Sir Samuel was appointed a junior lord of the admiralty in the year following his marriage.", "The marriage likely gave Lady Drake the ear of many senior naval officers, as well as those of her father, George Onslow, Member of Parliament, and her grandfather, Lieutenant-General Richard Onslow.", "Lady Drake patronage was clear in correspondence between George and his family.", "Lady Drake provided George with several letters of introduction after he joined the Royal Navy at the age of 12.", "George has got a letter from Lord Hood to his Captain and Lady Drake has also got him letters.", "Vice-Admiral Robert Roddam, Commander-in-Chief at Pompey, wrote \"Onslow & Adm. Roddam...\"", "\"Roddam will have to introduce him to the officers of the ship.\"", "Most of the time on his first ship, the 28-gun Enterprise-class sixth-rate frigate, was spent in Nova Scotia, returning to England in July of the following year.", "The ship was at Nova Scotia during the Nootka Crisis but little is known of the activities of the man.", "It was feared that war might be declared with Spain and the captain of the Thorp's ship, Rupert George, was foremost among captains of other ships in an unsuccessful attempt to obtain authority to press local men into service to make up the difference between ships' peacetime and wartime complement.", "When Thisbes returned to England in July 1791, he transferred to the ship-of-the-line Magnificent.", "Captain Samuel Hood, a cousin once removed of Lord Hood and later to become Vice-Admiral Sir Samuel Hood, 1st Baronet, took charge of the frigate on 16 November 1791.", "The King and members of the Royal Family were frequently embarked by Juno.", "She joined the Mediterranean Fleet in 1793.", "During the time that Thorp was with the Juno, she took part in some notable events.", "In a letter to his family, Thorp gives a vivid account of the Juno's night-time arrival in Toulon on January 11, 1794, with a contingent of army onboard numbering half as many as the ship's company, to provide desperately needed assistance for the occupying.", "The tower at Mortella Point, Corsica was attacked by the ship-of-the-line Fortitude on February 7, 1794.", "The strong design of the tower caused it to hold out until it inflicted heavy damage on the Fortitude with a red-hot shot.", "As the tower's guns could only fire in a seaward direction, a scheme was hatched to attack it from the landward side, with almost inhuman effort in landing and hauling ship's guns and ammunition up the steep terrain to a point behind and overlooking the tower.", "A detailed account of the attack was written to his parents by one of the party involved.", "In William James' The Naval History of Great Britain, Vol., there is a dramatic account of what the worst was to come.", "Captain Hood took a contingent of officers and men with him when he moved from the Juno to the bigger ship.", "Between April and August 1795, Aigle participated in the blockade of Corsica and the capture of Calvi.", "The blockading of French warships in the Turkish port of Smyrna was unpopular because of its lack of opportunity for prizes and its bad climate.", "The lieutenants' examination was to be held at the flagship in April 1796.", "He would have been 18 years and 7 months old when he was promoted to lieutenant on 1 May 1796, having enlisted the aid of his sister Jane to obtain documents asserting that he was over 20 years old, the minimum age for candidates sitting the lieutenants'.", "On 8 May 1796, almost immediately after his promotion, Thorp joined the ship as third lieutenant.", "He was in command of a prize being sailed to Gibraltar at the time of the loss of the French ship in heavy weather, but he served in her during the capture of the Spanish ship.", "He was appointed as the first lieutenant even though he was only 19 years old, and still under the minimum age for lieutenant.", "The Spanish ship Santisima Trinidad (136 guns), the largest afloat at that time, was retreating from the Battle of Cape StVincent when he served in that capacity.", "During the 10-hour engagement from early afternoon until dark, 9 people were killed and several were seriously injured on the Santisima Trinidad.", "The Dido and the Terpsichore were sent to reconnoitre off Tenerife, where they found the Principe Fernando and El Principe d'Asturia in the Bay of Santa Cruz.", "A joint cutting out expedition was mounted by the two British frigates, each sending three boats, which were under the command of Thorp.", "In a letter to his family, he said that the captain of Dido told him that his boats should attempt to take the closer of the two frigates to the shore and batteries.", "Despite adverse weather which caused the boats to be rowed for more than three hours longer than anticipated before reaching their quarries, the boats' crews successfully boarded and captured their frigate, the Principe Fernando, sailing and towing her to sea while under fire from shore batteries for two hours.", "Dido's crews were not successful.", "In July 1797, the squadron under Rear-Admiral Nelson sought to invade Tenerife and capture Santa Cruz, which was being used as a port of refuge by richly laden ships from the West Indies and beyond bound for Spain.", "Nelson led a full-frontal assault on Santa Cruz under cover of darkness after unsuccessful attempts to land troops some distance from the town.", "After cutting out the Philippine 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266", "He was killed at the side of his captain.", "After the cessation of the action, their bodies were recovered and buried.", "After bidding his father farewell in February 1790 at the age of 12 and spending the rest of his life abroad, Retrospect Thorp never returned home to Northumberland or saw his parents again.", "The captain of the ship-of-the was mentioned with affection and respect in correspondence from several senior officers.", "While spiking the guns in a battery which they had got possession of, Bowen and his first Lieut poor Thorp were both killed.", "In a letter dated 31 August 1797 to J E Blackett Esq., his father-in-law and a former Mayor of Newcastle upon Tyne, his father-in-law wrote: \"Captain Bowen was killed and his First Lieutenant, Thorpe, for whom I was very sorry.\"", "The early career of Sir William Hall Gage was very similar to that of Thorp.", "Gage joined the Royal Navy three months after Thorp in 1789.", "Gage had just passed the Lieutenant's exam and was waiting to be promoted when they were together as midshipmen on board the flagship of the admiral.", "Both were only 18 years old and would not have been eligible to sit the Lieutenant's examination in the ordinary course until they were at least 20 years old.", "In a letter to his sister Jane dated 18 April 1796, Gage was known to the family.", "Both men were killed in the Battle of Santa Cruz when they were lieutenants in ships of the Mediterranean Squadron.", "Gage, who had been promoted to commander in June, was appointed captain the next day.", "His time on Thisbe in Nova Scotia during his first year of service was the only time he wrote a letter to his family.", "The two letterbooks were deposited in the National Maritime Museum.", "The National Maritime Museum does not have a record of anyone inspecting these letterbooks, but anyone who is familiar with the books of Patrick O'Brian may find a coincidence between some of the descriptions.", "The attack on the Mortella Tower, the siege of Saint-Florent, the blockade of Corsica, and the capture of Calvi are all noteworthy.", "British military personnel killed in the French Revolutionary Wars were referred to as Royal Navy officers." ]

[ "George Thorp", "George Thorp", "Robert Thorp MA", "Charles Thorp", "George", "George Onslow", "George", "George", "Thorp", "George", "Rupert George", "Thorp", "Thorp", "Thorp", "Thorp", "Thorp", "Thorp", "Thorp", "Thorpe", "Thorp", "Thorp", "Thorp", "Thorp" ]

[ "George Thorp", "George Thorp", "Robert Thorp", "George", "George Onslow", "George", "George", "George", "Rupert George", "Thorp", "Thorp", "Thorpe", "Thorp", "Thorp" ]

[ "Albert Clanton Spaulding (August 13, 1914 – May 29, 1990) was an American anthropologist and processual archaeologist who encouraged the application of quantitative statistics in archaeological research and the legitimacy of anthropology as a science.", "His push for thorough statistical analysis in the field triggered a series of academic debates with archaeologist James Ford in which the nature of archaeological typologies was meticulously investigated—a dynamic discourse now known as the Ford-Spaulding Debate.", "He was also instrumental in increasing funding for archaeology through the National Science Foundation.", "Early life and education\n\nAlbert Spaulding was born on August 14, 1914, in Choteau, Montana.", "He grew up in Missoula, Montana and attended the University of Montana, where his father was the dean of the School of Forestry.", "During his sophomore year, he married Charlotte Smith and later had two children, Ronald and Catherine.", "He received his B.A.", "in economics in 1935 and promptly enrolled in the University of Michigan's anthropology M.A.", "program, receiving his degree in 1937.", "He pursued his Ph.D. in anthropology at Columbia University in 1938 under the guidance of William Duncan Strong, a firm advocate of the direct historical approach.", "In 1939, he became the first anthropology graduate student to be named university fellow.", "During his time as a doctoral student, he developed his stalwart perspectives on archaeology, namely its justification as a true science and the need for its practitioners to think quantitatively when necessary.", "Relating his initial intellectual experience in archaeology, Spaulding recalled, \"my fundamental interest at the time [...] was clarification of the basic concepts of archaeology, which led me into explicit applications of quantitative technique and explicit definitions of archaeological problems in terms of relationship between or among well-defined variables.\"", "As a result, Spaulding—along with his colleague Gordon Willey—regularly contemplated the interrelations of form, space, and time in archaeological study, an extensive and critical concept he termed the \"dimensions of archaeology\".", "Although he completed his studies in 1942, the potency of World War II forced him to delay publication of his dissertation until 1946, upon which he was awarded his degree.", "Career\n\nSpaulding's archaeological career spanned every corner of North America, beginning with a brief teaching position at the University of Montana after receiving his B.A.", "in 1935.", "During his time as a master's student at the University of Michigan, he joined the Works Progress Administration of the New Deal as an archaeological supervisor, participating in projects throughout South Dakota, Nebraska, Mississippi, and Kentucky until 1941.", "While his dissertation stalled, Spaulding took advantage of his time and joined the War Mapping Program of the U.S. Forest Service as an assistant topographic and photogrammetric engineer.", "He mapped the coastal ranges of southern California before traveling to Pennsylvania.", "In the wake of World War II, having received his Ph.D., Spaulding accepted an offer to teach at the University of Kansas, where he stayed for only three semesters.", "He also accepted the position of Assistant Curator of the university's Museum of Anthropology, where he spent most of his time administering the archaeological and ethnographic collections and exhibits.", "He left KU in 1947 to accept a much-desired assistant teaching position and assistant curatorship at the University of Michigan and its Museum of Anthropology.", "The position he vacated at KU was filled by Carlyle S. Smith.", "Eventually, he attained the recognition of full-time professor and curator, but left the university in 1959 to become the program director of the Office of Social Science at the National Science Foundation, a new addition at the time.", "Originally, he was assigned director to both the \"Anthropology\" and \"History and Philosophy of Science\" programs within the foundation, but became the full-time director of Anthropology in 1961.", "It was here that he expressed the inherent need for anthropology to be considered a true science, intimately developing the attitudes directed towards the social sciences.", "After a brief appointment at Yale University, Spaulding left NSF in 1963 to serve as the chairman of the Department of Anthropology and professor at the University of Oregon for three years.", "He ultimately accepted a teaching position at the University of California, Santa Barbara, where he served as the dean of the College of Letters and Science from 1967 to 1971.", "He retired in 1983, returning to the university to teach as an honored emeritus professor until he succumbed to illness in 1988.", "He died in 1990 of cancer.", "Field projects\n\nSpaulding participated in a number of field projects during the course of his lifetime but documented comparatively little field material as his interests resided mostly in the refinement of theory and method.", "The only reports considered somewhat complete are those on the Arzberger Site in South Dakota and Agattu Island in the Aleutian Islands.", "1936 – Rice Lake and Spencer Lake, Wisconsin\n 1937 – Butler County, Kentucky\n 1939 – Arzberger Site in Hughes County, and Buffalo Pasture site in Stanley County, South Dakota\n 1940 – WPA Archaeological Survey of Mississippi\n 1941 – Wynot, Nebraska\n 1956-1947 – Hanthorne site in Labette County, Kansas\n 1949 – Agattu Island and the Aleutian Islands, Alaska\n 1949 – Krugloi Point, Sitka, Alaska\n 1949 – Cahokia Mounds, Illinois\n 1953 – Upper Great Lakes survey, Garnell site in Michigan\n 1970s-1980s – Santa Cruz Island, California\n\nFord-Spaulding Debate\nWhile the concept of culture history dominated the archaeological discipline throughout the early 20th century, unrest as to the empirical suppositions of the theory fermented during the 1950s and 1960s, just as the theoretical underpinnings of the \"New Archaeology\" came to fruition.", "At the same time, the nature and legitimacy of archaeological types became a prime target of academic dispute, for some archaeologists held the belief that the cultural popularity of defined types created a normal frequency distribution that, in turn, validated such types and reflected cultural norms.", "This \"common sense\" theory of cultural units pitted the real against the arbitrary, rooted in empirical and theoretical rationalizations.", "Debates flourished as proponents of the idea defended the irrationality of an empirical type, coming to a head with a series of publications that swiftly ran its course through the pages of American Antiquity known as the Ford-Spaulding Debate.", "In 1953, Spaulding published a counter-argument of sorts titled \"Statistical techniques for the discovery of artifact types\" that detailed a statistical classification method for recognizing real inherent types in prehistoric material.", "He believed using cluster algorithms to group artifacts of similar attributes favored by the maker— corroborated by chi-squared tests— produced such meaningful and evident types, giving credence to the methods of evolutionary archaeology.", "In response, James Ford took the side of a nascent post-processualism and contested Spaulding's self-perceived emic modus operandi, declaring that archaeological types are more or less subjective constructs of the archaeologist and that the concept of culture itself is quite etic.", "Spaulding's method would only serve to highlight the extent to which temporally popular styles prevailed and categorize cultural continuity without seriously considering the basics of culture theory.", "Even so, Ford believed that archaeological types could, in some measure, reflect cultural norms, but the idea that they were mostly subjective units created through trial and error and convenient testing dominated his understanding.", "Spaulding responded with haste, challenging Ford's methodologies.", "His technique of simply \"counting and ranking\" types was not a reliable measurement, nor was it scientific.", "The lack of any goodness of fit testing left Ford's seriation of types questionable in the absence of mathematical precision and sophistication— a virtue that Spaulding constantly sought to refine.", "Therefore, Ford's ordinal scales of measurement were not scientifically valid; \"[He] simply does not know what the word 'measurement' denotes.\"", "Cluster analysis strictly served to locate clusters of attributes—not automatic emic types, as Ford understood—that were then left to the archaeologist to interpret their meaning.", "These clusters were more \"functional types\" in the sense that they were socially and culturally significant in relation to the discernible behaviors of the maker.", "Spaulding concluded that because such cluster patterning existed when statistically arranged—and that artifacts were human creations that could be empirically identified and sorted into sets—meant that designated types must be \"real,\" meaning that they were categories recognized by the individuals who manufactured and used the artifacts in question.", "Ford desired a type \"designed for the reconstruction of culture history in time and space\", independent of an archaeologist's core definition or attributes of a type, considering one may choose an emically \"wrong\" combination of attributes as the cultural continuum constantly evolves.", "Such types are merely created by the archaeologist based on any discontinuity observed in the record.", "This materialistic comprehension of types clashed against Spaulding's essentialist notion of the same, and it is argued that the two scholars were unaware of the stark differences in theory and question in each of their ripostes.", "The Ford-Spaulding Debate hardly resolved the uncertainty of types and prompted many readers and participants to simply compromise; both Spaulding and Ford, in their own rights, were correct.", "Influence on anthropology and archaeology\n\nTheory and methodology\n\nSpaulding remains one of the early forerunners of the New Archaeology.", "He was known for urging his fellow scholars to make use of quantitative statistics in archaeological research and maintaining his belief that anthropology was a rightful scientific discipline.", "As a result, his rigorous statistical methodologies and perseverance towards due scientific recognition remain pivotal elements in the historical evolution of archaeological research.", "Quantitative archaeology\n\nUndoubtedly, Spaulding's greatest contribution to the field of archaeology was his insistence on using appropriate methods, namely quantification.", "He asserted that quantitative applications promoted a more accurate methodology— a necessary component of scientific research.", "This is reflected in his hypotheses of archaeological data, where patterns can be inductively extracted from an attentive analysis of the data itself.", "The Ford-Spaulding Debate publicly emphasized this ideology and was instrumental in establishing an artifact classification method, acting as an impetus behind the processual movement of the 1960s.", "His introduction of the chi-squared test in evaluating the validity of typological patterns according to behavioral relations contributed to the \"behavioral turn\" seen in the New Archaeology of quantitative application and behavioral reasoning.", "His theories greatly influenced Lewis Binford (arguably the \"founder\" of the New Archaeology) who found virtue in his statistical rigor and similarly believed in archaeology as a science, actively seeking to explain human experience rather than simply describe it.", "Binford, once a graduate student at the University of Michigan, credited Spaulding as his \"most valuable teacher\", \"an intellectual rock of constructive thought and keen insight.\"", "Archaeological dimensions\n\nIn 1960, Spaulding explored his doctoral ponderings of the \"dimensions of archaeology\" in a critical— yet relatively forgotten— paper in which he defined a dimension as \"an aspect or property of the subject matter which requires its own special measuring device.\"", "The basic analytical measurements within archaeology consisted of space, time, and form (and their interrelations), an essential concept still recognized in archaeological analysis today.", "Archaeologists study artifacts in the context of these three dimensions, and all archaeological inferences are affixed to any of these measurements.", "The relation of form and time represents a diachronic approach while the relation of form and space represents a synchronic approach; the alliance of all three constitutes a comprehensive archaeological unit and the foundation of context.", "Although Spaulding's discussion focused largely on form and its conceivable statistical measurements, his understanding of the reality of all three dimensions can be considered a moment of clarity in the theory of archaeology.", "National Science Foundation\n\nThe discipline of anthropology has long been torn between the realms of science and the humanities.", "While those studying archaeology, physical anthropology, and cultural anthropology contend that their fields are entitled scientific inquiries, others believe anthropologists are restricted to the boundaries of the humanities.", "Spaulding was a staunch advocate of the former due to his passionate tenets concerning the place of quantification in archaeology.", "He carried this perspective with him to his director's chair at the National Science Foundation, transforming the way the agency viewed the discipline of anthropology and instituting an invaluable resource.", "Millions of dollars became available to anthropologists through the NSF as the agency came to recognize the significance of their fieldwork.", "Today, the NSF still provides funding and support for scientific anthropological research including archaeology, archaeometry, biological anthropology, cultural anthropology, and linguistics.", "Honors and leadership roles\n 1939 – Named university fellow at Columbia University\n 1953-1964 – Associate editor, secretary, vice president, and president of the Society for American Archaeology\n 1958 – President of the Michigan Archaeological Society\n 1963-1966, 1973-1976 – Served on the executive board of the American Anthropological Association\n 1964 – Vice president of Section H of the American Association for the Advancement of Science\n 1967 – Served on nominating committee of the American Association for the Advancement of Science\n 1967 – President of the Society for California Archaeology\n 1978-1981 – Served on finance committee of the American Anthropological Association\n 1981 – Awarded Distinguished Service Award by the Society for American Archaeology\n 1985 – Awarded Special Award for Distinguished Service by the Society for American Archaeology\n Associate director of American Antiquity\n Fellow of the American Anthropological Association\n Fellow of the Society for American Archaeology\n Distinguished Professor Emeritus at the University of California, Santa Barbara\n Albert C. Spaulding memorial lectureship created at the University of California, Santa Barbara\n\nReferences\n\nSelected works\n\nExternal links \n \n\n1914 births\n1990 deaths\nAmerican anthropologists\nColumbia University alumni\nPeople from Choteau, Montana\nUniversity of California, Santa Barbara faculty\nUniversity of Michigan alumni\nUniversity of Montana alumni\n20th-century American archaeologists\n20th-century anthropologists" ]

[ "Albert Clanton Spaulding was an American anthropologist and processual archaeologist who encouraged the application of quantitative statistics in archaeological research and the legitimacy of anthropology as a science.", "His push for thorough statistical analysis in the field triggered a series of academic debates with James Ford in which the nature of archaeological typologies was meticulously investigated.", "He helped increase funding for archaeology through the National Science Foundation.", "Albert Spaulding was born on August 14, 1914, in Choteau, Montana.", "He attended the University of Montana, where his father was the dean.", "He married Charlotte Smith and had two children, Ronald and Catherine.", "He received a degree.", "In 1935, I received my economics degree from the University of Michigan.", "He received his degree in 1937.", "He pursued his PhD in anthropology at Columbia University under the guidance of William Duncan Strong, a firm advocate of the direct historical approach.", "He was the first anthropology graduate student to be named a university fellow.", "During his time as a PhD student, he developed his stalwart perspectives on archaeology, namely its justification as a true science and the need for its practitioners to think logically.", "\"My interest at the time was clarification of the basic concepts of archaeology, which led me into explicit applications of quantitative technique and explicit definitions of archaeological problems in terms of relationship between or among well-defined variables.\"", "The interrelations of form, space, and time in archaeological study are an extensive and critical concept he termed the \"dimensions of archaeology\".", "After completing his studies in 1942, he was forced to delay publication of his thesis because of World War II.", "After graduating from the University of Montana with a B.A., he began his archaeological career, which spanned every corner of North America.", "In 1935.", "He joined the Works Progress Administration of the New Deal as an archaeological supervisor after graduating from the University of Michigan.", "He took advantage of his time and joined the War Mapping Program of the U.S. Forest Service as an assistant topographic and photogrammetric engineer.", "He traveled to Pennsylvania after mapping the coastal ranges of southern California.", "In the wake of World War II, Spaulding accepted an offer to teach at the University of Kansas, where he stayed for only three semesters.", "He spent most of his time at the Museum of Anthropology administering the archaeological and ethnographic collections and exhibits.", "He left KU in 1947 to take an assistant teaching position at the University of Michigan.", "Carlyle S. Smith was appointed to the position that he left.", "He left the university in 1959 to become the program director of the Office of Social Science at the National Science Foundation, a new addition at the time.", "He became the full-time director of Anthropology in 1961, after being assigned to both the \"Anthropology\" and \"History and Philosophy of Science\" programs.", "He expressed the need for anthropology to be considered a true science in order to develop attitudes towards the social sciences.", "After a brief appointment at Yale University, the chairman of the Department of Anthropology at the University of Oregon was appointed by Spaulding.", "He was the dean of the College of Letters and Science at the University of California, Santa Barbara from 1966 to 1971.", "He was an honored professor until he died of illness in 1988.", "He died of cancer in 1990.", "During his lifetime, he participated in a number of field projects but his interests were mostly in the refinements of theory and method.", "The Arzberger site in South Dakota and Agattu Island in the Aleutian Islands are the only reports that are considered complete.", "The Arzberger site is in Hughes County, Kentucky, and the Buffalo Pasture site is in Stanley County, South Dakota.", "At the same time, the nature and legitimacy of archaeological types became a target of academic dispute, for some archaeologists held the belief that the cultural popularity of defined types created a normal frequency distribution that reflected cultural norms.", "The \"common sense\" theory of cultural units pits the real against the imaginary.", "Proponents of the idea defended the irrationality of an empirical type, coming to a head with a series of publications that quickly ran its course through the pages of American Antiquity known as the Ford-Spaulding Debate.", "A counter-argument of sorts titled \"Statistical techniques for the discovery of artifact types\" was published by Spaulding in 1953.", "He believed that using cluster algorithms to group artifacts of similar attributes favored by the maker gave credence to the methods of evolutionary archaeology.", "James Ford took the side of a post-processualism and 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110", "It would only serve to highlight the extent to which temporally popular styles prevailed and categorize cultural continuity without considering the basics of culture theory.", "The idea that archaeological types were mostly subjective units created through trial and error and convenient testing dominated Ford's understanding.", "Spaulding challenged Ford's methodologies with haste.", "His method of counting and ranking types was not scientific or reliable.", "The lack of fit testing left Ford's types questionable in the absence of mathematical precision and sophistication, a virtue that Spaulding constantly sought to refine.", "Ford's ordinal scales of measurement were not valid.", "Ford understood that clusters of attributes were left to the archaeologist to interpret, not automatic emic types.", "The clusters were socially and culturally significant in relation to the maker's behavior.", "When statistically arranged, artifacts were human creations that could be identified and sorted into sets, meaning that designated types must be real, meaning that they were categories recognized by the individuals who manufactured and used the artifacts in question.", "Ford wanted a type \"designed for the reconstruction of culture history in time and space\", independent of an archaeologist's core definition or attributes of a type, considering one may choose an emically \"wrong\" combination of attributes as the cultural continuum constantly evolving.", "Any discontinuity observed in the record is used to create such types.", "It is argued that the two scholars were unaware of the stark differences in theory and question in each of their ripostes.", "The uncertainty of types was not solved by the Ford-Spaulding debate and many readers and participants were forced to compromise.", "One of the early pioneers of the New Archaeology was Spaulding.", "He encouraged his fellow scholars to use quantitative statistics in archaeological research and maintained his belief that anthropology was a rightful scientific discipline.", "The historical evolution of archaeological research is dependent on his rigorous statistical methodologies and perseverance towards due scientific recognition.", "Spaulding's insistence on using appropriate methods was his greatest contribution to the field of archaeology.", "A necessary component of scientific research is the promotion of a more accurate methodology.", "Patterns can be deduced from an attentive analysis of the data itself in his hypotheses of archaeological data.", "The Ford-Spaulding Debate publicly emphasized this ideology and was instrumental in establishing an artifact classification method.", "The \"behavioral turn\" seen in the New Archaeology of quantitative application and behavioral reasoning can be attributed to the introduction of the chi-squared test.", "Lewis Binford, the founder of the New Archaeology, found virtue in his statistical rigor and also believed in archaeology as a science, actively seeking to explain human experience rather than simply describe it.", "Binford, who was a graduate student at the University of Michigan, said that Spaulding was his most valuable teacher.", "In 1960, Spaulding wrote a paper in which he defined a dimensions as \"an aspect or property of the subject matter which requires its own special measuring device.\"", "The basic analytical measurements within archaeology consisted of space, time, and form.", "All archaeological inferences are attached to any of the three dimensions.", "The relation of form and time is a diachronic approach while the relation of space and form is a synchronic approach.", "Spaulding's understanding of the reality of all three dimensions can be considered a moment of clarity in the theory of archaeology.", "Anthropology has been torn between science and the humanities.", "Anthropology is restricted to the boundaries of the humanities while those studying archaeology, physical anthropology, and cultural anthropology argue that their fields are entitled scientific inquiries.", "His passion for the place of quantification in archaeology made him an ardent advocate of the former.", "He took this perspective with him to his director's chair at the National Science Foundation, which changed the way the agency viewed anthropology.", "As the agency came to realize the significance of their fieldwork, millions of dollars became available to anthropologists.", "Archaeology, archaeometry, biological anthropology, cultural anthropology, and linguistics are some of the scientific anthropology research supported by the National Science Foundation.", "President of the Michigan Archaeological Society, vice president of the Society for American Archaeology, and university fellow at Columbia University." ]

[ "Albert Clanton Spaulding", "Spaulding", "Albert Spaulding", "Spaulding", "Spaulding", "Spaulding", "Spaulding", "Spaulding", "Spaulding", "Spaulding", "Albert" ]

[ "Albert Clanton Spaulding", "Albert Spaulding", "Spaulding", "Spaulding", "Spaulding", "Spaulding", "Spaulding", "Spaulding" ]

[ "Stephen Thomas Fairchild (born June 21, 1958) is an American football coach and former player who is the head coach of the Alphas of The Spring League.", "He served as head football coach at Colorado State University from 2008 to 2011, compiling a record of 16–33.", "Early life\nFairchild was born in Decatur, Illinois.", "He graduated from Patrick Henry High School in San Diego, CA in 1976.", "Fairchild is a 1981 graduate of Colorado State, where he spent three seasons as a quarterback and earned All-WAC second-team honors behind BYU’s Jim McMahon.", "Fairchild also excelled in the classroom at Colorado State, earning first-team academic all-conference honors, the Merill Gheen Award for athletic and academic achievement and the NCAA District Athletic Achievement Award.", "He earned a bachelor of arts in economics from Colorado State and later a master of education from Azusa Pacific in 1983.", "Playing career\nFairchild initially attended and played football for San Diego Mesa College, where he was named an All-American.", "In 1978, he transferred to Colorado State University, where he played quarterback until 1980.", "He split playing time with Keith Lee for his first two seasons, and was red-shirted in 1979.", "In his final year playing with the team, he was the full-time starter and scored 15 touchdowns while throwing for 2,573 yards.", "Fairchild graduated from Colorado State University in 1980 with a degree in economics.", "Coaching career\n\nCollege\nAfter graduating from CSU, Fairchild returned to San Diego Mesa Community College where he held the head coaching job for a number of years.", "From 1986 through 1993, Fairchild held assistant coaching jobs at University of New Mexico and at San Diego State University.", "In 1993, he returned to Colorado State University, where he served as quarterbacks' coach until 1996, after which he was promoted to offensive coordinator.", "During his time as an assistant coach at Colorado State, the team won a total of five conference titles.", "In January 2013, Fairchild was hired by Mike London at the University of Virginia as offensive coordinator and quarterbacks coach.", "NFL\nIn 2001, Fairchild was hired by the Buffalo Bills to serve as running backs' coach.", "He left for the St. Louis Rams in 2003 where he served as an assistant offensive coordinator for three seasons, before returning to the Bills in 2006 for a season-and-a-half as the offensive coordinator.", "Fairchild returned to the NFL in 2012 and was with the San Diego Chargers as Senior Offensive Assistant/Special Assignments before moving to the University of Virginia in January 2013.", "The Spring League\nHe was a coach in The Spring League in 2017.", "Colorado State\nIn December 2007, Colorado State University announced that Fairchild would be returning to his alma mater to serve as head coach.", "Fairchild succeeded Sonny Lubick, under whom he had previously been an assistant.", "During Fairchild's tenure as an assistant, CSU had been a mid-major power, but upon his arrival their fortunes had slipped, as the program went 17–31 in Lubick's final four years.", "CSU surprised in its first year under Fairchild.", "After a 38–17 loss to Colorado in his debut, Fairchild won his first game with CSU, a home victory over Sacramento State 23–20 thanks to a Ben DeLine field goal.", "The Rams followed that up with a 28–25 win over Houston one week later.", "However, CSU would lose 5 of their next 7 games, including tight home losses to conference powers TCU (13–7) and BYU (45–42).", "CSU rallied to win their final two games, with their 31–20 victory at Wyoming securing their sixth win and a berth in the New Mexico Bowl.", "Underdogs to Fresno State, CSU won a 40–35 thriller for their first bowl victory since the 2001 New Orleans Bowl.", "The star of the game (and most of the season) was senior RB Gartrell Johnson, who ran for a career-high 285 yard and added 90 receiving yards.", "His 375 total yards were the most for one player in bowl history.", "He ran for two touchdowns, the final being a game winning 77-yard touchdown run in the fourth quarter.", "Johnson would be named first team all-MWC following the season.", "Fairchild became the first coach in CSU history to post a winning season in his first year with the program.", "Despite graduating Johnson and several other seniors, 2009 started much the way 2008 ended.", "The Rams opened the season September 6 at arch-rival Colorado.", "With a bevy of returning starters, and the game being played in Boulder for the final time (both schools had agreed to play the next decade's worth of games at Invesco Field at Mile High Stadium), the Buffs were heavy favorites.", "However, CSU led from start to finish, beating Colorado 23–17, marking their first victory at Folsom Field since 1986.", "Following home victories over Weber State and Nevada, the 3–0 Rams appeared headed to postseason yet again.", "However, the season would derail quickly.", "Following a 42–23 loss at ranked-BYU, the Rams dropped a 31–29 decision at Idaho followed by 24–17 home defeat to Utah.", "They were the first of four losses that would come by seven points or less.", "The Rams would not win another game for the rest of the season.", "A loss to previously winless New Mexico (29–27) assured CSU of a last place finish, and a 17–16 home defeat to Wyoming the day after thanksgiving not only cost the Rams the Bronze Boot (and their first home loss to Wyoming in 12 years), but made CSU just the 3rd team in Mountain West Conference history to go winless in conference play (Wyoming having done so in 2000 and 2001).", "In 2010, The Rams finished with an identical 3–9 record with their lone wins home victories over lowly Idaho, New Mexico and UNLV.", "Blowouts were frequent and the most embarrassing came in the season's final two games.", "On senior day the Rams were shelled by Brigham Young 49–10.", "The following week they concluded their season with a 44–0 drubbing by rival Wyoming in the Border War.", "Wyoming hadn't won a single conference game until that dominating win over Colorado State.", "It was hoped that Colorado State would begin to turn the corner in 2011, Fairchild's fourth year.", "Despite a 28–14 loss to rival Colorado, the Rams started 3–1 highlighted by a dramatic 35–34 comeback win in double overtime at Utah State on September 24.", "It would be CSU's final win.", "The following week CSU fell 38–31 to San Jose State on homecoming, the start of an 8-game losing streak.", "Fairchild was fired by new athletic director Jack Graham on December 4, 2011, one day after his Rams lost to the Wyoming Cowboys in the Border War.", "It was their third straight loss to Wyoming and the third straight time CSU finished their season 3–9.", "Alphas\nFairchild was named head coach of the Alphas of The Spring League on October 15, 2020.", "Head coaching record\n\nPersonal life\nFairchild is married to the former Nancy A. Kolstoe.", "They have two daughters: Lindsey and Jill.", "References\n\n1958 births\nLiving people\nAmerican football quarterbacks\nBuffalo Bills coaches\nColorado State Rams football coaches\nColorado State Rams football players\nNational Football League offensive coordinators\nNew Mexico Lobos football coaches\nSan Diego State Aztecs football coaches\nSt. Louis Rams coaches\nJunior college football coaches in the United States\nSportspeople from Decatur, Illinois\nThe Spring League coaches" ]

[ "The head coach of the Alphas of The Spring League is Stephen Thomas Fairchild, who was born June 21, 1958.", "He was the head football coach at Colorado State University from 2008 to 2011.", "He was born in Decatur, Illinois.", "He graduated from Patrick Henry High School in 1976.", "He earned All-WAC second-team honors behind Jim McMahon when he was a quarterback at Colorado State.", "At Colorado State, Fairchild excelled in the classroom, earning first-team academic all-conference honors, the Merill Gheen Award for athletic and academic achievement, and the NCAA District Athletic Achievement Award.", "He received a bachelor of arts in economics from Colorado State and a master of education from Azusa Pacific.", "After attending and playing football for San Diego Mesa College, he was named an All-American.", "He played quarterback for Colorado State University from 1978 to 1980.", "He was red-shirted in 1979 after he split playing time with another player.", "In his final year with the team, he was the full-time starter and scored 15 touchdown while throwing for 2,573 yards.", "He graduated from Colorado State University with a degree in economics.", "After graduating from CSU, he returned to San Diego Mesa Community College where he held the head coaching job for a number of years.", "At the University of New Mexico and San Diego State University, Fairchild was an assistant coach.", "He returned to Colorado State University in 1993 and was the quarterbacks' coach until 1996.", "He was an assistant coach at Colorado State and the team won five conference titles.", "Mike London was hired by the University of Virginia to be the offensive coordinator and quarterbacks coach.", "In 2001 he was hired by the Buffalo Bills to be their running backs' coach.", "He left for the Rams in 2003 and was an assistant for three seasons before returning to the Bills in 2006 as the offensive coordinator.", "After a brief stint in the National Football League in 2012 as Senior offensive assistant/special assignment, he moved to the University of Virginia in January 2013).", "He was a coach in The Spring League.", "In December 2007, Colorado State University announced that they had a new head coach.", "He had previously been an assistant to Sonny Lubick.", "The program went 17–31 in Lubick's final four years despite being a mid-major power.", "CSU was surprised in its first year.", "After a 38–17 loss to Colorado in his debut, Fairchild won his first game with CSU, a home victory over Sacramento State thanks to a Ben DeLine field goal.", "The Rams beat Houston 28–25 a week later.", "CSU would lose 5 of their next 7 games, including two close home losses to conference powers.", "The Rams won their final two games, including a 31–20 victory at Wyoming that secured their sixth win and a spot in the New Mexico Bowl.", "It was the first bowl victory for CSU since the 2001 New Orleans Bowl.", "Gartrell Johnson was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "His total yards were more than any other player in bowl history.", "The final touchdown was a 77-yard run in the fourth quarter.", "The first team all-MWC would be named after the season.", "In his first year as the coach of the program, he became the first coach in the history of the program to post a winning season.", "The way the year started was the same as 2008's.", "The Rams opened the season against Colorado.", "The game being played in Boulder for the final time and the fact that both schools had agreed to play the next decade's worth of games at Mile High Stadium made the Buffs heavy favorites.", "CSU beat Colorado 23–17, marking their first victory at the field since 1986.", "The 3–0 Rams appeared headed to the playoffs after victories over Weber State and Nevada.", "The season would end quickly.", "After a 42–23 loss at ranked-BYU, the Rams dropped a 31–29 decision at Idaho followed by a 24–17 home defeat to Utah.", "They were the first of four losses that were close.", "The Rams wouldn't win another game for the rest of the season.", "A loss to previously winless New Mexico assured CSU of a last place finish, and a 17–16 home defeat to Wyoming the day after Thanksgiving cost the Rams the Bronze Boot, making them just the 3rd team.", "In 2010, The Rams finished with an identical 3–9 record with their lone wins at home over Idaho, New Mexico and UNLV.", "The season's final two games were the most embarrassing.", "The Rams were defeated by Brigham Young on senior day.", "They ended their season with a 44–0 loss to Wyoming in the Border War.", "Wyoming won its first conference game against Colorado State.", "Colorado State was supposed to turn the corner in 2011.", "Despite a 28–14 loss to rival Colorado, the Rams started 3–1, highlighted by a dramatic 35–34 comeback win in double overtime at Utah State on September 24.", "It would be CSU's last win.", "The start of an 8-game losing streak was started by the 38–31 loss to San Jose State the following week.", "One day after his Rams lost to the Wyoming Cowboys in the Border War, Jack Graham fired him.", "They lost to Wyoming for the third straight time and finished their season with a 3–9 record.", "The head coach of the Alphas of The Spring League was named on October 15, 2020.", "Nancy A. Kolstoe is married to the former head coaching record holder.", "They have two daughters.", "The Buffalo Bills, Colorado State Rams, New Mexico Lobos, San Diego State Aztecs, and St. Louis Rams have football coaches." ]

[ "Stephen Thomas Fairchild", "Fairchild", "Fairchild", "Fairchild", "Fairchild", "Fairchild", "Fairchild", "Fairchild", "Fairchild", "Fairchild", "Fairchild", "Fairchild", "Fairchild", "Fairchild", "Fairchild", "Fairchild", "Fairchild", "Fairchild", "Fairchild", "Fairchild", "Fairchild" ]

[ "Stephen Thomas Fairchild", "Fairchild", "Fairchild", "Fairchild" ]

[ "Justin Bailey (born June 10, 1977) is an American former professional basketball player.", "He played college basketball for Hartford before playing overseas for 13 years as a professional in Europe, Australia, New Zealand, Mexico, Kazakhstan and Russia.", "High school career\nBailey was born in New Brunswick, New Jersey and grew up in nearby Piscataway, where he attended Piscataway Township High School, leading the school's basketball team to a 23–2 record and a Group IV state championship as a junior in 1993–94.", "College career\nBailey began his college career in 1995–96, joining the Hartford Hawks as a freshman.", "He averaged 12.1 points and 3.2 rebounds in 28 games in his first season, earning himself North Atlantic Conference All-Rookie Team honors.", "As a sophomore playing for the Hawks in 1996–97, Bailey was considered the team's super-sub after a preseason ankle injury moved him to the bench.", "In 28 games on the season, Bailey averaged 12.9 points and 3.3 rebounds per game.", "As a junior in 1997–98, Bailey earned first-team All-North Atlantic Conference honors after averaging 20.1 points and 5.0 rebounds in 27 games.", "In addition, he led the league in free throw percentage (83.8) and steals (2.19) in 1997–98.", "As co-captain his senior year in 1998–99, Bailey earned second-team All-America East Conference honors after averaging 20.1 points and 4.4 rebounds in 27 games.", "He scored 1,086 combined points as a junior and senior, and with his 20-point-per-game average both years, he became only the second player to do so in consecutive seasons in the Division I era.", "He finished his career third all-time in scoring (1,786 points) and is among Hartford's top ten in nine different career statistical categories.", "Included are the top spot in free throws made (501), free throw percentage (.831) and steals (218).", "In 2009, Bailey was inducted into Hartford's Athletics Hall of Fame.", "However, his stint lasted just two months, as he was released by the club on October 26 after appearing in just nine games.", "Over those nine games, he averaged 9.6 points, 2.8 rebounds, 2.9 assists and 1.7 steals in 21.8 minutes per game.", "The following year, Bailey moved to Portugal where he joined Belenenses for the 2000–01 season.", "On the season, he averaged 26.8 points, 3.8 rebounds and 5.9 assists per game.", "In January 2002, Bailey signed with Sacil HLB Pavia of Italy for the rest of the 2001–02 season.", "In 20 games for Pavia (17 regular season, 3 playoff), he averaged 9.4 points, 2.6 rebounds, 2.3 assists and 1.9 steals per game.", "Bailey had a three-year hiatus from basketball between May 2002 and March 2005.", "He returned to Portugal and joined FC Porto late in the 2004–05 season.", "In 9 regular season games for Porto, he averaged 8.4 points, 3.2 rebounds, 4.0 assists and 1.6 steals in 23.8 minutes per game.", "He also played in 7 playoff games for the club, averaging 12.6 points, 2.9 rebounds, 4.1 assists and 2.4 steals in 23.7 minutes per game.", "Australia and New Zealand\nOn July 31, 2006, Bailey signed with the West Sydney Razorbacks for the 2006–07 NBL season.", "During preseason, he suffered a knee strain in a freakish accident on a golf course.", "He subsequently missed the first two games of the regular season.", "In late December, he missed a two-game North Queensland road trip due to an ankle injury.", "He appeared in 29 of the Razorbacks' 33 games in 2006–07, averaging 14.9 points, 3.5 rebounds, 2.9 assists and 1.5 steals in 30.9 minutes per game.", "His efforts were in vain though as the Razorbacks finished the season in last place with a dismal 5–28 win/loss record.", "Following the conclusion of the Razorbacks' season, Bailey moved to New Zealand where he joined the Otago Nuggets for the 2007 New Zealand NBL season.", "The Nuggets, like the Razorbacks, finished last on the ladder with a 2–16 win/loss record.", "Bailey appeared in all 18 games for the Nuggets, averaging 23.9 points, 4.8 rebounds, 3.0 assists and 2.4 steals per game.", "Mexico and Kazakhstan\nBailey joined Correcaminos UAT Victoria in Mexico following his stint in New Zealand, but managed just four games for the club before departing in November 2007.", "He later moved to Kazakhstan and signed with the Astana Tigers for the rest of the 2007–08 season, helping the team win the Kazakhstani Cup and the Kazakhstani League championship.", "They won the League Finals series 3–1, with Bailey scoring 25 points in Game 1 of the best-of-five series.", "Russia and second New Zealand stint\nBailey spent the 2008–09 season in Russia playing for Sibirtelecom Lokomotiv Novosibirsk, averaging 11.5 points, 3.2 rebounds, 2.8 assists and 2.1 steals in 18 games.", "Following his stint in Russia, Bailey returned to New Zealand where he joined the Waikato Pistons for the 2009 New Zealand NBL season.", "He helped lead the Pistons back to the NBL Finals where they defeated the Nelson Giants 2–0, winning back-to-back championships for the second time in franchise history.", "Bailey earned Finals MVP honors after recording 32 points and six assists in Game 2.", "He appeared in all 19 games for the Pistons in 2009, averaging 19.5 points, 4.0 rebounds, 3.8 assists and 2.7 steals per game.", "Sweden\nIn January 2010, Bailey signed with the Sundsvall Dragons of Sweden for the rest of the 2009–10 season.", "In 16 games for Sundsvall, he averaged 6.3 points, 2.1 rebounds, 1.6 assists and 1.1 steals per game.", "Final season\nIn 2012, Bailey returned to New Zealand for one final season, this time joining the Harbour Heat.", "However, the season turned out to be much like the 2007 season with Otago, as the Heat finished the regular season in last place with a 3–13 win/loss record.", "Bailey was a bright spark for the team, winning Player of the Week honors for Round 10 after scoring a season-high 33 points on May 2 against the Manawatu Jets, and 18 points on May 5 also against the Jets.", "He appeared in all 16 games for the Heat in 2012, averaging 18.1 points, 3.4 rebounds, 3.9 assists and 2.1 steals per game.", "Post-playing career\nIn 2013, Bailey began teaching and coaching basketball at high schools in Florida.", "In 2016, Bailey returned to New Zealand and was appointed team manager of the New Zealand Breakers.", "In March 2017, Bailey was named in the Super City Rangers squad for the Northern Blitz tournament.", "He later became a teacher at Long Bay College in Auckland.", "In June 2020, Bailey was appointed an assistant coach for the Otago Nuggets' 2020 season.", "He helped guide the Nuggets to the championship.", "References\n\nExternal links\nJustin Bailey at proballers.com\nJustin Bailey at sports-reference.com\n\n1977 births\nLiving people\nAmerican expatriate basketball people in Australia\nAmerican expatriate basketball people in France\nAmerican expatriate basketball people in Italy\nAmerican expatriate basketball people in Kazakhstan\nAmerican expatriate basketball people in Mexico\nAmerican expatriate basketball people in New Zealand\nAmerican expatriate basketball people in Portugal\nAmerican expatriate basketball people in Russia\nAmerican expatriate basketball people in Sweden\nBasketball players from New Jersey\nCorrecaminos UAT Victoria players\nFC Porto basketball players\nGuards (basketball)\nHarbour Heat players\nHartford Hawks men's basketball players\nOtago Nuggets players\nPeople from Piscataway, New Jersey\nPiscataway High School alumni\nSportspeople from New Brunswick, New Jersey\nSundsvall Dragons players\nWaikato Pistons players\nWest Sydney Razorbacks players\nAmerican men's basketball players" ]

[ "The American is a former professional basketball player.", "He spent 13 years as a professional basketball player in Europe, Australia, New Zealand, Mexico, Kazakhstan and Russia.", "Bailey attended Piscataway Township High School in Piscataway, New Jersey, where as a junior he led the basketball team to a 23–2 record and a Group IV state championship.", "As a freshman, Bailey joined the Hartford Hawks.", "He was named to the North Atlantic Conference All-Freshman Team after he averaged 12.1 points and 3.2 rebound in 28 games.", "After a preseason ankle injury moved him to the bench, Bailey was considered the team's super-sub.", "Bailey averaged 12.9 points and 3.3 rebound per game in 28 games.", "Bailey earned first-team All-North Atlantic Conference honors as a junior after he averaged 20.1 points and 5.0 rebound in 27 games.", "In 1997–98, he led the league in free throw percentage and steals.", "Bailey earned second-team All-America East Conference honors after he averaged 20.1 points and 4.4 rebound in 27 games as a co-captain.", "He scored 1,086 combined points as a junior and senior, and with his 20-point-per-game average both years, he became only the second player to do so in consecutive seasons in the Division I era.", "He finished his career third all-time in scoring and is among the top ten in nine different career statistical categories.", "The top spots in free throws made, free throw percentage and steals are included.", "Bailey was in the Hall of Fame at Hartford.", "He was released by the club on October 26 after appearing in just nine games.", "He played in nine games and averaged 9.6 points, 2.8 rebound, 2.9 assists, and 1.7 steals in 21.8 minutes per game.", "Bailey joined Belenenses in the 2000–01) season after moving to Portugal the year before.", "He averaged 26.8 points, 3.8 Rebounds and 5.9 Assists per game.", "Bailey signed with Sacil HLB Pavia of Italy for the rest of the 2001–02 season.", "In 20 games for Pavia, he averaged 9.4 points, 2.6 rebound, 2.3 assists and 1.9 steals per game.", "There was a three-year hiatus from basketball for Bailey.", "He joined FC Porto late in the 2004–05 season after returning to Portugal.", "In 9 regular season games for Porto, he averaged 8.4 points, 3.2 rebound, 4.0 assists and 1.6 steals in 23.8 minutes per game.", "He played in 7 playoff games for the club and averaged 12.6 points, 2.9 rebound, 4.1 assists and 2.4 steals in 23.7 minutes per game.", "Bailey signed with the West Sydney Razorbacks for the 2006–07 NBL season.", "He injured his knee in a freak accident on a golf course.", "He missed the first two games of the season.", "He missed two games due to an ankle injury.", "He played in 29 of the Razorbacks' 33 games in 2006 and 2007, playing in 30.9 minutes per game.", "The Razorbacks finished the season in last place with a dismal 5–28 win/loss record.", "Bailey moved to New Zealand to play in the New Zealand NBL after the Razorbacks' season.", "The Razorbacks finished last on the ladder with a 2–16 win/loss record.", "Bailey played in all 18 games for the Nuggets, and he averaged 23.9 points, 4.8 rebound, 3.0 assists, and 2.4 steals per game.", "After spending time in New Zealand, Bailey joined CorreCAMinos UAT Victoria in Mexico, but only managed four games before leaving in November 2007.", "He was a part of the team that won the Kazakhstani Cup and the Kazakhstani League championship for the rest of the season.", "Bailey scored 25 points in the first game of the League Finals.", "Bailey spent the 2008–09 season in Russia playing for Sibirtelecom Lokomotiv Novosibirsk, where he averaged 11.5 points, 3.2 rebound, 2.8 assists and 2.1 steals in 18 games.", "After spending time in Russia, Bailey returned to New Zealand and joined the Waikato Pistons in the New Zealand NBL.", "The Pistons won back-to-back titles in the NBL after defeating the Nelson Giants 2–0 in the finals.", "In the second game, Bailey recorded 32 points and six assists.", "He played in 19 games for the Pistons in 2009, and averaged 19.5 points, 4.0 rebound, 3.8 assists and 2.7 steals per game.", "The Sundsvall Dragons of Sweden signed Bailey in January of 2010 for the rest of the season.", "In 16 games for Sundsvall, he averaged 6.3 points, 2.1 rebound, 1.6 assists and 1.1 steals per game.", "In 2012 Bailey returned to New Zealand and joined the Harbour Heat.", "The Heat finished last in the regular season with a 3–13 win/loss record, just like in 2007, when they finished last with a 3–13 win/loss record.", "Bailey was a bright spark for the team, winning Player of the Week honors for Round 10 after scoring a season-high 33 points on May 2 against the Manawatu Jets, and 18 points on May 5 also against the Jets.", "He played in all 16 games for the Heat in 2012 and averaged 18.1 points, 3.4 rebound, 3.9 assists and 2.1 steals per game.", "Bailey started teaching and coaching basketball at high schools in Florida.", "Bailey returned to New Zealand in 2016 and became the team manager of the New Zealand Breakers.", "Bailey was a member of the Super City Rangers squad.", "He was a teacher at Long Bay College.", "Bailey was appointed an assistant coach for the 2020 season.", "He helped guide the team.", "There are links to external links at proballers.com and sports-reference.com." ]

[ "Justin Bailey", "Bailey", "Bailey", "Bailey", "Bailey", "Bailey", "Bailey", "Bailey", "Bailey", "Bailey", "Bailey", "Bailey", "Bailey", "Bailey", "Bailey", "Bailey", "Bailey", "Bailey", "Bailey", "Bailey", "Bailey", "Bailey", "Bailey", "Bailey", "Bailey", "Bailey", "Justin Bailey", "Justin Bailey" ]

[ "Bailey", "Bailey", "Bailey", "Bailey", "Bailey", "Bailey", "Bailey", "Bailey", "Bailey", "Bailey", "Bailey", "Bailey", "Bailey", "Bailey", "Bailey", "Bailey", "Bailey", "Bailey", "Bailey", "Bailey", "Bailey", "Bailey", "Bailey", "Bailey", "Bailey" ]

[ "Miles Rutherford Browning (April 10, 1897 – September 29, 1954) was an officer in the United States Navy in the Atlantic during World War I and in the Pacific during World War II.", "A pioneer in the development of aircraft carrier combat operations concepts, he is noted for his aggressive aerial warfare tactics as a captain on the during World War II.", "His citation for the Distinguished Service Medal states: \"His judicious planning and brilliant execution was largely responsible for the rout of the enemy Japanese fleet in the Battle of Midway.\"", "Early life\nMiles Browning was born in Perth Amboy, New Jersey, the son of Sarah Louise (née Smith) and New York City stockbroker Oren Fogle Browning, Jr.", "He attended public schools before his appointment to the U.S.", "Naval Academy, Annapolis, in 1914.", "He graduated early, commissioned Ensign with the Class of 1918 on June 29, 1917.", "Career\nFollowing graduation, Browning briefly served on the , a battleship of the U.S. Atlantic Fleet.", "From February, 1918 he then had duty in connection with fitting out the battleship .", "In June 1918, he joined the French cruiser Lutetia, and was an observer aboard while she operated with Cruiser Force, Atlantic Fleet, through the end of the war.", "Following the war Browning spent four consecutive years afloat, serving on the battleship (flagship of the Atlantic Fleet), the destroyer , and as Engineer Officer of , and later (destroyers operating with the U.S. Pacific Fleet).", "Lieutenant Browning joined in 1920, serving as executive officer until transferred a year later to similar duty as XO of .", "In January 1924, Browning reported to Naval Air Station Pensacola for flight training.", "He showed exceptional skill in the cockpit, but also exhibited a \"wild streak\" which struck his squadron mates as \"potentially dangerous.\"", "Designated Naval Aviator on September 29, 1924, he became one of America's earliest navy combat pilots, joining , America's first aircraft carrier, which had been converted from the collier (whose sister ships, and , vanished without a trace in the Bermuda Triangle area).", "From January 1925 until May 1927, Browning was assigned to Observation Squadron 2, attached first to the minelayer , later to the battleship .", "Advanced to Operations Officer, he served for two years at Naval Station Norfolk, Virginia.", "Promoted to Naval Flight Officer, he was assigned his first command in July 1929: Scouting Squadron 5S, the aviation unit of the light cruiser .", "During that time he performed additional duty on the staff of the commander of Light Cruiser Division Two of the Scouting Fleet (USS Trenton, flagship).", "As an early combat aviator, Browning helped develop and implement fighter aircraft tactics and strategy; he also helped shape how naval warplanes were designed and built.", "In July 1931, he reported to the Bureau of Aeronautics to serve in the Material Division (Design), and spent the next three years helping to design and test combat aircraft.", "As a test pilot, he crashed a plane in 1932 and was laid up in a San Diego naval hospital.", "The monoplane fighters which Browning and others piloted went through numerous upgrades in both structure and function, every design change hotly debated by men whose very lives were at stake.", "Browning was part of the group of \"progressives\" that pushed for development of a high-performance fighter, with maneuverability secondary to speed.", "These men felt that a true fighter had to be fast enough to quickly overtake and shoot down enemy planes.", "Unfortunately for Browning and the other progressive thinkers, the Bureau of Aeronautics continued to emphasize maneuverability, climb, and flight ceiling at the expense of speed and other characteristics that the progressives argued were more important.", "If the bureau had been more receptive to the emphasis on speed, the United States might have entered World War II with a more advanced high-performance fighter.", "In June 1934, Browning was given command of Fighting Squadron 3B, based on the USS Langley and later on , the first American warship built from the keel up as an aircraft carrier.", "He served in that capacity until June 1936, when he reported to the Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island, for postgraduate studies with additional duty at the Naval Torpedo Station there.", "Upon completion of his junior year, he became one of the first naval instructors at the Air Corps Tactical School at Maxwell Field in 1937, training a new generation of fighter pilots while continuing his advanced studies in combat theory, national security policy, airborne command and control and joint military operations.", "Browning laid out his tactical logic in a 13-page, single-spaced, typewritten memorandum on carrier warfare prepared at the Naval War College in 1936, the year that Nazi Germany allied with Fascist Italy and Imperial Japan.", "Browning's essay briefly noted the vulnerability of carriers during the aircraft re-arming process, which he later successfully exploited during the Battle of Midway.", "After completing his academic work, Browning was appointed to Admiral William F. Halsey's staff in the new billet of Air Tactical Officer.", "In June 1938, he joined the United States' second new aircraft carrier, , to serve as commander of Yorktowns carrier air wing.", "Browning personally developed and organized the Fleet Aircraft Tactical Unit based on Yorktown, and commanded it for two additional years.", "When Halsey became the commander of Air Battle Forces two years later, Browning remained on his staff as Operations and War Plans Officer and became Halsey's Chief of staff in June 1941.", "From the onset of U.S. involvement in World War II, Browning provided tactical counsel to Halsey from the bridge of the flagship .", "As war loomed on the horizon, Halsey had Browning prepare the crew of Enterprise and her aircraft squadrons.", "They were en route to Hawaii after delivering a doomed Marine Corps fighter squadron to Wake Island when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor.", "USS Enterprise scout bombers arrived over Pearl during the attack, and immediately went into action in defense of the naval base.", "Six of them were shot down.", "The carrier reached the devastated harbor just after the attack, and put to sea again early the next morning to patrol against any additional threats to the Hawaiian Islands.", "(Enterprise planes sank a Japanese submarine on December 10, 1941, three days into the war.)", "With the United States Pacific Fleet nearly destroyed, USS Enterprise and her battle group took up forward defensive positions west of Hawaii.", "Eight of the fleet's nine battleships had been trapped in the harbor, four of them sunk and four heavily damaged, along with three of the fleet's eight cruisers present during the dawn attack.", "With her battleship force crippled, defense against further attacks on the United States and her territories was left to her three aircraft carriers stationed in the Pacific: Enterprise, and the converted battlecruisers and .", "Designated flagship of the Pacific Fleet, Enterprise sailed in January 1942 to protect American convoys reinforcing Samoa.", "Soon, though, under the aggressive leadership of Halsey and Browning, Enterprise took up the offensive.", "In February and March 1942, Browning directed numerous daring air raids on Japanese bases at Kwajalein, Wotje, and Maloelap in the Marshall Islands, and blasted enemy installations in the Gilbert Islands, Marcus Island, and Wake Island.", "Halsey gave credit for much of his own remarkable military success to his chief of staff, and recommended Commander Browning for a spot promotion to the rank of captain.", "So dramatic were Browning's air raids on Japanese island bases that Life magazine dubbed him \"America's mastermind in aerial warfare.\"", "Browning's promotion was approved by CINCPAC that April following the \"Doolittle Raid\", in which Browning himself played a role in both planning and executing.", "Dubbed \"Jimmy Doolittle's Raid\" by the American press, the daring scheme launched 16 Army Air Forces long-range bombers, led by Lt. Col. James H. Doolittle, from the deck of the carrier , with Enterprise providing combat air support.", "The squadron dropped bombs on Tokyo and other Japanese cities on April 18, 1942, completely surprising the Japanese and giving the beleaguered American troops and public a much-needed boost in morale.", "Midway\n\nHalsey suffered a severe attack of dermatitis on the Enterprise on the way back from the successful Doolittle bombing.", "Rear Admiral Raymond A. Spruance, Halsey's hand-picked successor, inherited Browning and his staff just prior to the Battle of Midway.", "Spruance, who had commanded only a cruiser division since the beginning of the war, was concerned about leading a carrier group because he had no prior aviation or carrier experience.", "Halsey reassured him, telling Spruance to rely on his battle-hardened staff, especially Browning.", "Unfortunately, Browning had an abrasive personality and Spruance found it difficult to get along with his chief of staff during and after Midway.", "Military historian Samuel Eliot Morison referred to Browning as \"one of the most irascible officers ever to earn a fourth stripe, but he was a man with a slide-rule brain.\"", "Others said he had a \"calculator brain\" and \"a superintellect that evoked praise – often begrudging – from his superiors.\"", "Browning is commonly described as \"crusty and brawling,\" clever, daring, exceptionally aggressive and uncontrollable.", "He was by no means a deft social mixer.", "He was willful, arrogant, a hard drinker, and violently tempered.", "Despite his unpopularity, he was respected as a brilliant tactical officer.", "Midway would be a critical battle for the United States and its allies, one that all parties knew might very well determine the outcome of the war in the Pacific.", "After the devastation of its battleships at Pearl Harbor six months earlier, the U.S. Navy was forced to place all its hopes on a small aircraft carrier force that was dwarfed by the strength of Japan's Combined Fleet.", "As chief of staff for Task Force 16, Browning was charged with supporting Rear Admiral Spruance during the impending battle as the Imperial Japanese Navy, undefeated for over 350 years, bore down on Midway Island.", "American intelligence had decoded Japanese messages and knew roughly where the Combined Fleet would be headed.", "Although unaware of that breach in its radio security, the Japanese Navy changed its codes out of protocol while under sail for the strategically crucial U.S. airbase at Midway.", "The Imperial Fleet, under Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, knew that it would meet resistance.", "The intention was to draw whatever was left of the American fleet into a battle wherein any remaining U.S. naval warships could be destroyed.", "Yamamoto's second-in-command, Vice Admiral Chuichi Nagumo, the hero of Pearl Harbor, was so confident in the plan that he failed to anticipate carrier-based aerial attacks from any of America's remaining carriers, and presumed that the heavily damaged Yorktown had been sunk during the Battle of the Coral Sea.", "Some accounts credit Browning's tactical genius and carrier operations experience with winning the battle of Midway.", "Spruance wanted to wait to launch fighter aircraft until the Japanese ships were within .", "Browning, however, had deduced that the Japanese would commit to another strike on Midway Island and that he could catch them off guard.", "By ordering Enterprises aircraft to attack the Japanese task force on sight while the Japanese planes were committed to fueling and rearming operations on deck, Browning caught the Japanese ships without adequate protection and was able to sink all four of Japan's big carriers, as he had predicted in his 1936 tactical thesis.", "Guadalcanal\n\nBrowning, unfortunately, was a man of tremendous contradictions.", "At his moment of triumph, in the summer of 1942, he had an affair with the wife of a fellow officer, Commander Francis Massie Hughes.", "That breach of the Navy's sacred code for an officer, combined with his drinking and unstable temperament, would eventually derail his career and lead later chroniclers to virtually write him out of military history.", "Despite this damaging personal incident, Browning resumed combat duties in October 1942, when Halsey was given command of the South Pacific theater, where Allied fortunes had turned for the worse.", "Browning's sage tactical advice helped Halsey to execute the command miracle in the Solomon Islands that reversed the declining situation in that war-swept region.", "Like Midway, the Guadalcanal Campaign was another critical \"turning point\" in the Pacific war.", "The first major offensive by combined Allied forces against Japanese-held territory, it was a desperate ongoing sea, air, and ground campaign requiring continual, almost daily, aircraft actions orchestrated by Browning.", "Repeated Japanese counterstrikes were repelled while the entire South Pacific Force – including U.S and Allied army, navy and marine forces – was run by Halsey, Browning, a handful of staff officers and some fifty bluejackets.", "Their tactics, and the sacrifices of thousands of soldiers, sailors and marines under their command, resulted in the historic naval victory at Guadalcanal in early November 1942.", "Again, Halsey gave Browning credit for his success.", "In a New Year's Day 1943 letter to Admiral Nimitz (CINCPAC) concerning Browning's precarious career situation, Halsey wrote, \"Miles has an uncanny knack of sizing up a situation and coming out with an answer.\"", "Admitting that his chief of staff was \"decidedly temperamental\", Halsey begged Nimitz not to break up \"this partnership\" between himself and Browning, writing, \"I am almost superstitious about it.\"", "Several days later, however, Browning antagonized visiting Secretary of the Navy Frank Knox, earning himself another powerful enemy who then replaced Browning over Halsey's objections.", "Admiral Ernest King, Chief of Naval Operations and Commander-in-Chief, United States Fleet, and another old enemy, concurred.", "Halsey instead pushed for a promotion to Commodore for Browning.", "In March 1943, Browning married Jane Matthews, the woman with whom he had the 1942 affair; she was his fourth and last wife.", "Browning was detached from Halsey's staff in July 1943 to become the commanding officer of the new , the namesake of the , lost in October 1942 at the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands.", "During his tenure of command, took part in massive aerial raids against Japanese bases in the Pacific, including Palau, Truk, and Ponape, and provided carrier-launched air support during the Allied invasion of New Guinea and the Jayapura operation.", "Banishment\nIn the spring of 1944, during a nighttime showing of a film on Hornet's hangar deck, someone discharged a CO2 canister and triggered a stampede.", "In the chaos, two sailors fell overboard; one of them drowned.", "By this time, Browning had alienated several of his superiors, including Admirals Joseph J. Clark and Marc Mitscher, who were waiting for Browning to make a misstep after numerous mistakes in ship-handling and general insubordination.", "He was also generally hated by his subordinates, in particular, the pilots, who held him responsible for numerous crashes as he enforced an unrealistically short take-off distance for the Curtiss SB2C Helldiver based on the theoretical claims of the manufacturer, instead of the practical experience of the pilots.", "When Browning refused to have a boat lowered to rescue the drowning sailors, despite Admiral Clark's recommendation that he do so, a board of investigation was ordered, which criticized Browning's command.", "The ensuing ruin of his career, \"one of the great wastes to the American prosecution of the war,\" resulted from nothing to do with combat.", "Browning was removed from command of Hornet in May 1944 and reassigned to the Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, where he taught carrier battle tactics during the final months of the war.", "Halsey was given command of the carrier-oriented Third Fleet during 1944–1945, but with his old chief of staff tossed onto the beach, he made grave mistakes that Browning might well have been able to help prevent.", "Browning toured Japan in 1949, and stated that radiation damage from the atomic bombs was a \"myth\".", "He pointed to gardens and a number of tall chimneys left standing in Hiroshima and Nagasaki as proof that there were no long-term effects of the blasts.", "Browning retired from active duty on January 1, 1947, and was retroactively promoted to rear admiral (upper half).", "He was appointed New Hampshire's Civil Defense Director in 1950, where he devised a plan wherein 500,000 displaced residents of Boston could be housed in New Hampshire private homes in the event of disaster.", "Browning resigned from this post in 1952.", "On September 29, 1954, Browning died of systemic lupus erythematosus at Chelsea Naval Hospital in Boston.", "He was buried on October 6, 1954, at Arlington National Cemetery.", "Fictional portrayals\nIn the 1976 film Midway, Browning was portrayed by actor Biff McGuire.", "In the 1988 TV-mini series War and Remembrance, Episode 3, Browning was portrayed by actor Michael McGuire.", "In the 2019 film Dauntless: The Battle of Midway, Browning was portrayed by actor C. Thomas Howell.", "Awards and decorations\n  Navy Distinguished Service Medal\n  Silver Star\n  World War I Victory Medal with Atlantic Fleet Clasp \n  American Defense Service Medal with Fleet Clasp\n  American Campaign Medal\n  Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with Silver and Bronze Engagement Stars\n  World War II Victory Medal\nPresidential Unit Citation, USS Enterprise\nPresidential Unit Citation, USS Hornet\nNaval Aviator Badge\nNaval Flight Officer Badge\n\nPersonal life\nOn May 20, 1922, Browning married San Francisco socialite Cathalene Isabella Parker, stepdaughter of Vice Admiral Clark H. Woodward.", "From 1922 to January 1924, Browning served as Senior Patrol Officer on the cruiser USS Charleston and the destroyer , operating out of Naval Station San Diego.", "During that time, his only daughter, Cathalene Parker Browning, was born in San Diego (her son is the American comedian Chevy Chase).", "See also\n\nHistory of United States Naval Operations in World War II\nMariana and Palau Islands campaign\nMidway order of battle\nPacific War\nPacific Theater of Operations\nThe Two-Ocean War\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nNaval Historical Center - Battle of Midway\nNaval Historical Center - Naval Aviation in the Pacific (PDF file)\nNaval Historical Center - USS Hornet (CV-12)\n\n1897 births\n1954 deaths\nPeople from Perth Amboy, New Jersey\nUnited States Naval Academy alumni\nNaval War College alumni\nUnited States Naval Aviators\nUnited States Navy rear admirals (upper half)\nUnited States Navy personnel of World War I\nUnited States Navy World War II admirals\nBattle of Midway\nBurials at Arlington National Cemetery\nRecipients of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal\nRecipients of the Silver Star\nDeaths from lupus\nUnited States Army Command and General Staff College faculty\nMilitary personnel from New Jersey" ]

[ "During World War I and World War II, Browning was an officer in the United States Navy in the Atlantic and Pacific.", "He is known for his aggressive aerial warfare tactics as a captain during World War II.", "His plan to destroy the Japanese fleet in the Battle of Midway earned him a distinguished service medal.", "The son of Oren Fogle Browning, Jr. and Sarah Louise Smith was born in Perth Amboy, New Jersey.", "Before he was appointed to the U.S., he attended public schools.", "The Naval Academy was founded in 1914.", "He was commissioned with the Class of 1918 on June 29, 1917.", "Browning served on a battleship in the U.S. Atlantic Fleet.", "He had to fit out the battleship in February of 1918.", "He was an observer on the French cruiser Lutetia while she operated with the Atlantic Fleet through the end of the war.", "After the war, Browning served on the battleship, destroyer, and destroyers of the Pacific Fleet.", "Lieutenant Browning was the executive officer until he was transferred to the same position as the XO.", "Browning reported to the Naval Air Station for flight training in January 1924.", "He showed exceptional skill in the cockpit, but also exhibited a \"wild streak\" which struck his squadron mates as potentially dangerous.", "He joined America's first aircraft carrier, which had been converted from the collier, and became one of America's earliest navy combat pilots.", "From January 1925 until May 1927, Browning was attached to Observation Squadron 2, attached first to the minelayer and later to the battleship.", "He was an operations officer for two years.", "In July 1929, he was assigned to Scouting Squadron 5S, the aviation unit of the light cruiser, after being promoted to Naval Flight Officer.", "He performed additional duty on the staff of the commander of Light Cruiser Division Two of the Scouting Fleet.", "Browning helped develop and implement fighter aircraft tactics and strategy and helped shape how naval warplanes were designed and built.", "He spent the next three years helping to design and test combat aircraft after reporting to the Bureau of Aeronautics in July 1931.", "He was laid up in a San Diego naval hospital after crashing a plane as a test pilot.", "The monoplane fighters which Browning and others piloted went through numerous upgrades in both structure and function, every design change was debated by men whose lives were at stake.", "Browning was part of a group that pushed for the development of a high- performance fighter.", "The men felt that a fighter had to be fast enough to shoot down enemy planes.", "The Bureau of Aeronautics continued to emphasize maneuverability, climb, and flight ceiling at the expense of speed and other characteristics that the progressives argued were more important.", "The United States might have entered World War II with a more advanced fighter if the bureau had been more receptive to the emphasis on speed.", "In June 1934, Browning was given command of Fighting Squadron 3B, the first American ship built from the ground up as an aircraft carrier.", "He went to the Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island for postgraduate studies in 1936 after serving in that capacity.", "He became one of the first naval instructors at the Air Corps Tactical School in 1937, training a new generation of fighter pilots while continuing his advanced studies in combat theory, national security policy, airborne command and control and joint military operations.", "In 1936, the year that Nazi Germany allied with Fascist Italy and Imperial Japan, Browning wrote a 13-page memo on carrier warfare at the Naval War College.", "During the Battle of Midway, Browning successfully exploited the vulnerability of carriers during the aircraft re-arming process.", "Browning was appointed to the Air Tactical Officer's staff after completing his academic work.", "He became commander of the carrier air wing in June of 1938.", "The Fleet Aircraft Tactical Unit was created by Browning and he commanded it for two more years.", "In June 1941, Browning became the Chief of staff for Halsey, two years after he became the commander of Air Battle Forces.", "From the bridge of the flagship, Browning provided tactical counsel to Halsey.", "As war approached, Browning prepared the crew of the aircraft squadrons.", "When the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor, they were on their way to Hawaii.", "The scout bomber arrived over Pearl and immediately went into action in defense of the naval base.", "Six of them were shot.", "The carrier reached the devastated harbor just after the attack, and was put to sea again early the next morning to patrol against any additional threats to the Hawaiian Islands.", "Three days into the war, a Japanese submarine was sunk by enterprise planes.", "With the United States Pacific Fleet almost destroyed, the battle group of the flagship ship took up defensive positions west of Hawaii.", "Four of the fleet's nine battleships were sunk and three of the fleet's eight cruisers were damaged during the dawn attack on the harbor.", "With her battleship force crippled, defense against further attacks on the United States and her territories was left to her three aircraft carriers stationed in the Pacific.", "In January 1942, the flagship of the Pacific Fleet, Enterprise, sailed to protect American convoys.", "Under the leadership of Browning and Halsey, the enterprise took up the offensive.", "In February and March 1942, Browning directed daring air raids on Japanese bases in the Marshall Islands, and blasted enemy installations in the Gilbert Islands, Marcus Island, and Wake Island.", "Commander Browning was recommended for a spot promotion to the rank of captain by Halsey, who gave credit for much of his own remarkable military success to his chief of staff.", "Life magazine dubbed Browning \"America's mastermind in aerial warfare\" because of his dramatic air raids on Japanese island bases.", "Following the \"Doolittle Raid\", Browning was promoted and he played a role in both planning and executing.", "The 16 Army Air Force long-range bombers were launched from the deck of the carrier.", "On April 18, 1942, the squadron dropped bombs on Tokyo and other Japanese cities, completely surprising the Japanese and giving the American troops and public a much-needed boost of confidence.", "Midway Halsey had a severe attack of skin problems on the way back from the bombing.", "Before the Battle of Midway, Rear Admiral Raymond A. Spruance took over Browning and his staff.", "Spruance, who had commanded only a cruiser division since the beginning of the war, was concerned about leading a carrier group because he had no prior aviation or carrier experience.", "Halsey told Spruance to rely on his staff, especially Browning.", "Spruance found it difficult to get along with his chief of staff because of Browning's abrasive personality.", "Browning was one of the most irascible officers ever to earn a fourth stripe, but he was a man with a slide-rule brain.", "Others said he had a \"superintellect\" that evoked praise from his superiors.", "Browning is often described as \"crusty and brawling.\"", "He was not a good social mixer.", "He was a hard drinker and violent.", "He was respected as a brilliant tactical officer despite his unpopularity.", "The outcome of the war in the Pacific could very well be determined by Midway, a crucial battle for the United States and its allies.", "The U.S. Navy was forced to place all its hopes on a small aircraft carrier force that was dwarfed by the strength of Japan's Combined Fleet.", "As chief of staff for Task Force 16, Browning was charged with supporting Rear Admiral Spruance during the impending battle as the Imperial Japanese Navy, without a loss in over 350 years, bore down on Midway Island.", "The American intelligence knew where the Combined Fleet would go.", "The Japanese Navy changed its codes out of the blue while on its way to the U.S. air base at Midway.", "The Imperial Fleet was aware that it would face resistance.", "The plan was to destroy any remaining U.S. naval warships in order to draw whatever was left of the American fleet into a battle.", "The hero of Pearl Harbor, Vice Admiral Chuichi Nagumo, was so confident in the plan that he failed to anticipate carrier-based aerial attacks from any of America's remaining carriers.", "Browning's tactical genius and carrier operations experience helped him win the battle of Midway.", "Spruance wanted to wait until the Japanese ships arrived.", "He deduced that the Japanese would commit to another strike on Midway Island and that he could catch them off guard.", "Browning had predicted in his 1936 tactical thesis that he would be able to sink all four of Japan's big carriers by attacking the Japanese task force on sight while the Japanese planes were committed to fueling and rearming operations on deck.", "Guadalcanal Browning was a man of many contradictions.", "In the summer of 1942, he had an affair with the wife of a fellow officer, Commander Francis Massie Hughes.", "Later chroniclers would write him out of military history due to the breeches of the Navy's sacred code for an officer and his drinking and unstable temperament.", "Despite this damaging personal incident, Browning resumed combat duties in October 1942, when Halsey was given command of the South Pacific theater, where Allied fortunes had turned for the worse.", "The command miracle in the Solomon Islands was executed thanks to Browning's advice.", "The Guadalcanal Campaign was a turning point in the Pacific war.", "The first major offensive by Allied forces against Japanese-held territory was a desperate ongoing sea, air, and ground campaign requiring continual, almost daily, aircraft actions orchestrated by Browning.", "The entire South Pacific Force, including the U.S and Allied army, navy and marine forces, was run by Halsey, Browning, a handful of staff officers and fifty bluejackets.", "Their tactics and the sacrifice of thousands of soldiers, sailors and marines under their command resulted in the historic naval victory at Guadalcanal in early November 1942.", "Browning was given credit for his success again.", "In 1943, on New Year's Day, Halsey wrote a letter to the admiral about Browning's precarious career situation.", "\"I am almost superstitious about this partnership between myself and Browning because of my chief of staff's quirks,\" wrote Halsey in a letter to Nimitz.", "Browning was replaced by another powerful enemy after he antagonized the Secretary of the Navy.", "The Chief of Naval Operations and Commander-in-Chief of the United States Fleet agreed.", "He wanted a promotion to Commodore for Browning.", "Jane Matthews was Browning's fourth and last wife and the woman he had an affair with in 1942.", "The new, the name of which was lost in October 1942 at the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands, was taken over by Browning in July 1943.", "During his tenure of command, he took part in massive aerial raids against Japanese bases in the Pacific, including Palau, Truk, and Ponape, and provided carrier-launched air support during the Allied invasion of New Zealand.", "In the spring of 1944, someone discharged a CO2 canister during a film showing on Hornet's hangar deck.", "Two sailors fell into the water, one of them drowned.", "Several of Browning's superiors were waiting for him to make a mistake after numerous mistakes in ship-handling and general insubordination.", "He was hated by his subordinates because they held him responsible for crashes because he enforced unrealistically short take-off distances for the Helldiver based on the manufacturer's claims.", "The board of investigation criticized Browning's command after he refused to have a boat lowered to rescue the sailors.", "The ruin of his career was caused by nothing to do with combat.", "During the final months of the war, Browning taught carrier battle tactics at the Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, after he was removed from command of Hornet.", "With his old chief of staff tossed onto the beach, Halsey made grave mistakes that could have been prevented, but he was given command of the Third Fleet.", "In 1949, Browning stated that radiation damage from the atomic bombs was a myth.", "He pointed to gardens and tall chimneys left in Nagasaki and Hiroshima as proof that there were no long-term effects of the blasts.", "On January 1, 1947, Browning retired from active duty and was promoted to rear admiral.", "He was appointed New Hampshire's Civil Defense Director in 1950 and came up with a plan to house half a million Bostonians in New Hampshire in the event of a disaster.", "Browning left this post in 1952.", "On September 29, 1954, Browning died of systemic lupus erythematosus.", "He was buried in Arlington National Cemetery.", "Biff McGuire played Browning in the 1976 film Midway.", "In the 1988 TV-mini series War and Remembrance, Episode 3, Browning was portrayed by actor Michael McGuire.", "C. Thomas Howell played Browning in the film Dauntless: The Battle of Midway.", "American Defense Service Medal with Fleet Clasp American Campaign Medal with Silver and Bronze Engagement Stars World War II Victory Medal Presidential Unit Citation are some of the awards and decorations.", "From 1922 to January 1924, Browning was the Senior Patrol Officer on the cruiser and destroyer, operating out of Naval Station San Diego.", "His only child was born in San Diego and is the son of Chevy Chase.", "The Two- Ocean War References External links Naval Historical Center - Battle of Midway Naval Historical Center - Naval Aviation in the Pacific" ]

[ "Miles Rutherford Browning", "Miles Browning", "Oren Fogle Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Miles", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Parker Browning" ]

[ "Browning", "Oren Fogle Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning", "Browning" ]

[ "Peter Orris (born 1945 in Los Angeles, California) is an American political activist, Medical Doctor and Professor and Chief of Occupational and Environmental Medicine at the University of Illinois at Chicago Hospital and Health Sciences System.", "Raised in New York City by his parents, Trudy and Leo Orris, Orris was involved with the civil rights movement from age eleven.", "While known for his work in the field of medicine, Orris is also known for his work in the Civil Rights Movement.", "American Civil Rights Movement \n\nRaised by Trudy and Leo Orris, Orris was involved in several aspects of the Civil Rights Movement during his youth.", "His first activism within the Civil Rights Movement started at age eleven, where he participated in the Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom, a nonviolent march which recognized the Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court's decision, making segregation in schools illegal.", "As a child, Orris also participated in a political activist group called Students for a Sane Nuclear Policy in order to protest atom bomb testing.", "In eight grade, Orris participated in the first Youth March for Integrated Schools.", "In ninth grade, Orris organized a bus that took students from his high school to the second Youth March for Intergraded Schools in 1957.", "Later in high school, Orris would become an intern for the National Headquarters of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom.", "While studying biology at Harvard University, Orris continued to be a political activist with several organizations fighting for civil rights, including Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, the school's socialist club, Students for a Democratic Society (in which he was a leader) and the Civil Rights Coordinating Committee Orris was a master of ceremonies for a conference in Chicago which focused on resisting the draft for the Vietnam War.", "While a freshman in college, Orris participated in Freedom Summer in Holmes County, Mississippi.", "Orris was the second youngest volunteer with the Freedom Summer coordinated in large part by the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC).", "Orris went through two weeks of training in Oxford, Ohio, immediately after the murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner.", "Orris was trained by civil rights leaders such as Bob Moses.", "Once in Holmes County, Mississippi, Orris focused on voter registration campaigns.", "Orris brought walkie talkies down to Mississippi with him as a means of communication with his fellow SNCC workers in rural Mississippi, unbeknownst to SNCC headquarters.", "After SNCC found out this was effective, Orris worked with an engineer on behalf of SNCC to install two-way radios in all SNCC cars and in farms which had no other means of communication.", "They installed 50 radio communication devices while in Mississippi.", "Despite ongoing violence within the region, no communicators were broken, and no full-time SNCC staff members in Mississippi were killed that summer.", "While working in Freedom Summer, Orris was arrested for his work in the Civil Rights Movement, and was held in jail for ten days in a LeFlore County, Mississippi jail; charges included disturbing the peace and picketing at a courthouse.", "While in jail, he planned and staged a hunger strike for four or five days.", "Orris also participated in the Democratic National Convention where he and Fannie Lou Hamer, Unita Blackwell, Ed King, Victoria Gray Adams and Aaron Henry staged a sit in at the Democratic National Convention in hopes to receive delegate seats on behalf of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party.", "While unsuccessful, the sit in done by the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party left longstanding impacts on the civil rights movement.", "Current activism \nOrris is a proponent for single-payer healthcare.", "In Chicago, Orris called for the Chicago Medical Society to study the creation of single-payer healthcare plans.", "In 2004, Orris attended the 46th annual Eugene V. Debs- Norman Thomas- Michael Harrington Dinner, which was titled \"Building the Dump Bush Movement.", "In 2015, Orris signed a letter with other doctors in support of hunger strikers with the Coalition to revitalize Dyett High School, a group with was working to make the Chicago School System work towards \"Global Leadership and Green Technology\" within Dyett High School.", "Orris was also involved in Greenpeace, as well as a faculty advisor of the Physicians for a National Health Plan Chapter at the University of Illinois Chicago.", "In 2015, Orris spoke at \"Beyond the Affordable Care Act: Lessons from Other Countries\", an event ran by the Healthcare Access Coalition.", "Orris has been an advisor to a number of international health organizations, including the World Health Organization, Pan American Health Associations, and Healthcare without Harm.", "Education \nAfter graduating from Harvard with a degree in Biology, Orris continued his education at Yale University, graduating with a degree in Public Health in 1970.", "Later, he would continue to Chicago Medical School, where he would graduate with a Doctorate of Medicine in 1975.", "Orris also held residencies at John H. Stroger Jr. Hospital of Cook County for internal medicine and preventive medicine.", "Orris is also certified in Occupational Medicine by the American Board of Preventive Medicine.", "Career \nOrris has held a number of positions in the medical field, including Regional NIOSH/CDC Medical Officer for the Midwest, Medical Director of the Mount Sinai Medical Center and Northwest Community Hospital occupational medical programs, and physician in the Department of Medicine at Cook County Hospital.", "Orris was also a representative of the World Federation of Public Health Associations at the second session of the International Conference on Chemicals Management with the World Health Organization.", "Orris is currently a Professor and Chief of Occupational and Environmental Medicine at the University of Illinois in Chicago Hospital and Health Sciences System.", "In addition, he served as a collaborative researcher for Healthcare without Harm (US and Canada Branch).", "Orris also serves as the Board President of the Chicago Organizing Physicians for Social Responsibility.", "Specialty projects Orris has worked with include studying Dioxin levels in Lake Charles, Maryland, where he studied the effect Dioxin had on ADD and ADHD within the area.", "While working with the World Health Organization, he provided technical guidance in replacing mercury based thermometers with different ones.", "Orris also authored the World Federation of Public Health Association's May 2000 report on \"Persistent Organic Pollutants and Human Health\", which speaks on the dangers of persistent organic pollutants.", "Orris has worked with a number of small communities, studying pollutants and environmental concerns, including a study in New Sarpy, Louisiana, where he studied the relationship between chemical exposure and illness within the neighborhood.", "Orris was an attendee of every negotiating session of a global treaty to eliminate mercury from thermometers globally, which has resulted in the phasing out of mercury based thermometers by 2020.", "Awards and honors\nOrris has received a number of awards for his activism and work in the medical community, including the Paul Cornely Award at the Health Activist Dinner, a keynote speaker at the 2007 conference of the Asbestos Disease Awareness Organization, and a Lifetime Achievement Award for Excellence in Global Health from the 5th World Congress on Public Health in 2017.", "References\n\n1945 births\nLiving people\nAmerican political activists\n21st-century American physicians\nHarvard University alumni\nYale University alumni\nActivists from California\nPhysicians from California\nPeople from Los Angeles" ]

[ "Peter Orris (born 1945 in Los Angeles, California) is an American political activist, Medical Doctor and Professor and Chief of Occupational and Environmental Medicine at the University of Illinois at Chicago Hospital and Health Sciences System.", "Growing up in New York City, Orris was involved with the civil rights movement from the age of eleven.", "Orris is known for his work in medicine, but also for his work in the Civil Rights movement.", "During his youth, Orris was involved in several aspects of the Civil Rights movement.", "At age eleven, he participated in the Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom, a march which recognized the Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court's decision, making segregation in schools illegal.", "In order to protest atom bomb testing, Orris participated in a political activist group called Students for a Sane Nuclear Policy as a child.", "The first Youth March for Integrated Schools was held in eight grade.", "In 1957, Orris organized a bus to take students from his high school to the Youth March for Intergraded Schools.", "Orris was an intern at the National Headquarters of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom.", "While studying biology at Harvard University, Orris continued to be a political activist with several organizations fighting for civil rights, including the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, the school's socialist club, and the Civil Rights Coordinating Committee.", "During his freshman year in college, Orris participated in Freedom Summer in Mississippi.", "The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee coordinated the Freedom Summer with Orris being the second youngest volunteer.", "Orris went through two weeks of training in Oxford, Ohio, after the murders.", "Orris was trained by civil rights leaders.", "Orris was focused on voter registration campaigns in Mississippi.", "Orris brought walkie talkies to Mississippi with him so he could communicate with his fellow SNCC workers in rural Mississippi.", "Orris worked with an engineer on behalf of SNCC to install two-way radios in all of the SNCC cars and in farms which had no other means of communication.", "50 radio communication devices were installed in Mississippi.", "No full-time SNCC staff members in Mississippi were killed that summer, despite ongoing violence within the region.", "While working in Freedom Summer, Orris was arrested for his work in the Civil Rights movement and was held in jail for ten days for disturbing the peace and picketing at a courthouse.", "He staged a hunger strike while in jail.", "A group of people, including Orris, staged a sit in at the Democratic National Convention in hopes of getting delegate seats for the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party.", "The civil rights movement was impacted by the sit in done by the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party.", "Orris is a supporter of single-payer healthcare.", "Orris called for the Chicago Medical Society to study the creation of a single-payer healthcare plan.", "The 46th annual Eugene V. Debs- Norman Thomas- Michael Harrington Dinner was held in 2004.", "In 2015, Orris signed a letter with other doctors in support of hunger strikers with the Coalition to revitalize Dyett High School, a group with was working to make the Chicago School System work towards \"Global Leadership and Green Technology\" within Dyett High School.", "Orris was a faculty advisor of the Physicians for a National Health Plan Chapter at the University of Illinois Chicago.", "Orris spoke at an event run by the healthcare access coalition.", "Orris is an advisor to a number of international health organizations.", "After graduating from Harvard with a degree in Biology, Orris continued his education at Yale University, graduating with a degree in Public Health in 1970.", "He graduated with a Doctor of Medicine from Chicago Medical School in 1975.", "Orris had residencies at the John H. Stroger Jr. Hospital of Cook County.", "Orris is a member of the American Board of Preventive Medicine.", "Career Orris has held a number of positions in the medical field, including Regional NIOSH/CDC Medical Officer for the Midwest, Medical Director of the Mount Sinai Medical Center and Northwest Community Hospital occupational medical programs, and physician in the Department of Medicine at Cook County Hospital.", "At the second session of the International Conference on Chemicals Management with the World Health Organization, Orris was a representative of the World Federation of Public Health Associations.", "Orris is the Chief of Occupational and Environmental Medicine at the University of Illinois.", "He was a researcher for healthcare without harm in the US and Canada.", "Orris is the Board President of the Chicago Organizing Physicians for Social Responsibility.", "In Lake Charles, Maryland, Orris studied the effect Dioxin had on ADD and ADHD.", "He helped the World Health Organization replace mercury based thermometers with different ones.", "The World Federation of Public Health Association's May 2000 report on \"Persistent Organic Pollutants and Human Health\" was written by Orris.", "Orris has worked with a number of small communities, studying pollutants and environmental concerns, including a study in New Sarpy, Louisiana, where he studied the relationship between chemical exposure and illness within the neighborhood.", "The phasing out of mercury based thermometers by 2020 is the result of Orris attending every negotiating session of a global treaty to eliminate mercury.", "A number of awards have been given to Orris for his activism and work in the medical community.", "References 1945 births Living people American political activists 21st-century American physicians" ]

[ "Peter Orris", "Leo Orris", "Orris", "Orris", "Leo Orris", "Orris", "Orris", "Orris", "Orris", "Orris", "Orris", "Orris", "Orris", "Orris", "Orris", "Orris", "Orris", "Orris", "Orris", "Orris", "Orris", "Orris", "Orris", "Orris", "Orris", "Orris", "Orris", "Orris", "Orris", "Orris", "Orris", "Orris", "Orris", "Orris", "Orris", "Orris", "Orris", "Orris", "Orris" ]

[ "Peter Orris", "Orris", "Orris", "Orris", "Orris", "Orris", "Orris", "Orris", "Orris", "Orris", "Orris", "Orris", "Orris", "Orris", "Orris", "Orris", "Orris", "Orris", "Orris", "Orris", "Orris", "Orris", "Orris", "Orris", "Orris", "Orris", "Orris", "Orris", "Orris", "Orris", "Orris", "Orris", "Orris", "Orris", "Orris" ]

[ "Laurențiu Aurelian Reghecampf (born 19 September 1975) is a Romanian professional football manager and former player, who is currently in charge of Liga I club CS Universitatea Craiova.", "Playing career\n\nClub\nReghecampf was born in Târgoviște and began his career in his native city with Chindia.", "In the 1993–94 season, at the age of 18, Reghecampf was loaned to Austrian Bundesliga side SKN St. Pölten.", "He later joined Steaua București where he won the league title twice.", "One year later, Reghecampf was loaned to Bulgarian side Litex Lovech, with whom he won the 1999 A PFG title.", "In 2000, he was bought by German Bundesliga team Energie Cottbus.", "In 2004, he joined Alemannia Aachen, with whom he would become a fan favorite his side won promotion to the Bundesliga in his first season with the club.", "A few seasons later he was named captain of Alemannia.", "In the 2006–07 season of the German Cup, Reghecampf scored twice in a 4–2 victory over Bayern Munich, thus eliminating them from the competition.", "On 4 July 2008, he joined second-tier side 1.", "FC Kaiserslautern on a free transfer for the 2008–09 2.", "Bundesliga season, only being able to play two matches because of a gastric virus infection, announcing his retirement in 2009 after his contract had not been extended.", "International\nLaurențiu Reghecampf made one appearance for Romania on 29 March 2003 when coach Anghel Iordănescu sent him on the field in the 62nd minute in order to replace Paul Codrea in a match which ended with a 5–2 home loss against Denmark at the Euro 2004 qualifiers.", "Managerial career\nReghecampf started his managerial career with Liga II side Snagov in 2009.", "At the end of 2009–10 season, he was brought at Universitatea Craiova to save the team from relegation.", "He ended his quest successfully, but he was not kept at Craiova for the new season.", "Instead, Reghecampf joined Gloria Bistrița.", "He was sacked after only 12 games because of poor results.", "Reghecampf returned to Snagov, but after only five games he was called back to Craiova, to help the team avoid relegation.", "He was sacked after only six games, following a conflict with several players.", "He started the 2011–12 season at FC Snagov, for a second spell.", "In December 2011, he signed a contract with Romanian Liga I club Concordia Chiajna, with the main objective to avoid relegation, after a half-season the club was above the relegation zone 17th overall when he took over.", "He changed almost the entire squad, bringing 17 new players, most of them from Snagov, and after a series of wins, his side finished the season in ninth place.", "This evolution brought the attention of his former team, Steaua București, and at the end of the season, they offered him a contract for a season.", "His objective was to bringt the first championship title for FCSB after a seven-year absence.", "In March 2013, he guided FCSB to the last 16 of the Europa League after eliminating Ajax from the competition.", "The first leg away finished with a 2–0 win to Ajax in Amsterdam.", "In the second leg home, FCSB took a 2–0 lead and the 2–2 aggregate pushed the game into extra-time.", "FCSB beat the Dutch side 4–2 on penalties.", "FCSB were eliminated by eventual winners Chelsea after winning 1–0 in the first leg at home and losing 1–3 away at Stamford Bridge.", "In May 2013 he mathematically won the Romanian League and later the Romanian Supercup.", "On 9 May 2014, FCSB and Reghecampf won their second consecutive league title.", "He helped FCSB to qualify for the UEFA Champions League group stages.", "Reghecampf also lead his side to the Romanian Cup final which FCSB lost 4–2 on penalties to league runners-up Astra Giurgiu.", "On 27 May 2014, he signed a two-year contract with Saudi Arabian side Al-Hilal.", "He led Al-Hilal to the AFC Champions League final five months after his appointment, by defeating Al-Ain 4–2 on aggregate in semi-finals.", "However, his side lost the final to Western Sydney Wanderers on a two-leg match.", "He was sacked on 15 February 2015 after another final loss, in the Saudi Crown Prince Cup.", "In August 2015, he was appointed manager of Bulgarian side Litex Lovech.", "In December 2015, Reghecampf announced his decision to leave the club to join Steaua București for the second time.", "In May 2017, he stepped down as manager.", "On 3 July 2017, Reghecampf was announced as the new head coach of the Emirati club Al Wahda on a 2-year deal replacing Javier Aguirre.", "According to sources, his salary will be $2.6 million per season plus potential bonuses up to another $1.6 million.", "On 16 September 2017, in his Arabian Gulf League debut, Al-Wahda defeated Dibba Al-Fujairah 5–0.", "In January 2019, Reghecampf took over as manager of relegation-threatened UAE Pro League club Al-Wasl.", "Eventually, he heeded them from relegation after a strong run.", "On 1 April 2021, Reghecampf was announced as the new manager of Saudi Professional League club Al Ahli.", "Less than two months later, after two wins, two draws and a loss, he was dismissed.", "On 26 July 2021, Reghecampf returned to his native Romania, where he signed a two-year contract to become the new manager of CS Universitatea Craiova.", "After finishing the previous season third in the league table, the team saw themselves in sixth position in December 2021, triggering rumours of his premature departure from the club.", "As a result, Reghecampf transfer-listed several first-team players, including Mihai Bălașa, Matteo Fedele, Antoni Ivanov and Mihai Roman.", "Managerial statistics\n\nFootball academy \nIn July 2015, he opened the Reghecampf Soccer Academy, which is a school for kids that want to learn how to play soccer.", "The academy is based in the United States and located in Henderson, Nevada.", "FC Kaiserslautern players\nSKN St. Pölten players\nLiga I players\nLiga II players\nAustrian Football Bundesliga players\nFirst Professional Football League (Bulgaria) players\nBundesliga players\n2.", "Bundesliga players\nRomanian expatriate sportspeople in Austria\nRomanian expatriate sportspeople in Bulgaria\nRomanian expatriate sportspeople in Germany\nExpatriate footballers in Austria\nExpatriate footballers in Bulgaria\nExpatriate footballers in Germany\nRomanian expatriate football managers\nFC Steaua București managers\nAl Hilal SFC managers\nPFC Litex Lovech managers\nAl Wahda FC managers\nAl-Wasl F.C.", "managers\nAl-Ahli Saudi FC managers\nLiga I managers\nSaudi Professional League managers\nExpatriate football managers in Saudi Arabia\nExpatriate football managers in the United Arab Emirates\nUAE Pro League managers\nACF Gloria Bistrița managers\nCS Concordia Chiajna managers\nExpatriate football managers in Bulgaria\nRomanian expatriate sportspeople in Saudi Arabia\nRomanian expatriate sportspeople in the United Arab Emirates" ]

[ "Laureniu Aurelian Reghecampf is a former player and professional football manager.", "Club Reghecampf was born in Trgovite and began his career in his native city.", "During the 1993–94 season, Reghecampf was on loan to Austrian side SKN St. Plten.", "He won the league title twice at Steaua Bucureti.", "Reghecampf won the 1999 A PFG title while he was with Litex Lovech.", "He was bought by the German team in 2000.", "He joined Alemannia Aachen in 2004 and in his first season they won promotion to the Bundesliga.", "He was named captain of Alemannia a few seasons later.", "In the 2006–07 season of the German Cup, Reghecampf scored twice in a 4–2 victory over their rivals, thus eliminating them from the competition.", "He joined second-tier side 1 on July 4, 2008.", "FC Kaiserslautern has a free transfer.", "He announced his retirement in 2009, after his contract had not been renewed, because he was only able to play two matches because of a stomach bug.", "Laureniu Reghecampf made one appearance for Romania in March of 2003 when he was sent onto the field in the 62nd minute in order to replace Paul Codrea in a match which ended with a 5–2 home loss against Danes.", "Managerial career Reghecampf began his managerial career in 2009.", "He was brought to save the team at the end of the season.", "He was not kept at Craiova for the new season.", "Instead, he joined Gloria.", "Poor results led to his dismissal after only 12 games.", "After only five games, Reghecampf was called back to Craiova to help the team avoid being demoted.", "He was fired after only six games.", "He was at FC Snagov for a second spell.", "After a half-season in which the club was above the 18th place in the league, he took over and kept the club in the league.", "After a series of wins, his side finished the season in ninth place.", "He was offered a contract by his former team, Steaua Bucureti, at the end of the season.", "After a seven-year absence, the first championship title was his goal.", "He guided FCSB to the last 16 of the Europa League after eliminating Amsterdam from the competition.", "In Amsterdam, the first leg ended with a 2–0 win for the visitors.", "The game went into extra-time after the 2–2 aggregate pushed the game into the second leg.", "The Dutch side lost on penalties.", "In the first leg at home, they won 1–0, and in the second leg at away, they lost 1–3.", "He won the Romanian League and the Supercup in May of last year.", "They won their second consecutive league title on 9 May.", "He helped the club get into the group stages.", "FCSB lost on penalties to the runners-up in the league in the Romanian Cup final.", "He signed a two-year contract with Al-Hilal in Saudi Arabia.", "He led Al-Hilal to a victory over Al-Ain in the second leg of the semi-finals to advance to the final.", "The final was a two-leg match.", "He was fired after the final loss in the Saudi Crown Prince Cup.", "He was appointed manager of Litex Lovech in August of 2015.", "In December 2015, he left the club to join Steaua Bucureti for the second time.", "He stepped down as manager.", "On July 3, 2017, it was announced that Reghecampf would be the new head coach of the club.", "His salary will be $2.6 million per season, with potential bonuses up to another $1.6 million, according to sources.", "In his Arabian Gulf League debut, Al-Wahda defeated Dibba Al-Fujairah.", "The manager of Al-Wasl took over in January.", "After a strong run, he got rid of them.", "The new manager of Al Ahli was announced on April 1, 2021.", "After two wins, two draws and a loss, he was dismissed.", "On July 26, 2021, Reghecampf signed a two-year contract to become the new manager of Universitatea Craiova.", "After finishing the previous season third in the league table, the team saw themselves in sixth position in December 2021, triggering rumors of his premature departure from the club.", "Several first-team players, including Mihai Blaa, Matteo Fedele, Antoni Ivanov and Mihai Roman, were listed in the transfer.", "In July 2015, he opened the Reghecampf Soccer Academy, which is a school for kids that want to learn how to play soccer.", "The academy is located in Henderson, Nevada.", "FC Kaiserslautern players are from Austria.", "Football players in Austria, Bulgaria, and Germany are expatriates.", "The managers of Al-Ahli Saudi FC and the Saudi Professional League are expatriates." ]

[ "Laurențiu Aurelian Reghecampf", "Reghecampf", "Reghecampf", "Reghecampf", "Laurențiu", "Reghecampf", "Reghecampf", "Reghecampf", "Reghecampf", "Reghecampftra", "Reghecampf", "Reghecampf", "Reghecampf", "Reghecampf", "Reghecampf" ]

[ "Laureniu Aurelian Reghecampf", "Reghecampf", "Reghecampf", "Reghecampf", "Reghecampf", "Reghecampf", "Reghecampf", "Reghecampf" ]

[ "Geneviève-Françoise Randon de Malboissière, also known as Laurette de Malboissière (21 December 1746 – 22 August 1766) was a French-born poet, playwright, correspondent and multi-language translator.", "Biography \nGeneviève-Françoise Randon de Malboissière was born into a well-off Paris family.", "Her father was Jean-Louis Randon de Malboissière (d. 7 October 1763), cashier of the sub-farms of aid and estates successively in Amiens, Soissons, and then Tours, and her mother was Françoise-Marie-Jeanne Picquefeu de Longpré, daughter of a secretary to the king, Louis XV of France.", "The couple lived in a private mansion on Rue de Paradis (Paradise Street) in Paris and raised three children: Geneviève-Françoise, the eldest, and two younger boys, Charles-Joseph Randon de Malboissière and Louis-Henri Randon de Malboissière, future Vicar general of Nantes.", "Geneviève-Françoise, also known as Laurette de Malboissière, was tutored at home starting in natural history and mathematics as well as a number of languages in which she became fluent: German, English, Italian, Spanish, Greek and Latin.", "In 1764, she began lessons in drawing and dancing.", "Among her instructors was the naturalist Jacques-Christophe Valmont de Bomare who was hired to give her, and her cousins, a science education.", "According to a letter written in 1762, her enthusiasm for the theater began at the age of five after attending a performance of Inès de Castro by Antoine Houdar de La Motte.", "Later, as a passionate theater-goer, she rented a box at the Comédie-Française three times a week and at the Comédie-Italienne as well as the famed Opéra Garnier, located at the Place de l'Opéra in Paris.", "Avid reader \nAccording to Sonnet, \"In terms of reading, Geneviève 'devours,' closely following literary news and even getting banned books,\" which was a passion she shared with her mother.", "In correspondence, Geneviève wrote: \"My mother is currently reading the Memoirs of M. d'Eon.", "What a madman, or rather what a reckless traitor!", "This work is forbidden and is not found in Paris; we have to bring it from England.\"", "She goes on to say, \"If censorship forces you to be tricky by getting your supplies under the coat, you should also know to read some books very quickly, before a possible condemnation.\"", "She wrote in letters to her childhood friend Adélaide Méliand, whose father was Councilor of State and whose family lived on the same block of the Marais neighborhood, that she learned this lesson in 1762 when the book she was reading was banned by judgment of the Parliament of Paris and was soon found to be \"lacerated and burned.\"", "Writer \nRandon started writing by the age of 15 but reached her peak around 18, writing 33 known works in the last five years of her life.", "Having mastered multiple languages, she personally translated fragments of her favorite works, including The History of Scotland by William Robertson and The Origin and Advancement of the Arts and Sciences by David Hume.", "For her writing, Randon drew from sources both new and old.", "Often, she applied herself to works, both French and foreign, that she read or saw on stage and about subjects that connected her to a wide range of genres.", "Her significant production was credited to her exposure to a vast library of literary and theatrical culture, as well as her mastery of multiple contemporary and ancient languages.", "Her writings included translations, natural history works, a dozen poems scattered throughout her correspondence, and above all plays, which for the most part, were read aloud in small gatherings or performed in society.", "Among her plays were at least twelve comedies, four tragedies, a pastoral, an opera libretto and a fragment of a comic opera.", "However, only two of her works have been published: the comedy Ilphis and Zulie, published in 1766; and her correspondence, collected posthumously and published many years later in 1866 and in 1925.", "During her lifetime, Randon gained international renown and the admiration of established writers Friedrich Melchior Grimm and David Hume.", "At the age of 18, (about 1764), she fell in love with Jean-Louis Dutartre, son of a Châtelet notary, but they never married.", "Death \nRandon died at her home on Rue de Paradis of measles on 22 August 1766, just two months shy of her 20th birthday, and almost a year after the death of her fiancé (20 October 1765) from the same disease.", "Shortly after her death, noted author Friedrich Melchior Grimm marked the sad occasion in his correspondence as \"a loss that deserves to be noticed.\"", "Only two of her works were published, both posthumously: the comedy Ilphis et Zulie (1766), published in a collection of texts by her former German tutor, Michaël Huber; as well as some of her correspondence with her childhood friend Adélaide Méliand.", "Between November 1763 and December 1765, Randon was known to have sent up to 10 letters each month to Méliand.", "The correspondence, published in 1866 and 1925, contained 295 exchanged letters, written between 19 August 1761 and Randon's death in 1766.", "Selected works\n\nPublished work \n 1766: Ilphis and Zulie (a comedy in one act)\n 1866: Laurette de Malboissière: lettres d'une jeune fille du temps de Louis XV (Laurette de Malboissière: Letters of a young girl from the time of Louis XV) (1761-1766) (correspondence)\n 1925: An au xviii e  century.", "Letters from Geneviève de Malboissière to Adélaide Méliand (1761-1766) (correspondence)\n\nUnpublished work \nPrivate archives of the Marquis de Luppé, Château de Beaurepaire, Department of Oise (France): Méliand and La Grange fonds:\n\n 1761: Translation of Cato by Joseph Addison, 43 p. in-8.", "1763: Translation of the beginning of the History of Alexandre de Quinte-Curce (l. III, ch.", "I-IX), 31 p. in-8, unpublished.", "1764: Translation of From the origin and progress of the arts and sciences, by David Hume, 27 p. in-8.", "1764: Translation of the beginning of the History of Scotland by William Robertson, 14 p. in-fol, unpublished.", "nd: Sketches of songs and small verses.", "nd: Fragments of Grégoire, cobbler, (comic opera).", "nd: Translation of the beginning of the Arcadia, by Jacopo Sannazaro,\n\nUnpublished works referenced in her letters but not yet found.", "1762: Translation into English of the Manners of Saurin's time.", "1762: Translation into Italian and Spanish of the Natural Son of Diderot.", "1762: English translation of L'époux par supercherie de Boissy.", "1763: Medea (tragedy in verse).", "1764: The grieving wife (tragedy in verse).", "1764: The Happy Heiress (Miss Melliand's comedy reduced by five acts in two).", "1764: A tender engagement goes further than we think, (comedy).", "1764: The force of education, (comedy based on the novel by Father Aunillon).", "1764: The young widow (comedy).", "1764: The exchange (comedy).", "1764: The dream (comedy).", "1764: Chloris (comedy in two acts).", "1764: Elfrida (heroic comedy in three acts, from L'Histoire de la maison de Plantagenet de Hume).", "1764: The generous rival (comedy).", "1764: The speech of Adam and Eve.", "1764: Farewell to Hector and Andromache (date uncertain).", "1764: Amanda, November (date uncertain).", "1765: Jeanne Gray (tragedy in verse).", "1765: Antigone (tragedy in verse).", "1765: The blind man (comedy in five scenes), from a tale by Mme Riccoboni.", "1765: Daphnis and Laurette (pastoral in one act and prose after Gessner).", "1765: Palmir and Nisa (opera).", "1765: Writings on Natural History, reviewed by Valmont de Bomare.", "Tributes \n A marble bust of Randon was sculpted by Jean-Baptiste Lemoyne in 1768 that is preserved at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York.", "The museum notes that her bust includes a rose laurel garland in tribute to the character, named Laurette, who appeared in a pastoral play written by Randon.", "From page 106, Correspondence littéraire, philosophique et critique, by Grimm, Diderot, Raynal, Meister, éd.", "M. Tourneux, Paris, Garnier Frères, 1877–1882, t. VII [sept 1766]):\n\n“We recently made a loss that deserves to be noticed.", "Miss Randon de Malboissière has just died at the flower of her age.", "She was about eighteen or nineteen years old.", "[…] She was already famous in Paris for her knowledge.", "She understood and perfectly understood seven languages, namely: Greek, Latin, Italian, Spanish, French, German and English; she spoke modern languages perfectly.", "Her parents are said to be inconsolable about the loss, and it's easy to understand.\"", "References\n\nExternal sources \nGargam, Adeline, \"Geneviève de Malboissière (1746-1766): a young polygraph in the 18th century,\" in Between erudition and creation, dir.", "P. Hummel, Paris, Ed.", "Philologicum, 2013, p. 77-93.", "Sonnet, Martine, \"The Knowledge of a Quality Young Lady: Geneviève de Randon de Malboissière.\"", "in Memoire dell 'Academia delle Scienze di Torino Classe di Scienze Morali storiche e filologiche, 3, 2000, vol.", "24, p. 167-185.", "1746 births\n1766 deaths\n18th-century French writers\n18th-century French women writers\n18th-century French dramatists and playwrights\nFrench women dramatists and playwrights\nWriters from Paris" ]

[ "Genevive-Franoise Randon de Malboissire, also known as Laurette de Malboissire, was a French-born poet, playwright, correspondent and multi-language translator.", "A well-off Paris family has a child named Genevive-Franoise de Malboissire.", "Her mother was Franoise-Marie-Jeanne, and her father was Jean-Louis de Malboissire.", "Genevive-Franoise, the oldest of the three children, lived in a mansion on Paradise Street in Paris.", "Laurette de Malboissire, also known as Genevive-Franoise, was educated at home in natural history, mathematics and languages such as German, English, Italian, Spanish, Greek and Latin.", "She began drawing and dancing in 1764.", "She and her cousins were given a science education by Jacques-Christophe Valmont de Bomare.", "Her enthusiasm for the theater began when she attended a performance of Ins de Castro at the age of five.", "She used to rent a box at the Comdie-Franaise three times a week, as well as at the Comdie-Italienne, located at the Place de l'Opéra in Paris.", "According to Sonnet, Genevive was an avid reader who was closely following literary news and even getting banned books.", "Genevive wrote that his mother was reading the memoirs of M. d'Eon.", "A madman or a traitor?", "We have to bring this work from England because it is forbidden in Paris.", "She says that if you are forced to be tricky by getting your supplies under the coat, you should also know to read some books quickly.", "When the book she was reading was banned by the Parliament of Paris in 1762, she wrote to her childhood friend Adélaide Méliand, whose father was Councilor of State and whose family lived on the same block of the Marais neighborhood.", "The writer began writing when she was 15 and wrote 33 works in the last five years of her life.", "She personally translated some of her favorite works, including The History of Scotland by William Robertson and The Origin and Advancement of the Arts and Sciences by David Hume.", "She drew from both new and old sources for her writing.", "She applied herself to works, both French and foreign, that she read or saw on stage and about subjects that connected her to a wide range of genres.", "Her exposure to a vast library of literary and theatrical culture as well as her mastery of multiple contemporary and ancient languages were credited for her significant production.", "Her writings included translations, natural history works, a dozen poems scattered throughout her correspondence, and above all plays, which were read aloud in small gatherings or performed in society.", "She wrote at least twelve comedies, four tragedies, a pastoral, an opera and a fragment of a comic opera.", "Only two of her works have been published, the comedy Ilphis and Zulie and her correspondence, which was collected posthumously and published many years later.", "She gained international renown and the admiration of established writers.", "She fell in love with Jean-Louis Dutartre at the age of 18 but they never married.", "Less than two months before her 20th birthday and almost a year after the death of her fiancée from the same disease, Death Randon died from the same disease.", "After her death, noted author Friedrich Melchior Grimm marked the sad occasion in his correspondence as a loss that deserves to be noticed.", "One of her works was published posthumously in a collection of texts by her former German tutor, as well as some of her correspondence with her childhood friend Adélaide Méliand.", "Between November 1763 and December 1765, Méliand was sent up to 10 letters a month.", "Between 19 August 1761 and 17 66, there were 295 exchanged letters in the correspondence.", "Laurette de Malboissire: lettres d'une jeune fille du temps de Louis XV is a comedy in one act.", "Private archives of the Marquis de Luppé, Chteau de Beaurepaire, Department of Oise contain letters from Genevive de Malboissire.", "The beginning of the History of Alexandre de Quinte-Curce was translated.", "31 p. in-8, unpublished.", "The translation of From the origin and progress of the arts and sciences was written by David Hume.", "William Robertson translated the beginning of the History of Scotland.", "There are sketches of songs and small words.", "Fragments of Grégoire, cobbler, is a comic opera.", "Unpublished works referenced in her letters are not yet found.", "The English of the Manners of Saurin's time was translated.", "The Natural Son of Diderot was translated into Italian and Spanish.", "English translation of L'époux par supercherie de Boissy.", "The tragedy in verse is called Medea.", "The widow was grieving in verse.", "Miss Melliand's comedy was reduced by five acts.", "A tender engagement goes further than we think.", "The comedy is based on a novel by Father Aunillon.", "The young widow is a comedy.", "The exchange is a comedy.", "The dream is a comedy.", "Comedy in two acts.", "Elfrida is a comedy in three acts.", "The rival is a comedy.", "The speech was given by Adam and Eve.", "The farewell to Andromache is uncertain.", "The date is uncertain.", "Theragedy in verse is about Jeanne Gray.", "The tragedy in verse is Antigone.", "The blind man is a comedy in five scenes.", "Thepastoral in one act and prose after Gessner was written by Daphnis and Laurette.", "Palmir and Nisa is an opera.", "Valmont de Bomare reviewed Writings on Natural History.", "The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York has a marble bust of Randon that was sculpted by Jean-Baptiste Lemoyne.", "The museum notes that her bust includes a rose laurel garland in tribute to the character named Laurette, who appeared in a pastoral play written by Randon.", "Grimm, Diderot, Raynal, and Meister wrote the letter from page 106.", "We recently made a loss that deserves to be noticed.", "Miss de Malboissire died at the age of 86.", "She was between eighteen and nineteen years old.", "She was well known in Paris for her knowledge.", "She understood seven languages, including Greek, Latin, Italian, Spanish, French, German and English.", "It's easy to understand why her parents are upset about the loss.", "\"Genevive de Malboissire\" is a young polygraph in the 18th century.", "P. Hummel is from Paris.", "The p. 77-93 is from the Philologicum.", "Martine Sonnet wrote \"The Knowledge of a Quality Young Lady: Genevive de Randon de Malboissire.\"", "3, 2000, vol. in Memoire dell 'Academia delle Scienze di Torino Classe diScienze Morali storiche e filologiche.", "24, p.", "French women dramatists and playwrights died in the 18th century." ]

[ "Geneve Françoise Randon de Malboissière", "Laurette de Malboissière", "Françoise Randon de Malboissière", "Louis Randon de Malboissière", "Françoise Marie Jeanne Picquefeu de Long", "Joseph Randon de Malboissière", "Henri Randon de Malboissière", "Laurette de Malboissière", "Christophe Valmont de Bomare", "de La", "Adélaide", "Randon", "Adélaide", "Randon", "Randon", "de Malbo", "de Malbo", "de Malboissière", "Adélaide", "Alexandre de", "de Bomare", "Didero", "Randon", "Adelin", "de Malboière", "de Randon", "de Malbo" ]

[ "Franoise Randon de Malboissire", "Laurette de Malboire", "Geneve Franoise de Malboire", "Louis de Malboissire", "Laurette de Malboissire", "Jacques Christophe Valmont de Bomare", "Adélaide", "Death Randon", "Adélaide", "de Mal", "de Bomare", "Didero", "Randon" ]

[ "Emanuele Luzzati (3 June 1921 – 26 January 2007) was an Italian painter, production designer, illustrator, film director and animator.", "He was nominated for Academy Awards for two of his short films, La gazza ladra (The Thieving Magpie) (1965) and Pulcinella (1973).", "Biography\nHe was born in Genoa and turned to drawing in 1938 when, as a son of a Jew (from the part of his father), his academic studies were interrupted by the introduction of the Fascist racial laws.", "He moved to Switzerland with his family and studied in Lausanne, where he obtained his degree at the local École des Beaux-Arts.", "He designed his first production of Solomon and the Queen of Sheba in 1944, a collaboration with his friends Alessandro Fersen, Aldo Trionfo and Guido Lopez.", "He returned to Italy after the war.", "His first work as an animator was the short film I paladini di Francia, together with Giulio Gianini, in 1960.", "He provided designs for the London Festival Ballet, the Chicago Opera House, the Vienna Staatsoper and the Glyndebourne Festival, including several Mozart productions and Verdi's Macbeth produced by Michael Hadjimischev in 1972.", "Luzzati was interested in tarot symbolism, which he used in scenographies for Fabrizio de André concerts in the 1990s.", "One of Luzzati's books (based on a theatre production) was, in the English-language version, Ronald and the Wizard Calico, a fairy tale in verse (translated English).", "The Picture Lion paperback edition (William Collins, London, 1973) is a paperback imprint of the Hutchinson Junior Books edition (1969), which credits the English translation to Hutchinson Junior Books, and cites Ugo Mursia Editore 1962 as the Italian language first published version.", "(The title in Italian is “I Paladini de Francia ovvero il tradimento di Gano di Maganza”, which translates literally as “The Paladins of France or the treachery of Gano of Maganz”.)", "This story is an ancient one / That minstrels often tell,\nOf battles, love and treachery, / And magic things as well.", "The story (the English version, but with the same illustrations as the Italian original) of Ronald and the Wizard Calico, is about the knight, brave Captain Ronald, his valiant charger (a horse) called Fred, and Ronald's golden knights, who are the good guys, guarding the lovely Rosalie in their castle fort.", "Nearby, in a “lovely lake” Wizard Calico makes his (good) magic, and flies around on the back of his magic bluebird.", "However, “wicked green knights in green / [have] Crept up and hid behind a hill”.", "They plan to kidnap Rosalie and take her to become “the reluctant wife of Sultan Suhlimann”.", "Alas, Gano, a wicked traitor in Ronald's fort, makes his own magic, creating the illusion of another castle on a nearby hill: “At all the open windows there / Stood many lovely girls / With blue eyes and with hair which hung / In long and golden curls.", "/ The damsels called to Ronald's knights / And asked round for tea, / So all the army marched away / And left poor Rosalie”.", "Gano opens the gates to the green knights, and rush away with Rosalie.", "“No doubt you'll have forgotten now / The Wizard Calico, / But luckily for everyone / He saw the traitor go.”\n\nThe plot thickens.", "More magic spells are cast; battle ensues; villains are brought to justice – and “Then Ronald married Rosalie, / As all had hoped he would.", "/ So this tale has a happy end, / As all the best tales should ... / So there it is, a stirring tale, / As at the start I said.", "/ But now it's time to close the book / And quietly go to bed”.", "(This antepenultimate page includes a gem-like image of Wizard Calico, himself, riding on the back of his magic bluebird, brandishing a flag with the word “END” – or “FINE” in the original Italian.", "Indeed!)", "The attractive and amusing illustrations, by Emanuele Luzatti (the famous Twentieth century Italian-Swiss artist, theatre set and costume designer, film animator, and more), resemble a Punch and Judy booth and puppets, as if drawn and coloured by Georges Rouault, with a black-edged folk-naïve style and stained-glass window-like colours.", "(The Bayeux tapestry also comes to mind.)", "The third-last page in the original Italian is:\nViva Rinaldo, il vincitore, / viva la sposa sua, Biancofiore, / viva Ricardo e i paladini, / viva la chioccia col suoi pulcini, / viva il catello che non c’e piu, / viva il mago Urluberlu.", "[Literally, Viva, or Long live, or Hooray for Rinaldo, the winner, viva his bride, Biancifiore, viva Ricardo and his paladins or knights, long live the mother hen with her chicks, long live the chateau and there is more, long live the Urluberlu magician.]", "Abbasso i mori, abasso il sultano, morte, supplizio, tortura per Gano, chi vuol esser lieto sia, larga la foglia, lunga la via.", "[Literally, Down with the Moors, down with the Sultan; death, torture, torture to Gano, who wants be happy, the leaf wide, long the way.]", "The original Italian story was also in simple rhymed verse, and seems to have been about a beautiful maiden called Biancofiore – Whiteflower, or Blanche – and her brave hero, Captain Rinaldo, and Ricardo and his paladins – the term used for Christian knights engaged in Crusades against the Saracens and Moore.", "Against these good people are the wicked Moors – North African Muslims and Arabs – and their Sultan.", "The catalyst for victory seems to have been the magician called Urlubulu, who may have had help from a mother hen and her chickens, possibly also magic.", "Clearly the English translators, using the original illustrations, and the basic rhyme patterns, have slightly simplified the plot, and eliminated the Christians-versus-Muslim-Moors conflict, replacing it with gold versus green.", "In other words, we have a retelling, or re-imagining of one of the legends of Roland, the famous French knight, or paladin, who fought the Moors, as they were known, in Spain, and, famously, stopped the conquest of France, as recorded in the verse saga, The Song of Roland, or La Chanson de Roland, and the legendary hero of the Orlando stories, such as Orlando Furioso, retold, or re-imagined for children.", "Scenografo, Genoa, Tormena,1996\n\nExternal links\n Luzzati Museum in Genoa\n\nObituary - The Guardian\nObituary - La Repubblica \n\n1921 births\n2007 deaths\n20th-century Italian Jews\n20th-century Italian artists\n20th-century Italian painters\n20th-century male artists\nItalian male painters\nItalian scenic designers\nItalian illustrators\nItalian animators\nItalian animated film directors\nJewish painters\nPeople from Alessandria\nItalian expatriates in Switzerland" ]

[ "Emanuele Luzzati was an Italian painter, production designer, illustrator, film director and animator.", "La gazza ladra was nominated for an Academy Award.", "The introduction of the Fascist racial laws interrupted his academic studies when he was a son of a Jew.", "He studied at the local cole des Beaux-Arts in Lausanne after moving to Switzerland with his family.", "The first production of Solomon and the Queen of Sheba was designed by him and his friends.", "He came back to Italy after the war.", "I paladini di Francia was his first film as an animator.", "The London Festival Ballet, the Chicago Opera House, the Vienna Staatsoper, and the Glyndebourne Festival were all designed by him.", "In the 1990s, Luzzati used tarot symbolism in his scenographies.", "Ronald and the Wizard Calico, a fairy tale in verse, was one of Luzzati's books.", "Ugo Mursia Editore 1962 is the Italian language version of the Picture Lion paperback edition, which is credited to the English translation of Hutchinson Junior Books.", "The title in Italian is \"I Paladini de Francia ovvero il tradimento di Gano di Maganza\", which means \"The Paladins of France or the treachery of Gano of Maganz\".", "There are battles, love and treachery, and magic things in this story.", "The English version of Ronald and the Wizard Calico is about Ronald's knight, brave Captain Ronald, his horse, Fred, and Ronald's golden knights, who are the good guys, guarding the lovely.", "In a lovely lake, Wizard Calico makes his magic, and flies around on the back of his magic bluebird.", "wicked green knights in green have hid behind a hill.", "They plan to abduct Rosalie and take her to be the wife of Sultan Suhlimann.", "Gano, a traitor in Ronald's fort, created the illusion of another castle on a nearby hill.", "The damsels called to Ronald's knights and asked for tea.", "Gano opens the gates to the green knights.", "You'll have forgotten now, but luckily for everyone, he saw the traitor go.", "More magic spells are cast, battle ensues, and villains are brought to justice, as all had hoped Ronald would.", "The tale has a happy end, as all the best tales should.", "It's time to close the book and go to bed.", "The antepenultimate page has a gem-like image of Wizard Calico, himself, riding on the back of his magic bluebird, holding a flag with the word \"END\" in the original Italian.", "Indeed!", "The illustrations by Emanuele Luzatti look like a Punch and Judy booth and puppets, as if drawn and coloured by Georges Rouault.", "The Bayeux tapestry is one that comes to mind.", "The third-last page in the original Italian is Viva Rinaldo, il vincitore.", "Viva, or Long live, or Hooray for Rinaldo, the winner, his bride, Biancifiore, and his friends, long live the chateau, and there is more, long live.", "Chi vuol esser lieto sia, larga la foglia, lunga la via.", "Down with the Moors, down with the Sultan, death, torture, torture to Gano, who wants to be happy, the leaf wide, long the way.", "The original Italian story was about a beautiful maiden called Biancofiore, or Blanche, and her brave hero, Captain Rinaldo, and his paladins, and the term used for Christian knights engaged in Crusades against was used.", "The Moors and their Sultan are against the good people.", "The catalyst for victory seems to have been the magician, who may have had help from a mother hen and her chickens.", "The Christians-versus-Muslim-Moors conflict has been eliminated and replaced with gold versus green in the English translation.", "The legend of the famous French knight, or paladin, who fought the Moors in Spain, and stopped the conquest of France, is a re-enactment.", "The Luzzati Museum in Genoa has an Obituary." ]

[ "Emanuele Luzzati", "Emanuele" ]

[ "Emanuele Luzzati", "Luzzati", "Emanuele" ]

[ "David Michael Letterman (born April 12, 1947) is an American television host, comedian, writer, and producer.", "He hosted late night television talk shows for 33 years, beginning with the February 1, 1982, debut of Late Night with David Letterman on NBC, and ending with the May 20, 2015, broadcast of Late Show with David Letterman on CBS.", "In total, Letterman hosted 6,080 episodes of Late Night and Late Show, surpassing his friend and mentor Johnny Carson as the longest-serving late night talk show host in American television history.", "In 1996, Letterman was ranked 45th on TV Guides 50 Greatest TV Stars of All Time.", "In 2002, The Late Show with David Letterman was ranked seventh on TV Guide's 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time.", "He is also a television and film producer.", "His company, Worldwide Pants, produced his shows as well as The Late Late Show and several prime-time comedies, the most successful of which was Everybody Loves Raymond, now in syndication.", "Several late-night hosts have cited Letterman's influence, including Conan O'Brien (his successor on Late Night), Stephen Colbert (his successor on The Late Show), Jimmy Fallon, Jimmy Kimmel, Jon Stewart, and Seth Meyers.", "Letterman currently hosts the Netflix series My Next Guest Needs No Introduction with David Letterman.", "Early life and career \nLetterman was born in Indianapolis, Indiana, in 1947, and has two sisters, one older and one younger.", "His father, Harry Joseph Letterman (April 15, 1915 – February 13, 1973), was a florist.", "His mother, Dorothy Marie Letterman Mengering (née Hofert; July 18, 1921 – April 11, 2017), a church secretary for the Second Presbyterian Church of Indianapolis, was an occasional figure on Letterman's show, usually at holidays and birthdays.", "Letterman grew up on the north side of Indianapolis, in the Broad Ripple area, about 12 miles from the Indianapolis Motor Speedway.", "He enjoyed collecting model cars, including racers.", "In 2000, he told an interviewer for Esquire that, while growing up, he admired his father's ability to tell jokes and be the life of the party.", "Harry Joseph Letterman survived a heart attack at the age of 36 when David was a young boy.", "The fear of losing his father was constantly with Letterman as he grew up.", "The elder Letterman died of a second heart attack in 1973, at the age of 57.", "Letterman attended his hometown's Broad Ripple High School and worked as a stock boy at the local Atlas Supermarket.", "According to the Ball State Daily News, he originally wanted to attend Indiana University, but his grades were not good enough, so he instead attended Ball State University, in Muncie, Indiana.", "He is a member of the Sigma Chi fraternity, and graduated in 1969 from what was then the Department of Radio and Television.", "A self-described average student, Letterman later endowed a scholarship for what he called \"C students\" at Ball State.", "Though he registered for the draft and passed his physical after graduating from college, he was not drafted for service in Vietnam because he received a draft lottery number of 346 (out of 366).", "Letterman began his broadcasting career as an announcer and newscaster at the college's student-run radio station—WBST—a 10-watt campus station that is now part of Indiana Public Radio.", "He was fired for treating classical music with irreverence.", "He then became involved with the founding of another campus station—WAGO-AM 570 (now WCRD, 91.3).", "He credits Paul Dixon, host of the Paul Dixon Show, a Cincinnati-based talk show also shown in Indianapolis while he was growing up, for inspiring his choice of career:\nI was just out of college [in 1969], and I really didn't know what I wanted to do.", "And then all of a sudden I saw him doing it [on TV].", "And I thought: That's really what I want to do!", "Weatherman \nSoon after graduating from Ball State in 1969, Letterman began his career as a radio talk show host on WNTS (AM) and on Indianapolis television station WLWI (which changed its call sign to WTHR in 1976) as an anchor and weatherman.", "He received some attention for his unpredictable on-air behavior, which included congratulating a tropical storm for being upgraded to a hurricane and predicting hailstones \"the size of canned hams.\"", "He also occasionally reported the weather and the day's very high and low temps for fictitious cities (\"Eight inches of snow in Bingree and surrounding areas\"), on another occasion saying that the state border between Indiana and Ohio had been erased when a satellite map accidentally omitted it, attributing it to dirty political dealings.", "(\"The higher-ups have removed the border between Indiana and Ohio, making it one giant state.", "Personally, I'm against it.", "I don't know what to do about it.\")", "He also starred in a local kiddie show, made wisecracks as host of a late-night TV show called \"Freeze-Dried Movies\" (he once acted out a scene from Godzilla using plastic dinosaurs), and hosted a talk show that aired early on Saturday mornings called Clover Power, in which he interviewed 4-H members about their projects.", "In 1971, Letterman appeared as a pit road reporter for ABC Sports' tape-delayed coverage of the Indianapolis 500, which was his first nationally telecast appearance (WLWI was the local ABC affiliate at the time).", "He was initially introduced as Chris Economaki, but this was corrected at the end of the interview (Jim McKay announced his name as Dave Letterman).", "Letterman interviewed Mario Andretti, who had just crashed out of the race.", "Move to Los Angeles \n\nIn 1975, encouraged by his then-wife Michelle and several of his Sigma Chi fraternity brothers, Letterman moved to Los Angeles, California, with the hope of becoming a comedy writer.", "He and Michelle packed their belongings in his pickup truck and headed west.", "As of 2012, he still owned the truck.", "In Los Angeles, he began performing comedy at The Comedy Store.", "Jimmie Walker saw him on stage; with an endorsement from George Miller, Letterman joined a group of comedians whom Walker hired to write jokes for his stand-up act, a group that at various times also included Jay Leno, Paul Mooney, Robert Schimmel, Richard Jeni, Louie Anderson, Elayne Boosler, Byron Allen, Jack Handey, and Steve Oedekerk.", "By the summer of 1977, Letterman was a writer and regular on the six-week summer series The Starland Vocal Band Show, broadcast on CBS.", "He hosted a 1977 pilot for a game show called The Riddlers (which was never picked up), and co-starred in the Barry Levinson-produced comedy special Peeping Times, which aired in January 1978.", "Later that year, Letterman was a cast member on Mary Tyler Moore's variety show, Mary.", "He made a guest appearance on Mork & Mindy (as a parody of EST leader Werner Erhard) and appearances on game shows such as The $20,000 Pyramid, The Gong Show, Hollywood Squares, Password Plus, and Liar's Club, as well as the Canadian cooking show Celebrity Cooks (November 1977), talk shows such as 90 Minutes Live (February 24 and April 14, 1978), and The Mike Douglas Show (April 3, 1979 and February 7, 1980).", "He was also screen tested for the lead role in the 1980 film Airplane!, a role that eventually went to Robert Hays.", "Letterman's brand of dry, sarcastic humor caught the attention of scouts for The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson, and he was soon a regular guest on the show.", "He became a favorite of Carson and was a regular guest host for the show beginning in 1978.", "Letterman credits Carson as the person who influenced his career the most.", "NBC\n\nMorning show \n\nOn June 23, 1980, Letterman was given his own morning comedy show on NBC, The David Letterman Show.", "It was originally 90 minutes long but was shortened to 60 minutes in August 1980.", "The show was a critical success, winning two Emmy Awards, but was a ratings disappointment and was canceled, the last show airing October 24, 1980.", "Late Night with David Letterman \n\nNBC kept Letterman on its payroll to try him in a different time slot.", "Late Night with David Letterman debuted February 1, 1982; the first guest was Bill Murray.", "Murray went on to become one of Letterman's most recurrent guests, guesting on his later CBS show's celebration of his 30th anniversary in late-night television, which aired January 31, 2012, and on the final CBS show, which aired May 20, 2015.", "The show ran Monday through Thursday nights at 12:30 a.m. Eastern Time, immediately following The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson (a Friday night broadcast was added in June 1987).", "It was seen as edgy and unpredictable, and soon developed a cult following (particularly among college students).", "Letterman's reputation as an acerbic interviewer was borne out in verbal sparring matches with Cher (who even called him an \"asshole\" on the show), Shirley MacLaine, Charles Grodin, and Madonna.", "The show also featured comedy segments and running characters, in a style heavily influenced by the 1950s and 1960s programs of Steve Allen.", "The show often featured quirky, genre-mocking regular features, including \"Stupid Pet Tricks\" (which had its origins on Letterman's morning show), Stupid Human Tricks, dropping various objects off the roof of a five-story building, demonstrations of unorthodox clothing (such as suits made of Alka-Seltzer, Velcro and suet), a recurring Top 10 list, the Monkey-Cam (and the Audience Cam), a facetious letter-answering segment, several \"Film[s] by My Dog Bob\" in which a camera was mounted on Letterman's own dog (often with comic results) and Small Town News, all of which moved with Letterman to CBS.", "Other episodes included Letterman using a bullhorn to interrupt a live interview on The Today Show on August 19, 1985, announcing that he was the NBC News president Lawrence K. Grossman and that he was not wearing any pants; walking across the hall to Studio 6B, at the time the news studio for WNBC-TV, and interrupting Al Roker's weather segments during Live at Five; and staging \"elevator races\", complete with commentary by NBC Sports' Bob Costas.", "In one appearance, in 1982, Andy Kaufman (who was wearing a neck brace) appeared with professional wrestler Jerry Lawler, who slapped and knocked the comedian to the ground (Lawler and Kaufman's friend Bob Zmuda later revealed that the incident was staged).", "CBS\n\nLate Show with David Letterman \n\nIn 1992, Johnny Carson retired and many fans believed that Letterman would become host of The Tonight Show.", "When NBC instead gave the job to Jay Leno, Letterman departed NBC to host his own late-night show on CBS, opposite The Tonight Show at 11:30 p.m., called the Late Show with David Letterman.", "The new show debuted on August 30, 1993, and was taped at the historic Ed Sullivan Theater, where Ed Sullivan broadcast his eponymous variety series from 1948 to 1971.", "For Letterman's arrival, CBS spent $8 million in renovations.", "CBS also signed Letterman to a three-year, $14 million/year contract, doubling his Late Night salary.", "But while the expectation was that Letterman would retain his unique style and sense of humor with the move, Late Show was not an exact replica of his old NBC program.", "The monologue was lengthened.", "Paul Shaffer and the World's Most Dangerous Band followed Letterman to CBS, but they added a brass section and were rebranded the CBS Orchestra (at Shaffer's request); a small band had been mandated by Carson while Letterman occupied the 12:30 slot.", "Additionally, because of intellectual property disagreements, Letterman was unable to import many of his Late Night segments verbatim, but he sidestepped this problem by simply renaming them (the \"Top Ten List\" became the \"Late Show Top Ten\", \"Viewer Mail\" became the \"CBS Mailbag\", etc.).", "Time magazine wrote, \"Letterman's innovation ... gained power from its rigorous formalism\"; as his biographer Jason Zinoman puts it, he was \"a fascinatingly disgruntled eccentric trapped inside a more traditional talk show.\"", "Popularity \nThe Late Show's main competitor was NBC's The Tonight Show, which Jay Leno hosted for 22 years, except from June 1, 2009, to January 22, 2010, when Conan O'Brien hosted.", "In 1993 and 1994, the Late Show consistently gained higher ratings than The Tonight Show.", "But in 1995, ratings dipped and Leno's show consistently beat Letterman's in the ratings from the time that Hugh Grant came on Leno's show after Grant's arrest for soliciting a prostitute.", "Leno typically attracted about five million nightly viewers between 1999 and 2009.", "The Late Show lost nearly half its audience during its competition with Leno, attracting 7.1 million viewers nightly in its 1993–94 season and about 3.8 million per night as of Leno's departure in 2009.", "In the final months of his first stint as host of The Tonight Show, Leno beat Letterman in the ratings by a 1.3 million-viewer margin (5.2 million to 3.9 million), and Nightline and the Late Show were virtually tied.", "Once O'Brien took over Tonight, Letterman closed the gap in the ratings.", "O'Brien initially drove the median age of Tonight Show viewers from 55 to 45, with most older viewers opting to watch the Late Show instead.", "After Leno returned to The Tonight Show, Leno regained his lead.", "Letterman's shows have garnered both critical and industry praise, receiving 67 Emmy Award nominations, winning 12 times in his first 20 years in late night television.", "From 1993 to 2009, Letterman ranked higher than Leno in the annual Harris Poll of Nation's Favorite TV Personality 12 times.", "For example, in 2003 and 2004 Letterman ranked second in that poll, behind only Oprah Winfrey, a year that Leno was ranked fifth.", "Leno was higher than Letterman on that poll three times during the same period, in 1998, 2007, and 2008.", "Hosting the Academy Awards \nOn March 27, 1995, Letterman hosted the 67th Academy Awards ceremony.", "Critics blasted what they deemed his poor performance, noting that his irreverent style undermined the traditional importance and glamor of the event.", "In a joke about their unusual names (inspired by a celebrated comic essay in The New Yorker, \"Yma Dream\" by Thomas Meehan), he started off by introducing Uma Thurman to Oprah Winfrey, and then both of them to Keanu Reeves: \"Oprah...Uma.", "Uma...Oprah,\" \"Have you kids met Keanu?\"", "This and many of his other jokes fell flat.", "Although Letterman attracted the highest ratings to the annual telecast since 1983, many felt that the bad publicity he generated caused a decline in the Late Shows ratings.", "Letterman recycled the apparent debacle into a long-running gag.", "On his first show after the Oscars, he joked, \"Looking back, I had no idea that thing was being televised.\"", "He lampooned his stint two years later, during Billy Crystal's opening Oscar skit, which also parodied the plane-crashing scenes from that year's chief nominated film, The English Patient.", "For years afterward, Letterman recounted his hosting the Oscars, although the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences continued to hold Letterman in high regard and invited him to host the Oscars again.", "On September 7, 2010, he made an appearance on the premiere of the 14th season of The View, and confirmed that he had been considered for hosting again.", "Heart surgery hiatus \nOn January 14, 2000, a routine check-up revealed that an artery in Letterman's heart was severely obstructed.", "He was rushed to emergency surgery for a quintuple bypass at New York Presbyterian Hospital.", "During the initial weeks of his recovery, reruns of the Late Show were shown and introduced by friends of Letterman including Norm Macdonald, Drew Barrymore, Ray Romano, Robin Williams, Bonnie Hunt, Megan Mullally, Bill Murray, Regis Philbin, Charles Grodin, Nathan Lane, Julia Roberts, Bruce Willis, Jerry Seinfeld, Martin Short, Steven Seagal, Hillary Clinton, Danny DeVito, Steve Martin, and Sarah Jessica Parker.", "Subsequently, while still recovering from surgery, Letterman revived the late-night talk show tradition of \"guest hosts\" that had virtually disappeared on network television during the 1990s, allowing Bill Cosby, Kathie Lee Gifford, Dana Carvey, Janeane Garofalo, and others to host new episodes of the Late Show.", "Upon his return to the show on February 21, 2000, Letterman brought all but one of the doctors and nurses on stage who had participated in his surgery and recovery (with extra teasing of a nurse who had given him bed baths—\"This woman gave me a bath!", "\"), including Dr. O. Wayne Isom and physician Louis Aronne, who frequently appeared on the show.", "In a show of emotion, Letterman was nearly in tears as he thanked the health care team with the words \"These are the people who saved my life!\"", "The episode earned an Emmy nomination.", "For a number of episodes, Letterman continued to crack jokes about his bypass, including saying, \"Bypass surgery: it's when doctors surgically create new blood flow to your heart.", "A bypass is what happened to me when I didn't get The Tonight Show!", "It's a whole different thing.\"", "In a later running gag, he lobbied Indiana to rename the freeway circling Indianapolis (I-465) \"The David Letterman Bypass\".", "He also featured a montage of faux news coverage of his bypass surgery, which included a clip of Letterman's heart for sale on the Home Shopping Network.", "Letterman became friends with his doctors and nurses.", "In 2008, a Rolling Stone interview stated he hosted a doctor and nurse who'd helped perform the emergency quintuple-bypass heart surgery that saved his life in 2000.", "'These are people who were complete strangers when they opened my chest,' he says.", "'And now, eight years later, they're among my best friends.'", "Additionally, Letterman invited the band Foo Fighters to play \"Everlong\", introducing them as \"my favorite band, playing my favorite song.\"", "During Letterman's last show, on which Foo Fighters appeared, Letterman said that Foo Fighters had been in the middle of a South American tour which they canceled to come play on his comeback episode.", "Letterman again handed over the reins of the show to several guest hosts (including Bill Cosby, Brad Garrett, Whoopi Goldberg, Elvis Costello, John McEnroe, Vince Vaughn, Will Ferrell, Bonnie Hunt, Luke Wilson, and bandleader Paul Shaffer) in February 2003, when he was diagnosed with a severe case of shingles.", "Later that year, Letterman made regular use of guest hosts—including Tom Arnold and Kelsey Grammer—for new shows broadcast on Fridays.", "In March 2007, Adam Sandler, who had been scheduled to be the lead guest, served as a guest host while Letterman was ill with a stomach virus.", "Re-signing with CBS \n\nIn March 2002, as Letterman's contract with CBS neared expiration, ABC offered him the time slot for long-running news program Nightline with Ted Koppel.", "Letterman was interested, as he believed he could never match Leno's ratings at CBS due to Letterman's complaint of weaker lead-ins from the network's late local news programs, but was reluctant to replace Koppel.", "He addressed his decision to re-sign on the air, stating that he was content at CBS and that he had great respect for Koppel.", "On December 4, 2006, CBS revealed that Letterman signed a new contract to host Late Show with David Letterman through the fall of 2010.", "\"I'm thrilled to be continuing on at CBS,\" said Letterman.", "\"At my age you really don't want to have to learn a new commute.\"", "Letterman further joked about the subject by pulling up his right pants leg, revealing a tattoo, presumably temporary, of the ABC logo.", "\"Thirteen years ago, David Letterman put CBS late night on the map and in the process became one of the defining icons of our network,\" said Leslie Moonves, president and CEO of CBS Corporation.", "\"His presence on our air is an ongoing source of pride, and the creativity and imagination that the Late Show puts forth every night is an ongoing display of the highest quality entertainment.", "We are truly honored that one of the most revered and talented entertainers of our time will continue to call CBS 'home.'\"", "According to a 2007 article in Forbes magazine, Letterman earned $40 million a year.", "A 2009 article in The New York Times, however, said his salary was estimated at $32 million.", "In June 2009, Letterman's Worldwide Pants and CBS reached an agreement to continue the Late Show until at least August 2012.", "The previous contract had been set to expire in 2010, and the two-year extension was shorter than the typical three-year contract period negotiated in the past.", "Worldwide Pants agreed to lower its fee for the show, though it had remained a \"solid moneymaker for CBS\" under the previous contract.", "On the February 3, 2011, edition of the Late Show, during an interview with Howard Stern, Letterman said he would continue to do his talk show for \"maybe two years, I think.\"", "In April 2012, CBS announced it had extended its contract with Letterman through 2014.", "His contract was subsequently extended to 2015.", "Retirement from Late Show \nDuring the taping of his show on April 3, 2014, Letterman announced that he had informed CBS president Leslie Moonves that he would retire from hosting Late Show by May 20, 2015.", "Later in his retirement Letterman occasionally stated, in jest, that he had been fired.", "It was announced soon after that comedian and political satirist Stephen Colbert would succeed Letterman.", "Letterman's last episode aired on May 20, 2015, and opened with a presidential sendoff featuring four of the five living American presidents, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, and Barack Obama, each mimicking the late president Gerald Ford's statement \"Our long national nightmare is over.\"", "It also featured cameos from The Simpsons and Wheel of Fortune (the latter with a puzzle saying \"Good riddance to David Letterman\"), a Top Ten List of \"things I wish I could have said to David Letterman\" performed by regular guests including Alec Baldwin, Barbara Walters, Steve Martin, Jerry Seinfeld, Jim Carrey, Chris Rock, Julia Louis-Dreyfus, Peyton Manning, Tina Fey, and Bill Murray, and closed with a montage of scenes from both his CBS and NBC series set to a live performance of \"Everlong\" by Foo Fighters.", "The final episode of Late Show with David Letterman was watched by 13.76 million viewers in the United States with an audience share of 9.3/24, earning the show its highest ratings since following the 1994 Winter Olympics on February 25, 1994, and the show's highest demo numbers (4.1 in adults 25–54 and 3.1 in adults 18–49) since Oprah Winfrey's first Late Show appearance following the ending of her feud with Letterman on December 1, 2005.", "Bill Murray, who had been his first guest on Late Night, was his final guest on Late Show.", "In a rarity for a late-night show, it was also the highest-rated program on network television that night, beating out all prime-time shows.", "In total, Letterman hosted 6,080 episodes of Late Night and Late Show, surpassing friend and mentor Johnny Carson as the longest-serving late-night talk show host in U.S. television history.", "Post-Late Show\n\nIn the months following the end of Late Show, Letterman was seen occasionally at sports events such as the Indianapolis 500, during which he submitted to an interview with a local publication.", "He made a surprise appearance on stage in San Antonio, Texas, when he was invited up for an extended segment during Steve Martin's and Martin Short's A Very Stupid Conversation show, saying \"I retired, and...I have no regrets,\" Letterman told the crowd after walking on stage.", "\"I was happy.", "I'll make actual friends.", "I was complacent.", "I was satisfied.", "I was content, and then a couple of days ago Donald Trump said he was running for president.", "I have made the biggest mistake of my life, ladies and gentlemen\" and then delivering a Top Ten List roasting Trump's presidential campaign followed by an onstage conversation with Martin and Short.", "Cellphone recordings of the appearance were posted on YouTube by audience members and widely reported in the media.", "In 2016, Letterman joined the climate change documentary show Years of Living Dangerously as one of its celebrity correspondents.", "In season two's premiere episode, Letterman traveled to India to investigate the country's efforts to expand its inadequate energy grid, power its booming economy, and bring electricity to 300 million citizens for the first time.", "He also interviewed Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and traveled to rural villages where power is a scarce luxury and explored the United States' role in India's energy future.", "On April 7, 2017, Letterman gave the induction speech for the band Pearl Jam into the Rock & Roll Hall Of Fame at a ceremony held at the Barclays Center in Brooklyn, New York City.", "Also in 2017, Letterman and Alec Baldwin co-hosted The Essentials on Turner Classic Movies.", "Letterman and Baldwin introduced seven films for the series.", "Netflix\nIn 2018, Letterman began hosting a six-episode monthly series of hour-long programs on Netflix consisting of long-form interviews and field segments.", "The show, My Next Guest Needs No Introduction with David Letterman, premiered January 12, 2018, with Barack Obama as its first guest.", "The second season premiered on May 31, 2019.", "Season 3 premiered on October 21, 2020, and includes Kim Kardashian West, Robert Downey Jr., Dave Chappelle and Lizzo as guests.", "Notable exchanges and incidents \n\n NBC and Johnny Carson \nIn spite of Johnny Carson's clear intention to pass his title to Letterman, NBC selected Jay Leno to host The Tonight Show after Carson's departure.", "Letterman maintained a close relationship with Carson through his break with NBC.", "Three years after he left for CBS, HBO produced a made-for-television movie called The Late Shift, based on a book by The New York Times reporter Bill Carter, chronicling the battle between Letterman and Leno for the Tonight Show hosting spot.", "Carson later made a few cameo appearances as a guest on Letterman's show.", "Carson's final television appearance was on May 13, 1994, on a Late Show episode taped in Los Angeles, when he made a surprise appearance during a Top 10 list segment.", "In early 2005, it was revealed that Carson occasionally sent jokes to Letterman, who used them in his monologue; according to CBS senior vice president Peter Lassally (a onetime producer for both men), Carson got \"a big kick out of it.\"", "Letterman would do a characteristic Carson golf swing after delivering one of his jokes.", "In a tribute to Carson, all the opening monologue jokes during the first show after Carson's death were by Carson.", "Lassally also claimed that Carson had always believed Letterman, not Leno, to be his \"rightful successor\".", "During the early years of the Late Shows run, Letterman occasionally used some of Carson's trademark bits, including \"Carnac the Magnificent\" (with Paul Shaffer as Carnac), \"Stump the Band\", and the \"Week in Review\".", "Oprah Winfrey \nOprah Winfrey appeared on Letterman's show when he was hosting NBC's Late Night on May 2, 1989.", "After that appearance, the two had a 16-year feud that arose, as Winfrey explained to Letterman after it had been resolved, as a result of the acerbic tone of their 1989 interview, of which she said that it \"felt so uncomfortable to me that I didn't want to have that experience again\".", "The feud apparently ended on December 2, 2005, when Winfrey appeared on CBS's Late Show with David Letterman in an event Letterman jokingly called \"the Super Bowl of Love\".", "Winfrey and Letterman also appeared together in a Late Show promo aired during CBS's coverage of Super Bowl XLI in February 2007, with the two sitting next to each other on a couch watching the game.", "Since the game was played between the Indianapolis Colts and Chicago Bears, the Indianapolis-born Letterman wore a Peyton Manning jersey, while Winfrey, whose show was taped in Chicago, wore a Brian Urlacher jersey.", "On September 10, 2007, Letterman made his first appearance on The Oprah Winfrey Show at Madison Square Garden in New York City.", "Three years later, during CBS's coverage of Super Bowl XLIV between the Colts and the New Orleans Saints, the two appeared again in a Late Show promo, this time with Winfrey sitting on a couch between Letterman and Leno.", "Letterman wore the retired 70 jersey of Art Donovan, a member of the Colts' Hall of Fame and a regular Letterman guest.", "The appearance was Letterman's idea: Leno flew to New York City on an NBC corporate jet, sneaking into the Ed Sullivan Theater during the Late Shows February 4 taping wearing a disguise and meeting Winfrey and Letterman at a living room set created in the theater's balcony, where they taped their promo.", "Winfrey interviewed Letterman in January 2013 on Oprah's Next Chapter.", "They discussed their feud and Winfrey revealed that she had had a \"terrible experience\" while appearing on Letterman's show years earlier.", "Letterman could not recall the incident but apologized.", "2007–2008 writers' strike \nLate Show went off air for eight weeks in 2007 during November and December because of the Writers Guild of America strike.", "Letterman's production company, Worldwide Pants, was the first company to make an individual agreement with the WGA, allowing his show to come back on the air on January 2, 2008.", "In his first episode back, he surprised the audience with a newly grown beard, which signified solidarity with the strike.", "His beard was shaved off during the show on January 7, 2008.", "Palin joke \nOn June 8 and 9, 2009, Letterman told two sexually themed jokes about a daughter (never named) of Sarah Palin on his TV show.", "These included a statutory rape joke about Palin's then 14-year-old daughter, Willow, and MLB player Alexander Rodriguez Palin was in New York City at the time with Willow, and none of her other children were at the game.", "Some contemporaries questioned the racial connotations of joking about a Latino player of Dominican descent committing statutory rape.", "In a statement posted on the Internet, Palin said, \"I doubt [Letterman would] ever dare make such comments about anyone else's daughter\" and that \"laughter incited by sexually perverted comments made by a 62-year-old male celebrity aimed at a 14-year-old girl is disgusting.\"", "On his June 10 show, Letterman responded to the controversy, saying the jokes were meant to be about Palin's 18-year-old daughter, Bristol, whose pregnancy as an unmarried teenager had caused some controversy during the United States presidential election of 2008.", "\"These are not jokes made about [Palin's] 14-year-old daughter ...", "I would never, never make jokes about raping or having sex of any description with a 14-year-old girl.\"", "His remarks did not end public criticism.", "The National Organization for Women (NOW) released a statement supporting Palin, noting that Letterman had made \"[only] something of an apology.\"", "When the controversy failed to subside, Letterman addressed the issue again on his June 15 show, faulting himself for the error and apologizing \"especially to the two daughters involved, Bristol and Willow, and also to the governor and her family and everybody else who was outraged by the joke.\"", "Rodriguez demanded an apology for implying that he was a child molester.", "Letterman never specifically apologized to Rodriguez.", "Al-Qaeda death threat \nOn August 17, 2011, it was reported that an Islamist militant had posted a death threat against Letterman on a website frequented by Al-Qaeda supporters, calling on American Muslims to kill him for making a joke about the death of Ilyas Kashmiri, an Al-Qaeda leader who was killed in a June 2011 drone strike in Pakistan.", "In his August 22 show, Letterman joked about the threat, saying \"State Department authorities are looking into this.", "They're not taking this lightly.", "They're looking into it.", "They're questioning, they're interrogating, there's an electronic trail—but everybody knows it's Leno.\"", "Appearances in other media\n\nLetterman appeared in the pilot episode of the short-lived 1986 series Coach Toast, and appears with a bag over his head as a guest on Bonnie Hunt's 1990s sitcom The Building.", "He appeared in The Simpsons as himself in a couch gag when the Simpsons find themselves (and the couch) in Late Night with David Letterman.", "He had a cameo in the feature film Cabin Boy, with Chris Elliott, who worked as a writer for Letterman.", "In this and other appearances, Letterman is listed in the credits as \"Earl Hofert\", the name of Letterman's maternal grandfather.", "He also appeared as himself in the Howard Stern biographical film Private Parts and the 1999 Andy Kaufman biopic Man on the Moon, in a few episodes of Garry Shandling's 1990s TV series The Larry Sanders Show, and in \"The Abstinence\", a 1996 episode of the sitcom Seinfeld.", "Letterman provided vocals for the Warren Zevon song \"Hit Somebody\" from My Ride's Here, and provided the voice for Butt-head's father in the 1996 animated film Beavis and Butt-Head Do America, again credited as Earl Hofert.", "Letterman was the focus of The Avengers on \"Late Night with David Letterman\", issue 239 (January 1984) of the Marvel comic book series The Avengers, in which the title characters (specifically Hawkeye, Wonder Man, Black Widow, Beast, and Black Panther) are guests on Late Night.", "A parody of Letterman named David Endochrine is gassed to death along with his bandleader, Paul, and their audience in Frank Miller's The Dark Knight Returns.", "In SWAT Kats: The Radical Squadron, Letterman was parodied as \"David Litterbin\".", "Letterman appears in issues 13–14 and 18 of Harvey Pekar's autobiographical comic book American Splendor.", "Those issues show Pekar's accounts of appearances on Late Night.", "In 2010, a documentary directed by Joke Fincioen and Biagio Messina, Dying to do Letterman, was released, featuring Steve Mazan, a standup comic, who has cancer and wants to appear on Letterman's show.", "The film won best documentary and jury awards at the Cinequest Film Festival.", "Mazan published a book of the same name (full title Dying to Do Letterman: Turning Someday into Today) about his own saga.", "Letterman appeared as a guest on CNN's Piers Morgan Tonight on May 29, 2012, when he was interviewed by Regis Philbin, the guest host and Letterman's longtime friend.", "Philbin again interviewed Letterman (and Shaffer) while guest-hosting CBS's The Late Late Show (between the tenures of Craig Ferguson and James Corden) on January 27, 2015.", "In June 2013, Letterman appeared in the second episode of season two of Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee.", "On November 5, 2013, he and Bruce McCall published a fiction satire book, This Land Was Made for You and Me (But Mostly Me), .", "In Week 13 of the 2021 NFL season, Letterman joined Peyton and Eli Manning on their ESPN2 feed of the Monday Night Football game between the New England Patriots and Buffalo Bills.", "Letterman mocked Bill Belichick after he was caught on camera wiping his nose with his shirt and was in the middle of recalling being with Roger Goodell when Goodell was booed at the unveiling of Peyton Manning's statue in Indianapolis when ESPN suddenly cut to commercials.", "On January 25, 2022, current Late Night host Seth Meyers announced that Letterman would be the guest on the February 1 show, marking the 40th anniversary of the franchise's debut.", "Business ventures \n\nLetterman started his production company, Worldwide Pants Incorporated, which produced his show and several others, in 1991.", "The company also produces feature films and documentaries and founded its own record label, Clear Entertainment.", "Worldwide Pants received significant attention in December 2007 after it was announced that it had independently negotiated its own contract with the Writers Guild of America, East, thus allowing Letterman, Craig Ferguson, and their writers to return to work, while the union continued its strike against production companies, networks, and studios with whom it had not yet reached agreements.", "Letterman, Bobby Rahal, and Mike Lanigan co-own Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing, an auto racing team competing in the WeatherTech SportsCar Championship and NTT IndyCar series.", "The team has twice won the Indianapolis 500: in 2004 with driver Buddy Rice, and in 2020 with Takuma Sato.", "The Letterman Foundation for Courtesy and Grooming is a private foundation through which Letterman has donated millions of dollars to charities and other nonprofit organizations in Indiana and Montana, celebrity-affiliated organizations such as Paul Newman's Hole in the Wall Gang Camp, Ball State University, the American Cancer Society, the Salvation Army, and Médecins Sans Frontières.", "Influences \nLetterman's biggest influence and mentor was Johnny Carson.", "Other comedians who influenced Letterman were Paul Dixon, Steve Allen, Jonathan Winters, Garry Moore, Jack Paar, Don Rickles, and David Brenner.", "Although Ernie Kovacs has also been mentioned as an influence, Letterman has denied this.", "Comedians influenced by Letterman include Conan O'Brien, Jon Stewart, Stephen Colbert, Ray Romano, Jimmy Kimmel, Jay Leno, Arsenio Hall, Larry Wilmore, Seth Meyers, Norm Macdonald, Jimmy Fallon, John Oliver, and James Corden.", "Personal life \n\nLetterman suffers from tinnitus, a symptom of hearing loss.", "On the Late Show in 1996, he talked about his experience with tinnitus during an interview with William Shatner, who has severe tinnitus caused by an on-set explosion.", "Letterman has said that he was initially unable to pinpoint the noise inside his head and that he hears a constant ringing in his ears.", "Letterman no longer drinks alcohol.", "On more than one occasion, he said that he had once been a \"horrible alcoholic\" and had begun drinking around the age of 13 and continued until 1981 when he was 34.", "He has said that in 1981, \"I was drunk 80% of the time ...", "I loved it.", "I was one of those guys, I looked around, and everyone else had stopped drinking and I couldn't understand why.\"", "When he was shown drinking what appears to be alcohol on Late Night or the Late Show, it was actually apple juice.", "In 2015, Letterman said of his anxiety: \"For years and years and years—30, 40 years—I was anxious and hypochondriacal and an alcoholic, and many, many other things that made me different from other people.\"", "He became calmer through a combination of Transcendental Meditation and low doses of medication.", "Letterman is a Presbyterian, a religious tradition he was originally brought up in by his mother, though he once said he was motivated by \"Lutheran, Midwestern guilt\".", "Marriages, relationships, and family\nOn July 2, 1968, Letterman married his college sweetheart, Michelle Cook, in Muncie, Indiana; they divorced by October 1977.", "He also had a long-term cohabiting relationship with the former head writer and producer on Late Night, Merrill Markoe, from 1978 to 1988.", "Markoe created several Late Night staples, such as \"Stupid Pet/Human Tricks\".", "Time magazine wrote that theirs was the defining relationship of Letterman's career, with Markoe also acting as his writing partner.", "She \"put the surrealism in Letterman's comedy.\"", "Letterman and Regina Lasko started dating in February 1986, while he was still living with Markoe.", "Lasko gave birth to their son, Harry Joseph Letterman, on November 3, 2003.", "Harry is named after Letterman's father.", "In 2005, police discovered a plot to kidnap Letterman's son and demand a $5 million ransom.", "Kelly Frank, a house painter who had worked for Letterman, was charged in the conspiracy.", "Letterman and Lasko wed on March 19, 2009, in a quiet courthouse civil ceremony in Choteau, Montana, where he had purchased a ranch in 1999.", "Letterman announced the marriage during the taping of his show of March 23, shortly after congratulating Bruce Willis on his marriage the week before.", "Letterman told the audience he nearly missed the ceremony because his truck became stuck in mud two miles from their house.", "The family resides in North Salem, New York, on a estate.", "Extortion attempt and revelation of affairs \nOn October 1, 2009, Letterman announced on his show that he had been the victim of a blackmail attempt by a person threatening to reveal his sexual relationships with several of his female employees—a fact Letterman immediately thereafter confirmed.", "He said that someone had left a package in his car with material he said he would write into a screenplay and a book if Letterman did not pay him $2 million.", "Letterman said that he contacted the Manhattan District Attorney's office and partook in a sting operation that involved the handover of a fake check to the extortionist.", "Joe Halderman, a producer of the CBS news magazine television series 48 Hours, was arrested around noon (EST) on October 1, 2009, after trying to deposit the check.", "He was indicted by a Manhattan grand jury following testimony from Letterman and pleaded not guilty to a charge of attempted grand larceny on October 2, 2009.", "Halderman pleaded guilty in March 2010 and was sentenced to six months in prison, followed by probation and community service.", "A central figure in the case and one of the women with whom Letterman had had a sexual relationship was his longtime personal assistant Stephanie Birkitt, who often appeared on the show.", "She had also worked for 48 Hours.", "Until a month before the revelations, she had shared a residence with Halderman, who allegedly had copied her personal diary and used it, along with private emails, in the blackmail package.", "In the days following the initial announcement of the affairs and the arrest, several prominent women, including Kathie Lee Gifford, co-host of NBC's Today Show, and NBC news anchor Ann Curry, questioned whether Letterman's affairs with subordinates created an unfair working environment.", "A spokesman for Worldwide Pants said that the company's sexual harassment policy did not prohibit sexual relationships between managers and employees.", "According to business news reporter Eve Tahmincioglu, \"CBS suppliers are supposed to follow the company's business conduct policies\" and the CBS 2008 Business Conduct Statement states that \"If a consenting romantic or sexual relationship between a supervisor and a direct or indirect subordinate should develop, CBS requires the supervisor to disclose this information to his or her Company's Human Resources Department\".", "On October 3, 2009, a former CBS employee, Holly Hester, announced that she and Letterman had engaged in a yearlong secret affair in the early 1990s while she was his intern and a student at New York University.", "On October 5, 2009, Letterman devoted a segment of his show to a public apology to his wife and staff.", "Three days later, Worldwide Pants announced that Birkitt had been placed on a \"paid leave of absence\" from the Late Show.", "On October 15, CBS News announced that the company's chief investigative correspondent, Armen Keteyian, had been assigned to conduct an \"in-depth investigation\" into Letterman.", "Stalkers \nBeginning in May 1988, Letterman was stalked by Margaret Mary Ray, a woman suffering from schizophrenia.", "She stole his Porsche, camped out on his tennis court, and repeatedly broke into his house.", "Her exploits drew national attention, with Letterman occasionally joking about her on his show, though he never named her.", "After she killed herself at age 46 in October 1998, Letterman told The New York Times that he had great compassion for her.", "A spokesperson for Letterman said: \"This is a sad ending to a confused life.\"", "In 2005 another person was able to obtain a restraining order from a New Mexico judge, prohibiting Letterman from contacting her.", "She claimed he had sent her coded messages via his television program, causing her bankruptcy and emotional distress.Judge Daniel Sanchez's restraining order, from the Volokh Conspiracy accessed 15 June 2019 Law professor Eugene Volokh called the case \"patently frivolous\".", "Interests \nLetterman is a car enthusiast and owns an extensive collection.", "In 2012, it was reported that the collection consisted of ten Ferraris, eight Porsches, four Austin-Healeys, two Honda motorcycles, a Chevy pickup, and one car each from automakers Mercedes-Benz, Jaguar, MG, Volvo, and Pontiac.", "In his 2013 appearance on Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee, part of Jerry Seinfeld's conversation with Letterman was filmed in Letterman's 1995 Volvo 960 station wagon, which is powered by a 380-horsepower racing engine.", "Paul Newman had the car built for Letterman.", "Letterman shares a close relationship with the rock and roll band Foo Fighters since its appearance on his first show upon his return from heart surgery.", "The band appeared many times on the Late Show, including a week-long stint in October 2014.", "While introducing the band's performance of \"Miracle\" on the show of October 17, 2014, Letterman told the story of how a souvenir video of himself and his four-year-old son learning to ski used the song as background music, unbeknownst to Letterman until he saw it.", "He stated: \"This is the second song of theirs that will always have great, great meaning for me for the rest of my life\".", "This was the first time the band had heard this story.", "Worldwide Pants co-produced Dave Grohl's Sonic Highways TV series.", "\"Letterman was the first person to get behind this project,\" Grohl said.", "Filmography\n Film \n\nTelevision\n\nAwards, honors and legacyDavid Letterman Communication and Media BuildingOn September 7, 2007, Letterman visited his alma mater, Ball State University in Muncie, Indiana, for the dedication of a communications facility named in his honor for his dedication to the university.", "The $21 million, David Letterman Communication and Media Building opened for the 2007 fall semester.", "Thousands of Ball State students, faculty, and local residents welcomed Letterman back to Indiana.", "Letterman's emotional speech touched on his struggles as a college student and his late father, and also included the \"top ten good things about having your name on a building\", finishing with \"if reasonable people can put my name on a $21 million building, anything is possible.\"", "Over many years Letterman \"has provided substantial assistance to [Ball State's] Department of Telecommunications, including an annual scholarship that bears his name.\"", "At the same time, Indiana Governor Mitch Daniels gave Letterman a Sagamore of the Wabash award, which recognizes distinguished service to the state of Indiana.Awards and nominations'''\n\nIn his capacities as either a performer, producer, or as part of a writing team, Letterman is among the most nominated people in the history of the Emmy Awards, with 52 nominations, winning two Daytime Emmys and ten Primetime Emmys since 1981.", "He won four American Comedy Awards and in 2011 became the first recipient of the Johnny Carson Award for Comedic Excellence at The Comedy Awards.", "Letterman was a recipient of the 2012 Kennedy Center Honors, where he was called \"one of the most influential personalities in the history of television, entertaining an entire generation of late-night viewers with his unconventional wit and charm.\"", "On May 16, 2017, Letterman was named the next recipient of the Mark Twain Prize for American Humor, the award granted annually by the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts.", "He received the prize in a ceremony on October 22, 2017.", "References\n\nFurther reading\n , \"Book Review: The Legacy of David Letterman, Icon of the Grizzled Generation\" by Tom Carson, The New York Times'', April 10, 2017\n\nExternal links\n\n \n \n \n \n\n \n1947 births\nLiving people\n20th-century American comedians\n20th-century American male actors\n21st-century American comedians\n21st-century American male actors\nAmerican company founders\nAmerican people of English descent\nAmerican people of German descent\nAmerican people of Scotch-Irish descent\nAmerican Presbyterians\nAmerican male film actors\nAmerican male television actors\nAmerican male voice actors\nAmerican stand-up comedians\nAmerican television talk show hosts\nBall State University alumni\nComedians from Indiana\nDaytime Emmy Award winners\nFormer Lutherans\nIndyCar Series team owners\nKennedy Center honorees\nLate night television talk show hosts\nMale actors from Indianapolis\nMark Twain Prize recipients\nPrimetime Emmy Award winners\nRahal Letterman Lanigan Racing\nTelevision anchors from Indianapolis\nTelevision producers from Indiana\nWeather presenters" ]

[ "David Michael Letterman is an American television host, comedian, writer, and producer.", "He hosted late night television shows for 33 years, beginning with the February 1, 1982, debut of Late Night with David Letterman on NBC, and ending with the May 20, 2015, broadcast of Late Show with David Letterman on CBS.", "Letterman hosted 6,080 episodes of Late Night and Late Show, making him the longest-serving late night talk show host in American television history.", "Letterman was ranked 45th on TV Guides 50 greatest TV stars of all time.", "TV Guide ranked The Late Show with David Letterman seventh on their list of the 50 greatest TV shows of all time.", "He is a film and television producer.", "His company, Worldwide Pants, produced his shows as well as The Late Late Show and several prime-time comedies, the most successful of which was Everybody Loves Raymond.", "Letterman's influence has been cited by several late-night hosts.", "My Next Guest Needs No introduction with David Letterman is hosted by Letterman.", "Letterman was born in Indianapolis, Indiana, in 1947 and has two sisters, one older and one younger.", "His father was a florist.", "His mother, a church secretary for the Second Presbyterian Church of Indianapolis, was an occasional figure on Letterman's show.", "Letterman grew up on the north side of Indianapolis and is close to the Indianapolis Motor Speedway.", "He liked collecting model cars.", "He told an interviewer in 2000 that he admired his father's ability to tell jokes and be the life of the party.", "David was a young boy when Harry Joseph Letterman had a heart attack.", "As a child, the fear of losing his father was constant.", "The elder Letterman died of a second heart attack at the age of 57.", "Letterman worked as a stock boy at the Atlas supermarket while he was in high school.", "He went to Ball State University because his grades weren't good enough to attend Indiana University.", "He graduated from the Department of Radio and Television in 1969 and is a member of the Sigma Chi Fraternity.", "Letterman endowed a scholarship for what he called \"C students\" at Ball State.", "Though he registered for the draft and passed his physical after graduating from college, he was not drafted for service in Vietnam because he received a draft lottery number.", "Letterman began his broadcasting career at the college's student-run radio station, WBST, which is now part of Indiana Public Radio.", "He was fired for disrespecting classical music.", "He was involved in the founding of another campus station.", "He credits PaulDixon, host of the PaulDixon Show, a Cincinnati-based talk show also shown in Indianapolis while he was growing up, for inspiring his choice of career: I was just out of college in 1969 and I really didn't know what I wanted to do.", "I saw him doing it on TV.", "I thought that was what I wanted to do.", "Letterman began his career as a weatherman after graduating from Ball State in 1969 and went on to host a radio and television show.", "He received some attention for his unpredictable on-air behavior, which included congratulating a tropical storm for being upgraded to a Hurricane and predicting hailstones the size of canned hams.", "On one occasion, he reported the weather and the day's very high and low temperatures for a fake city with eight inches of snow, as well as the state border between Indiana and Ohio being erased when a satellite map accidentally omitted it.", "The border between Indiana and Ohio has been removed, making it one giant state.", "I'm against it.", "I don't know what to do.", "He starred in a local kiddie show, made wisecracks as host of a late-night TV show called \"Freeze-Dried Movies\", and hosted a talk show that aired early on Saturday mornings called \"Clover Power.\"", "Letterman's first nationally televised appearance was in 1971 when he was a pit road reporter for ABC Sports' coverage of the Indianapolis 500.", "At the end of the interview, Jim McKay announced that he was Dave Letterman.", "Mario was interviewed by Letterman after he crashed out of the race.", "In 1975, Letterman moved to Los Angeles in order to become a comedy writer.", "They packed their stuff in his truck and headed west.", "He still owned the truck.", "He began performing at The Comedy Store in Los Angeles.", "Letterman joined a group of comedians whom Walker hired to write jokes for his stand-up act, a group that at various times also included Jay Leno, Paul Mooney, Robert Schimmel, Richard Jeni, and El.", "Letterman was a regular on The Starland Vocal Band Show in the summer of 1977.", "He hosted a pilot for a game show called The Riddlers in 1977 but it was never picked up.", "Letterman was a cast member on Mary Tyler Moore's variety show.", "He made appearances on game shows such as The $20,000 Pyramid, The Gong Show, Hollywood Squares, Password Plus, and Liar's Club, as well as the Canadian cooking show Celebrity Cook.", "He was screen tested for the lead role in Airplane!, a role that eventually went to Robert Hays.", "Letterman's dry, sarcastic humor caught the attention of scouts for The Tonight Show, and he was soon a regular guest on the show.", "He was a regular guest host on the show.", "Letterman says that he influenced his career the most.", "Letterman had a morning show on NBC called The David Letterman Show.", "In August 1980 it was reduced to 60 minutes.", "The show won two Emmy Awards, but was a ratings disappointment and was canceled, the last show airing on October 24, 1980.", "NBC tried David Letterman in a different time slot on Late Night with David Letterman.", "Bill Murray was the first guest on Late Night with David Letterman.", "Murray was one of Letterman's most recurrent guests, guesting on his CBS show's celebration of his 30th anniversary in late-night television, which aired January 31, 2012 and on the final CBS show, which aired May 20, 2015.", "Immediately following The Tonight Show, there was a Friday night broadcast of the show.", "It quickly developed a cult following among college students.", "Letterman's reputation as an acerbic interviewer was reflected in his verbal sparring matches with Cher, Charles Grodin, and Madonna.", "The style of the show was heavily influenced by the 1950s and 1960s programs of Steve Allen.", "The show often featured quirky, genre-mocking regular features, including \"Stupid Pet tricks\", which had its origins on Letterman's morning show, and Stupid Human tricks, dropping various objects off the roof of a five-story building.", "Letterman used a bullhorn to interrupt a live interview on The Today Show on August 19, 1985, announcing that he was the NBC News president and that he was not wearing any pants.", "In 1982, Andy Kaufman, who was wearing a neck brace, appeared with professional wrestler Jerry Lawler, who slapped and knocked the comedian to the ground.", "Many fans believed that David Letterman would become host of The Tonight Show when Johnny Carson retired in 1992.", "Letterman left NBC to host his own late-night show on CBS, opposite The Tonight Show at 11:30 p.m., called the Late Show with David Letterman.", "The Ed Sullivan Theater, where Ed Sullivan broadcasted his variety show from 1948 to 1971, was where the new show was filmed.", "CBS spent $8 million on renovations for Letterman's arrival.", "Letterman signed a three-year contract with CBS, doubling his salary.", "While the expectation was that Letterman would retain his unique style and sense of humor with the move, Late Show was not an exact replica of his old NBC program.", "The monologue was longer.", "The World's Most Dangerous Band followed Letterman to CBS, but they added a brass section and were renamed the CBS Orchestra at Letterman's request.", "The \"Top Ten List\" became the \"Late Show Top Ten\" and the \"Viewer Mail\" became the \"CBS Mailbag\" because of intellectual property disagreements.", "\"Letterman's innovation gained power from its rigorous formalism; as his biographer says, he was a fascinatingly disgruntled eccentric trapped inside a more traditional talk show.\"", "Jay Leno hosted The Tonight Show for 22 years, except from June 1, 2009, to January 22, 2010, when he hosted Jay Leno hosted The Late Show for 22 years, except from June 1, 2009, to January 22, 2010, when he hosted Jay Leno hosted The Tonight Show.", "In 1993 and 1994, The Tonight Show had lower ratings than the Late Show.", "Leno's show consistently beat Letterman's show in the ratings from the time that Hugh Grant came on Leno's show after his arrest for soliciting a prostitute.", "Between 1999 and 2009, Leno attracted five million nightly viewers.", "As of Leno's departure in 2009, The Late Show had lost half of its audience, attracting 7.1 million viewers nightly in its 1993–94 season and 3.8 million per night.", "In the final months of his first stint as host of The Tonight Show, Leno beat Letterman in the ratings by a 1.3 million-viewer margin, and Nightline and the Late Show were virtually tied.", "The gap in ratings was closed when O'Brien took over.", "O'Brien initially drove the median age of Tonight Show viewers from 55 to 45, with most older viewers opting to watch the Late Show.", "Leno regained the lead after returning to The Tonight Show.", "Letterman has won 12 times in his first 20 years in late night television, and his shows have been nominated 67 times.", "Letterman ranked higher than Leno in the annual Harris Poll of Nation's Favorite TV Personality 12 times.", "Letterman was second in the 2003 and 2004 poll, behind only Oprah Winfrey, while Leno was fifth.", "In 1998, 2007, and 2008 Leno was higher than Letterman.", "The 67th Academy Awards ceremony was hosted by Letterman.", "His irreverent style undermined the traditional importance and glamor of the event.", "In a joke about their unusual names (inspired by a celebrated comic essay in The New Yorker, \"Yma Dream\" by Thomas Meehan), he introduced both of them to each other.", "Have you kids met someone?", "Many of his jokes fell flat.", "Although Letterman attracted the highest ratings since 1983, many felt that the bad publicity he generated caused a decline in Late Shows ratings.", "The apparent debacle was recycled into a long-running gag by Letterman.", "He joked on his first show after the Oscars, \"I had no idea that thing was being televised.\"", "Billy Crystal parodied the plane-crashing scenes from The English Patient during his opening Oscar skit two years later.", "The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences continued to hold Letterman in high regard and invited him to host the Oscars again.", "He confirmed on the premiere of the 14th season of The View that he had been considered to host again.", "On January 14, 2000, a routine check-up revealed that an arteries in Letterman's heart was blocked.", "He was rushed to the emergency room at New York Presbyterian Hospital.", "During the initial weeks of his recovery, reruns of the Late Show were shown and introduced by friends of Letterman including Norm Macdonald, Drew Barrymore, Ray Romano, Robin Williams, Bonnie Hunt, Megan Mullally, Bill Murray, Regis Philbin, Charles Grodin, Nathan Lane, Julia Roberts", "While still recovering from surgery, Letterman revived the late-night talk show tradition of \"guest hosts\" that had virtually disappeared on network television during the 1990s, allowing Bill Cosby, Kathie Lee Gifford, Dana Carvey, Janeane Garofalo, and others to host new episodes.", "After his return to the show on February 21, 2000, Letterman brought all but one of the doctors and nurses on stage who had participated in his surgery and recovery, with extra teasing of a nurse who had given him bed baths.", "Louis Aronne, a physician, frequently appeared on the show.", "Letterman was emotional as he thanked the health care team with the words \"These are the people who saved my life!\"", "The episode was nominated for an award.", "\" Bypass surgery: it's when doctors create new blood flow to your heart\" was one of the jokes Letterman cracked for a number of episodes.", "When I didn't get The Tonight Show, I had a bypass.", "It's not the same thing.", "He wanted Indiana to change the name of the freeway circling Indianapolis to \"The David Letterman Bypass\".", "A clip of Letterman's heart for sale on the Home Shopping Network was included in a fake news coverage of his bypass surgery.", "The doctors and nurses were friends with Letterman.", "According to an interview with Rolling Stone, he hosted a doctor and nurse who helped save his life in 2000 by performing an emergency quintuple-bypass heart surgery.", "He says that these people were strangers when they opened his chest.", "Eight years later, they're among my best friends.", "Foo Fighters were invited to play \"Everlong\" by Letterman, who introduced them as his favorite band.", "Foo Fighters were in the middle of a South American tour when they canceled their appearance on Letterman's show.", "When Letterman was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in February 2003 he gave the reins of the show to a number of guest hosts, including Bill Cosby, Brad Garrett, Elvis Costello, John McEnroe, Vince Vaughn, Will Ferrell, and Bonnie Hunt.", "Letterman used guest hosts, including Tom Arnold andKelsey Grammer, for new shows on Fridays.", "Adam Sandler was scheduled to be the lead guest on the show, but he served as a guest host when Letterman was sick.", "As Letterman's contract with CBS neared its end, ABC offered him the time slot for Nightline with Ted Koppel.", "Letterman was interested, as he believed he could never match Leno's ratings at CBS due to Letterman's complaint of weaker lead-ins from the network's late local news programs.", "He stated that he was content at CBS and that he had great respect for the man.", "Letterman signed a new contract to host Late Show with David Letterman through the fall of 2010.", "\"I'm happy to be staying at CBS,\" said Letterman.", "You don't want to have to learn a new commute.", "Letterman revealed a temporary tattoo of the ABC logo when he pulled up his pants.", "\"Thirteen years ago, David Letterman put CBS late night on the map and in the process became one of the defining icons of our network,\" said Moonves.", "The creativity and imagination that the Late Show puts forth every night is an ongoing display of the highest quality entertainment, and his presence on our air is an ongoing source of pride.", "One of the most revered and talented entertainers of our time will continue to call CBS home.", "Letterman earned 40 million dollars a year according to an article.", "An article in The New York Times said his salary was $32 million.", "In June 2009, Letterman's Worldwide Pants and CBS reached an agreement to continue the Late Show.", "The previous contract was set to expire in 2010 and the two-year extension was shorter than usual.", "Under the previous contract, Worldwide Pants had remained a \"solid moneymaker\" for CBS.", "On the February 3, 2011, edition of the Late Show, Letterman said he would continue to do his show for at least two years.", "CBS announced in April 2012 that it had extended its contract with Letterman.", "His contract was renewed in 2015.", "Letterman told Moonves that he would retire from Late Show on May 20, 2015.", "Letterman said in jest that he had been fired.", "Stephen Colbert would succeed Letterman.", "Four of the five living American presidents, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, and Barack Obama, took part in the presidential sendoff.", "It also featured appearances from The Simpsons and Wheel of Fortune, as well as a list of things I wish I could have said to David Letterman.", "The final episode of Late Show with David Letterman was watched by over 13 million viewers in the United States with an audience share of 9.3, making it the highest rated show since the 1994 Winter Olympics.", "Bill Murray was the last guest on Late Show.", "It was the highest-rated program on network television that night, beating out all prime-time shows.", "Letterman hosted 6,080 episodes of Late Night and Late Show, making him the longest-serving late-night talk show host in U.S. television history.", "In the months following the end of Late Show, Letterman was seen occasionally at sports events such as the Indianapolis 500, during which he submitted to an interview with a local publication.", "He made a surprise appearance on stage in San Antonio, Texas, when he was invited up for an extended segment during Steve Martin's and Martin Short's A Very Stupid Conversation show.", "I was happy.", "I will make friends.", "I was not worried.", "I was happy.", "Donald Trump said he was running for president a couple of days ago.", "I made the biggest mistake of my life, ladies and gentlemen, and then delivered a Top Ten List roasting Trump's presidential campaign, followed by an onstage conversation with Martin and Short.", "Cellphone recordings of the appearance were widely reported in the media.", "Letterman was one of the celebrity correspondents on Years of Living Dangerously.", "In season two's premiere episode, Letterman traveled to India to investigate the country's efforts to expand its inadequate energy grid, power its booming economy, and bring electricity to 300 million citizens for the first time.", "He traveled to rural villages where power is a scarce luxury and interviewed Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi about the United States' role in India's energy future.", "The band Pearl Jam was inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame on April 7, 2017.", "Letterman and Alec Baldwin hosted a show on Turner Classic Movies.", "The films were introduced by Letterman and Baldwin.", "Letterman hosted a six-episode monthly series of hour-long programs on the streaming service.", "Barack Obama was the first guest on the show, which was hosted by David Letterman.", "The second season aired on May 31, 2019.", "Kim Kardashian West, Robert Downey Jr., Dave Chappelle and Lizzo are guests in the third season.", "NBC chose Jay Leno to host The Tonight Show despite Johnny Carson's intentions to pass his title to Letterman.", "Through his break with NBC, Letterman maintained a close relationship with Carson.", "The Late Shift, based on a book by The New York Times reporter Bill Carter, chronicled the battle between Letterman and Leno for the Tonight Show hosting spot.", "He made a few appearances as a guest on the show.", "He made a surprise appearance during a Top 10 list segment on the Late Show in Los Angeles on May 13, 1994.", "According to CBS senior vice president Peter Lassally, Carson got a big kick out of the fact that he occasionally sent jokes to Letterman.", "After delivering a joke, Letterman would do a golf swing.", "The first show after Carson's death was a tribute to him.", "According to Lassally, Carson had always believed Letterman to be his successor.", "\"Carnac the Magnificent\", \"Stump the Band\", and the \"Week in Review\" were some of the trademark bits used by Letterman during the early years of the Late Shows.", "On May 2, 1989, Oprah Winfrey appeared on Letterman's show.", "The acerbic tone of their 1989 interview made Winfrey so uncomfortable that she didn't want to have it.", "The feud ended on December 2, 2005, when Winfrey appeared on the Late Show with David Letterman.", "In February 2007, Letterman and Winfrey sat next to each other on a couch while watching the Super Bowl in a Late Show promo.", "Since the game was played between the Indianapolis Colts and Chicago Bears, Letterman wore a Manning jersey, while Winfrey wore a Urlacher jersey.", "On September 10, 2007, Letterman made his first appearance on The Oprah Winfrey Show.", "Three years later, during CBS's coverage of the Super Bowl between the Colts and the New Orleans Saints, the two appeared again in a Late Show promo, this time with Winfrey sitting on a couch between Letterman and Leno.", "Art Donovan, a member of the Colts' Hall of Fame, was a regular Letterman guest.", "Leno flew to New York City on an NBC corporate jet and sneaked into the Ed Sullivan Theater to meet Letterman and Winfrey in front of a live audience.", "Letterman was interviewed by Winfrey on Oprah's Next Chapter.", "Winfrey revealed that she had had a terrible experience when she appeared on Letterman's show.", "Letterman apologized and could not remember the incident.", "In November and December of 2007, Late Show went off air because of the Writers Guild of America strike.", "Letterman's production company, Worldwide Pants, was the first to make an individual agreement with the WGA, allowing his show to come back on the air on January 2, 2008.", "He surprised the audience with a beard in his first episode back.", "His beard was shaved off.", "On June 8 and 9, 2009, Letterman told two sexually themed jokes about a daughter of Sarah Palin.", "There was a joke about a statutory rape of a 14-year-old girl by a Major League Baseball player, but none of her other children were at the game.", "The joke about a Latino player committing statutory rape was questioned by some.", "In a statement posted on the Internet, she said thatLetterman would never make such comments about anyone else's daughter and that they were inciting by sexually perverted comments made by a 62-year-old male celebrity aimed at a 14-year-old.", "On his June 10 show, Letterman said the jokes were meant to be about Bristol, who was pregnant during the presidential election of 2008 and caused a lot of controversy.", "These are not jokes aboutPalin's daughter.", "I wouldn't make jokes about raping or having sex with a 14-year-old girl.", "His comments did not end the criticism.", "The National Organization for Women said that Letterman had made \"only something of an apology.\"", "On his June 15 show, Letterman apologized to the two daughters involved, the governor and her family, and everyone else who was offended by the joke.", "Rodriguez demanded an apology for suggesting that he was a child molester.", "Letterman never apologized to Rodriguez.", "A death threat against Letterman was posted on a website frequented by Al-Qaeda supporters, calling on American Muslims to kill him for making a joke about the death of an Al-Qaeda leader.", "Letterman joked about the threat on his August 22 show.", "They are not taking this lightly.", "They are looking into it.", "Everybody knows it's Leno, but they're questioning, they're interrogating, there's an electronic trail.", "In the pilot episode of the short-lived 1986 series Coach Toast, Letterman appeared with a bag over his head, as a guest, while on Bonnie Hunt's 1990s sitcom The Building.", "When the Simpsons were on Late Night with David Letterman, he played himself in a couch gag.", "He was in a movie with a writer who worked for Letterman.", "Letterman's maternal grandfather's name is listed in the credits as \"Earl Hofert\" in this and other appearances.", "Private Parts and Man on the Moon were both biographical films, as well as \"The Abstinence\", a 1996 episode of the sitcom \"Seinfeld\".", "The voice for Butt-head's father in the 1996 animated film Beavis and Butt-Head Do America was provided by Letterman.", "The title characters of The Avenger's comic book series, specifically Hawkeye, Wonder Man, Black Widow, Beast, and Black Panther, were guests on Late Night with David Letterman.", "A parody of Letterman named David Endochrine is gassed to death along with his audience in Frank Miller's The Dark Knight Returns.", "Letterman was parodied as \"David Litterbin\".", "Letterman is in two issues of American Splendor.", "The accounts of appearances on Late Night are shown in those issues.", "Steve Mazan, a standup comic with cancer, is the subject of a documentary called Dying to do Letterman.", "The film won two awards at the festival.", "He published a book about his own story called Dying to Do Letterman: turning Someday into Today.", "Letterman was a guest on CNN's Piers Morgan Tonight on May 29, 2012 where he was interviewed by his friend and guest host, Regis Philbin.", "The Late Late Show with David Letterman was hosted by Philbin on January 27, 2015, between the tenures of Craig Ferguson and James Corden.", "Letterman appeared in the second episode of the second season of Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee.", "This Land was Made for You and Me (But Mostly Me) was published on November 5, 2013).", "Letterman was a guest on the Monday Night Football game between the New England Pats and Buffalo Bills.", "Letterman mocked Bill Belichick after he was caught on camera wiping his nose with his shirt and was in the middle of recalling being with Roger Goodell when he was booed at the Indianapolis Manning statue dedication.", "Letterman will be the guest on the February 1 show, marking the 40th anniversary of the franchise's debut.", "Letterman started his production company, Worldwide Pants Incorporated, in 1991.", "The Clear Entertainment record label was founded by the company.", "In December 2007, it was announced that Worldwide Pants had independently negotiated its own contract with the Writers Guild of America, East, thus allowing Letterman, Craig Ferguson, and their writers to return to work, while the union continued its strike against production companies, networks, and studios.", "Letterman, Bobby, and Mike Lanigan are co-owners of Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing, an auto racing team competing in the WeatherTech SportsCar Championship.", "The team won the Indianapolis 500 in 2004 with driver Buddy Rice and again in 2020 with Takuma Sato.", "Paul Newman's Hole in the Wall Gang Camp, Ball State University, the American Cancer Society, and the Salvation Army are some of the charities that the Letterman Foundation has donated millions of dollars to.", "Johnny Carson was Letterman's biggest influence.", "Other comedians who influenced Letterman were Steve Allen, Jonathan Winters, Jack Paar, and Don Rickles.", "Letterman has denied that he is an influence.", "Comedians influenced by Letterman include Jon Stewart, Stephen Colbert, Ray Romano, Jimmy Kimmel, Jay Leno, Arsenio Hall, Larry Wilmore, and James Corden.", "Hearing loss is a symptom of Letterman's personal life.", "He talked about his experience with tinnitus during an interview with William Shatner on the Late Show in 1996.", "Letterman said that he heard a constant ringing in his ears and that he was initially unable to identify the noise inside his head.", "Letterman has stopped drinking alcohol.", "He said that he had once been an alcoholic and began drinking at the age of 13 and continued until 1981 when he was 34.", "He said that in 1981 he was drunk 80% of the time.", "I liked it.", "I looked around and everyone else had stopped drinking, and I couldn't understand why.", "On Late Night or the Late Show, he was shown drinking apple juice instead of alcohol.", "In 2015, Letterman said of his anxiety, \"For years and years and years, I was anxious and hypochondriacal and an alcoholic, and many, many other things that made me different from other people.\"", "He was calmer thanks to a combination of meditation and medication.", "Letterman is a Presbyterian, a religious tradition he was brought up in by his mother, though he once said he was motivated by \"Lutheran, Midwestern guilt\".", "Marriages, relationships, and family were all part of Letterman's life.", "From 1978 to 1988 he lived with the former head writer and producer of Late Night, Merrill Markoe.", "\"Stupid pet/human tricks\" is a staple of Late Night.", "The defining relationship of Letterman's career was with Markoe as his writing partner, according to Time magazine.", "She made Letterman's comedy funnier.", "Letterman and Lasko started dating in February of 1986.", "Harry Joseph Letterman was born on November 3, 2003", "Letterman's father was named Harry.", "Police discovered a plan to abduct Letterman's son and demand $5 million.", "Kelly Frank was a house painter for Letterman.", "Letterman and Lasko wed in a civil ceremony in Choteau, Montana, where Letterman had purchased a ranch in 1999.", "The marriage was announced on the taping of Letterman's show on March 23, a week after Bruce was married.", "Letterman's truck got stuck in mud two miles from their house and he almost missed the ceremony.", "The family lives in North Salem, New York.", "On October 1, 2009, Letterman announced on his show that he had been the victim of a blackmail attempt by a person threatening to reveal his sexual relationships with several of his female employees.", "He said that if Letterman didn't pay him $2 million, he would write a book and a screenplay.", "Letterman said that he contacted the Manhattan District Attorney's office and partook in a sting operation that involved the handover of a fake check to the extortionist.", "Joe Halderman, a producer of the CBS news magazine television series 48 Hours, was arrested on October 1, 2009, after trying to deposit a check.", "He was indicted by a Manhattan grand jury following testimony from Letterman and pleaded not guilty to a charge of attempted grand larceny on October 2, 2009.", "Halderman was sentenced to six months in prison after pleading guilty.", "One of the women with whom Letterman had a sexual relationship was his personal assistant, who often appeared on the show.", "She worked for 48 Hours.", "She shared a residence with Halderman, who was accused of copying her personal diary and using it in a blackmail package.", "Several prominent women, including Kathie Lee Gifford, co-host of NBC's Today Show, and Ann Curry, NBC news anchor, questioned whether Letterman's affairs with subordinates created an unfair working environment.", "The company's sexual harassment policy did not prohibit sexual relationships between managers and employees, according to a spokesman.", "The CBS 2008 Business Conduct Statement states that \"If a consenting romantic or sexual relationship between a supervisor and a direct or indirect subordinate should develop, CBS requires suppliers to follow the company's business conduct policies.\"", "On October 3, 2009, a former CBS employee, Holly Hester, announced that she and Letterman had engaged in a yearlong secret affair in the early 1990s while she was his intern and a student at New York University.", "On October 5, 2009, Letterman apologized to his wife and staff on his show.", "Birkitt was placed on a paid leave of absence from the Late Show.", "On October 15, CBS News announced that the company's chief investigative correspondent had been assigned to conduct an \"in-depth investigation\" into Letterman.", "Margaret Mary Ray was a stalker of Letterman.", "She stole his car, camped out on his tennis court, and broke into his house.", "Letterman joked about her on his show, though he never named her.", "Letterman told The New York Times that he had great compassion for her after she killed herself.", "This is a sad end to a confused life.", "A restraining order was obtained from a New Mexico judge in 2005, prohibiting Letterman from contacting her.", "She claimed he sent her messages via his television program, causing her bankruptcy and emotional distress.", "Letterman has an extensive collection of cars.", "In 2012 it was reported that the collection consisted of ten cars, eight motorcycles, four Austin-Healeys, two Honda motorcycles, a Chevy pickup, and one car each from Mercedes-Benz, Jaguar, MG, Volvo, and Pontiac.", "Letterman's 1995 Volvo 960 station wagon, which is powered by a380-hp racing engine, was used in part of Jerry Seinfeld's conversation with Letterman on Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee.", "The car was built for Letterman.", "Since his return from heart surgery, Letterman has a close relationship with the band Foo Fighters.", "The band was on the Late Show for a week in October.", "While introducing the band's performance of \"Miracle\" on the show of October 17, 2014, Letterman told the story of how a souvenir video of himself and his four-year-old son learning to ski used the song as background music.", "\"This is the second song of theirs that will always have great meaning for me for the rest of my life\", he stated.", "The band had never heard of this story before.", "Dave Grohl's Sonic Highways TV series was co-produced by Worldwide Pants.", "Dave said thatLetterman was the first person to get behind the project.", "Letterman visited his alma mater, Ball State University in Indiana, on September 7, 2007, for the dedication of a communications facility named in his honor.", "The David Letterman Communication and Media Building opened in the fall of 2007.", "Thousands of Ball State students, faculty, and local residents welcomed Letterman back to Indiana.", "Letterman's emotional speech touched on his struggles as a college student and his late father, and also included the \"top ten good things about having your name on a building\", finishing with \"if reasonable people can put my name on a $21 million building, anything is possible.\"", "Letterman has provided assistance to Ball State's Department of Telecommunications, including an annual scholarship that bears his name.", "At the same time, Indiana GovernorMitch Daniels gave Letterman a Sagamore of the Wabash award, which recognizes distinguished service to the state of Indiana.", "He was the first recipient of the Johnny Carson Award for Comedic excellence at The Comedy Awards.", "The 2012 Kennedy Center honors Letterman as one of the most influential personalities in the history of television, entertaining an entire generation of late-night viewers with his unconventional wit and charm.", "The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts gave the Mark Twain Prize for American Humor to Letterman.", "He received the prize in a ceremony.", "\"Book Review: The Legacy of David Letterman, Icon of the Grizzled Generation\" was published by The New York Times." ]

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[ "David Michael Letterman", "David Letterman", "David Letter", "David Letter", "Letterman", "David Letterman", "Letterman", "Letterman", "Letterman", "Letterman", "David", "Letterman", "Letterman", "Dave Letterman", "Letterman", "Letterman", ". Letterman", "Letterman", "Letterman", "Letterman", "Letterman", "David Letterman", "David Letterman", "David Letterman", "Letterman", "Letterman", "Letterman", "Letterman", "David Letterman", "Letterman", "David Letterman", "Letterman", "Letterman", "Letterman", "Letterman", "Letterman", "Letterman", "Letterman", "Letterman", "Letterman", "Letterman", "Letterman", "Letterman", "Letterman", "Letterman", "Letterman", "Letterman", "Letterman", "Letterman", "Letterman", "Letterman", "Letterman", "Letterman", "Letterman", "David Letter", "Letterman", "David Letter", "Letterman", "Letterman", "Letterman", "Letterman", "David Letterman", "David Letter", "Letterman", "Letterman", "Letterman", "Letterman", "Letterman", "Letterman", "David Letterman", "Letterman", "Letterman", "Letterman", "Letterman", "Letterman", "Letterman", "Letterman", "David Letter", "Letterman", "Letterman", "Letterman", "Letterman", "Letterman", "Sarah PalinLetterman", "LettermanPalin", "Letterman", "Letterman", "Letterman", "David Letterman", "Letterman", "Letterman", "David Letterman", "David Endochrine", "Letterman", "David Litter", "Letterman", "David Letter", "Letterman", "Letterman", "Letterman", "Letterman", "Letterman", "Letterman", "Letterman", "Letterman", "Letterman", "Letterman", "Letterman", "Letterman", "Letterman", "Letterman", "DaveLetterman", "Letterman", "Letterman", "LettermanMitch", "Letterman", "Letterman", "David Letterman" ]

[ "George Frederick \"Foghorn or Calliope\" Miller (August 15, 1864 – April 6, 1909) was an American professional baseball catcher.", "He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1884 through 1896 for the Pittsburgh Alleghenys / Pirates, St. Louis Browns, and Louisville Colonels.", "In 1894, he was a player-manager for the Browns.", "Born in Brooklyn, Miller entered minor league baseball at the age of 18 and advanced to the major leagues the next season.", "Primarily a catcher, Miller shunned the protective equipment that was becoming standard for that position, and that made catching too physically demanding to do every day.", "As a result, on days when his team was resting him as a catcher, they used him almost anywhere else on the field.", "He became the first major league player to appear in 20 or more games at all eight non-pitching positions.", "After his last major league appearance in 1896, he was a minor league player, manager and part-owner at various points through 1903.", "Not much is known about the few years that Miller spent in retirement from professional baseball.", "He died in Brooklyn of kidney disease in 1909.", "Early career\nIn 1883, an 18-year-old Miller debuted in professional baseball with the Harrisburg squad in the Interstate Association.", "A year later, he made the major leagues with the Pittsburgh Alleghenys of the American Association (AA).", "He spent ten seasons in Pittsburgh, staying with the team in 1887 when the team joined the National League (NL), ultimately becoming known as the Pirates.", "In the AA, players and coaches often kept up lively chatter during the games, but Miller was even more energetic than most of his peers.", "When Pittsburgh came to the NL, their opponents were often taken aback by the 5'6\" catcher's steady stream of booming exclamations.", "His nickname, \"Doggie\", alluded to his hobby of dog breeding, but Miller was sometimes also known as \"Calliope\" or \"Foghorn\" – references to his gruff voice and boisterous manner – especially early in his career.", "He became known for some characteristic mannerisms, including what sportswriter Hugh Fullerton described as \"a funny little ballet girl kick\" just before he swung the bat.", "Miller could play almost any position on the field, but he was most comfortable as a catcher.", "However, overhand pitching had been introduced in professional baseball around the time that Miller's career started, and most catchers had started to wear protective equipment such as a chest protector.", "Miller's refusal to don the chest protector made that position more physically demanding, limiting his playing time at that position.", "While he could not catch every day, Miller's defense at any other position was often subpar.", "\"[Miller] covered about as much ground as a woodshed, and threw to first like a drunkard with a cork leg,\" writer Len Washburn once said of a game in which Miller played shortstop for Pittsburgh.", "Still, he became the first major league player to spend 20 or more games at each non-pitching position.", "Move to the National League\nWhen the upstart Players' League emerged before the 1890 season, nearly all of Pittsburgh's roster moved over to the new league or to other teams; only Miller and Billy Sunday remained on the NL team, so the roster was filled by minor league or semipro replacement players and the team finished 23–113 that year.", "With Pittsburgh that year, Miller played in an extremely rare tripleheader; as of 2018, it is one of three times in baseball history that three games were played by the same teams on the same day.", "The hapless Pittsburgh team lost all three games to the Brooklyn squad; with Pittsburgh trailing by one run in the first game, Miller hit a triple and was thrown out trying to stretch the triple into a home run.", "After the Players' League's lone season, players like Jake Beckley returned to the NL and Pittsburgh achieved a winning record within two seasons.", "In 1892, Miller's batting average was an unremarkable .254, but he was the hardest player in the league to strike out, batting 44.5 times for every time that he struck out.", "By 1893, he was struggling to hit well enough to stay in the major leagues.", "After 41 games that season, Miller had a .182 batting average when he was demoted to the minor leagues.", "Playing for the Harrisburg Hustlers of the Pennsylvania State League, Miller rebounded well, hitting .364 in 39 games.", "In 1894, looking at Miller's experience as a team captain and his improved performance once in the minor leagues the year before, St. Louis Browns owner Chris von der Ahe hired Miller as a player-manager, adding him to the carousel of men who managed the team for a season or less in the 1890s.", "Von der Ahe, notorious for meddling in the field management of his teams, promised Miller that he would not interfere.", "Miller promised von der Ahe that he would avoid drinking.", "\"Neither man was true to his word,\" researcher J. Thomas Hetrick wrote in a biography of von der Ahe.", "During one game that year, von der Ahe sent the team's official scorer down to the field to replace a hungover Miller as manager for the day.", "Miller did implement a stark change for the Browns shortly after taking the job.", "He thought that rifle shooting would help with eye–hand coordination, so he took his players to a shooting range each morning.", "On defense, Miller began catching much less frequently; he played more often at third base and at a few other positions.", "When he was not on the field, Miller performed in the Wild West show that von der Ahe had bought from Buck Taylor.", "His team finished 56–76–1.", "Miller came back as a player in 1895, but von der Ahe hired Al Buckenberger to step in as manager.", "Later life\nIn 1896, Miller spent the season with the Louisville Colonels, playing in 98 games that year.", "They released him after that season, and he signed with the Minneapolis Millers of the Western League for 1897.", "Early that year, newspaper reports held that Cap Anson was interested in signing him to a major league contract.", "However, Miller played a full season for the Millers, hitting .338 and stealing 45 bases, and he never returned to the major leagues.", "His career statistics are mostly unremarkable, except that as of 2018 he ranks 12th all-time in career at-bat-to-strikeout ratio (33.7).", "Miller finished his playing career with a two-year stint in Fort Wayne, Indiana.", "There, after he was ejected from a 1900 game, he accosted the umpire after the game and bloodied the umpire's face.", "Miller was arrested and was fined $100 by the team, and a newspaper report speculated that he might not be allowed to play professionally anymore.", "He was allowed to continue playing with the Fort Wayne team through the 1901 season.", "In 1902, Miller was co-owner and player-manager of the Saginaw White Sox (Saginaw, Michigan) of the Michigan State League during some unusual events that led to the team's relocation to another city in the middle of the season.", "Miller's co-owner, C. F. Baker of Fort Wayne, Indiana, failed to pay salaries, league fees and other bills.", "Miller was said to have been an innocent victim of Baker's attempt to pocket extra money.", "In July 1902, Miller had the team transferred to W. W. Todd of the drug company known as Waldron & Todd.", "Todd lived in Jackson, Michigan, and the team relocated there with its roster unaffected and with Miller staying on as manager.", "Miller managed and played for the Dayton Veterans of the new Central League in 1903.", "This appears to have been his last appearance in professional baseball.", "Relatively little is known about his life after that, though there is a reference to Miller pursuing umpiring on some level.", "He died of kidney disease in his Brooklyn home in 1909.", "He was buried at Lutheran All Faiths Cemetery in Brooklyn.", "See also\nList of Major League Baseball career stolen bases leaders\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n1864 births\n1909 deaths\nPittsburgh Alleghenys players\nPittsburgh Pirates players\nLouisville Colonels players\nSt. Louis Browns (NL) players\nMajor League Baseball catchers\nMajor League Baseball outfielders\nMajor League Baseball third basemen\nBaseball players from New York (state)\n19th-century baseball players\nMinor league baseball managers\nHarrisburg (minor league baseball) players\nHarrisburg Senators players\nSt. Paul Apostles players\nSt. Paul Saints (Western League) players\nOmaha Omahogs players\nSt. Joseph Saints players\nFort Wayne Indians players\nReading Coal Heavers players\nFort Wayne Railroaders players\nSaginaw White Sox players\nJackson White Sox players\nDayton Veterans players" ]

[ "George Frederick \"Foghorn or Calliope\" Miller was an American professional baseball catcher.", "He played in the Major League Baseball from 1884 to 1896.", "He was a player-manager in 1894.", "Miller advanced to the major leagues the next season after entering minor league baseball at the age of 18.", "Primarily a catcher, Miller shunned the protective equipment that was becoming standard for that position, and that made catching too physically demanding to do every day.", "When his team rested him as a catcher, they used him almost anywhere else on the field.", "He was the first major league player to appear in 20 or more games at all eight non-pitching positions.", "He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "Not much is known about Miller's retirement from baseball.", "He died of a disease in 1909.", "Miller made his professional baseball debut in 1884 with the Harrisburg squad in the Interstate Association.", "He made the majors with the Pittsburgh Alleghenys of the AA.", "When the Pirates joined the National League in 1886, he stayed with the team for ten seasons.", "During the games in the AA, players and coaches kept up lively chatter, but Miller was more energetic than most of his peers.", "When Pittsburgh moved to the NL, their opponents were taken aback by the catcher's booming exclamations.", "Early in his career, Miller was known as \"Calliope\" or \"Foghorn\" because of his boisterous manner, but his nickname, \"Doggie\", was a reference to his hobby of dog breeding.", "He was known for his characteristic mannerisms, including a ballet girl kick just before he swung the bat.", "Miller was most comfortable as a catcher, even though he could play almost any position on the field.", "Around the time that Miller's career started, overhand pitching had been introduced in professional baseball, and most catchers had started to wear protective equipment.", "Miller's refusal to wear the chest protectors made that position more physically demanding, limiting his playing time at that position.", "Miller's defense at any other position was often subpar.", "\"Miller covered about as much ground as a woodshed, and threw to first like a drunkard with a cork leg, in a game in which he played for Pittsburgh.\"", "He was the first major league player to spend 20 or more games at each non-pitching position.", "Only Miller and Billy Sunday remained on the NL team, so the roster was filled by minor league or semipro replacement players.", "It is one of three times in baseball history that three games were played by the same team on the same day.", "Miller was thrown out trying to stretch a triple into a home run in the first game as the Pittsburgh team lost all three games to the Brooklyn squad.", "Pittsburgh achieved a winning record within two seasons after Jake Beckley returned to the NL.", "Miller was the hardest hitter in the league to strike out, batting 44.5 times for every time he struck out.", "He was struggling to stay in the majors by 1893.", "When he was demoted to the minor leagues, Miller had a.182 batting average.", "Miller rebounded well from his 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "In 1894, Chris von der Ahe hired Miller as a player-manager, adding him to the carousel of men who managed the team for a season.", "Von der Ahe promised Miller that he wouldn't interfere.", "Miller promised von der Ahe that he wouldn't drink.", "In a biography of von der Ahe, researcher J. Thomas Hetrick wrote that neither man was true to his word.", "Von der Ahe sent the team's official scorer down to the field to replace Miller as manager.", "A stark change was implemented by Miller shortly after he took the job.", "He took his players to a shooting range each morning because he thought rifle shooting would help with eye–hand coordination.", "Miller was playing more at third base and at a few other positions on the defense.", "Miller performed in the Wild West show that von der Ahe bought from Buck Taylor when he wasn't on the field.", "His team finished strong.", "Von der Ahe hired Al Buckenberger to manage after Miller came back as a player.", "Miller played in 98 games for the Louisville Colonels in 1896.", "He joined the Minneapolis Millers of the Western League in 1897.", "According to newspaper reports, Cap Anson was interested in signing him to a major league contract.", "Miller played a full season for the Millers, hitting.338 and stealing 45 bases, but he never returned to the majors.", "He is 12th all-time in career at-bat-to-strikeout ratio (33.7).", "Miller spent two years in Fort Wayne, Indiana.", "He bloodied the umpire's face after he was ejected from a 1900 game.", "A newspaper report speculated that Miller might not be allowed to play professionally anymore after he was arrested and fined by the team.", "He played for the Fort Wayne team through the 1901 season.", "The team relocated to another city in the middle of the season because of unusual events that co-owner and player-manager Miller was involved in.", "The co-owner of Miller failed to pay his bills.", "Miller was said to have been an innocent victim of Baker.", "The team was transferred to W. W. Todd of the drug company.", "The team relocated to Jackson, Michigan, with its roster unaffected and Miller remaining as manager.", "The Dayton Veterans of the new Central League had Miller manage and play for them.", "He appeared in his last professional baseball game.", "There is a reference to Miller pursuing umpiring on some level, but little is known about his life after that.", "He died of a disease in 1909.", "He was buried in Brooklyn.", "Major League Baseball catchers Major League Baseball outfielders Major League Baseball third basemen Baseball players from New York" ]

[ "\" Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Doggie", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller" ]

[ "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Doggie", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller" ]

[ "Blanche of Castile (; 4 March 1188 – 27 November 1252) was Queen consort of France by marriage to Louis VIII.", "She acted as regent twice during the reign of her son, Louis IX: during his minority from 1226 until 1234, and during his absence from 1248 until 1252.", "She was born in Palencia, Spain, 1188, the third daughter of Alfonso VIII, King of Castile, and Eleanor of England.", "Early life\nIn her youth, she visited the Abbey of Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas, founded by her parents, several times.", "In consequence of the Treaty of Le Goulet between Philip Augustus and John of England, Blanche's sister, Urraca, was betrothed to Philip's son, Louis.", "After meeting the two sisters, their grandmother Eleanor of Aquitaine (who had been a queen consort of France herself) judged that Blanche's personality was more fit to fulfil the role.", "In the spring of 1200, Eleanor crossed the Pyrenees with her and brought her to France instead.", "Appearance\nEleanor of Aquitaine judged that Urraca, Blanche's sister, was more beautiful than Blanche, although Catherine Hanley states we have no knowledge what Blanche looked like.", "Marriage\nOn 22 May 1200 the treaty was finally signed, John ceding along with his niece the fiefs of Issoudun and Graçay, together with those that André de Chauvigny, lord of Châteauroux, held in Berry, of the English crown.", "The marriage was celebrated the next day, at Port-Mort on the right bank of the Seine, in John's domains, as those of Philip lay under an interdict.", "Blanche was twelve years of age, and Louis was only a year older so the marriage was consummated a few years later.", "Blanche bore her first child in 1205.", "During the English barons' rebellion of 1215–16 against King John, it was Blanche's English ancestry as granddaughter to Henry II that led to Louis being offered the throne of England as Louis I.", "However, with the death of John in October 1216, the barons changed their allegiance to John's son, the nine-year-old Henry.", "Louis continued to claim the English crown in her right, only to find a united nation against him.", "Philip Augustus refused to help his son, and Blanche was his sole support.", "Blanche raised money from her father-in-law by threatening to put up her children as hostages.", "She established herself at Calais and organized two fleets, one of which was commanded by Eustace the Monk, and an army under Robert of Courtenay.", "With French forces defeated at Lincoln in May 1217 and then routed on their way back to their London stronghold, Louis desperately needed the reinforcements from France.", "On 24 August, the English fleet destroyed the French fleet carrying those reinforcements off Sandwich and Louis was forced to sue for peace.", "Regency\nPhilip died in July 1223, and Louis VIII and Blanche were crowned on August 6.", "Upon Louis' death in November 1226 from dysentery, he left Blanche, by then 38, regent and guardian of his children.", "Of her twelve or thirteen children, six had died, and Louis, the heir — afterwards the sainted Louis IX — was but twelve years old.", "She had him crowned within a month of his father's death in Reims and forced reluctant barons to swear allegiance to him.", "The situation was critical, since Louis VIII had died without having completely subdued his southern nobles.", "The king's minority made the Capetian domains even more vulnerable.", "To gain support, she released Ferdinand, Count of Flanders, who had been in captivity since the Battle of Bouvines.", "She ceded land and castles to Philip I, Count of Boulogne, son of Philip II and his controversial wife, Agnes of Merania.", "Several key barons, led by Peter Mauclerc, refused to recognize the coronation of the young king.", "Shortly after the coronation, Blanche and Louis were traveling south of Paris and nearly captured.", "Blanche appealed to the people of Paris to protect their king.", "The citizens lined the roads and protected him as he returned.", "Helped by Theobald IV of Champagne and the papal legate to France, Romano Bonaventura, she organized an army.", "Its sudden appearance brought the nobles momentarily to a halt.", "Twice more did Blanche have to muster an army to protect Capetian interests against rebellious nobles and Henry III of England.", "Blanche organized a surprise attack in the winter.", "In January 1229, she led her forces to attack Mauclerc and force him to recognize the king.", "She accompanied the army herself and helped collect wood to keep the soldiers warm.", "Not everyone was happy with her administration.", "Her enemies called her “Dame Hersent” (the wolf in the Roman de Renart)\n\nIn 1229, she was responsible for the Treaty of Paris, in which Raymond VII, Count of Toulouse, submitted to Louis.", "By the terms of the agreement, his daughter and heir, Joan, married Blanche's son, Alphonse, and the county could only pass to his heirs.", "He gave up all the lands conquered by Simon de Montfort to the crown of France.", "It also meant the end of the Albigensian Crusade.", "To prevent Henry III of England from gaining more French lands through marriage, Blanche denied him the first two brides he sought.", "In 1226, he sought to marry Yolande of Brittany, Mauclerc's daughter.", "Blanche instead forced her father to give Yolande to Blanche's son John.", "When Henry became engaged to Joan, Countess of Ponthieu, Blanche lobbied the Pope to deny the marriage based on consanguinity, denying the dispensation Henry sought.", "In 1230, Henry III came to invade France.", "At the cost of some of the crown's influence in Poitou, Blanche managed to keep the English Queen mother Isabelle, Countess of Angoulême and her second husband, Hugh X of Lusignan, from supporting the English side.", "However Mauclerc did support the English and Brittany rebelled against the crown in 1230.", "Originally the English landed in Brittany with 275 knights, men at arms, and barons to meet his ally Peter I, Duke of Brittany.", "The campaign began well for Henry III who probably recruited foot soldiers on the continent as he brought 7,800 marks with him.", "On the other hand, Blanche's troops were insubordinate to her and refused to serve beyond the 40 day feudal contract- most disbanded after 40 days.", "Philip I, Count of Boulogne left the royal forces and proceeded to raid Champagne.", "Blanche had to chase Philip to try and stop him from raiding the important county leaving Henry III to proceed without serious resistance.", "Meanwhile, the Norman nobles were also in open rebellion against Blanche.", "However, instead of marching to help the Norman rebels, he followed his vassal, advisor, and former regent Hubert de Burgh, 1st Earl of Kent's advice and marched into Poitou.", "However it appears that Henry's excursion to Aquitaine was not necessary despite the calls for help by Geoffrey Beauchamp who probably panicked due to a slight rise in unrest in Aquitaine.", "Henry besieged Mirabeau and proceeded to Bordeaux, apparently \"securing\" the south while also losing massive amounts of money and being forced to take loans.", "What made it worse was that Aquitaine was not in any serious danger of being taken by the French because what remained of the French royal army was trying to quash a rebellion in Champagne, nowhere near Aquitaine.", "However it was not a complete loss.", "Henry was able to get money, military engines, and bolts for crossbows along with the militia of La Réole.", "Henry marched north into Poitou but the gifts which Blanche had sent to the count of La Marche and the viscount of Thouars kept them loyal to the French.", "Although the local lords could not see Henry off, he was either unable or unwilling to commit to a large offensive investment and decided to return to Brittany where he spent the remainder of his money on feasts.", "He proceeded to England having accomplished little.", "He lost money and prestige even if he had not taken significant casualties.", "Thus the rebellion died out, which helped establish Blanche and Louis as more stable rulers.", "Henry's failure to make any significant impact with his invasions ultimately discouraged Mauclerc's rebellion, and by 1234 he was firm in his support of Louis.", "St. Louis owed his realm to his mother and remained under her influence for the duration of her life.", "Queen mother\nIn 1233, Raymond of Toulouse was starting to chafe under the terms of the treaty of Paris, and so Blanche sent one of her knights, Giles of Flagy, to convince him to cooperate.", "Blanche had also heard through troubadours of the beauty, grace, and religious devotion of the daughters of Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Provence.", "So she assigned her knight a second mission to visit Provence.", "Giles found a much better reception in Provence than in Toulouse.", "Upon his return to Paris, Blanche decided that a Provençal marriage would suit her son and help keep Toulouse in check.", "In 1234, Louis married Margaret of Provence, who was the eldest of the four daughters of Ramon, Count of Provence, and Beatrice of Savoy.", "She did not have a good relationship with her daughter-in-law, perhaps due to the controlling relationship she had with her son.", "To maintain better control over the new queen, Blanche dismissed the family and servants who had come to her wedding before the couple reached Paris.", "Prior to the arrival of the new queen, Blanche was considered the beauty of the court, and had poems written about her beauty by the count of Champagne.", "In 1230, it was even rumoured that she was pregnant by Romano Bonaventura.", "The new queen drew the attention of the court and the king away from Blanche, so she sought to keep them apart as much as she could.", "Jean de Joinville tells of the time when Queen Margaret was giving birth and Blanche entered the room telling her son to leave saying \"Come ye hence, ye do naught here\".", "Queen Margaret then allegedly fainted out of distress.", "One contemporary biographer notes that when Queen Blanche was present in the royal household, she did not like Margaret and Louis to be together \"except when he went to lie with her\".", "In 1239, Blanche insisted on a fair hearing for the Jews, who were under threat by increasing anti Judaism in France.", "She presided over a formal disputation in the king's court.", "Louis insisted on the burning of the Talmud and other Jewish books, but Blanche promised Rabbi Yehiel of Paris, who spoke for the Jews, that he and his goods were under her protection.", "Second regency and death\nIn 1248, Blanche again became regent, during Louis IX's absence on the Crusade, a project which she had strongly opposed.", "In the disasters which followed she maintained peace, while draining the land of men and money to aid her son in the East.", "She fell ill at Melun in November 1252, and was taken to Paris, but lived only a few days.", "She was buried at Maubuisson Abbey, which she had founded herself.", "Louis heard of her death in the following spring and reportedly did not speak to anyone for two days afterwards.", "Patronage and learning\nBlanche was a patron of the arts and owned a variety of books, both in French and in Latin.", "Some of these were meant as teaching tools for her son.", "Le Miroir de l'Ame was dedicated to Blanche.", "It instructs queens to rigorously practice Christian virtues in daily life.", "She oversaw the education of her children, all of whom studied Latin.", "She also insisted on lessons in Christian morals for all of them.", "Both Louis and Isabelle, her only surviving daughter, were canonized.", "The chanson Amours ou trop tard me suis pris, a prayer to the Virgin Mary, is often attributed to Blanche.", "Issue\n Blanche (1205 – died soon after).", "Philip (9 September 1209 – before July 1218), betrothed in July 1215 to Agnes of Donzy.", "Alphonse (b. and d. Lorrez-le-Bocage, 26 January 1213), twin of John.", "John (b. and d. Lorrez-le-Bocage, 26 January 1213), twin of Alphonse.", "Louis IX (Poissy, 25 April 1214 – 25 August 1270, Tunis), King of France as successor to his father.", "Robert (25 September 1216 – 9 February 1250, killed in battle, Manssurah, Egypt), Count of Artois.", "Philip (20 February 1218 – 1220).", "John (21 July 1219 – 1232), Count of Anjou and Maine; betrothed in March 1227 to Yolande of Brittany.", "Alphonse (Poissy, 11 November 1220 – 21 August 1271, Corneto), Count of Poitou and Auvergne, and by marriage, of Toulouse.", "Philip Dagobert (20 February 1222 – 1232).", "Isabelle (March 1224 – 23 February 1270).", "Etienne (end 1225 – early 1227).", "Charles (end 1226/early 1227 – 7 January 1285), Count of Anjou and Maine, by marriage Count of Provence and Folcalquier, and King of Sicily.", "Literature\nBlanche of Castile is mentioned in François Villon's 15th century poem Ballade des Dames du Temps Jadis (Ballad of Ladies of Times Past), together with other famous women of history and mythology.", "Blanche's selection as bride for Louis and travel to France is noted in Elizabeth Chadwick's The Autumn Throne.", "Blanche and Isabella of Angoulême are the main characters in Jean Plaidy's novel The Battle of the Queens, and she is briefly mentioned in Marcel Proust's Swann's Way.", "Blanche is a key character in the novel \"Four Sisters, All Queens\", by Sherry Jones.", "She is also a central antagonist in the fictional middle grade novel, 'The Inquisitor's Tale', Written by Adam Gidwitz.", "The character Blanche of Castile is featured in the Shakespearean history play King John.", "Blanche is mentioned disparagingly by a character (Doctor Cottard) in Proust's novel, “Swann’s Way”.", "In popular culture\nAn image of Blanche of Castile has been used on the home kit of French Rugby Union team Stade Français since the 2008 season.", "During the 1950s French restaurateur Noël Corbu claimed that Blanche of Castile had deposited a treasure in Rennes-le-Château that was later discovered by Bérenger Saunière during the late 19th century.", "This was later utilised by Pierre Plantard in his development of the Priory of Sion mythology.", "Notes\n\nSources\n\nFurther reading\nAside from the works of Joinville and William of Nangis, see Élie Berger, \"Histoire de Blanche de Castille, reine de France\", in Bibliothèque des Ecoles françaises d'Athènes et de Rome, vol.", "lxx.", "(Paris, 1895); Le Nain de Tillemont, \"Vie de Saint Louis\", ed.", "by J. de Gaulle for the Société de l'histoire de France (6 vols., 1847–1851); and Paulin Paris, \"Nouvelles recherches sur les mœurs de la reine Blanche et de Thibaud\", in Cabinet historique (1858).", "External links\n\n Women's Biography: Blanche of Castile, queen of France, epistolae.ccnmtl.columbia.edu; accessed 14 April 2014.", "1188 births\n1252 deaths\n13th-century women rulers\n13th-century French people\n13th-century French women\n13th-century rulers in Europe\n12th-century nobility from León and Castile\n13th-century Castilians\nCastilian infantas\nCountesses of Artois\nFrench queens consort\nCastilian House of Burgundy\nHouse of Capet\nPeople from Palencia\nRegents of France\nQueen mothers\nWomen in medieval European warfare\nWomen in war in France\nWomen in 13th-century warfare\nLouis VIII of France\nDaughters of kings" ]

[ "The Queen consort of France was named Blanche of Castile.", "During the reign of her son, Louis IX, she acted as regent twice.", "She was the third daughter of Alfonso VIII and Eleanor of England and was born in Spain in 1188.", "She visited the Abbey of Santa Mara la Real de Las Huelgas several times as a child.", "The Treaty of Le Goulet between Philip Augustus and John of England resulted in the engagement of Urraca to Philip's son, Louis.", "Eleanor of Aquitaine, who had been a queen consort of France, decided that Blanche's personality was more suited to the role.", "Eleanor brought her to France in the spring of 1200 after crossing the Pyrenees with her.", "Eleanor of Aquitaine said that Urraca, Blanche's sister, was more beautiful than she was.", "John ceded along with his niece the fiefs of Issoudun and Graay, as well as the lord of Chteauroux, held in Berry, of the English crown, to sign the treaty on 22 May 1200.", "The marriage was celebrated the next day at Port-Mort, in John's domain, as Philip lay under an interdict.", "The marriage was done a few years later because Louis was a year older than Blanche.", "Her first child was born in 1205.", "During the English barons' rebellion of 1215–16 against King John, it was Blanche's English ancestry as granddaughter to Henry II that led to Louis being offered the throne of England as Louis I.", "The barons changed their loyalty to John's son, Henry, after he died.", "Louis continued to claim the English crown, only to find a united nation against her.", "Philip Augustus was the only one who supported his son.", "Her father-in-law gave her money so she could put up her children as hostages.", "One of the armies she organized was commanded by Eustace the Monk and the other by Robert of Courtenay.", "After French forces were defeated at Lincoln in May 1217, Louis desperately needed the reinforcements from France.", "Louis was forced to file for peace after the English fleet destroyed the French fleet.", "Philip died in July 1223, and Louis VIII and Blanche were crowned on August 6.", "The regent and guardian of his children was left by Louis after he died.", "Louis, the heir after the sainted Louis IX, was only twelve years old when six of her children died.", "She had him crowned within a month of his father's death.", "Louis VIII died without having completely subdued his southern nobles.", "The king's minority made the Capetian domain more vulnerable.", "Ferdinand, Count of Flanders, was released to gain support.", "She gave Philip I, Count of Boulogne, son of Philip II and his controversial wife, the land and castles.", "The barons refused to recognize the crown of the young king.", "The two men were traveling south of Paris when they were nearly captured.", "The people of Paris were asked to protect their king.", "The citizens lined the roads to protect him.", "She was aided by Theobald IV of Champagne and the papal legate to France.", "The nobles were temporarily stopped by its sudden appearance.", "Twice more, Blanche had to mobilize an army to protect Capetian interests against Henry III of England.", "There was a surprise attack in the winter.", "In January 1229, she led her forces to attack and force him to recognize the king.", "She helped collect wood for the soldiers to keep them warm.", "Some people were not happy with her administration.", "The Treaty of Paris was submitted to Louis by Raymond VII, Count of Toulouse.", "By the terms of the agreement, his daughter and heir, Joan, married Blanche's son, Alphonse, and the county could only pass to his heirs.", "The lands conquered by Simon de Montfort were given up by him.", "It meant the end of the Albigensian Crusade.", "Henry III of England was denied the first two brides he wanted because he wanted to gain more French lands through marriage.", "He wanted to marry Yolande of Brittany.", "Yolande was given to John by her father.", "The marriage of Henry and Joan was denied by the Pope because of Blanche's lobbying.", "Henry III invaded France in 1230", "The English Queen mother, Countess of Angoulme and her second husband, Hugh X of Lusignan, were kept from supporting the English side because of the crown's influence in Poitou.", "Brittany rebelled against the crown in 1230.", "The English landed in Brittany with hundreds of men in arms and barons to meet Peter I, Duke of Brittany.", "Henry III probably recruited foot soldiers on the continent as he brought 7,800 marks with him.", "Blanche's troops were insubordinate to her and refused to serve beyond the 40 day feudal contract.", "Philip I, Count of Boulogne left the royal forces to raid Champagne.", "Philip was going to raid the important county and Henry III was going to proceed without resistance.", "The Norman nobles were also in rebellion.", "He followed the advice of the 1st Earl of Kent and went into Poitou instead of helping the Norman rebels.", "It appears that Henry's trip to Aquitaine wasn't necessary despite the calls for help from Geoffrey Beauchamp who panicked due to a slight rise in unrest in Aquitaine.", "Henry lost a lot of money and was forced to take loans after he besieged Mirabeau.", "It was worse because Aquitaine was not in danger of being taken by the French because they were trying to quash a rebellion in Champagne.", "It wasn't a complete loss.", "Along with the militia of La Réole, Henry was able to get money, military engines, and bolts for crossbows.", "The gifts sent to the count of La Marche and the viscount of Thouars kept Henry loyal to the French.", "Although the local lords could not see Henry off, he was either unable or unwilling to commit to a large offensive investment and decided to return to Brittany where he spent the remainder of his money on feasts.", "He didn't have much to show for his time in England.", "Even if he didn't take a lot of casualties, he lost money and prestige.", "As a result of the rebellion dying out, Blanche and Louis became more stable rulers.", "Henry was firm in his support of Louis despite his failure to make a significant impact with his invasions.", "St. Louis was under the influence of his mother for the duration of her life.", "In 1233, Raymond of Toulouse was starting to revolt under the terms of the treaty of Paris, and so Blanche sent one of her knights, Giles of Flagy, to convince him to cooperate.", "The beauty, grace, and religious devotion of the daughters of Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Provence were heard through troubadours.", "Her knight was given a second mission to visit Provence.", "Giles found a better reception in Provence.", "Blanche decided that a Provenal marriage would suit her son and help keep Toulouse under control.", "Margaret was the eldest of the four daughters of Ramon, Count of Provence, and Beatrice of Savoy.", "She didn't have a good relationship with her daughter-in-law because she had a controlling relationship with her son.", "The family and servants who came to her wedding before the couple reached Paris were dismissed.", "Prior to the arrival of the new queen, Blanche was considered the beauty of the court, and had poems written about her by the count of Champagne.", "She was rumored to be pregnant in 1230 by Bonaventura.", "The king and the court were drawn to the new queen, so she tried to keep them apart.", "Jean de Joinville tells of the time when Queen Margaret was giving birth and her son was told to leave by her mother.", "Queen Margaret was said to have fainted out of distress.", "One biographer notes that when Queen Blanche was in the royal household, she didn't like Margaret and Louis being together because he went to lie with her.", "In 1239, Blanche insisted on a fair hearing for the Jews, who were under threat by increasing anti Judaism in France.", "The king's court had a formal disputation.", "Blanche promised Rabbi Yehiel of Paris that he and his goods were under her protection after Louis insisted on burning the Jewish books.", "During Louis IX's absence on the Crusade, Blanche became regent, a position she had strongly opposed.", "She drained the land of men and money to aid her son in the East after the disasters.", "She died a few days after falling ill at Melun in November 1252.", "She was buried at the abbey she founded.", "Louis didn't speak to anyone for two days after he heard of her death.", "Blanche owned a lot of books in both French and Latin and was a patron of the arts.", "Some of these were intended for her son.", "Le Miroir de l'Ame was dedicated to a woman.", "It tells queens to practice Christian virtues.", "She oversaw the education of her children.", "She wanted to teach them Christian morals.", "Her only surviving daughter, Louis, was canonized.", "The chanson Amours ou trop tard me suis pris is a prayer to the Virgin Mary.", "Issue Blanche died soon after.", "Philip was betrothed in July 1215 to Agnes of Donzy.", "Alphonse was the twin of John.", "John was the twin of Alphonse.", "Louis IX was King of France from April 1214 to August 1270.", "Robert was killed in battle in Egypt.", "Philip on February 20th and February 20th.", "Count of Anjou and Maine was betrothed to Yolande of Brittany.", "The Count of Poitou and Auvergne was married to Alphonse of Toulouse.", "Philip Dagobert was born on February 20th, 1222", "The period was from March 12 24 to February 23.", "Early 1227), Etienne.", "The Count of Anjou and Maine was married to the King of Sicily.", "Other famous women of history and mythology are mentioned in Franois Villon's 15th century poem, \"Ballad of Ladies of Times Past\".", "The Autumn Throne states that Blanche was the bride for Louis and traveled to France.", "In Jean Plaidy's novel The Battle of the Queens, she is one of the main characters.", "Sherry Jones wrote the novel \" Four Sisters, All Queens\".", "The Inquisitor's Tale is a fictional middle grade novel written by Adam Gidwitz.", "King John features the character of Blanche of Castile.", "In Proust's novel, \"Swann's Way\", a character named Doctor Cottard refers to Blanche in a negative way.", "The home kit of the French Rugby Union team Stade Franais has an image of Blanche of Castile on it.", "Nol Corbu, a French restauranteur, claimed in the 1950s that a treasure had been deposited in Rennes-le- chteau.", "Pierre Plantard used this in his development of the Priory of Sion mythology.", "The works of Joinville and William of Nangis can be found in lie Berger's \" Histoire de Blanche de Castille, reine de France\".", "Lxx.", "\"Vie de Saint Louis\" was written by Le Nain de Tillemont.", "Paulin Paris wrote \"Nouvelles recherches sur Les murs de la reine Blanche et de Thibaud\" in Cabinet historique (1858).", "There are external links to Women's Biography: Blanche of Castile, queen of France.", "13th-century French people and 13th-century Castilians were rulers in Europe." ]

[ "Blanche", "Blanche", "Blanche", "Blanche", "Blanche", "Blanche", "Blanche", "Blanche", "Blanche", "Blanche", "Blanche", "Blanche", "Blanche", "Blanche", "Blanche", "Blanche", "Blanche", "Blanche", "Blanche", "Blanche", "Blanche", "Blanche", "Blanche", "Blanche", "Blanche", "Blanche", "Geoffrey Beauchamp", "Blanche", "Blanche", "Blanche", "Blanche", "Blanche", "Blanche", "Blanche", "Blanche", "Blanche", "Blanche", "Blanche", "Blanche", "Blanche", "Blanche", "Blanche", "Blanche", "Blanche", "Blanche", "Blanche", "Blanche", "Blanche", "Blanche", "Blanche", "Blanche", "Blanche" ]

[ "Blanche", "Blanche", "Blanche", "Blanche", "Blanche", "Blanche", "Blanche", "Blanche", "Blanche", "Blanche", "Geoffrey Beauchamp", "Blanche", "Blanche", "Blanche", "Blanche", "Blanche", "Blanche", "Blanche", "Blanche", "Blanche", "Blanche", "Blanche", "Blanche", "Blanche", "Blanche", "Blanche" ]

[ "Sir William Derek Pattinson (31 March 1930 – 10 October 2006) was Secretary-General of the General Synod of the Church of England from 1972 until 1990.", "Early life\nPattinson was born at Barrow-in-Furness, the only child of civil servant Thomas William Pattinson (1898–1970) and Elizabeth (née Burgess; 1895–1986), a primary school teacher.", "He was educated at the County Grammar School, Whitehaven and at The Queen's College, Oxford, where, despite having won the Stanhope Historical Essay Prize, he obtained only Second Class in the Final Honour School of Modern History.", "He received the degree of Bachelor of Arts in 1952 and Master of Arts in 1956.", "He had been a member of the Church of England since his childhood but during his time at Oxford he moved from the Low Church to Anglo-Catholicism.", "An alternative version states that he grew up an Anglo-Catholic, that his religious enthusiasm waned at Oxford, and that he returned to the Church when working as a civil servant.", "Career\n\nCivil Service\nHe entered HM Civil Service, working in the Inland Revenue from 1952 until 1962 and HM Treasury from 1962 until 1965, returning in 1965 as Assistant Secretary in the Inland Revenue, and transferring back to HM Treasury in 1968.", "General Synod\nIn 1970 Gerald Ellison, then Bishop of Chester, suggested that he should apply for the position of Associate Secretary-General of the General Synod of the Church of England, with the intention that, if appointed, he should succeed as Secretary-General on the retirement of Sir John Scott.", "He was appointed to the Associate's position and he was Secretary-General from 1972 until 1990.", "It is said that he enjoyed better relations with the Anglo-Catholic archbishops Michael Ramsey and Robert Runcie than he did with the evangelical Donald Coggan, for reasons of both Churchmanship and administrative style.", "He was not enthusiastic about the ordination of women but regarded it as inevitable and was quite happy with women priests when they were eventually ordained.", "He was a keen promoter of black and other ethnic minority members of the synod.", "He was also a key figure in the establishment of the Diocese of Gibraltar in Europe.", "He was first touched by scandal in 1987 in connection with the Preface to Crockford's Clerical Directory, written anonymously by his friend the Revd Canon Gareth Bennett, Dean of Divinity of New College, Oxford, who committed suicide as a result of the controversy it caused.", "Pattinson was responsible for commissioning the Preface and was thought to have failed to predict the outcome of publishing it.", "The Standing Committee of the General Synod decided that he was without blame in the incident.", "Shortly before his retirement in 1990 he was appointed Knight Bachelor by the Queen in the Queen's Birthday Honours, and he received the accolade on 6 November 1990.", "At this point he was thinking about ordination and, since Church of England clergy are not allowed to receive the accolade, it has been suggested that it was impolitic of him to accept the honour.", "However, correspondence with Buckingham Palace in November 1991 accepted Sir Derek's use of the accolade without setting a precedent for others.", "A less formal honour marking his retirement was the singing, in the General Synod, of a variation on the Major-General's Song from The Pirates of Penzance with the line, \"He was the very model of a Secretary-General\".", "Ordination\nDespite not having attended a bishops' selection conference, he was accepted for ordination.", "He trained for two terms at St Deiniol's Library and was ordained deacon in 1991 by Graham Leonard.", "The service was threatened with interruption by a journalist from The Daily Mail who wanted to know whether Sir Derek was gay.", "Following a further term at the College of the Resurrection he was ordained priest in 1992 by David Hope.", "Both services took place at St Gabriel's Church in Pimlico, in central London where he was non-stipendiary priest from 1991 until 2000.", "Private life\nOn 30 November 1992 Barnaby Miln - a homosexual activist, Justice of the Peace, and former member of the House of Laity of the General Synod of the Church of England - was asked to afternoon tea with the Bishop of London who asked about Sir Derek's drinking problem following reports he had received.", "They agreed, that for the sake of Barnaby Miln's well-being, he and Sir Derek should no longer live together.", "The bishop thanked Barnaby Miln for looking after Sir Derek and assisted him in finding alternative accommodation.", "The bishop arranged that Barnaby Miln take Sir Derek, on 1 December 1992, to a consultant in Harley Street in the expectation that he would be sent to a clinic for specialist treatment.", "The consultant failed to persuade Sir Derek who, the following day, attended a local clergy chapter at Westminster Abbey which happened to be attended by the bishop.", "Seeing the state he was in, on 3 December 1992 the bishop wrote to Sir Derek suspending his license for an initial period of six weeks.", "On 4 December 1992, The Independent claimed that Sir Derek had been living with Barnaby Miln.", "Barnaby Miln returned in September 2000 to live with and care for Sir Derek whose health had deteriorated.", "In the last edition of Who's Who published before Sir Derek's death Barnaby Miln was named as his partner, and was the executor of his estate.", "Pattinson was a Freemason, initiated in 1960 in the Kaisar-i-Hind Lodge (London), and became a Royal Arch Mason in 1962 in the Oxford & Cambridge University Chapter (London).", "He was an officer of the United Grand Lodge of England from 1979.", "He was a member of the Athenaeum Club and the Savile Club.", "He became a Freeman of the City of London in 1973 and was a member of the Woolmen's Company and of the Parish Clerks' Company, of which he was Master 1986/7.", "Death and legacy\nSir Derek was diagnosed with hydrocephalus in 2000.", "He died in London on 10 October 2006 and his ashes are buried in Westminster Abbey.", "He had held numerous other appointments including membership of the Archbishops' Commission on Church and State (1966–70) and the British Council of Churches (1972–90), the vice-chairmanship of the Grosvenor Chapel Committee (1973–81), the chairmanship of Liddon Trustees (1972–2001), the William Temple Association, and of the English Friends of the Anglican Centre in Rome (1985–2001), and the principalship of the Society of the Faith (1992–2001).", "He was Churchwarden of St Michael's, Cornhill and Parish Clerk of St Luke's, Old Street.", "References\n\nFurther reading\nDebrett's People of Today (12th edn, London: Debrett's Peerage, 1999), pp.", "1516–17\nCrockford's Clerical Directory (97th edn, London: Church House Publishing, 2001), p. 576\nMichael De-la-Moy, The Church of England: A Portrait (London: Simon & Schuster, 1993)\n\nExternal links\n\n'The Rev Sir Derek Pattinson', The Times, 14 October 2006\n'The Revd Sir Derek Pattinson RIP', The Church of England, 13 October 2006\nJennifer Gold, 'Church of England Mourns Death of Sir Derek Pattinson', Christian Today, 14 October 2006\n\n1930 births\n2006 deaths\nAlumni of The Queen's College, Oxford\nEnglish Anglo-Catholics\nLGBT Anglican clergy\n20th-century English Anglican priests\nKnights Bachelor\nPeople from Barrow-in-Furness\nLGBT people from England\nPeople with hydrocephalus\nAnglo-Catholic clergy\n20th-century LGBT people\n21st-century LGBT people" ]

[ "The Secretary-General of the General Synod of the Church of England was Sir William.", "The only child of a civil servant and a primary school teacher was born at Barrow-in-Furness.", "He obtained only Second Class in the Final Honour School of Modern History at The Queen's College, Oxford, despite having won the Stanhope Historical Essay Prize.", "He received a Bachelor of Arts in 1952 and a Master of Arts in 1956.", "He moved from the Church of England to the Anglo-Catholicism when he was at Oxford.", "An alternative version states that he grew up an Anglo-Catholic, that his religious enthusiasm waned at Oxford, and that he returned to the Church when working as a civil servant.", "From 1952 until 1962 he worked in the Inland Revenue and from 1962 until 1966 he worked in the Treasury.", "In 1970 Gerald Ellison, then Bishop of Chester, suggested that he should apply for the position of Associate Secretary-General of the General Synod of the Church of England in order to succeed Sir John Scott as Secretary-General.", "He was the Secretary-General from 1972 until 1990.", "He had better relations with the Anglo-Catholic archbishops Michael Ramsey and Robert Runcie than he did with the evangelical Donald Coggan.", "He was not enthusiastic about the ordination of women, but he was happy with the women priests when they became priests.", "He promoted black and other ethnic minority members of the synod.", "The establishment of the Diocese of Gibraltar in Europe was led by him.", "The scandal surrounding the Preface to Crockford's Clerical Directory, written by his friend the Revd Canon Gareth Bennett, the Dean of New College, Oxford, who committed suicide as a result of the controversy it caused, was the first time he was touched by scandal.", "He failed to predict the outcome of publishing the Preface.", "The General Synod's Standing Committee decided that he was not responsible for the incident.", "After retiring in 1990 he was appointed Knight Bachelor by the Queen in the Queen's Birthday Honours.", "Since Church of England clergy are not allowed to receive the accolade, it has been suggested that it was impolitic of him to accept the honour.", "The use of the accolade was accepted by Buckingham Palace without setting a precedent for others.", "The singing of a variation on the Major-General's Song from The Pirates of Penzance with the line \"He was the very model of a Secretary-General\" marked his retirement.", "He was accepted for ordination despite not having attended a conference.", "He was trained for two terms at St Deiniol's Library.", "The service was disrupted by a journalist from The Daily Mail who wanted to know if Sir Derek was gay.", "He was made a priest in 1992 by David Hope.", "He was a non-stipendiary priest at St Gabriel's Church in central London from 1991 until 2000.", "The Bishop of London asked the homosexual activist, Justice of the Peace, and former member of the House of Laity of the General Synod of the Church of England, about his drinking problem, following reports.", "They agreed that the two of them should no longer live together.", "The bishop assisted Sir Derek in finding a new place to stay.", "On December 1, 1992, the bishop arranged for a consultant in Harley Street to see Sir Derek in order to send him to a clinic for specialist treatment.", "The local clergy chapter at Westminster Abbey was attended by the bishop after the consultant failed to convince Sir Derek.", "The bishop suspended his license for six weeks after seeing the state he was in.", "On December 4, 1992, The Independent reported that Sir Derek had been living with a man.", "In September 2000 he came back to live with and care for SirDerek whose health had deteriorated.", "In the last edition of Who's Who, which was published before Sir Derek's death, he was named as his partner and the estate's administrator.", "In 1960, he was initiated into the Kaisar-i-Hind Lodge and in 1962 became a Royal Arch Mason.", "He was an officer of the United Grand Lodge of England.", "He was a member of two clubs.", "He was a member of the Woolmen's Company and the Parish Clerks' Company and was Master 1986/7.", "He was diagnosed with hydrocephalus in 2000.", "His ashes were buried in the abbey after he died.", "He was a member of the Archbishops' Commission on Church and State and the British Council of Churches.", "He was the Parish Clerk of Stluke's, Old Street.", "Debrett's People of Today (12th edn, London: Debrett's Peerage, 1999) is a further reading.", "Crockford's Clerical Directory was published in 2001 by Church House Publishing." ]

[ "William Derek Pattinson", "Pattinson", "Thomas William Pattinson", "Pattinson", "Derek", "Derek", "Derek", "Derek", "Derek", "Derek", "Derek", "Derek", "Derek", "Derek", "Derek", "Pattinson", "Derek", "Derek Pattinson", "Derek Pattinson", "Derek Pattinson" ]

[ "Derek", "Derek", "Derek", "Derek", "DerekDerek", "Derek" ]

[ "Edwin Muir (15 May 1887 – 3 January 1959) was a Scottish poet, novelist and translator.", "Born on a farm in Deerness, a parish of Orkney, Scotland, he is remembered for his deeply felt and vivid poetry written in plain language and with few stylistic preoccupations.", "Biography\nMuir was born at the farm of Folly in Deerness, the same parish in which his mother was born.", "The family then moved to the island of Wyre, followed by a return to the Mainland, Orkney.", "In 1901, when he was 14, his father lost his farm, and the family moved to Glasgow.", "In quick succession his father, two brothers, and his mother died within the space of a few years.", "His life as a young man was a depressing experience, and involved a raft of unpleasant jobs in factories and offices, including working in a factory that turned bones into charcoal.", "\"He suffered psychologically in a most destructive way, although perhaps the poet of later years benefitted from these experiences as much as from his Orkney 'Eden'.\"", "In 1919, Muir married Willa Anderson, and the couple moved to London.", "About this, Muir wrote simply 'My marriage was the most fortunate event in my life'.", "Willa and her new husband worked together on many translations.", "Notable among them were their translation of works by Franz Kafka.", "They had translated The Castle within six years of Kafka's death.", "Willa was the more able linguist and she was the major contributor.", "Willa recorded in her journal that \"It was ME\" and that Edwin \"only helped\".", "Between 1924 and the start of the Second World War her (their) translation financed their life together.", "He would help her translate highly acclaimed English translations of Franz Kafka, Gerhart Hauptmann, Sholem Asch, Heinrich Mann, and Hermann Broch.", "Between 1921 and 1923, Muir lived in Prague, Dresden, Italy, Salzburg and Vienna; he returned to the UK in 1924.", "Between 1925 and 1956, Muir published seven volumes of poetry which were collected after his death and published in 1991 as The Complete Poems of Edwin Muir.", "From 1927 to 1932 he published three novels, and in 1935 he came to St Andrews, where he produced his controversial Scott and Scotland (1936).", "In 1939 in St Andrews, Muir had a religious experience and from then onwards thought of himself as Christian, seeing Christianity as being as revolutionary as socialism.", "From 1946 to 1949 he was Director of the British Council in Prague and Rome.", "1950 saw his appointment as Warden of Newbattle Abbey College (a college for working-class men) in Midlothian, where he met fellow Orcadian poet, George Mackay Brown.", "In 1955 he was made Norton Professor of English at Harvard University.", "He returned to Britain in 1956 but died in 1959 at Swaffham Prior, Cambridgeshire, and was buried there.", "A memorial bench was erected in 1962 to Muir in the idyllic village of Swanston, Edinburgh, where he spent time during the 1950s.", "His wife wrote a memoir of their life together in 1967.", "She lived for another eleven years and died on the Isle of Bute.", "Work\nHis childhood in remote and unspoiled Orkney represented an idyllic Eden to Muir, while his family's move to the city corresponded in his mind to a deeply disturbing encounter with the \"fallen\" world.", "Muir came to regard his family's movement from Orkney to Glasgow as a movement from Eden to Hell.", "The emotional tensions of that dichotomy shaped much of his work and deeply influenced his life.", "The following quotation expresses the basic existential dilemma of Edwin Muir's life:\n\n\"I was born before the Industrial Revolution, and am now about two hundred years old.", "But I have skipped a hundred and fifty of them.", "I was really born in 1737, and till I was fourteen no time-accidents happened to me.", "Then in 1751 I set out from Orkney for Glasgow.", "When I arrived I found that it was not 1751, but 1901, and that a hundred and fifty years had been burned\n up in my two-days' journey.", "But I myself was still in 1751, and remained there for a long time.", "All my life since I have been trying to overhaul that invisible leeway.", "No wonder I am obsessed with Time.\"", "(Extract from Diary 1937–39.)", "His psychological distress led him to undergo Jungian analysis in London.", "A vision in which he witnessed the creation strengthened the Edenic myth in his mind, leading him to see his life and career as the working-out of an archetypal fable.", "In his Autobiography he wrote, \"the life of every man is an endlessly repeated performance of the life of man...\".", "He also expressed his feeling that our deeds on Earth constitute \"a myth which we act almost without knowing it\".", "Alienation, paradox, the existential dyads of good and evil, life and death, love and hate, and images of journeys and labyrinths are key elements in his work.", "His Scott and Scotland advanced the claim that Scotland can create a national literature only by writing in English, an opinion that placed him in direct opposition to the Lallans movement of Hugh MacDiarmid.", "He had little sympathy for Scottish nationalism.", "His wife, Willa Muir, translated the works of many German authors, including Franz Kafka.", "These were issued under their joint names, but his wife notes that he \"only helped\".", "In 1958, Edwin and Willa were granted the first Johann-Heinrich-Voss Translation Award.", "Many of their translations of German novels are still in print.", "In 1965 a volume of his selected poetry was edited and introduced by T. S. Eliot.", "Legacy\nIn an appreciation of Muir's poetry in Texas Quarterly, the critic Kathleen Raine wrote in 1961: \"Time does not fade [Muir's poems], and it becomes clear that their excellence owes nothing to the accidental circumstances of the moment at which the poet wrote, or we read, his poems; they survive, as it were, a change of background, and we begin to see that whereas the 'new' movements of this or that decade lose their significance when the scene changes and retain only a historical interest, Edwin Muir, a poet who never followed fashion, has in fact given more permanent expression to his world than other poets who deliberately set out to be the mouth-pieces of their generation.\"", "Similarly, Joseph H. Summers, in a retrospective assessment in the Massachusetts Review, called Muir's achievement in poetry and prose \"larger than the merely literary.", "He did not share in the modern attempts to deify poetry, or language, or even the human imagination.", "Implicit in all of his works is the recognition that there are things more important than literature—life and love, the physical world, the individual spirit within its body: those things in which the religious man recognizes the immediate work of God.", "Muir's triumph was less in the technological realm of communication than in the vastly more difficult realm of sensitivity, perception, wisdom, the things which he communicated.", "It was a triumph made possible only, in the familiar paradox, by humility.\"", "Putnam's Sons, 1934\nThe Hill of Lies by Heinrich Mann, London, Jarrolds, 1934\nMottke, the Thief by Sholem Asch, New York, G.P.", "Putnam's Sons, 1935\nThe Unknown Quantity by Hermann Broch, New York, Viking Press, 1935\nThe Jew of Rome: A Historical Romance by Lion Feuchtwanger, London, Hutchinson, 1935\nThe Loom of Justice by Ernst Lothar, New York, G.P.", "Putnam's Sons, 1935\nNight over the East by Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn, London, Sheed & Ward, 1936\nThe Pretender by Lion Feuchtwanger, New York, The Viking Press, 1937\nAmerika by Franz Kafka, New York, Doubleday/New Directions, 1946\nThe Trial by Franz Kafka, London, Martin Secker, 1937, reissued New York, The Modern Library, 1957\nMetamorphosis and Other Stories by Franz Kafka, Harmondsworth, Penguin Books, 1961.", "References\n\nFurther reading\n Gifford, Douglas (1982), In Search of the Scottish Renaissance: The Reprinting of Scottish Fiction, in Cencrastus No.", "9, Summer 1982, pp.", "26 – 30, \n Hearn, Sheila G. (1981), Muir: The Myth of the Man, review of Edwin Muir, An Autobiography; Roger Knight, Edwin Muir: An Introduction to his Work; & Akros No.", "47, August 1981, in Murray, Glen (ed.", "), Cencrastus No.", "7, Winter 1981–82, pp.", "46 & 47, \nHearn, Sheila G. (1982), Edwin Muir's \"Scottish\" Criticism, which includes reviews of Edwin Muir: Uncollected Scottish Criticism by Andrew Noble and Poor Tom by Edwin Muir, in Cencrastus No.", "9, Summer 1982, pp.", "41 & 42, \n Hearn, Sheila G. (1983), Tradition and the Individual Scot: Edwin Muir & T.S.", "Eliot, in Cencrastus No.", "13, Summer 1983, pp.", "21 - 24,\n\nExternal links\n\n \n \n\nEdwin Muir's grave\n\n1887 births\n1959 deaths\n20th-century Scottish poets\n20th-century Scottish novelists\nPeople from Orkney\nHarvard University faculty\nScottish scholars and academics\nScottish translators\nGerman–English translators\nScottish Renaissance\nTranslators of Franz Kafka\n20th-century British translators" ]

[ "He was a Scottish poet, novelist and translator.", "He was born on a farm in Deerness, a parish of Orkney, Scotland, and is remembered for his deeply felt and vivid poetry written in plain language.", "His mother was born in the same parish as the farm where he was born.", "After moving to the island of Wyre, the family returned to the mainland.", "When he was 14, his father lost his farm and the family moved to Glasgow.", "His father, two brothers, and his mother all died within a few years.", "A factory that turned bones into charcoal was one of the unpleasant jobs he had as a young man.", "Perhaps the poet of later years benefited from these experiences as much as from his Orkney 'Eden', because he suffered psychologically in a most destructive way.", "The couple moved to London in 1919.", "The most fortunate event in Muir's life was his marriage.", "Willa and her husband worked on many translations.", "Their translation of works by Kafka was notable.", "The Castle was translated within six years.", "Willa was the major contributor.", "Willa stated in her journal that \"It was me\" and that \"Edwin only helped\".", "Between 1924 and the start of the Second World War, her translation financed their life together.", "He would help her translate some of the best English translations.", "In the early part of the 20th century, Muir lived in a number of European countries, including the UK in 1924.", "The Complete Poems of Edwin Muir was published in 1991 after seven volumes of poetry were collected after his death.", "He produced Scott and Scotland in 1935, after publishing three novels from 1927 to 1932.", "After having a religious experience in St Andrews in 1939 and seeing Christianity as being as revolutionary as socialism, Muir thought of himself as a Christian.", "He was Director of the British Council in Rome from 1949 to 1946.", "He met George Brown, an Orcadian poet, when he was the Warden of Newbattle Abbey College.", "He was made theNorton Professor of English at Harvard University in 1955.", "He died at Swaffham Prior in 1959 and was buried there.", "In 1962, a memorial bench was built in the idyllic village of Swanston, Edinburgh, where he spent time during the 1950s.", "His wife wrote a memoir.", "She died on the Isle of Bute.", "His childhood in Orkney was idyllic and his family's move to the city was related to a disturbing encounter with the \"fallen\" world.", "His family's move from Orkney to Glasgow was seen as a movement from Hell.", "His life was influenced by the emotional tensions of that dichotomy.", "I was born before the Industrial Revolution, and am now about two hundred years old.", "I've missed a hundred and fifty of them.", "No time-accidents happened to me until I was fourteen.", "I left Orkney for Glasgow in 1751.", "It was not 1751, but 1901 when I arrived, and a hundred and fifty years had passed since.", "I stayed there for a long time.", "I have been trying to change that since I was a child.", "I am obsessed with Time.", "Diary of 1937–39Extract from Diary of 1937–39", "He underwent a Jungian analysis in London.", "A vision in which he witnessed the creation strengthened the myth in his mind and led him to see his life and career as a fable.", "He wrote that the life of every man is an endless performance of the life of man.", "He thinks our actions on Earth are a myth which we act almost without knowing it.", "He uses images of journeys and labyrinths as a key element in his work.", "The Lallans movement of Hugh MacDiarmid was placed in direct opposition to Scott and Scotland's claim that Scotland can create a national literature only by writing in English.", "He didn't sympathize with Scottish nationalism.", "His wife, Willa, translated the works of many German authors.", "His wife notes that he only helped.", "The first Johann-Heinrich-Voss Translation Award was given to Edwin and Willa.", "Their translations of German novels are still in print.", "In 1965, a volume of his poetry was edited and introduced.", "The critic Kathleen Raine wrote in 1961, \"Time does not fade, and it becomes clear that their excellence owes nothing to the accidental circumstances of the moment at which the poet wrote, or we read.\"", "In a retrospective assessment in the Massachusetts Review, Joseph H. Summers called Muir's achievement in poetry and prose larger than the literary.", "The modern attempts to deify poetry, language, and even the human imagination were not shared by him.", "The recognition that life and love, the physical world, the individual spirit within its body, and the immediate work of God are more important than literature is implicit in all of his works.", "The triumph was less about technology than it was about sensitivity, perception, wisdom, and the things that he communicated.", "It was a triumph made possible by humility.", "Putnam's Sons, 1934 The Hill of Lies by Heinrich Mann, London, Jarrolds, 1934 Mottke, the Thief by Sholem Asch, New York, G.P.", "The Jew of Rome: A Historical Romance by Lion Feuchtwanger was published in 1935.", "The Pretender by Lion Feuchtwanger, New York, was published in 1937.", "Gifford, Douglas, wrote In Search of the Scottish Renaissance: The Reprinting of Scottish Fiction.", "In the summer of 1982.", "The Myth of the Man is a review of An Autobiography by Roger Knight.", "In August 1981 in Murray, Glen.", "Cencrastus No.", "In the winter of 1981–83, pp. 7.", "The reviews of Andrew Noble and Poor Tom were included in the \"Scottish\" Criticism.", "In the summer of 1982.", "Tradition and the Individual Scot is a book by Hearn.", "In Cencrastus No., Eliot.", "13 Summer 1983, pp.", "20th-century Scottish poets, novelists and people from Orkney are linked." ]

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[ "Muir", "Edwin", "Muir", "Edwin Muir", "Muir", "Edwin", "Muir" ]

[ "Robin Galloway (born 18 December 1961) is a Scottish radio and TV broadcaster currently on air at Pure Radio Scotland as breakfast host.", "Robin hosts the Robin Galloway Breakfast Show on Pure Radio weekday mornings from 06:00 and is also Group Head Of Radio Presentation for DCT Media which is owned by DC Thomson.", "Pure Radio Scotland launched on 26 November 2019 on DAB Digital radio, broadcasting to the cities of Glasgow and Edinburgh; also available via app and Smart Speaker.", "From 2014 to 31 May 2019, Robin was the breakfast radio presenter for Heart Scotland.", "Heart Breakfast with Robin and Adele aired every weekday from 6am-10am.", "Robin is currently the breakfast host for Pure Radio Scotland since November 2019.", "The station launched on Wednesday 27 November 2019 at 8am.", "Pure Radio Scotland is available online, on smart speakers and on DAB.", "Pure Radio Scotland currently has 3 former Heart Scotland presenters including Robin Galloway (formerly Heart Breakfast with Robin & Adele) and Paul Harper and Lynne Hogan (formerly Heart Drivetime with Paul & Lynne)\n\nCareer\nRobin Galloway began his career in March 1983 as a presenter for Northsound Radio in Aberdeen.", "While working at the station, he joined Grampian Television (now STV North) as a continuity announcer and newsreader.", "Robin presented a number of regional programmes for the station including feedback series Put It In Writing (1991–94), and Grampian's local & networked contributions for the ITV Telethons, and at Clyde 1 during 1993.", "During the Summer 1996, Robin was short- listed for the role of new male presenter in a revamp of Channel 4's The Big Breakfast, but failed to get the job\n\nScot FM and KEY 103\nRobin left Grampian in 1995 to work on the breakfast show for the Central Scotland regional station Scot FM, which saw his rating increase by nearly 400%, helping boost SCOT FM.", "Robin left the station in March 1997 after a series of clashes with then Programme director Jeff Graham.", "Robin originally planned to work out the remaining time after handing in his notice, but Scot FM bosses replaced him within days and concupiscence forced him to sign the agreement which banned him for taking any new jobs in Scotland.", "Scot FM insisted on a gagging order.", "Later that year, Robin moved to Manchester to presented Drivertime show on Key 103 with stints at 100.4 Jazz FM, During this time, he also presented for Granada Sky Broadcasting and Discovery.", "In March 1999 Robin started presenting a Sunday lunchtime show on Scot FM from his new home studio in Manchester which was paid for by Scot FM, his studio was also used present a Saturday morning show on Northsound 1 and Overnight slot on Century 105.", "Return to Scot FM Breakfast show \nIn December 2000 he became the Scot FM breakfast DJ for the second time, and by May 2001 he had increased his Listenership by 55%.", "He was joined on breakfast by Marie-Clair, Robin also created a number of Characters and sketches for the Scot FM show,\n\n Cecil & Sandy: Two hairdresser from the shop Curlup and Die on Balshagme Avenue, \n Winston: A Jamaican with no morals,\n Shug the Schemie: Shug the salesman comes into the studio daily with his 'special offers' of dodgy goods.", "Old Mrs Galloway and Hector Brocklebank from the wind up calls.", "In June 2001, the Guardian Media Group acquired Scot FM from previous owners, the Wireless Group, this resulted in a major overhaul of the station including an on-air rebrand.", "Real Radio Scotland began broadcasting at 8am on Tuesday 8 January 2002 with Robin having the honour of opening the station, and introducing the first song to be played, A Star is Born.", "Not all of his Non Wind up Characters carried over to Real Radio.", "Marie-Clair left in January 2004 and was replaced by Cat Harvey, who become Robin's new Co-host.", "Since 2004, Galloway has written a weekly column for The Scottish Sun, which is published every Friday.", "Clyde \nAfter being Real Radio Scotland Breakfast DJ for ten years, Galloway left the station in November 2010 shortly after an incident in which his producer ran in the nude past Labour Party leader Ed Miliband while he was being interviewed - despite Miliband defending them.", "In January 2011, Galloway rejoined Clyde 1 in Glasgow to present the station's weekday drivetime show.", "In addition, Galloway began presenting a Sunday morning show on 9 October 2011 for the Bauer Scotland network of FM stations including Clyde 1, Forth One, Tay FM, Northsound 1, 96.7 West FM and MFR.", "In June 2013, Bauer, the owners of Clyde, announced that Robin was moving over to the AM frequency to start a new networked breakfast show for Clyde 2, Forth 2, Northsound 2, Tay AM and West Sound, as part of its audience growth plans.", "A Bauer spokesperson said: \"His new show is an integral part of Bauer Media’s plans to bring the very best programming and content to audiences across the whole of Scotland, whilst also retaining, producing and broadcasting local news, sport, traffic and travel and ‘what’s on’ information from each of the local Greatest Hits Network stations it serves: Clyde 2, Forth 2, Northsound 2, Tay AM and West Sound.\".", "Robin Galloway, said:\"Right now I'm pinching myself.", "To host a brand new breakfast show for Scotland is not only an honour but way beyond my wildest dreams.", "Of course, as I'll be rising in the middle of the night, that's it for the dreaming.", "The new show will feature some of my signature segments plus brand new features, the greatest hits and of course everything you need to start your day.", "It really will be the most entertainment you can have with your clothes on - if you know what I mean.\"", "His last day on Clyde 1 Drive time show was 6 June 2013, with the breakfast show starting on Monday 1 July.", "His network Sunday show continued, to broadcast to Bauer Radio Scottish FM stations until early October 2014.", "Heart \nOn 20 October 2014, it was announced Robin Galloway was joining as new breakfast show host for Heart Scotland.", "He replaced Ewen Cameron, who left the station to pursue other opportunities.", "On 31 May 2019, Galloway presented his final edition of the breakfast show.", "Pure Radio \nOn 28 October 2019, it was announced Robin Galloway was being hired to become the new breakfast show host for Pure Radio Scotland.", "Pure Radio launched at 8am on Wednesday 27 November 2019 with the Robin Galloway Breakfast Show.", "The current scheduled for the weekday includes Robin Galloway from 6am-10am.", "Ex-Heart Presenter Lynne Hoggan from 10am-1pm.", "Former Heart Presenter, Paul Harper from 1pm-4pm.", "Former Clyde 1 Presenter, Amber Zoe from 4pm-7pm and The Shy Guy from 10pm-1am.", "The Robin Galloway Breakfast Show consists of Robin Galloway, Rory Barraclough, and Alannah MacKenzie.", "The Breakfast Show includes a £5,000 competition where a contestant has to get all three answers matched with either Rory or Alannah, dependent on who the contestant chooses.", "If they get three answers right and they match, the contestant will win £5,000.", "Wind ups\nA long-standing feature of Galloway's radio shows were his wind-up phone calls, first heard on Northsound 1, before becoming a fixture on Scot FM shows and Real Radio Scotland's breakfast show.", "Annual compilation CDs of the wind-up calls were released, with the 2007 edition achieving Gold sales status.", "In December 2012, Galloway decided to give the segment a hiatus as a mark of respect to nurse Jacintha Saldanha, who committed suicide after being on the receiving end of an Australian radio show's prank call.", "Robin admitted a few years later in 2015, he was deeply affected by the tragedy.", "In November 2015 the wind up calls were brought back to his Breakfast show titled the \"8:10 Phone Tap\".", "This was on his weekday show called \"Heart Breakfast Scotland with Robin and Adele\".", "Some calls Adele featured in as well as Robin.", "Robin decided to stop wind ups on Heart.", "After leaving Heart and joining Pure Scotland, It was announced that The Real Wind Up will be brought back.", "However, it is now renamed from The Real Wind Up to The Pure Wind Up!", "Awards\n\nArqiva Broadcast of the Year 2015\nBronze: Referendum Live – Robin Galloway Bauer Scotland\nIn 1999, Galloway won Gold at The New York Radio festivals, For the Best Breakfast show in the world\n Ace award for World's Best Local Radio Personality.", "Two British radio awards.", "References\n\nExternal links\nRobin Galloway.com Official site\nClyde 1 website\n\nScottish radio presenters\nRadio and television announcers\nLiving people\n1961 births" ]

[ "Robin Galloway is a Scottish radio and TV host currently on air at Pure Radio Scotland as a breakfast host.", "Robin is the Group Head of Radio Presentation for DCT Media and is also the host of the Robin Galloway Breakfast Show on Pure Radio.", "Pure Radio Scotland broadcasts to the cities of Glasgow and Edinburgh, as well as being available via app and smart speaker.", "Robin was the breakfast radio host for Heart Scotland.", "Heart Breakfast was broadcasted every weekday from 6am to 10am.", "Robin is the breakfast host for Pure Radio Scotland.", "The station launched at 8am.", "On smart speakers, Pure Radio Scotland is available.", "Pure Radio Scotland has 3 former Heart Scotland presenters, including Robin Galloway, formerly of Heart Breakfast with Robin & Adele, and PaulHarper, formerly of Heart Drivetime with Paul & Lynne.", "He joined STV North as a continuity announcer and newsreader after working at the station.", "Robin presented a number of regional programmes for the station, including feedback series Put It In Writing and Grampian's contributions for the ITV Telethons.", "During the summer of 1996, Robin was short- listed for the role of new male presenter in a remake of Channel 4's The Big Breakfast, but failed to get the job.", "After clashing with Jeff Graham, Robin left the station in 1997.", "Robin intended to work out the remaining time after handing in his notice, but he was forced to sign the agreement banning him from taking any new jobs in Scotland because of concupiscence.", "There was a gagging order.", "After moving to Manchester, Robin presented the Drivertime show on Key 103 with a stint on 100.4 Jazz FM.", "In 1999 Robin started presenting a Sunday lunchtime show from his new home studio in Manchester which was paid for by Scot FM, his studio was also used to present a Saturday morning show on Northsound 1 and overnight on Century 105.", "He became the breakfast DJ for the second time in December 2000 and by May 2001 he had increased his Listenership by 45%.", "Robin created a number of Characters and sketches for the show, Cecil and Sandy: Two hairdresser from the shop Curlup and Die on Balshagme Avenue,Winston: A Jamaican with no morals.", "There were wind up calls from Mrs. Galloway and Mr. Brocklebank.", "In 2001 the Guardian Media Group acquired the station from the Wireless Group, which resulted in an on-air rebrand.", "Robin opened Real Radio Scotland at 8am on January 8, 2002 and introduced the first song to be played, A Star is Born.", "Real Radio did not carry all of his Non Wind up Characters.", "Cat Harvey became Robin's new co-hosting in January 2004.", "Every Friday, The Scottish Sun publishes a weekly column by Galloway.", "The Real Radio Scotland Breakfast DJ left the station in November 2010 after an incident in which his producer ran in the nude past Labour Party leader Ed Miliband while he was being interviewed.", "The weekday drivetime show was hosted by Galloway in January 2011.", "Galloway began presenting a Sunday morning show for the Bauer Scotland network of stations on 9 October 2011.", "As part of its audience growth plans, Bauer announced in June of 2013 that Robin would be moving over to the AM frequency to start a new breakfast show for Clyde 2, Forth 2, Northsound 2, Tay AM and West Sound.", "His new show is an important part of Bauer Media's plans to bring the very best programming and content to audiences across the whole of Scotland.", "I'm pinching myself right now.", "It is an honor to host a breakfast show in Scotland.", "As I'll be rising in the middle of the night, that's it for the dreaming.", "Everything you need to start your day will be included in the new show, as well as some of my signature segments.", "If you know what I mean, it will be the most entertainment you can have with your clothes on.", "The breakfast show on Monday 1 July was his last day on the time show.", "The Sunday show on his network continued until early October.", "The new breakfast show host for Heart Scotland was announced on October 20th.", "Ewen Cameron left the station to pursue other opportunities.", "The last edition of the breakfast show was presented on May 31, 2019.", "The new breakfast show host for Pure Radio Scotland was announced on October 28, 2019.", "Pure Radio started at 8am with the Robin Galloway Breakfast Show.", "Robin Galloway is on the current schedule from 6am to 10am.", "There is an ex-Heart Presenter from 10am-1pm.", "PaulHarper was a former Heart Presenter.", "From 4pm-7pm and from 10pm-1am, there are two former presenters.", "The Robin Galloway Breakfast Show is hosted by Robin Galloway.", "A £5,000 competition is included in the Breakfast Show where a contestant has to match all three answers with either Alannah orRory.", "The contestant will win £5,000 if they get three answers right.", "His wind-up phone calls were a feature of his radio shows for a long time.", "The 2007 edition of the wind-up calls achieved Gold sales status.", "The segment was taken off the air in December 2012 as a mark of respect to the nurse who committed suicide after being on the receiving end of a prank call.", "Robin was affected by the tragedy a few years later.", "The wind up calls were brought back to his show in November of 2015.", "This was on his weekday show.", "As well as Robin, there are some calls.", "Robin decided to stop the wind ups.", "The Real Wind Up will be brought back after leaving Heart and joining Pure Scotland.", "The Real Wind Up is now called The Pure Wind Up!", "In 1999, Robin Galloway won gold at The New York Radio festivals for the best breakfast show in the world.", "There are two British radio awards.", "There are external links to Robin Galloway.com." ]

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[ "Robin Galloway", "Robin", "Robin Galloway", "Robin", "Robin", "Robin Galloway", "Robin", "Robin", "Robin", "Robin", "Robin", "Robin", "Robin", "Robin", "Galloway", "Robin", "Robin", "Galloway", "Galloway", "Galloway", "Robin", "Robin Galloway", "Robin Galloway", "Robin Galloway", "Robin Galloway", "Robin", "Robin", "Robin", "Robin Galloway", "Robin Galloway" ]

[ "Craig Alan Biggio (; born December 14, 1965) is an American former second baseman, outfielder and catcher in Major League Baseball who played his entire career from 1988 through 2007 for the Houston Astros.", "A seven-time National League (NL) All-Star often regarded as the greatest all-around player in Astros history, he is the only player ever to be named an All-Star and to be awarded Silver Slugger Award at both catcher and second base.", "With longtime teammates Jeff Bagwell and Lance Berkman, he formed the core of the \"Killer B's\" who led Houston to six playoff appearances from 1997 to 2005, culminating in the franchise's first World Series appearance in 2005.", "At the end of his career, he ranked sixth in NL history in games played (2,850), fifth in at bats (10,876), 21st in hits (3,060), and seventh in runs scored (1,844).", "His 668 career doubles ranked sixth in major league history, and are the second-most ever by a right-handed hitter; his 56 doubles in 1999 were the most in the major leagues in 63 years.", "Biggio, who batted .300 four times and scored 100 runs eight times, holds Astros franchise records for most career games, at bats, hits, runs scored, doubles, total bases (4,711) and extra base hits (1,014), and ranks second in runs batted in (1,175), walks (1,160) and stolen bases (414).", "He also holds the NL record for most times leading off a game with a home run (53), and is one of only five players with 250 home runs and 400 steals.", "A four-time Gold Glove Award winner who led NL second basemen in assists six times and putouts five times, he retired ranking fourth in NL history in games at second base (1,989), sixth in assists (5,448) and fielding percentage (.984), seventh in putouts (3,992) and double plays (1,153), and eighth in total chances (9,596).", "He was the ninth player in the 3,000 hit club to collect all his hits with one team.", "Biggio also led the NL in times hit by pitch five times, with his career total of 285 trailing only Hughie Jennings' 287 in major league history.", "One of the most admired players of his generation, Biggio received the 2005 Hutch Award for perseverance through adversity and the 2007 Roberto Clemente Award for sportsmanship and community service.", "The Astros retired the number 7 in his honor the year following his retirement.", "Since 2008, Biggio has served as special assistant to the general manager of the Astros.", "He was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 2015, and is the first member of the Hall to be depicted in an Astros uniform on his plaque.", "Early life\n\nHigh school\nCraig Biggio graduated from Kings Park High School in Kings Park, New York, where he excelled as a multi-sport varsity athlete.", "Most notably, after the 1983 season Biggio was awarded the Hansen Award, which recognized him as being the best football player in Suffolk County.", "However, Biggio's passion lay with baseball, such that he turned down football scholarships for the opportunity to play baseball for Seton Hall University.", "College career\nAlthough Biggio was an infielder, Seton Hall coach Mike Sheppard switched him to catcher because the team was in need of one.", "In 1986, he played collegiate summer baseball in the Cape Cod Baseball League for the Yarmouth-Dennis Red Sox.", "Biggio was an All-American baseball player at Seton Hall, where he played with other future Major League Baseball stars Mo Vaughn and John Valentin.", "Biggio, Vaughn and Valentin, along with Marteese Robinson, were featured in the book The Hit Men and the Kid Who Batted Ninth by David Siroty, which chronicled their rise from college teammates to the major leagues.", "Biggio was selected by the Houston Astros in the first round (22nd overall) of the 1987 draft.", "Biggio remains Seton Hall's leader in triples, second in runs scored, and is in the top 10 in 18 other single-season and career categories.", "In 1996, Biggio was inducted into the Seton Hall Hall of Fame and had his number 44 retired in 2012.", "Major league career\n\nEarly career: Conversion from catcher to second base\n\nAs catcher\n\nBiggio was called up as a catcher midway through the 1988 season, having batted .344 in his minor league career.", "In 1989, his first full season, Biggio became the Astros' starting catcher.", "He won the Silver Slugger Award in 1989.", "He was a very speedy runner, and an adept base stealer.", "Astros' management, in an attempt to keep the rigors of catching from sapping Biggio's speed, tried him in the outfield part-time in 1990, as he had played 18 games there in the minors.", "Yogi Berra mentioned Biggio's height in his book You Can Observe A Lot By Watching, saying, \"I always identified with short catchers—they don't have to stand up as far\".", "Emergence of the \"Killer B's\"\nThe Astros acquired first baseman Jeff Bagwell prior to the start of the 1991 season, who, like Biggio, spent his entire major league career with Houston.", "A power hitter with higher-than-normal on-base skills, Bagwell played 15 seasons, thus completely overlapping his career with Biggio's and wound up Houston's career leader in home runs.", "The pair came to be known as the \"Killer B's\", synonymous with the Astros throughout the 1990s and into the 2000s.", "A prodigious offensive and defensive unit, during their 10 peak seasons from 1994 to 2003, they appeared in nine All-Star Games, won five Gold Gloves, ranked in the top five of the Most Valuable Player Award voting five times and averaged 226 runs scored.", "They totaled 689 home runs, 2,485 RBI and 3,083 runs scored while the Astros advanced to the postseason six times.", "Other players that the Astros later acquired whose names started with the letter B also were included in this distinction, including Derek Bell, Sean Berry, Lance Berkman, and Carlos Beltrán.", "Shift to second base\n\nThe Astros finally convinced Biggio to convert to second base in spring training of 1992, even though Biggio had made the National League All-Star team as a catcher the year before.", "Biggio made the All-Star team for the second time in 1992, becoming the first player in the history of baseball to be an All-Star at both catcher and second base.", "It is remarkably rare for a major league catcher to make a successful transition to middle infielder; if a catcher changes positions, it is usually to first base, or occasionally to outfield or third base.", "Biggio became known as a reliable, hustling, consistent leadoff hitter, with unusual power for a second baseman.", "He holds the National League record for most home runs to lead off a game, with 53.", "His statistics reflect this, having consistently good marks in hitting, on-base percentage, hit-by-pitch, runs, stolen bases, and doubles throughout his career.", "Between 1994 and 1999, Biggio led the National League in doubles three times, runs scored twice, and stolen bases once.", "Biggio was also known for intentionally keeping his batting helmet dirty.", "In 1997, he completed an entire season without grounding into a double play, becoming just the fifth player to ever do so in baseball history.", "In 1998, he became the first player since Tris Speaker to collect fifty doubles and fifty stolen bases in the same season, doing so with his 50th stolen base on September 23 (Biggio and Speaker were the only players to record the feat in the 20th century).", "Biggio also excelled defensively at second base; between 1992 and 1999, Biggio led all National League second basemen in assists six times and putouts five times.", "He won four consecutive Gold Glove Awards from 1994 to 1997.", "Career setbacks: Injury and the outfield\nBiggio played 1,800 games without a trip to the disabled list until August 1, 2000, when he suffered a season-ending knee injury.", "In the play in which Biggio was injured, the Florida Marlins' Preston Wilson (who would later become Biggio's teammate) slid into second base, trying to stop a double play, and hit Biggio's planted left leg, tearing the ACL and MCL in Biggio's knee.", "Biggio rebounded with a good season in 2001, but had a lackluster performance in 2002, with only a .253 average, his lowest since entering the league; a highlight occurred on April 8, when he hit for the cycle for the only time in his career.", "However, he improved slightly for the 2003 season, averaging .264 with 166 hits despite being asked by management to move to center field after the signing of free agent All-Star second baseman Jeff Kent.", "In 2004, he put up numbers more typical for his career, batting .281 with 178 hits, including a career-high 24 homers.", "Biggio moved to yet another new position, left field, midway through the 2004 season to accommodate Beltrán, who was acquired in a trade to help bolster the Astros' struggling offense.", "Late career: Return to second base and milestones\n\nWorld Series appearance (2005)\nIn February, 2005, Biggio and Bagwell were jointly inducted into the Texas Sports Hall of Fame.", "Biggio resumed playing at second base after Kent left for the Dodgers and set a new career-high with 26 home runs.", "He also reached 1,000 RBI, becoming the second Astro to do so, following Bagwell.", "On September 5 of that season, he helped the Astros against the Philadelphia Phillies in a critical game late in the season; the Astros were narrowly ahead of the Phillies (and other teams) for the lone Wild Card spot.", "The Phillies had taken the lead late 6-5 and had Billy Wagner in relief.", "However, with two out in the ninth inning and two men on base, Biggio hit a home run that gave the Astros the lead that they did not give up in an 8–5 victory (the Astros went on to win the Wild Card by one game).", "As they had done the previous year, the Astros beat the Braves to advance to the NLCS.", "They avenged their previous loss to the St. Louis Cardinals in six games to win their first league pennant.", "In the clinching sixth game, Biggio did his part with a third inning single that drove in a run in the 5-1 victory.", "After having played 4,714 games and their entire major league careers together in Houston, Biggio and Bagwell appeared in their first and only World Series that year.", "against the Chicago White Sox.", "The White Sox swept the Astros to secure the championship with the lowest run-scoring differential in World Series history.", "Both Biggio and Bagwell received Baseball America'''s Lifetime Achievement Award after the 2005 season.", "On May 23, 2006, Biggio became the 23rd player in MLB history to reach 10,000 at-bats.", "3,000 career hits (2007)\n\nOn June 28, 2007, Biggio became the 27th player in the history of Major League Baseball to join the 3,000 hit club, with a single against Colorado Rockies pitcher Aaron Cook.", "Though Biggio was tagged out on the play attempting to stretch it into a double, drawing the throw allowed a run to score.", "The game action paused while Biggio shared the moment with his wife and children.", "Longtime friend and former teammate Jeff Bagwell emerged from the Astros clubhouse to congratulate him.", "Biggio became the first player in Astros history to accumulate 3,000 hits.", "It was Biggio's third hit of the game, and he went on to accumulate two more later in the game, one in the ninth inning and one in the eleventh inning.", "He became the first player in history to record his 3,000th hit and have five hits in the same game.", "Biggio's 3,000th hit came on the same day that Frank Thomas hit his milestone 500th career home run, both marks which are considered to guarantee induction into the Hall of Fame.", "In anticipation of Biggio's reaching 3,000 hits, the Astros installed a digital counter just left of center field displaying his current hit total.", "With 668 doubles, he ended his career in fifth place on the all-time list.", "Biggio also holds the record for the most doubles by a right-handed hitter.", "He is the only player in the history of baseball with 3,000 hits, 600 doubles, 400 stolen bases, and 250 home runs.", "He ranks 20th on the all-time hits list, though of those 20 players he ranks 19th in career batting average.", "Biggio fell nine home runs short of joining the career 300–300 club (300 homers and 300 stolen bases).", "He would have become only the seventh player to achieve the feat.", "Incidentally, this also caused him to fall short of the 3,000 hits, 300 homers and 300 stolen bases mark; he would have been only the second player in history to reach that club, the other being Willie Mays.", "Retirement\n\nOn July 24, 2007, Biggio announced his retirement, effective at the end of the season (his 20th season with the club, a franchise record).", "Hours later, with the Astros locked in a 3–3 tie with the Los Angeles Dodgers, Biggio hit a grand slam in the 6th inning.", "The Astros went on to win the game 7–4.", "In the penultimate game of his career, Biggio started as a catcher and caught 2 innings for the Astros.", "He also hit a double in his first at-bat of the game.", "A sellout, record-breaking crowd packed Minute Maid Park on September 30, 2007, to witness Biggio's final game.", "He recorded his final career hit, a double in the first inning, and scored his final career run that same inning.", "In his final career at-bat, he grounded the ball to third baseman Chipper Jones, who threw out the hustling Biggio by half a step.", "He left the field to a standing ovation from the fans, and when he was replaced defensively in the top of the 8th inning he shook hands with umpires and teammates and left to another standing ovation as he waved to the fans.", "The Astros won the game 3–0.", "Biggio finished his career with 3,060 career hits, 668 doubles, 291 home runs, 1,175 RBI, 414 stolen bases, and a .281 batting average.", "Post-retirement\nBiggio has been a special assistant to the general manager since 2008.", "In this role, he works in several areas, including with the baseball operations staff in its major and minor league player development programs with special emphasis on instruction, the amateur draft and scouting, and major and minor league talent evaluation.", "Biggio was involved in the selection of new Astros Manager Bo Porter in 2012.", "Additionally, Biggio participates in the club's community development program.", "Hit by pitch\nOver his career, Biggio gained a reputation for being hit by pitches; some observers criticized him due to the fact that many of the pitches hit him on his sizable elbow pad.", "Some have even gone so far as to proclaim him the \"king of hit batsmen\".", "On June 29, 2005, Biggio broke the modern-era career hit-by-pitch record, previously held by Don Baylor with 267.", "He is second to only Hughie Jennings on the all-time list with 287.", "Despite being hit by a record number of pitches, Biggio never charged the mound, and had no serious injuries as a result of being hit by a pitch.", "In his final season, however, Biggio was only hit three times.", "He was hit fewer times total between 2006 and 2007 (nine times in 2006, total of 12) than he was in 10 of his previous 11 individual seasons.", "In August 2007, the satirical online newspaper The Onion referenced this in the article \"Craig Biggio Blames Media Pressure For Stalling at 285 Hit-By-Pitches\".", "Biggio sent an arm guard to the National Baseball Hall of Fame in recognition of his high hit-by-pitch total.", "Number retirement\n\nOn May 23, 2008, during a pre-game ceremony, Biggio received an award for MLB.com's This Year in Baseball 2007 Moment of the Year award for his 3,000th hit.", "On June 28, the Astros announced that they would retire Craig Biggio's jersey.", "The Houston Astros retired his No.", "7 jersey on August 17, 2008, prior to the start of a game versus the Arizona Diamondbacks.", "Biggio was the ninth player in Astros history to have his number retired.", "Hall of Fame candidacy\nBiggio first appeared on the writers' ballot for the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2013, the earliest possible year of consideration.", "He led all Hall of Fame vote-getters by being named on 68.2% of ballots cast.", "However, this was 39 votes shy of reaching the 75% threshold required by the BBWAA for induction.", "The following year he once again failed to garner enough votes to be inducted, finishing two votes shy with a voting percentage of 74.8%.", "This ties him with Nellie Fox (1985) and Pie Traynor (1947) for smallest margin not to get into the Hall, which received criticism.https://syndication.bleacherreport.com/amp/2321086-after-being-unfairly-forced-to-wait-craig-biggio-finally-gets-earned-hof-nod.amp.html\n\nOn January 6, 2015, Biggio was rewarded for his career by being elected to the Hall of Fame.", "He received 82.7% of the votes and was inducted into the hall on July 26, 2015.", "On July 29, 2021, Biggio was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame's board of directors.", "Work in the community\nBiggio has received awards from various organizations, including the Hutch Award (2005) and being named one of Sporting News' Good Guys (2004).", "The Hutch Award is given to a player that shows competitiveness and never gives up.", "Part of the reason Biggio was given the award was for his multiple position changes, but also because of his work in the community and inspiring other teammates to participate as well.", "He also received the Roberto Clemente Award in 2007.", "The Roberto Clemente Award \"recognizes the player who best exemplifies the game of baseball, sportsmanship, community involvement and the individual's contribution to his team\".", "Biggio has been a supporter and lead spokesperson for the Sunshine Kids Foundation for over a decade and almost the entirety of his playing career.", "The organization supports children fighting cancer with exciting activities for themselves and their families.", "Biggio helps the organization by raising awareness of the organization by wearing a small yellow sun on his cap for interviews, batting practice, and spring training games and by holding a celebrity golf tournament in Houston each spring.", "Biggio hosts an annual party at Minute Maid Park for about 100 Sunshine Kids to play baseball with Biggio and some of his teammates.", "With the 2006 annual golf tournament, Biggio has raised over $2 million for the organization.", "During 2007 spring training, MLB informed Biggio that he would no longer be allowed to wear the small yellow sun on his cap during interviews, photoshoots, or spring training.", "Biggio had worn the Sunshine Kids pin for over a decade.", "This edict was big news in Houston, and Houstonians, long known for their charitable nature and unconditional love of Biggio, reacted very negatively to MLB.", "After the public uproar, MLB relented and Biggio was allowed to wear the Sunshine Kids pin as he had done since becoming a spokesperson.", "Personal life\n\nBiggio was arrested in June 1989 and charged with drunk driving in Harris County, Texas.", "Astros teammate Ken Caminiti was as a passenger in the car at the time of the arrest.", "At trial, the arresting officer testified that Biggio handed him $200 in what he believed was a bribery attempt.", "On October 5, he was found guilty.", "The following day, he was sentenced to two years of probation and 50 hours of community service and fined $350.", "Biggio and his wife, the former Patty Egan, have three children: Conor, Cavan, and Quinn.", "They live in Houston.", "From 2008 to 2013, Biggio was the head varsity baseball coach at St. Thomas High School.", "Biggio coached St. Thomas to back-to-back Texas Association of Private and Parochial Schools (TAPPS) Class 5A state baseball titles in 2010 and 2011.", "Both of Biggio's sons played for the St. Thomas baseball team.", "Cavan hit a home run in the team's 2011 championship game, while older brother Conor provided the winning offense in St. Thomas' semi-final victory.", "In Summer 2012, Conor played left field for the North Adams SteepleCats of the New England Collegiate Baseball League; in Summer 2013, he played outfield and second base for the North Shore Navigators of the Futures Collegiate Baseball League.", "When asked by the Houston Chronicle'' about the success, the elder Biggio replied I don't get too caught up in that...it's not about me it's about these kids, and win or lose we're trying to turn these kids into men.", "That's the thing that's most important to me.", "Biggio and his family have a home in Spring Lake, New Jersey that they named \"Home Plate\".", "Biggio's father-in-law is Assemblyman Joseph V. Egan, a member of the New Jersey legislature.", "Many baseball players, such as Whitey Ford, Ken Griffey Jr., Steve Carlton, and Barry Bonds, bat and throw left-handed while writing right-handed.", "Biggio is one of the rare examples of a baseball player, like Brooks Robinson, Chris Carpenter and Dale Murphy, who bats and throws right-handed but writes left-handed.", "Awards and highlights\n\nRecognition\n\nStatistical highlights\n\nAnnual statistical achievements\nNotes: Per Baseball-Reference.com.", "†– led Major Leagues.", "Other distinctions\n Holds National League record for most career lead-off home runs in a career with 53, third in MLB behind Alfonso Soriano and Rickey Henderson\n Second player with 50 stolen bases and 50 doubles in same season (1998).", "The only other player to accomplish this is fellow Hall of Famer Tris Speaker for the Boston Red Sox in 1912.", "First player in baseball history not to hit into a single double play while playing an entire 162-game season (1997) Two players, Augie Galan (1935) and Dick McAuliffe (1968), had previously played an entire season with the same feat, but did not play in as many games in their respective seasons.", "146 runs scored in 1997 was most of any National League player since the Phillies' Chuck Klein scored 152 in 1932\n Hit for the cycle against the Colorado Rockies, the sixth in Astros history (April 8, 2002)\n Craig, alongside his son, Cavan (who hit for the cycle for the Toronto Blue Jays on September 17, 2019), joined Gary Ward and his son Daryle as only the second father and son duo to hit for the cycle in MLB history.", "Astros career leader on list for games played, at-bats, runs scored, hits, doubles and extra-base hits.", "Holds the record for most regular-season games played before his first World Series appearance with 2,564." ]

[ "Craig Alan Biggio is an American former second baseman, outfielder and catcher in Major League Baseball who played his entire career from 1988 through 2007 for the Houston Astros.", "He is the only player in Astros history to be named an All-Star at both catcher and second base.", "The core of the \"Killer B's\" who led Houston to six playoff appearances from 1997 to 2005 were formed with Jeff Bagwell and Lance Berkman.", "He ranked sixth in NL history in games played, fifth in bats, 21st in hits, and seventh in runs scored at the end of his career.", "His 668 career doubles ranked sixth in major league history, and are the second-most ever by a right-handed hitter, and his 56 doubles in 1999 were the most in the major leagues in 63 years.", "Biggio holds Astros franchise records for most career games, at bats, hits, runs scored, doubles, total bases, and extra base hits.", "He holds the NL record for most times leading off a game with a home run, and is one of only five players with 250 home runs and 400 steals.", "A four-time Gold Glove Award winner who led NL second basemen in assists six times and putouts five times, he retired ranking fourth in NL history in games at second base.", "He was the ninth player to collect all his hits with one team.", "Biggio leads the NL in times hit by pitch five times, with his career total of 285 trailing only Hughie Jennings' in major league history.", "Biggio received the Hutch Award for perseverance through adversity and the Roberto Clemente Award for sportsmanship and community service.", "The number 7 was retired by the Astros in honor of him.", "Biggio has worked for the general manager of the Astros since 2008.", "He is the first member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame to be depicted in an Astros uniform on his plaque.", "Craig Biggio excelled as a multi-sport athlete at Kings Park High School in Kings Park, New York.", "Biggio was the best football player in Suffolk County after the 1983 season.", "Biggio turned down football scholarships to play baseball for Seton Hall University because of his passion for baseball.", "Biggio was a catcher in college because the team needed one.", "He played in the Cape Cod Baseball League in the summer of 1986.", "Biggio was an All-American baseball player at Seton Hall, where he played with other future Major League Baseball stars.", "The Hit Men and the Kid Who Batted Ninth, which chronicled their rise from college teammates to the major leagues, was written by David Siroty.", "The Houston Astros selected Biggio in the first round of the 1987 draft.", "Biggio is the leader in triples, second in runs scored, and is in the top 10 in 18 other single-season and career categories.", "Biggio's number 44 was retired in 2012 after he was in the Hall of Fame.", "As a catcher, Biggio was called up as a second baseman midway through the 1988 season, after batting.344 in his minor league career.", "Biggio became the Astros' starting catcher in 1989.", "He won the award in 1989.", "He was a base stealer and a very fast runner.", "In an attempt to keep Biggio's speed, the Astros' management tried him in the outfielder part-time in 1990 as he had played 18 games there in the minor leagues.", "\"I always identified with short catchers, they don't have to stand up as far\", said Yogi Berra in his book You Can Observe A Lot By Watching.", "The Astros acquired first baseman Jeff Bagwell prior to the start of the 1991 season, who spent his entire major league career with Houston.", "Bagwell played 15 seasons and ended up being Houston's career leader in home runs.", "The \"Killer B's\" were synonymous with the Astros throughout the 1990s and into the 2000s.", "During their 10 peak seasons from 1994 to 2003 they appeared in nine All-Star Games, won five Gold Gloves, ranked in the top five of the Most Valuable Player Award voting five times and averaged 226 runs scored.", "While the Astros advanced to the playoffs six times, they totaled ", "The Astros later acquired players whose names started with the letter B, including Lance Berkman, Sean Berry, and Carlos Beltrn.", "Even though Biggio had made the National League All-Star team as a catcher the year before, the Astros convinced him to switch to second base in spring training of 1992.", "In 1992, Biggio became the first player in baseball history to be an All-Star at both catcher and second base.", "It is very rare for a catcher to make a successful transition from catcher to infielder in a major league game.", "Biggio was known as a reliable, hustling, consistent leadoff hitter with unusual power for a second baseman.", "He holds the National League record for most home runs to start a game.", "His statistics show that he has consistently good marks in hitting, on-base percentage, hit-by-pitch, runs, stolen bases, and doubles throughout his career.", "Biggio led the National League in doubles three times, runs scored twice, and stole bases.", "Biggio kept his batting helmet dirty.", "He was the fifth player in baseball history to complete an entire season without a double play.", "In 1998, he became the first player since Tris Speaker to collect fifty doubles and fifty stolen bases in the same season, doing so with his 50th stolen base on September 23.", "Between 1992 and 1999, Biggio led all National League second basemen in assists six times and putouts five times.", "He won four gold glove awards in a row.", "Biggio suffered a season-ending knee injury on August 1, 2000 when he was on the disabled list.", "In the play in which Biggio was injured, the Florida Marlins' Preston Wilson slid into second base, trying to stop a double play, and hit Biggio's planted left leg, tearing theACL and MCL in Biggio's", "In 2001, Biggio was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "Despite being asked by management to move to center field after the signing of Jeff Kent, he still averaged.264 with 166 hits in the 2003 season.", "In 2004, he had a career-high 24 homers and a batting average of.281 with 178 hits.", "Biggio moved to left field midway through the 2004 season to accommodate Beltrn, who was acquired in a trade to help bolster the Astros' struggling offense.", "In 2005, Biggio and Bagwell were both inducted into the Texas Sports Hall of Fame.", "Biggio set a new career-high with 26 home runs after Kent left for the Dodgers.", "He became the second Astro to do so after Bagwell.", "The Astros were narrowly ahead of the other teams for the lone Wild Card spot and he helped them in a crucial game against Philadelphia on September 5.", "Billy Wagner was in relief as thePhillies took the lead late in the game.", "With two out in the ninth, Biggio hit a home run that gave the Astros the lead, and they went on to win the Wild Card by one game.", "The Astros beat the Braves to advance to the NLCS for the second year in a row.", "They avenged their previous loss to win their first league title.", "In the sixth game, Biggio drove in a run with a single in the third.", "Biggio and Bagwell appeared in their first and only World Series that year, after having played 4,714 games and their entire major league careers together in Houston.", "It was against the Chicago White Sox.", "The WhiteSox won the World Series with the lowest run- scoring differential in history.", "Baseball America''s Lifetime Achievement Award was given to Biggio and Bagwell after the 2005 season.", "Biggio became the 23rd player in MLB history to reach 10,000 at-bats.", "On June 28, 2007, Biggio became the 27th player in the history of Major League Baseball to join the 3,000 hit club with a single against Colorado Rockies pitcher.", "Biggio was tagged out on the play trying to stretch it into a double, but drawing the throw allowed a run to score.", "Biggio shared the moment with his family.", "Jeff Bagwell, a former teammate of Bagwell's, emerged from the Astros locker room to congratulate him.", "The first player in Astros history to accumulate 3,000 hits was Biggio.", "It was Biggio's third hit of the game, and he went on to accumulate two more later in the game, one in the ninth and one in the eleventh.", "He became the first player in history to record his 3000th hit and have five hits in the same game.", "On the same day that Frank Thomas hit his 500th career home run, Biggio hit his 3000th hit, which is considered to be a good sign for his Hall of Fame candidacy.", "The Astros installed a counter just left of center field to show Biggio's current hit total.", "He ended his career in fifth place on the all-time list with 668 doubles.", "Biggio has the record for the most doubles by a right-handed hitter.", "He is the only player in baseball history with over 3000 hits, 600 doubles, 400 stolen bases, and 250 home runs.", "He is 20th on the all-time hits list and 19th in career batting average.", "Biggio was nine home runs away from joining the 300 home runs and 300 stolen bases club.", "He would have become the seventh player to do it.", "He would have been the second player in history to reach that club, the other being Willie Mays, if this had happened.", "On July 24, 2007, Biggio announced his retirement, effective at the end of the season, his 20th season with the club.", "The Astros and Dodgers played to a 3–3 tie before Biggio hit a grand slam in the 6th.", "The Astros won the game 7–4.", "Biggio started as a catcher in the last game of his career.", "He hit a double in his first at-bat.", "On September 30, 2007, a record-breaking crowd packed Minute Maid Park to watch Biggio's final game.", "He scored his final career run and recorded his final career hit in the first frame.", "He grounded the ball to third baseman Chipper Jones, who threw Biggio out of the game.", "He left the field to a standing ovation from the fans, and when he was replaced defensively in the top of the 8th, he shook hands with umpires and teammates and left to another standing ovation as he waved to the fans.", "The game was won by the Astros.", "Biggio finished his career with 3,060 hits, 668 doubles, ", "Since 2008, Biggio has been a special assistant to the general manager.", "He works in several areas, including with the baseball operations staff in its major and minor league player development programs with special emphasis on instruction, the amateur draft and scouting, and major and minor league talent evaluation.", "The selection of Bo Porter was done by Biggio.", "Biggio is involved in the club's community development program.", "Biggio gained a reputation for being hit by pitches due to the fact that many of the pitches hit him on his elbow pad.", "Some have proclaimed him the \"king of hit batting\".", "On June 29, 2005, Biggio broke the modern-era career hit-by-pitch record.", "He's second on the all-time list with 281.", "Despite being hit by a record number of pitches, Biggio never charged the mound, and had no serious injuries as a result of being hit by a pitch.", "Biggio was only hit three times in his final season.", "Between 2006 and 2007, he was hit fewer times than he was in the previous 11 seasons.", "In August 2007, The Onion wrote an article titled \"Craig Biggio Blames Media Pressure For Stalling at 285 Hit-by-Pitches\".", "Biggio sent an arm guard to the National Baseball Hall of Fame in recognition of his high hit-by-pitch total.", "On May 23, 2008, during a pre-game ceremony, Biggio received an award for MLB.com's This Year in Baseball 2007 Moment of the Year award for his 3,000th hit.", "Craig Biggio's jersey will be retired by the Astros.", "His number was retired by the Astros.", "Prior to the start of a game on August 17, 2008, there was a 7 jersey.", "Biggio became the ninth player in Astros history to have his number retired.", "Biggio was on the writers' ballot for the Baseball Hall of Fame in the first year of consideration.", "He was named on 68.2% of the ballots cast.", "This was 39 votes shy of the 75% threshold required by the BBWAA.", "He failed to get enough votes to be in the hall of fame, finishing two votes shy with a voting percentage of 74.8%.", "He is tied with Pie Traynor for smallest margin not to get into the Hall, which received criticism.", "He was in the hall on July 26, 2015.", "Biggio was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame's board of directors.", "Biggio has received awards for his work in the community, including the Hutch Award and being named one of the Good Guys.", "The Hutch Award is given to a player who never gives up.", "Biggio was given the award for his multiple position changes, but also because of his work in the community and inspiring other teammates to participate as well.", "The Roberto Clemente Award was given to him in 2007.", "The Roberto Clemente Award \"recognizes the player who best exemplifies the game of baseball, sportsmanship, community involvement and the individual's contribution to his team\".", "Over the course of his playing career, Biggio has been a lead spokesman and supporter of the Sunshine Kids Foundation.", "Children fighting cancer are supported by the organization with exciting activities for themselves and their families.", "Biggio helps the organization by raising awareness of the organization by wearing a small yellow sun on his cap for interviews, batting practice, and spring training games, and by holding a celebrity golf tournament in Houston each spring.", "Biggio hosts an annual party at Minute Maid Park for about 100 kids to play baseball with him and his teammates.", "Biggio has raised over $2 million for the organization with the annual golf tournament.", "Biggio was told by MLB that he wouldn't be allowed to wear a small yellow sun on his cap during interviews, photoshoots or spring training.", "Biggio wore the pin for over a decade.", "Houstonians, known for their charitable nature and love of Biggio, reacted negatively to the news of the edict.", "After the public uproar, MLB relented and allowed Biggio to wear the Sunshine Kids pin as he had done since becoming a spokesman.", "Biggio was arrested for drunk driving in Harris County, Texas, in June 1989.", "Ken was a passenger in the car at the time of the arrest.", "The arresting officer testified that Biggio gave him $200 in an attempt to bribe him.", "He was found guilty on October 5.", "He was fined $350 and sentenced to two years of supervision and 50 hours of community service.", "Biggio and his wife have three children.", "They live in Houston.", "Biggio was the head baseball coach at St. Thomas High School.", "Biggio coached St. Thomas to back-to-back Texas Association of Private and Parochial Schools (TAPPS) Class 5A state baseball titles in 2010 and 2011.", "Biggio's sons played on the baseball team.", "Older brother Conor provided the winning offense in St. Thomas' semi-final victory as he hit a home run in the team's 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780", "In Summer 2012 he played left field for the North AdamsCats of the New England Collegiate Baseball League and in Summer 2013 he played second base for the North Shore Navigators of the Futures Collegiate Baseball League.", "The elder Biggio told the Houston Chronicle that it's not about him, it's about the kids and we're trying to turn them into men.", "That's the most important thing to me.", "Biggio and his family own a home in Spring Lake, New Jersey.", "A member of the New Jersey legislature is Biggio's father-in-law.", "Whitey Ford, Ken Griffey Jr., Steve Carlton, and Barry Bonds are some of the baseball players who bat and throw left-handed.", "One of the rare examples of a baseball player is Biggio, who bats and throws right-handed but writes left-handed.", "Awards and highlights of statistical achievements.", "– was the leader in Major Leagues.", "The National League record for most career lead-off home runs in a career with 53 is third in MLB behind Alfonso Soriano and Rickey Henderson.", "Tris Speaker was the only other player to accomplish this.", "Two players have previously played an entire season with the same feat, but did not play in as many games.", "In 1997 Craig hit for the cycle against the Colorado Rockies, the sixth time in Astros history that a player has hit for the cycle.", "Astros career leader on list for games played, at-bats, runs scored, hits, doubles and extra-base hits.", "He holds the record for most regular-season games played before his first World Series appearance." ]

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[ "Craig Alan Biggio", "Biggio", "Biggio", "Biggio", "Biggio", "Craig Biggio", "Biggio", "Biggio", "Biggio", "Biggio", "Biggio", "Biggio", "Biggio", "Biggio", "Biggio", "Biggio", "Biggio", "Biggio", "Biggio", "Biggio", "Biggio", "Biggio", "Biggio", "Biggio", "Biggio", "Biggio", "Biggio", "Biggio", "Biggio", "Biggio", "Biggio", "Biggio", "Biggio", "Biggio", "Biggio", "Biggio", "Biggio", "Biggio", "Biggio", "Biggio", "Biggio", "Biggio", "Biggio", "Biggio", "Biggio", "Biggio", "Biggio", "Biggio", "Biggio", "Biggio", "Craig Biggio", "Biggio", "Biggio", "Craig Biggio", "Biggio", "Biggio", "Biggio", "Biggio", "Biggio", "Biggio", "Biggio", "Biggio", "Biggio", "Biggio", "Biggio", "Biggio", "Biggio", "Biggio", "Biggio", "Biggio", "Biggio", "Biggio", "Biggio", "Biggio", "Biggio", "Biggio", "Biggio", "Craig" ]

[ "Jack Patrick Dorsey (born November 19, 1976) is an American technological entrepreneur and philanthropist who is the co-founder and former CEO of Twitter, as well as the founder and CEO of Block, Inc., a financial payments company.", "Early life \nDorsey was born and raised in St. Louis, Missouri, the son of Tim and Marcia (née Smith) Dorsey.", "He is of part Italian descent on his mother's side, and part Irish descent on his father's side.", "His father worked for a company that developed mass spectrometers and his mother was a homemaker.", "He was raised Catholic, and his uncle is a Catholic priest in Cincinnati.", "He attended Bishop DuBourg High School.", "In his younger days, Dorsey worked occasionally as a fashion model.", "By age 14, Dorsey had become interested in dispatch routing.", "Some of the open-source software he created in the area of dispatch logistics is still used by taxicab companies.", "Dorsey enrolled at the University of Missouri–Rolla in 1995 and attended for two-plus years before transferring to New York University in 1997, but he dropped out two years later, one semester short of graduating.", "He came up with the idea that eventually became Twitter while studying at NYU.", "While working on dispatching as a programmer, Dorsey moved to California.", "In 2000, Dorsey started his company in Oakland to dispatch couriers, taxis, and emergency services from the Web.", "His other projects and ideas at this time included networks of medical devices and a \"frictionless service market\".", "In July 2000, building on dispatching and inspired in part by LiveJournal and by AOL Instant Messenger, he had the idea for a Web-based realtime status/short message communication service.", "When he first saw implementations of instant messaging, Dorsey wondered whether the software's user status output could be shared easily among friends.", "He approached Odeo, which at the time happened to be interested in text messaging.", "Dorsey and Biz Stone decided that SMS text suited the status-message idea, and built a prototype of Twitter in about two weeks.", "The idea attracted many users at Odeo and investment from Evan Williams, a co-founder of that firm in 2005 who had left Google after selling Pyra Labs and Blogger.", "Career\n\nTwitter \n\nWilliams, Stone and Noah Glass co-founded Obvious Corporation, which then spun off Twitter, Inc., with Dorsey as the Chief Executive Officer (CEO).", "As CEO, Dorsey saw the startup through two rounds of funding by venture capitalists.", "He reportedly lost his position for leaving work early to enjoy other pursuits, such as yoga and fashion design.", "As the service began to grow in popularity, Dorsey chose the improvement of uptime as top priority, even over creating revenue—which, as of 2008, Twitter was not designed to earn.", "Dorsey described the commercial use of Twitter and its API as two things that could lead to paid features.", "His three guiding principles, which he says the company shares, are simplicity, constraint and craftsmanship.", "On October 16, 2008, Williams took over as CEO, while Dorsey became chairman of the board.", "During his time as chairman, Dorsey joined several State Department delegations, including a trip to Iraq in April 2009, led by Jared Cohen.", "In November, when Iranians took to the streets in the Green Revolution, Twitter was scheduled to conduct maintenance of its site, which would entail temporarily shutting down Twitter's servers.", "Dorsey responded to a request from Cohen to delay the maintenance so that it would not affect the revolution in Iran, because Iranians were using Twitter to communicate and coordinate.", "Since President Obama had announced that there would be no meddling in Iran, the move sparked controversy.", "In February 2010, Dorsey was part of another State Department delegation, this time to Russia.", "On March 28, 2011, he returned to Twitter as executive chairman after Dick Costolo replaced Williams as CEO.", "On June 10, 2015, Costolo announced his resignation as CEO, effective July 1, 2015.", "Dorsey assumed the post of interim CEO upon Costolo's departure.", "He was named permanent CEO on October 5, 2015.", "On the day after the controversy about Twitter's new algorithms for tweets, Dorsey said it was a hoax.", "In May 2016, Dorsey announced that Twitter would not count photos and links in the 140-character limit to free up more space for text.", "This was an attempt to entice new users, since the number of tweets per day had dropped to about 300 million in January 2016 from about 500 million in September 2013 and its peak of 661 million in August 2014.", "On November 22, 2016, Dorsey was briefly suspended from his own Twitter account with 3.9 million followers.", "After restoring the account, Dorsey tweeted that the suspension was due to an \"internal mistake\".", "In February 2017, Dorsey and Executive Chairman Omid Kordestani matched a $530,000 donation to the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) raised by Twitter staffers.", "Their match brought the total donation to $1.59 million.", "In March 2018, Dorsey announced that an improved version of the verification system would be coming to Twitter.", "The purpose of redesigning verification was to let people verify more facts about themselves, emphasizing proof of identity.", "The overhaul was not in place before the U.S midterm election of 2018 to help in verifying the identities of the candidates.", "In September 2018, Dorsey testified before the Senate Intelligence Committee alongside Facebook COO Sheryl Sandberg about meddling in the 2016 presidential election.", "Following this testimony, Twitter shares fell six percent.", "Dorsey met privately with U.S. President Donald Trump at the White House and discussed Trump's concerns that Twitter had limited or removed some of his Twitter followers, and those of conservatives.", "After the meeting, Dorsey tweeted that their discussion included making Twitter \"healthier and more civil\".", "A week earlier, Dorsey took part in a TED talk about the social media platform's spread of abuse and misinformation, which has brought him criticism.", "On August 30, 2019, Dorsey's personal Twitter account was allegedly breached for nearly an hour by a group calling itself the Chuckling Squad, posting and retweeting numerous racist tweets.", "On October 23, 2019, Twitter's stock price fell by nearly 24 percent, from $38.83 to $30.75.", "The reason was an earnings miss off a third quarter report, which Twitter blamed on ad targeting problems.", "Dorsey had been making a concerted effort to dampen the effect that Twitter had on political elections, which entailed banning all political ads.", "This was also seen as a large contributor to the drop.", "Dorsey announced that, as of November 22, 2019, Twitter would ban all political advertising.", "The policy applies globally to all marketing campaigns about political issues.", "On February 29, 2020, it was announced that activist hedge fund Elliott Management led by billionaire Paul Singer was looking to oust Dorsey and nominate four directors to Twitter's board, including Elliott's senior portfolio manager Jesse Cohn.", "Dorsey received support from entrepreneurs Elon Musk and Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin, among others.", "The two parties reached an agreement days later, with Dorsey remaining CEO.", "In October 2020, Dorsey was one of several tech firm CEOs subpoenaed by the US Senate Commerce Committee.", "Republican Roger Wicker, who chairs the committee, led the charge to force the CEOs of Twitter, Facebook and Google to testify about the legal immunity the tech platforms receive under Section 230 of the Communications Act of 1996.", "He announced his departure from the role of Twitter's CEO on November 29, 2021.", "His resignation was effective immediately.", "Dorsey was replaced by the company's former CTO Parag Agrawal, who took over as CEO effective immediately.", "Dorsey will continue to lead as the CEO of Block, Inc.\n\nBlock \n\nDorsey, along with co-founder Jim McKelvey, developed a small business platform to accept debit and credit card payments on a mobile device called Square, released in May 2010.", "The small, square-shaped device attaches to iPhone, iPad, iPod Touch, or Android devices via the headphone jack, and as a mini card reader, allows a person to swipe their card, choose an amount to transfer to the recipient and then sign their name for confirmation.", "Square is also a system for sending paperless receipts via text message or email, and is available as a free app for iOS and Android OS.", "The company grew from 10 employees in December 2009 to over 100 by June 2011.", "Square's office is on Market Street in San Francisco.", "In September 2012, Business Insider magazine valued Square Inc. at US$3.2 billion.", "Dorsey is CEO of Square, Inc. On October 14, 2015, Square filed for an IPO to be listed on the New York Stock Exchange.", "As of that date, Dorsey owned 24.4 percent of the company.", "In March 2020 the FDIC permitted Square to open a bank.", "It announced plans to launch Square Financial Services in 2021.", "In May 2020, Dorsey announced that employees for Square would work from home permanently.", "In 2020, Square began withholding for months up to 30 percent of the funds that merchants collected from customers using its Cash App.", "On December 1, 2021, CEO Jack Dorsey officially changed the name of the platform to Block, Inc.", "This was due in part to his interest in the blockchain as well as the new name encompassing the various businesses better than the current name, which is mostly associated with its merchant-payment services.", "The stock ticker for Block, Inc. would remain \"SQ\".", "Other projects \nIn 2013, Dorsey expressed to CNN an admiration for Michael Bloomberg, and said that he aspires to become mayor of New York City.", "He served as a judge for Bloomberg's NYC BigApps competition in 2011.", "Dorsey was announced as a new member of the board of directors of The Walt Disney Company on December 24, 2013.", "In January 2018, it was reported that Dorsey would not seek reelection at Disney's March annual meeting, due to increased difficulty with conflicts of interest.", "Dorsey is a board member of the Berggruen Institute's Governance Center.", "Dorsey gives advice in a chapter of Tim Ferriss' book Tools of Titans.", "Dorsey is a vocal Bitcoin advocate, and has spoken at Bitcoin conferences such as \"The B Word\".", "He has said that if he was not working on Twitter and Square, he would be working on Bitcoin.", "Personal life \nIn 2012, Dorsey moved to the Sea Cliff neighborhood of San Francisco.", "Meditation \nIn late 2017, Dorsey completed ten days of meditation known as Vipassanā taught by followers of S. N. Goenka.", "In November 2018, Dorsey went on a birthday Vipassanā meditation trip to Myanmar.", "Politics \nIn 2019, Dorsey contributed financially to the campaigns of Democratic 2020 presidential candidates Tulsi Gabbard and Andrew Yang.", "In 2020, he donated $15 million to 29 mayors pursuing the piloting of guaranteed basic income programs in the United States.", "Until 2021, Dorsey applied \"world leader\" exceptions that enabled President Donald Trump to post content on Twitter that would normally be removed or generate sanctions per the platform's rules.", "In May 2020, some of Trump's tweets received warning labels, and from Election Day in November 2020, more flaggings were applied to his tweets.", "On January 6, 2021, after pro-Trump supporters stormed the U.S. Capitol, Twitter applied a 12-hour timeout to Trump's account for violating its Civic Integrity policy.", "Trump's account was suspended permanently on January 8.", "On January 14, Dorsey defended banning Trump, but also said it \"sets a precedent I feel is dangerous.\"", "Philanthropic and other donations \nIn March 2016, Dorsey fully funded about 600 Missouri public school projects registered at DonorsChoose.", "In October 2019, Dorsey donated $350,000 to #TeamTrees, a nonprofit started by YouTuber MrBeast that pledged to plant 20 million trees by the end of 2019.", "On April 7, 2020, Dorsey announced that he will move about $1 billion of his equity in Square, Inc., just under a third of his total wealth, to Start Small, LLC, and to relief programs related to the coronavirus.", "He committed to funding COVID-19 relief, girls' education and health, and universal basic income.", "Dorsey has donated $24 million to over 40 different grantees for relief efforts.", "In August 2020, Dorsey donated $10 million to Boston University's Center for Antiracist Research, founded by Ibram X. Kendi.", "In May 2021, he donated $15 million in his personal capacity to support relief efforts in India's COVID-19 second wave.", "The three NGOs were Care ($10 million), Aid India ($2.5 million), and Sewa International ($2.5 million).", "Awards and recognition \n In 2008, he was named to the MIT Technology Review TR35 as one of the top 35 innovators in the world under the age of 35.", "In 2012, The Wall Street Journal gave him the \"Innovator of the Year Award\" for technology.", "At the 5th Annual Crunchies Awards in 2012, hosted by TechCrunch, Dorsey was named Founder of the Year.", "In 2013, he was considered by Forbes the world's most eligible bachelor.", "Dorsey was ranked by Fox Business as the #4 Worst CEO of 2016, citing stagnant growth, falling stock prices, and his part-time commitment to Twitter.", "In 2017, 24/7 Wall St. listed Dorsey among the 2017 Worst CEOs in America.", "References\n\nFurther reading\n\nExternal links \n\n \n \n \n\n1976 births\n20th-century American businesspeople\n21st-century American businesspeople\nAmerican billionaires\nAmerican male bloggers\nAmerican bloggers\nAmerican investors\nAmerican computer businesspeople\nAmerican computer programmers\nAmerican corporate directors\nAmerican people of Italian descent\nAmerican technology company founders\nAmerican technology chief executives\nBlock, Inc. employees\nBusinesspeople from San Francisco\nBusinesspeople from St. Louis\nCatholics from California\nCatholics from Missouri\nDirectors of The Walt Disney Company\nDirectors of Twitter\nLiving people\nMissouri University of Science and Technology alumni\nNew York University alumni\nNew York University people\nPeople associated with cryptocurrency\nStudents of S. N. Goenka\nTwitter people" ]

[ "Jack Patrick Dorsey was born on November 19, 1976, and is an American technological entrepreneur and philanthropist who is the co-founder and former CEO of the micro-messaging service, as well as the founder and CEO of Block, Inc., a financial payments company.", "Tim and Marcia Smith's son, Dorsey, was born and raised in St. Louis, Missouri.", "He is both Italian and Irish on his mother's side.", "His mother was a homemaker and his father worked for a company that developed mass spectrometers.", "His uncle is a catholic priest in Cincinnati.", "He was a student at Bishop DuBourg High School.", "He was a fashion model in his younger days.", "By the age of 14, he was interested in dispatch routing.", "Taxicab companies still use some of the open-source software he created.", "After attending the University of Missouri–Rolla for two years, he dropped out two years later, one semester short of graduating.", "He came up with the idea while at NYU.", "Dorsey moved to California while he was a programmer.", "He started his company in Oakland to dispatch services from the Web.", "His ideas at this time included networks of medical devices and a \"frictionless service market\".", "He had an idea for a Web-based communication service in July 2000 that was inspired by LiveJournal and AOL Instant Messenger.", "When he first saw instant messaging, he wondered if it could be shared easily among friends.", "He approached Odeo because he was interested in text messaging.", "The status-message idea was decided upon by Dorsey and Biz Stone and they built a prototype in about two weeks.", "The idea attracted many users at Odeo and Evan Williams, a co-founder of that firm in 2005, invested in it.", "Williams, Stone and Glass co-founded Obvious Corporation, which was then spun off into a separate company, with Dorsey as the CEO.", "The startup received two rounds of funding from venture capitalists.", "He lost his job because he left work early to enjoy yoga and fashion design.", "As the service began to grow in popularity, Dorsey chose the improvement of uptime as top priority, even over creating revenue, which, as of 2008, was not designed to earn.", "Commercial use of the platform could lead to paid features.", "He says the company shares three guiding principles: simplicity, constraint and craftsmanship.", "Williams took over as CEO on October 16, 2008.", "During his time as chairman, he joined several State Department delegations, including a trip to Iraq in April 2009.", "In November, when Iranians took to the streets in the Green Revolution, Twitter was scheduled to conduct maintenance on its site, which would result in the temporary shutting down of its server.", "Cohen requested that the maintenance be delayed so that the revolution in Iran wouldn't be affected.", "President Obama had announced that there would be no interference in Iran.", "The State Department sent another delegation to Russia in February of 2010.", "Williams was replaced as CEO by Dick Costolo on March 28, 2011.", "Costolo resigned as CEO on July 1, 2015.", "Costolo left the post of interim CEO to be replaced by Dorsey.", "On October 5, 2015, he was named permanent CEO.", "On the day after the controversy about the new algorithm, he said it was a hoax.", "In May 2016 it was announced that photos and links would not count in the 140-character limit.", "This was an attempt to get more people to use the service, since the number of daily users had fallen to about 300 million in January 2016 from 500 million in September and 661 million in August.", "On November 22, 2016 he was temporarily suspended from his own account.", "The suspension was due to an \"internal mistake\" after the account was restored.", "In February of last year, Omid Kordestani matched a $530,000 donation to the American Civil Liberties Union.", "The total donation was 1.59 million.", "An improved version of the verification system was announced in March.", "Verification was changed to emphasize proof of identity.", "It wasn't in place before the election to verify the identities of the candidates.", "In September of last year, Dorsey testified before the Senate Intelligence Committee about the 2016 presidential election.", "TWo shares fell six percent after this testimony.", "During a private meeting at the White House, President Donald Trump raised his concerns that some of his followers had been limited or removed from his account.", "After the meeting, they talked about making it healthier and more civil.", "The social media platform's spread of abuse and misinformation has brought him criticism, after he took part in a TED talk about it.", "A group calling itself the Chuckling Squad was said to have broken into Dorsey's personal account for nearly an hour.", "The stock price of the company fell from $38.83 to $30.75 on October 23, 2019.", "The reason was an earnings miss off a third quarter report.", "The banning of all political ads was one of the things that was done by Dorsey.", "This was seen as a large contributor to the drop.", "The ban on political advertising will take effect on November 22, 2019.", "The policy applies to all marketing campaigns.", "On February 29, 2020, it was announced that an activist hedge fund led by billionaire Paul Singer was looking to oust the CEO of the company.", "Musk and Vitalik Buterin supported Dorsey.", "The two parties reached an agreement a few days later.", "The US Senate Commerce Committee subpoenaed several tech firm CEOs.", "Republican Roger Wicker, who chairs the committee, led the charge to force the CEOs of the tech platforms to testify about their legal immunity.", "On November 29, 2021, he announced his departure from the role of the CEO of the company.", "His resignation took effect immediately.", "Parag Agrawal, the company's former CTO, took over as CEO immediately.", "Block, Inc.'s CEO, Block, will continue to be led by him.", "The small, square-shaped device can be used as a mini card reader and allows a person to choose an amount to transfer to the recipient and then sign their name for confirmation.", "Square is a free app that can be used to send paperless receipts via text message or email.", "In December 2009, the company had 10 employees.", "Market Street is in San Francisco.", "Business Insider magazine valued Square at more than 3 billion dollars.", "Square filed for an IPO on the New York Stock Exchange.", "He owned 24.4% of the company.", "Square was able to open a bank in March 2020.", "Square Financial Services will be launched in 2021.", "Employees for Square would work from home permanently.", "Square began withholding up to 30 percent of funds collected from customers using its Cash App in 2020.", "The name of the platform was changed to Block, Inc. on December 1, 2021.", "This was due in part to his interest in the blockchain as well as the new name of the various businesses better than the current name, which is mostly associated with its merchant-payment services.", "Block, Inc.'s stock ticker would remain \"SQ\".", "The year before, he said that he would like to become the mayor of New York City.", "He was a judge for the NYC BigApps competition.", "A new member of the board of directors of The Walt Disney Company was announced in December.", "In January of last year, it was reported that Dorsey wouldn't seek reelection at Disney's March annual meeting due to conflicts of interest.", "The Berggruen Institute has a governance center.", "In a chapter of Tim Ferriss' book, Dorsey gives advice.", "At the \"The B Word\" conference, Dorsey spoke about his love for the digital currency.", "He has said that if he wasn't working on social media, he would be working on digital currency.", "In 2012 he moved to the Sea Cliff neighborhood of San Francisco.", "The followers of S. N. Goenka taught Dorsey how to meditate for ten days.", "In November of last year, Dorsey went on a birthday Vipassan meditation trip.", "Dorsey gave money to the campaigns of the two 2020 presidential candidates.", "He donated 15 million dollars in 2020 to support the piloting of guaranteed basic income programs in the United States.", "President Donald Trump was given \"world leader\" exceptions that allowed him to post content on the platform that would normally be removed or generated sanctions.", "In May and November of 2020, some of Trump's messages received warning labels.", "Trump's account was suspended for violating its Civic Integrity policy on January 6, 2021.", "On January 8th, Trump's account was permanently suspended.", "On January 14, he defended banning Trump, but also said it was dangerous.", "About 600 Missouri public school projects were fully funded by Dorsey in March of 2016", "A nonprofit started by MrBeast that pledged to plant 20 million trees by the end of the year received a $350,000 donation from Dorsey in October.", "On April 7, 2020, he announced that he will move about $1 billion of his equity in Square, Inc., just under a third of his total wealth, to Start Small, and to relief programs related to the coronaviruses.", "Universal basic income was one of the things he committed to funding.", "Over 40 different grantees have received $24 million from Dorsey.", "Boston University's Center for Antiracist Research received a $10 million donation from Dorsey in August 2020.", "He donated 15 million dollars in his personal capacity to support relief efforts in India.", "The three NGOs were Care, Aid India, and Sewa International.", "He was named to the MIT Technology Review TR35 as one of the top 35 innovators in the world under the age of 35.", "The Wall Street Journal gave him an award in 2012 for technology.", "The founder of the year was named at the 5th Annual Crunchies Awards.", "Forbes considered him the world's most eligible bachelor.", "Fox Business ranked Dorsey as the fourth worst CEO of the year due to stagnant growth, falling stock prices, and his part-time commitment to Twitter.", "The Worst CEOs in America were listed by 24/7 Wall St.", "There are links to births of 20th century American business people and 21st century American business people and 21st century American business people and 21st century American business people and 21st century American business people and 21st century American business people and 21st century American business people and 21st century" ]

[ "Jack Patrick Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorseyon", "Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Jack Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorsey" ]

[ "Jack Patrick Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorsey", "Dorsey" ]

[ "John Corrigan \"Jonathan\" Wells (born 1942) is an American author, theologian, and advocate of the pseudoscientific argument of intelligent design.", "Wells joined the Unification Church in 1974, and subsequently wrote that the teachings of church founder Sun Myung Moon, his own studies at the Unification Theological Seminary and his prayers convinced him to devote his life to \"destroying Darwinism.\"", "The term Darwinism is often used by intelligent design proponents and other creationists to refer to the scientific consensus on evolution.", "He gained a PhD in religious studies at Yale University in 1986, then became Director of the Unification Church's inter-religious outreach organization in New York City.", "In 1989, he studied at the University of California, Berkeley, where he earned a PhD in molecular and cellular biology in 1994.", "He became a member of several scientific associations and has published in academic journals.", "In his book Icons of Evolution: Science or Myth?", "(2000), Wells argues that a number of examples used to illustrate biology textbooks were grossly exaggerated, distorted truth, or were patently false.", "Wells said that this shows that evolution conflicts with the evidence, and so argued against its teaching in public education.", "Some reviewers of Icons of Evolution have said that Wells misquoted experts cited as sources and took minor issues out of context, basing his argument on a flawed syllogism.", "Wells's views on evolution have been rejected by the scientific community.", "Biography\nWells was born in New York City in 1942 and grew up in New Jersey, and was brought up as a Protestant Christian.", "He studied geology at Princeton University, where he dropped out in his junior year.", "Following a brief stint as a taxi driver, he was drafted into the United States Army and spent two years serving in Germany.", "After his discharge in 1966, he attended University of California, Berkeley, where he publicly refused to report for reserve duty.", "This resulted in him being arrested and being incarcerated for eighteen months at the Leavenworth military prison.", "Upon his release, Wells returned to Berkeley where he completed his studies with a major in geology and physics and a minor in biology.", "In 1974, Wells joined the Unification Church of the United States.", "He graduated from the church's Unification Theological Seminary in 1978 with a master's degree in religious education.", "Wells continued his studies at Yale University, earning a PhD in religious studies in 1986, focusing on historical reactions to Darwinism.", "During this time he wrote extensively on Unification theology and taught at the Unification Theological Seminary.", "Wells was on the Board of Trustees of the Unification Theological Seminary until resigning in 1997 to return to teaching.", "He also acted as the director of the International Religious Foundation, a Unification Church affiliated organization which sponsors interdenominational conferences.", "Wells has written on the subject of marriage within the Unification Church and has been called a \"Unification Church marriage expert\" by church sources.", "Wells defended Unification Church theology against what he said were unfair criticisms made in 1977 by the National Council of Churches.", "In 1994, Wells earned another PhD in molecular and cellular biology at UC Berkeley.", "After receiving his doctorate, he worked at a position he described as \"a post-doctoral research biologist at Berkeley, writing articles critical of Darwinism.\"", "Shortly after that Wells joined former UC Berkeley law professor Phillip E. Johnson, father of the intelligent design movement, at the Discovery Institute.", "He now serves as a fellow at the Discovery Institute's Center for Science and Culture, the hub of the intelligent design movement, and at the International Society for Complexity, Information, and Design, which also promotes intelligent design.", "Wells appeared on a panel at Harvard with Stephen Palumbi in November 2001, which his supporters lauded as a \"home run\".", "Other observers stated that Wells' performance was \"uneventful\".", "Opposition to Darwinian evolution\n\nOf his student days at Unification Theological Seminary (1976–78), Wells said, \"One of the things that Father [Reverend Sun Myung Moon] advised us to do at UTS was to pray to seek God's plan for our lives.\"", "Wells later described that plan: \"To defend and articulate Unification theology especially in relation to Darwinian evolution.\"", "Wells stated that his religious doctoral studies at Yale, which were paid for by the Unification Church, focused on the \"root of the conflict between Darwinian evolution and Christian doctrine\" and encompassed the whole of Christian theology within a focus of Darwinian controversies.", "He said:\n\nWells said that \"destroying Darwinism\" was his motive for studying Christian theology at Yale and going on to seek his second PhD at Berkeley, studying biology and in particular embryology:\n\nWells's statement and others like it are viewed by the scientific community as evidence that Wells lacks proper scientific objectivity and mischaracterizes evolution by ignoring and misrepresenting the evidence supporting it while pursuing an agenda promoting notions supporting his religious beliefs in its place.", "He has written articles for the Discovery Institute, WorldNetDaily, Origins & Design, and other sympathetic publications attacking evolution and defending intelligent design.", "In 1997, he presented a paper entitled \"Evolution by Design\" at the Unification Church sponsored International Conference on the Unity of the Sciences in Washington, D.C.", "In 1999, Wells debated with the New Mexicans for Science and Reason.", "He was one of the contributors to Natural History magazine's 2002 debate between intelligent design advocates and evolution supporters.", "In 2005, he debated Massimo Pigliucci on the PBS talk show Uncommon Knowledge.", "Pigliucci said that Wells \"clearly lied\" during his debates and misrepresented his agenda and science, as well as not understanding some of the theories he tried to attack.", "Wells is one of the signatories of the Discovery Institute's \"A Scientific Dissent From Darwinism,\" a petition which the intelligent design movement uses to promote intelligent design by attempting to cast doubt on evolution.", "He is also the author of \"Ten questions to ask your biology teacher about evolution\" for high school students, which is published by the Discovery Institute.", "The National Center for Science Education has issued a list of answers to the questions.", "Icons of Evolution\n\nWells is best known for his 2000 book Icons of Evolution, in which he discusses 10 examples which he says show that many of the most commonly accepted arguments supporting evolution are invalid.", "The book is rejected by many members of the scientific community and has received much criticism by those opposed to his views.", "There have been 12 detailed reviews of Icons, from scholars familiar with the subject matter, which have come to the consensus that the book's claims are a politically motivated extreme exaggeration and misrepresentation of a scattering of minor issues.", "Scholars quoted in the work have accused Wells of purposely misquoting them and misleading readers.", "Biology Professor Jerry Coyne wrote of Icons, \"Wells's book rests entirely on a flawed syllogism: ... textbooks illustrate evolution with examples; these examples are sometimes presented in incorrect or misleading ways; therefore evolution is a fiction.\"", "Kansas evolution hearings\n\nIn 2005, Wells participated in the Kansas evolution hearings, which were boycotted by mainstream scientists.", "There Wells testified:\n \n\nPrior to the evolution hearings, in December 2000 after the Pratt County, Kansas, school board revised its tenth-grade biology curriculum at the urging of intelligent design proponents to include material that encourages students to question the theory of evolution, The Pratt Tribune published a letter from Jerry Coyne challenging Wells's characterization in an article of his work on peppered moths, saying that his article appended to the Pratt standards was misused and being mischaracterized:\n\nThe Politically Incorrect Guide to Darwinism and Intelligent Design\nIn 2006, Wells published his second major book, The Politically Incorrect Guide to Darwinism and Intelligent Design, which was part of a series published by Regnery Publishing.", "The book was praised by Tom Bethell, author of The Politically Incorrect Guide to Science (2005), but was described by Reed A. Cartwright of The Panda's Thumb weblog as being \"not only politically incorrect but incorrect in most other ways as well: scientifically, logically, historically, legally, academically, and morally.\"", "Cartwright also edited a chapter-by-chapter critique of the book.", "A quote from the book linking evolution to eugenics, abortion and racism appeared on Starbucks paper cups in 2007.", "AIDS denialism \n\nIn 1991, Wells and his mentor Phillip E. Johnson signed an open letter which said in full:\n\nWells and Johnson have been criticized, along with others, for their questioning of the scientific and medical consensus that HIV causes AIDS.", "In the Washington University Law Review, Matthew J. Brauer, Barbara Forrest, and Steven G. Gey faulted Wells, Johnson, and others for denying the HIV/AIDS connection and promoting denialism via a petition designed to garner publicity but which did not have any scientific support.", "Publications\n\nArticles in peer-reviewed journals\n\nBooks\n\nDissertations\nWells, John Corrigan.", "1986.", "CHARLES HODGE'S CRITIQUE OF DARWINISM: THE ARGUMENT TO DESIGN (EVOLUTION, THEOLOGY).", "Ph.D. Dissertation, Yale University, 265 pages.", "Wells, John Corrigan.", "1994.", "A confocal microscopy study of microtubule arrays involved in cortical rotation during the first cell cycle of Xenopus embryos.", "Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 124 pages.", "See also\nUnification Church and science\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\n Jonathan Wells biography from the Discovery Institute\nArticles by Wells from the Discovery Institute\n Articles by Wells from the Access Research Network\n \"Icons of Evolution FAQs\" from talk.origins\n Wells's testimony at the Kansas evolution hearings\n \"Icons of Evolution?", "– Why much of what Jonathan Wells writes about evolution is wrong\" by Alan D. Gishlick\n \"10 Answers to Jonathan Wells's '10 Questions'\" from National Center for Science Education\n Chapter by chapter analysis of Wells's The Politically Incorrect Guide to Darwinism and Intelligent Design by Reed A. Cartwright, The Panda's Thumb\n\nIntelligent design advocates\nFellows of the International Society for Complexity, Information, and Design\nAmerican Unificationists\nUnification Theological Seminary graduates\nDiscovery Institute fellows and advisors\nHIV/AIDS denialists\nUC Berkeley College of Letters and Science alumni\n1942 births\nLiving people\nPseudoscientific biologists\n20th-century American writers\n21st-century American writers\nYale University alumni" ]

[ "Jonathan Wells is an American author, theologian, and advocate of the pseudoscientific argument of intelligent design.", "Wells joined the Unification Church in 1974 and wrote that the teachings of church founder Sun Myung Moon, his own studies at the Unification Theological Seminary and his prayers convinced him to devote his life to \"destroying Darwinism.\"", "Creationists and intelligent design proponents use the term Darwinism to refer to the scientific consensus on evolution.", "He received a PhD in religious studies from Yale University in 1986 and became the Director of the Unification Church's inter-religious outreach organization in New York City.", "He graduated from the University of California, Berkeley with a PhD in 1994.", "He has published in academic journals.", "He wrote Icons of Evolution: Science or Myth.", "A number of examples used to illustrate biology textbooks were grossly exaggerated, distorted truth or patently false according to Wells.", "Wells argued against evolution's teaching in public education because it conflicts with the evidence.", "Some reviewers of Icons of Evolution said that Wells misquoted experts and took minor issues out of context, based on a flawed syllogism.", "The scientific community has rejected Wells's views on evolution.", "Wells was born in New York City in 1942 and grew up in New Jersey as a Protestant Christian.", "He dropped out of college in his junior year after studying geology.", "He served in Germany for two years after being drafted into the United States Army.", "He refused to report for reserve duty after he left the University of California, Berkeley.", "He was arrested and sentenced to eighteen months in a military prison.", "After his release, Wells returned to Berkeley and completed his studies with a major in geology and physics and a minor in biology.", "The Unification Church of the United States was founded by Wells in 1974.", "He received a master's degree in religious education from the Unification Theological Seminary in 1978.", "In 1986 Wells earned a PhD in religious studies at Yale University, focusing on historical reactions to Darwinism.", "He taught theology at the Unification Theological Seminary.", "Wells resigned from the Unification Theological Seminary's Board of Trustees in 1997 to return to teaching.", "The director of the International Religious Foundation was a member of the Unification Church.", "Wells has written about the subject of marriage within the Unification Church and has been called an \"Unification Church marriage expert\" by church sources.", "The National Council of Churches made unfair criticisms of Unification Church theology in 1977.", "In 1994 Wells received a PhD in cellular biology from UC Berkeley.", "He worked at a position at Berkeley where he wrote articles critical of Darwinism after receiving his doctorate.", "Wells joined Phillip Johnson, father of the intelligent design movement, at the Discovery Institute.", "He is a fellow at the Discovery Institute's Center for Science and Culture, the hub of the intelligent design movement, and at the International Society for Complexity, Information, and Design, which also promotes intelligent design.", "In 2001, Wells appeared on a panel at Harvard with Stephen Palumbi, which his supporters hailed as a \"home run\".", "Wells' performance was noted as \"uneventful\" by other observers.", "\"Father Sun Myung Moon told us to pray to seek God's plan for our lives when we were at Unification Theological Seminary,\" Wells said.", "The plan was to defend and articulate Unification theology in relation to Darwinian evolution.", "According to Wells, his studies at Yale focused on the root of the conflict between Darwinian evolution and Christian doctrine and encompassed the whole of Christian theology within a focus of Darwinian controversies.", "He said that \"destroying Darwinism\" was his motive for studying Christian theology at Yale and going on to seek his second PhD at Berkeley, studying biology and in particular embryology: Wells's statement and others like it are viewed by the scientific community as evidence that Wells lacks proper.", "He has written articles for publications attacking evolution and defending intelligent design.", "He presented a paper titled \"Evolution by Design\" at the Unification Church sponsored International Conference on the Unity of the Sciences in Washington, D.C.", "In 1999, Wells debated with the New Mexicans.", "He was a contributor to the debate between intelligent design advocates and evolution supporters.", "He debated Pigliucci on Uncommon Knowledge in 2005.", "Wells lied during his debates and misrepresented his agenda and science, as well as not understanding some of the theories he tried to attack, according to Pigliucci.", "The intelligent design movement uses the \"A Scientific Dissent From Darwinism\" petition to promote intelligent design and cast doubt on evolution.", "He is the author of \"Ten questions to ask your biology teacher about evolution\", which was published by the Discovery Institute.", "The answers to the questions have been issued by the National Center for Science Education.", "Icons of Evolution Wells is best known for his 2000 book Icons of Evolution, in which he discusses 10 examples which he says show that many of the most commonly accepted arguments supporting evolution are invalid.", "Many members of the scientific community reject the book because of his views.", "There have been 12 detailed reviews of Icons, from scholars familiar with the subject matter, which have come to the conclusion that the book's claims are a politically motivated extreme exaggeration and misrepresentation of a scattering of minor issues.", "Scholars have accused Wells of misrepresenting them in the work.", "\"Wells's book rests entirely on a flawed syllogism and is therefore evolution is a fiction,\" wrote Biology Professor Jerry Coyne in Icons.", "Wells participated in the Kansas evolution hearings, which were boycotted by mainstream scientists.", "Prior to the evolution hearings, in December 2000 after the Pratt County, Kansas, school board revised its tenth-grade biology curriculum at the urging of intelligent design proponents to include material that encourages students to question the theory of evolution, The Pratt Tribune published a letter from Jerry Coyne.", "The book was praised by Tom Bethell, author of The Politically Incorrect Guide to Science, but was described by Reed A. Cartwright of The Panda's Thumb weblog as being \"not only politically incorrect but incorrect in most other ways as well.\"", "A chapter-by-chapter critique of the book was edited by Cartwright.", "In 2007, a quote from the book linking evolution to abortion and racism appeared on Starbucks paper cups.", "Wells and Johnson were criticized for questioning the scientific and medical consensus that HIV causes AIDS.", "In the Washington University Law Review, Matthew J. Brauer, Barbara Forrest, and Steven G. Gey faulted Wells, Johnson, and others for denying the HIV/AIDS connection and promoting denialism via a petition designed to garner publicity but which did not have any scientific support.", "John Corrigan has published articles in peer-reviewed journals.", "The year 1986.", "Charles Hodge's Critique ofDarWINISM is about the interplay to design.", "The thesis of the PHD at Yale University is over 260 pages.", "Wells and John Corrigan.", "1994.", "A confocal microscope study of microtubule array involved in cortical rotation.", "The University of California, Berkeley has a PhD thesis.", "Wells's testimony at the Kansas evolution hearings \"Icons of Evolution\" can be found in the Access Research Network.", "A chapter analysis of Jonathan Wells's The Politically Incorrect Guide to Darwinism and Intelligent Design can be found in the National Center for Science Education Chapter." ]

[ "Jonathan", "Wells", "Wells", "Wells", "Wells", "Wells", "Wells", "Wells", "Wells", "Wells", "Wells", "Wells", "Wells", "Wells", "Wells", "Wells", "Wells", "Wells", "Wells", "Wells", "Wells", "Wells", "Wells", "Wells", "Wells", "Wells", "Wells", "Wells", "Wells", "Wells", "Wells", "Wells", "Wells", "Wells", "Wells", "Wells", "Wells", "Wells", "Wells", "Jonathan Wells", "Wells", "Wells", "Wells", "Jonathan Wells", "Jonathan Wells", "Wells" ]

[ "Jonathan Wells", "Wells", "Wells", "Wells", "Wells", "Wells", "Wells", "Wells", "Wells", "Wells", "Wells", "Wells", "Wells", "Wells", "Wells", "Wells", "Wells", "Wells", "Wells", "Wells", "Wells", "Wells", "Wells", "Wells", "Wells", "Wells", "Wells", "Wells", "Wells", "Wells", "Jonathan Wells" ]

[ "Amado de la Cueva (b. Guadalajara, Jalisco, May 6, 1891 – d. Guadalajara, Jalisco, April 1, 1926) was a Mexican painter.", "De la Cueva studied in Rome.", "After his return to Mexico in September 1922, he painted amongst others together with Diego Rivera his murals at the Secretaría de Educación Pública.", "On October 16, 1923, he returned to his home town, where he painted the murals at Universidad de Guadalajara's assembly hall together with David Alfaro Siqueiros and Carlos Orozco after 1925.", "Biography\n\nEarly life and education \nAmado de la Cueva lived together with Xavier Guerrero in the city of Guadalajara during their adolescence.", "They both also enrolled in medical school to practice autopsies.", "Amado de la Cueva was sent to Europe to further his studies by Basilio Vadillo (governor of the state at the time), which he focused mainly in Rome.", "His education cumulated in a marvelous tour across Spain, France, and Italy before his return home.", "Career \nIn 1921, Amado de la cueva was still in Europe at this time.", "Although details are unclear, it was noted that Amado de la Cueva, alongside Carlos Mérida, showed their work at the Madrid Autumn Salon of 1921.", "Right before returning to his homeland, Amado de la Cueva and David Alfaro Siqueiros also prayed at the Masaccio's Brancacci Chapel in Florence.", "Cueva considered Masaccio a great hero and looked up to him.", "Inspired, De la Cueva also brought back pencil sketches of the details from the Brancacci Chapel.", "Soon after, in September 1922, Jose Vasconcelos, who was the minister of education at the time, brought back home David Alfaro Siqueiros and Amado de la Cueva from Europe to paint murals for him.", "Jose Vasconcelos had offered commissions at minimum painters' wage to several artists around the area to paint murals for him, but due to the low wage that he was offering, his offer only appealed to the younger artists.", "These young artists that agreed to paint the murals, Amado de la Cueva included, were the exemplars that made up the Mexican Mural Renaissance.", "José Vasconcelos had assigned Amado de la Cueva (along with Carlos Mérida, Jean Charlot, and Xavier Guerrero) to assist Diego Rivera in painting the Bolívar Auditorium of the National Preparatory School.", "On 20 March 1923, Tuesday, a couple days after the official ceremony (which was held on 9 March 1923) of the inauguration of Diego Rivera’s mural Creation at the National Preparatory School, Rivera organized a gathering of his collaborators held by the Syndicate of Technical Workers, Painters, and Sculptors.", "In the invitation letter, Amado de la Cueva was noted as one of the “expert assistants of the maestro Rivera”.", "De la Cueva was later assigned to paint murals at the Secretariat of Public Education.", "From 19 May 1923 to 6 August 1923, Amado de la Cueva was involved in painting murals in the second court at the Secretariat of Public Education.", "Xavier Guerrero, Amado de la Cueva, and Jean Charlot decorated the second court of the ministry building, which they were originally assigned to at a salary of 12 pesos.", "That second court was also named the Court of Labour and Festivals.", "Over time, the artists faced multiple complications with Diego Rivera, which eventually ended with them not working on the murals anymore as Rivera stopped them from painting further.", "Two panels painted by De la Cueva are still in place on the north wall on the ground floor of the second patio.", "De la Cueva left on 16 October 1923 for Guadalajara where José Guadalupe Zuno, who was the state governor at the time, was to give him murals to paint.", "He was first made the state librarian, but soon moved to painting murals at the Palacio de Gobernación.", "De la Cueva was soon joined by David Alfaro Siqueiros at the end of 1924, and they were both offered a joint commission by state governor Zuno to paint the walls and ceiling of the former chapel beside the University of Guadalajara.", "David Alfaro Siqueiros server mainly as his helper, while De la Cueva was in charge of most of the intellectual designs.", "He also painted his mural Agriculture in the high arched wall above the entrance to the hall of the chapel, which was his last artwork.", "That church, the former Chapel of St. Thomas of Aquinas, is nowadays the :es:Biblioteca Iberoamericana Octavio Paz.", "Death \nOn 1 April 1926, Amado de la Cueva was involved in an automobile collision while riding his motorcycle around town along with his fellow painter Roberta Reyes Pérez, and died on the same night.", "Information about his death was published on 2 April 1926 in the Guadalajara local daily newspaper El Informador.", "Artworks \n\nAt the Secretariat of Public Education, Amado de la Cueva painted the two panels Dance of the Santiagos and El Torito (The Little Bull).", "At the Palacio de Gobernación in Guadalajara, Amado de la Cueva painted three frescoes in total.", "Two of them were portraits of Hernán Cortés and Nuño de Guzmán, conquerors of western Mexico, painted is a way that expressed his mastery of the fresco medium.", "The last one was a figure of St. Christopher, painted to express a strong and dominating figure and a symbol of the Christian Conquest.", "These three frescoes were later whitewashed in 1931 and no longer exist.", "At the former chapel of the University of Guadalajara, Amado de la Cueva and David Alfaro Siqueiros together painted several murals around the themes of Work and Rebellion.", "The north part of the building features the murals Cultivation of the Maize, Sugar Cane, Agriculture, and Unity of the Peasant and the Worker, displaying the figures of peasant and agrarian.", "The southern walls of the building features the murals The Miner, The Potter, and The Electrical Worker, depicting the industrial workers.", "The walls above the entrance feature two panels The Legend of Zapata and The Triumph of the Revolution.", "These murals were a collaboration of two artists with very different artistic styles, executed flawlessly in visual unity.", "De la Cueva's mural Agriculture, depicting three figures in brown and black surrounded by symbols of agriculture, was his very last artwork.", "List of Amado de la Cueva's artworks:\n\n Dance of the Santiagos, Fresco, 1926, Secretariat of Public Education\n The Little Bull, Fresco, 1926, Secretariat of Public Education\n Hernán Cortés, Palacio de Gobernación\n Nuño de Guzmán, Palacio de Gobernación\n St. Christopher, Palacio de Gobernación\n Cultivation of the Maize, University of Guadalajara\n Sugar Cane, University of Guadalajara\n Agriculture, University of Guadalajara\n Unity of the Peasant and the Worker, University of Guadalajara\n The Miner, University of Guadalajara\n The Potter, University of Guadalajara\n The Electrical Worker, University of Guadalajara\n The Legend of Zapata, University of Guadalajara\n The Triumph of the Revolution, University of Guadalajara\n\nReferences \n\nMexican muralists\nArtists from Guadalajara, Jalisco\n1891 births\n1926 deaths\n20th-century Mexican painters\n20th-century male artists\nMexican male painters" ]

[ "Amado de la Cueva died on April 1, 1926.", "De la Cueva studied in Rome.", "He painted murals with Diego Rivera at the Secretara de Educacin Pblica after returning to Mexico in 1922.", "He returned to Guadalajara on October 16, 1923, to paint the murals at the assembly hall with David Alfaro Siqueiros and Carlos Orozco.", "Amado de la Cueva lived in Guadalajara with his friends during their adolescence.", "They both went to medical school to practice autopsies.", "The governor of the state at the time, Basilio Vadillo, sent Amado de la Cueva to Europe to further his studies.", "His education culminated in a tour of Spain, France, and Italy.", "Amado de la cueva was still in Europe in 1921.", "The work of Amado de la Cueva and Carlos Mérida was shown at the Madrid Autumn Salon of 1921.", "Amado de laaccio and David Alfaro Siqueiros prayed at the Brancacci Chapel in Florence before returning to their homeland.", "Cueva looked up to Masaccio and thought he was a great hero.", "The sketches from the Brancacci Chapel were brought back by De la Cueva.", "The minister of education brought back David Alfaro Siqueiros and Amado de la Cueva from Europe to paint murals for him.", "Due to the low wage that Jose Vasconcelos was offering, his offer only appealed to the younger artists around the area.", "The Mexican Mural Renaissance was made up of the young artists that agreed to paint the murals.", "Amado de la Cueva was assigned to assist Diego Rivera in painting the Bolvar auditorium.", "On 20 March 1923, a couple days after the official inauguration of Diego Rivera's mural Creation at the National Preparatory School, Rivera organized a gathering of his collaborators held by the Syndicate of Technical Workers, Painters, and Sculptors.", "One of the expert assistants of Rivera was noted in the invitation letter.", "The secretariat of public education assigned De la Cueva to paint murals.", "The second court at the secretariat of public education had murals painted by Amado de la Cueva.", "They were assigned to decorate the second court of the ministry building at a salary of 12 pesos.", "The second court was called the Court of Labour and Festivals.", "The artists didn't work on the murals anymore after Diego Rivera stopped them from painting more.", "The north wall of the second patio has two panels painted by De la Cueva.", "On October 16, 1923, De la Cueva left for Guadalajara, where Zuno was to give him murals to paint.", "He moved to painting murals at the Palacio de Gobernacin after being made the state librarian.", "At the end of 1924, De la Cueva and David Alfaro Siqueiros were offered a joint commission by Zuno to paint the walls and ceiling of the former chapel beside the University of Guadalajara.", "David Alfaro Siqueiros server was mostly his helpers, while De la Cueva was in charge of most of the intellectual designs.", "His last artwork was a mural on the high arched wall above the entrance to the hall of the chapel.", "The :es:Biblioteca Iberoamericana Octavio Paz is the former Chapel of St. Thomas of Aquinas.", "On 1 April 1926, Amado de la Cueva was involved in an automobile collision while riding his motorcycle around town and died on the same night.", "The Guadalajara daily newspaper El Informador published information about his death.", "The two panels Dance of the Santiagos and El Torito were painted by Amado de la Cueva.", "Amado de la Cueva painted three frescoes at the Palacio de Gobernacin.", "He painted two portraits of Nuo de Guzmn, conquerors of western Mexico, as a way of expressing his mastery of the fresco medium.", "The figure of St. Christopher was painted to express a strong and dominating figure and a symbol of the Christian Conquest.", "The frescoes were whitewashed in 1931.", "Several murals were painted at the former chapel of the University of Guadalajara by Amado de la Cueva and David Alfaro Siqueiros.", "The north part of the building has murals depicting the figures of peasants and workers.", "Industrial workers are depicted in murals on the southern walls of the building.", "There are two panels on the walls above the entrance.", "The murals were a collaboration of two artists with very different artistic styles.", "The mural Agriculture, depicting three figures in brown and black surrounded by symbols of agriculture, was De la Cueva's last artwork.", "There is a list of Amado de la Cueva's artworks." ]

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[ "Amado de la Cueva", "De la Cueva", "Amado de la Cueva", "Amado de la Cueva", "Amado", "de la", "Amado", "de la", "Cueva", "Amado", "de lacio", "Cueva", "De la", "Cueva", "Amado", "de la", "Cueva", "Amado", "de la", "Cueva", "De la", "Cueva", "Amado", "de la", "Cueva", "De la", "Cueva", "De la", "Cueva", "De la", "Cueva", "De la", "Cueva", "Amado", "de la", "Cueva", "Amado", "de la", "Cueva", "Amado", "de la", "Cueva", "de Guz", "Amado", "de la", "Cueva", "De la", "Cueva", "Amado", "de la", "Cueva" ]

[ "Peter Seitz Adams (born August 27, 1950, Los Angeles) is an American artist.", "His body of work focuses on landscapes and seascapes created en plein air in oil or pastel as well as enigmatic figure and still-life paintings.", "He is noted for his colorful, high-key palette and broad brushwork.", "Adams has held numerous solo and group exhibitions in galleries and museums, including throughout California, the Western United States, and on the East Coast in Philadelphia, Vermont, and New York.", "Adams is the longest serving President of the California Art Club (f. 1909) and has served on its board of directors in Pasadena, California from 1993 to 2018.", "He is also a writer on subjects relating to historic artists for the California Art Club Newsletter, as well as for a number of the organization's exhibition catalogs.", "Family and personal background\nPeter Adams' mother, Mary Seitz Adams (1917–2004), was a socially active homemaker and his father, James H. Adams, also known as Peter Adams, Sr., was a businessman by vocation, and an actor by avocation.", "Peter Adams, Sr. appeared in Hollywood epic films, such as Bullwhip, Omar Khayyam, The Big Fisherman, Jailhouse Rock and the television series Zorro.", "His maternal grandfather was the playwright and Hollywood movie director George B. Seitz (1888–1944).", "Adams has two older sisters, Mary Adams O’Connell, who is a businesswoman and Aileen Adams Cowan, who is a former Secretary of State for Consumer Affairs for the State of California and an Assistant Attorney General in the Clinton Administration.", "Adams grew up in Beverly Hills and attended Harvard Boys School (now Harvard-Westlake School).", "He is married to Elaine Shelby (Shelbi) Adams, a former stockbroker who has managed the California Art Club in addition to Adams' career since 1993.", "The Adams' live in a home that has been described as an eclectic mixture of Chinese furniture and Antiques, some significant works by his teacher Theodore Lukits as well as a broad selection of some of his own works chosen by his wife.", "The Adams have constructed elaborate waterfalls and pools, as well as walls and walkways made of river stones around their Pasadena property.", "Peter Adams' studio features a high pitched roof that allows him to work on large paintings and glassed shelves housing a collection of art books.", "He is an avid outdoorsman who hikes in the San Gabriel Mountains with his border collies and makes painting trips to the Sierra Nevada (U.S.).", "He is a public speaker and raconteur.", "Early art studies\nAdams was initially drawn to traditional, representational art.", "As a young man, he collected adventure books from the \"Golden Age\" of American illustration.", "He credits these romantic tales, illustrated by artists like Howard Pyle, N.C. Wyeth and Dean Cornwell, with not only inspiring his art but interesting him in the world beyond the shores of America.", "Adams wanted to learn how to paint like the turn-of-the-century painters did, but he couldn't keep up with the curriculum at the Instituto de Bellas Artes in San Miguel de Allende, Mexico (1969), Otis Art Institute and Art Center School (1970).", "In 1970 he was introduced to Theodore Lukits (1897–1992), a well-known painter of portraits, still lifes and landscapes who had been teaching in Los Angeles since 1924.", "Studies with Theodore Lukits\nPeter Adams entered the atelier of Lukits in 1970.", "Adams has described entering the Lukits studio, which was lined with plaster casts of Roman and Greek sculpture, student’s drawings and Chinese antiques \"like walking into another century” because the Lukits Atelier resembled those of the 19th-century Parisian painters' he admired.", "Adams was to study with Lukits for seven years and eventually he became his apprentice, but like all of Lukits' new students, he began by \"drawing from the antique,\" doing charcoal or graphite portraits of marbles and plaster casts of ancient Roman and Greek statuary.", "These studies taught Adams to understand the tonal gradations of light and shadow.", "Advancement in a traditional atelier is based on mastery, so Adams moved from working from plaster casts to simple still life set-ups only after his instructor was satisfied with his work.", "As a culmination of his graphite work Adams did a series of fanciful still life drawings of Asian antiques that set the direction for the still life works of his professional career.", "Eventually, he began to work in color, painting still life set-ups under the colored lights that Lukits used to simulate conditions an artist might find in the outdoors.", "He subsequently attended Lukits' anatomy and life drawing classes.", "Adams also began painting “En plein air”, directly from the landscape.", "He painted with Arny Karl (1940–2000) a fellow Lukits student who had already been painting out of doors for a number of years.", "Using the pastel medium, the two went on plein air trips to the local foothills in the San Gabriel Mountains, beaches, and trips to St. Malo, near Oceanside, where the Adams family owned a beach house.", "Karl and Adams also made extended trips to the American and Canadian National Parks, traveling as far north as the Canadian Rockies.", "By the mid-1970s, they were joined by another fellow Lukits student, Tim Solliday (b.", "1952).", "Together, the three artists traveled and painted en plein air using the pastel medium, as their teacher Theodore Lukits had done in the 1920s and 1930s.", "Professional career\nAdams began painting professionally around 1980.", "He was first represented by the Greg Juarez Gallery in Beverly Hills.", "Run by the collector, philanthropist, and 9th-generation Californian Gregg Juarez, the Juarez Gallery represented Adams for a number of years.", "Next, he moved to the Adamson-Duvannes Gallery in West Hollywood, California.", "Jerome Adamson was an art collector who had purchased this historic gallery.", "He represented Adams for a number of years and mounted Adams' large exhibitions of works from Asia and Afghanistan.", "In 1992, Adams began to exhibit his work with the Morseburg Galleries in West Hollywood.", "There he participated in a long series of group exhibitions which included the older painter Richard Rackus (b.", "1922), as well as two of his friends from the Lukits Atelier, Arny Karl (1940–2000) and Tim Solliday (b.", "1952).", "These exhibitions emphasized plein-air landscape painting.", "Adams participated in a number of pastel shows along with Solliday, Karl, Gil Dellinger, Rich Hilker and Clark Mitchell.", "In 2003 his wife Elaine Adams opened American Legacy Fine Arts, a private art gallery developed on the first floor of Peter Adams’ studio and began promoting her husband’s work as well as other artists in Los Angeles.", "Artistic influences\nInspired by a broad spectrum of artists in the classical art tradition, however, Adams cites Theodore Lukits, his teacher and mentor, as providing him with the direct link to the art ateliers of Paris and to the 19th century academicians he admires, such as William-Adolphe Bouguereau (1825–1905) and Jean-Léon Gérôme (1824–1904).", "Like most Plein-Air painters he also cites the Spanish Impressionist Joaquin Sorolla (1863–1923) and the Swedish painter of figures in outdoor settings Anders Zorn (1860–1920) as having an impact on his work.", "However, in contrast to many painters steeped in the Plein-Air tradition, the course of Adams' life and career has been influenced by the Orientalists, the French, British and American painters who ventured to the Middle East in the 19th century, painting the \"exotic\" people who populated lands that were unfamiliar to them.", "He includes John Frederick Lewis (1804–1876) Sir David Roberts (1796–1864), Frederick Arthur Bridgman (1847-19280 and Edwin Lord Weeks (1849–1903) as painters who made him curious to explore remote lands and get to known distant peoples.", "Adams designs and constructs his paintings differently from most painters and he has been influenced in completely different ways by the English painter, illustrator, printmaker and muralist Sir Frank Brangwyn (1857–1956) and the Art Nouveau painter and muralist Alphonse Mucha (1860–1939).", "From Mucha, he learned about swirling, moving, compositions and curvilinear line.", "From Brangwyn he learned about the juxtaposition of interesting shapes.", "Assessment and oeuvre\nWhile Adams considers himself a traditionalist and a representational painter, he is considered to be an innovative colorist and because of his interest in unusual effects of light, natural wonders and underground geological formations.", "Early in his career, his work consisted of Plein Air pastels and oils of the Eucalyptus trees, bridges and foothills around Pasadena.", "In addition, he created a series of beach scenes with figures centered on St. Malo Beach near Oceanside.", "The works he created on his extended trips to Asia were primarily figurative in the quick-drying tempera media to sketch, later, completing a series of larger works for his exhibitions back in America.", "Art historian and former Chief Curator of the Southern Alleghenies Museum of Art, Michael Tomor, described Adams' pastel work in an essay for the exhibition Contemporary Romanticism: Landscapes in Pastel as being \"Inspired by the brilliant colors, atmospheric perspective, and scenic grandeur of the great 19th century Romanticists, Peter Adams, a student of Theodore Lukits in the 1970s, conveys the magical shimmer of light in ephemeral sunsets and the tranquility of the sea.\"", "As his teacher Lukits did in the 1920s, Adams painted in the Sierra Nevada (U.S.) during the summer and winter when atmospheric conditions were more intense.", "By the mid-1990s, while its origins remained out of doors, his work was becoming more stylized, showing the unmistakable influence of Art Nouveau.", "As he reached middle age, Adams began to do large works of unusual natural formations, geysers and pools in Yellowstone National Park or stalactites in Carlsbad Caverns in New Mexico.", "In recent years he had returned to the human figure as a subject, often combining fantasy and reality in his works, as he has done in a series of recent works centered on the story of Wagner's Ring of the Nibelung and the Los Angeles Ring Festival mounted by the Los Angeles Opera.", "Revival of the California Art Club\nBy the early 1990s, Adams and his friends saw the need for an organization that could help to bring order to the reemerging traditional art movement in California.", "Adams accepted the Presidency of the California Art and he has remained at its helm to the present.", "In order to reorganize the California Art Club, Adams began to recruit most of the active professional landscape and figurative painters and sculptors that he knew.", "The core group of artists that became members of the reorganized California Art Club was primarily students of Theodore Lukits or the Russian landscape and figurative painter Sergei Bongart (1918–1985).", "Organization of California Art Club special exhibitions\nUnder the leadership of Peter Adams and his wife, Elaine Adams, the California Art Club began organizing a series of thematic exhibitions at both art and natural history museums.", "The Adams' saw that there was a natural relationship between landscape art and ecological awareness and natural history.", "In 1996, the California Art Club organized the California Wetlands Exhibition at the Natural History Museum in historic Exposition Park in Los Angeles.", "In May through August 1998, the California Art Club mounted Treasures of the Sierra Nevada at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, featuring works by historic California artists including Edgar Alwin Payne (1883–1947), Jack Wilkinson Smith and Theodore Lukits as well as contemporary painters.", "The Carnegie Museum in Oxnard, California hosted a large exhibition of works by painters from the California Art Club in 1994 titled The California Art Club: 85 Years of Art where Adams' work was featured prominently.", "In 1997 Peter and Elaine Adams and the California Art Club organized a traveling exhibition which contrasted the work of American Impressionists and Classical Realist painters from the East Coast and the Midwest United States with the California Impressionists.", "Titled East Coast Ideals, West Coast Concepts, the exhibition traveled from the Carnegie Museum in Oxnard to the Springville Museum of Art in Springville, Utah to the Academy of Art College in San Francisco.", "Among the historic artists represented were William McGregor Paxton and R.H.Ives Gammell (1893–1981), representing the Boston School and Theodore Lukits and Maurice Braun (1877–1941) representing the California Impressionists.", "In 1999, the California Art began a long relationship with the Frederick R. Weisman Museum of Art at Pepperdine University in Malibu with the exhibition titled On Location in Malibu.", "The exhibition, organized and curated by the Weisman's Michael Zakian, ran from May 22 to August 7, featuring the work of Adams along with dozens of CAC painters.", "Exhibitions and collections\n\nAdams has exhibited in numerous museums, including the Pasadena Museum of California Art, Autry Museum of the American West, Southern Alleghenies Museum of Art, Forbes Galleries, Bergstrom-Mahler Museum, Portsmouth Museum, Courthouse Gallery, National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum, Northwest Museum of Arts and Culture, Museum of the Southwest, Buffalo Bill Historical Center, Museum of Texas Tech University, George Bush Presidential Library, Hillsdale College, Haggin Museum, Springville Museum of Art, Colorado History Museum, Frederick R. Weisman Museum of Art, Frye Art Museum, the Newington-Cropsey Foundation, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County and Carnegie Museum of Art.", "He has held solo exhibitions at the Pacific Asia Museum and Carnegie Art Museum, as well as numerous commercial venues.", "Among the public collections in which Adams' work is represented are the Carnegie Art Museum, Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels, Forbes Magazine Collection, Haggin Museum, Pacific Asia Museum, Pasadena Museum of California, Southern Alleghenies Museum of Art and Our Savior Parish & USC Caruso Catholic Center.", "In 2007 he received a Gold Medal in the California Art Club Gold Medal Exhibition, and in 2004 he was nominated for Visual Artist of the Year by the International Biographical Center, Cambridge, England.", "In addition to his affiliation with the California Art Club, Adams has served on the boards of the American Society of Classical Realism, American Society of Portrait Artists, and served several years on the board of directors of the Pacific Asia Museum and the Pasadena Museum of California Art.", "Adams is a Signature Member of the California Art Club, Oil Painters of America, Pastel Society of America, and the Plein Air Painters of America." ]

[ "Peter Seitz Adams was born in Los Angeles.", "His work focuses on landscapes and seascapes created in oil or pastel as well as enigmatic figure and still-life paintings.", "He is known for his broad brushwork.", "Throughout California, the Western United States, and on the East Coast in Philadelphia, Vermont, and New York, Adams has held solo and group exhibitions.", "Adams has served on the board of directors of the California Art Club for over twenty years.", "He is a writer for the California Art Club Newsletter, as well as for a number of the organization's exhibition catalogs.", "Peter Adams' mother, Mary Seitz Adams, was a homemaker and his father, James H. Adams, was a businessman.", "Bullwhip was one of the films that Peter Adams, Jr. appeared in.", "George B. Seitz was the playwright and Hollywood movie director.", "Mary Adams O'Connell is a businesswoman and a former Secretary of State for Consumer Affairs for the State of California, as well as an assistant attorney general in the Clinton Administration.", "Adams attended Harvard Boys School in Beverly Hills.", "He is married to Elaine Adams, a former stockbroker who has managed the California Art Club since 1993.", "The home that the Adams' live in has been described as an eclectic mixture of Chinese furniture and Antiques, some significant works by his teacher Theodore Lukits as well as a broad selection of some of his own works chosen by his wife.", "The Adams built elaborate waterfalls and pools, as well as walls and walkways made of river stones around their Pasadena property.", "The high pitched roof of Peter Adams' studio allows him to work on large paintings and glassed shelves housing a collection of art books.", "He hikes in the San Gabriel Mountains with his border collies and paints in the Sierra Nevada.", "He is a public speaker.", "Adams was drawn to traditional, representational art.", "He used to own adventure books from the \"Golden Age\" of American illustration.", "He credits these romantic tales with inspiring his art and interest in the world beyond the shores of America.", "Adams wanted to learn how to paint like the turn-of-the-century painters did, but he couldn't keep up with the curriculum at the Otis Art Institute and Art Center School.", "In 1970 he met Theodore Lukits, a well-known painter of portraits, still lifes and landscapes who had been teaching in Los Angeles since 1924.", "Peter Adams studied with Theodore Lukits.", "Adams described entering the studio, which was lined with plaster casts of Roman and Greek sculpture, student's drawings and Chinese antiques, as \"like walking into another century.\"", "Adams was to study with Lukits for seven years and eventually he became his apprentice, but like all of his new students, he began by drawing from the antique.", "Adams was taught to understand light and shadow.", "Adams moved from plaster casts to simple still life set-ups only after his instructor was satisfied with his work, because advancement in a traditional atelier is based on mastery.", "Adams did a series of fanciful still life drawings of Asian antiques that set the direction for the still life works of his professional career.", "He began to work in color, painting still life set-ups under the colored lights that he used to practice in the outdoors.", "He attended life drawing classes.", "Adams began painting from the landscape.", "He painted with a fellow student who was already painting out of doors.", "The Adams family owned a beach house in St. Malo, near Oceanside, and the two went there with the pastel medium.", "Karl and Adams traveled as far north as the Canadian Rockies on their trips to the American and Canadian National Parks.", "They were joined by another student, Tim Solliday.", "The year 1952.", "The three artists traveled and painted in the same way their teacher Theodore Lukits did in the 1920s and 1930s.", "Adams began painting professionally in 1980.", "He was represented by the Greg Juarez Gallery.", "Adams was represented by the Juarez Gallery for a number of years.", "He moved to the gallery in West Hollywood.", "This historic gallery was purchased by an art collector.", "Adams' large exhibitions of works from Asia and Afghanistan were mounted by him.", "Adams began to exhibit his work in West Hollywood in 1992.", "He was involved in a series of group exhibitions with the older painter Richard Rackus.", "Two of his friends from the Lukits Atelier, Tim Solliday and Arny Karl, were also born in 1922.", "The year 1952.", "The exhibitions focused on landscape painting.", "Adams, Solliday, Karl, Gil Dellinger, Rich Hilker, and Clark Mitchell participated in a number of shows.", "Elaine Adams opened American Legacy Fine Arts, a private art gallery on the first floor of Peter Adams' studio, in 2003 to promote her husband's work as well as other artists in Los Angeles.", "Adams cites Theodore Lukits, his teacher and mentor, as providing him with the direct link to the art ateliers of Paris and to the 19th century academicians he admires.", "He cites the Spanish Impressionist Joaquin Sorolla and the Swedish painter of figures in outdoor settings as having an impact on his work.", "The Orientalists, the French, British and American painters who traveled to the Middle East in the 19th century influenced the course of Adams' life and career.", "John Frederick Lewis, Sir David Roberts, and Frederick Arthur Bridgman were painters who made him curious to explore remote lands and get to known distant peoples.", "Adams designs and constructs his paintings differently from most painters and he has been influenced in completely different ways by the English painter, illustrator, printmaker and muralist Sir Frank Brangwyn and the Art Nouveau painter and muralist Alphonse Mucha.", "He learned a lot from Mucha.", "He learned about the juxtaposition of shapes from Brangwyn.", "Adams is considered to be an innovative colorist because of his interest in unusual effects of light, natural wonders and underground geological formations.", "He used to work with pastels and oils of the trees around Pasadena.", "He created a series of beach scenes with figures on St. Malo Beach.", "The works he created on his trips to Asia were mostly symbolic in the tempera media to sketch later, completing a series of larger works for his exhibitions back in America.", "Art historian and former Chief Curator of the Southern Alleghenies Museum of Art, Michael Tomor, described Adams' pastel work as being inspired by the brilliant colors, atmospheric perspective, and scenic grandeur of the great 19th century.", "When atmospheric conditions were more intense, Adams painted in the Sierra Nevada during the summer and winter.", "By the mid 1990s, his work was becoming more stylized, showing the influence of Art Nouveau.", "As he got older, Adams began to do large works of natural formations, geysers and pools in national parks.", "In recent years he has returned to the human figure as a subject, often combining fantasy and reality in his works, as he has done in a series of recent works centered on the story of the Ring of the Nibelung and the Los Angeles Ring Festival mounted by the Los Angeles Opera.", "Adams and his friends saw the need for an organization that could help to bring order to the reemerging traditional art movement in California.", "Adams has been at the helm of the California Art since he accepted the Presidency.", "In order to reorganize the California Art Club, Adams began to recruit most of the active professional landscape and figurative painters and sculptors that he knew.", "The core group of artists that became members of the reorganized California Art Club were mostly students of Theodore Lukits and Sergei Bongart.", "The California Art Club began organizing special exhibitions at art and natural history museums under the leadership of Peter and Elaine Adams.", "There was a relationship between landscape art and ecological awareness that the Adams' saw.", "The California Wetlands exhibition was held at the Natural History Museum in Los Angeles.", "The California Art Club put on Treasures of the Sierra Nevada at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County in 1998 and featured works by historic and contemporary California artists.", "The California Art Club: 85 Years of Art, a large exhibition of works by painters from the club, was held at the Carnegie Museum in 1994.", "The California Art Club organized a traveling exhibition in 1997 that compared the work of American Impressionists and Classical Realist painters from the East Coast and the Midwest United States with the work of the California Impressionists.", "The exhibition traveled from the Carnegie Museum in Oxnard to the Springville Museum of Art in Springville, Utah to the Academy of Art College in San Francisco.", "The Boston School and the California Impressionists were among the historic artists represented.", "The California Art began a relationship with the Frederick R. Weisman Museum of Art in 1999.", "The work of Adams was included in the exhibition, which ran from May 22 to August 7.", "Adams has exhibited in many museums, including the Pasadena Museum of California Art, Autry Museum of the American West, Southern Alleghenies Museum of Art, Forbes Galleries, Bergstrom-Mahler Museum, and the Courthouse Gallery.", "He held solo exhibitions at the Pacific Asia Museum and the Carnegie Art Museum.", "The Carnegie Art Museum, Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels, Forbes Magazine Collection, Haggin Museum, Pacific Asia Museum, Pasadena Museum of California, Southern Alleghenies Museum of Art and Our Savior Parish & USC Caruso Catholic Center are some of the public collections in which Adams' work", "In 2007, he received a gold medal from the California Art Club, and in 2004, he was nominated for visual artist of the year by the International Biographical Center.", "Adams has served on the boards of several museums, including the Pacific Asia Museum and the Pasadena Museum of California Art.", "Adams is a member of the California Art Club, Oil Painters of America, Pastel Society of America, and the Plein Air Painters of America." ]

[ "Peter Seitz Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Peter Adams", "Mary Seitz Adams", ". Adams", "Peter Adams", "Peter Adams", ". Seitz", "Adams", "Mary Adams", "Adams Co", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Peter Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Peter Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Jerome Adamson", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Elaine Adams", "Peter Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Peter Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Peter Adams", "Elaine Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Peter", "Elaine Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams" ]

[ "Peter Seitz Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Peter Adams", "Mary Seitz Adams", ". Adams", "Peter Adams", ". Seitz", "Mary Adams", "Adams", "Elaine Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Peter Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Peter Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Elaine Adams", "Peter Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Peter", "Elaine Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams" ]

[ "Mark Spicoluk is a Canadian musician, lifestyle content creator, and entrepreneur.", "He is best known as the vocalist and bassist for the punk rock band Closet Monster and most recently working with his wife on their lifestyle brand/YouTube channel Boho Beautiful.", "From 2012 to 2015 he appeared as a judge on YTV's The Next Star.", "He is also known as the founder of the indie record label Underground Operations, playing bass with Avril Lavigne and his production credits on albums by artists such as Protest the Hero, Abandon All Ships, Stereos and DVBBS.", "Along with his musical and business accomplishments, he is also a strong animal rights and social justice advocate.", "Career overview\n\nSpicoluk founded and played bass for the band Closet Monster from 1997 until their last show in December 2005, and established the indie punk rock label Underground Operations in 1995.", "In the winter of 2002 Spicoluk began playing bass for Avril Lavigne and helped prepare the launch of her first album \"Let Go.\"", "From 2007 until 2012 he was an A&R Representative, eventually becoming Head of A&R for Universal Music Canada as well as a personal A&R for Gene Simmons at Simmons Records.", "He has production credits on albums by Protest the Hero, Abandon All Ships and many others.", "Most recently Spicoluk has co-founded a new entertainment business service company called Cloud Empire.", "Spicoluk appeared for two seasons on MuchMusic's reality show Disband from 2009–2011, and then judged on YTV's The Next Star for its last three seasons.", "Activism and charity work\n\nSpicoluk is a vegan, and has publicly supported and worked with several animals rights groups in Toronto, including Toronto Pig Save, Peta2 and Mercy for Animals.", "He has also appeared in a public service announcement for Finding Fido, and has hosted parties for Fuck Cancer, a Montreal-based organization devoted to cancer research.", "Early bands\n\nSpicoluk sang and played lead guitar in his first band, Public Display, formed with high school friends in 1995 under the name Special Ed.", "The band played shows all over Ontario, releasing a self-titled CD in 1996.", "After the band parted ways in 1997, Mark joined Sum 41 to play bass before leaving to form Closet Monster with another former Sum 41 member Jon Marshall.", "Closet Monster\n\nSpicoluk was the bassist and vocalist for the political punk band Closet Monster during its entire existence from 1997–2005.", "Over the course of 7 albums and countless tours of North America and Europe, Mark also co-wrote every song and co-produced every release.", "Closet Monster's lyrics focused on political and social issues such as human rights violations, gender equality, anti-capitalism, and strongly supported animal rights.", "The band reunited for one show in 2009 at Wakestock festival in Wasaga Beach, Ontario.", "Avril Lavigne\n\nEarly in 2002, Spicoluk was hired to play bass in Avril Lavigne's band as well as help prepare the launch of her first album, Let Go.", "Appearing on TV shows such as Good Morning America, The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Live with Regis and Kelly, The Late Late Show with Craig Kilborn, and in stadiums all around the world.", "He was also featured in the videos for the songs \"Complicated\" and \"Sk8er Boi\".", "Spicoluk later left the band to focus on Closet Monster and Underground Operations.", "Underground Operations\n\nSpicoluk founded Underground Operations to put out releases by his own bands, in hopes that one day they could also release other bands they knew.", "Originally called Underground Monkey Operations, the label released albums by Public Display and Closet Monster before becoming Underground Operations in 2002.", "Originally releasing albums by Toronto bands Hostage Life, Bombs Over Providence, and Marilyn's Vitamins, as well as the first of many records by Protest the Hero.", "By 2007 the label had released albums by The Brat Attack, Dead Letter Dept., I Hate Sally, and These Silhouettes.", "The next few years saw a change in sound for the label, releasing music by Aspirations, acoustic act Machete Avenue and the Juno-winning first album by Lights.", "In the next few years the label released albums including Means, Kingdoms and Kathleen Turner Overdrive as well as the much loved The Holly Springs Disaster.", "Today the label is home to Abandon All Ships, Rob Moir, Diemonds, Skynet and Hands and Teeth.", "Spicoluk serves as the President/Founder.", "Universal Music Canada\n\nIn 2007, Spicoluk became an A&R representative at Universal Music Canada.", "Eventually he became Head of A&R, overseeing the entire domestic roster, including Drake, The Tragically Hip, Down With Webster, and Hey Ocean!.", "During his time at Universal, Spicoluk also worked as a personal A&R for Gene Simmons, signing bands Kobra and the Lotus and The Envy to his label Simmons Records.", "Cloud Empire\n\nIn 2013, Spicoluk partnered with artist manager Dan Hand to create Cloud Empire, a business collective.", "specializing in music, entertainment, and business services.", "Television work\n\nSpicoluk appeared for two seasons as a panelist on the Muchmusic reality show Disband.", "Discovering the band Stereos on the show, Spicoluk went on to manage and develop the band into one of 2011's most successful new Canadian artists.", "In 2012 Spicoluk became a judge on YTV's The Next Star, a youth-oriented singing competition along with singers Tara Oram and Keshia Chante.", "In 2014, Chante was replaced by Dan Kanter.", "Spicoluk also appears on the web show From Far And Wide, which crosses Canada documenting homegrown music.", "Closet Monster discography\nSo Be It - 1997\nPure Unfiltered Anarchy - 1998\nA Fight For What Is Right - 1999\nWhere The Fuck Is Revolution?", "- 2000\nKilled The Radio Star - 2002\nWe Rebuilt This City - 2004\n\nStudio production credits\n Abandon All Ships – Infamous – 2012 – producer\n DVBBS – Initio EP – 2012 – composer, producer\n The Artist Life – Impossible – 2011 – composer\n Abandon All Ships – Geeving – 2010 – composer, producer\n Stereos – Stereos – Uncontrollable – 2010 – composer, executive producer\n Stereos – Stereos – 2009 – executive producer/guest performer/composer\n Chad Michael Stewart – Machete Avenue – 2008 – executive producer\n Protest the Hero – Fortress −2008 – executive producer\n These Silhouettes – Thomas EP – 2008 – producer\n Protest the Hero – Kezia – 2006 – executive producer\n The Brat Attack – 2006 – producer\n Closet Monster – Re-built This City – 2005 – producer/performer\n Protest the Hero – A Calculated Use of Sound – producer\n Closet Monster – Killed the Radio Star – 2003 – producer/performance\n Protest the Hero – Search for the Truth – 2003 – producer\n\nMusic video appearances\n Closet Monster – Mr. Holland vs.", "Acceptable Behaviour – Performer\n Closet Monster – Corporate Media Death Squad – Performer\n Avril Lavigne – Complicated – Performer\n Avril Lavigne – Sk8er Boi – Performer\n Protest the Hero – These Colours Don't Run – Cameo\n Alexisonfire – Waterwings (And Other Poolside Fashion Faux Pas)\n Closet Monster – Mamma Anti-Fascisto – Performer\n The Brat Attack – Mr. Capitalist – Cameo\n Closet Monster – Punk Rock Ruined My Life – Performer\n Hostage Life – This Song Was Written by a Committee – Cameo\n Protest the Hero – Palms Read – Feature\n Lights – Drive My Soul – Role- The Spaceman\n Stereos – Summer Girl – Cameo\n Jhevon Paris – She Got Me – Cameo\n Stereos – She Only Likes Me When She's Drunk – Cameo\n Abandon All Ships – Geeving – Cameo\n\nUnderground Operations roster history\n Marilyn's Vitamins\n Protest the Hero\n Closet Monster\n Bombs Over Providence\n Dead Letter Dept.", "Hostage Life\n I Hate Sally\n The Brat Attack\n These Silhouettes\n Aspirations\n Kathleen Turner Overdrive\n Means\n The Holly Springs Disaster\n Lights\n Machete Avenue\n Chad Michael Stewart\n The Artist Life\n Dean Lickyer\n Sam Bradley\n Kingdoms\n Abandon All Ships\n Diemonds\n Rob Moir\n Skynet\n Hands and Teeth\n Victory, Sweet Victory!", "See also\n Boho Beautiful, a YouTube channel founded by Spicoluk in 2014\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nUnderground Operations official site\n\n1979 births\nLiving people\nAvril Lavigne\nSum 41 members\nCanadian punk rock bass guitarists\nCanadian people of Ukrainian descent\nA&R people\nCanadian record producers\nCanadian alternative rock musicians\nMusicians from Edmonton\nAlternative rock bass guitarists\n20th-century Canadian bass guitarists\n21st-century Canadian bass guitarists\n20th-century Canadian male singers\n21st-century Canadian male singers" ]

[ "Mark Spicoluk is a musician and lifestyle content creator.", "He is the vocalist and bassist for the punk rock band Closet Monster and is currently working with his wife on their lifestyle brand.", "He was a judge on The Next Star from 2012 to 2015.", "Underground Operations was founded by him and he played bass on albums by artists such as Protest the Hero, Abandon All Ships, Stereos and DVBBS.", "He is a strong animal rights and social justice advocate.", "Spicoluk founded and played bass for the band Closet Monster from 1997 until their last show in 2005.", "Spicoluk started playing bass for Lavigne in the winter of 2002 and helped prepare her first album.", "He was an A&R Representative from 2007 until 2012 and later became Head of A&R for Universal Music Canada as well as a personal A&R for Gene Simmons at Simmons Records.", "He has production credits on many albums.", "Spicoluk co-founded a new entertainment business called Cloud Empire.", "Spicoluk appeared for two seasons on MuchMusic's reality show Disband, and then judged on YTV's The Next Star for three seasons.", "Spicoluk is a vegan and has worked with several animal rights groups in Toronto.", "He has hosted parties for Fuck Cancer and appeared in a public service announcement.", "Spicoluk played lead guitar in his first band, Public Display, which was formed in 1995 under the name Special Ed.", "In 1996, the band released a self-titled CD.", "Mark left the band in 1997 to form Closet Monster with another former member, Jon Marshall.", "The political punk band Closet Monster had a bassist and vocalist named Spicoluk.", "Mark co-wrote every song and co-produced every release over the course of 7 albums and countless tours of North America and Europe.", "The lyrics of Closet Monster focused on political and social issues such as human rights violations, gender equality, anti-capitalism, and strongly supported animal rights.", "The band performed at a festival in Ontario in 2009.", "Spicoluk was hired to play bass in Lavigne's band as well as help prepare the launch of her first album.", "In stadiums around the world, as well as on TV shows such as Good Morning America, The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Live with Regis and Kelly, and The Late Late Show with Craig Kilborn.", "The videos for \"Complicated\" and \"Sk8er Boi\" featured him.", "Spicoluk left the band to work on Closet Monster and Underground Operations.", "Underground Operations was founded by Spicoluk in hopes that one day they could also release other bands they knew.", "Underground Monkey Operations became Underground Operations in 2002 after releasing albums by Public Display and Closet Monster.", "The first records by Protest the Hero, as well as albums by Hostage Life, Bombs Over Providence, and Marilyn's Vitamins, were originally released.", "The label released albums by The Brat Attack, Dead Letter Dept., I Hate Sally, and These Silhouettes.", "The next few years saw a change in sound for the label, releasing music by Aspirations, Machete Avenue and the first album by Lights.", "The Holly Springs Disaster was one of the albums the label released in the next few years.", "Abandon All Ships, Rob Moir, Diemonds, Skynet, and Hands and Teeth are all on the label.", "Spicoluk is the President/Founder.", "Spicoluk was an A&R representative at Universal Music Canada.", "He became Head of A&R, overseeing the entire domestic roster, including Drake, Down With Webster, and Hey Ocean!.", "Spicoluk worked as a personal A&R for Gene Simmons, signing bands Kobra and the Lotus and The Envy to his label Simmons Records.", "Spicoluk and Dan Hand created Cloud Empire, a business collective.", "Music, entertainment, and business services are offered.", "Spicoluk was a panelist on the Muchmusic reality show Disband.", "Spicoluk managed and developed the band into one of the most successful new Canadian artists of 2011.", "Spicoluk was a judge on YTV's The Next Star with Tara Oram and Keshia Chante.", "Chante was replaced by Dan Kanter.", "Spicoluk is on the web show From Far and Wide.", "A Fight For What Is Right - 1999 Where The Fuck Is Revolution?", "Abandon All Ships, Infamous, Initio, and The Artist Life all have studio production credits.", "Performers with acceptable behavior include: Closet Monster, Corporate Media Death Squad, Complicated, Sk8er Boi, Protest the Hero, and Waterwings.", "Hostage Life I Hate Sally, Kathleen Turner Overdrive Means The Holly Springs Disaster, Dean Lickyer Sam Bradley Kingdoms Abandon All Ships, Rob Moir Skynet Hands and Teeth Victory, Sweet Victory!", "External links Underground Operations official site 1979 births Living people Canadian punk rock bass guitarists Canadian people of Ukrainian descent A&R people Canadian record producers Canadian alternative rock musicians" ]

[ "Mark Spicoluk", "Spicoluk", "Mark", "Mark", "Spicoluk", "Spicoluk" ]

[ "Mark Spicoluk", "Spicoluk", "Spicoluk", "Mark", "Spicoluk", "Mark", "Spicoluk", "Spicoluk", "Spicoluk", "Spicoluk", "Spicoluk", "Spicoluk" ]

[ "Agnes Lawrence Pelton (1881–1961) was a modernist painter who was born in Germany and moved to the United States as a child.", "She studied art in the United States and Europe.", "She made portraits of Pueblo Native Americans, desert landscapes and still lifes.", "Pelton's work evolved through at least three distinct themes: her early \"Imaginative Paintings,\" art of the American Southwest people and landscape, and abstract art that reflected her spiritual beliefs.", "Early life\nAgnes Lawrence Pelton was born in Stuttgart, Germany to American parents, William and Florence Pelton.", "She lived in Rotterdam, the Netherlands from 1882 to 1884 and in Basel, Switzerland from 1884 to 1888.", "In 1888, when the Agnes was about 7 years old, she and her mother moved to Elizabeth Tilton's home in Brooklyn, New York, located at 1403 Pacific Street.", "Agnes' father tragically died of a morphine overdose May 23, 1891, at his brother's home in Louisiana.", "Florence Pelton studied music at the Stuttgart Conservatory of Music and operated the Pelton School of Music, from the family home, in Brooklyn for 30 years.", "She also gave lessons in French and German.", "Due to her poor health, Agnes was educated at home and her mother and Arthur Whiting taught her piano.", "Education\nPelton studied at the Pratt Institute from 1895 to 1900, graduating with fellow Modernist artist Max Weber.", "She continued her studies with one of her instructors, Arthur Wesley Dow, in Ipswich, Massachusetts.", "She studied landscape and was Dow's assistant at his summer school, where he taught Modernism, inspired by Chinese and Japanese art.", "Biographer Tiska Blankenship said that \"Dow emphasized structure, spirit, imagination, creation, and the nonnaturalistic use of color, a technique he taught using Japanese prints to demonstrate space relations and the appropriate use of light and dark masses... Dow's influence was critical to Pelton's development of abstractions based on interior, spiritual values.\"", "Dow also taught Georgia O'Keeffe.", "Pelton took summer classes from William Langson Lathrop in 1907.", "Pelton studied in Italy in 1910 and 1911, taking life drawing lessons and studying Italian painters at the British Academy in Rome, and also studied with Hamilton Easter Field, who was another of her Pratt instructors.", "Career\n\nHer work was exhibited in Ogunquit, Maine at Field's studio in 1912.", "Based upon her work at that show, Walt Kuhn invited her to participate in the 1913 Armory Show, where two of her paintings, Stone Age and Vine Wood were exhibited.", "What Pelton called \"Imaginative Paintings\" were influenced by the work of Arthur B. Davies and depicted the effect of natural light.", "She made these paintings from 1911 to 1917.", "Pelton's work changed significantly following a visit to Mabel Dodge Luhan in Taos, New Mexico in 1919.", "She painted in oil and used pastels to create realistic portraits and desert landscapes and her works were exhibited in Santa Fe at the School of American Research.", "Pelton visited Pueblo Native Americans in the American southwest.", "Pelton had her studios in Greenwich Village in New York City until 1921 when her mother died.", "She moved to Long Island and lived in a Hayground windmill that had been converted to a house.", "She also traveled to Hawaii, Beirut, Syria, Georgia and California.", "She painted portraits and still lifes in Hawaii in 1923 and 1924.", "She created abstract works of art beginning 1926, which were exhibited in New York at the Argent Galleries and the Museum of New Mexico.", "By 1926, she had exhibited in 20 group exhibitions and 14 solo exhibitions.", "She settled in Cathedral City, California in 1932.", "Pelton originally intended to just visit the area, but lived there for nearly 30 years.", "She wrote:\n\nPelton recorded her spiritual and philosophical thoughts, had an \"intense interest\" in Agni Yoga, which influenced her work.", "Seven of her paintings, like Fires of Spring and White Fire, represented the fire symbol of Agni Yoga.", "She had a close friendship with modern transpersonal astrology pioneer Dane Rudhyar and Modernist Southwest painter Raymond Jonson.", "In 1938, she was a co-founder, first president, and the oldest member of the Transcendental Painting Group.", "Pelton died in Cathedral City in 1961 and was cremated.", "Her ashes were buried in the San Jacinto Mountains.", "Posthumous exhibitions and legacy\n\"Agnes Pelton, Poet of Nature\", a 1995-1996 retrospective exhibition of her work, brought national attention to her work.", "Curator Michael Zakian wrote:\n\nIn 2009, her work was exhibited with three other Modernist artists: Georgia O'Keeffe, Florence Miller Pierce, and Agnes Martin.", "A 192-page catalog accompanied the exhibition.", "From March to September 2019, the Phoenix Art Museum held an exhibition featuring over 40 of Pelton's works.", "From March 13 to June 28, 2020, Whitney Museum of American Art held an exhibit organized by the Phoenix Art Museum, \"Agnes Pelton: The Desert Transcendentalist\".", "The Agnes Pelton Society was founded in 2013 to promote Pelton's life and legacy.", "Collections\n\n Honolulu Museum of Art, Hawaii\n The Raymond Jonson Collection, University of New Mexico Art Museum, Albuquerque\n Oakland Museum of California\n Palm Springs Art Museum, California\n Palladino/Den Historic Home of Agnes Pelton, Cathedral City Cove, California\n Parrish Art Museum, Southampton, New York\n Phoenix Art Museum, Arizona: Messengers, 1932; Day, 1935\n San Diego Museum of Art, California: The Primal Wing, 1933\n Santa Barbara Museum of Art, California\n New Mexico Museum of Art \n Whitney Museum of American Art, New York: Untitled abstract, 1931\n Crystal Bridges Museum, Arkansas: Divinity Lotus, 1929\n\nReferences\n\nSources\n \n Severson, Don R. Finding Paradise: Island Art in Private Collections, University of Hawaii Press, 2002, p. 120.", "Further reading\n Stainer, Margaret, Betty Estersohn, Jan Rindfleisch and Deanna Bartels.", "\"Agnes Pelton” in Staying Visible: The Importance of Archives, 1981.", "Gale, Zona, When I was a Little Girl, with illustrations by Agnes Pelton, New York, The Macmillan Company, 1913.", "Moss, Karen, Illumination, the Paintings of Georgia O'Keeffe, Agnes Pelton, Agnes Martin and Florence Miller Pierce, Newport Beach, Calif., Orange County Museum of Art, 2009.", "Papanikolas, Theresa and DeSoto Brown, Art Deco Hawai'i, Honolulu, Honolulu Museum of Art, 2014, , p. 97\nAgnes Pelton : Desert Transcendentalist.", "Gilbert Vicario, Erika Doss, Michael Zakian, Elizabeth Armstrong, Susan L. Aberth, Rachel Sadvary Zebro.", "Hirmer Verlag: Munich: Phoenix Art Museum.", "2019.", "ISBN 3-7774-3192-3\n Rindfleisch, Jan, Making the Desert Flower: An Alternative Look at Rarely Seen Agnes Pelton Paintings, California Desert Art: Art, History and Landscape of the California Desert, 2019.", "Vicario, Gilbert, editor.", "Authors: Susan L. Aberth, Elizabeth Armstrong, Erika Doss, Gilbert Vicario, Michael Zakian, Rachel Sadvara Zebro.", "Agnes Pelton: Desert Transendentalist, Hirmer Verlag GmbH, Munich.", "2019.", "Zakian, Michael, Agnes Pelton, Poet of Nature, (Palm Springs, Calif., Palm Springs Desert Museum).", "Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.", "1995. .", "External links\n\n California Desert Art\n Cathedral City Historical Society: Voyaging, Agnes Pelton\n\n20th-century American painters\nAbstract painters\nAmerican landscape painters\nAmerican women painters\nPainters from California\nPeople from Cathedral City, California\n1961 deaths\n1881 births\nGerman emigrants to the United States\nPratt Institute alumni\n20th-century American women artists\nAmerican abstract artists" ]

[ "Pelton was born in Germany and moved to the United States as a child.", "She studied art in both the US and Europe.", "She made portraits of Native Americans.", "Pelton's work evolved through at least three different themes: her early \"Imaginative Paintings,\" art of the American Southwest people and landscape, and abstract art that reflected her spiritual beliefs.", "The child of William and Florence Pelton was born in Germany.", "She lived in the Netherlands and Switzerland from 1884 to 1888.", "When the Agnes was 7 years old, she and her mother moved to Elizabeth Tilton's home in Brooklyn, New York, located at 1403 Pacific Street.", "The father died of a morphine overdose at his brother's home in Louisiana.", "Florence Pelton ran the Pelton School of Music for 30 years from the family home in Brooklyn.", "She taught the students in French and German.", "Her mother taught her piano and she was educated at home due to her poor health.", "Pelton graduated with Max Weber from the Pratt Institute in 1900.", "She continued her studies with one of her instructors.", "She was an assistant at the summer school where he taught Modernism, inspired by Chinese and Japanese art.", "Tiska Blankenship said that \"Dow emphasized structure, spirit, imagination, creation, and the nonnaturalistic use of color, a technique he taught using Japanese prints to demonstrate space relations and the appropriate use of light and dark mass.\"", "Georgia O'Keeffe was taught by the same person.", "William Langson Lathrop taught summer classes to Pelton in 1907.", "In 1910 and 1911, Pelton took life drawing lessons and studied Italian painters at the British Academy in Rome, as well as studying with Hamilton Easter Field, who was one of her instructors.", "Field's studio in 1912 displayed Career's work.", "She was invited to participate in the 1913 Armory Show because of her work at that show.", "The work of Arthur B. Davies influenced Pelton's \"Imaginative Paintings.\"", "The paintings were made from 1911 to 1917.", "Pelton went to New Mexico in 1919 to visit Mabel Dodge Luhan.", "She exhibited her work at the School of American Research in Santa Fe.", "Pelton was in the American southwest.", "When her mother died, Pelton moved her studios to New York City.", "She lived in a windmill that was converted to a house on Long Island.", "She traveled to Hawaii, Lebanon, Syria, Georgia and California.", "She painted portraits and still lifes in Hawaii.", "She created works of art that were exhibited in New York at the Argent Galleries and the Museum of New Mexico.", "She exhibited in 20 group exhibitions and 14 solo exhibitions.", "Cathedral City, California was where she settled in 1932.", "Pelton lived in the area for over 30 years.", "She wrote that Pelton recorded her spiritual and philosophical thoughts, which influenced her work.", "Fires of Spring and White Fire were some of the paintings that represented the fire symbol of yoga.", "She had a close friendship with both Rudhyar and Jonson.", "She was the oldest member of the group and co-founding.", "Pelton was cremated after he died.", "Her ashes were buried in the mountains.", "\"Agnes Pelton, Poet of Nature\", a 1995-1996 retrospective exhibition of her work, brought national attention to her work.", "In 2009, her work was exhibited with three other Modernist artists.", "The exhibition was accompanied by a 192-page catalog.", "Over 40 of Pelton's works were on display at the Phoenix Art Museum.", "The Whitney Museum of American Art held an exhibit called \"Agnes Pelton: The Desert Transcendentalist\" from March 13 to June 28, 2020.", "The society was founded to promote Pelton's life and legacy.", "Honolulu Museum of Art, Hawaii, The Raymond Jonson Collection, University of New Mexico Art Museum, Albuquerque, Oakland Museum of California, Palm Springs Art Museum, California, Palladino/Den Historic Home of Agnes Pelton, Cathedral City Cove, California, and New York Phoenix Art Museum", "Further reading Stainer, Margaret and Jan Rindfleisch.", "\"Agnes Pelton\" is in Staying Visible: The Importance of Archives.", "The illustrations for Zona, When I was a Little Girl, are from New York.", "The Orange County Museum of Art in Newport Beach, Calif., features the paintings of Georgia O'Keeffe and others.", "Papanikolas is the author of Art Deco Hawai'i, Honolulu, Honolulu Museum of Art.", "Gilbert Vicario, Michael Zakian, Elizabeth Armstrong, Susan L.", "There is a Phoenix Art Museum.", "2019.", "California Desert Art: Art, History and Landscape of the California Desert is a book by Jan Rindfleisch.", "Gilbert is the editor.", "Susan L. Aberth is one of the authors.", "The Desert Transendentalist is Agnes Pelton.", "2019.", "The Poet of Nature is Zakian, Michael and Pelton.", "The University of Washington Press is in Seattle.", "1995.", "The Cathedral City Historical Society has links to the California Desert Art." ]

[ "Agnes Lawrence Pelton", "Pelton", "Agnes Lawrence Pelton", "Florence Pelton", "Agnes", "Agnes", "Florence Pelton", "Agnes", "Pelton", "Pelton", "Pelton", "Pelton", "Pelton", "Pelton", "Agnes Pelton", "Agnes Martin", "Pelton", "Agnes Pelton", "Pelton", "Agnes Pelton", "Agnes Pelton", "Agnes Pelton", "Agnes Pelton", "Agnes Martin", "Agnes Pelton", "Agnes Pelton", "Agnes Pelton", "Agnes Pelton", "Agnes Pel" ]

[ "Pelton", "Pelton", "Florence Pelton", "Agnes", "Florence Pelton", "Pelton", "Pelton", "Pelton", "Pelton", "Pelton", "Agnes Pelton", "Pelton", "Agnes Pelton", "Pelton", "Agnes Pton", "Agnes Pel", "Agnes Pelton", "Pelton" ]

[ "Chris Barrows (born Wichita, Kansas) is an American vocalist and songwriter best known as frontman of the punk band Pink Lincolns.", "Barrows co-founded The Pink Lincolns in 1986 in Tampa, Florida, quickly becoming known for his \"trademark snotty humor\" and stage antics.", "Still active in Florida, the band has released a number of albums and EPs including splits such as Screeching Weasel/Pink Lincolns Split and Live At Some Prick's House with The Queers.", "In 1998 Barrows released one album as vocalist of the group The Jackie Papers, and in 2009 he released the album Shove while vocalist of the punk group The Spears.", "His debut solo album, Human Being, will be released by 24 Hour Service Station on September 9, 2014.", "Music career\n\n1986-97: Founding Pink Lincolns\n\nChris Barrows was born in Wichita, Kansas, and later moved to Tampa, Florida.", "He first started his music career as vocalist of the local punk group Pink Lincolns, which he co-founded with guitarist Dorsey Martin.", "Barrows had first met Dorsey while hanging out with the local punk band Not Much; Barrows was friends with their guitarist, and Dorsey was in the band as well.", "The rest of the Pink Lincoln's lineup has frequently changed and currently includes bassist Kevin Coss and drummer Jeff Fox, who joined in 2005.", "Their first album was \"Back From The Pink Room\", released in 1987.", "The band has since released four more studio albums, one live album and six EP's as well as splits with Screeching Weasel and The Queers.", "The band's track have appeared on over 20 compilations from labels like Lookout, Stiff Pole and Choking Hazard.", "About their later EP Sumo Fumes, released in 1993, Miami New Times wrote \"opening the slab of wax is a raucous rendition of Wire's \"Ex-Lion Tamer\" that is somehow better and completely owned in the hands of this band...", "This is followed by the pure rock and roll snot of \"Tarzan #2\" where they assert themselves with an original take on Edgar Rice Burrough's canon.", "The band closes out the B-side with another cover, this time of the Psychedelic Furs; 'Pretty in Pink.'\"", "The cover for the band's 1994 album Suck and Bloat was drawn by Iggy Pop, and their 1997 album Pure Swank was produced by Bill Stevenson of The Descendents.", "Notable songs include \"Velvet Elvis\", a story about a squabble over a velvet painting of Elvis Presley.", "1998: The Jackie Papers\nAround 1998 Barrows took a break from Pink Lincolns and founded the band The Jackie Papers in Florida.", "Beyond Barrows on vocals and guitar, there was Jenny Page on guitar, Heidi Flanigan on bass and vocals, and Heather Now on drums.", "About The Jackie Papers, Miami New Times wrote that \"while it can be argued that the music is similar to The Pink Lincolns, there is without a doubt a stronger hardcore edge...chockfull of Barrows' trademark snotty humor.\"", "In September 1998 the band recorded their only album at Morrisound Studios along with producer Steve Heritage.", "Mixing was handled by Bill Stevenson and Stephen Egerton.", "About their album Uckfay Ooyay, released that year on Stiff Pole Records, Miami New Times wrote, \"The midsection of the album is an instrumental piece titled 'Coolio Iglesias' that is pretty cool and sloppy garage rock with metal tinges.", "Their cover of Screeching Weasel's 'Hey Suburbia' is amped-up in a slightly more hardcore vein.", "'Addiction' does a good job of Heidi's vocals and it comes off as a creepy intersection of L7 and The Breeders.\"", "2005-09: Pink Lincolns albums\nAfter an eight year hiatus from studio recording, the Pink Lincolns got together and recorded the original album No Lo Siento in 2004.", "It was their last studio recording, and released in 2005 on Hazzard Records.", "Bill Stevenson produced.", "Afterwards several of their albums were remastered and released by Jailhouse, starting with Back From The Pink Room in 2008 and Suck And Bloat in 2009, both released on vinyl and CD.", "About when they release album, and their habit of not syncing tours with album releases, Barrows has stated, \"We got back together and had new stuff so we were going to do an album.", "When we have an album's worth of shit, we'll do it.", "We're on our own schedule.", "We don't have to put out an album every year whether it sucks or not, ya know.", "We just.... when we have shit we wanna do, we do it.\"", "2007-09: The Spears\nOn September 15, 2009 he released the album Shove as part of the punk group The Spears, which he co-founded around 2007 Signed to Jailhouse Records, The Spears lineup consisted of Barrows on vocals, Sam Williams (Down By Law) on guitar, Gary Strickland (vocalist of Hated Youth) on bass, and Rob Rampy (D.R.I.)", "on drums.", "A remastered version of Shove was released in 2013.", "2012-14: Yinz and Human Being\nIn 2012 the Pink Lincolns released their first live album on 24 Hour Service Station.", "Recorded live at Pittsburgh's 31st Street Pub on April 21, 2005, Yinz: The Live Album has a lineup featuring bassist Kevin Coss and drummer Jeff Fox.", "Among many of their original tracks, the album includes a cover of Flipper's \"Sex Bomb.\"", "Barrows' first solo album, Human Being, is due out September 9, 2014 on 24 Hour Service Station.", "The album features guest vocals by Ben Weasel of Screeching Weasel on the track \"Not It,\" while The Dwarves' He Who Cannot Be Named contributes Farfisa organ to the track \"Be My Girl\" and \"Human Being.\"", "Among the tracks are \"Champs,\" are cover of the Wire song from the Pink Flag album, with Lianna Hoffman contributing cello.", "Style and equipment\nAccording to Jailhouse Records, \"Although frequently lumped into the pop punk category, many fans identify [Pink Lincolns] as hardcore, which given Chris Barrows stage antics, insanely rowdy shows and almost famously raucous crowds over the years, the hardcore label definitely seems appropriate.\"", "Discography\n\nSolo material\n\nWith Pink Lincolns\n\nAlbums\n1988: Back From the Pink Room\n1989: Headache\n1994: Suck and Bloat\n1997: Pure Swank\n2005: No Lo Siento\n2012: Yinz: The Live Album\n\nEPs\n1987: Cotton Mather\n1989: Tragedy for Tea Free\n1993: Sumo Fumes\n1995: Sumo Fumes 2\n1995: V.M.", "Live\n1996: Sumo Fumes 3\n\nSplit EPs\n1993: Screeching Weasel/Pink Lincolns Split (with Screeching Weasel)\n1994: Live At Some Prick's House (with The Queers)\n1997: Submachine/Pink Lincolns Split (with Submachine)\n\nWith The Jackie Papers\n\nWith The Spears\n\nGuest appearances\n\nFurther reading\nInterviews and reviews\n\nDiscographies\nChris Barrows at Allmusic\nChris Barrows at Discogs\n\nSee also\nPink Lincolns\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nPink Lincolns at 24 Hour Service Station\nThe Spears on Facebook\n\nLiving people\nMusicians from Tampa, Florida\nYear of birth missing (living people)\nMusicians from Wichita, Kansas\nWriters from Wichita, Kansas" ]

[ "Chris Barrows is the lead singer of the punk band Pink Lincolns.", "After co-founding The Pink Lincolns, Barrows became known for his \"trademark snotty humor\" and stage antics.", "The band has released a number of albums in Florida, including a split with The Queers.", "In 1998 Barrows released one album as vocalist of the group The Jackie Papers, and in 2009 he released the album Shove as vocalist of the punk group The Spears.", "Human Being will be released by 24 Hour Service Station.", "Chris Barrows was born in Kansas and later moved to Florida.", "He began his music career as vocalist of the local punk group Pink Lincolns.", "While hanging out with the punk band Not Much, Barrows met Dorsey, who was in the band as well.", "The Pink Lincoln's lineup has changed a lot and currently includes bassist Kevin Coss and drummer Jeff Fox.", "\" Back From the Pink Room\" was their first album.", "The band has released four more studio albums, one live album and six EP's, as well as splits with Screeching Weasel and The Queers.", "The band's track has appeared on over 20 different compilations.", "\"Opening the slab of wax is a rowdy rendition of Wire's \"Ex-Lion Tamer\" that is somehow better and completely owned in the hands of this band,\" Miami New Times wrote about Sumo Fumes.", "This is followed by a pure rock and roll snot of \"Tarzan #2\" where they make their own interpretation of Burrough's canon.", "The band closes out the B-side with a cover of the Psychedelic Furs.", "The band's albums Suck and Bloat and Pure Swank were both produced by Bill Stevenson of The Descendents.", "\"Velvet Elvis\" is a song about a dispute over a painting of Elvis.", "In 1998 Barrows took a break from Pink Lincolns and founded a band in Florida.", "There was more than Barrows on vocals and guitar, there was Jenny Page on guitar, and Heather Now on drums.", "While it can be argued that the music is similar to The Pink Lincolns, there is without a doubt a stronger hardcore edge...chockfull of Barrows' trademark snotty humor.", "The band recorded their only album at Morrisound Studios.", "Bill Stevenson and Stephen Egerton were in charge of mixing.", "The midsection of the album is an instrumental piece called \"Coolio Iglesias\" that is pretty cool and sloppy garage rock with metal tinges.", "Their cover of 'Hey Suburbia' is a bit more hardcore.", "'Addiction' is a good song and it comes off as a weird intersection of L7 and The Breeders.", "The Pink Lincolns recorded the original album No lo Siento in 2004, after an eight year hiatus from studio recording.", "Their last studio recording was released in 2005.", "Bill Stevenson produced.", "The albums Back From The Pink Room and Suck And Bloat were released in 2008 and 2009, respectively, on vinyl and CD.", "Barrows has stated, \"We got back together and had new stuff so we were going to do an album.\"", "We'll do it when we have an album worth of shit.", "We have our own schedule.", "We don't have to put out an album every year.", "We do it when we have shit.", "Signed to Jailhouse Records, The Spears lineup consisted of Barrows on vocals, Sam Williams on guitar, and Gary Strickland.", "There are drums.", "A new version of Shove was released.", "The Pink Lincolns released their first live album in 2012 called Yinz and Human Being.", "Yinz: The Live Album has a lineup featuring bassist Kevin Coss and drummer Jeff Fox.", "The cover of \"Sex Bomb\" is on the album.", "Human Being, Barrows' first solo album, is due out in September.", "The album features guest vocals by Ben Weasel of Screeching Weasel on the track \"Not It,\" while The Dwarves' He Who Cannot Be named contributes a Farfisa organ to the track \"Be My Girl.\"", "The cover of the Wire song \"Champs\" is one of the tracks.", "\"Although frequently lumped into the pop punk category, many fans identify Pink Lincolns as hardcore, which gives Chris Barrows stage antics, insane rowdy shows and almost famously rowdy crowds over the years, the hardcore label definitely seems appropriate.\"", "The albums with Pink Lincolns are Back From the Pink Room, Suck and Bloat, Pure Swank, and No lo Siento.", "Live 1993: Screeching Weasel/Pink Lincolns Split with The Queers." ]

[ "Chris Barrows", "Barrows", "Barrows", "Chris Barrows", "Barrows", "Barrows", "Barrows", "Barrows", "Barrows", "Chris Barrow", "Chris Barrow", "Chris Barrow" ]

[ "Chris Barrows", "Barrows", "Barrows", "Chris Barrows", "Barrows", "Barrows", "Barrows", "Barrows", "Chris Barrow" ]

[ "Kimberley Dayle Edwards (born 15 November 1984), known professionally as Kitty Brucknell, is an English singer.", "She rose to fame as a finalist on the eighth series of The X Factor in 2011, where she finished in seventh place.", "Early life\nBrucknell was born in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, on 15 November 1984.", "She started singing at an early age, as well as playing the violin and the piano.", "Throughout her childhood, she took part in a number of charity concerts and musical theatre performances, and was a prolific award winner in the Cheltenham Competitive Festival.", "At the age of 11, she won a place in the National Children's Orchestra of Great Britain and continued touring with them annually.", "She was awarded music scholarships to Dean Close School, St. Edward's School and Clifton College in Bristol.", "She began touring internationally at the age of 16.", "In 2003, Brucknell began writing and directing Interference, a science-fiction film.", "The film was accepted for the 2005 Cannes Film Festival.", "Following this, it was shown at the Portobello Film Festival in Palm Springs.", "Career\n\n2007–11: Early career\nBefore The X Factor, Brucknell worked as a Britney Spears, Christina Aguilera, and Lady Gaga tribute act.", "In June 2009, she appeared on Britney Spears Saved My Life, a documentary which aired on BBC Three.", "She appeared in series 1 of ITV's Dinner Date in 2010.", "In 2010, Brucknell contracted Guillain–Barré syndrome, a life-threatening muscle disorder, whilst singing in Corfu, which left her paralysed for four months.", "2011: The X Factor\nIn 2011, Brucknell auditioned for the eighth series of The X Factor in front of the four judges Gary Barlow, Kelly Rowland, Tulisa and Louis Walsh.", "She sang \"The Edge of Glory\" for her first audition; all four judges voted to send her through to the \"bootcamp\" stage of the competition.", "She performed \"You Got the Love\" and \"Feeling Good\" at bootcamp, and made it through to judges' houses.", "After performing \"Beautiful Disaster\", Walsh put her through to the live shows in his Over 25s category.", "Brucknell was in the final showdown three times during the competition: in weeks 3 (with Sami Brookes), 5 (with Johnny Robinson) and 6 (with Misha B).", "In week 3, she was saved by a majority vote from the judges.", "Voting statistics revealed that Brookes received more votes than Brucknell meaning if the result went to deadlock, Brookes would have been saved.", "In week 5, she was also saved by a majority vote from the judges.", "However, Robinson received more votes from the public than Brucknell which meant that if the result went to deadlock, Robinson would have been saved.", "Brucknell was sent home in week 6 after only Walsh voted to save Brucknell.", "However, voting statistics revealed that Brucknell received more votes than Misha B meaning if the result went to deadlock, Brucknell would have been saved and sent through to week 7, while Misha B would've been sent home.", "After Brucknell's elimination in week 6, Walsh became the first judge in the series to lose all his acts.", "Performances\n\n2012–present: Glamour and Damage\n\nFollowing the X Factor, Brucknell began teasing the release of her track \"Red Shoes\".", "Brucknell returned to The X Factor in 2013 when she performed alongside other former contestants such as Rylan Clark, Jedward, Wagner, 2 Shoes, Diva Fever and Johnny Robinson at the final in Wembley Arena.", "In January 2013, she went on her first tour which was dubbed the \"Glamour and Damage\" Tour.", "She performed \"The Damage is Done\" from her then forthcoming album Glamour and Damage.", "She featured on a single which was released in Germany entitled \"No Tomorrow\".", "In August, she shared one of her original tracks \"Chains\", which garnered a lot of interest from major online blogs, even with a mention from Brian May of Queen.", "On 4 May, Brucknell announced that her debut single \"Glitter in the Sky\" would be released on 19 October 2014.", "Her debut album Glamour and Damage was launched on Pledge Music where it is available to pre-order along with many other exclusives.", "Within the two weeks of its launch, she had successfully reached over 25% of her goal.", "On 2 August, she successfully reached 100% of her goal.", "Her debut album, Glamour and Damage was released on 1 November 2014 through Pledge Music.", "She attempted to represent Switzerland at the Eurovision Song Contest 2015 with the song \"Yearning\".", "The song was written by Brucknell with Dai Smith and Allyson Summerhayes (also known as 'The Elements').", "Brucknell's Eurovision attempt was on behalf of escnews.org who were reportedly acting as her management team during the Eurovision season 2015.", "On 25 November 2014, it was revealed that Brucknell was not one of the nine acts selected by SRF that moved on to the live auditions held in Zürich and was eliminated.", "She was later shortlisted for the Moldovan national final with her songs \"Yearning\" and \"Remix\".", "On 17 January 2015, it was announced that \"Remix\" had advanced to the semi-final stage held in February.", "She was eliminated from the competition during the first semi-final on 24 February 2015.", "She revealed in an interview that the reason why she is not attempting to represent the UK is because the BBC felt it was a conflict of interest for a former X Factor contestant to be promoted by them given their involvement with the Eurovision and the fact that they already have their own singing contest, The Voice UK, although former X Factor contestant Andy Abraham represented the UK in 2008.", "In March 2015, Brucknell announced that she would release a Broadway album later in the year which would be recorded at Abbey Road Studios.", "Brucknell took the ESC News’ Track of the Year 2015 title with her Moldovan National Final entry “Yearning”, with 71% of the votes.", "Brucknell is currently working on a musical covers album, in the style of Broadway theatre.", "She has been recording the album at Abbey Studios.", "She also co-owns an international talent agency called Rockstars Agency, LLC, representing talent in the US, Canada and UK for online content creation and live-streaming, primarily with Instagram influencers and Bigo Live creators, working with celebrities such as Perez Hilton and Sam Asghari.", "Personal life\nAs of January 2016, Brucknell lives in Los Angeles.", "She is also an avid figure skater, having taken up the sport in 2018 and competes in adult competitions in the US at Bronze level.", "Discography\n\nStudio albums\n\nLive albums\n\nSingles\n\nAs featured artist\n\nConcert tours\nThe X Factor Live Tour (2012)\nGlamour and Damage Tour (2013)\n\nPublications\nAre You On the List?", "A Guide on How to Become a Modern Socialite (co-author with Olivia Cox and Lewis-Duncan Weedon) (2014)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n1984 births\nLiving people\nEnglish women singer-songwriters\nPeople from Cheltenham\nThe X Factor (British TV series) contestants\nEnglish women pop singers\n21st-century English women singers\n21st-century English singers" ]

[ "She is known as Kitty Brucknell and is an English singer.", "She finished in seventh place on the eighth series of The X Factor in 2011.", "On November 15, 1984 Brucknell was born.", "She began singing at an early age, as well as playing the violin and the piano.", "She took part in a number of charity concerts and musical theatre performances throughout her childhood.", "At the age of 11, she won a place in the National Children's Orchestra of Great Britain.", "She received music scholarships to Dean Close School and St. Edward's School.", "She began touring at the age of 16.", "A science-fiction film was written and directed by Brucknell.", "The film was accepted for a festival.", "It was shown at a film festival.", "Before The X Factor, Brucknell worked as a Britney Spears, Christina Aguilera, and Lady Gaga tribute act.", "In June 2009, she appeared on Britney Spears Saved My Life.", "She appeared in the first series of Dinner Date.", "In 2010 she contracted Guillain–Barré syndrome, a life-threatening muscle disorder, which left her paralyzed for four months.", "In the summer of 2011, Brucknell tried out for the eighth series of The X Factor in front of the judges.", "The judges voted to send her through to the \"bootcamp\" stage of the competition after she sang \"The Edge of Glory\" for the first time.", "She made it through to judges' houses after performing \"You Got the Love\" and \"Feeling Good\".", "Walsh put her through to the live shows after she performed \"Beautiful Disaster\".", "In weeks 3, 5 and 6 of the competition, Brucknell was in the final showdown.", "She was saved by a majority vote from the judges.", "If the result went to a tie, Brookes would have been saved.", "She was saved by a majority vote from the judges.", "If the result went to deadlock, Robinson would have been saved because he received more votes from the public.", "Walsh voted to send Brucknell home in week 6.", "If the result went to a tie, Brucknell would have been sent home and Misha B would have been spared.", "Walsh was the first judge in the series to lose all of his acts.", "Following the X Factor, Brucknell began teasing the release of her track \"Red Shoes\".", "In the final of The X Factor in Wembley Arena, she performed with other former contestants such as Johnny Robinson and 2 Shoes.", "The \"Glamour and Damage\" Tour was her first tour.", "She performed \"The Damage is Done\" from her album.", "\"No Tomorrow\" is a single that was released in Germany.", "In August, she shared one of her original tracks \"Chains\", which got a lot of interest from major online blogs, even with a mention from Brian May of Queen.", "The single \"Glitter in the Sky\" was to be released on 19 October.", "Her debut album is available to pre-order on Pledge Music along with many other exclusives.", "Within two weeks of its launch, she had reached 25% of her goal.", "She reached her goal on 2 August.", "Her debut album was released by Pledge Music.", "She tried to represent Switzerland at the song contest.", "The song was written by three people.", "According to reports, escnews.org were acting as her management team during the 2015 Eurovision season.", "On 25 November, it was revealed that Brucknell was not one of the nine acts selected by SRF that moved on to the live auditions held in Zrich and was eliminated.", "She was in the running for the national final of her country.", "On 17 January 2015, it was announced that \"Remix\" had advanced to the semi-final stage.", "On February 24, 2015, she was eliminated from the competition.", "She revealed in an interview that the reason why she is not attempting to represent the UK is because of the fact that they already have their own singing contest, The Voice.", "In March 2015, she announced that she would release a Broadway album later in the year at Abbey Road Studios.", "Her entry \"Yearning\" was the winner of the Track of the Year 2015 title.", "The style of the musical covers album is similar to Broadway theatre.", "The album is being recorded at Abbey Studios.", "She co-owns an international talent agency that represents talent in the US, Canada and UK for online content creation and live-streaming, working with celebrities such as Perez Hilton and Sam Asghari.", "Brucknell lives in Los Angeles.", "She is 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884", "The X Factor Live Tour is one of the featured artist concert tours.", "A guide on how to become a modern socialite has links to 1984 births and The X Factor contestants." ]

[ "Kitty Brunell", "Brucknell", "Brucknell", "Brucknell", "Brucknell" ]

[ "Kitty Brunell", "Brucknell", "Brucknell", "Brucknell" ]

[ "William Cheung or Cheung Cheuk-hing (張卓慶, pinyin: Zhāng Zhuóqìng) (born October 10, 1940) is a Hong Kong Wing Chun kung fu practitioner and currently the Grandmaster of his lineage of Wing Chun, entitled Traditional Wing Chun (TWC).", "He also heads the sanctioning body of TWC, the Global Traditional Wing Chun Kung Fu Association (GTWCKFA).", "Cheung is responsible for introducing Bruce Lee to his master Ip Man when they were teenagers in Hong Kong.", "Early life\nIn the 1950s Cheung grew up in Kowloon, where fighting skills were considered a measure of self-worth and pride, At age 11, Cheung's challenge matches were on the school playground and his fighting style was Tai Chi Chuan, which was not sufficient to elevate him among the youth of Hong Kong.", "This fighting was a concern and frowned upon by his father who was a police inspector; hence Cheung avoided becoming involved in gangs.", "By his teenage years however the challenge fights continued, and—as they are inextricably linked to extortion rackets of secret societies—Cheung's high-achieving family saw him as a source of embarrassment.", "A turning point in Cheung's life was when a gang leader who was undefeated in combat challenged an old man who was rumored to fight in a little–known Kung Fu style of a woman.", "Cheung witnessed the challenge and watched as the thin old man who was Ip Man quickly defeated the gang leader.", "Impressed by the old man's skill, Cheung visited Ip Man and became his student.", "Over the next few months Cheung became a favorite of Ip Man and became a live–in student for 3 years, before leaving Hong Kong.", "Friendship with Bruce Lee\n\nDuring his time living with Ip Man, Cheung introduced a then 15–year–old famous child actor, Bruce Lee, whom he first met at Lee's 9th birthday to Ip Man.", "Originally Ip Man had rejected Bruce the right to learn Wing Chun Kung Fu under him because of the long standing rule in the Chinese Martial Arts world to not teach foreigners.", "His one quarter German background from his mother's side would be an initial obstacle towards his Wing Chun training.", "However Cheung would speak on his behalf and Lee was accepted into the school.", "Cheung and Lee became friends and training partners and after several months of training every day they both became more involved in street challenge fights until one day Cheung fought a triad leader and seriously wounded him.", "This prompted Cheung's father to send him away from Hong Kong to put him out of harm's way; however, the problems followed him, and he and his family decided that it was better for his safety to migrate to Australia to begin a new life.", "Bruce Lee acknowledged that while in Hong Kong, he saw Cheung as one of the best fighters.", "Bruce Lee was still young at the time and still developing as a martial artist.", "His exposure to fighters was few and far between.", "Cheung was not only his friend but also his si-hing, older Kung Fu Brother who often taught him some Wing Chun.", "Bruce showed him respect by naming Cheung as one of the best fighters, promoting not only his friend but Wing Chun as a legitimate martial art style.", "Accomplishments\n\nTeaching traditional Wing Chun\nAfter moving to Melbourne, Australia to teach Traditional Wing Chun professionally in 1973, Cheung established his Wing Chun studio in Melbourne's CBD.", "According to The Sydney Morning Herald, his studio attracts hundreds of new students each year.", "Early in 1976 Cheung participated in the formation of the Australian National Kung Fu Federation and became its president.", "The federation ran the Australasian Kung Fu Championships from circa 1977/1978.", "These were the earliest Australian full contact tournaments open to all styles of martial arts.", "In 1976 Cheung also had a publicly documented feud with fellow Melbourne Kung Fu instructor Barry Pang who was the federation's vice president at the time.", "Cheung denounced Pang in the local papers, cast him out of the federation and challenged him to a duel for the rights to teach in the city.", "The Sunday Observer described it as a 'Kung-Fu War' and wrote about it for three consecutive weeks, eventually proclaiming Cheung as the victor.", "Cheung trained students in the US as well, including some who became successful in their martial arts careers, such as Eric Oram who went on to train Robert Downey Jr. and Christian Bale in preparation for their Hollywood movie roles.", "He also trained Anthony Arnett who has been winning martial arts tournaments since 1974 and has won grand champion multiple times some of which were for 3 years and 6 years running in different tournament circuits.", "Cheung taught unarmed combat to the U.S. marines of the Seventh Fleet based in Yokosuka, Japan.", "Martial arts\nCheung was acknowledged as one of Yip Man’s disciples who helped to firmly establish Wing Chun’s reputation as a fighting art through the challenge matches in Hong Kong.", "After being involved in duels with several triad members he had defeated in China, Cheung had reason to fear for his life, so he decided to migrate to Australia in 1957.", "On the way there an incident occurred when he was forced to fight more than 10 sailors who were set up by the triads that sought revenge.", "Cheung sustained several stab wounds from the fight as some of the men were armed.", "In 1984 Cheung set a world speed punching record of 8.3 punches per second at Harvard University in Boston.", "Awards\nBlack Belt Hall of Fame Award - Kung Fu Artist of the year 1983\nInside Kung Fu Hall of Fame Award - Instructor of the year 1989\n\nMagazine front covers\nOver a 28-year period Cheung has been featured on the front cover of 35 magazines between 1982 and 2010, the first being Inside Kung Fu in October 1982 and the most recent Martial Arts Illustrated in April 2010.", "Academia\nCheung attained a Bachelor of Economics from the Australian National University, after graduating from secondary school in Hong Kong.", "Cheung is a certified Doctor of Chinese Medicine under the Chinese Medicine Registration Board of Victoria, and a member of the Australian Chinese Traditional Orthopaedics Association Inc.", "He has also been invited as a Guest Professor to Foshan Sports University (China), and as a Senior Research Professor of the Bone Research Department to Beijing Chinese Medical University (China).", "Bibliography\n\nCheung, William (1986).", "Kung Fu: Butterfly Swords.", "Ohara Publications Inc. pp.", "223.", "Cheung, William (1989).", "My Life with Wing Chun (second edition).", "pp.", "192.", "Cheung, William (2007).", "Wing Chun: Advanced Training and Applications.", "Black Belt Communications LLC.", "pp.", "175. . .\nCheung, William (2005).", "City of Dragons: Ah Hing - The Dragon Warrior.", "Healthworld Enterprises Pty.", "Ltd. pp.", "118.", "Cheung, William (1994).", "CMT: Cheung's Meridian Therapy.", "Cheung's Better Life.", "pp.", "388.", "Videos\nCheung has produced a number of videos, including; \nThe Wing Chun Way \nTao of Wing Chun \nMy Life with Wing Chun \nWing Chun – Advanced Training and Applications \nCity of Dragons \nCMT – Cheung's Meridian Therapy \nPRO-TEKT: A Personal Protection Program\n\nReferences\n\nAustralian National University alumni\nLiving people\n1940 births\nHong Kong emigrants to Australia\nWing Chun practitioners from Hong Kong\nAustralian Wing Chun practitioners" ]

[ "William Cheung, also known as Cheung Cheuk-hing or Zhng Zhuqng, was born on October 10, 1940 in Hong Kong.", "He is the president of the Global Traditional Wing Chun Kung Fu Association.", "Bruce Lee was introduced to Ip Man by Cheung when they were teenagers in Hong Kong.", "Cheung grew up in Kowloon, where fighting skills were considered a measure of self-worth and pride, but his fighting style was not enough to elevate him among the youth.", "Cheung avoided becoming involved in gangs because his father was a police inspector.", "Chung's family saw him as a source of embarrassment due to the link between the challenge fights and extortion rackets of secret societies.", "The turning point in Cheung's life was when a gang leader challenged an old man who was rumored to fight in a women's style of martial arts.", "Cheung watched as the thin old man who was Ip Man defeated the gang leader.", "Cheung became Ip Man's student after he was impressed by the old man's skills.", "After a few months as a favorite of Ip Man, Cheung became a live–in student and lived in Hong Kong for 3 years.", "Bruce Lee was introduced to Ip Man by Cheung at Lee's 9th birthday.", "Bruce was rejected by Ip Man because of the rule in the Chinese martial arts world not to teach foreigners.", "His mother's side of the family has a quarter German background.", "Lee was accepted into the school after Cheung spoke on his behalf.", "After several months of training, Cheung and Lee became friends and became involved in street challenge fights, until one day Cheung wounded a leader of the triad group.", "Cheung's father sent him away from Hong Kong to put him out of harm's way, however, the problems followed him, and he and his family decided that it was better for his safety to migrate to Australia.", "While in Hong Kong, Bruce Lee saw Cheung as one of the best fighters.", "Bruce Lee was still developing as a martial artist at the time.", "His exposure to fighters was very limited.", "Cheung was not only his friend, but also his instructor.", "Bruce promoted Wing Chun as a legitimate martial art style by naming Cheung as one of the best fighters.", "After moving to Australia in 1973, Cheung established his Wing Chun studio in the city.", "Hundreds of new students come to his studio each year.", "In 1976, Cheung became the president of the Australian National Kung Fu Federation.", "The Australasian Kung Fu Championships were run by the federation.", "These tournaments were open to all styles of martial arts.", "Cheung had a public feud with Barry Pang who was the federation's vice president at the time.", "Cheung denounced Pang in the local papers, cast him out of the federation and challenged him to a fight for the right to teach in the city.", "The Sunday Observer described it as a 'Kung-Fu War' and wrote about it for three weeks.", "Eric Oram went on to train Robert Downey Jr. and Christian Bale in martial arts after Cheung trained them in the US.", "Anthony Arnett has been winning martial arts tournaments since 1974 and has won grand champion multiple times, some of which were 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020", "The U.S. marines of the Seventh Fleet were taught by Cheung.", "Wing Chun's reputation as a fighting art was established through the challenge matches in Hong Kong, which Cheung helped to establish.", "Cheung moved to Australia in 1957 because he had reason to fear for his life after he had defeated several members of the triad in China.", "He was forced to fight more than 10 sailors who were set up by the triads in order to get revenge.", "Cheung was stabbed several times during the fight as some of the men were armed.", "Cheung set a world speed punching record in 1984 at Harvard University.", "The Black Belt Hall of Fame Award was given to Cheung in 1983, and the Inside Kung Fu Hall of Fame Award was given in 1989.", "After graduating from secondary school in Hong Kong, Cheung Academia attained a Bachelor of Economics from the Australian National University.", "Cheung is a Doctor of Chinese Medicine and a member of the Australian Chinese Traditional Orthopaedics Association Inc.", "He was invited as a Guest Professor to Foshan Sports University and as a Senior Research Professor of the Bone Research Department to Beijing Chinese Medical University.", "William Cheung has a bibliography.", "There is a movie called \"Kung Fu: Butterfly Swords.\"", "Ohara Publications Inc.", "222.", "William Cheung.", "The second edition of My Life with Wing Chun.", "pp.", "192.", "William Cheung was born in 2007.", "Advanced training and applications of Wing Chun.", "Black Belt Communications is a company.", "pp.", "Cheung, William.", "Ah Hing is The Dragon Warrior.", "Healthworld is a company.", "pp.", "118.", "William Cheung.", "Cheung's therapy is called Meridian Therapy.", "Cheung's life is better.", "pp.", "386.", "Cheung has produced a number of videos, including; The Wing Chun Way Tao of Wing Chun My Life with Wing Chun Wing Chun, City of Dragons CMT, and Cheung's Meridian Therapy PRO-TEKT: A Personal Protection Program." ]

[ "William Cheung", "Cheung Cheuk hi", "Cheung", "Cheung", "Cheung", "Cheung", "Cheung", "Cheung", "Cheung", "Cheung", "Cheung", "Cheung", "Cheung", "Cheung", "Cheung", "Cheung", "Cheung", "Cheung", "Cheung", "Cheung", "Cheung", "Cheung", "Cheung", "Cheung", "Cheung", "Cheung", "Cheung", "Cheung", "Cheung", "Cheung", "Cheungcademia", "Cheung", "Cheung", "Cheung", "William", "Cheung", "William", "Cheung", "William", "Cheung", "William", "Cheung", "William", "Cheung", "Cheung", "Cheung", "Cheung" ]

[ "William Cheung", "Cheung Cheuk hi", "Cheung", "Cheung", "Cheung", "Cheung", "Cheung", "Cheung", "Cheung", "Cheung", "Cheung", "Cheung", "Cheung", "Cheung", "Cheung", "Cheung", "Cheung", "Cheung", "Cheung", "Cheung", "Cheung", "Cheung", "Cheung", "Cheung", "Cheung", "Cheung", "Cheung", "Cheung", "Cheung", "William Cheung", "William Cheung", "William Cheung", "Cheung", "William", "William Cheung", "Cheung", "Cheung", "Cheung", "Cheung" ]

[ "Munif al-Razzaz (; 19 December 1919 – 16 September 1984) was a Jordanian-Syrian physician and politician who was the second, and last, Secretary General of the National Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party, having been elected to the post at the 8th National Congress held in April 1965.", "Munif relocated to Iraq in 1977 and became a leading member of the Iraqi Ba'ath.", "Munif was among dozens of dissidents accused of plotting against then new Iraqi President Saddam Hussein in the 1979 Ba'ath Party Purge.", "King Hussein had advocated for Munif's release so he can return safely to Jordan, but President Saddam Hussein adamantly refused.", "Munif died in 1984 during his house arrest in Baghdad.", "His family claims he was assassinated by the Iraqi Ba'ath after his hypertension medicine was replaced with poison.", "He was buried in Amman according to his only will.", "Biography\n\nEarly years\nRazzaz was born in Damascus, Syria on 19 December 1919, but he was raised in Jordan.", "His family moved to Jordan in 1925 after his father, a veterinarian, was accused by the French authorities in Syria of collaborating with the rebels during the Great Syrian Revolt by treating their injured horses.", "In 1937 Razzaz was given scholarship at the American University in Beirut after having spent a brief period studying in Cairo.", "He became a member of the Jordanian Regional Branch of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party in 1950.", "Razzaz was one of the co-founders of the Ba'athist Regional Branch in Jordan, and he promoted the Ba'athist ideology through his writings in national newspapers.", "From 1955 to 1957, the Jordanian Ba'athists were loud critics of King Hussein.", "Razzaz criticized the King Hussein's support of the Baghdad Pact, and his stance towards Gamal Abdel Nasser, the President of Egypt.", "Because of his anti-monarchy activities Razzaz was imprisoned in 1956, 1958, 1959 and 1960.", "In the aftermath of the Ramadan Revolution which brought the Iraqi Ba'ath Branch to power in Iraq, Razzaz along with fellow Ba'athist Abdallah Abd al-Da'im, was given the task of formulating a political program which was supposed to be broadcast to the Iraqi people.", "National Command\nRazzaz was elected Secretary General of the National Command at the 8th National Congress in April 1965, and succeeded Michel Aflaq in office.", "However, Razzaz was not rooted enough in Syrian affairs to find a solution to the crisis which was taking hold in Syria.", "In November 1965, the National Command passed a resolution which forbade the Syrian Regional Command to appoint or relieve officers.", "The Military Committee led by Salah Jadid responded immediately by rebelling.", "Razzaz then convened an emergency session of the National Command which decreed the dissolution of Yusuf Zu'ayyin's government and the Syrian Regional Command, while they decreed the establishment of a new leadership for Syria; al-Bittar became Prime Minister, Muhammad Umran became Minister of Defense, Amin al-Hafiz became Chairman of a new Presidential Council, and Mansur al-Atrash became Chairman of the National Revolutionary Council.", "Jadid and his supporters replied by carrying out the 1966 Syrian coup d'état which led to the downfall of the National Command and the moderate faction within the Ba'ath Party.", "Later years\nFollowing the downfall of Aflaq, Salah al-Din al-Bitar and the moderates in general in the 1966 coup, Razzaz went underground.", "He became the only member of the old National Command to put up any resistance against Jadid's neo-Ba'athist government.", "On his ascension to office, Razzaz relationship with Aflaq deteriorated even if it was the Military Committee, and not Razzaz, who forced him from office.", "Shortly after the 1966 coup, Colonel Salim Hatum began planning a conspiracy which would topple the Jadid government.", "Hatum forged an alliance with Razzaz, encouraged by messages from comrades from the old National Command, began recruiting military officers to his cause.", "He managed to form a Military Committee led by Druze officer Major General Fahd al-Sha'ir.", "The coup was uncovered by the authorities in August 1966, and Razzaz and fellow conspirators were forced either into hiding or into Lebanon.", "Razzaz was highly critical of the Syrian regime of Hafez al Assad, writing an exposure book, Al Tajribah al Murrah The Bitter Experience, published in 1966.", "He became a member of the Palestinian Iraqi-aligned Ba'athist organization Arab Liberation Front in 1966, and through it, rose through the Iraqi-dominated Ba'athist structure.", "Alleged assassination\nIn 1977, Munif relocated to Iraq and became a leading member of the Iraqi Ba'ath.", "He was among dozens of dissidents accused of plotting against then new Iraqi President Saddam Hussein in the 1979 Ba'ath Party Purge.", "King Hussein had advocated for Munif's release so he can return safely to Jordan, but President Saddam Hussein adamantly refused.", "Munif died in 1984.", "His family claims he was assassinated by the Iraqi Ba'ath after his hypertension medicine was replaced with poison during his house arrest in Baghdad.", "He puked blood in front of his wife and daughter.", "Thought\n\nIn the article \"Ba'ath Socialism\" in the Iraqi newspaper Iraq Today Razzaz stated that Ba'athist socialism was scientific socialism, and that it \"was the natural and inevitable response to the contradictions between the Arab nation and home land, with colonialism, imperialism and backwardness, both inherited and recent.", "It is a natural response to natural struggle blended with class struggle.\"", "Razzaz laid emphasis on the fact that Ba'athist socialism was both scientific and moral, and that Ba'athist socialism was a form of Third World Socialism and not the form of socialism of the First, Second, Third or Fourth Internationals.", "These forms of socialism derived \"their character from pure class contradictions inside imperialist industrialized societies.", "It is a socialism which draws its basic properties from the contradictions of the Third World with imperialism on the one hand, and backwardness on the other\".", "Ba'athist socialism, in his mind, opposed full state ownership of the economy, but supported state ownership over the heights of the economy.", "In his influential 1957 article \"Why Socialism Now?\"", "Razzaz states; \"Socialism is a way of life, not just an economic order.", "It extends to all aspects of life – economics, politics, training, education, social life, health, morals, literature, science, history, and others both great and small.", "Socialism, freedom and unity are not different names for different things … but different facets of one basic law from which they spring.\"", "Together with Aflaq and Jamal al-Atassi, Razzaz wrote Articles on Socialism in 1974.", "In a paper entitled \"Arab nationalism\" Razzaz asserts that Arab nationalist ideology is \"the driving force behind the Arabs in their struggle to create a progressive nation that can hold on its own with the nations of the world.\"", "Razzaz believed that the Arabs had a sense of belonging to an Arab identity which could be traced back to pre-Islamic days.", "He believed that the Arab world was first confronted by Western colonialism at the beginning of the 16th century in the Persian Gulf and the Indian Ocean.", "The 1948 Arab–Israeli War \"which brought the humiliating defeat of the Arabs by a handful of Jews, was the last straw that destroyed any remnants of confidence between the ruling classes on one side and the masses on the other.\"", "Resentments towards the Western powers for creating Israel could never be forgotten Razzaz believed, and the creation of Israel led to the popular demand of an end to all Western tutelage in the Arab world.", "Razzaz claimed that Arab nationalism was the conflict between two forces; the reactionary classes and the masses.", "The reactionary classes were inefficient vassals of Western capitalist imperialism who had betrayed the nation, while the masses were \"anti-imperialist, anti-capitalist and anti-Zionist, and in favor of unity, freedom, socialism and neutralism.\"", "Personal life\nIn 1949, he married Lam'a Bseisso, who was born in Hama, Syria in 1923, with whom he had two sons and one daughter.", "His son Omar Razzaz was the Prime Minister of Jordan from 2018 to 2020.", "References\n\nCitations\n\nBibliography\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n1919 births\n1984 deaths\nIraqi Arab nationalists\nMembers of the Jordanian Regional Branch of the Ba'ath Party\nMembers of the National Command of the Ba'ath Party\nMembers of the National Command of the Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)\nAmman Arab University alumni\nSyrian Arab nationalists\nSyrian politicians" ]

[ "The Secretary General of the National Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party was Munif al-Razzaz.", "Munif was a leading member of the Iraqi Ba'ath.", "The Ba'ath Party Purge was a time when many dissidents were accused of scheming against Saddam Hussein.", "President Saddam Hussein refused to release Munif so he could return to Jordan.", "During his house arrest in Baghdad, Munif died.", "His family says he was killed by the Iraqi Ba'ath after he replaced his hypertension medicine with poison.", "He was buried in Amman according to his will.", "On December 19, 1919, Razzaz was born in Damascus, Syria, but he was raised in Jordan.", "His family moved to Jordan in 1925 after his father was accused of collaborating with the rebels during the Great Syrian Revolt.", "After studying in Cairo, Razzaz was given a scholarship to the American University in Lebanon in 1937.", "He was a member of the Jordanian Regional Branch of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party.", "The co- founder of the Ba'athist Regional Branch in Jordan, Razzaz, promoted the Ba'athist ideology through his writings in national newspapers.", "The Jordanian Ba'athists were critical of King Hussein.", "King Hussein's support of the Baghdad Pact was criticized by Razzaz.", "Razzaz was imprisoned four times because of his anti-monarchy activities.", "After the Iraqi Ba'ath Branch came to power in Iraq, Razzaz was given the task of formulating a political program which was supposed to be broadcast to the Iraqi people.", "National Command Razzaz was elected Secretary General of the National Command at the 8th National Congress.", "Razzaz didn't have enough experience in Syrian affairs to find a solution to the crisis.", "In November 1965, the National Command passed a resolution prohibiting the Syrian Regional Command from appointing or relieving officers.", "The Military Committee responded by rebelling.", "Razzaz convened an emergency session of the National Command, which dissolved the government of Zu'ayyin and the Syrian Regional Command, as well as establishing a new leadership for Syria.", "The National Command and the moderate group within the Ba'ath Party fell after Jadid and his supporters carried out the 1966 Syrian coup d'état.", "After the downfall of Aflaq, Razzaz went underground.", "He was the only member of the old National Command who was willing to fight the neo-Ba'athist government.", "The relationship between Razzaz and Aflaq deteriorated even if it was the Military Committee that forced him from office.", "After the 1966 coup, Colonel Salim Hatum began scheming to topple the Jadid government.", "The old National Command encouraged Hatum to begin recruiting military officers to his cause.", "The Military Committee was formed by Major General Fahd al-Sha'ir.", "Razzaz and other conspirators were forced into hiding or into Lebanon after the coup was uncovered.", "Razzaz wrote an exposure book called Al Tajribah al Murrah The Bitter Experience, which was critical of the Syrian regime.", "He rose through the Iraqi-dominated Ba'athist structure after becoming a member of the Arab Liberation Front.", "Munif moved to Iraq in 1977 and became a leading member of the Iraqi Ba'ath.", "He was accused of planning to assassinate Saddam Hussein in the Ba'ath Party Purge.", "President Saddam Hussein refused to release Munif so he could return to Jordan.", "Munif died in 1984.", "His family claims he was killed by the Iraqi Ba'ath after they replaced his hypertension medicine with poison.", "He vomited blood in front of his family.", "Razzaz stated in the article that Ba'athist socialism was a response to the contradictions between the Arab nation and home land.", "It is a natural response to class struggle.", "Razzaz said that Ba'athist socialism was a form of Third World Socialism and not the form of socialism of the First, Second, Third or Fourth Internationals.", "The character of these forms of socialism was derived from class contradictions in industrialized societies.", "socialism draws its basic properties from the contradictions of the Third World with imperialism on the one hand and backwardness on the other.", "Ba'athist socialism supported state ownership of the economy but opposed full state ownership.", "He wrote \"Why Socialism Now?\" in 1957.", "Razzaz states that socialism is a way of life.", "Economics, politics, training, education, social life, health, morals, literature, science, history, and others are all great and small.", "There are different aspects of one basic law that make up socialism, freedom and unity.", "The Articles on Socialism were written by Razzaz and Aflaq.", "In a paper entitled \"Arab nationalism\" Razzaz asserts that Arab nationalist ideology is the driving force behind the Arabs in their struggle to create a progressive nation that can hold on to its own with the nations of the world.", "Razzaz believed that the Arabs had a sense of belonging to an identity that was 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020", "At the beginning of the 16th century in the Persian Gulf and the Indian Ocean, he believed the Arab world was confronted by Western colonialism.", "The humiliation of the Arabs by a few Jews in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War was the final straw that destroyed the confidence between the ruling classes on one side and the people on the other.", "Razzaz believed that the creation of Israel led to the popular demand of an end to Western tutelage in the Arab world.", "Razzaz claimed that Arab nationalism was a conflict between two forces.", "The reactionary classes were inefficient vassals of Western capitalist imperialism who betrayed the nation, while the mass were anti-imperialist, anti-Zionist and in favor of unity, freedom, socialism and neutralism.", "He had two sons and one daughter with his wife, who was born in Hama, Syria in 1923.", "The Prime Minister of Jordan was his son.", "The National Command of the Ba'ath Party Members of the National Command of the Ba'ath Party were members of the Jordanian Regional Branch of the Ba'ath Party." ]

[ "Munif al", "Razzaz", "Munif", "Razzaz", "Razzaz", "Razzaz", "Razzaz", "Razzaz", "Razzaz", "Razzaz", "Razzaz", "Razzaz", "Razzaz", "Razzaz", "Razzaz", "Razzaz", "Razzaz", "Razzaz", "Razzaz", "Razzaz", "Razzaz", "Razzaz", "Razzaz", "Omar Razzaz" ]

[ "Munif al", "Razzaz", "Munif", "Razzaz", "Razzaz", "Razzaz", "Razzaz", "Razzaz", "Razzaz", "Razzaz", "Razzaz", "Razzaz", "Razzaz", "Razzaz", "Razzaz", "Razzaz", "Munif", "Munif", "Razzaz", "Razzaz", "Razzaz", "Razzaz", "Razzaz" ]

[ "Timo Andres (born Timothy Andres in 1985 in Palo Alto, California) is an American composer and pianist.", "He grew up in rural Connecticut and lives in Brooklyn, New York.", "Biography\n\nAfter growing up in rural Connecticut, an environment that greatly influences his work, Timo Andres attended Yale University for both his undergraduate and graduate education, studying with Martin Bresnick, Ingram Marshall, Aaron Jay Kernis, Christopher Theofanidis, John Halle, Matthew Suttor, Kathryn Alexander, Michael Klingbeil, and Orianna Webb.", "He is also a graduate of Juilliard's pre-college program.", "Andres first rose to prominence at the age of 24 when his piece Nightjar was commissioned and performed by the Los Angeles Philharmonic and John Adams.", "Since then, he has been commissioned by Wigmore Hall, Carnegie Hall, the Concertgebouw Amsterdam, San Francisco Performances, the Gilmore Foundation and the Library of Congress.", "Andres has performed solo recitals at (Le) Poisson Rouge, Wigmore Hall and Lincoln Center, and alongside artists such as Gabriel Kahane, Philip Glass, and David Kaplan.", "Works\nAndres's work has received broad critical acclaim and is particularly noted for its seamless blend of traditional and contemporary idioms.", "Alex Ross of The New Yorker has called Andres \"quietly awesome\" and his music \"the kind of sprawling, brazen work that a young composer should write.\"", "Andres draws from a wide array of influences, including bands such as Sigur Rós, Boards of Canada, Brian Eno and Radiohead, as well as classical music by Brahms, Schumann, Mozart, and Charles Ives.", "He is also influenced by his love of design and typography." ]

[ "He is an American composer and pianist.", "He is from rural Connecticut and lives in New York.", "Growing up in rural Connecticut influenced his work so much that he attended Yale University for both his undergraduate and graduate education.", "He is a graduate of the pre-college program.", "Nightjar was commissioned and performed by the Los Angeles Philharmonic and John Adams at the age of 24.", "He has been commissioned by a number of institutions, including the Library of Congress.", "Along with artists such as Gabriel Kahane, Philip Glass, and David Kaplan, Andres has performed solo recitals.", "Works Andres's work has received broad critical praise and is particularly noted for its seamless blend of traditional and contemporary idioms.", "Alex Ross of The New Yorker said that the music of Andres was \"the kind of brazen, brazen work that a young composer should write.\"", "A wide array of influences include bands such as Boards of Canada and Brian Eno, as well as classical music such as Mozart.", "His love of design is one of the reasons he is influenced by it." ]

[ "Timo Andres", "Timothy Andres", "Timo Andres", "Andres", "Andres" ]

[ "Andres" ]

[ "Mary Eleanor Bowes, Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne (24 February 1749 – 28 April 1800) was a notable member of the British aristocracy during the Georgian period (18th century).", "Referred to by some as \"The Unhappy Countess\", she was a prominent heiress, who inherited a vast fortune.", "Her husbands were the 9th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne and Anglo-Irishman Andrew Robinson Stoney, the latter of whom reportedly treated her very cruelly during their marriage.", "Amongst many other achievements in her life, including a significant expertise developed in the field of botany, Mary Eleanor Bowes was one of the early pioneers of women's rights in relation to divorce.", "Early life\nMary was born in Upper Brook Street in Mayfair, London, the daughter and heiress of Sir George Bowes, a wealthy businessman; and his second wife, Mary Gilbert of St Paul's Walden.", "She was named Mary Eleanor in homage to both her own mother and her father's beloved first wife, Eleanor Verney, who died in 1724.", "Mary's childhood home was at Gibside, in County Durham.", "Bowes died when Mary was 11 years old, and left her a vast fortune (estimated at between £600,000 and £1,040,000), which he had built up through control of a cartel of coal-mine owners.", "At a stroke, Mary became the wealthiest heiress in Britain, perhaps in all of Europe.", "She encouraged the attentions of Campbell Scott, younger brother of the Duke of Buccleuch as well as of John Stuart, the self-styled Lord Mountstuart, eldest son of Lord Bute (the Prime Minister), before becoming engaged at the age of 16 to John Lyon, the 9th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne.", "First marriage\nMary married the 9th Earl of Strathmore on her 18th birthday, 24 February 1767.", "Since her father's will stipulated that her husband should assume his family name, the Earl addressed Parliament with a request to change his name from John Lyon to John Bowes, which was granted.", "However, some of the couple's children chose to use a surname that hyphenated their parents' names, styling themselves Bowes-Lyon.", "Five children were born to the Earl and Countess within the first six years of marriage, being: \nMaria Jane Bowes-Lyon (21 April 1768 – 22 April 1806), married Colonel Barrington Price of the British Army in 1789\nJohn Bowes, 10th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne (14 April 1769 – 3 July 1820), married in 1820 Mary Milner, his long-term mistress and the mother of his son, on the day before he died\nAnna Maria Bowes (3 June 1770 – 29 March 1832), eloped and married Henry Jessop in 1788; returned shortly afterwards to live with her mother\nGeorge Bowes (17 November 1771 – 3 December 1806), married Mary Thornhill\nThomas Bowes-Lyon, 11th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne (3 May 1773 – 27 August 1846) married Mary Elizabeth Louisa Rodney Carpenter, whose mother was the daughter of a mason.", "Thanks to the countess's fortune, the couple lived extravagantly.", "While the Earl spent much of his time restoring his family seat, Glamis Castle, the countess self-published a poetical drama entitled The Siege of Jerusalem in 1769, which remained her only literary effort, although she maintained remarkably candid diaries for much of her life.", "She also professed interest in botany and financed an expedition by the explorer William Paterson to the Cape in 1777 to collect plants for her.", "A few years into the marriage, the Earl contracted tuberculosis and his health weakened.", "Dissatisfied with her husband's increasing lack of robustness and alleged inattention, the countess took lovers to entertain herself.", "On 7 March 1776, Lord Strathmore died at sea on his way to Portugal, of tuberculosis.", "Between marriages\nThe couple's combined extravagance meant that the countess was left with debts totalling £145,000 upon the Earl's death.", "While the sum was staggering, her fortune far exceeded the figure and she had little trouble discharging these debts.", "As a widow, she also regained control of her fortune, centred on the mines and farms around her childhood home of Gibside in County Durham.", "At the time of the Earl's death, the countess was pregnant by a lover, George Gray.", "Born in Calcutta in 1737, where his father had worked as a surgeon for the East India Company, Gray was a Scottish \"nabob\" who had made and squandered a small fortune working for the same company.", "He had returned to England under a cloud in 1766 after squandering both his own fortune and a considerable inheritance from his first wife, Hannah Newton.", "Samuel Foote's play The Nabob is believed to have been inspired by Gray, who was also a friend of James Boswell.", "Despite the pregnancy, the dowager countess was loath to marry Gray, since her loss of rank would be considerable and since Gray's fortune had been squandered anyway.", "She successfully induced an abortion by drinking \"a black inky kind of medicine\".", "However, she continued the affair with Gray and became pregnant repeatedly, undergoing two further abortions.", "Her candid account of these abortions is one of very few available first-person descriptions of secret abortions in the era before legalised abortion.", "When she found herself pregnant by Gray a fourth time, the dowager countess resigned herself to marrying him and they became formally engaged to marry.", "This was in 1777.", "However, that same summer of 1777, the dowager countess was seduced by a charming and wily Anglo-Irish adventurer, Andrew Robinson Stoney, who manipulated his way into her household and her bed.", "Calling himself \"Captain\" Stoney (although in reality he was a mere lieutenant in the British Army) he insisted on fighting a duel in the dowager countess's honour with the editor of The Morning Post, a newspaper which had published scurrilous articles about her private life.", "In fact, Stoney had himself written the articles both criticising and defending the countess.", "He now faked a duel with the editor, the Reverend Sir Henry Bate Dudley, to appeal to Mary's romantic nature.", "Pretending to be mortally wounded, Stoney begged the dowager countess to grant his dying wish: to marry her.", "Taken in by the ruse, she agreed.", "Second marriage\n\nStoney was carried on a stretcher down the aisle of St James's Church, Piccadilly, where he married Mary.", "Shortly afterwards, he staged a remarkable recovery.", "In compliance with Mary's father's will, Stoney changed his name to Bowes.", "Two children were born to Mary during the term of this marriage:\nMary Bowes, who was probably the daughter of George Gray, was delivered secretly in August 1777, but her birthday was registered as 14 November 1777;\nWilliam Johnstone Bowes was born on 8 March 1782.", "After the wedding, Stoney Bowes attempted to take control of his wife's fortune, as was the custom of that era.", "When he discovered that Mary had secretly made a prenuptial agreement safeguarding the profits of her estate for her own use, he forced her to sign a revocation handing control to him.", "He is then alleged to have subjected Mary to eight years of physical and mental abuse, including confining her to her own house for a period.", "He later took Mary and her daughter Anna Maria (the Earl's daughter) off to Paris, whence they returned only after a writ had been served on him.", "He is also said to have raped the maids, invited prostitutes into the home and fathered numerous illegitimate children.", "In 1785, with the help of loyal maids, Mary managed to escape Stoney's custody and filed for divorce through the ecclesiastical courts.", "Stoney Bowes then allegedly abducted Mary with the help of some accomplices and carried her off to the north country.", "She later alleged that he threatened to rape and kill her, that he gagged and beat her and carried her around the countryside on horseback in one of the coldest spells of an unusually cold winter.", "The country was alerted; Stoney Bowes was eventually arrested, and Mary rescued.", "The divorce case continued with additional legal battles regarding these incidents.", "The trials were sensational and the talk of London.", "Although Mary initially won public sympathy with her tales and tears, the tide soon turned against her as her own licentiousness of character became known.", "Even during the pendency of the case, Mary had an affair with the brother of one of her lawyers, which became public knowledge; an affair with her footman, George Walker, was also alleged.", "Stoney made known other salacious details of Mary's past excesses and ensured the publication of the 'confessions' that she had earlier made in writing to him – he even purchased shares in a newspaper to publish these memoirs.", "There was also a general feeling that Mary had behaved badly in attempting to prevent her husband's access to her fortune.", "Stoney Bowes and his accomplices were found guilty of conspiracy to abduct Mary and he was sentenced to three years in prison.", "Meanwhile, the divorce case reached the trial stage at the High Court of Delegates.", "In an interim judgment, Stoney lost the battle to retain control of the Bowes fortune during the pendency of the case.", "The divorce case itself remained pending until Mary died in 1800, at which point it became infructuous.", "Stoney Bowes was released from prison upon Mary's death, and unsuccessfully attempted to have her will invalidated.", "After he lost that case, he was sued by his own lawyers for their expenses.", "Unable to pay these debts, he came under prison jurisdiction (in that era, bankruptcy was punished with prison), although he lived outside the prison walls with his mistress, Mary 'Polly' Sutton.", "He died on 16 June 1810.", "In 1841, the novelist William Makepeace Thackeray heard Bowes's life story from the Countess's grandson, John Bowes, and used it in his novel The Luck of Barry Lyndon.", "Retirement and death\nAfter 1792, Mary lived quietly in Purbrook Park in Hampshire.", "She later moved to Stourfield House, an isolated mansion on the edge of the village of Pokesdown near Christchurch, Hampshire, where she could live feeling that she was \"...out of the world..\" She brought to Stourfield a full establishment of servants, including Mary Morgan, the maid who had helped her escape her marital home.", "Morgan died in 1796 and was buried beneath a brass plaque composed by Mary.", "Following this death, Mary did not socialise at all, but spent most of her time looking after pet animals, including a large number of dogs, for whom hot dinners were cooked daily.", "Local people found her very strange, if not actually mad.", "However, she occasionally tried to reach out to them, ordering dinners cooked for the men working in the fields, and having beer sent out to refresh them.", "Details of Mary's life at Stourfield House have been preserved in the transcribed memoirs of an elderly Pokesdown resident.", "Mary's three sons by the Earl seldom visited their mother, and never stayed long.", "However, two of Mary's daughters lived with her – Lady Anna Maria Jessop, the Earl's daughter; and Mary Bowes, who was born during the term of Mary's second marriage.", "One of Mary's few joys was to see her daughter Mary learning to ride – at this time, riding brought great independence; journey times were about a third that of going by coach.", "Towards the close of the century, Mary called in some trusted friends from Pokesdown village to witness her final will, and began making presents of dresses and other items to the community.", "She also left an annuity for the widow Lockyer of Pokesdown Farm.", "Mary died on 28 April 1800.", "Undertakers came from London with a hearse and three mourning carriages and transported her body to London.", "Mary was buried in Westminster Abbey, where her tombstone stands in the Poets' Corner.", "According to the locals, she was buried as per her request in a court dress, with all the accessories necessary for a Royal audience, plus a small silver trumpet.", "Other reports have it that she was buried in a bridal dress.", "Soon after her death, the contents of Stourfield House were sold.", "Mary Eleanor Bowes was the great-great-great-grandmother of Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, the late Queen Mother.", "Archives\n\nA collection of records \"concerning the life and adventures of Mary Eleanor Bowes\" is held by the University of Dundee.", "They include a letter to her from her first husband \"enumerating her faults\", which was written on his death bed.", "References\n\nFurther reading\nArnold, Ralph, The Unhappy Countess (1957)\nBowes, Mary Eleanor, Confessions of the Countess of Strathmore, written by herself.", "Carefully copied from the original lodged in Doctor's Commons (1793, British Library).", "Foot, Jesse, The Lives of Andrew Robinson Bowes, Esq., and the Countess of Strathmore, written from thirty-three years professional attendance, from Letters and other well authenticated documents (1810)\n\n \nParker, Derek, The Trampled Wife (2006)\n\n1749 births\n1800 deaths\nPeople from County Durham (before 1974)\nPeople from Purbrook\nMary Bowes, Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne\nScottish countesses\nEnglish dramatists and playwrights\nBritish women dramatists and playwrights\n18th-century British women writers\n18th-century British writers\nEnglish women writers\n18th-century English women\n18th-century English people" ]

[ "Mary Eleanor Bowes was a member of the British aristocracy during the Georgian period.", "She was referred to as \"The Unhappy Countess\" because of her large fortune.", "She was married to the 9th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne and the Anglo-Irishman Andrew Robinson Stoney.", "Mary Eleanor Bowes was one of the early pioneers of women's rights in relation to divorce.", "Mary was the daughter of Sir George Bowes, a wealthy businessman, and Mary Gilbert, who was his second wife.", "Mary Eleanor was named after Eleanor Verney, her father's first wife, who died in 1724.", "Mary's childhood home was in County Durham.", "When Mary was 11 years old, her father died and left her a huge fortune which he had built up through control of a group of coal-mine owners.", "Mary became the wealthiest person in Britain at the stroke.", "She encouraged the attentions of Campbell Scott, younger brother of the Duke of Buccleuch, as well as John Stuart, the self-styled Lord Mountstuart, eldest son of Lord Bute.", "Mary married the 9th Earl of Strathmore on her 18th birthday.", "Since her father's will stipulated that her husband should assume his family name, the Earl addressed Parliament with a request to change his name from John Lyon to John Bowes, which was granted.", "Some of the couple's children chose to use a different spelling of their parents' names.", "Maria Jane Bowes-Lyon was born to the Earl and Countess within the first six years of their marriage.", "The couple lived extravagantly because of the countess's fortune.", "The countess self-published a poetical drama entitled The Siege of Jerusalem in 1769, which remained her only literary effort, although she maintained remarkably candid diaries for much of her life.", "She financed an expedition by the explorer William Paterson to the Cape in 1777 to collect plants for her.", "The Earl contracted Tuberculosis a few years into the marriage.", "The countess took lovers to entertain herself because she was dissatisfied with her husband's lack of robustness.", "On March 7, 1776, Lord Strathmore died at sea on his way to Portugal.", "The Earl's death left the countess with over one hundred thousand dollars in debts.", "She had little trouble discharging her debts, as her fortune far exceeded the figure.", "As a widow, she regained control of her fortune, which was centred on the mines and farms around her childhood home in County Durham.", "The countess was pregnant with George Gray's child at the time of the Earl's death.", "Gray was a Scottish \"nabob\" who had made and squandered a small fortune while working for the same company as his father, who had worked as a surgeon for the East India Company.", "He returned to England under a cloud in 1766 after spending both his own fortune and a large inheritance from his first wife.", "Gray was a friend of James Boswell and is believed to have inspired Samuel Foote's play.", "Since Gray's fortune had been wasted anyway, the dowager countess was reluctant to marry him even though she was pregnant.", "She drank a black inky kind of medicine to induce an abortion.", "She had two more abortions after becoming pregnant multiple times with Gray.", "One of the few first-person descriptions of secret abortions in the era before legalised abortion is her candid account.", "The dowager countess resigned herself to marrying Gray when she found out she was pregnant for a fourth time.", "This happened in 1777.", "During the summer of 1777, the dowager countess fell in love with a charming and wily Anglo-Irish adventurer named Andrew Robinson Stoney.", "The editor of The Morning Post had published scurrilous articles about the private life of the dowager countess, so he insisted on fighting a duel in her honor.", "Both criticising and defending the countess were written by Stoney.", "He tried to impress Mary with her romantic nature by faking a duel with the Reverend Sir Henry Bate Dudley.", "Pretending to be dead, Stoney begged the dowager countess to marry him.", "She agreed, taken in by the ruse.", "His second marriage took place in St James's Church, Piccadilly, where he was carried down the aisle on a stretcher.", "He staged a remarkable recovery after that.", "According to Mary's father's will, Stoney changed his name to Bowes.", "Mary Bowes, who was probably the daughter of George Gray, was secretly delivered in August 1777, but her birthday was registered in November 1777, her son was born in March 1782.", "The custom of that era was for Stoney Bowes to take control of his wife's fortune after the wedding.", "Mary was forced to sign a revocation handing control to him when he discovered that she had secretly made a prenuptial agreement.", "Mary is said to have been subjected to eight years of physical and mental abuse by him.", "Mary and Anna Maria returned to Paris after a writ had been served on him.", "He is said to have raped the maids, invited prostitutes into the home and fathered many illegitimate children.", "Mary escaped from Stoney's custody and filed for divorce through the ecclesiastical courts.", "Mary was allegedly kidnapped by some people and taken to the north country.", "She accused him of threatening to rape and kill her, gagged and beat her, and carried her around the countryside on horseback in one of the coldest spells of the winter.", "Mary was rescued after Stoney Bowes was arrested.", "There were more legal battles in the divorce case.", "The trials were talked about in London.", "Mary initially won public sympathy with her tales and tears, but as her character became known, the tide turned against her.", "During the pendency of the case, Mary had an affair with the brother of one of her lawyers, as well as an affair with her footman, George Walker.", "He purchased shares in a newspaper to publish the memoirs that Mary had written to him, and made known other salacious details of her past excesses.", "Mary behaved badly in trying to prevent her husband's access to her fortune.", "He was sentenced to three years in prison after being found guilty of conspiracy to abduct Mary.", "The trial stage for the divorce case was held at the High Court of Delegates.", "During the pendency of the case, Stoney lost his battle to retain control of the fortune.", "Mary died in 1800 and the divorce case became infructuous.", "The man who was released from prison after Mary's death tried to have her will thrown out.", "He was sued by his own lawyers for their expenses after he lost the case.", "He lived outside the prison walls with his mistress, Mary 'Polly' Sutton, even though he was unable to pay his debts.", "He died on June 16.", "William Makepeace Thackeray heard Bowes's life story and used it in his novel The Luck of Barry Lyndon.", "Mary retired and died in Purbrook Park in Hampshire.", "She moved to Stourfield House, an isolated mansion on the edge of the village of Pokesdown, where she could live out of the world.", "Morgan was buried beneath a brass plaque.", "Mary spent most of her time looking after her pet animals, which included a large number of dogs, after her death.", "She was found to be strange by local people.", "She sometimes tried to reach out to them by ordering dinners for the men working in the fields and having beer sent to refresh them.", "Mary's life at Stourfield House has been preserved in the memoirs of an elderly person.", "Mary's three sons by the Earl never visited their mother.", "Lady Anna Maria Jessop, the Earl's daughter, and Mary Bowes, who was born during Mary's second marriage, lived with her.", "Mary's joy was to see her daughter Mary learn to ride, it gave her great independence, journey times were about a third that of going by coach.", "Mary called in some trusted friends from Pokesdown village to witness her final will, and began making presents of dresses and other items to the community.", "The Lockyer of Pokesdown Farm had an annuity left by her.", "Mary passed away on April 28, 1800.", "She was taken to London with a hearse and three carriages.", "Mary's tombstone is in the Poets' Corner.", "According to the locals, she was buried as per her request in a court dress, with all the accessories necessary for a Royal audience, plus a small silver trumpet.", "There are reports that she was buried in a bridal dress.", "The contents of Stourfield House were sold after her death.", "Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon was the Queen Mother.", "There is a collection of records concerning the life and adventures of Mary Eleanor Bowes.", "They have a letter from her first husband that was written on his death bed.", "Mary Eleanor, The Unhappy Countess, and The Unhappy Countess were written by themselves.", "The original was lodged in the British Library.", "Foot, Jesse, The Lives of Andrew Robinson Bowes, Esq., and the Countess of Strathmore was written from thirty-three years of professional attendance, from letters and documents." ]

[ "Mary Eleanor Bowes", "Mary Eleanor Bowes", "Mary", "Mary Gilbert", "Mary Eleanor", "Mary", "Mary", "Mary", "Mary", "Mary Milner", "Mary Thornhill", "Mary Elizabeth", "Mary", "Mary", "Mary", "Mary", "Mary Bowes", "Mary", "Mary", "Mary", "Mary", "Mary", "Mary", "Mary", "Mary", "Mary", "Mary", "Mary", "Mary", "Mary", "Mary", "Mary", "Mary Morgan", "Mary", "Mary", "Mary", "Mary", "Mary", "Mary Bowes", "Mary", "Mary", "Mary", "Mary", "Mary", "Mary", "Mary Eleanor", "Mary Eleanor", "Mary Eleanor", "Mary Bowes" ]

[ "Mary Eleanor Bowes", "Mary Eleanor Bowes", "Mary", "Mary Gilbert", "Mary Eleanor", "Mary", "Mary", "Mary", "Mary", "Strathmore", "Mary", "Mary", "Mary Bowes", "Mary", "Mary", "Mary", "Mary", "Mary", "Mary", "Mary", "Mary", "Mary", "Mary", "Mary", "Mary", "Mary", "Mary", "Mary", "Mary", "Mary", "Mary", "Mary Bowes", "Mary", "Mary", "Mary", "Mary", "Mary", "Mary", "Mary Eleanor", "Mary Eleanor" ]

[ "Lim Hyung Joo (born 7 May 1986) is a South Korean operatic pop (popera) tenor and classical crossover singer.", "He has sold more than 1.2 million (1,200,000) records worldwide, including over 1 million (1,000,000) in South Korea, and his total digital songs, singles and albums (including digital downloads, streaming and ringtone service) sold more than 10 million (10,000,000) units.", "Life and career \nLim Hyung Joo released his first solo album at the age of 12 in 1998.", "He made his debut as popera tenor at the age of 17 years in 2003.", "On 25 February that year, at the inauguration day of the 16th president of Republic of Korea, he was the youngest person to sing the national anthem of Korea.", "His performance had been aired abroad.", "In addition, Lim Hyung Joo had a first solo concert abroad in June 2003, at the New York's Carnegie Hall.", "He was the youngest Korean male vocalist to give a solo concert in that venue.", "The performance was very highly received.", "Lim performed with the world's major venues and orchestras.", "He gave performances in New York's Carnegie Hall, Alice Tully Hall at the Lincoln Center, and Hollywood Bowl, Walt Disney Concert Hall & Orpheum Theatrein Los Angeles, Main Hall of Knafel Center at Harvard University in Boston, St John's Smith Square in London and Wiener Konzerthaus, Paris' Salle Gaveau, and The Cathedral of Saint-Louis des Invalides and La Madeleine in Paris, Teatro di Marcello in Rome, Universal Hall in Berlin, AmsterdamRoyal Concertgebouw, Marble Hall of Mirabell Palace in Salzburg, Studio of Radio and television broadcasting in the Czech Republic, Tokyo Suntory Hall & Tokyo International Forum Main Hall(Hall A), Izumi Hall in Osaka, Main Auditorium of China Public Diplomacy & Culture Exchange Center in Beijing, Westin Shanghai, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall in Taipei and others.", "He performed with Berliner Symphoniker, Berlin Sinfonie Orchester, Wiener Sinfonie Orchester, Czech Symphony Orchestra, Moscow Symphony Orchestra, Tokyo Philharmonic Orchestra, New York Metropolitan Opera Chamber Orchestra, Los Angeles Symphony Orchestra, New Jersey Philharmonic Orchestra, Bavarian Chamber Orchestra, Salzburger Solisten, Vienna Soloists Ensemble, Vienna Mozart Ensemble Orchestra, American Union Chamber Orchestra, Seoul Philharmonic Orchestra, KBS Symphony Orchestra, Korean Symphony Orchestra, Eurasian Philharmonic Orchestra, Seoul Pops Orchestra, Prime Philharmonic Orchestra and numerous groups in Taiwan and Japan.", "Furthermore, he is the first Korean artist who conquered all three halls at Carnegie Hall, and the fourth youngest man ever to give a solo concert at the Opera Theater in the Seoul Arts Center.", "By the age of 27, he had performed at the TOP 3 classical concert halls of Korea (Concert Hall & Opera Theater of the Seoul Arts Center, Main Auditorium of the Sejong Center in Seoul, Main Hall 'Hae' of the National Theater of Korea).", "Education \n Shinyongsan Elementary School in Seoul (graduation)\n Yewon Arts School in Seoul (graduation 'vocal')\n Juilliard School of Music Pre-College in New York City, vocal judges unanimously passed\n Accademia San Felice di Musica in Florence (diploma 'operatic voice')\n Franz Schubert Konservatorium in Vienna, Invited student ('operatic voice'-Master of Music)\n Civica Scuola delle Arti di Roma (Rome) (graduation 'operatic voice'-Artist Diploma)\n\nCommunity outreach \nLim was a spokesperson for the Seoul National University Hospital & LG Household & Health Care \"beautiful face campaign\", the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism and the Korea Tourism Organization \"Korea In Motion\" campaign, the 2009 Seoul Chungmuro International Film Festival, the Seoul CO2 honor Dr. PR committee, the Jung-gu district of Seoul, the Seoul St. Mary's Hospital of Catholic University, and of the 2011 Daegu IAAF World Championships.", "As of 2014, he is a spokesperson for the Korean Red Cross, the Community Chest of Korea 'Fruit of Love' campaign, the International Relief and Development World Vision, the Korea Association YWCA, the Green Growth National Union, the UNESCO Korean National Commission's first goodwill ambassador for peace and arts, the Promotional ambassador for 2015 Gwangju Summer Universiade, and He is the Art-one Cultural Foundation founder.", "Art-one was established by Lim in January 2008 to celebrate the anniversary of his 5th world and 10th domestic debuts.", "He wanted to help disadvantaged, talented people by donating his proceeds.", "In December 2010, Lim was awarded the United Nations Peace Medal for donating proceeds from a concert commemorating the 60th anniversary of the Korean war to descendants of veterans, becoming the first and youngest Korean to receive the award.", "Other activities \nLim was the youngest editor of the magazine Weekly Kyunghyang, and he is an interviewer for the US magazine Forbes (Korean Edition).", "He was the youngest columnist from 2010 to 2015 in Dong-A Ilbo.", "In addition, Lim published his first essay, \"Only One\", with his mother in March 2005, and the book was ranked the top bestseller in Youngpoong bookstore.", "Awards \n\nIn 2000\n CBS 1st National Music Competition 1st prize\nIn 2001 – 2002\n The 5th Korean National Youth Music Competition 1st prize\n The 12th 'Journal of Music' National Student Music Competition 1st prize\n Yewon concert the first vocal soloist (Venue: Concert Hall, Seoul Arts Center)\n Casual Classic International Scholarship Vocal Music Competition Championships and Scholarship Selection\n Yewon arts school top Vocal Practical Skill and Achievement Award\nIn 2003\n American USO Association honors contributions Merit Award (the youngest Korean winner)\nIn 2004\n US Cotton Club International (CCI) chosen artist and the main model in that year in Asia (Korean first and youngest selected musician)\nIn 2005\n Sony BMG headquarters Golden Disk Award\n Korea Educational Development Institute survey, selected him along with Roh Moo Hyun, Lee Kun Hee and Ahn Cheol-soo as the most famous Korean people high school students want to see.", "Netizen selected him among \"30 beautiful people, representing the Republic of Korea, from art and academic sector.\"", "1998 - Whispers of Hope\n 2005 - Live From Seoul (Live Album)\n 2006 - White Dream\n 2007 - Eternal Memory\n 2009 - My Hero\n 2010 - Miracle History\n 2011 - Once More\n 2012 - Oriental Love\n 2013 - Classic Style\n 2013 - All My History\n\nSingles\n 2006 - \"Acacia\"\n 2009 - \"Crystal Tears\"\n 2011 - \"Beautiful Wish\"\n 2012 - \"Eastern Shadow\"\n 2014 - \"A Thousand Winds\"\n 2015 - \"Always There\"(featuring Secret Garden) \n 2017 - \"Around Thirty\"\n 2019 - \"A New Road\"\n 2020 - \"A Song For You\"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Lim Hyung-joo's Official Website\n\n1986 births\nLiving people\nPeople from Seoul\nSouth Korean opera singers\n21st-century South Korean male singers\nSouth Korean tenors" ]

[ "There is a South Korean pop singer who is also a classical singer.", "He has sold more than 1.2 million records worldwide, including over 1 million in South Korea, and his total digital songs, singles and albums have sold more than 10 million units.", "His first solo album was released at the age of 12.", "He made his debut at the age of 17 years old.", "He was the youngest person to sing the national anthem of Korea at the inauguration of the 16th president of the Republic of Korea.", "His performance was broadcasted abroad.", "In June of 2003 he had a solo concert at the New York's Carnegie Hall.", "He was the youngest male vocalist to perform in that venue.", "The performance was well received.", "He performed at the world's major venues.", "He gave performances in New York's Carnegie Hall, Alice Tully Hall at the Lincoln Center, Hollywood Bowl, Walt Disney Concert Hall & Orpheum Theatre in Los Angeles, Main Hall of Knafel Center at Harvard University in Boston, St John's Smith Square in London and Wiener", "He was a member of the Berliner Symphoniker, Berlin Sinfonie Orchester, Wiener Sinfonie Orchester, Czech Symphony Orchestra, Moscow Symphony Orchestra, Tokyo Philharmonic Orchestra, New York Metropolitan Opera Chamber Orchestra, Los Angeles Symphony Orchestra, New Jersey Philharmonic Orchestra, and Salzburger So", "He is the first Korean artist who conquered all three halls at Carnegie Hall, and the fourth youngest man ever to give a solo concert at the Opera Theater.", "He performed at the Concert Hall & Opera Theater of the Seoul Arts Center, Main Auditorium of the Sejong Center in Seoul, and the National Theater of Korea by the age of 27.", "The Juilliard School of Music Pre-College in New York City was unanimously passed by vocal judges.", "He is a spokesman for the Korean Red Cross, the Community Chest of Korea 'Fruit of Love' campaign, the International Relief and Development World Vision, the Korea Association YWCA, the Green Growth National Union, and the UNESCO Korean National Commission's first goodwill ambassador for peace and arts.", "The anniversary of his 5th world and 10th domestic debut was celebrated by the establishment of Art-one.", "He wanted to make a difference by donating his money.", "The first and youngest Korean to receive the United Nations Peace Medal was 21-year-old Lim, who received the award for donating proceeds from a concert to the descendants of veterans.", "He is an interviewer for the US magazine Forbes, and he was the youngest editor of the magazine.", "He was the youngest columnist from 2010 to 2015.", "The book \"Only One\", which was published with his mother in March 2005, was the top selling book in Youngpoong bookstore.", "The 1st National Music Competition was held in 2000 and the 5th Korean National Youth Music Competition was held in 2002.", "He was selected by Netizen as one of 30 beautiful people from the Republic of Korea.", "White Dream 2007, Eternal Memory 2009, My Hero 2010, Once More 2012 and Oriental Love are some of the singles from All My History." ]

[ "Lim Hyung Joo", "Lim Hyung Joo", "Lim Hyung Joo", "Lim", "Lim", "Lim", "Lim", "Lim", "Lim", "Lim Hyung" ]

[ "Lim" ]

[ "Sir Edward William Spencer Ford (24 July 1910 – 19 November 2006) was a courtier in the Royal Households of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth II.", "He is perhaps best known for writing to the Queen's private secretary regarding the 40th year of the Queen's reign, having hoped that the Queen would experience an annus mirabilis but instead finding 1992 an annus horribilis.", "She used the phrase in a speech to describe a year in which one of her four children was divorced, two more formally separated from their spouses, and Windsor Castle caught fire.", "Family background\nFord was a fraternal twin.", "His family has strong connections with the Anglican church and with cricket.", "His father was the Very Reverend Lionel Ford, headmaster of Repton and later of Harrow, and Dean of York from 1926 to 1932; his mother Mary Catherine was a daughter of the Right Reverend Edward Stuart Talbot, Bishop of Winchester, and education campaigner Lavinia Lyttelton; an uncle was Neville Stuart Talbot Bishop of Pretoria; another uncle was a royal chaplain.", "His brother Neville Ford played cricket for Derbyshire, and three of his uncles played first-class cricket, including Francis Ford who played for England.", "Education\nFord was at West Downs School and was then a King's Scholar at Eton.", "He won an open scholarship to read Classics at New College, Oxford (where he was elected an Honorary Fellow in 1982).", "He obtained a first in Mods and second in Greats.", "Career\nHe was tutor to John Lascelles, son of Sir Alan Lascelles, Private Secretary to King George VI, in 1933.", "He was a Harmsworth scholar at Middle Temple, before tutoring Prince (later King) Farouk of Egypt from 1935–36.", "He was called to the Bar in 1937 and briefly practised law until 1939.", "Military service\nFord had been commissioned as a second lieutenant in supplementary reserve of the Grenadier Guards in 1936, and promoted to first lieutenant in 1939.", "He fought in World War II in France and Belgium, being evacuated from Dunkirk, and in Tunisia and Italy, and was mentioned in despatches twice.", "He was brigade major of the 10th Infantry Brigade and later of the 24th Guards Brigade, and was an instructor at the Staff College in Haifa.", "After the war, at the invitation of Sir Alan Lascelles, he entered Royal Service as Assistant Private Secretary to King George VI, 1946–52, and then served in the same office to Elizabeth II until 1967.", "Ford was telephoned by the King's Private Secretary, Sir Alan Lascelles, with news of the King's death at Sandringham in February 1952, and Ford broke the news to the prime minister, Sir Winston Churchill, at 10 Downing Street and then to Queen Mary, the King's mother, at Marlborough House.", "He was an Extra Equerry to the Queen from 1955 until his death.", "He became a close friend of Group Captain Peter Townsend, an equerry whose love affair with Princess Margaret causes a crisis early in Queen Elizabeth's reign.", "Resignation\nFord resigned from the Royal Household in 1967, after Sir Michael Adeane, Lascelles' successor, asked him to move to the household of the Prince of Wales to make way for the younger Philip Moore.", "He was secretary of the Pilgrim Trust from 1967 to 1975, and also managed the estate of his late father-in-law, Lord Brand, at Eydon Hall in Northamptonshire.", "Later, he was Secretary and Registrar of the Order of Merit (for which he received an honorarium of £100) from 1975–2003.", "Annus Horribilis\nFord used the Latin phrase \"annus horribilis\" in a sympathetic letter to the Queen in 1992, after a series of unfortunate events, including a major fire in Windsor Castle.", "In a later television documentary to mark the 40th anniversary of the Queen's accession, Ford chided himself for a grammatical error, saying that, in order to describe a horrible year, he properly should have written \"annus horrendus\".", "The Queen later used the phrase in a speech: \"1992 is not a year on which I shall look back with undiluted pleasure.", "In the words of one of my more sympathetic correspondents, it has turned out to be an 'Annus Horribilis'.\"", "Honours\n\nFor his service to the Crown, Edward Ford was appointed Member of the Royal Victorian Order (MVO) in 1949, Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in 1952, knighted as Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (KCVO) in 1957, advanced to Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) in 1967 and promoted to the Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (GCVO) in 1998.", "He received the Emergency Reserve Decoration (ERD) in 1987, having long served as a reserve officer, and reaching the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel.", "He was also a fellow of the Royal Society of Arts, served as Deputy Lieutenant of Northamptonshire (DL) and High Sheriff of Northamptonshire.", "He was Prime Warden of the Goldsmiths' Company in 1979.", "He was the literary executor of Sir Alan Lascelles.", "Despite the sensitive nature of their contents, he managed to secure permission for Sir Alan's wartime diaries to be published.", "King's Counsellor was launched in 2006, a few weeks before his death.", "Personal life\nHe married his wife, Virginia, in 1949, the widow of John Metcalfe Polk.", "She was the daughter of the banker Robert Henry Brand, 1st Baron Brand and Phyllis Langhorne, a sister of Nancy Astor.", "His wife died in 1995.", "Death\nHe died in London, survived by their two sons and a stepson.", "A second stepson predeceased him.", "References\n\nObituary, The Daily Telegraph, 21 November 2006\nObituary, The Times, 21 November 2006\nObituary, The Independent, 23 November 2006\nObituary, The Guardian, 28 November 2006\n\n1910 births\n2006 deaths\nPeople educated at West Downs School\nPeople educated at Eton College\nAlumni of New College, Oxford\nFellows of New College, Oxford\nGrenadier Guards officers\nBritish Army personnel of World War II\nKnights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order\nKnights Commander of the Order of the Bath\nDeputy Lieutenants of Northamptonshire\nAssistant Private Secretaries to the Sovereign\nMembers of the British Royal Household\nKnights Commander of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany" ]

[ "Sir Edward William Spencer Ford was a courtier in the Royal Households of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth II.", "He wrote to the Queen's private secretary in the 40th year of the Queen's reign, hoping that she would experience an annus horribilis, but instead she got an annus mirabilis.", "A year in which one of her four children was divorced, two more formally separated from their spouses, and Windsor Castle caught fire is what she described in her speech.", "Ford was a twin.", "His family has strong ties to the church.", "His father was the Very Reverend Lionel Ford, the Dean of York from 1926 to 1932, and his mother was a daughter of the Right Reverend Edward Stuart Talbot.", "Francis Ford, who played for England, was one of three of his uncles who played first-class cricket.", "At West Downs School, Education Ford was a King's Scholar.", "He received an open scholarship to read Classics at New College, Oxford.", "He got a first in Mods and a second in Greats.", "He was tutor to John Lascelles, son of Sir Alan Lascelles, Private Secretary to King George VI.", "He was a scholar at Middle Temple before tutoring the King of Egypt.", "He briefly practised law after being called to the Bar in 1937.", "Ford was promoted to first lieutenant in 1939 after being commissioned as a second lieutenant in 1936.", "In World War II, he fought in France and Belgium, was evacuated from Dunkirk, and was mentioned in despatches.", "He was an instructor at the Staff College in Haifa and was the brigade major of the 10th Infantry brigade.", "After the war, he joined the Royal Service as an assistant private secretary to King George VI and later served in the same office as Elizabeth II.", "The King's Private Secretary, Sir Alan Lascelles, telephoned Ford to inform him of the King's death in February 1952, and Ford broke the news to the prime minister at 10 Downing Street.", "From 1955 until his death, he was an Extra Equerry to the Queen.", "He was close to Group Captain Peter Townsend, an equerry whose love affair with Princess Margaret causes a crisis early in Queen Elizabeth's reign.", "Resignation Ford resigned from the Royal Household in 1967, after Sir Michael Adeane, Lascelles' successor, asked him to move to the household of the Prince of Wales to make way for the younger Philip Moore.", "He was the secretary of the Pilgrim Trust from 1967 to 1975, as well as managing the estate of his father-in-law.", "From 1975 to 2003 he was the Secretary and Registrar of the Order of Merit.", "The Latin phrase \"annus horribilis\" was used by Annus Horribilis Ford in a letter to the Queen in 1992.", "Ford said that he should have written \"annus horrendus\" in order to describe a horrible year.", "The Queen used the phrase \"1992 is not a year on which I shall look back with great pleasure\" in her speech.", "It has turned out to be an 'Annus Horribilis' according to one of my more sympathetic correspondents.", "Edward Ford was knighted as Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order in 1957 for his service to the Crown.", "He reached the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel after receiving the Emergency Reserve Decoration in 1987.", "He was a fellow of the Royal Society of Arts and served as the deputy lieutenant of Northamptonshire.", "He was the leader of the company in 1979.", "He worked for Sir Alan Lascelles.", "He was able to get permission for Sir Alan's diaries to be published despite the sensitive nature of their contents.", "King's counsellor was launched a few weeks before his death.", "He married Virginia in 1949, the widow of John Polk.", "She was the daughter of Robert Henry Brand and 1st Baron Brand.", "His wife passed away in 1995.", "They had two sons and a stepson.", "He was preceded by a second stepson.", "Obituary, The Daily Telegraph, 21 November 2006 Obituary, The Times, 21 November 2006 Obituary, The Independent, 23 November 2006 Obituary, The Guardian." ]

[ "Edward William Spencer Ford", "Ford", "Lionel Ford", "Edward Stuart Talbot", "Neville Ford", "Francis Ford", "Ford", "Ford", "Ford", "Ford", "Ford", "Ford", "Ford", "Edward Ford" ]

[ "Edward William Spencer Ford", "Ford", "Lionel Ford", "Edward Stuart Talbot", "Francis Ford", "Ford", "Ford", "Ford", "Ford", "Ford", "Ford", "Ford", "Edward Ford" ]

[ "Miguel Salmon Del Real (born 1978, Mexico City) is a Mexican orchestra conductor, son of an industrial engineer and a psychologist who studied young piano and singing respectively.", "Salmon Del Real earned a master's degree in Orchestral Conducting Master, several bachelor's degrees in Choir and Orchestral Conducting, Composition and Musicology, besides several master classes in The Netherlands, France, Switzerland and Mexico.", "Having performed the world premiere of nearly 100 pieces written by living composers around the globe, he has conducted Orchestras, Choirs and Ensambles in The Netherlands, Poland, Germany, Rusia, Portugal, France, Czech Republic, United Kingdom and Mexico.", "Professional career\n\nStudies and career in Europe \nHe began his formal studies at the School of Sacred Music of Mexico Cardinal Miranda Institute in 1996, where he learned with Professor Xavier Gonzalez (\"Father Xavier\"), choral conducting, piano, musicology, orchestral conducting, composition with Juan Trigos and Victor Rasgado, piano with Gustavo Morales and languages.", "He also took polyphonic workshop Humberto Hernandez Medrano studies and various humanities courses with Ernesto de la Peña.", "In 2002, he was invited as a student in France and in 2005 the Royal Conservatory of The Hague, Netherlands, and awarded a bachelor's degree in Music Composition (Ayres, Barlow, van Bergeijk and Wagennar).", "There he founded the Nederlandse Nieuwe Muziek Groep in 2003 and settled for additional psychoacoustics algorithmic composition studies (with Paul Berg) and (with Bert Kraaipoel) in the annual Sonology course of the Conservatory.", "Eventually, he was invited by Pierre Boulez in 2005 and again by Peter Eötvös in 2007, to actively participate in Conducting Master's Courses at the Academy of Lucerne Festival where he conducted some of the greatest orchestral works of the Twentieth Century, as Amériques by Edgard Varèse, and Gruppen by Karlheinz Stockhausen, thus becoming the first young conductor to be selected twice to participate in such courses.", "In 2009 he received a master's degree in orchestral conducting at the Amsterdam Conservatory (having Lucas Vis as tutor, who was assistant to Bruno Maderna, student of Hermann Scherchen).", "His thesis for this degree was entitled \"A review of old ideas, new innovations in classic music composition along time.", "Julian Carrillo and his mind\", based on a comprehensive study of writings and works of the composer.", "New Ensemble of Mexico \nOn his return from Europe in 2009, he founded the Ensamble Nuevo de México (New Ensemble of Mexico), where for three years he made over 50 premieres of Mexican composers.", "With this group he made a \"sonorous encyclopaedia\" with more than 20 symphonic miniatures, all of one minute, commissioned to diverse generations of Mexican composers.", "Since November 2009 the Ensemble New Mexico has given world premiere to 48 works from 39 composers.", "These pieces, written exclusively for the Ensemble New Mexico have been the result of the collaboration between creators and performers.", "Comprised by soloists, chamber musicians and regular core members from diverse Symphony Orchestras in the country, the Ensamble Nuevo de México, seeks to commission and premiere works by living authors, in pursue of a construction of a new and an innovative repertoire and its materialization through their premiere.", "International Forum of New Music \"Manuel Enríquez\" and teaching experience \nIn 2010 he was Coordinator of Programming for the International Forum of New Music \"Manuel Enríquez\" (2010 and 2011), an event sponsored by the INBA (Fine Arts National Institute), as well as professor (Orchestration, Fuga, music theory and orchestral practices and corals) in institutions such as the ICEM (Research Center and Music Studies), ITESM (Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education), Mexico City Campus.", "He also took part as a teacher in the Research and Musical Information Centre \"Carlos Chavez\" and the UAM (Metropolitan Autonomous University).", "Teaching \n 2011-2012: Instituto Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey (ITESM) / Mexico City\n 2010-2012: Centro de Investigación y Estudios de la Música (CIEM) / Mexico City\n 2009-2011: Escuela Superior de Música (ESM, INBA) / Mexico City\n\nLectures \n 2015: 13 unknown ideas from and about Julián Carrillo / Fine Art Palace, Mexico city\n 2014: 13 unknown ideas from and about Julián Carrillo / Conservatorio de las Rosas, Morelia\n 2013: Today ́s Mexico composers.", "A panorama.", "/ Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM), Mexico City\n 2012: Music, as a social catalyst / Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM), Mexico City\n 2011: Julián Carrillo: A new compendium of ideas / CENIDIM, Mexico City\n\nHis teachers \nHe has studied with various teachers in Europe, as Reinbert de Leeuw 2003, Ed Spanjaard 2004-2007, and Arie van Beek (2007) Dutch; Hungarian Peter Eötvös (2005–2007), Zsolt Nagy (Conservatoire de Paris, 2006–2007) and István Parkai (2007) and Frenchman Pierre André Valade (2007) and Finland's Jorma Panula (in Mexico in 2009).", "Michoacan Symphony Orchestra \nAfter winning the first Competition for Mexican Conductors 2012 of the Symphony Orchestra of Arts Sinaloa, he served as director of the OSIDEM (Symphony Orchestra of Michoacán) from August 2012 to October 2015, appointed as well, by national competition.", "During this period the Michoacán Symphony Orchestra offered 113 symphonic concerts in 19 cities, receiving nearly one hundred thousand people and premiering 34 works and 11 in Mexico, besides rescuing traditional and contemporary pieces of the national repertoire such as the symphonic poem \"Diluvio de Fuego\" (Flood of Fire) from Paulino Paredes (1913–1957) born in Michoacán.", "The orchestra received 121 soloists and 21 directors, all of them from 17 countries.", "Late projects \nFollowing his visit in 2014 as guest director of diverse orchestras in Russia, Poland, Portugal and Germany, Salmon Del Real was invited to conduct the Philharmonic Orchestra of Kalisz, Poland, in October 2015, where he presented two works by Mexican authors: the \"Second Symphony\" by Carlos Chavez (1899–1978), and \"Sensemayá\" by Silvestre Revueltas (1899–1940), along with the Overture-Fantasy \"Romeo and Juliet\" by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (1840–1893); \"Peer Gynt Suite No.", "1\" by Edvard Grieg (1843–1907), and \"Finland\" on the occasion of the bicentennial of Jean Sibelius (1865–1957).", "On February 5, 2016, he conducted the Warmia and Mazury Philharmonic Orchestra in Olsztyn, Poland, where he presented music of Tchaikovsky and Revueltas, and on March 4, at Xalapa, Veracruz where he conducted diverse symphonies at Centro Cultural Tlaqná, with pieces of Aldemaro Romero, Astor Piazzola, Ricardo Castro, José Pablo Moncayo and others." ]

[ "A Mexican orchestra conductor is the son of an engineer and a psychologist who studied piano and singing.", "A master's degree in Orchestral Conducting Master, several bachelor's degrees in Choir and Orchestral Conducting, Composition and Musicology, and several master classes in The Netherlands, France, Switzerland and Mexico were all earned by Salmon Del Real.", "He has conducted Orchestras, Choirs and Ensambles in The Netherlands, Poland, Germany, Rusia, Portugal, France, Czech Republic, United Kingdom and Mexico.", "He graduated from the School of Sacred Music of Mexico Cardinal Miranda Institute in 1996 with a degree in musicology.", "He took various humanities courses with Ernesto de la Pea.", "In 2002 he was invited to study in France and in 2005 he received a bachelor's degree in Music Composition.", "He founded the Nederlandse Muziek Groep in 2003 and studied psychoacoustics in the annual Sonology course of the Conservatory.", "He was invited by Pierre Boulez in 2005 and again by Peter Etvs in 2007, to participate in Conducting Master's Courses at the Academy of Lucerne Festival, where he conducted some of the greatest orchestral works of the Twentieth Century.", "He received a master's degree in orchestral conducting from the Amsterdam Conservatory in 2009.", "\"A review of old ideas, new innovations in classic music composition along time\" was his thesis for this degree.", "The study looked at writings and works of the composer.", "He founded the New Ensemble of Mexico after returning from Europe in 2009.", "He commissioned diverse generations of Mexican composers to make more than 20 miniatures, all of one minute.", "48 works from 39 composers have been given world premiere by the Ensemble New Mexico.", "The pieces were the result of collaboration between creators and performers.", "The Ensamble Nuevo de México seeks to commission and premiere works by living authors in the pursuit of a construction of a new and innovative repertoire and its materialization through their premiere.", "In 2010 he was the head of programming for the International Forum of New Music \"Manuel Enrquez\", an event sponsored by the INBA.", "He taught at the Research and Musical Information Centre \"Carlos Chavez\" and the UAM.", "The Escuela Superior de M is located in Mexico City.", "There is a panorama.", "He has studied with various teachers in Europe.", "He was the director of the symphony orchestra of Michoacn from August 2012 to October 2015, after winning the first competition for Mexican conductors.", "The Michoacn Symphony Orchestra received over one hundred thousand people and premiere 34 works and 11 works in Mexico during this period.", "All of the 21 directors that the orchestra received were from 17 countries.", "Salmon Del Real was invited to conduct the Philharmonic Orchestra of Kalisz, Poland, in October 2015, where he presented two works by Mexican authors.", "On the occasion of the bicentennial of Jean Sibelius, \"Finland\" was written by Edvard Grieg.", "He conducted the Warmia and Mazury Philharmonic Orchestra in Olsztyn, Poland, on February 5, 2016 and at Xalapa, Veracruz, on March 4, 2016 with different pieces of music." ]

[ "Miguel Salmon Del Real", "Salmon Del Real", "Salmon Del", "Real" ]

[ "Salmon", "Salmon Del", "Real" ]

[ "Gideon Emery (born September 12, 1972) is an English actor and singer.", "He is best known for his role as Deucalion in Teen Wolf and for providing voice-over work in video games, television series and films.", "Early life and education\nEmery was born in Windsor, England to Pauline, a competitive horse rider and Ashton, a management consultant.", "He has two half brothers, Matthew and Paul.", "Gideon also has three nieces, Chloe Emery, Rebecca Emery and Kate Emery.", "At the age of 4, his father moved the family to Johannesburg, South Africa.", "Emery kept himself amused by imitating characters from film and television.", "Early impersonations included Michael Jackson and Max from Hart to Hart.", "He returned to England during high school, briefly attending Reading Blue Coat School.", "But it was back in South Africa at St John's College where he cemented his love for acting, playing Dick Deadeye in the Gilbert & Sullivan musical H.M.S.", "Pinafore and winning Best Actor for the role of Mr. Glum in The Glums comedy sketch, \"L'Engagement\".", "After briefly considering a career in graphic art, he went on to study acting at the University of the Witwatersrand.", "Student roles included Salieri in Amadeus and Gregor in Steven Berkoff's adaption of Kafka's The Metamorphosis.", "Personal life\nOn October 19, 2014, Emery married his wife, actress Autumn Withers at Santa Barbara, California.", "Emery currently lives in Los Angeles with his wife and their dog.", "In 2017, Emery and his wife revealed that they were expecting their first child together.", "On April 7, 2018, they welcomed their daughter, Mia Monroe Emery.", "Career\nIn his third year of drama school, friend Ashley Callie was going to audition for Johannesburg's annual Christmas pantomime, directed by the award-winning Janice Honeyman.", "Emery was persuaded to go along and ended up being cast.", "He played a couple of characters, but impressed with his stand-up routine during a set change.", "As a result, fellow cast member, veteran actor Bill Flynn introduced him to his agent and his career was started.", "Around this time, he also began what was to become a prolific voice career.", "(He would later win a Gold Craft Award at the 2003 Loerie Advertising Awards) He played in a number of stand-up venues and established himself as character actor, often performing multiple roles within a single play, such as all the male roles in Mark Ravenhill's Sleeping Around and Tom, Leslie and Phyllis in A.R.", "Gurney's Sylvia.", "He performed standup comedy on television and was a series regular on the sketch comedy show Not Quite Friday Night.", "He received the National Vita Award for Comedy for the role of Maloom in the play Heel Against the Head, once again alongside Bill Flynn and actor/playwright Paul Slabolepszy.", "Emery has also performed his own one-man plays, Thin Man Talking and The Great Glendini.", "For the latter, he recorded a jazz standards album, Standard Ease.", "He acted alongside the late Bill Flynn for a third and final time, playing Bernard to Flynn's Willy Loman in the award-winning Baxter Theatre production of Death of a Salesman.", "Thanks to his keen ear for accents, Emery found himself playing various roles in visiting British and American film and television productions.", "He soon decided that the screen was where he wanted to focus his attention.", "With most major projects casting their lead roles overseas, he decided it was time to explore more diverse opportunities.", "In late 2003, he moved to Los Angeles, where he has played memorable characters both on screen (Last Resort, Takers, Moonlight, Burn Notice) and for video games such as Final Fantasy XII, Vanquish, Dragon Age II and Street Fighter X Tekken.", "He is an in-demand motion capture performer and can be seen and heard in the games Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare, Battlefield 3 and Halo Wars 2, all of which also use his likeness.", "Emery had a recurring role on the hit MTV series Teen Wolf as season three's main antagonist Deucalion, a blind but powerful Alpha werewolf who leads a pack consisting entirely of Alphas.", "Emery reprised the role in season five: \"To prove not only to others, but also to himself, that Deucalion is capable of being true and noble.\"", "He would return once again for the final season of the show.", "He won multiple best actor awards for his role as Richard Pine in Bill Hanson's adaptation of Stephen King's Survivor Type.", "On the lighter side, Emery is the creator, director and star of E&N with Ed Neusbit, a comedic news parody show offering \"all the news you never knew you needed\".", "Other recurring roles include Daredevil, Shameless, Last Resort, Good Behavior and Scream: Resurrection.", "In 2020, Emery joined the cast of Netflix series Dash & Lily as Lily's father." ]

[ "He is an English actor and singer.", "He is best known for his role as Deucalion in Teen Wolf and for providing voice-over work in video games.", "Emery was born in Windsor, England to a competitive horse rider and a management consultant.", "Matthew and Paul are his half brothers.", "Three of his nieces are Rebecca Emery and Kate Emery.", "The family moved to South Africa at the age of 4.", "Emery mimicked characters from film and television.", "Michael Jackson and Max were impersonated by Hart.", "During high school, he went to Reading Blue Coat School.", "He played Dick Deadeye in the Gilbert & Sullivan musical H.M.S. at St John's College in South Africa.", "In the comedy sketch \"L'Engagement\", Pinafore played the role of Mr. Glum.", "He studied acting at the University of the Witwatersrand after briefly considering a career in graphic art.", "There were student roles in Steven Berkoff's adaption of The Metamorphosis.", "Emery married Autumn Withers at Santa Barbara, California.", "Emery lives in Los Angeles with his wife and dog.", "Emery and his wife revealed that they were expecting a child together.", "Mia Monroe Emery was born on April 7, 2018?", "Career In his third year of drama school, his friend was going to try out for a Christmas pantomime.", "Emery was cast after being persuaded to go along.", "During a set change, he impressed with his stand-up routine.", "He was introduced to his agent by fellow cast member Bill Flynn.", "He began his voice career around this time.", "He won a gold craft award at the 2003 loerie advertising awards for his work in Sleeping Around and Tom.", "Sylvia was written by Gurney.", "He was a regular on the sketch comedy show Not Quite Friday Night.", "He played the role of Maloom in the play Heel Against the Head with Bill Flynn and Paul Slabolepszy.", "Thin Man Talking and The Great Glendini were Emery's one-man plays.", "He recorded a jazz standards album.", "He reprised his role as Bernard in the award-winning production of Death of a Salesman with Bill Flynn.", "Emery was able to play various roles in British and American film and television productions thanks to his keen ear for accents.", "He wanted to focus on the screen.", "With most major projects casting their lead roles overseas, he decided it was time to explore more diverse opportunities.", "He moved to Los Angeles in 2003 and has played memorable characters on screen and in video games.", "He is an in-demand motion capture performer and can be seen and heard in the games Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare, Battlefield 3 and Halo Wars 2, all of which use his likeness.", "Deucalion, the main antagonist of Teen Wolf's third season, was played by Emery.", "Emery reprised the role of Deucalion in season five, to prove that he is capable of being true and noble.", "He would return for the last season of the show.", "He won multiple awards for his portrayal of Richard Pine in Bill Hanson's adaptation of Stephen King's novel.", "Emery is the creator, director and star of E&N with Ed Neusbit, a comedy news parody show that offers \"all the news you never knew you needed\".", "Daredevil, Shameless, Last Resort, Good Behavior and Scream: Resurrection are some of the recurring roles.", "Emery was a part of the cast of Dash & Lilly." ]

[ "Gideon Emery", "Emery", "Gideon", "Chloe Emery", "Rebecca Emery", "Kate Emery", "Emery", "Emery", "Emery", "Emery", "Emery", "Emery", "Emery", "Emery", "Emery", "Emery", "Emery", "Emery" ]

[ "Emery", "Rebecca Emery", "Kate Emery", "Emery", "Emery", "Emery", "Emery", "Emery", "Emery", "Emery", "Emery", "Emery", "Emery", "Emery", "Emery" ]

[ "Victoria Vokes (25 August 1850 – 1 November 1894) was a British music hall, pantomime and burlesque actress and dancer of the 19th-century and a member of the Vokes Family of entertainers.", "For more than ten years they were the central attraction at the annual pantomime at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane from 1868 to 1879 when their popularity began to wane.", "Early life and career \nVictoria Rosaline Sarah Vokes was born in Clapham in London in 1850 and was a member of the well-known Vokes Family made up of three sisters, a brother and \"foster brother\" (actually actor Walter Fawdon (1844-1904) who changed his name to Fawdon Vokes and who outlived the rest of his \"family\") popular in the pantomime theatres of 1870s London and in the United States.", "Their father, Frederick Strafford Thwaites Vokes (1816-1890), was a theatrical costumier and wigmaker who owned a shop at 19 Henrietta Street, Covent Garden.", "Their mother Sarah Jane Biddulph née Godden (1818-1897) was the daughter of Welsh-born strolling player Will Wood and his actress wife.", "Victoria Vokes was the second of the three sisters and was trained for the stage from a young age, making her first appearance on the stage aged just 2.", "In the 1861 aged 11 Census her profession was listed as \"Actress\".", "The Vokes Family\n\nFirst as the \"Vokes Children\" and later the \"Vokes Family\" they began to perform at music halls and at pantomimes, and by their agility and humour made the name well known to English and American theatre-goers.", "They made their début on Christmas night in 1861 at Howard's Operetta House in Edinburgh and made their London début at the Alhambra Theatre in 1862 when they were billed as 'The Five Little Vokes'.", "They appeared at the Lyceum Theatre in London on 26 December 26 1868 in the pantomime Humpty Dumpty written by Edward Litt Laman Blanchard, and they traveled through a great part of the civilized world.", "Early in their career, at the Lyceum Theatre in London, they danced in W. S. Gilbert's pantomime Harlequin Cock Robin and Jenny Wren.", "Their first appearance in pantomime at Drury Lane was in Humpty Dumpty in 1868 followed by Beauty and the Beast, or Harlequin and Old Mother Bunch in 1869.", "They first appeared in the popular The Belles of the Kitchen on 27 February 1869 at the Standard Theatre in London.", "They made their Paris debut in August 1870 at the Théâtre du Châtelet where they were an immediate success, but with the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War it became unsafe to remain and they left the city with just a few hours notice.", "Back in London she appeared with the rest of the Vokes Family in Tom Thumb the Great; or, Harlequin King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table in their début performance at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane in Christmas 1871.", "Theatrical career\n\nWith her brother and sisters and \"foster brother\", Fred and Fawdon and Jessie and Rosina, she began her career as ”The Vokes Children,” which was afterward changed to ”The Vokes Family,” at the Operetta House in Edinburgh.", "Their success was pronounced and continuous.", "The piece that most successfully carried an audience by storm was The Belles of the Kitchen, in which the Vokes Family made its debut in the United States at the Union Square Theatre in New York on 15 April 1872 and in which Victoria Vokes played Mary.", "The family then embarked on a six month tour of the United States before returning to Britain where in October 1872 they performed Fun in a Fog.", "They returned to New York in April 1873 at Niblo's Garden and remained in America for the next year and nine months before returning to England.", "Their next season in America was at the Fifth Avenue Theatre in New York where they remained for three months.", "The Vokes Family returned to the USA (without Rosina Vokes who had married in 1877) in April 1881 when they appeared at the Globe Theatre in Boston and returned to England in June 1882 but without Fred Vokes; the family returned to the USA in Autumn 1882.", "They made their last appearance in New York at the Mount Morris Theatre in Harlem in January 1883, returning to England (again without brother Fred) in June 1883.", "Jessie Vokes’s clever recitations and dancing were appreciated, but she was not so prominent in the cast as her siblings Victoria and Fred, who were especially happy in their rendering of the tower scene from Il trovatore, or as Rosina Vokes, who was regarded by the young men as the flower of the family.", "For about ten years (with the exception of 1873, when they were touring abroad) the Vokes Family were regulars in the annual Christmas pantomime at Drury Lane, including Humpty Dumpty (1868); Beauty and the Beast!", "or, Harlequin and Old Mother Bunch (1869); The Dragon of Wantley; or, Harlequin or Old Mother Shipton (1870); Tom Thumb; or, King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table (1871), and Children in the Wood (1872).", "In 1871 she replaced Adelaide Neilson as Amy Robsart in \nKenilworth at Drury Lane.", "Of her appearance as the child William in the pantomime The Children in the Wood in 1873 Lewis Carroll praised the dancing of the Vokes family and wrote of the then 23 year-old Victoria \"I have never seen anything more graceful than Miss Victoria Vokes as the boy.\"", "She was Aladdin in Aladdin or Harlequin and the Wonderful Lamp (1874), and appeared in Dick Whittington (1875); Ai Baba and the Forty Thieves (1876); Prince Natty the Neat in The White Cat (1877), and played the title role in Cinderella (1878).", "The critics were not kind concerning the contribution of the Vokes Family to Cinderella, making such comments as: \"They were on stage far too long\", \"They are sublimely indifferent as to whether the story of Cinderella be a Sanskrit myth or a Greek fable\", \"If they want to retain their hold on the public, they should get someone to concoct for them new modes\".", "Not being the draw they had once been, the Vokes Family discovered the pantomime was in debt and refused to drop their salaries which F. B. Chatterton the manager could not meet, and the production closed owing £36,000 in February 1879 putting all involved out of work.", "The family returned to Drury Lane in 1879 in the pantomime Bluebeard in which Victoria Vokes played Selim.", "This was to be their last pantomime at Drury Lane as by now the public were wearying of the Vokes Family who had dominated the pantomime at Drury Lane for more than a decade but who had never updated their routines.", "The new manager Augustus Harris found the Vokes Family to be too demanding, while they considered him a tyrant.", "For Christmas 1880 the family were at Covent Garden in Valentine and Orson; or, Harlequin and the Magic Shield written by F. C. Burnand.", "In Little Red Riding Hood at Her Majesty's Theatre at Christmas 1883 Victoria Vokes was described as, \"the very life and soul, the central figure of the pantomime, the moving spirit of all.", "Never have we seen her so full of fun and energy.\"", "Also a serious actress, in 1890 she was in Arthur Macklin's My Lady Help at the Shaftesbury Theatre while in 1891 she played Mrs. O'Braggerty in Hubby, also at the Shaftesbury Theatre.", "The Vokes family through their mother's brother, actor William F. Wood (1799-1855), were first cousins of American actress Rose Wood Morrison, who was the maternal grandmother of Hollywood starlets Constance Bennett and Joan Bennett.", "Death\n\nVictoria Vokes died in 1894 aged 44 at Burleigh House on Loudoun Road in St John's Wood in London.", "She never married and is buried in the family plot in Brompton Cemetery in London.", "Her death, the death of her brother Fred and her sister Jessie Vokes and the marriage of her sister Rosina Vokes in 1877 resulted in the break up of the family troupe.", "See also\nVokes family\nFawdon Vokes\nFred Vokes\nJessie Vokes\nRosina Vokes\n\nReferences\n\n1850 births\n1894 deaths\nEnglish stage actresses\nEnglish female dancers\nEnglish musical theatre actresses\nActresses from London\n19th-century English actresses\nMusic hall performers\nVaudeville performers\n19th-century dancers\n19th-century British dancers\nWomen of the Victorian era\nBurials at Brompton Cemetery\nVokes family" ]

[ "A member of the Vokes Family of entertainers, Victoria Vokes was a British music hall, pantomime and burlesque actress and dancer of the 19th century.", "From 1868 to 1879 they were the main attraction at the annual pantomime at the Theatre Royal.", "Victoria Rosaline Sarah Vokes was born in London in 1850 and was a member of the well-known Vokes Family made up of three sisters, a brother and a foster brother.", "Their father was a wigmaker and costumier who owned a shop in Covent Garden.", "Sarah Jane Godden was the daughter of Will Wood and his actress wife.", "Victoria Vokes was the second of the three sisters and was trained for the stage from a young age.", "Her profession was listed as \"Actress\" in the aged 11 Census.", "The Vokes Family began to perform at music halls and pantomimes as the Vokes Children and later as the Vokes Family, and their agility and humor made them well known to English and American theatre-goers.", "The Five Little Vokes made their debut at the Operetta House in Edinburgh on Christmas night in 1861.", "They traveled through a large part of the civilized world after appearing in the pantomime Humpty Dumpty at the Lyceum Theatre in London in 1868.", "They danced in W. S. Gilbert's pantomime at the Lyceum Theatre in London.", "Their first appearance in a pantomime was Humpty Dumpty in 1868.", "The Belles of the Kitchen first appeared at the Standard Theatre in London on February 27, 1869.", "They made their Paris debut in August 1870 at the Thétre du Chtelet where they were an immediate success, but with the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War it became unsafe to remain and they left the city with just a few hours notice.", "She appeared with the rest of the Vokes Family in Tom Thumb the Great or the Knights of the Round Table in their first performance at the Theatre Royal in Christmas 1871.", "She began her career as \"The Vokes Children\" at the Operetta House in Edinburgh with her brother and sisters.", "Their success was obvious.", "The Vokes Family made their debut in the United States at the Union Square Theatre in New York on 15 April 1872 and in which Victoria Vokes played Mary, the piece that most successfully carried an audience by storm.", "Fun in a Fog was performed in Britain in October 1872 after a six month tour of the United States.", "They stayed in America for a year and nine months after returning to New York.", "The Fifth Avenue Theatre in New York was where they stayed for three months.", "The Vokes Family returned to the USA without Fred Vokes after they appeared at the Globe Theatre in Boston and returned to England without him.", "Their last appearance in New York was at the Mount Morris Theatre in Harlem in January of 1884, without brother Fred.", "Victoria and Fred Vokes were happy with their rendering of the tower scene from Il trovatore, but they were not as prominent in the cast as their sister, who was appreciated for her clever recitations and dancing.", "For about ten years, the Vokes Family were regulars in the annual Christmas pantomime at Drury Lane, including Humpty Dumpty.", "The Dragon of Wantley, The Old Mother Bunch, Tom Thumb, and King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table are examples.", "Amy Robsart was named after her in 1871.", "\"I have never seen anything more graceful than Miss Victoria Vokes as the boy in The Children in the Wood,\" wrote Lewis Carroll, who praised the dancing of the Vokes family.", "She played the title role in Cinderella and appeared in Aladdin, Dick Whittington, Ai Baba and the Forty Thieves, and The White Cat.", "The Vokes Family's contribution to Cinderella was not appreciated by the critics, who said they were indifferent as to whether the story of Cinderella was a Sanskrit myth or a Greek fable.", "The Vokes Family discovered the pantomime was in debt and refused to give up their salaries, which resulted in the production closing in 1879 and putting all involved out of work.", "Victoria Vokes played Selim in the pantomime Bluebeard, which the family returned to in 1879.", "The public were tired of the Vokes Family who had dominated the pantomime at Drury Lane for more than a decade but who had never updated their routines.", "Augustus Harris found the Vokes Family to be too demanding, while they considered him a tyrant.", "The family went to either Covent Garden in Valentine or the Magic Shield written by F. C. Burnand.", "Victoria Vokes was described as the \"very life and soul, the central figure of the pantomime, the moving spirit of all\" in Little Red Riding Hood.", "She is full of fun and energy.", "She was in both Arthur Macklin's My Lady Help and Mrs. O'Braggerty at the Shaftesbury Theatre.", "William F. Wood was the brother of the Vokes family's first cousin, actress Rose Wood Morrison.", "Victoria Vokes died in 1894 at the age of 44.", "She is buried in a family plot in London.", "The break up of the family troupe was caused by her death, the deaths of her brother and sister, and the marriage of her sister.", "Vokes family includes Fred Vokes,Jessie Vokes, andRosina Vokes." ]

[ "Victoria Vokes", "Victoria Rosaline Sarah Vokesoke", "Fawdon Vokes", "Frederick Strafford Thwaites Vokes", "Victoria Vokes", "Victoria Vokes", "Vokes", "Vokes", "Fred Vokes", "Jessie Vokes", "Victoria", "Vokes", "Victoria", "Victoria Voke", "Victoria Voke", "Victoria Vokes", "Victoria Vokes", "Jessie Vokes", "Vokes" ]

[ "Vokes", "Victoria Vokes", "Victoria Rosaline Sarah Vokes", "Vokes", "Victoria Vokes", "Victoria Vokes", "Vokes", "Fred Vokes", "Victoria", "Fred Vokes", "Vokes", "Victoria Voke", "Victoria Vokes", "Victoria Vokes", "Vokes", "Victoria Vokes", "Fred Vokes", "Jessie VokesRosina", "Vokes" ]

[ "Paul Victor Niemeyer (born April 5, 1941) is a United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit and a former United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Maryland.", "Education and career \nNiemeyer was born in Princeton, New Jersey.", "He attended Kenyon College (Artium Baccalaureus, 1962), where he played on the school's baseball team.", "He then studied at the University of Munich, before pursuing his legal education at Notre Dame Law School (Juris Doctor, 1966).", "He was admitted to the Maryland bar and practiced commercial law at Piper & Marbury (now DLA Piper) in Baltimore, Maryland, from 1966 to 1988.", "In 1984, Niemeyer co-authored the Maryland Rules Commentary, a treatise on the rules of procedure in the Maryland state courts.", "From 1973–88, he was a member of the Maryland Court of Appeals Standing Committee on Rules of Practice and Procedure.", "In 2006, Niemeyer published A Path Remembered: The Lives of Gerhart & Lucie Niemeyer.", "Niemeyer's father, Gerhart Niemeyer (1907–1997), was a political philosopher and professor of government at the University of Notre Dame.", "Niemeyer is married and has three sons.", "Niemeyer's father was a conservative political philosopher and friend of William F. Buckley, Jr.", "Upon Hitler's rise, in 1933, Niemeyer's father left Germany for Spain and then the US.", "Niemeyer, like his father, studied at the University of Munich.", "The New York Times obituary of June 29, 1997, states that Niemeyer's father: \"wrote that fascism, communism and other such modern mass movements were the legacy of disoriented philosophers.", "He said their ideas corroded the cultural mettle of a society and spawned ideologies with a limited view of humanity.\"", "Federal judicial service\n\nDistrict court service \nNiemeyer was nominated by President Ronald Reagan on September 11, 1987, to the United States District Court for the District of Maryland, to fill the seat vacated by Judge Frank Albert Kaufman.", "He was confirmed by the United States Senate on February 19, 1988, and received his commission on February 22, 1988.", "Niemeyer served on the district court until he commenced service on the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit on August 10, 1990.", "Court of appeals service \nOn May 11, 1990, President George H. W. Bush nominated Niemeyer to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit to fill the seat vacated by Judge Harrison Lee Winter.", "Niemeyer was confirmed by unanimous consent of the United States Senate on August 3, 1990, and received his commission on August 7, 1990.", "In 1993, Niemeyer became a member of the Advisory Committee on Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.", "He served as chair of the committee from 1996 through 2000.", "Niemeyer is a member of the American Law Institute and has taught Appellate Practice at Duke Law School.", "His chambers are located in Baltimore.", "Notable cases\nOn July 28, 2014, Niemeyer dissented from a 4th Circuit ruling that struck down Virginia's ban on same-sex marriage as unconstitutional.", "In his dissent, he argued that under a rational basis test Virginia's ban should be deemed constitutional.", "On April 19, 2016, Niemeyer dissented in part from a 4th Circuit ruling (G.G.", "v. Gloucester County School Board) in an appeal from the US District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia at Newport News where the majority of the 4th Circuit panel reversed the district court's dismissal of a transgender boy's claims under Title IX.", "Niemeyer's dissent states: \"This unprecedented holding overrules custom, culture, and the very demands inherent in human nature for privacy and safety ... More particularly, it also misconstrues the clear language of Title IX and its regulations\"; and \"And finally, it reaches an unworkable and illogical result\".", "The Majority rejected Niemeyer's assertions, concluding that \"the record is devoid of any evidence tending to show that [the plaintiff's] use of the boys' restroom creates a safety issue.\"", "Further, the Majority rejected Niemeyer's \"suggestion that .", ". . the enforcement of separate restroom facilities [would be] impossible because it 'would require schools to assume gender identity based on appearances, social expectations, or explicit declarations of identity.'", "Accepting [such a] position would equally require the school to assume 'biological sex' based on 'appearances, social expectations, or explicit declarations of [biological sex].'", "Certainly, no one is suggesting mandatory verification of the 'correct' genitalia before admittance to a restroom.", "The Department [of Justices]’s vision of sex-segregated restrooms which takes account of gender identity presents no greater 'impossibility of enforcement' problem than does the [dissent's] 'biological gender' vision of sex-segregated restrooms.\"", "On May 25, 2017, Niemeyer wrote a dissent when the en banc circuit upheld a lower court's injunction against the President's travel ban by a vote of 10–3 in International Refugee Assistance Project v. Trump.", "The decision would later be overruled by the Supreme Court in Trump v. Hawaii (2018).", "In March 2018, Niemeyer wrote a dissent when the circuit denied en banc rehearing to a divided panel's conclusion that the Bladensburg Peace Cross memorial from World War I now violated the Constitution's Establishment Clause.", "The Fourth Circuit's judgment was then reversed by the U.S. Supreme Court in American Legion v. American Humanist Association (2019).", "In August 2020, Niemeyer dissented from the 2-1 majority in G. G. v. Gloucester County School Board.", "In a 2-1 decision, the court ruled for Gavin Grimm, a transgender man who had sued the Gloucester County School Board in Virginia who had prohibited him from using the boys' bathroom.", "Niemeyer wrote in dissent “I readily accept the facts of Grimm’s sex status and gender identity and his felt need to be treated with dignity.", "Affording all persons the respect owed to them by virtue of their humanity is a core value underlying our civil society.", "At the same time, our role as a court is limited.", "We are commissioned to apply the law and must leave it to Congress to determine policy.", "In this instance, the School Board offered its students male and female restrooms, legitimately separating them on the basis of sex.", "It also provided safe and private unisex restrooms that Grimm, along with all other students, could use.", "These offerings fully complied with both Title IX and the Equal Protection Clause.”\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nFJC Bio\n Maryland State Archives\n \n\n1941 births\n20th-century American judges\nDuke University School of Law faculty\nJudges of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit\nJudges of the United States District Court for the District of Maryland\nKenyon College alumni\nLiving people\nNotre Dame Law School alumni\nPeople from Princeton, New Jersey\nUnited States court of appeals judges appointed by George H. W. Bush\nUnited States district court judges appointed by Ronald Reagan" ]

[ "The United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit is a former United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Maryland.", "He was born in New Jersey.", "He played on the baseball team at Kenyon College.", "He graduated from Notre Dame Law School in 1966 with a Juris Doctor degree.", "He practiced commercial law in Baltimore, Maryland, from 1966 to 1988 after being admitted to the Maryland bar.", "The rules of procedure in the Maryland state courts were covered in the Maryland Rules Commentary.", "He was a member of the Maryland Court of Appeals Standing Committee on Rules of Practice and Procedure.", "A Path Remembered was published in 2006 by Niemeyer.", "Gerhart Niemeyer was a political philosopher and professor at the University of Notre Dame.", "He has three sons.", "William F. Buckley, Jr. was a friend of Niemeyer's father.", "After Hitler's rise, his father left Germany for Spain and then the US.", "Like his father, Niemeyer studied at the University of Munich.", "According to the New York Times obituary of June 29, 1997, Niemeyer's father wrote that fascist, communism and other modern mass movements were the legacy of disoriented philosophers.", "He said that their ideas created ideologies with a limited view of humanity.", "The United States District Court for the District of Maryland was vacant due to the death of Judge Frank Albert Kaufman.", "The United States Senate confirmed him on February 19, 1988, and he received his commission on February 22, 1988.", "On August 10, 1990 he began service on the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit.", "The United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit had a seat open due to the death of Judge Harrison Lee Winter.", "The United States Senate unanimously confirmed Niemeyer on August 3, 1990 and he received his commission on August 7, 1990.", "The Advisory Committee on Federal Rules of Civil Procedure was formed in 1993.", "He chaired the committee from 1996 to 2000.", "At Duke Law School, Niemeyer taught Appellate Practice and is a member of the American Law Institute.", "His chambers are in Baltimore.", "The 4th Circuit ruled that Virginia's ban on same-sex marriage was unconstitutional.", "He argued that Virginia's ban should be considered constitutional under a rational basis test.", "On April 19, 2016 Niemeyer dissented from a 4th Circuit ruling.", "In an appeal from the US District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia at Newport News, the majority of the 4th Circuit panel reversed the district court's dismissal of the boy's Title IX claims.", "This unprecedented holding overrules custom, culture, and the very demands inherent in human nature for privacy and safety, as well as misconstrues the clear language of Title IX and its regulations.", "The Majority found no evidence that the use of the boys' restroom creates a safety issue.", "The Majority didn't accept Niemeyer's suggestion that.", "The enforcement of separate restroom facilities would be impossible because it would require schools to assume gender identity based on appearances, social expectations, or explicit declarations of identity.", "Accepting such a position would require the school to assume 'biological sex' based on appearances, social expectations, or explicit declarations of sex.", "No one is suggesting mandatory verification of the 'correct' genitalia before entering a restroom.", "The Department of Justice's vision of sex-segregated restrooms which takes account of gender identity presents no greater 'impossibility of enforcement' problem than the Dissent's vision of sex-segregated restrooms.", "The en banc circuit upheld a lower court's injunction against the President's travel ban by a vote of 10–3 in International Refugee Assistance Project v. Trump.", "The Supreme Court overruled the decision.", "The circuit denied en banc rehearing to a divided panel's conclusion that the Bladensburg Peace Cross memorial from World War I now violated the Constitution's Establishment Clause.", "The Fourth Circuit's judgement was reversed by the Supreme Court.", "In August 2020, he dissented from the majority.", "The court ruled in Grimm's favor after he sued the Gloucester County School Board in Virginia for prohibiting him from using the boys' bathroom.", "Grimm felt that he needed to be treated with dignity because of his sex status and gender identity.", "A core value of our civil society is the respect owed to all persons by virtue of their humanity.", "Our role as a court is limited.", "Congress must determine policy after we apply the law.", "The School Board separated its students into male and female restrooms on the basis of sex.", "Grimm, along with all other students, could use the safe and private restrooms.", "The offerings complied with both Title IX and the Equal Protection Clause." ]

[ "Paul Victor Niemeyer", "Niemeyer", "Niemeyer", "Niemeyer", "Niemeyer", "Niemeyer", "Niemeyer", "Niemeyer", "Niemeyer", "Niemeyer", "Niemeyer", "Niemeyer", "Niemeyer", "Niemeyer", "Niemeyer", "Niemeyer", "Niemeyer", "Niemeyer", "Niemeyer", "Niemeyer", "Niemeyer", "Niemeyer", "Niemeyer", "Niemeyer", "Niemeyer", "Niemeyer", "Niemeyer" ]

[ "Niemeyer", "Niemeyer", "Niemeyer", "Niemeyer", "Niemeyer", "Niemeyer", "Niemeyer", "Niemeyer" ]

[ "William George Walsh was a New Zealand rugby league player.", "He first played for New Zealand in 1919 on the tour of Australia and became Kiwi number 122.", "He ended with 8 matches for New Zealand in total playing one test against Australia.", "He played his entire club career with the Ponsonby United club in the Auckland Rugby League.", "Playing career\n\nPonsonby United\nIn 1914 Bill Walsh was tipped to make the Ponsonby senior team after previously having played in their second grade team, and to go on to representative honours.", "He was described as a “fast and tricky player”.", "Indeed, he was to debut for their senior side this year playing alongside Kiwi legend Thomas McClymont.", "He would go on to play for Ponsonby for 11 seasons from 1914 to 1924 which was an extraordinary period of time in that era, particularly for one club.", "He was part of their team which won 3 titles in 1917, 18 and 19.", "They were the first club to do this.", "He also won the Roope Rooster with Ponsonby in 1917, 1922, and 1923.", "In his 11 years with the Ponsonby senior team Walsh scored 17 tries and kicked 3 goals.", "Auckland debut\nWalsh made his representative debut for Auckland in 1915 against Thames.", "Auckland won the match 27 to 16 at Victoria Park in front of 4,000 spectators.", "He was unfortunate, in terms of his representative career, in that his early playing years occurred during the war.", "Auckland Rugby League had made the decision to play little to no representative matches in this time.", "In the 4 years prior to the outbreak of war Auckland played 34 representative matches while during the 4 years of the war this dropped to just 8.", "His second match for Auckland was in the return match against Thames when the team travelled to their opponents home and went down 13–25.", "They travelled by boat on board the Wakatere along with 350 supporters.", "In 1917 Walsh played in a charity match for the combined Ponsonby-North Shore team against a City-Newton combined team.", "The match was to raise money for the family of the late William Mackrell.", "Ponsonby-North Shore won the match with Walsh scoring 2 tries.", "Despite being a back Walsh was not renowned for his try scoring ability, averaging around 2 tries a season throughout his career.", "In 1918 Walsh played in a Thacker Shield match for Ponsonby against Sydenham in Christchurch.", "Ponsonby was the challenging team as Sydenham were the holders.", "Ponsonby won 11–0 to bring the trophy to Auckland where it would remain for several years until a ruling by New Zealand rugby league.", "They ruled that the trophy had originally been donated and intended to be played for by rugby league teams in the South Island.", "Walsh scored a try in the win.", "In 1918 Walsh played for Auckland in a 45-9 thrashing of Canterbury at the Auckland Domain in front of 10,000 spectators.", "New Zealand selection\nThe 1919 season was to be the most significant season for Walsh as he gained selection for the New Zealand team on their tour of Australia.", "He played in 5 of the 11 tour matches playing in the halfback position in each of them.", "His New Zealand debut was against New South Wales Firsts in an 18–23 defeat on June 17 at the Sydney Cricket Ground in front of 46,157 spectators.", "He played again in the second tour match against the same opponent with New Zealand losing 9-20.", "Walsh experienced a win in a New Zealand jersey for the first time in their 11–8 victory over Northern Division at the Newcastle Showgrounds with Walsh scoring a try.", "He scored again against the New South Wales Firsts team in a high scoring match with New Zealand going down 31-39 before 20,000 fans at the Royal Agricultural Society Showground in Sydney.", "Walsh's last tour match was to be in the 6th match of the tour.", "Walsh was paired with the prolific Karl Ifwersen in the halves and New Zealand ran the New South Wales team close before going down 19–22.", "Walsh was injured in the match and was unable to play again in the tour.", "His one and only test was against Australia when they toured later in the 1919 season.", "New Zealand suffered a 23–34 loss at the Auckland Domain in front of 24,300 spectators.", "Walsh played halfback alongside George Bradley at standoff.", "Walsh didn't pull on a representative jersey again until 1921 when he played for New Zealand against Auckland at the Auckland Domain in a 22–16 win.", "Three months later he played for Auckland against King Country at the newly opened Carlaw Park.", "Auckland trounced their opponents 58–25.", "Boating tragedy\nOn April 1, 1923 Walsh was involved in a serious boating accident on the Tairua Bar which claimed the lives of 4 people.", "He was one of seven onboard the launch, Lorraine when it capsized shortly before 9pm on the Tairua Bar.", "The boat had attended a regatta at Whitianga when it was returning.", "There was a strong wind and heavy seas at the time.", "The deceased were William Southernwood, H Chappell, T Culhane, and N Robson all of Auckland.", "When the launch capsized Walsh and T Jenkins were trying to retrieve the dinghy when Walsh got his feet tangled in fishing line.", "Three breaking waves then struck them smashing the boat into \"matchwood\".", "One of the survivors, Silston Cory-Wright had managed to secure a benzine tin to hold on to in the water.", "Walsh was described as being \"nearly done for\" but was saved by Cory-Wright who had also cleared Walsh's feet of fishing line from which he had become entangled and reached him with the benzine tin.", "Cory-Wright then managed to put a life belt over Walsh's shoulders and kept him afloat until they could be pulled onboard.", "Both men were described as being \"in a pretty bad way\".", "Prime Minister William Massey telegraphed to Tairua his sincere sympathy from himself and his wife for the bereaved relatives.", "Walsh recovered sufficiently and was able to assume the position of club captain which he had been elected to for the 1923 season.", "Retirement\nIn 1928 Walsh turned out for a charity “Old Timers’ Match” as curtain raiser to the Newton Rangers v Ponsonby United Roope Rooster semi-final replay.", "References\n\nNew Zealand rugby league players\nNew Zealand national rugby league team players\nAuckland rugby league team players\nPonsonby Ponies players\n1891 births\n1981 deaths" ]

[ "William George Walsh played rugby league in New Zealand.", "On the tour of Australia in 1919, he became New Zealand's number 122.", "He played one test for New Zealand against Australia.", "He played for the Ponsonby United club in the Rugby League.", "After playing for Ponsonby United in their second grade team, Bill Walsh was tipped to make the senior team and go on to represent New Zealand.", "He was described as a fast and tricky player.", "He was going to play for the senior side this year.", "He played for Ponsonby for 11 seasons from 1914 to 1924, which was an extraordinary period of time for one club.", "They won 3 titles in 1917, 18 and 19.", "The first club to do this was them.", "In 1917, 1922, and 1923, he won the rooster with Ponsonby.", "Walsh kicked 3 goals and scored 17 tries in 11 years with the Ponsonby senior team.", "Walsh made his representative debut in 1915.", "The crowd of 4,000 watched the match at Victoria Park.", "He was unfortunate in that his early playing years occurred during the war.", "The decision was made to play little to no representative matches.", "During the 4 years prior to the outbreak of war, the number of representative matches played by the city dropped from 34 to 8.", "The team traveled to their opponent's home and went down 13–25 in the second match.", "They traveled by boat with 350 supporters.", "The Ponsonby-North Shore team played against the City-Newton team in a charity match in 1917.", "The match was to raise money for the Mackrell family.", "Walsh scored 2 tries as Ponsonby-North Shore won the match.", "Walsh was not known for his try scoring ability despite being a back.", "Walsh played in a Thacker Shield match in 1918.", "The team that was challenging was Ponsonby, they were 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780", "The trophy will stay in New Zealand until a ruling is made by New Zealand rugby league.", "The trophy was intended to be used by rugby league teams in the South Island.", "Walsh scored a try.", "In front of 10,000 spectators, Walsh played for Auckland in a 45-9 victory over Canterbury in 1918.", "Walsh gained selection for the New Zealand team on their tour of Australia in 1919, which was the most significant season for him.", "He played in the halfback position in 5 of the 11 tour matches.", "In front of 46,157 spectators, he made his New Zealand debut in a loss to New South Wales Firsts.", "In the second tour match, New Zealand lost 9-20.", "Walsh scored a try for the first time in a New Zealand jersey in their 11–8 victory over the Northern Division at theNewcastle Showgrounds.", "He scored again against the New South Wales Firsts team in a high scoring match with New Zealand going down 31-39 before 20,000 fans at the Royal Agricultural Society Showground in Sydney.", "Walsh was going to play in the 6th match of the tour.", "New Zealand ran the New South Wales team close before going down 19–22.", "Walsh was unable to play in the tour because of an injury.", "His only test was against Australia in 1919.", "In front of 24,300 spectators, New Zealand suffered a 23–34 loss.", "George Bradley was halfback at the standoff.", "Walsh didn't wear a representative jersey again until 1921, when he played for New Zealand against Auckland in a 22–16 win.", "He played against King Country at the newly opened Carlaw Park three months later.", "They defeated their opponents by a score of 58–25.", "Four people were killed in a boating accident on the Tairua Bar on April 1, 1923.", "He was on the launch when it capsized on the Tairua Bar.", "The boat was at a regatta when it came back.", "At the time, there was a strong wind and heavy seas.", "The people who died were William Southernwood, H Chappell, T Culhane, and N Robson.", "Walsh got his feet caught in the fishing line as he tried to retrieve the dinghy after the launch capsized.", "The boat was smashed into \"matchwood\" by three waves.", "Silston had secured a benzine tin to hold on to in the water.", "Walsh was described as being \"nearly done for\" but was saved by a man who had cleared Walsh's feet of fishing line and reached him with a benzine tin.", "Walsh was kept afloat until they could be pulled onboard with a life belt over his shoulders.", "The men were described as being in a bad way.", "The Prime Minister sent a telegram of sympathy to Tairua from himself and his wife.", "Walsh assumed the position of club captain after recovering sufficiently from his injury.", "Walsh turned out for a charity match as a curtain raiser to theNewton Rangers v Ponsonby UnitedRoope Rooster semi-final replay.", "There are references to New Zealand rugby league players." ]

[ "William George Walsh", "Bill Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh" ]

[ "William George Walsh", "Bill Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh" ]

[ "Randal E. Bryant (born October 27, 1952) is an American computer scientist and academic noted for his research on formally verifying digital hardware and software.", "Bryant has been a faculty member at Carnegie Mellon University since 1984.", "He served as the Dean of the School of Computer Science (SCS) at Carnegie Mellon from 2004 to 2014.", "Dr. Bryant retired and became a Founders University Professor Emeritus on June 30th, 2020.", "Over the years, Dr. Bryant has received many recognitions for his research on hardware and software verification as well as algorithms and computer architecture.", "His 1986 paper on symbolic Boolean manipulation using Ordered Binary Decision Diagrams (BDDs) has the highest citation count of any publication in the Citeseer database of computer science literature.", "In 2009 Bryant was awarded the Phil Kaufman Award by the EDA Consortium \"for his seminal technological breakthroughs in the area of formal verification.\"", "Early life and education \nBryant was born on October 27, 1952 and is the son of John H. Bryant and Barbara Everitt Bryant, and the grandson of William Littell Everitt, former dean of the electrical engineering department at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign (1949–68).", "His sister is Lois Bryant, a well-known textile artist (https://loisbryantstudio.com/home.html).", "Bryant was raised in Birmingham, Michigan.", "Starting in 1970, he attended the University of Michigan, where he received his B.S.", "in Applied Mathematics from in 1973.", "His master thesis on Simulation of Packet Communication Architecture Computer Systems , published in 1977, is known to be one of the first publications on distributed simulation.", "He received his PhD from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1981.", "Career \n From 1981 to 1984, Bryant was Assistant Professor of Computer Science at California Institute of Technology.", "His research areas included VLSI circuit models, logic simulation, and circuit testing.", "He also taught courses in computer architecture, digital systems theory, and computer algorithms.", "In 1984, Bryant joined the faculty at Carnegie Mellon as an Assistant Professor of Computer Science.", "He continued his research on VLSI simulation, VLSI circuit verification, symbolic manipulation, and parallel computation.", "He was a Visiting Research Fellow, Fujitsu Laboratories, Ltd., Kawasaki, Japan from 1990–1991.", "In 1992, he became the University Professor at Carnegie Mellon.", "Professor Bryant taught Computer Architecture from 1992 to 1997.", "He served as Dean of the School of Computer Science at Carnegie Mellon University from 2004 to 2014.", "During his tenure, the combined enrollment at SCS increased more than 50 percent.", "In 2003, Bryant was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering for contributions to symbolic simulation and logic verification.", "He was on the Engineering and Computer Science jury for the Infosys Prize from 2011 to 2013\n In 2014–2015, he was the Assistant Director for Information Technology Research and Development at the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, where he did work on robotics, machine learning, high-performance computing, semiconductor technology, and cloud computing and provided analysis and advice on Big Data.", "Dr. Bryant is currently a Professor at the School of Computer Science.", "His most recent research fields include formal hardware and software verification, system testing, and computer science education.", "He teaches the course 15-213: Introduction to Computer Systems with Professor David R. O'Hallaron.", "Their book Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective, which introduces students to the hardware, operating system, compiler, and computer networks, is used by over 300 universities worldwide.", "Research and publications \n Over the past years, Bryant has done many research on formal hardware and software verification as well as computer systems.", "His most well-known publication in 1986 was \"Graph-Based Algorithms for Boolean Function Manipulation\" , in which binary decision diagram (BDDs) was presented as a novel data structure for representing Boolean functions and manipulation algorithms.", "BDDs has been used extensively in fields such as digital circuit testing and synthesis and artificial intelligence planning.", "According to the famous Computer Scientist Donald Knuth, BDDs was deemed as \"one of the only really fundamental data structures that came out in the last twenty-five years\".", "Following his research, he published another paper on a tutorial and update on BDDs in 1992.", "His paper on BDDs was awarded for having the highest citation count in the Citeseer database of any computer science literature.", "His work in verifying digital circuits-seminal work has received numerous awards from IEEE and other professional societies (see below).", "His paper on Formal verification by symbolic evaluation of partially-ordered trajectories was published in 1995.", "The method of symbolic trajectory evaluation described in his paper has been widely adopted to the industry, notably used by Intel.", "Starting in 2004, Bryant has been promoting new research initiatives in data-intensive computing.", "Bryant and Professor David R. O'Hallaron at Carnegie Mellon University together wrote the book \"Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective,\" in which they take a novel approach on teaching computer systems.", "Rather than emphasizing on the design and implementation of the systems, the book focuses on teaching students how systems - architecture, compilers, operating systems, and computer networking - affect the behavior and performance of the program.", "This book, now in its third edition, has been translated into Korean, Chinese, Macedonian and Russian and is in use by institutions all over the world.", "Awards and honors \n Bryant is a fellow of the IEEE and the ACM.", "He is a member of the National Academy of Engineering and the American Academy of Arts and Science.", "In 1998 he received the ACM Kanellakis Theory and Practice Award (along with Edmund M. Clarke, Ken McMillan, and Allen Emerson)\n In 1989, he was awarded the IEEE W.R.G.", "Baker Prize for the best paper appearing in any IEEE publication in the preceding year (1987).", "In 2007, Bryant received the IEEE Emmanuel R. Piore Award for his research on tools to verify semiconductor's designs prior to their manufacture.", "In 2009, Bryant was awarded the EDAC/IEEE Phil Kaufman for his \"seminal technological breakthroughs in the area of formal verification\".", "In 2010, he received the A. Richard Newton Technical Award in Electronic Design Automation.", "References \n\nAmerican computer scientists\n1952 births\nLiving people\nFellows of the Association for Computing Machinery\nFellow Members of the IEEE\nMembers of the United States National Academy of Engineering\nUniversity of Michigan College of Literature, Science, and the Arts alumni\nAmerican electrical engineers" ]

[ "Bryant is an American computer scientist and academic noted for his research on formally verifying digital hardware and software.", "Bryant is a faculty member at Carnegie Mellon University.", "He was the Dean of the School of Computer Science at Carnegie Mellon.", "Dr. Bryant became a professor at the university on June 30th, 2020.", "Dr. Bryant has received many awards for his research on hardware and software verification.", "The highest citation count of any publication in computer science literature can be found in his 1986 paper on symbolic Boolean manipulation.", "Bryant received the Phil Kaufman Award for his seminal technological breakthrough in the area of formal verification.", "Bryant was born on October 27, 1952 and is the son of John H. Bryant and Barbara Everitt Bryant.", "His sister is a textile artist named Lois Bryant.", "Bryant was raised in Michigan.", "He received his B.S. at the University of Michigan.", "Applied mathematics from 1973.", "One of the first publications on distributed simulation was his master thesis on Simulation of Packet Communication Architecture Computer Systems.", "He received his PhD in 1981 from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.", "Bryant was an assistant professor at the California Institute of Technology.", "His areas of research were circuit models, logic simulation, and circuit testing.", "He taught courses in computer architecture and digital systems theory.", "Bryant joined the faculty in 1984 as an assistant professor.", "He continued to work on simulation, circuit verification, symbolic manipulation, and parallel computation.", "He was a Visiting Research Fellow from 1990 to 1991.", "He became a University Professor in 1992.", "Professor Bryant taught computer architecture.", "He was the Dean of the School of Computer Science at Carnegie Mellon University.", "The combined number of students at the school increased more than 50 percent.", "Bryant was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 2003 for his contributions to symbolic simulation and logic verification.", "He worked at the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, where he was the assistant director for information technology research and development.", "The School of Computer Science has a Professor named Dr. Bryant.", "Hardware and software verification, system testing, and computer science education are his most recent research fields.", "He teaches the course 15-213: introduction to computer systems.", "Their book Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective, which introduces students to the hardware, operating system, compiler, and computer networks, is used by over 300 universities worldwide.", "Bryant has done a lot of research on formal hardware and software verification.", "His most well-known publication in 1986 was \"Graph-Based Algorithms for Boolean Function Manipulation\", in which a novel data structure for representing Boolean functions was presented.", "Digital circuit testing, synthesis and artificial intelligence planning are some of the fields in which BDDs have been used.", "Donald Knuth said that BDDs was one of the only fundamental data structures that came out in the last 25 years.", "He published a paper on BDDs in 1992.", "His paper on BDDs had the highest citation count of any computer science literature.", "His work in verification of digital circuits has received many awards.", "His paper on Formal verification by symbolic evaluation was published in 1995.", "The industry has adopted the method of symbolic trajectory evaluation described in his paper.", "Bryant has been promoting new research in data-intensive computing.", "Bryant and O'Hallaron wrote a novel approach to teaching computer systems in their book \"Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective.\"", "The book focuses on teaching students how systems affect the behavior and performance of the program rather than emphasizing the design and implementation of the systems.", "The book is used by institutions all over the world and has been translated into Korean, Chinese, Macedonian and Russian.", "Bryant is a fellow of the two organizations.", "He is a member of both the National Academy of Engineering and the American Academy of Arts and Science.", "He received the Kanellakis Theory and Practice Award in 1998 and the W.R.G. in 1989.", "The best paper appearing in a publication in the preceding year is eligible for the Baker Prize.", "Bryant received an award for his research on tools to verify Semiconductor's designs prior to their manufacture.", "Bryant was awarded the Phil Kaufman for his \"seminal technological breakthrough in the area of formal verification\" in 2009.", "He received an award for his work in electronic design automation.", "The University of Michigan College of Literature, Science, and the Arts alumni are American electrical engineers." ]

[ "Randal E", ". Bryant", "Bryant", "Bryant", "Bryant", "Bryant", "Bryant", ". Bryant", "Bryant", "Lois Bryant", "Bryant", "Bryant", "Bryant", "Bryant", "Bryant", "Bryant", "Bryant", "Bryant", "Bryant", "Bryant", "Bryant", "Bryant" ]

[ "Bryant", "Bryant", "Bryant", "Bryant", "Bryant", "Bryant", ". Bryant", "Bryant", "Lois Bryant", "Bryant", "Bryant", "Bryant", "Bryant", "Bryant", "Bryant", "Bryant", "Bryant", "Bryant", "Bryant", "Bryant", "Bryant" ]

[ "Susan Jane Denham, SC (née Gageby; born 22 August 1945) is a retired Irish judge who served as Chief Justice of Ireland from 2011 to 2017, she was the first woman to hold the position.", "She served as a Judge of the Supreme Court from 1992 to 2017, and was the longest-serving member of the court on her retirement.", "She also served as a Judge of the High Court from 1991 to 1992.", "Early life\n\nSusan Gageby was born in Dublin in 1945 and educated at Alexandra College, Dublin.", "She is the daughter of the former editor of The Irish Times, Douglas Gageby, the sister of another barrister Patrick Gageby and maternal granddaughter of Seán Lester.", "She is from a Church of Ireland background.", "She attended Trinity College, Dublin, the King's Inns, and the Law School of Columbia University, New York City (LL.M.", "1972).", "She was involved with the Free Legal Advice Centres while studying in Dublin and was a founder and president of the Archaeology and Folklife Society at Trinity College.", "Legal career\n\nShe was called to the bar in July 1971 and became a Senior Counsel in October 1987.", "She was the fourth woman to enter the Inner Bar.", "She became a senior counsel on the same day as future Supreme Court colleague Mary Laffoy.", "She worked on the Midland circuit until 1979, following which she was based in Dublin.", "She was involved in a number of leading cases while a junior barrister and a Senior Counsel particularly in the area of judicial review.", "Judicial career\n\nHigh Court and Supreme Court \n\nShe became a High Court judge in 1991.", "In 1992, at the age of 47, she was the first woman appointed to the Supreme Court.", "She was considered for appointment to the role of President of the High Court in 1994, but declined to have her name put forward.", "She made two dissents early on in her period on the Court.", "Throughout her tenure as a judge she was seen by commentators to be a \"liberal\" judge.", "In Kelly v Hennessy in 1996, she outlined criteria for a court to consider the evidence of the existence of nervous shock in Ireland.", "In 2001, she was the sole member of the Supreme Court to dissent in TD v Minister for Education.", "The court overturned a decision of Peter Kelly in the High Court to direct the government to build secure care units for certain children.", "From 1995 to 1998, she chaired the Working Group on a Courts Commission, which was responsible for a significant reform of the organisation of the courts since the foundation of the state.", "It led to the establishment of the Courts Service.", "She was on the Interim Board of the Court Service and served on the Board of the Court Service from its inception, and chaired the board from 2001 to 2004.", "She chaired the Committee on Court Practice and Procedure which recommended in 2002 the establishment of a commercial court within the High Court.", "From 2006, she chaired the Working Group on a Court of Appeal.", "The report of the group was published by the government in August 2009.", "It recommended the establishment of a general Court of Appeal.", "This was ultimately established in 2014, after a referendum in 2013.", "Denham was part of the Irish delegation which, with the Netherlands and Belgium, established the European Network of Councils for the Judiciary (ENCJ) and she continues an involvement in this Network.", "From 1 January 2015 to 31 December 2016, she was President of the Network of the Presidents of the Supreme Judicial Courts of the European Union which is an association of Supreme Court Presidents and Chief Justices of EU Member States.", "She wrote the judgment in McD v. L (2009), upholding the parental rights of a sperm donor.", "Chief Justice of Ireland \n\nOn 4 July 2011, she was nominated by Taoiseach Enda Kenny to become Chief Justice of Ireland, she was appointed as Chief Justice by President Mary McAleese on 25 July 2011.", "She was the first woman appointed to the office and as a member of the Church of Ireland, she was the first non-Catholic to hold the position.", "She was also the first graduate of Trinity College, Dublin to have been appointed; Chief Justices have largely been graduates of University College Dublin.", "She succeeded John L. Murray.", "During her tenure as Chief Justice, the Supreme Court issued suspended declarations of unconstitutionality for the first time.", "The possibility to delay the effect of a court declaration that a piece of legislation is contrary to the Constitution was first explored by Denham in A v Governor of Arbour Hill Prison.", "The court first adopted this approach in N.V.H v Minister for Justice & Equality in May 2017.", "As Chief Justice, she oversaw changes in the operations of the Supreme Court and the courts generally.", "She oversaw the removal of the requirement for judges to wear wigs while hearing cases.", "In 2015, the Supreme Court sat outside Dublin for the first time since 1931, sitting in Cork.", "She corresponded with the Office of Public Works over the lack of heating in the Four Courts, threatening to cancel sittings if the issue was not resolved.", "She advocated for the inclusion of a new courtroom for the Supreme Court in plans to develop a new family court complex on Hammond Lane.", "In her capacity as Chief Justice, she oversaw the administration of the Presidential Declaration of Office at the inauguration of President Michael D. Higgins in Dublin Castle in November 2011.", "She retired from the position in July 2017, and was succeeded by Judge Frank Clarke.", "She was the third-longest serving Supreme Court judge ever at the time of her retirement.", "In her remarks on her retirement, she drew attention to the government's failure to institute a judicial council, having first attempted to persuade the government to establish one in 1997.", "Post-retirement \n\nIn 2019, she was made an honorary fellow of Trinity College Dublin.", "The Courts Service announced on 24 August 2020 that the Supreme Court had appointed her to review the attendance of Supreme Court judge Séamus Woulfe at a dinner organised by the Oireachtas Golf Society.", "She was appointed on a non-statutory basis as the relevant section in the Judicial Council Act 2019 on judicial conduct had not yet been commenced.", "Personal life \n\nShe is married to paediatrician Dr Brian Denham and they have four children.", "From 1996 to 2010, Denham was a Pro-Chancellor of Trinity College, Dublin.", "References\n\n1945 births\n20th-century Irish people\n21st-century Irish people\nLiving people\nColumbia Law School alumni\nChief Justices of Ireland\nAlumni of Trinity College Dublin\nHonorary Fellows of Trinity College Dublin\nIrish Anglicans\nIrish barristers\nIrish Senior Counsel\nPeople educated at Alexandra College\nMembers of the Royal Irish Academy\nIrish women judges\nHigh Court judges (Ireland)\nWomen chief justices\nAlumni of King's Inns" ]

[ "The first woman to hold the position of Chief Justice of Ireland was Susan Jane Denham, a retired Irish judge.", "She was the longest-serving member of the Supreme Court when she retired.", "She was a Judge of the High Court from 1991 to 1992.", "Susan Gageby was born in Dublin in 1945 and went to college in Dublin.", "She is the daughter of the former editor of The Irish Times, Douglas Gageby, and the sister of another barrister, Patrick Gageby.", "She is from Ireland.", "She attended Trinity College, Dublin, the King's Inns, and the Law School of Columbia University.", "1972", "She was a founder and president of the Archaeology and Folklife Society at Trinity College and was involved with the Free Legal Advice Centres.", "She was called to the bar in 1971 and became a senior counsel in 1987.", "The Inner Bar has four women enter it.", "Mary Laffoy was a future Supreme Court colleague.", "She was based in Dublin after working on the Midland circuit.", "She was a junior barrister and a senior counsel in the area of judicial review.", "She became a High Court judge in 1991.", "She was the first woman to be appointed to the Supreme Court.", "She was considered for the position of President of the High Court in 1994, but turned it down.", "She dissented early on in her time on the court.", "She was seen by commentators as a \"liberal\" judge.", "In 1996 she outlined criteria for a court to consider the evidence of nervous shock in Ireland.", "She was the sole member of the Supreme Court to dissent.", "Peter Kelly's decision to order the government to build secure care units for certain children was overturned by the court.", "The Working Group on a Courts Commission was chaired by her from 1995 to 1998.", "The Courts Service was established as a result.", "She chaired the Board of the Court Service from 2001 to 2004 after serving on the Interim Board.", "The establishment of a commercial court within the High Court was recommended by the Committee on Court Practice and Procedure.", "The Working Group on a Court of Appeal was chaired by her.", "The group's report was published by the government.", "The establishment of a general Court of Appeal was recommended.", "This was established after a referendum.", "The European Network of Councils for the Judiciary (ENCJ) was established by the Irish delegation along with the Netherlands and Belgium.", "She was President of the Network of the Presidents of the Supreme Judicial Courts of the European Union from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2016", "McD v. L upheld the parental rights of a sperm donor.", "She was appointed as Chief Justice of Ireland on July 25, 2011.", "As a member of the Church of Ireland, she was the first non-Catholic to hold the position.", "She was the first graduate of Trinity College, Dublin to become a Chief Justice.", "John L. Murray was succeeded by her.", "The Supreme Court suspended unconstitutionality for the first time during her tenure as Chief Justice.", "The possibility to delay the effect of a court declaration that a piece of legislation is contrary to the Constitution was first explored in A v Governor of Arbour Hill Prison.", "In May of last year, the court adopted this approach in N.V.H v Minister for Justice & Equality.", "She oversaw changes in the operations of the Supreme Court.", "She oversaw the removal of the requirement for judges to wear wigs.", "The Supreme Court sat outside Dublin for the first time in 81 years in 2015.", "She wrote to the Office of Public Works, threatening to cancel sittings if the issue wasn't solved.", "She advocated for a new courtroom for the Supreme Court to be included in the new family court complex.", "She oversaw the administration of the Presidential Declaration of Office in her capacity as Chief Justice.", "She retired from the position in July of last year.", "She was the third longest serving Supreme Court judge.", "She drew attention to the government's failure to establish a judicial council when she spoke on her retirement.", "She was made a fellow of Trinity College Dublin.", "On August 24, 2020 the Courts Service announced that the Supreme Court had appointed her to review the attendance of the judge at the Oireachtas Golf Society dinner.", "She was appointed on a non-statutory basis as the relevant section in the Judicial Council Act on judicial conduct had not yet begun.", "She is married to a doctor and has four children.", "Trinity College, Dublin, had a Pro-Chancellor from 1996 to 2010.", "References 1945 births 20th-century Irish people 21st-century Irish people Living people Columbia Law School alumni Chief Justices of Ireland Alumni of Trinity College Dublin" ]

[ "Susan Jane Denham", "Susan Gageby", "Denham", "Denham", "Brian Denham", "Denham" ]

[ "Susan Jane Denham", "Susan Gageby" ]

[ "Ali Shariati Mazinani (, 23 November 1933 – 18 June 1977) was an Iranian revolutionary and sociologist who focused on the sociology of religion.", "He is held as one of the most influential Iranian intellectuals of the 20th century and has been called the \"ideologue of the Iranian Revolution\", although his ideas did not end up forming the basis of the Islamic Republic.", "Biography\nAli Shariati (Ali Masharati) was born in 1933 in Mazinan, a suburb of Sabzevar, in northeastern Iran.", "His father's family were clerics.", "His father, Mohammad-Taqi, was a teacher and Islamic scholar.", "In 1947, he opened the Centre for the Propagation of Islamic Truths in Mashhad, in Khorasan Province.", "It was a social Islamic forum which became embroiled in the oil nationalisation movement of the 1950s.", "Shariati's mother was from a small land-owning family.", "His mother was from Sabzevar, a little town near Mashhad.", "In his years at the Teacher's Training College in Mashhad, Shariati came into contact with young people who were from less privileged economic classes of society, and for the first time saw the poverty and hardship that existed in Iran during that period.", "At the same time, he was exposed to many aspects of Western philosophical and political thought.", "He attempted to explain and offer solutions for the problems faced by Muslim societies through traditional Islamic principles interwoven with, and understood from, the point of view of modern sociology and philosophy.", "His articles from this period for the Mashhad daily newspaper, Khorasan, display his developing eclecticism and acquaintance with the ideas of modernist thinkers such as Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, Sir Allama Muhammad Iqbal of Pakistan, among Muslims, and Sigmund Freud and Alexis Carrel.", "In 1952, he became a high-school teacher and founded the Islamic Students' Association, which led to his arrest following a demonstration.", "In 1953, the year of Mossadeq's overthrow, he became a member of the National Front.", "He received his bachelor's degree from the University of Mashhad in 1955.", "In 1957, he was arrested again by the Iranian police, along with sixteen other members of the National Resistance Movement.", "Shariati then managed to get a scholarship for France, where he continued his graduate studies at University of Paris.", "He left Paris after earning a PhD in sociology in 1964.", "During this period in Paris, Shariati started collaborating with the Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN) in 1959.", "The following year, he began to read Frantz Fanon and translated an anthology of his work into Persian.", "Shariati introduced Fanon's thought into Iranian revolutionary émigrée circles.", "He was arrested in Paris on 17 January 1961 during a demonstration in honour of Patrice Lumumba.", "The same year he joined Ebrahim Yazdi, Mostafa Chamran and Sadegh Qotbzadeh in founding the Freedom Movement of Iran abroad.", "In 1962, he continued studying sociology and the history of religions in Paris, and followed the courses of Islamic scholar Louis Massignon, Jacques Berque and the sociologist Georges Gurvitch.", "He also came to know the philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre that same year, and published Jalal Al-e Ahmad's book Gharbzadegi (or Occidentosis) in Iran.", "Shariati then returned to Iran in 1964, where he was arrested and imprisoned for engaging in subversive political activities while in France.", "He was released after a few weeks, at which point he began teaching at the University of Mashhad.", "Shariati next went to Tehran, where he began lecturing at the Hosseiniye Ershad Institute.", "These lectures were hugely popular among his students and were spread by word of mouth throughout all economic sectors of society, including the middle and upper classes, where interest in his teachings began to grow immensely.", "His continued success again aroused the interest of the government, which arrested him, along with many of his students.", "Widespread pressure from the people, and an international outcry, eventually led to his release on 20 March 1975, after eighteen months in solitary confinement.", "Shariati was allowed to leave for England.", "He died three weeks later in a Southampton hospital under \"mysterious circumstances\", although, in Ali Rahnema's biography of Shariati, he is said to have died of a fatal heart attack.", "He is buried next to Sayyidah Zaynab, the granddaughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and the daughter of Ali, in Damascus, where Iranian pilgrims often visit.", "Views and popularity\n\nShariati sought to revive the revolutionary currents of Shiism.", "His interpretation of Shiism encouraged revolution in the world, and promised salvation after death.", "He referred to his brand of Shiism as \"red Shiism\" which he contrasted with non-revolutionary \"black Shiism\" or Safavid Shiism.", "His ideas have been compared to the Catholic Liberation Theology movement founded in South America by Peruvian Gustavo Gutierrez and Brazilian Leonardo Boff.", "Shariati was a prominent Islamist philosopher, who argued that a good society would conform to Islamic values.", "He suggested that the role of government was to guide society in the best possible manner rather than manage it in the best possible way.", "He believed that the most learned members of the Ulema (clergy) should play a leadership role in guiding society because they best understand how to administer an Islamic value system based on the teachings of the Prophets of God and the 12 Shia Twelver Imams.", "He argued that the role of the clergy was to guide society in accordance with Islamic values to advance human beings towards reaching their highest potential—not to provide/serve the hedonistic desires of individuals as in the West.", "At the same time, Shariati was very critical of some clerics and defended the Marxists.", "\"Our mosques, the revolutionary left and our preachers,\" he declared, \"work for the benefit of the deprived people and against the lavish and lush... Our clerics who teach jurisprudence and issue fatwas are right-wingers, capitalist, and conservative; simply our fiqh is at the service of capitalism.\"", "Shariati's works were highly influenced by the Third Worldism that he encountered as a student in Paris—ideas that class war and revolution would bring about a just and classless society—from one side, and the epistemic decolonisation thinking of his time from the other side.", "He is said to have adopted the idea of Gharbzadegi from Jalal Al-e Ahmad and given it \"its most vibrant and influential second life\".", "He sought to translate these ideas into cultural symbols of Shiism that Iranians could relate to.", "Shariati believed Shia should not merely await the return of the 12th Imam, but should actively work to hasten his return by fighting for social justice, \"even to the point of embracing martyrdom,\" saying \"every day is Ashoura, every place is the Karbala\".", "When he was writing the three letters to Fanon, unlike him, Shariati believed that it is not true that one must put away religion to fight imperialism.", "He felt that people could fight imperialism solely by recovering their cultural identity.", "In some countries, such an identity was intertwined with fundamental religious beliefs.", "Shariati refers to the maxim of returning to ourselves.", "Social theorist Asef Bayat has recorded his observations as a witness and participant in the Iranian revolution of 1979.", "He asserts that Shariati emerged at the time of the revolution as \"an unparalleled revolutionary intellectual\" with his portraits widely present during the marches and protests and his nickname as \"mo'allem-e enqilab\" (revolutionary mentor) chanted by millions and whose literature and tapes had already been widely available before the revolution.", "\"My father,\" recalls Bayat, \"barely literate, had his own copies\" of Shariati's works.", "Shariati and socialism\nIt seems that his eagerness to explore socialism began with the translation of the book Abu Zarr: The God-Worshipping Socialist by the Egyptian thinker Abdul Hamid Jowdat-al-Sahar (:ar:عبد الحميد جودة السحار).", "According to this book, Abu Dhar was the very first socialist.", "Then, Shariarti's father declared that his son believed that the principles of Abu Dhar are fundamental.", "Even some thinkers described Shariati as the modern-day Abu Dhar in Iran.", "Of all his thoughts, there is his insistence on the necessity of revolutionary action.", "Shariati believed that Marxism could not provide the Third World with the ideological means for its own liberation.", "One of his premises was that Islam by nature is a revolutionary ideology.", "Therefore, Islam could relate to the modern world as an ideology.", "According to Shariati, the historical and original origin of human problems was the emergence of private ownership.", "He believed that in the modern era, the appearance of the machine was the second most fundamental change in the human condition.", "In fact, private ownership and the emergence of the machine, if considered one of two curves of history, belong to the second period of history.", "The first period is collective ownership.", "However, Shariati gave a critique of the historical development of religion and the modern philosophical and ideological movements and their relationship to both private ownership and the emergence of the machine.", "Epistemology\n\nShariati developed the idea of the social, cultural and historical contingencies of religious knowledge in sociology.", "He believed in the earthly religion and in the social context in which the meaning of society is construed.", "He also emphasized that he understood religion historically because he was a sociologist.", "He said he was concerned with the historical and social Tawhid, not with the truth of the Quran or of Muhammad or Ali.", "Philosophy of history\nCompletely contrary to Hegel and his philosophy of history, Shariati believed that it is not true that the civilized human is less conscious than modern people but rather there is a difference between them.", "The civilized man could talk on himself more than the universe and the new people are so concerned with reality and the universe that there is no place for himself and mysticism and religion.", "Of course he knows the movement of soul in Hegel's philosophy and history in one sense as right.", "Political philosophy\nIn the first place, Shariati criticised western liberal democracy.", "He pointed out that there is a direct relationship between democracy, liberalism and the plundering of nations.", "He believed that liberal democracy is the enemy of humankind.", "He also referred to the fact that the ruling economic system of liberal democracy is unjust and contrary to the rights of people.", "He maintained that in such a society, someone who is weak is already subjected to defeat and annihilation.", "There are basic foundations in Shariati's thoughts and his criticism of liberal democracy.", "The first foundation is related to the contrast between the religious worldview and the non-religious one.", "He explained history, society and humanity according to a monistic worldview.", "He explained liberalism as something with inequality and discrimination.", "Freedom and equality based on spirituality were the very basis of pre-modern societies which were devastated in one period of history.", "Shariati believed that the government of Imam Ali could be considered the best form of democracy.", "On this occasion, he tried to interpret the behaviour of Imam Ali in contrast with his enemy.", "He called this democracy Commitment democracy.", "It appears that Shariati did not accept the western definition of democracy although he had no problem with democracy.", "According to him, a religious government is a democratic right of Muslim citizens.", "He believed that one of the basic problems of western democracy is demagogy.", "Nowadays the votes of voters are directed to special channels with the help of advertising instruments.", "In such a condition only one who is critically conscious can dispose of distractions and surface-level arguments, and vote effectively for themselves and their communities.", "He maintains that the western democracy based on gold, cruelty and tricking (Zar, Zour va Tazvir) is an anti-revolutionary regime that is different from ideological Guidance.", "Commitment democracy\n\nFor explaining better the commitment to democracy, he at first divides between two concepts.", "One of them is Syasat and the other is politic.", "Syasat is a philosophy by the government that want to have the responsibility of changing and becoming the society, not its being and existence.", "In fact, Syasat is a progressive and dynamic thing.", "The aim of the government in the philosophy of Syasat is to change social foundations, institutions and even all the norms of society namely culture, morality and desires etc.", "in simple word, Syasat want to make exist the people.", "On contrary, there is no making in politics.", "In other words, politics is the following of having people not making them.", "Of course, Shariati prefers Syasat on politics because the former is more progressive.", "He considers making human (Ensan Sazi).", "In fact, his utopia is constructed with three concepts of Gnosis, equality and freedom.", "Commitment democracy appeared out of his lecture in Hoseyniyeh Ershad; a famous lecture with the name of Ummah and Imamate.", "According to him, Imam is one who wants to guide humans not only in political, social and economic dimensions but also in all existential dimensions.", "He believes that Imam is alive everywhere and every time.", "On one hand, Imamate is not a metaphysical belief but a revolutionary guide philosophy.", "He added that Imam has to guide people not according to his desire like a dictator but to Islamic ideology and authentic values.", "Sociology\nSome scholars classify him among the current religious neo-thinkers.", "According to this standpoint, Shariati accepted the rationality of the West.", "Shariati called the theoretical foundation of the West as civilization and called its appearances as Tajadod [Renewal].", "He emphasized accepting civilization and criticized tajadod.", "He also believed that civilization has to be considered as something deep.", "He also highly acknowledged the importance of empirical science and knowledge.", "He appreciated the empirical methodology.", "He also criticized traditionalism for its disregard for scientific methodology.", "On another hand, he criticized the Modernists because they confuse the Western ideological theories with valid scientific epistemology.", "According to Shariati, the knowledge of reason is self-evident.", "Therefore, he suggested thinking of reason as the axiom for understanding the other sources namely the holy book or Quran, ḥadīth ('tradition'), sīra (Prophetic biography) and ijmāʿ (consensus).", "Shariati also dismissed consensus as a source for understanding religion.", "He insisted on the concepts of knowledge and time along with the holy book and tradition and stressed the important role of methodology and changing of viewpoint.", "Shariati, who was the fan of Georges Gurvitch in his analysis of sociology, believed that there was no special pattern for the analysis of social affairs and historical events.", "He thought that there was no unity of religion and society, but rather there were many religions and societies.", "He referred to the active role of the scholar of human science during investigation and scientific research.", "He believed that there was a relationship between the values of scholarship and the effects of those values on the conclusions of an investigation.", "He believed that it was not necessary to extend the other conclusions of other Western scholars to our society.", "However, he criticized the Western ideological schools such as nationalism, liberalism, Marxism, etc.", "He maintained that there was conformity and correspondence between the Western philosophy and Iranian society.", "According to Shariati, democracy is inconsistent with revolutionary evolution and progress.", "One of his criticism of Western ideology is its [regardless imitation of those ideologies - check translation].", "One of his other criticisms is the denial of spirituality in Western philosophy.", "In fact, those ideologies attempt to prevent humans from achieving transcendental goals and any [evolutionary movements - check translation].", "In this vein, he firmly criticized capitalism, and at the same time, he admired socialism because it would lead humanity to evolution and free it from utilitarianism.", "However, he firmly criticized Karl Marx.", "According to Shariati, Karl Marx's theory on the economy as the infrastructure and foundation of human and society was strayed.", "Conversely, Sharia places the human, not the economy, as the foundation and origin of society.", "Modern problems\nAccording to Shariati, human history is composed of two stages, the stage of collectivity and the stage of private ownership.", "He explained that the first stage, collectivity, was concerned with social equality and spiritual oneness.", "But the second stage, which is the current era, could be considered as the domination of the many by one.", "The second stage began with the emergence of private ownership.", "The various types of private ownership in history have included slavery, serfdom, feudalism, and capitalism among others.", "According to the concept of social ownership, all material and spiritual resources are accessible to everyone.", "But monopoly polarised the human community.", "In fact, according to Shariati, private ownership is the main cause of all modern problems.", "These problems change men's brotherhood and love to duplicity, deceit, hatred, exploitation, colonisation, and massacre.", "The polarisation by monopoly manifested itself in different forms throughout history.", "For example, in ancient times there were slave economies that transferred to capitalist society in modern times.", "In other words, machinism, or the dependence on machines, can be considered the latest stage of private ownership.", "Machinism began in the nineteenth century and human beings have had to confront the many anxieties and problems arousing from it.", "Legacy\n\nThere are many adherents and opponents of Shariati's views.", "It must be noted that the image of Shariati is not such that some revolutionary groups, in the early days of the Islamic Republic of Iran, attributed to him.", "In fact, Shariati's personality is largely unknown.", "Ali Khamenei knew Shariati as a pioneer of Islamic teaching according to the requirements of his generation.", "According to Sayyed Ali Khamenei, Shariati had both positive and negative characteristics.", "Khamenei believes that it is unfair to consider Shariati as someone who firmly disagreed with the Mullahs.", "One of the positive sides of Shariati was his ability to explain his thoughts with suitable and simple language for his generation.", "Shariati was somewhat supportive of Mullahs in Iran.", "Some Scholars like Elizabeth F. Thompson try to envisage some similarities between Shariati and his role in the Islamic revolution in Iran with Sayyed Qutb's role in Egypt.", "One similarity is that both of them paved the way for the imminent revolution in Iran and Egypt.", "Both desired Islamic cultural dominance.", "Both were fans of being revolutionary about ruling values and norms.", "They considered Islamism a third way between those of America and the Soviet Union.", "At the same time they were not wholly utopian and they were partly Islamic.", "Of course there are differences between them - Shariati was a leftist while Qutb was a conservative.", "According to Mahmoud Taleghani, Ali Shariati was a thinker who created a school for revolution.", "The school guided young people to revolutionary action.", "Beheshti believes that Shariati's work was fundamental to the Islamic revolution.", "According to Hamid Enayat, Shariati was not only a theorist but also an adherent of Islamic radicalism.", "Enayat believes that Shariati can be considered the founder of Islamic socialism.", "Enayat considers him to be one of the most beloved and popular individuals in Islamic radicalism and socialism.", "According to Hamid Elgar, Shariati was the number one ideologue of the Islamic revolution.", "Publications\nDespite passing away at the young age of 43, he was the prolific author of \"more than a hundred books\", and the number of his publications goes up to some 200 if we include \"articles, seminar papers, and lecture series\", some of the most notable being:\n\nMajor works\n Hajj (The Pilgrimage)\nHubut in Kavir\nGuftuguhaye Tanha’i\n Marxism and Other Western Fallacies: An Islamic Critique\n Where Shall We Begin?", "Mission of a Free Thinker\n The Free Man and Freedom of the Man\n Extraction and Refinement of Cultural Resources\n Martyrdom (book)\n Ali\n An approach to Understanding Islam\n A Visage of Prophet Muhammad\n A Glance of Tomorrow's History\n Reflections of Humanity\n A Manifestation of Self-Reconstruction and Reformation\n Selection and/or Election\n Norouz, Declaration of Iranian's Livelihood, Eternity\n Expectations from the Muslim Woman\n Horr (Battle of Karbala)\n Kavir (Desert)\n Abu-Dahr\n Red Shi'ism vs. Black Shi'ism\n Jihad and Shahadat\n Reflections of a Concerned Muslim on the Plight of Oppressed People\n A Message to the Enlightened Thinkers\n Art Awaiting the Saviour\n Fatemeh is Fatemeh\n The Philosophy of Supplication\n Religion versus Religion\n Man and Islam – see chapter \"Modern Man and His Prisons\"\n Arise and Bear Witness\n Lessons on Islamology\n Ali is Alone\n Community and Leadership\n Religion against Religion\n We and Iqbal\n Historical Determinism\n What is to be Done?'", "\"The Intelligentsia's Task for Reconstruction of Society\"\n\nTranslation\nShariati translated many books into Persian.", "Besides the work of Abu Zarr mentioned above, he translated Jean-Paul Sartre's What Is Literature?, and Che Guevara's Guerilla Warfare.", "He also began to work on the translation of Franz Fanon's A Dying Colonialism.", "He admired Amar Ouzegane as a major Marxist Muslim and began to translate his book Le meilleur combat (The Best Struggle).", "See also \n Intellectual Movements in Iran\n Islamic Marxism\n Islamic revival\n List of Islamic scholars\n Philosophy in Iran\n Red Shi'ism vs. Black Shi'ism\n Religious Intellectualism in Iran\n Jalal Al-e-Ahmad\n Hamid Algar\n Geydar Dzhemal modern philosopher of Politic Islam, revolutionist and social activist\n Abdulaziz Sachedina, a student of Shariati\n\n References \n\n Further reading \n Rahnema, Ali.", "1998.", "An Islamic Utopian: A Political Biography of Ali Shariati.", "London: I.B.", "Tauris.", "Gheissari, Ali.", "1998.", "Iranian Intellectuals in the Twentieth Century''.", "Austin: University of Texas Press.", "Hosseini, S A.", "2000 \"[Ali Shariati's Islamic-Critical School of Thought (1)] مکتب انتقادی دکتر علی شریعتی (1)\", Farhang-e-Tose'eh, 9, 44, \n Hosseini, S A.", "2000 \"[Ali Shariati's Islamic-Critical School of Thought (2)] مکتب انتقادی دکتر علی شریعتی (2)\", Farhang-e-Tose'eh, 9, 47.", "External links\n\n The Official WebSite of Dr Ali Shariati\n Biography and publications\n 'Ali Shari'ati: Between Marx and the Infinite' A review essay of Ali Rahnema's biography of Shari'ati with an extensive discussion on the philosopher's political significance by Nathan Coombs\n Humanity and the People Power: A Tribute to Dr. Ali Shariati by Dr. Mohammad Omar Farooq\n 'Ali Shari'ati: Islamic Fundamentalist, Marxist Ideologist and Sufi Mystic by David Zeidan\n Critical Religious Reason: Ali Shari'ati on Religion, Philosophy and Emancipation by Abbas Manoochehri\n The forgotten revolutionary: Ali Shariati by Lawrence Reza Ershaghi\n\nAli Shariati\n1933 births\n1977 deaths\nIranian Muslims\nIranian Shia Muslims\nPeople from Sabzevar\nFreedom Movement of Iran politicians\nIranian democracy activists\nIranian dissidents\nIranian essayists\n20th-century Iranian philosophers\nIranian sociologists\nIranian writers\nIslamic philosophers\nMuslim reformers\nShia scholars of Islam\nUniversity of Paris alumni\nIqbal scholars\n20th-century poets\nIranian Islamists\n20th-century essayists\nCritics of Marxism" ]

[ "Ali Shariati Mazinani was an Iranian revolutionary and sociologist who focused on the sociology of religion.", "Although his ideas did not end up forming the basis of the Islamic Republic, he is seen as one of the most influential Iranian intellectuals of the 20th century.", "Ali Shariati was born in the suburb of Mazinan in northeastern Iran in 1933.", "His father was a cleric.", "His father was an Islamic scholar.", "The Centre for the Propagation of Islamic Truths was opened in 1947.", "It was involved in the oil nationalisation movement of the 1950s.", "Her family DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch", "His mother was from a small town.", "For the first time, Shariati saw the poverty and hardship that existed in Iran when he was a student at the Teacher's Training College.", "He was exposed to many aspects of Western thought.", "He tried to explain and offer solutions for the problems faced by Muslim societies through traditional Islamic principles interwoven with modern sociology and philosophy.", "His articles from this period for the Mashhad daily newspaper, Khorasan, show his developing eclecticism and his admiration for the ideas of modern philosophers such as Sir Allama Muhammad Iqbal of Pakistan and Sigmund Freud.", "He was arrested following a demonstration after founding the Islamic Students' Association.", "He joined the National Front in the year of Mossadeq's overthrow.", "He received his bachelor's degree in 1955.", "He was arrested by the Iranian police again in 1957, along with sixteen other members of the National Resistance movement.", "Shariati continued his graduate studies at the University of Paris after getting a scholarship for France.", "He left Paris after earning a PhD.", "In 1959 Shariati began collaborating with the Algerian National Liberation Front.", "He began to read and translate Frantz Fanon's work into Persian.", "Fanon's thought was introduced into Iranian revolutionary circles by Shariati.", "He was arrested in Paris in January of 1961.", "He was one of the founding members of the Freedom Movement of Iran abroad.", "He followed the courses of Islamic scholar Louis Massignon, Jacques Berque and the sociologist Georges Gurvitch.", "He published Jalal Al-e Ahmad's book in Iran and came to know Jean-Paul Sartre.", "In 1964, Shariati was arrested and imprisoned in Iran for engaging in political activities in France.", "He began teaching at the University of Mashhad after a few weeks after being released.", "Shariati lectured at the Hosseiniye Ershad Institute in Tehran.", "His lectures were very popular with his students and were spread by word of mouth throughout all economic sectors of society, including the middle and upper classes, where interest in his teachings began to grow immensely.", "The government was interested in his success and arrested him along with many of his students.", "After eighteen months in solitary confinement, he was released on 20 March 1975, after widespread pressure from the people.", "Shariati was allowed to go to England.", "He died three weeks later in a hospital under \"mysterious circumstances\", but according to the biography of Shariati, he died of a fatal heart attack.", "Iranian pilgrims often visit Damascus, where he is buried next to the granddaughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the daughter of Ali.", "Shariati wanted to revive the currents of Shiism.", "He promised salvation after death in his interpretation of Shiism.", "He referred to his brand of Shiism as \"red Shiism\" which he contrasted with non-revolutionary \"black Shiism\"", "His ideas have been compared to those of the Catholic Liberation Theology movement in South America.", "Shariati argued that a good society would conform to Islamic values.", "He said that the role of government was to guide society in the best possible way, rather than manage it in the best possible way.", "He believed that the most learned members of the Ulema should play a leadership role in guiding society because they know how to administer an Islamic value system based on the teachings of the Prophets of God.", "He argued that the role of the clergy was to guide society in accordance with Islamic values to advance human beings towards reaching their highest potential, not to serve the desires of individuals as in the West.", "Shariati was very critical of some clerics and defended the Marxists.", "\"Our mosques, the revolutionary left and our preachers work for the benefit of the deprived people and against the lavish and lush,\" he said.", "Shariati's works were heavily influenced by Third Worldism that he encountered as a student in Paris, and the idea that class war and revolution would bring about a just and classless society.", "He adopted the idea of Gharbzadegi from Jalal Al-e Ahmad and gave it its most influential second life.", "He wanted to translate these ideas into cultural symbols that Iranians could relate to.", "Shia should not wait for the return of the 12th Imam, but should fight for social justice, even to the point of embracing martyrdom, according to Shariati.", "Shariati was the one who wrote the three letters to Fanon, not him.", "He believed that people could fight imperialism by regaining their cultural identity.", "In some countries, the identity was intertwined with religious beliefs.", "The maxim of returning to ourselves is referred to as Shariati.", "Bayat was a witness and participant in the Iranian revolution of 1979.", "He claims that at the time of the revolution, Shariati emerged as an unparalleled revolutionary intellectual with his portraits widely present during the marches and protests and his nickname as \"mo'allem-e enqilab\" (revolutionary mentor) chanted by millions.", "Bayat says his father had his own copies of Shariati's works.", "His eagerness to explore socialism began with the translation of the book Abu Zarr: The God-Worshipping Socialist by the Egyptian thinker Abdul Hamid Jowdat-al-Sahar.", "According to the book, Abu Dhar was the first socialist.", "The father said that his son believed in the principles of Abu Dhar.", "Shariati was described as the modern-day Abu Dhar in Iran by some people.", "He insists on the necessity of revolutionary action.", "Marxism could not provide the Third World with ideological means for its own liberation according to Shariati.", "Islam is a revolutionary ideology according to one of his premises.", "Islam can relate to the modern world as an ideology.", "The emergence of private ownership is said to be the origin of human problems.", "The appearance of the machine was the most fundamental change in the modern era according to him.", "Private ownership and the emergence of the machine are part of the second period of history.", "Collective ownership is the first period.", "Shariati gave a critique of the historical development of religion and the modern philosophical and ideological movements and their relationship to both private ownership and the emergence of the machine.", "The idea of social, cultural and historical contingencies of religious knowledge was developed by Epistemology Shariati.", "He believed in the meaning of society in the social context.", "He said that he understood religion because he was a sociologist.", "He said he was not interested in the Quran or Ali, but in the historical and social Tawhid.", "It is not true that the civilized human is less conscious than modern people but rather there is a difference between them according to Shariati.", "The new people are so focused on reality and the universe that there is no place for mysticism or religion.", "He knows the movement of soul in Hegel's philosophy and history.", "Shariati criticized western liberal democracy in the first place.", "He said that there is a relationship between liberalism and the plundering of nations.", "He believed that liberalism is bad for humankind.", "He referred to the fact that the economic system of liberal democracy is contrary to the rights of people.", "In a society like this, someone who is weak is already doomed.", "There are some basic foundations in Shariati's thoughts.", "The difference between the religious and non- religious one is related to the first foundation.", "History, society and humanity were explained by him.", "He said liberalism was something with discrimination and inequality.", "The basis of pre-modern societies was freedom and equality based on spirituality.", "The government of Imam Ali was thought to be the best form of democracy by Shariati.", "He tried to understand the behavior of Imam Ali in a different way.", "He called it a democracy commitment.", "Shariati had no problem with democracy even though he did not accept the western definition.", "Muslim citizens have a right to a religious government.", "Demagogy is one of the basic problems of western democracy.", "The votes of voters are directed to special channels with the help of advertising instruments.", "Only one person who is critically conscious can dispose of distraction and arguments and vote effectively for themselves and their communities.", "He believes that the western democracy is an anti-revolutionary regime that is different from ideological Guidance.", "He divides between two concepts to explain the commitment to democracy.", "One is Syasat and the other is political.", "The government wants to have the responsibility of changing and becoming the society, not its being or existence.", "Syasat is a progressive and dynamic thing.", "The goal of the government in the philosophy of Syasat is to change social foundations, institutions and even all the norms of society.", "Syasat wants to make the people exist.", "There is no making in politics.", "Having people not making them is what politics is about.", "Shariati prefers Syasat because he is more progressive.", "He considers making a human.", "His utopia is made up of three concepts of Gnosis, equality and freedom.", "He gave a famous lecture with the name of Ummah and Imamate.", "He said that Imam wants to guide humans not only in political, social and economic dimensions but also in all dimensions.", "He believes that he is still alive.", "On the other hand, Imamate is a revolutionary guide philosophy.", "He said that the leader of the people has to guide them based on Islamic ideology and authentic values.", "Sociology scholars classify him as a religious neo-thinker.", "Shariati accepted the rationality of the West.", "The theoretical foundation of the West was called Tajadod by Shariati.", "He criticized tajadod and emphasized accepting civilization.", "He believed that civilization has to be considered deep.", "He acknowledged the importance of empirical science.", "He liked the methodology.", "Traditionalism was criticized for its disregard for scientific methodology.", "He criticized the Modernists because they confuse the Western ideological theories with valid scientific theories.", "The knowledge of reason is self-evident according to Shariati.", "He suggested thinking of reason as the axiom for understanding the Quran, adth, sra, and ijm.", "Shariati did not believe in consensus as a source of understanding religion.", "He stressed the importance of knowledge and time along with the holy book and tradition, as well as the role of methodology and changing of viewpoint.", "Shariati believed that there was no special pattern in the analysis of social affairs and historical events.", "He thought that there was no unity of religion and society.", "The scholar of human science is active during investigation and scientific research.", "He believed that there was a relationship between the values of scholarship and the conclusions of an investigation.", "He didn't think it was necessary to add the conclusions of other Western scholars to our society.", "He criticized the Western ideological schools.", "There was correspondence between the Western philosophy and the Iranian society.", "Shariati says that democracy is inconsistent with progress and evolution.", "Regardless of the imitation of those ideologies, one of his criticisms of Western ideology is its.", "The denial of spirituality in Western philosophy is one of his criticisms.", "The ideologies try to prevent humans from achieving their goals.", "He firmly criticized capitalism, but at the same time he admired socialism because it would lead to evolution and free it from utilitarianism.", "He criticized Karl Marx.", "Karl Marx's theory on the economy as the infrastructure and foundation of human and society was not correct according to Shariati.", "The economy is placed as the foundation and origin of society by Sharia.", "Human history consists of two stages, the stage of collectivity and the stage of private ownership.", "The first stage of collectivity was concerned with social equality and spiritual oneness.", "The current era could be considered as the domination of the many by one.", "Private ownership began the second stage.", "Slavery, serfdom, feudalism, and capitalism are some of the types of private ownership in history.", "All material and spiritual resources are accessible to everyone according to the concept of social ownership.", "The human community was polarised by monopoly.", "Private ownership is the main cause of modern problems according to Shariati.", "Men's love to duplicity, deceit, hatred, exploitation, colonisation, and massacre is changed by these problems.", "There are different forms of the polarisation by monopoly.", "Slave economies were transferred to capitalist society in ancient times.", "The dependence on machines can be considered the latest stage of private ownership.", "Human beings have had to deal with many anxieties and problems associated with machismo.", "There are many people who disagree with Shariati's views.", "The image of Shariati is not that of some revolutionary groups in the early days of the Islamic Republic of Iran.", "Shariati's personality is largely unknown.", "According to the requirements of his generation, Ali Khamenei knew that Shariati was a pioneer of Islamic teaching.", "Shariati had both positive and negative characteristics according to Sayyed Ali Khamenei.", "It is unfair to consider Shariati to be someone who disagreed with the Mullahs.", "One of the positives of Shariati was his ability to explain his thoughts in simple language.", "Shariati was in favor of the Mullahs in Iran.", "Elizabeth F. Thompson thinks that there are similarities between Shariati's role in the Islamic revolution in Iran and Sayyed Qutb's role in Egypt.", "Both of them paved the way for the revolution in Iran and Egypt.", "Both wished for Islamic cultural dominance.", "Both were fans of being revolutionary.", "Islamism was considered a third way between America and the Soviet Union.", "They were partly Islamic at the same time.", "Shariati was a left-winger while Qutb was a conservative.", "Ali Shariati was a thinker who created a school for revolution.", "Young people were led to revolutionary action by the school.", "Shariati's work was a fundamental part of the Islamic revolution.", "Shariati was an adherent of Islamic radicalism according to Hamid Enayat.", "Shariati is thought to be the founder of Islamic socialism.", "He is one of the most popular people in Islamic radicalism and socialism.", "Shariati was the leader of the Islamic revolution.", "Despite passing away at the young age of 43, he was the prolific author of more than a hundred books, and the number of his publications goes up to some 200 if we include articles, seminar papers, and lecture series.", "The Mission of a Free Thinker is The Free Man and Freedom of the Man Extraction and Refinement of Cultural Resources Martyrdom.", "Many books were translated into Persian.", "The work of Abu Zarr is one of the things he translated.", "The translation of A Dying Colonialism was one of the things he began to work on.", "He began to translate Ouzegane's book Le meilleur combat.", "Red Shi'ism vs. Black Shi'ism is a list of Islamic philosophers in Iran.", "1998.", "Ali Shariati's political biography is called An Islamic Utopian.", "I.B. is located in London.", "Tauris.", "Ali, Gheissari.", "1998.", "Iranian intellectuals in the 20th century.", "The University of Texas Press is in Austin.", "S A. Hosseini.", "Ali Shariati's Islamic-Critical School of Thought was published in 2000.", "\"Ali Shariati's Islamic-Critical School of Thought (2)\" was published in 2000.", "An extensive discussion on the philosopher's political significance can be found in the review essay of Ali Rahnema's biography, 'Ali Shari'ati: Between Marx and the Infinite'." ]

[ "Ali Shariati Mazinani", "Ali Shariati", "Ali Masharat", "Shariati", "Shariati", "Shariati", "Shariati", "Shariati", "Shariati", "Shariati", "Shariati", "Ali Rahnema", "Shariati", "Ali", "Shariati", "Shariati", "Shariati", "Shariati", "Shariati", "Shariati", "Shariati", "Shariatihari", "Shariati", "Shariati", "Shariati", "Shariati", "Ali", "Shariati", "Shariati", "Shariati", "Ali", "Imam Ali", "Shariati", "Shariati", "Shariati", "Shariati", "Shariati", "Shariati", "Shariati", "Shariati", "Ali Khamenei", "Shariati", "Ali Khamenei", "Shariati", "Shariati", "Ali Shariati", "Shariati", "Shariati", "Shariati", "Shariati", "Ali", "Ali", "Ali", "Ali Shariati", "Ali", "Ali Shariati", "Ali Shariati", "Ali Shariati", "Ali Shari", "Ali Rahnema", "Ali Shariati", "Ali Shari", "Ali Shari", "Ali Shari", "Ali Shari" ]

[ "Ali Shariati Mazinani", "Ali Shariati", "Shariati", "Shariati", "Shariati", "Shariati", "Shariati", "Shariati", "Shariati", "Shariati", "Ali", "Shariati", "Shariati", "Shariati", "Shariati", "Shariati", "Shariati", "Shariati", "Shariati", "Shariati", "Shariati", "Imam Ali", "Shariati", "Imam Ali", "Shariati", "Shariati", "Shariati", "Shariati", "Shariati", "Shariati", "Shariati", "Shariati", "Ali Khamenei", "Shariati", "Shariati", "Ali Khamene", "Shariati", "Shariati", "Shariati", "Ali Shariati", "Shariati", "Shariati", "Shariati", "Shariati", "Ali Shariati", "Ali", "Ali Shariati", "Ali Shariati", "Ali Rahnema", "Ali Shari" ]

[ "Carlos Castrodeza Ruíz de la Cuesta (1945 – April 2012) was a Spanish biologist and philosopher.", "He taught philosophy of science at Madrid's Complutense University.", "Biography\n\nWork\nAuthority on Darwin and Darwinism, Castrodeza’s thought focuses on bioethical problems from an ethological viewpoint and on scientific problems (epistemological) and ideologies from a naturalistic perspective.", "Castrodeza's Darwinian trilogy Biology's Deep Ways Razón biológica (Biological Reason), Nihilismo y supervivencia (Nihilism and Survival) y La darwinización del mundo (The Darwinization of the World) intends to show how little control we have over our future despite our profound preoccupation for things past.", "For Castrodeza ethological considerations referring to behavioural mental patterns concerning man's philosophical, theological and scientific activities have a lot to say as to how we build the world in which we strive to survive.", "These patterns are not necessarily directly adaptative, in fact they are part of the package deal integrated in our overall strategy for survival.", "Naturally this strategy need not be the proper one in the sense that we may not meet adequately after all the survival challenges we have in front of us.", "In fact nothing guaranties our survival and we may perfectly be in spite of our mental sophistication on the wrong track.", "Our wishes and intentions may have little to do with the best way to survive in the long run and may be at bottom we do not even care.", "We act and hope for the best on the basis of our experience which is not very much to go by.", "Books \nLa darwinización del mundo, Barcelona, Herder, 2009, \nEl flujo de la historia y el sentido de la vida.", "La retórica irresistible de la selección natural, Barcelona, Herder, 2013 (The flow of history and the meaning of life.", "The irresistible rhetoric of natural selection), \nNihilismo y supervivencia: una expresión naturalista de lo inefable, Madrid, Trotta, 2007 (Nihilism and survival: A naturalistic expression of the indescribable) \nLos límites de la historia natural: hacia una nueva biología del conocimiento, Madrid (Tres Cantos), Akal, 2003, (Natural History boundaries: Towards a new biology of knowledge) \nLa marsopa de Heidegger: el lugar de la ciencia en la cultura actual, Madrid, Dykinson, 2003 (Heidegger’s porpoise: The place of science in today’s Western Culture) \nRazón biológica: la base evolucionista del pensamiento, Madrid, Minerva, 1999 (Biological thinking: The evolutionist roots of thought) (Book reviewed in Biology and Philosophy by Andrés Moya, 2001).", "Teoría histórica de la selección natural, Madrid, Alhambra, 1988 (Historical theory of natural selection) (Book reviewed in Biology and Philosophy by Thomas Glick, 1992).", "Ortodoxia darwiniana y progreso biológico, Madrid, Alianza Editorial, 1988 (Darwinian orthodoxy and biological progress) (Book reviewed in Biology and Philosophy by Thomas Glick, 1992).", "Chapters in collective works (selection) \n\"Ethological Space: Transgreding the Boundaries\", Philosophical Essays on Physics and Biology (J. L. González Recio, ed.", "), Georg Olms Verlag, Hildesheim-Zürich-New York, 2009, pp.", "91–112.", "\"La Inutilidad de la Felicidad\", Apología de lo Inútil (S. Eguidazu, ed.", "), Madrid, Avarigani Editores, 2009, pp.", "23–30.", "\"Los caminos profundos de la biología\", El legado filosófico y científico del siglo XX, coord.", "por Manuel Garrido, Luis Arenas, Luis Valdés, 2005, , pp.", "795–812\n\"La condición occidental: ciencia, historia y filosofía\", El impacto social de la cultura científica y técnica, 2004, , pp.", "9–18\n\"Modernidad y posmodernidad: biología y física\", El impacto social de la cultura científica y técnica, 2004, , pp.", "155–164\n\"La 'superflua necesidad' de la epistemología evolutiva\", La teoría evolucionista del conocimiento, coord.", "por Jacobo Muñoz, Emilio García García, 1999, , pp.", "83–92\n\nTranslations \nA. H. Lehninger et al., Panorama de la biología contemporánea, selección y comentarios de Roland Hoste, Spanish version from Carlos Castrodeza, 2da.", "ed, Madrid, Alianza, 1975 \nRuse, Michael, La revolución darwinista, Madrid.", "Alianza Editorial, 1983,\n\nArticles (selection) \n\"En torno a la ética naturalizada en Occidente: de la concepción aristotélica al naturalismo de Darwin y la fenomenología de Heidegger\", Teorema, ISSN 0210-1602, vol.", "XXVIII/2, 2009, pp.", "151–172\n\"Evolución, historia y ser\", Pasajes: Revista de pensamiento contemporáneo, ISSN 1575-2259, Nº.", "14, 2004, pp.", "23–34\n\"Antropogénesis: consideraciones biohermenéuticas\", Endoxa: Series Filosóficas, ISSN 1133-5351, Nº 17, 2004, pp.", "297–326\n\"Una historia natural del bien\", Trama y fondo: revista de cultura, ISSN 1137-4802, Nº.", "15, 2003, pp.", "7–12\n\"De la realidad biológica a la biologización de la realidad: la nueva metafísica biológica y el problema del conocimiento\", Diálogo filosófico, ISSN 0213-1196, Nº 57, 2003, pp.", "379–399\n\"La realidad de las dos culturas como base del mito del relativismo cultural (Un enfoque bioantropológico)\", Endoxa: Series Filosóficas, ISSN 1133-5351, Nº 12, 2, 2000, pp.", "525–560\n\"Una perspectiva de los problemas éticos en la investigación biológica: los avatares del evolucionismo\", Arbor: Ciencia, pensamiento y cultura, ISSN 0210-1963, Nº 638, 1999 (Ejemplar dedicado a: Ciencia y valores éticos / coord.", "por Wenceslao J. González Fernández), pp.", "265–287\n\"El naturalismo biológico de Kuhn en La estructura de las revoluciones científicas\", Thémata: Revista de filosofía, ISSN 0212-8365, Nº 20, 1998 (Ejemplar dedicado a: Los filósofos y la biología), pp.", "219–228\n\"The ultimate epistemological consequences of the Darwinian conception\", Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, ISSN 0068-0346, 1996, pp.", "153–178\n\"De la epistemología popperiana a la epistemología darwinista\", Revista de filosofía, ISSN 0034-8244, Nº 8, 1992, pp.", "329–356\n\"La tácita actualidad del darwinismo\", Revista de Occidente, ISSN 0034-8635, Nº 18-19, 1982 (Ejemplar dedicado a: Charles R. Darwin.", "la evolución y el origen del hombre), pp.", "89–104\n\"Gregor Johann Mendel: clérigo notable en la Moravia decimonónica\", Revista de Occidente, ISSN 0034-8635, Nº 32, 1984 (Ejemplar dedicado a: Gregor Johann Mendel: los orígenes de la genética), pp.", "7–26\n\"Non-progressive evolution, the red queen hypothesis and the balance of nature\", Acta Biotheoretica, , Nº28, 1979, pp.", "11–18\n\"On the significance of biological interpretations of mathematical results; comments on a recently discovered evolutionary principle\", Methodology and Science, ISSN 0543-6095, Nº 11, 1978, pp.", "185–190\n\"Evolution, complexity and fitness\", Journal of Theoretical Biology, ISSN 0022-5193, Nº 71, 1978, pp.", "469–471\n\"Tautologies, beliefs and empirical knowledge in biology\", The American Naturalist, ISSN 0003-0147, Nº 111, 1977, pp.", "393–394\n\nCastrodeza has also published in sites such as Annals of Science or ISIS and has been for a time in the Editorial Board of History and Philosophy of the Biological Sciences(1985–90)\n\nReferences\n\n1945 births\n2012 deaths\nPeople from Tangier\nSpanish philosophers\nSpanish biologists\nComplutense University of Madrid faculty" ]

[ "Carlos Castrodeza Ruz de la Cuesta was a Spanish philosopher.", "He taught philosophy of science at the Complutense University.", "Biography Work Authority on Darwin and Darwinism focuses on bioethical problems from an ethological viewpoint and on scientific problems from a naturalistic perspective.", "The Darwinization of the World is one of the goals of Castrodeza's Darwinian Biology trilogy.", "There is a lot to say as to how we build the world in which we strive to survive.", "These patterns are part of a package deal that is integrated into our overall strategy for survival.", "We may not meet adequately after all the survival challenges we have in front of us, so this strategy doesn't need to be the proper one.", "Our mental sophistication on the wrong track may not affect our survival.", "Our wishes and intentions may not have much to do with the best way to survive in the long run and may be at the bottom.", "We act and hope for the best based on our experience.", "Books La darwinizacin del mundo, Barcelona, Herder, 2009.", "The flow of history and the meaning of life is what La retrica is about.", "Nihilismo y supervivencia: una expresin naturalista de lo inefable.", "TheHistorical theory of natural selection was discussed in the book Teora histrica de la seleccin natural.", "The Ortodoxia darwiniana y progreso biolgico was written in 1988.", "\"Ethological Space: Transgreding the Boundaries\" is one of the Chapters in collective works.", "Hildesheim-Zrich-New York, 2009, pp.", "91–112", "Apologa de lo Intil was written by S. Eguidazu.", "Avarigani Editores, 2009, pp.", "23 to 30.", "\"Los caminos profundos de la biologa\"", "Luis Arenas, Luis Valdés, and Manuel Garrido, pp.", "The impacto social de la cultura cientfica y técnica was published in 2004.", "The impacto social de la cultura cientfica y técnica was published in 2004.", "La teora evolucionista del conocimiento was written in 155–164", "pp. por Jacobo Muoz", "The Spanish version of Panorama de la biologa contempornea was written by Carlos Castrodeza.", "Alianza, 1975, Ruse, Michael, La revolucin darwinista, Madrid.", "Teorema wrote an article titled \"De la concepcin aristotélica al naturalismo de Darwin y la fenomenologa de Heidegger\".", "In 2009, pp. XXVIII/2.", "\"Evolucin, historia y ser\" is from the Revista de pensamiento contemporneo.", "14, 2004.", "\"Antropogénesis: consideraciones biohermenéuticas\" was published in 2004.", "Trama y fondo: revista de cultura is a book.", "pp. 15, 2003", "\"De la realidad biolgica a la biologizacin de la realidad: la nueva metafsica biolgica y el problema del conocimiento\"", "Endoxa: Series Filosficas, No 12, 2, 2000, pp, \"La realidad de las dos culturas\"", "\"Una perspectiva de los problemas éticos en la investigacin biolgica: los avatares del evolucionismo\"", "There is a pp. por Wenceslao J. Gonzlez Fernndez.", "\"El naturalismo biolgico de Kuhn en La estructura de las revoluciones cientficas\" was published in 1998.", "\"The ultimate epistemological consequences of the Darwinian conception\" was published in Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science.", "\"De la epistemologa popperiana a la epistemologa darwinista\" was published in 1992.", "\"La tcita actualidad del darwinismo\" was published in 1982.", "La evolucin y el origen del hombre, pp.", "The Revista de Occidente had a story about a man who was notable in the Moravia decimonnica.", "\"Non-progressive evolution, the red queen hypothesis and the balance of nature\" was published in 1979.", "\"On the significance of biological interpretations of mathematical results; comments on a recently discovered evolutionary principle\", Methodology and Science, No 11, 1978, pp.", "\"Evolution, complexity and fitness\" was published in the Journal of Theoretical Biology.", "The American Naturalist published \"Tautologies, beliefs and empirical knowledge in biology\" in 1977.", "The Editorial Board of History and Philosophy of the Biological Sciences has included references to 1945 births and 2012 deaths." ]

[ "Carlos Castrodeza Ruíz de la Cuesta", "Carlos Castrodez" ]

[ "Carlos Castrodeza Ruz de la Cuesta", "Castrodeza", "Carlos Castrodeza" ]

[ "Glenn Hammond Curtiss (May 21, 1878 – July 23, 1930) was an American aviation and motorcycling pioneer, and a founder of the U.S. aircraft industry.", "He began his career as a bicycle racer and builder before moving on to motorcycles.", "As early as 1904, he began to manufacture engines for airships.", "In 1908, Curtiss joined the Aerial Experiment Association, a pioneering research group, founded by Alexander Graham Bell at Beinn Bhreagh, Nova Scotia, to build flying machines.", "Curtiss won a race at the world's first international air meet in France and made the first long-distance flight in the U.S. His contributions in designing and building aircraft led to the formation of the Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company, now part of Curtiss-Wright Corporation.", "His company built aircraft for the U.S. Army and Navy, and, during the years leading up to World War I, his experiments with seaplanes led to advances in naval aviation.", "Curtiss civil and military aircraft were predominant in the interwar and World War II eras.", "Birth and early career\nGlenn Curtiss was born in Hammondsport in the Finger Lakes region of New York in 1878.", "His mother was Lua Curtiss née Andrews and his father was Frank Richmond Curtiss a harness maker who had arrived in Hammondsport with Glenn's grandparents in 1876.", "Glenn's paternal grandparents were Claudius G. Curtiss, a Methodist Episcopal clergyman, and Ruth Bramble.", "Glenn Curtiss had a younger sister, Rutha Luella, also born in Hammondsport.", "Although his formal education extended only to eighth grade, his early interest in mechanics and inventions was evident at his first job at the Eastman Dry Plate and Film Company (later Eastman Kodak Company) in Rochester, New York.", "He invented a stencil machine adopted at the plant and later built a rudimentary camera to study photography.", "Marriage and family\nOn March 7, 1898, Curtiss married Lena Pearl Neff (1879–1951), daughter of Guy L. Neff and Jenny M. Potter, in Hammondsport, New York.", "They had two children: \nCarlton N. Curtiss (1901–1902) and\nGlenn Hammond Curtiss (1912–1969)\n\nBicycles and motorcycles\n\nCurtiss began his career as a Western Union bicycle messenger, a bicycle racer, and bicycle-shop owner.", "In 1901, he developed an interest in motorcycles when internal-combustion engines became more available.", "In 1902, Curtiss began manufacturing motorcycles with his own single-cylinder engines.", "His first motorcycle's carburetor was adapted from a tomato soup can containing a gauze screen to pull the gasoline up by capillary action.", "In 1903, he set a motorcycle land speed record at for one mile (1.6 km).", "When E.H. Corson of the Hendee Mfg Co (manufacturers of Indian motorcycles) visited Hammondsport in July 1904, he was amazed that the entire Curtiss motorcycle enterprise was located in the back room of the modest \"shop\".", "Corson's motorcycles had just been trounced the week before by \"Hell Rider\" Curtiss in an endurance race from New York to Cambridge, Maryland.", "On January 24, 1907, Curtiss set an unofficial world record of , on a V-8-powered motorcycle of his own design and construction in Ormond Beach, Florida.", "The air-cooled F-head engine was intended for use in aircraft.", "He remained \"the fastest man in the world\", the title the newspapers gave him, until 1911, and his motorcycle record was not broken until 1930.", "This motorcycle is now in the Smithsonian Institution.", "Curtiss's success at racing strengthened his reputation as a leading maker of high-performance motorcycles and engines.", "Aviation pioneer\n\nCurtiss, motor expert \nIn 1904, Curtiss became a supplier of engines for the California \"aeronaut\" Tom Baldwin.", "In that same year, Baldwin's California Arrow, powered by a Curtiss 9 HP V-twin motorcycle engine, became the first successful dirigible in America.", "In 1907, Alexander Graham Bell invited Curtiss to develop a suitable engine for heavier-than-air flight experimentation.", "Bell regarded Curtiss as \"the greatest motor expert in the country\" and invited Curtiss to join his Aerial Experiment Association (AEA).", "AEA aircraft experiments \n\nBetween 1908 and 1910, the AEA produced four aircraft, each one an improvement over the last.", "Curtiss primarily designed the AEA's third aircraft, Aerodrome #3, the famous June Bug, and became its test pilot, undertaking most of the proving flights.", "On July 4, 1908, he flew to win the Scientific American Trophy and its $2,500 prize.", "This was considered to be the first pre-announced public flight of a heavier-than-air flying machine in America.", "The flight of the June Bug propelled Curtiss and aviation firmly into public awareness.", "On June 8, 1911, Curtiss received U.S.", "Pilot's License #1 from the Aero Club of America, because the first batch of licenses were issued in alphabetical order; Wilbur Wright received license #5.", "At the culmination of the Aerial Experiment Association's experiments, Curtiss offered to purchase the rights to Aerodrome #3, essentially using it as the basis of his Curtiss No.", "1, the first of his production series of pusher aircraft.", "The pre-war years\n\nAviation competitions \nAfter a 1909 fall-out with the AEA, Curtiss joined with A. M. Herring (and backers from the Aero Club of America) to found the Herring-Curtiss Company in Hammondsport.", "During the 1909–1910 period, Curtiss employed a number of demonstration pilots, including Eugene Ely, Charles K. Hamilton, J.A.D.", "McCurdy, Augustus Post, and Hugh Robinson.", "Aerial competitions and demonstration flights across North America helped to introduce aviation to a curious public; Curtiss took full advantage of these occasions to promote his products.", "This was a busy period for Glenn Curtiss.", "In August 1909, Curtiss took part in the Grande Semaine d'Aviation aviation meeting at Reims, France, organized by the Aéro-Club de France.", "The Wrights, who were selling their machines to customers in Germany at the time, decided not to compete in person.", "Two Wright aircraft (modified with a landing gear) were at the meet, but they did not win any events.", "On August 28, 1909, flying his No.", "2 biplane, Curtiss won the overall speed event, the Gordon Bennett Cup, completing the 20-km (12.5-mile) course in just under 16 minutes at a speed of , six seconds faster than runner-up Louis Blériot.", "On May 29, 1910, Curtiss flew from Albany to New York City to make the first long-distance flight between two major cities in the U.S. For this flight, which he completed in just under four hours including two stops to refuel, he won a $10,000 prize offered by publisher Joseph Pulitzer and was awarded permanent possession of the Scientific American trophy.", "In June 1910, Curtiss provided a simulated bombing demonstration to naval officers at Hammondsport.", "Two months later, Lt. Jacob E. Fickel demonstrated the feasibility of shooting at targets on the ground from an aircraft with Curtiss serving as pilot.", "One month later, in September, he trained Blanche Stuart Scott, who was possibly the first American woman pilot.", "The fictional character Tom Swift, who first appeared in 1910 in Tom Swift and His Motor Cycle and Tom Swift and His Airship, has been said to have been based on Glenn Curtiss.", "The Tom Swift books are set in a small town on a lake in upstate New York.", "Patent dispute \n\nA patent lawsuit by the Wright brothers against Curtiss in 1909 continued until it was resolved during World War I.", "Since the last Wright aircraft, the Wright Model L, was a single prototype of a \"scouting\" aircraft, made in 1916, the U.S. government, desperately short of combat aircraft, pressured both firms to resolve the dispute.", "Of nine suits Wright brought against Curtiss and others and the three suits brought against them, the Wright Brothers eventually won every case in courts in the United States.", "Naval aviation \nOn November 14, 1910, Curtiss demonstration pilot Eugene Ely took off from a temporary platform mounted on the forward deck of the cruiser USS Birmingham.", "His successful takeoff and ensuing flight to shore marked the beginning of a relationship between Curtiss and the Navy that remained significant for decades.", "At the end of 1910, Curtiss established a winter encampment at San Diego to teach flying to Army and Naval personnel.", "Here, he trained Lt. Theodore Ellyson, who became U.S.", "Naval Aviator #1, and three Army officers, 1st Lt. Paul W. Beck, 2nd Lt. George E. M. Kelly, and 2nd Lt. John C. Walker, Jr., in the first military aviation school.", "(Chikuhei Nakajima, founder of Nakajima Aircraft Company, was a 1912 graduate.)", "The original site of this winter encampment is now part of Naval Air Station North Island and is referred to by the Navy as \"The Birthplace of Naval Aviation\".", "Through the course of that winter, Curtiss was able to develop a float (pontoon) design that enabled him to take off and land on water.", "On January 26, 1911, he flew the first seaplane from the water in the United States.", "Demonstrations of this advanced design were of great interest to the Navy, but more significant, as far as the Navy was concerned, was Eugene Ely successfully landing his Curtiss pusher (the same aircraft used to take off from the Birmingham) on a makeshift platform mounted on the rear deck of the battleship USS Pennsylvania.", "This was the first arrester-cable landing on a ship and the precursor of modern-day carrier operations.", "On January 28, 1911, Ellyson took off in a Curtiss “grass cutter” to become the first Naval aviator.", "Curtiss custom built floats and adapted them onto a Model D so it could take off and land on water to prove the concept.", "On February 24, 1911, Curtiss made his first amphibious demonstration at North Island by taking off and alighting on both land and water.", "Back in Hammondsport, six months later in July 1911, Curtiss sold the U.S. Navy their first aircraft, the A-1 Triad.", "The A-1, which was primarily a seaplane, was equipped with retractable wheels, also making it the first amphibious aircraft.", "Curtiss trained the Navy's first pilots and built their first aircraft.", "For this, he is considered in the US to be \"The Father of Naval Aviation\".", "The Triad was immediately recognized as so obviously useful, it was purchased by the U.S. Navy, Russia, Japan, Germany, and Britain.", "Curtiss won the Collier Trophy for designing this aircraft.", "Around this time, Curtiss met retired British naval officer John Cyril Porte, who was looking for a partner to produce an aircraft with him to win the Daily Mail prize for the first transatlantic crossing.", "In 1912, Curtiss produced the two-seat Flying Fish, a larger craft that became classified as a flying boat because the hull sat in the water; it featured an innovative notch (known as a \"step\") in the hull that Porte recommended for breaking clear of the water at takeoff.", "Curtiss correctly surmised that this configuration was more suited to building a larger long-distance craft that could operate from water, and was also more stable when operating from a choppy surface.", "With the backing of Rodman Wanamaker, Porte and Curtiss produced the America in 1914, a larger flying boat with two engines, for the transatlantic crossing.", "World War I and later\n\nWorld War I \nWith the start of World War I, Porte returned to service in the Royal Navy, which subsequently purchased several models of the America, now called the H-4, from Curtiss.", "Porte licensed and further developed the designs, constructing a range of Felixstowe long-range patrol aircraft, and from his experience passed along improvements to the hull to Curtiss.", "The later British designs were sold to the U.S. forces, or built by Curtiss as the F5L.", "The Curtiss factory also built a total of 68 \"Large Americas\", which evolved into the H-12, the only American designed and built aircraft to see combat in World War I.", "As 1916 approached, the United States was feared to be drawn into the conflict.", "The Army's Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps ordered the development of a simple, easy-to-fly-and-maintain, two-seat trainer.", "Curtiss created the JN-4 \"Jenny\" for the Army, and the N-9 seaplane version for the Navy.", "They were some of the most famous products of the Curtiss company, and thousands were sold to the militaries of the United States, Canada, and Britain.", "Civilian and military aircraft demand boomed, and the company grew to employ 18,000 workers in Buffalo and 3,000 workers in Hammondsport.", "In 1917, the U.S. Navy commissioned Curtiss to design a long-range, four-engined flying boat large enough to hold a crew of five, which became known as the Curtiss NC.", "Three of the four NC flying boats built attempted a transatlantic crossing in 1919.", "Thus NC-4 became the first aircraft to be flown across the Atlantic Ocean, (a feat quickly overshadowed by the first non-stop atlantic crossing by Alcock and Brown,) while NC-1 and NC-3 were unable to continue past the Azores.", "NC-4 is now on permanent display in the National Museum of Naval Aviation in Pensacola, Florida.", "Post-World War I \nPeace brought cancellation of wartime contracts.", "In September 1920, the Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company underwent a financial reorganization.", "Glenn Curtiss cashed out his stock in the company for $32 million and retired to Florida.", "He continued on as a director of the company, but served only as an adviser on design.", "Clement M. Keys gained control of the company, which later became the nucleus of a large group of aviation companies.", "Later years \n\nCurtiss and his family moved to Florida in the 1920s, where he founded 18 corporations, served on civic commissions, and donated extensive land and water rights.", "He co-developed the city of Hialeah with James Bright and developed the cities of Opa-locka and Miami Springs, where he built a family home, known variously as the Miami Springs Villas House, Dar-Err-Aha, MSTR No.", "2, or Glenn Curtiss House.", "The Glenn Curtiss House, after years of disrepair and frequent vandalism, is being refurbished to serve as a museum in his honor.", "His frequent hunting trips into the Florida Everglades led to a final invention, the Adams Motor \"Bungalo\", a forerunner of the modern recreational vehicle trailer (named after his business partner and half-brother, G. Carl Adams).", "Curtiss later developed this into a larger, more elaborate fifth-wheel vehicle, which he manufactured and sold under the name Aerocar.", "Shortly before his death, he designed a tailless aircraft with a V-shaped wing and tricycle landing gear that he hoped could be sold in the price range of a family car.", "The Wright Aeronautical Corporation, a successor to the original Wright Company, ultimately merged with the Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company on July 5, 1929, forming the Curtiss-Wright company, shortly before Curtiss's death.", "Controversies\nCurtiss, working with the head of the Smithsonian Institution Charles Walcott, sought to discredit the Wrights and rehabilitate the reputation of Samuel Langley, a former head of the Smithsonian, who failed in his attempt at powered flight.", "Secretly, Curtiss extensively modified Langley's 1903 aerodrome (aircraft) then demonstrated in 1914 that it could fly.", "In turn, The Smithsonian endorsed the false statement that \"Professor Samuel P. Langley had actually designed and built the first man-carrying flying machine capable of sustained flight.\"", "Walcott ordered the plane modified by Curtiss to be returned to its original 1903 condition before going on display at the Smithsonian to cover up the deception.", "In 1928 the Smithsonian Board of Regents reversed its position and acknowledged that the Wright Brothers deserved the credit for the first flight.", "Death\nTraveling to Rochester to contest a lawsuit brought by former business partner August Herring, Curtiss suffered an attack of appendicitis in court.", "He died on July 23, 1930, in Buffalo, New York, of complications from an appendectomy.", "His funeral service was held at St. James Episcopal Church in his home town, Hammondsport, with interment in the family plot at Pleasant Valley Cemetery in Hammondsport.", "Awards and honors\nBy an act of Congress on March 1, 1933, Curtiss was posthumously awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross, which now resides in the Smithsonian Institution.", "Curtiss was inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame in 1964, the International Aerospace Hall of Fame in 1965, the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America in 1990, the Motorcycle Hall of Fame in 1998, and the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2003.", "The Smithsonian's National Air and Space Museum has a collection of Curtiss's original documents as well as a collection of airplanes, motorcycles and motors.", "LaGuardia Airport was originally called Glenn H. Curtiss Airport when it began operation in 1929.", "Other Curtiss honors include: Naval Aviation Hall of Honor; OX-5 Aviation Pioneers Hall of Fame; Empire State Aviation Hall of Fame; Niagara Frontier Aviation and Space Hall of Fame; International Air & Space Hall of Fame; Long Island Air & Space Hall of Fame; Great Floridians 2000; Steuben County (NY) Hall of Fame; Hammondsport School Lifetime Achievements Wall of Fame; Florida Aviation Hall of Fame; Smithsonian Institution Langley Medal; Top 100 Stars of Aerospace and Aviation; Doctor of Science (honoris causa), University of Miami.", "The Glenn H. Curtiss Museum in Hammondsport is dedicated to Curtiss's life and work.", "There is a Curtiss Avenue in Hammondsport, NY, along with the Glenn Curtiss Elementary School.", "Carson, CA has Glenn Hammond Curtiss Middle School and Glenn Curtiss Street.", "Glenn H. Curtiss Road is in San Diego, CA, and Glenn Curtiss Boulevard in East Meadow/Uniondale, NY (Long Island).", "Glenn Curtiss Drive is in Addison, TX, and Curtiss Parkway in Miami Springs, FL.", "Buffalo, NY has a Curtiss Park and a Curtis Parkway (named for Glenn despite the incorrect spelling).", "The Curtiss E-Library in Hialeah, FL was originally the Lua A. Curtiss Branch Library, named for Glenn's mother.", "Curtiss appeared on the cover of Time in 1924, on a U. S. Air Mail stamp, and on a Micronesian stamp.", "Curtiss airplanes appear on 15 U. S. stamps (including the first air mail stamps), and on the stamps of at least 17 other countries.", "Timeline\n\n1878 Birth in Hammondsport, New York\n1898 Marriage\n1900 Manufactures Hercules bicycles\n1901 Motorcycle designer and racer\n1903 American motorcycle champion\n1903 Unofficial one-mile motorcycle land speed record on Hercules V8 at Yonkers, New York\n1904 Thomas Scott Baldwin mounts Curtiss motorcycle engine on a hydrogen-filled dirigible\n1904 Set 10-mile world speed record\n1904 Invented handlebar throttle control; also credited to the 1867–1869 Roper steam velocipede \n1905 Created G.H.", "Curtiss Manufacturing Company, Inc.\n1906 Curtiss writes the Wright brothers offering them an aeronautical motor\n1907 Curtiss joins Alexander Graham Bell in experimenting in aircraft\n1907 Set world motorcycle land speed record of \n1907 Set world motorcycle land speed record at in his V8 motorcycle in Ormond Beach, Florida\n1908 First Army dirigible flight with Curtiss as flight engineer\n1908 One of several claimants for the first flight of a powered aircraft controlled by ailerons (manned glider flights with ailerons having been accomplished in 1904, unmanned flights even earlier)\n1908 Lead designer and pilot of \"June Bug\" on July 4\n1909 Sale of Curtiss's \"Golden Flyer\" to the New York Aeronautic Society for US$5,000.00, marks the first sale of any aircraft in the U.S., triggers Wright Brothers lawsuits.", "1909 Won first international air speed record with in Rheims, France\n1909 First U.S. licensed aircraft manufacturer.", "1909 Established first flying school in United States and exhibition company\n1910 Long distance flying record of from Albany, New York to New York City\n1910 First simulated bombing runs from an aircraft at Keuka Lake\n1910 First firearm use from aircraft, piloted by Curtiss\n1910 First radio communication with aircraft in flight in a Curtiss biplane\n1910 Curtiss moved to California and set up a shop and flight school at the Los Angeles Motordrome, using the facility for sea plane experiments\n1910 Trained Blanche Stuart Scott, the first American female pilot\n1910 First successful takeoff from a United States Navy ship (Eugene Burton Ely, using Curtiss Plane)\n1911 First landing on a ship (Eugene Burton Ely, using Curtiss Plane) (2 Months later)\n1911 The Curtiss School of Aviation, established at Rockwell Field in February\n\n1911 Pilot license #1 issued for his June Bug flight\n1911 Ailerons patented\n1911 Developed first successful pontoon aircraft in US\n1911 Hydroplane A-1 Triad purchased by US.", "Navy (US Navy's first aircraft)\n1911 Developed first retractable landing gear on his hydroaeroplane\n1911 His first aircraft sold to U.S. Army on April 27\n1911 Created first military flying school\n1912 Developed and flew the first flying boat on Lake Keuka\n1912 First ship catapult launching on October 12 (Lt. Ellyson)\n1912 Created the first flying school in Florida at Miami Beach\n\n1914 Curtiss made a few short flights in the Langley Aerodrome, as part of an unsuccessful attempt to bypass the Wright Brothers' patent on aircraft \n1915 Start production run of \"Jennys\" and many other models including flying boats\n1915 Curtiss started the Atlantic Coast Aeronautical Station on a 20-acre tract east of Newport News (VA) Boat Harbor in the Fall of 1915 with Captain Thomas Scott Baldwin as head.", "1917 Opens \"Experimental Airplane Factory\" in Garden City, Long Island\n1919 Curtiss NC-4 flying boat crosses the Atlantic\n1919 Commenced private aircraft production with the Oriole\n1921 Developed Hialeah, Florida, including Hialeah Park Race Track\n1921 Donated his World War I training field to the Navy\n1922 Opened Hialeah Park Race Track with his business partner James H. Bright\n1923 Developed Miami Springs, Florida and created a flying school and airport\n\n1923 (circa) Created first airboats\n1925 Built his Miami Springs mansion\n1926 Developed Opa-locka, Florida and airport facility\n1928 Created the Curtiss Aerocar Company in Opa-locka, Florida.", "1928 Curtiss towed an Aerocar from Miami to New York City in 39 hours\n1930 Death in Buffalo, New York\n1930 Buried in Pleasant Valley Cemetery in Hammondsport, New York\n1964 Inducted in the National Aviation Hall of Fame\n1990 Inducted in the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America in the air-racing category\n\nSee also\n\nCharles M. Olmsted\nAmerican Trans-Oceanic Company\nCurtiss Model T\nCurtiss Autoplane\nSchneider Trophy\nCurtiss & Bright\nOpa-locka Company\n\nReferences\n\nNotes\n\nCitations\n\nBibliography\n\n \"At Dayton\".", "Time, October 13, 1924.", "Casey, Louis S. Curtiss: The Hammondsport Era, 1907–1915.", "New York: Crown Publishers, 1981. .\n Curtiss, Glenn and Augustus Post.", "The Curtiss Aviation Book.", "New York: Frederick A. Stokes, 1912.\n de Cet, Mirco.", "The Illustrated Directory of Motorcycles.", "St. Paul: Minnesota: MotorBooks/MBI Publishing Company, 2002. .\n Dizer, John T. Tom Swift & Company.", "Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland Publishing, 1982. .\n FitzGerald-Bush, Frank S. A Dream of Araby: Glenn Curtiss and the Founding of Opa-locka.", "Opa-locka, Florida: South Florida Archaeological Museum, 1976.", "Harvey, Steve.", "It Started with a Steamboat: An American Saga.", "Bloomington, Indiana: AuthorHouse, 2005. .\n Hatch, Alden.", "Glenn Curtiss: Pioneer of Aviation.", "Guilford, Connecticut: The Lyons Press, 2007. .\n House, Kirk W. Hell-Rider to King of the Air.", "Warrendale, Pennsylvania: SAE International, 2003. .\n Mitchell, Charles R. and Kirk W. House.", "Glenn H. Curtiss: Aviation Pioneer.", "Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing, 2001. .\n Roseberry, C.R.", "Glenn Curtiss: Pioneer of Flight.", "Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company, 1972. .\n Shulman, Seth.", "Unlocking the Sky: Glenn Hammond Curtiss and the Race to Invent the Airplane.", "New York: Harper Collins, 2002. .\n \"Speed Limit.\"", "Time, October 29, 1923.", "Studer, Clara.", "Sky Storming Yankee: The Life of Glenn Curtiss.", "New York: Stackpole Sons, 1937.", "Trimble, William F. Hero of the Air: Glenn Curtiss and the Birth of Naval Aviation.", "Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2010. .", "External links \n\n The Curtiss Aviation Book by Glenn Curtiss and Augustus Post\n U.S. Government Centennial of Flight – Glenn Curtiss\n Glenn Curtiss Museum in Hammondsport, NY\n National Aviation Hall of Fame: Glenn Curtiss Retrieved May 26, 2011\n \n\n1878 births\n1930 deaths\n19th-century American inventors\n20th-century American inventors\nAircraft designers\nAlexander Graham Bell\nAmerican aerospace engineers\nAmerican aviation record holders\nAmerican male cyclists\nAmerican motorcycle designers\nAviation history of the United States\nAviation pioneers\nAviators from New York (state)\nBicycle messengers\nCollier Trophy recipients\n \nDeaths from appendicitis\nInternational Motorsports Hall of Fame inductees\nMembers of the Early Birds of Aviation\nMotorcycle land speed record people\nNational Aviation Hall of Fame inductees\nPeople from Hammondsport, New York\nCyclists from New York (state)" ]

[ "Glenn was an American aviation and motorcycling pioneer and founder of the U.S. aircraft industry.", "He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "He began to make engines for airships in 1904.", "Alexander Graham Bell founded the Aerial Experiment Association to build flying machines.", "At the first international air meet in France, he won a race and made the first long-distance flight in the U.S.", "Experiments with seaplanes led to advances in naval aviation, and his company built aircraft for the U.S. Army and Navy.", "Civil and military aircraft were used during the interwar and World War II eras.", "Glenn was born in the Finger Lakes region of New York in the 19th century.", "Glenn's father was a harness maker who arrived in Hammondsport with Glenn's grandparents in 1876.", "Glenn's paternal grandparents were a Methodist Episcopal clergyman and a woman.", "Rutha Luella was Glenn's younger sister.", "His interest in mechanics and inventions was evident at his first job at the Eastman Dry Plate and Film Company in Rochester, New York.", "He built a rudimentary camera to study photography after inventing a stencil machine.", "On March 7, 1898, the daughter of Guy L. and Jenny M. Potter DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch", "Carlton N.Curtiss was a bicycle messenger, a bicycle racer, and a bicycle-shop owner. Glenn HammondCurtiss was a bicycle racer, a bicycle messenger, and a bicycle-shop owner.", "When internal-combustion engines became more available, he developed an interest in motorcycles.", "The motorcycles were made with single-cylinder engines.", "His first motorcycle's carburetor was made from a tomato soup can and used to pull gasoline up by capillary action.", "He set a motorcycle land speed record in 1903.", "The back room of the shop was where the entire motorcycle enterprise was located when E.H. Corson of the Hendee Mfg Co visited in July 1904.", "The week before, Corson's motorcycles had been trounced by \"Hell Rider\" in an endurance race from New York to Cambridge, Maryland.", "An unofficial world record was set on a V-8-powered motorcycle in Ormond Beach, Florida, on January 24, 1907.", "The F-head engine was supposed to be used in aircraft.", "The newspapers gave him the title of \"the fastest man in the world\" until 1911, but his motorcycle record was not broken until 1930.", "The motorcycle is in a museum.", "His reputation as a leading maker of high-performance motorcycles and engines was strengthened by his success at racing.", "Tom Baldwin was a supplier of engines for the California \"aeronaut\" in 1904.", "Baldwin's California Arrow, powered by a 9 HP V-twin motorcycle engine, was the first successful dirigible in America.", "Alexander Graham Bell wanted a suitable engine for heavier-than-air flight experimentation.", "Bell invited Curtiss to join his association because he regarded him as the greatest motor expert in the country.", "Four aircraft were produced by the AEA, each one an improvement over the last.", "Aerodrome #3, the famous June Bug and most of the proving flights were designed and built by Curtiss.", "He won the Scientific American trophy and $2,500 on July 4, 1908.", "This was the first public flight of a heavier-than-air flying machine in America.", "The June Bug propelled aviation into the public eye.", "On June 8, 1911, the U.S. was received by Curtiss.", "Pilot's License #1 from the Aero Club of America was the first license to be issued in alphabetical order.", "At the end of the Aerial Experiment Association's experiments, Curtiss offered to purchase the rights to Aerodrome #3 and use it as the basis of his No.", "The first pusher aircraft was produced by him.", "The Herring-Curtiss Company was formed after a 1909 fall-out with the AEA.", "Eugene Ely, Charles K. Hamilton, and J.A.D. were demonstration pilots.", "McCurdy, Augustus Post, and Hugh Robinson.", "The introduction of aviation to a curious public was aided by aerial contests and demonstration flights across North America.", "This was a busy time for Glenn.", "The Aéro-Club de France organized the Grande Semaine d'Aviation meeting in August 1909.", "The Wrights decided not to compete in person because they were selling their machines to customers in Germany.", "The two Wright aircraft that were at the meet did not win any events.", "On August 28, 1909, he flew his No.", "The overall speed event, the Gordon Bennett Cup, was won by 2 biplanes in just under 16 minutes, six seconds faster than runner-up Louis Blériot.", "The first long-distance flight between two major cities in the U.S. took place on May 29, 1910, and he won a $10,000 prize.", "In June 1910, a mock bombing demonstration was given to naval officers.", "In two months, Jacob E. Fickel demonstrated the feasibility of shooting at targets on the ground from an aircraft.", "He trained the first American woman pilot in September.", "The fictional character Tom Swift, who first appeared in 1910 in Tom Swift and His Motor Cycle and Tom Swift and His Airship, has been said to have been based on Glenn Curtiss.", "The Tom Swift books are set in a small town on a lake.", "During World War I, the patent dispute between the Wright brothers and Curtiss was resolved.", "Since the last Wright aircraft, the Wright Model L, was a single prototype of a \"scouting\" aircraft, the U.S. government pressured both firms to resolve the dispute.", "The Wright Brothers won all of the suits they brought against them in the United States.", "On November 14, 1910, Eugene Ely took off from a temporary platform on the forward deck of the ship.", "The beginning of a relationship between the Navy and Curtiss was marked by his successful takeoff and subsequent flight to shore.", "The winter camp at San Diego was established at the end of 1910 to teach flying to military personnel.", "Lieutenant Theodore Ellyson was trained here.", "Three Army officers, 1st Lt. Paul W. Beck, 2nd Lt. George E. M. Kelly, and 2nd Lt. John C. Walker, Jr., attended the first military aviation school.", "The founder of Nakajima Aircraft Company was a 1912 graduate.", "The birthplace of naval aviation is now part of Naval Air Station North Island and is referred to by the Navy as \"The Birthplace of Naval Aviation\".", "Through the course of the winter, he was able to develop a float that would allow him to land on the water.", "He flew the first seaplane in the United States on January 26, 1911.", "Eugene Ely successfully landed his pusher on a makeshift platform on the rear deck of his aircraft carrier after demonstrating the advanced design to the Navy.", "The first arrester-cable landing on a ship was this one.", "On January 28, 1911, Ellyson became the first Naval aviator.", "The Model D was adapted so that it could take off and land on water to prove the concept.", "The first amphibious demonstration at North Island took place on February 24, 1911.", "The A-1 Triad was the first aircraft sold by the U.S. Navy.", "The A-1, which was primarily a seaplane, was the first amphibious aircraft.", "The Navy's first pilots were trained by Curtiss.", "He is considered to be the \"Father of Naval Aviation\" in the US.", "The United States Navy, Russia, Japan, Germany, and Britain all purchased the Triad.", "The aircraft was designed byCurtiss and he won the trophy.", "John Cyril Porte, a retired British naval officer, was looking for a partner to produce an aircraft with him to win a Daily Mail prize.", "The two-seat Flying Fish, a larger craft that became classified as a flying boat because the hull sat in the water, featured an innovative notch in the hull that Porte recommended for breaking clear of the water at takeoff.", "This configuration was more suited to building a larger long-distance craft that could operate from water, and was also more stable when operating from a choppy surface.", "The America, a larger flying boat with two engines, was produced with the help of Rodman Wanamaker.", "Porte returned to service in the Royal Navy after the start of World War I and subsequently purchased several models of the America, now called the H-4.", "Improvements to the hull of the Felixstowe long-range patrol aircraft were passed along from Porte's experience.", "The British designs were sold to the U.S. forces.", "The H-12 was the only American designed and built aircraft that saw combat in World War I.", "The United States was feared to be drawn into the conflict as 1916 approached.", "The two-seat trainer was ordered by the Army's Aviation Section.", "The Army and Navy had versions of the N-9 seaplane.", "Thousands of these products were sold to the militaries of the United States, Canada, and Britain.", "The company grew to employ 18,000 workers in Buffalo and 3,000 workers in Hammondsport.", "In 1917, the U.S. Navy ordered the design of a long-range, four-engined flying boat that could hold a crew of five.", "Three of the four NC flying boats tried to cross the ocean in 1919.", "The first non-stop atlantic crossing by Alcock and Brown overshadowed the fact that NC-4 was the first aircraft to be flown across the Atlantic Ocean.", "NC-4 is on permanent display in the National Museum of Naval Aviation.", "The cancellation of wartime contracts happened after World War I.", "The financial reorganization of the Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company took place in September of 1920.", "Glenn Curtiss retired to Florida after cashing out his stock in the company.", "He was still a director of the company, but only as an adviser on design.", "A large group of aviation companies were formed after Clement M. Keys gained control of the company.", "After moving to Florida with his family in the 1920s, he founded 18 corporations, served on civic commissions, and donated land and water rights.", "He co-developed the city of Hialeah with James Bright and built a family home known as the Miami Springs Villas House.", "There is a Glenn Curtiss House.", "The Glenn Curtiss House is being renovated to become a museum in his honor.", "The Adams Motor \"Bungalo\", a prototype of the modern recreational vehicle trailer, was named after his business partner and half-brother, G. Carl Adams.", "He manufactured and sold the Aerocar, a larger, more elaborate fifth-wheel vehicle.", "He designed a tailless aircraft with a V-shaped wing and tricycle landing gear that he hoped could be sold in the price range of a family car.", "The original Wright Company merged with theCurtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company on July 5, 1929, forming theCurtiss-Wright company.", "The reputation of Samuel Langley, a former head of the Smithsonian, was damaged when he failed in his attempt at powered flight.", "In 1914, it was shown that it could fly.", "The false statement that Professor Samuel P. Langley designed and built the first man-carrying flying machine was endorsed by The Smithsonian.", "Walcott ordered that the modified plane be returned to its original condition before it was put on display.", "The Wright Brothers deserved the credit for the first flight after the board of regents reversed its position.", "Death traveled to Rochester to contest a lawsuit that August Herring brought against him.", "He died on July 23, 1930, in Buffalo, New York.", "He was buried in the family plot at Pleasant Valley Cemetery in Hammondsport after his funeral service at St. James Episcopal Church.", "On March 1, 1933, an act of Congress gave posthumous honors to Curtiss, who was posthumously awarded theDistinguished Flying Cross.", "Inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame in 1964, the International Aerospace Hall of Fame in 1965, the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America in 1990, the Motorcycle Hall of Fame in 1998, and the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2003", "There is a collection of airplanes, motorcycles and motors at the National Air and Space Museum.", "The original name of the airport was Glenn H. Curtiss Airport.", "The Naval Aviation Hall of Honor, the OX-5 Aviation Pioneers Hall of Fame, the Empire State Aviation Hall of Fame, the International Air & Space Hall of Fame, the Long Island Air & Space Hall of Fame, and the Great Floridians 2000 are all included in the list.", "The Glenn H. Curtiss Museum is dedicated to his life and work.", "There is an elementary school on the same street as a Curtiss Avenue.", "Glenn's Street and Glenn's Middle School are in Carson, CA.", "Glenn H. Curtiss Boulevard is in East Meadow/Uniondale, NY.", "There are two Glenn Curtiss Drive in Texas and one in Miami Springs, Florida.", "The park is named for Glenn despite the incorrect spelling.", "Glenn's mother named the library after her.", "In 1924, he appeared on the cover of Time and on a U.S. Air Mail stamp.", "The first air mail stamps are on 15 U.S. stamps, and at least 17 other countries.", "Birth in New York in 1898 Marriage 1900 Manufactures Hercules bicycles 1901 Motorcycle designer and racer 1903 American motorcycle champion 1904 Unofficial one-mile motorcycle land speed record on Hercules V8 at Yonkers, New York", "Alexander Graham Bell set a world motorcycle land speed record in 1907 and the First Army set a world motorcycle land speed record in 1908.", "The first international air speed record was set in Rheims, France in 1909.", "There was a long distance flying record from Albany, New York to New York City in 1909.", "888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465", "He donated his World War I training field to the Navy in 1922.", "The Aerocar was towed from Miami to New York City in 39 hours.", "October 13, 1924.", "Louis S. Curtiss was the author of The Hammondsport Era.", "Glenn and Augustus Post were authors of New York: Crown Publishers.", "The book is about aviation.", "de Cet is in Mirco.", "There is a directory of motorcycles.", "St. Paul: Minnesota: MotorBooks/MBI Publishing Company.", "FitzGerald-Bush and Frank S. A Dream of Araby are from Jefferson, North Carolina.", "South Florida Archaeological Museum was founded in 1976.", "Steve, Harvey.", "It began with a Steamboat: An American Saga.", "Bloomington, Indiana: AuthorHouse.", "GlennCurtiss was the pioneer of aviation.", "Kirk W. Hell-Rider to King of the Air was published in 2007.", "Mitchell, Charles R. and House, Kirk W.", "Glenn H. Curtiss was an aviation pioneer.", "Roseberry, C.R. is from Charleston, South Carolina.", "GlennCurtiss was the pioneer of flight.", "Doubleday & Company was in Garden City, New York.", "The race to invent the airplane is the subject of Unlocking the Sky.", "New York:Harper Collins.", "October 29, 1923.", "Clara Studer.", "Sky Storming Yankee is a biography of Glenn Curtiss.", "New York: Stackpole Sons.", "Glenn Curtiss and the Birth of Naval Aviation was written by William F. Hero of the Air.", "The Naval Institute Press was published in 2010.", "The National Aviation Hall of Fame has a biography of Glenn Curtiss." ]

[ "Glenn Hammond Curtiss", "Glenn Curtiss", "Curtiss", "Curtiss", "Glenn", "Glenn", ". Curtiss", "Glenn Curtiss", "Curtiss", ". Curtiss", "Glenn Hammond", "Curtiss", "Curtiss", "Curtiss", "Curtiss", "Curtiss", "Curtiss", "Curtiss", "Glenn Curtis", "Glenn", "Curtiss", "Glenn Curtiss", "Curtiss", "Curtiss", "Curtiss", "Glenn", "Glenn", "Glenn", "Glenn Curtiss", "Glenn H", ". Curtiss", "Glenn Curtiss", "Glenn Hammond", "Curtiss", "Glenn Curtiss", "Glenn Curtiss", "Glenn Curtiss" ]

[ "Glenn", "Glenn", "Glenn", "Glenn", "Glenn", "Glenn", "Curtiss", "Glenn HammondCurtiss", "Glenn", "Glenn Curtiss", "CurtisCurtiss", "Glenn Curtiss", "Curtiss", "Glenn", "Glenn", "GlennCurtiss", "Glenn H", "Curtiss", "Glenn Curtiss", "Glenn Curtiss" ]

[ "Ravichandran Ashwin (born 17 September 1986) is an Indian international cricketer.", "An all-rounder who bats right-handed and bowls right-arm off-break, he plays for Tamil Nadu in domestic cricket and Rajasthan Royals in the Indian Premier League.", "He is the fastest Indian bowler (also in some records the joint-fastest in the world) to reach the 50-, 100-, 150-, 200-, 250-, 300-, 350- and 400-wicket mark in Test cricket in terms of number of innings.", "In 2016, he became the third Indian to win the ICC Cricketer of the Year award.", "Considered to be one of the best spin bowlers of his generation, he is currently the highest-ranked spinner in Test cricket, and the highest-ranked Test bowler for India on the ICC Player Rankings.", "He has won nine Man of the Series awards in Test cricket, which is the highest by an Indian cricketer.", "Having achieved little success as an opening batsman at junior-level cricket, Ashwin dropped down the order and turned into an off-break bowler.", "He made his first-class debut for Tamil Nadu in December 2006 and captained the team the following season.", "However, it was not until the 2010 Indian Premier League in which he played for the Chennai Super Kings that he came into the limelight with his economical bowling and earned his maiden international call-up in the limited-overs formats in June 2010.", "He was the leading wicket-taker and player of the tournament of the 2010 Champions League Twenty20 in South Africa.", "He was also part of the Indian squad that won the 2011 Cricket World Cup.", "Later that year, he made his Test debut against West Indies and became the seventh Indian bowler to take a five-wicket haul on Test debut.", "He took two five-wicket hauls and scored a century in that series and won the player of the series award.", "Ashwin continued to succeed in the subcontinent but proved to be less effective in other places like Australia and England.", "In a home Test series against Australia in 2013, he took 29 wickets, the most by any Indian bowler in a four-match Test series.", "The same year, he took his 100th Test wicket in his 18th match, becoming the fastest Indian bowler to the milestone and the fastest in the world in over 80 years.", "In 2017, playing his 45th Test, Ashwin became the fastest bowler to pick up 250 Test wickets, bettering Dennis Lillee, who had achieved the landmark in 48 Tests.", "In October 2019, in his 66th Test match, Ashwin became the joint-fastest bowler, along with Muttiah Muralitharan, to take his 350th Test wicket.", "Early years\nAshwin was born on 17 September 1986 in Chennai, Tamil Nadu in a Tamil Hindu family.", "He lives in West Mambalam, Chennai.", "His father Ravichandran played cricket at club level as a fast bowler.", "Ashwin was educated at Padma Seshadri Bala Bhavan and St. Bede's Anglo Indian Higher Secondary School.", "He also attended SSN College of Engineering and graduated with a BTech in Information Technology.", "His time at St. Bede's was particularly important, as it had a cricket academy.", "Ashwin has stated that coaches C. K. Vijay and Chandra at St Bede's played a big role in his career, where he had changed his bowling style from medium pace to off spin.", "Career\n\n2010–present: International career\nOn the back of his impressive performance in the 2010 Indian Premier League, Ashwin was selected in a second-string squad that toured Zimbabwe in May–June 2010.", "He made his ODI debut against Sri Lanka on 5 June 2010, scoring a 32–ball 38 and taking 2/50 in that match which India lost to crash out of the tri-series.", "His T20I debut came a week later, against Zimbabwe at Harare where he took 1/22 in four overs in an Indian win.", "Ashwin was selected for the tri-series against New Zealand and hosts Sri Lanka, but did not get a game with Pragyan Ojha and Ravindra Jadeja being preferred over him throughout the series.", "In October, the selectors decided to rest first-choice players in the three-match home ODI series against Australia, enabling Ashwin to get selected in the team again.", "Ashwin was the most economical bowler in the only match played in the series in which he took 1/34 in nine overs while India registered a five-wicket victory.", "Ashwin played in all five matches of the home series against New Zealand in November–December 2010.", "India completed a 5–0 whitewash and Ashwin ended up as the leading wicket-taker of the series with 11 wickets at an average of 21.90.", "At the conclusion of the series, Ashwin earned the praise of captain Gautam Gambhir, who called him \"the find\" of the series and hailed his bowling during the powerplay overs.", "Despite this success, Ashwin failed to make it to the playing eleven in any of the five ODIs on the South African tour, with the inclusion of lead spinner Harbhajan Singh in the team.", "However, Ashwin did manage to find a place in the 15-member World Cup squad that was announced during the series, with Harbhajan and Piyush Chawla being the other two specialist spinners in the squad.", "Ashwin played the fourth and fifth ODI of India's tour of West Indies in June–July 2011 but picked just one wicket.", "Ashwin was retained in the limited-overs squad for the England tour.", "He emerged as India's best bowler of the series, which India lost 3–0, taking six wickets at an average of 25.16.", "England toured India in October 2011 and were whitewashed in the ODI series 5–0.", "With 10 scalps at 20.20, Ashwin was as the second highest wicket-taker of the series, only behind teammate Jadeja.", "In November 2011, West Indies toured India for three Tests and five ODIs.", "Ashwin and Ojha were the only two specialist spinners in the squad, with Harbhajan being omitted owing to his indifferent form during the England tour.", "Ashwin made his Test debut in the first match at Delhi, earning his cap from Sachin Tendulkar.", "Ashwin took 3/81 in the first innings and 6/47 in the second, helping India win the match.", "He was awarded the man of the match and became the third Indian player to win the award on Test debut.", "He picked four wickets in the second Test at Kolkata where India registered an innings victory.", "In the third Test at Mumbai, he took 5/156 while West Indies made a total of 590 and scored his maiden international century in India's first innings (103 runs from 118 balls) to take India's total to 482.", "Ashwin thus became the third Indian to score a century and take a five-wicket haul in the same Test and the first since 1962.", "West Indies were bowled out for 134 in their second innings as Ojha and Ashwin shared all ten wickets between them, with Ashwin picking 4/34.", "The match ended in a draw with the scores level, after Ashwin took a single and was dismissed run out attempting a second run off the last ball of the match.", "He was awarded the man of the match as well as the man of the series for his all-round performance.", "Ashwin featured in four matches of the subsequent ODI series and took four wickets at 49.00.", "Ashwin was ineffective on India's 2011/12 tour of Australia.", "He played in three Tests on the tour taking nine wickets at an average of more than 62.", "He also featured in the subsequent triangular CB Series against Australia and Sri Lanka and took seven wickets in as many matches at 43.42.", "In March 2012, he took five wickets in three matches of the 2012 Asia Cup in Bangladesh.", "He had a quiet tour of Sri Lanka in July–August 2012 taking five wickets at 39.40 in the five-match ODI series and 1/22 in the one-off T20I.", "Ashwin returned to form during the two-match home Test series against New Zealand.", "In the first Test at Hyderabad, he claimed 6/31 and 6/54 helping India seal an innings victory and was named the man of the match.", "His match figures of 12/85 bettered S. Venkataraghavan's 12/152 for the best figures by an Indian bowler against New Zealand in Tests.", "In the second match at Bangalore his efforts of 5/69 in the second innings helped India win the match and the series 2–0.", "He was awarded man of the series for his tally of 18 wickets at 13.11 average.", "Ashwin played four matches in the 2012 ICC World Twenty20 in Sri Lanka and took five wickets at an economy rate of 6 and an average of 19.", "During the first Test of England's tour of India in late 2012, Ashwin became the fastest Indian to record 50 wickets in Test cricket as he overhauled the milestone in his ninth game.", "India eventually lost the series 2–1 in which he struggled with the ball managing to take only 14 wickets in the four Tests at an average of 52.64.", "However, he scored 243 runs, averaging 60.75 per innings, including two fifties and finished as India's second best batsman of the series.", "In the three-match ODI series against Pakistan and the five-match ODI series against England, he took three wickets at 43.33 and seven wickets at 35.71 respectively.", "While playing for India Cements at the BCCI Corporate Trophy in February 2013, Ashwin worked with former Tamil Nadu spinner and childhood coach Sunil Subramaniam to make changes to his bowling ahead of the four-match Test series against Australia.", "Subramaniam and Ashwin spent a few hours every day for a week at the nets in Nagpur.", "Among the changes made was shortening Ashwin's bowling stride.", "Ashwin was highly successful on Australia's four-Test tour of India in February–March 2013.", "In the first Test at Chennai, his home ground, he took 7/103 and 5/95 leading India to a comfortable eight-wicket victory.", "He had a haul of 5/63 in the second innings of the second Test at Hyderabad where India registered an innings win.", "He took a total of four wickets in the Mohali Test where India sealed the series with a six-wicket victory.", "In the last match at Delhi, he took 5/57 and 2/55 in another Indian win which completed a 4–0 whitewash of Australia.", "During the match, Ashwin surpassed former India captain Anil Kumble's tally of 27 wickets for most wickets by an Indian bowler in a four-Test series.", "Ashwin finished the series as the leading wicket-taker with a tally of 29 wickets at 20.10 and won the Man of the Series award.", "It was the first time India won four or more Tests in a series and the first time Australia was whitewashed since 1969–70.", "Ashwin also became the third Indian off-spinner to take 25-plus wickets in a series after E. A. S. Prasanna and Harbhajan Singh.", "Ashwin was a member of the Indian team that won the 2013 ICC Champions Trophy in England.", "His figures of 2/15 in four overs in the 20-overs-a-side final helped India restrict England to 124/8 and win the match by five runs.", "He had a total of eight wickets from five matches at an average of 22.62, conceding 4.41 runs per over, and ended as the joint-fifth highest wicket-taker of the tournament.", "He was named as part of the 'Team of the Tournament' by Cricinfo.", "With nine wickets in six matches, Ashwin finished as the leading wicket-taker of the home ODI series against Australia in October–November 2013 which India won 3–2.", "On India's tour of South Africa, Ashwin had a difficult time with the ball.", "He picked only one wicket across three ODIs and went wicketless in his 42 overs in the first Test at Johannesburg, following which, he lost his spot in the team to Jadeja for the second Test.", "In early 2014, Ashwin's overseas struggles continued during the New Zealand tour where he managed to bag a solitary wicket in the five-match ODI series which India lost 4–0.", "However, in the third ODI, coming in to bat with India at 146/5 in pursuit of 315, he scored his maiden ODI fifty of 65 runs from 46 balls.", "He shared a 38-run partnership with Dhoni and an 85-run seventh wicket stands with Jadeja, as the match eventually ended in a tie.", "In the two-match Test series that followed, Jadeja was preferred over Ashwin as the lone spinner in the playing eleven.", "Ashwin was back among the wickets when India went to Bangladesh for the 2014 Asia Cup and the 2014 ICC World Twenty20.", "He took nine wickets in four matches of the Asia Cup and finished as the joint-third highest wicket-taker of the tournament.", "He played a vital role in India's unbeaten run to the World Twenty20 final.", "His tally of 11 wickets in six matches at an average of 11.27 and economy rate of 5.35 put him joint-third on the list of most wickets in the tournament.", "He was named in the 'Team of the Tournament' for the 2014 T20 World Cup by the ICC and Cricinfo.", "Ashwin was part of the Indian team that toured England in 2014.", "He played his first match of the Test series only in the fourth game in which he scored 40 and 46 not out but went wicketless in an innings defeat for India.", "He took three wickets in the last match, which was another innings defeat.", "India and Ashwin found more success in the ODI series followed.", "With India winning the series 3–1, Ashwin took seven wickets from four matches at an average of 24.85 and economy rate of less than 4.5.", "India whitewashed Sri Lanka in a five-match ODI series in November 2014 in which Ashwin had 6 wickets to his name at 33.33.", "Debutant leg-spinner Karn Sharma was chosen over Ashwin for the first Test of India's tour of Australia in December 2014.", "After Sharma's indifferent debut, Ashwin returned to the playing eleven as the lone spinner and took a total of 12 wickets at an average of 48.66 in the remaining three matches.", "Ashwin was selected to represent India for the second consecutive ODI World cup to be held in Australia-New Zealand in 2015.", "He was also named as bench for the 'Team of the tournament' by Cricbuzz.", "In the 2015 three-match series against Sri Lanka, he dismissed Kumar Sangakkara, who was retiring following the second Test, four consecutive times in his final four innings.", "At the end of the series, he finished with 21 wickets and in the process, broke the record for most wickets by an Indian bowler in a series against Sri Lanka.", "He was awarded the Man of the Series.", "These efforts led him to achieve the number 1 ranking in ICC Test Bowling Rankings for the year 2015 (which he retained in 2016).", "In November 2015, Ashwin was a star performer throughout the Freedom Trophy Test series against South Africa in India.", "During the course of the series, he became the fastest Indian to reach 150 wickets in Test cricket.", "In the third Test in Nagpur, he picked up 12 wickets for 98 runs to hand South Africa their first away series loss in nine years.", "His career-best figures of 7/66 in the second innings bowled the visitors out for 185 and gave India a 2–0 series win.", "For his performances in 2015, he was named as 12th man in the World Test XI by the ICC.", "He was also named in the Test XI of the year 2015 by Cricinfo.", "In New Zealand's tour of India in 2016, Ashwin took 27 wickets in 3 Tests, including a career-best of 7 for 59 in an innings.", "For his performances in 2016, he was named in the World Test XI by the ICC and Cricinfo.", "In December 2016, the International Cricket Council named Ashwin the ICC Cricketer of the Year and the ICC Test Cricketer of the Year for 2016.", "In the process, he became the third Indian to win the Sir Garfield Sobers Trophy for the ICC Cricketer of the Year after Rahul Dravid and Sachin Tendulkar, and also the second cricketer ever after Dravid to win the two awards in the same year.", "For his performances in 2017, he was named in the World Test XI by the ICC.", "In September 2021, Ashwin was named in India's squad for the 2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup.", "He made a comeback in white-ball cricket in India's third match of the tournament against Afghanistan and bowled a good spell of 2-14 in 4 overs.", "In December 2021, Ashwin was ranked second in the ICC Men’s Test Player Rankings for bowlers and all-rounders.", "Indian Premier League career \nIn March 2019, in a match against Rajasthan Royals, Ashwin mankaded Jos Buttler reigniting the debate around dismissal in this manner.", "In 2019, Ashwin was traded to Delhi Capitals ahead of the 2020 Indian Premier League.", "He took 13 wickets in the season and was the fourth highest wicket taker in the team.", "Delhi retained him for the 2021 season.", "India and Delhi Capitals off-spinner Ravichandran Ashwin  said he is going to take a break from Indian Premier League (IPL) 2021.", "Ashwin played 5 matches for Delhi Capitals in IPL 2021.", "It was the first time that he was playing in an IPL final for a team other than CSK.", "He played for the CSK in the finals of the IPL in 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2015.", "In the 2022 IPL Auction, Ashwin was bought by the Rajasthan Royals for ₹5 crores.", "Bowling style\nAshwin produces several variations of the ball and flights the ball, thereby giving it more chance to spin and dip on the batsman.", "In addition to his normal off-breaks, he produces an arm ball and the carrom ball, the latter of which he uses frequently in the shorter formats.", "In IPL 2013, he bowled leg-breaks and googly as well.", "However, in an interview, he has stated that he refrains from bowling the doosra as it requires him to bend and straighten his arm which he finds difficult to do.", "Ashwin's childhood coach Sunil Subramaniam recalls Ashwin's early days at the TNCA Academy:\n\n[...] what struck me was his intelligence.", "His use of angles, length and width of the crease.", "Also, guessing what a batsman was likely to do.", "And the kind of field placing that he is comfortable with.", "Those are the factors that struck me immediately – that this guy not only loves bowling, he also has a fair idea of what spin actually is.", "For somebody who started out at 18 or 19, I thought that was a big thing [...] Here is a guy who knew what the ball is supposed to do, where this guy is expected to play and what are the plans to keep that guy in check and put pressure on that guy.", "He was pretty clear at 18 itself.", "Personal life\n\nOn 13 November 2011, Ashwin married his childhood friend Prithi Narayanan.", "They have two children.", "The Tamil Nadu State Election Commission used Ashwin to help create electoral awareness by encouraging voters to check whether their names were on the electoral roll.", "Achievements\nHe is fastest among Indian bowlers to reach 50,100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, and 400 wickets milestone.", "Ashwin is ranked number 2 among bowlers and 2 among all-rounders in Test cricket as of December 2021.", "In his 37th Test match, Ashwin became the fastest Indian bowler and the second fastest in the world to reach 200 Test wickets after Australian spinner Clarrie Grimmett (36 matches)..", "He is fastest to reach 250,300 and 350 wickets in test cricket.", "Ashwin became the first Indian cricketer to score a century and take five wickets in the same Test match on three separate instances.", "In 2016, Ravichandran Ashwin became first Indian to take 50 T20I wickets.", "On 23 August 2016, Ashwin grabbed his sixth Man-of-the-Series Award, surpassing the tie by Sachin Tendulkar and Virender Sehwag, and in only his 13th Test series, and 8th series where he played every Test.", "On 10 October 2016, Ashwin took his 20th five-wicket haul, making him the third fastest to reach the landmark.", "On 27 November 2016, he completed a double of 500 runs and 50 wickets in 2016.", "He is the second all-rounder from India to achieve this in a single calendar year.", "Ashwin was the world's highest wicket taker in 2016 with 72 scalps.", "On 12 February 2017, with the dismissal of Mushfiqur Rahim, Ashwin became the fastest to reach 250 test wickets.", "In India's 2016-17 home season, Ashwin took 64 wickets in 13 Tests, becoming the highest wicket-taker for India in a single domestic season, surpassing Kapil Dev's record of 63 wickets in 10 Tests during the 1979-80 season.", "During the home test series against Australia, he became the fastest bowler to take 25 fifers in test history in terms of matches(47) and in terms of innings(89).", "He along with Ravindra Jadeja became the first pair of spinners to be jointly ranked number 1 bowler in ICC Test Rankings history In the 4th and final Test match against Australia national cricket team at Dharamshala Cricket Stadium, March 2017, Ashwin dismissed Steve Smith and took his wickets' tally to 79.", "This is the most number of wickets by a bowler in a home season surpassing Dale Steyn's record of 78 in 2007-08.", "In November 2015, he became fastest Indian to 150 wickets as well during his 5 wicket haul against South Africa at Mohali.", "In September 2016, he became the fastest Indian and second overall to get 200 wickets by dismissing Kane Williamson in India's 500th test match.", "On 27 November 2017, during the second Test against Sri Lanka, Ashwin became the fastest bowler to reach 300 Test wickets in his 54th Test.", "His 300th victim was Sri Lankan tail-ender batsman Lahiru Gamage.", "India won the match by an innings margin along with the milestone.", "The previous record holder was Australian fast bowling legend Dennis Lillee who had reached the milestone in 56 Test matches way back in 1981.", "In November 2020, Ashwin was nominated for the Sir Garfield Sobers Award for ICC Male Cricketer of the Decade.", "In the next month, Ashwin became the bowler for dismissing most left-handers (200 left hand batsman dismissals as of February 16 2021) in Test cricket surpassing Muralitharan previous record(191).", "In February 2021, he became the fourth Indian to take 400 wickets in Test cricket.", "Ashwin also became the second fastest bowler ever to achieve the landmark (77 Tests) after Muttiah Muralitharan (73 Tests).", "On 06 December 2021, Ashwin became only the second Indian bowler to take 300 Test wickets in home conditions, after Anil Kumble.", "Ashwin took the highest wickets (71) in the inaugural World Test Championship.", "Ashwin was named in ICC Men's Test Team of the Year for the year 2021.", "Awards\n ICC Cricketer of the Year: 2016\n CEAT International Cricketer of the Year: 2016–17\n\nSee also\n List of international cricket five-wicket hauls by Ravichandran Ashwin\n List of India cricketers who have taken five-wicket hauls on Test debut\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n \n R Ashwin's profile page on Wisden\n Ravichandran Ashwin ready with his mystery ball\n \n\n1986 births\nLiving people\nIndia Test cricketers\nIndia One Day International cricketers\nIndia Twenty20 International cricketers\nTamil Nadu cricketers\nSouth Zone cricketers\nIndia Blue cricketers\nIndia Red cricketers\nIndia Green cricketers\nChennai Super Kings cricketers\nCricketers who have taken five wickets on Test debut\nCricketers at the 2011 Cricket World Cup\nCricketers at the 2015 Cricket World Cup\nIndian cricketers\nCricketers from Chennai\nPadma Seshadri Bala Bhavan schools alumni\nRising Pune Supergiant cricketers\nInternational Cricket Council Cricketer of the Year\nWorcestershire cricketers\nPunjab Kings cricketers\nTamil sportspeople\nDelhi Capitals cricketers\nRecipients of the Arjuna Award\nSurrey cricketers" ]

[ "An Indian international cricketer is born.", "An all-rounder who bats right-handed and bowls right-arm off-break, he plays for Tamil Nadu in domestic cricket and Rajasthan Royals in the Indian premier League.", "He is the fastest bowler in the world to reach the 50-, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350 and 400 mark in Test cricket.", "He was the third Indian to win the award.", "Considered to be one of the best spin bowlers of his generation, he is currently the highest-ranked spinner in Test cricket, and the highest-ranked Test bowler for India.", "He has won the highest number of Man of the Series awards by an Indian cricketer.", "As an opener at junior-level cricket, he dropped down the order and turned into an off-break bowler.", "He captained the team the following season after making his first-class debut.", "He earned his maiden international call-up in the limited-overs formats in June 2010 after playing for the Chennai Super Kings in the 2010 Indian Premier League.", "He was the leading bowler and player of the tournament in South Africa.", "The Indian squad won the Cricket World Cup in 2011.", "He became the seventh Indian bowler to take a five-wicket haul on his Test debut when he made his debut against the West Indies.", "He won the player of the series award after taking two five-star hauls and scoring a century.", "In other places, like Australia and England, he was less effective.", "He took 29 in the home Test series against Australia, the most by any Indian bowler.", "In his 18th match, he became the fastest Indian bowler in over 80 years to take his 100th Test wicket.", "Dennis Lillee had achieved the landmark in 48 Tests, but in his 45th Test, Ashwin became the fastest bowler to reach it.", "In October, in his 66th Test match, Ashwin became the joint-fastest bowler, along with Muralitharan, to take his 350th Test wickets.", "A Tamil Hindu family has a child named Ashwin who was born in 1986.", "He lives in West Mambalam.", "His father was a fast bowler.", "He attended St. Bede's Anglo Higher Indian Secondary School.", "He graduated with a BTech in Information Technology from the SSN College of Engineering.", "His time at St. Bede's was important because it had a cricket academy.", "He stated that the coaches at St Bede's helped him change his bowling style from medium pace to off spin.", "He was selected in a second-string squad that toured Zimbabwe in May–June 2010 on the back of his impressive performance in the 2010 Indian Premier League.", "He made his one-day debut for India against Sri Lanka in June 2010 and took 2/50 in the match which India lost to crash out of the tri-series.", "His T20I debut was against Zimbabwe at Harare where he took 1/22 in four overs.", "In the tri-series against New Zealand and Sri Lanka, Pragyan Ojha and Ravindra Jadeja were preferred over him, despite the fact that he was selected for the series.", "In October, the selectors decided to rest first-choice players in the home one-day series against Australia, allowing Ashwin to get selected in the team again.", "In the only match played in the series, Ashwin was the most economical bowler, taking 1/34 in nine overs.", "The home series against New Zealand was played in November and December of 2010.", "India completed a 5–0 whitewash and Ashwin was the leading bowler with 11 wickets at an average of 21.90", "At the end of the series, Gambhir called him \"the find\" of the series and praised his bowling during the powerplay overs.", "Despite this success, Ashwin failed to make it to the playing eleven in any of the five one-day internationals on the South African tour.", "The World Cup squad was announced during the series, with Harbhajan and Piyush Chawla being the two specialist spinners.", "In the 4 and 5OD of India's tour of West Indies in June and July of 2011.", "The limited-overs squad for the England tour was retained by Ashwin.", "India lost the series 3–0, but he was the best bowler, taking six strikes at an average of 25.16.", "England was whitewashed in the India series in 2011.", "With 10 scalps at 20.20, Ashwin was the second highest bowler in the series, only behind teammate Jadeja.", "The West Indies toured India in November of 2011.", "Harbhajan was not included in the squad due to his indifferent form during the England tour.", "In the first match at Delhi, Ashwin earned his cap from Tendulkar.", "India won the match after Ashwin took 6/47 in the second.", "He became the third Indian player to win the award on their Test debut.", "In the second Test at Kolkata, he picked up four points.", "In the third Test at Mumbai, he took 5/156 while West Indies made a total of 590 and scored his maiden international century in India's firstinnings (103 runs from 118 balls) to take India's total to 482.", "It is the first time since 1962 that an Indian has taken a five-wicket haul in the same Test.", "The West Indies were dismissed for 134 in their second day of play, as Ojha and Ashwin shared all ten of them.", "The match ended in a draw after Ashwin was run out attempting a second run off the last ball of the match.", "The man of the match and the man of the series were awarded to him.", "In the four matches of the subsequent series, he took four kills.", "On India's tour of Australia, Ashwin was not effective.", "He played in three Tests on the tour and took nine kills at an average of more than 62.", "He played in the triangular CB Series against Australia and Sri Lanka and took seven wickets.", "In the 2012 Asia Cup in Bangladesh, he took five kills.", "He took 5 for 39 in the five-game one-day series and 1/22 in the one-off T20.", "During the home Test series against New Zealand, Ashwin was in top form.", "The man of the match was named after he claimed 6/31 and 6/54 in the first Test.", "His match figures of 12/85 were the best by an Indian bowler against New Zealand.", "In the second match at Bangalore his efforts of 5/69 helped India win the match and the series.", "He was the man of the series with 18 strikeouts and an average of 13.11 strikeouts per game.", "In the four matches that he played in the 2012 World Twenty20 in Sri Lanka, Ashwin took five wickets at an economy rate of 6 and an average of 19.", "During the first Test of England's tour of India in late 2012 Ashwin became the fastest Indian to record 50 Test victims as he overtook the milestone in his ninth game.", "India lost the series 2–1 in which he struggled with the ball in the four Tests at an average of 52.64.", "He scored 243 runs and averaged 60.75, finishing as India's second best batsman of the series.", "In the three-game series against Pakistan and the five-game series against England, he took seven and three wickets, respectively.", "While playing for India Cements in the Corporate Trophy in February of last year, he worked with a former Tamil Nadu spinner and childhood coach to make changes to his bowling ahead of the four-match Test series against Australia.", "They spent a few hours every day at the nets.", "The bowling stride of Ashwin was shortened.", "During Australia's four-Test tour of India in February and March, Ashwin was very successful.", "In the first Test at Chennai, he took 7/103 and 5/95, leading India to an eight-wicket victory.", "He had a five-for in India's win in the second Test at Hyderabad.", "India sealed the series with a six-wicket victory in the third and final Test in Mohali.", "He took 5/57 and 2/55 in India's 4–0 whitewash of Australia in the last match at Delhi.", "During the match, Ashwin surpassed former India captain Kumble's tally of 27 wickets for most by an Indian bowler in a four-Test series.", "The Man of the Series award was won by Ashwin, who finished the series with 29 wickets at 20.10 and 29 dismissals.", "India won four or more Tests in a series for the first time and Australia was whitewashed for the first time in 70 years.", "E. A. S. Prasanna and Harbhajan Singh were the other Indian off-spinners to take 25 or more in a series.", "The Indian team won the title in England.", "India won the 20-overs-a-side final against England by five runs thanks to his 2/15 in four overs.", "He had an average of 22.62 from five matches and finished as the fifth highest bowler in the tournament.", "He was a member of the 'Team of the Tournament'.", "In the home series against Australia in October and November of last year, Ashwin was the leading bowler with nine pins in six matches.", "On India's tour of South Africa, Ashwin had a hard time with the ball.", "He lost his place in the team for the second Test after he failed to pick up a single wicket in the first Test.", "During the New Zealand tour, where India lost the five-game one-day series 4–0, Ashwin's overseas struggles continued.", "In the third one-dayer, he scored his maiden fifty of 65 runs from 46 balls, coming in to bat with India at 146/6 in pursuit of 315.", "The match ended in a tie after he shared a 38-run partnership with Dhoni and an 85-run stand with Jadeja.", "In the two-match Test series that followed, Jadeja was preferred over Ashwin as the lone spinner in the playing eleven.", "India went to Bangladesh for the Asia Cup and the World Twenty20.", "He finished third in the tournament in terms of the number of wickets he took.", "He was a key player in India's run to the World Twenty20 final.", "He had an economy rate of 5.35 and an average of 11.27 in his six matches in the tournament.", "He was a member of the 'Team of the Tournament' for the T20 World Cup.", "The Indian team went to England in 2014).", "He scored 40 and 46 not out in the fourth game of the Test series, but India lost the game and the series.", "He took three in the last match, which was 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780", "India and Ashwin had success in the series.", "With India winning the series 3–1, the economy rate was less than 4.5 and the average was 24.85.", "In November of last year, India whitewashed Sri Lanka in a five-game one-day series, in which Ashwin had 6 wickets to his name.", "The first Test of India's tour of Australia was to be held in December of 2014.", "In the remaining three matches, Ashwin took a total of 12 wickets at an average of 48.66, after returning to the playing eleven as the lone spinner.", "The second edition of the One Day International World cup will be held in Australia and New Zealand in 2015.", "Cricbuzz named him as a bench for the team of the tournament.", "Kumar Sangakkara, who was retiring after the second Test, was dismissed four times in his final fourinnings.", "At the end of the series, he broke the record for most wickets by an Indian bowler in a single series.", "The Man of the Series was awarded to him.", "He achieved the number 1 ranking in the international cricket test bowling rankings for the year 2015.", "The Freedom Trophy Test series against South Africa was held in India in November of 2015.", "During the course of the series, he became the fastest Indian to reach 150 Tests.", "South Africa's first away series loss in nine years was handed to them by him in the third Test in Nagpur.", "His career-best figures of 7/66 in the second dig gave India a 2–0 series win.", "The 12th man in the World Test XI was named because of his performances in 2015.", "He was named in the Test XI in 2015.", "In New Zealand's tour of India in 2016 Ashwin took 27 wickets in 3 Tests, including a career-best of 7 for 59.", "He was named in the World Test XI for his performances in the year.", "The International Cricket Council named Ashwin the Cricketer of the Year and the Test Cricketer of the Year.", "He became the second cricketer after Dravid to win the two awards in the same year, and also the third Indian to win the Sir Garfield Sobers trophy.", "He was named to the World Test XI.", "In September of 2021, he was named in India's squad for the Men's T20 World Cup.", "He took two for 14 in 4 overs in India's third match of the tournament against Afghanistan.", "In December 2021, he was ranked second in the men's Test Player Rankings.", "In a match against Rajasthan Royals in March, Ashwin mankaded Buttler, reigniting the debate around dismissal in this manner.", "Ahead of the 2020 Indian Premier League, Ashwin was traded to Delhi.", "He was the fourth highest wicket taker in the team with 13 in the season.", "He was retained by Delhi for the 2021 season.", "The off-spinner said he is going to take a break from the league.", "He played 5 matches for Delhi Capitals.", "It was the first time that he had played in a final for a team other than Chennai Super Kings.", "He played in five finals for the Chennai Super Kings.", "The Rajasthan Royals bought Ashwin for 5 crores.", "The bowler gives the ball more chance to spin and dip by producing several variations of the ball.", "In addition to his usual off-breaks, he also produces an arm ball and a carrom ball.", "He had leg-breaks and googly.", "He stated in an interview that he doesn't bowl the doosra because it requires him to bend his arm and it's difficult to do.", "What struck me was his intelligence, according to his childhood coach.", "He used angles, length and width of the crease.", "Guessing what a person was likely to do.", "The kind of field that he is comfortable with.", "I was struck by the fact that this guy loves bowling and has a good idea of what spin is.", "I thought that was a big thing for someone who started out at 18 or 19 and knew what the ball was supposed to do.", "He was clear at 18.", "On November 13, 2011, Ashwin married his childhood friend Prithi Narayanan.", "They have two children.", "The Tamil Nadu State Election Commission used Ashwin to encourage voters to check their names on the electoral roll.", "He is the fastest Indian bowler to reach 50,100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, and 400 wickets.", "As of December 2021, Ashwin is the number 2 bowler and 2 all-rounder in Test cricket.", "In his 37th Test match, Ashwin became the fastest Indian bowler and the second fastest in the world to reach 200 Test wickets, after Australian spinner Clarrie Grimmett.", "He is the fastest to reach 250,300 and 350 in test cricket.", "In three separate instances, Ashwin became the first Indian cricketer to score a century and take five wickets in the same Test match.", "In 2016 he became the first Indian to take 50 T20Is.", "In only his 13th Test series, and 8th series where he played every Test, Ashwin grabbed his sixth Man-of-the-Series Award.", "He was the third fastest to reach the landmark, after taking his 20th five-year haul on 10 October.", "He completed a double of 500 runs and 50 kills in November.", "He is the second all-rounder from India to achieve this.", "In 2016 he was the world's highest wicket taker with 72.", "With the dismissal of Mushfiqur Rahim, Ashwin became the fastest to reach 250 test wickets.", "In the home season of India's domestic season, in 13 Tests, Ashwin took 64 wickets, breaking the record of 63 he took in 10 Tests during the 1979-80 season.", "During the home test series against Australia, he became the fastest bowler to take 25 fifers in a single test series.", "He and Jadeja became the first pair of spinners to be ranked number 1 in the history of the International Cricket Council Test Rankings.", "This is the most number of times a bowler has taken a hat trick in a home season.", "In November 2015, he became the fastest Indian to 150 strikeouts.", "In India's 500th test match, he became the fastest Indian and second overall to get 200 kills.", "In his 54th Test, Ashwin became the fastest bowler to reach 300 Test wickets.", "His 300th victim was a tail-ender.", "The match was won by India.", "Dennis Lillee was the previous record holder who had reached the milestone in 56 Test matches.", "In November 2020, he was nominated for the Sir Garfield Sobers Award.", "In the month of February, Ashwin broke the record for most left-handed dismissals in a single Test cricket match by dismissing 200 left-handed hitters.", "He became the fourth Indian to take 400 Tests in February of 2021.", "The second fastest bowler to achieve the landmark was Ashwin.", "After Anil Kumble, Ashwin became the second Indian bowler to take 300 Tests in home conditions.", "The first World Test Championship was won by Ashwin.", "The Men's Test Team of the Year was named after Ashwin.", "List of India cricketers who have taken five-wicket hauls on Test debut References External links" ]

[ "Ravichandran Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ravichandran", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ravichandran", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "R Ashwin", "Ashwin" ]

[ "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin", "Ashwin" ]

[ "André Caplet (23 November 1878 – 22 April 1925) was a French composer and conductor now known primarily through his orchestrations of works by Claude Debussy.", "Early life\n\nCaplet was born on a boat sailing between Le Havre (Seine-Maritime) and Honfleur (Calvados), the youngest child of a modest family.", "Career\nHe exhibited an unusual talent and originality during his musical education, and won the Prix de Rome in 1901 ahead of Maurice Ravel.", "He became a close friend of Claude Debussy, sometimes serving as translator, and he orchestrated part of Debussy's Le Martyre de saint Sébastien.", "He also collaborated with Debussy in the orchestration of La boîte à joujoux.", "In 1911, Caplet prepared an orchestration of Debussy's Children's Corner, which, along with his orchestration of Clair de lune from the Suite bergamasque is probably the most widely performed and recorded example of his work.", "Caplet was a composer in his own right, whose works have been overlooked for the most part in the modern repertoire.", "Especially interesting is his instrumental use of voices, as in his Septuor à cordes vocales et instrumentales from 1909 and in the oratorio-like Le Miroir de Jésus from 1923, which features \"choeur de femmes\" in an accompanying role Caplet termed \"voix d'accompagnement\".", "He also wrote two works based on the short story The Mask of the Red Death by Edgar Allan Poe: Conte fantastique for harp and string quartet, and an orchestral symphonic study Le Masque de la mort rouge.", "Caplet served as conductor of the Boston Opera from 1910 to 1914.", "Death\nWhile serving in the military during the First World War, he was gassed, which resulted in the pleurisy that eventually killed him.", "He died in Neuilly-sur-Seine (Hauts-de-Seine), a suburb of Paris, at the age of 46.", "The next year the sculptor Jacques Zwobada, a native of Neuilly, was commissioned to create a monument to Caplet.", "This was one of Zwobada's earliest works after he graduated from the École des Beaux-Arts.", "Compositions\n\nWorks for voice and piano\nViens!", "... Une flûte invisible, (Hugo), August 1900\nMyrrha, (text by Fernand Beissier) cantata for second round competition of the Prix de Rome, July 1901 - Caplet won first prize, also set by Ravel and other second round contestants.", "Performed in Le Havre November 1901.", "Green, (Verlaine), 1902\nIl était une fois, (Richepin), January 1903\nPoème de mai (Tu nous souriais), (A. Silvestre), 1902\nDans la fontaine, (P. Gravollet), 1903\nPapillons, (P. Gravollet), February 1903\nLe Livre rose, (P.J.", "Pain), 1898–1901\n1.)", "Le livre ou je veux lire\n2.)", "Premier prix\n3.)", "Les pleurs de bébé\n4.)", "Le furet du bois, mesdames\nChanson d'automne, (A. Silvestre), 1900\nParoles à l'absente, (G. Jean-Aubry), 1908\n1.)", "Préludes\n2.)", "Ce sable fin et fuyant\n3.)", "Angoise\nLes Prières, 1914–1917, (also for harp and string quartet)\n1.)", "Oraison dominicale\n2.)", "Salutation angélique\n3.)", "Symbole des apôtres\nLe vieux coffret, (R. de Gourmont), 1914–1917\n1.)", "Songe\n2.)", "Berceuse\n3.)", "In una selva oscura\n4.)", "Forêt\nEn regardant ces belles fleurs, (C. d'Orleans), October 1914\nNuit d'automne, (H. de Regnier), 9 March 1915\nPrière normande, (J. Hebertot), 1916\nSolitude, (J. Ochse), 1915\nQuand reverrai-je, hélas!..., (J. du Bellay), 27 August 1916, (published with harp accompaniment by Lyra)\nLa croix douloureuse, (R.P.", "Lacordaire), for the armed forces\nDétresse!..., (H. Charasson), 9 November 1918\nTrois Fables, (La Fontaine), 1919\n1.)", "Le corbeau et le renard\n2.)", "La cigale et la fourmi\n3.)", "Le loup et l'agneau\nLe Pain quotidien, (15 exercises), 1920\nCinq Ballades françaises, (P. Fort)\n1.)", "Cloche d'aube\n2.)", "La ronde\n3.)", "Notre chaumière en Yveline\n4.)", "Songe d'une nuit d'été\n5.)", "Préludes2.)", "AngoisseLe vieux Coffret, (R. de Gourmont)La croix douloureuse, (R.P.", "LaCordaire)Détresse!..., (H. Carasson)Hymne à la naissance du matin, (P. Fort), November 1920Les prières (voice, harp, string quartet) (see under voice and piano)\n\nA cappella chorusMesse à trois voix, 1919-1920 \n1.)", "Kyrie eleison2.)", "Gloria3.)", "Sanctus4.)", "Agnus Dei5.)", "Allegro2.)", "Adagio3.)", "Scherzo4.)", "Finale\"Suite persane\" pour 2 flûtes, 2 hautbois, 2 clarinettes, 2 bassons, et 2 cors, 1900, version originale\n1.)", "Scharki, (allegretto) \n2.)", "Nihavend, (andantino)\n3.)", "Iskia Samaisi, (vivo)\"Septuor\", pour quatour a cordes et 3 voix feminines, 1909\"Sonate\" pour piano, voix, violoncelle, 1919\"Conte fantastique (The Masque of Red Death)\" d'après Poe pour harpe à pedales et quatour à cordes, (published 1924)\"Le miroir de Jésus\" pour voix principale, 3 voix accompagnantes, quatour a cordes et harpe, (original version: Été), 1923\"Sonata da chiesa\" pour violon et orgue, 1924\n1.)", "Quiet2.)", "Interieur3.)", "Alleluia”Impressions d’automne – Elégie” pour alto saxophone, hautbois, 2 clarinettes, basson, harpe, orgue et 2 violoncelles, 1905\n\nCello and pianoÉlegie, 1903Allegresse, 1903ÉpiphanieImprovisationsFlute and pianoFeuillets d'album, 1901Rêverie et Petite valse, 1897Viens!", "Une flûte invisible, 1900, voice, flute, piano\n\nPiano, two handsMenuet dans le style ancien, 1897Deux pièces, 1900\n\nPiano, four handsPrelude, 1899Do, Re, Mi, Fa, Sol (petites pièces faciles), 1901Un tas de petites choses, 1919\n\nReductions for piano, 4 hands and for 2 pianos, 4 hands or 6 handsImages (Debussy)\n1.)", "Rondes de Printemps2.)", "Gigues3.)", "IbériaLa Mer (Debussy)Le martyre de Saint Sébastien, voix et piano (Debussy)La mer, 2 pianos, 6 mains (Debussy)\n\nSources\nFrench government publication on Caplet.", "References\n\nBernac, Pierre.", "The Interpretation of French Song.", "New York: Norton, 1978.", "Orledge, Robert: \"Caplet, André (Léon)\", Grove Music Online ed.", "L. Macy (Accessed 25 November 2003), http://www.grovemusic.com.", "Thiollet, Jean-Pierre, Sax, Mule & Co'', Paris, H & D, 2004 (\"André Caplet\", pp.", "108–109)\n\nExternal links\nLe martyre de Saint-Sébastien: mystère en cinq actes, music by Debussy, transcribed by Caplet Score from Sibley Music Library Digital Scores Collection\nThe Masque of Red Death Score from Sibley Music Library Digital Scores Collection\nResMusicca.com: André Caplet \nAndré-Caplet.fr \nMusicologie.org: André Caplet \n\n1878 births\n1925 deaths\n19th-century classical composers\n20th-century classical composers\nFrench classical composers\nFrench male classical composers\nPeople from Le Havre\nPrix de Rome for composition\n19th-century French composers\n20th-century French composers\n20th-century French male musicians\n19th-century French male musicians" ]

[ "The composer and conductor André Caplet was born in November of 1878 and died in April of 1925.", "The youngest child of a modest family, Caplet was born on a boat sailing between Le Havre and Honfleur.", "He won the Prix de Rome in 1901 because of his unusual talent and originality.", "He worked as a translator and orchestrated part of Le Martyre de saint Sébastien, which was written by Claude Debussy.", "He collaborated with the composer in a piece called La Bote Joujoux.", "The most widely performed and recorded example of Caplet's work is the Children's Corner, which he prepared in 1911.", "The works of Caplet, who was a composer in his own right, have been overlooked.", "The Septuor cordes vocales et instrumentales from 1909 and the oratorio-like Le Miroir de Jésus from 1923 are examples of his instrumental use of voices.", "He wrote two works based on the short story The Mask of the Red Death, as well as an orchestral study.", "Caplet was the conductor of the Boston Opera from 1910 to 1914.", "He died as a result of being gassed in the First World War.", "He died in Neuilly-sur-Seine, a suburb of Paris, at the age of 46.", "Jacques Zwobada, a native of Neuilly, was commissioned to create a monument to Caplet.", "Zwobada graduated from the cole des Beaux-Arts.", "Compositions can be used for voice and piano.", "Caplet won the first prize in the second round of the Prix de Rome.", "In 1901, it was performed in Le Havre.", "January 1903 Pome de Mai, (A. Silvestre), 1896 Dans la fontaine, (P. Gravollet).", "1898–1901 1.", "Je veux lire 2.", "The premier prix was held.", "The pleurs de bébé were written in 4th century BC.", "Paroles l'absente was published in 1900.", "There is a Préludes 2.", "Ce sable fin et fuyant 3.", "Also for harp and string quartet, Angoise Les Prires, 1914–1917.", "Oraison dominicale 2.", "Salutations angélique 3.", "The symbole des aptres Le vieux coffret was created by R. de Gourmont.", "Songe 2.", "Berceuse 3.", "In una selva oscura 4.", "C. d'Orleans, October 1914, Nuit d'automne, 9 March 1915, Prire normande, 1916.", "Trois Fables was written for the armed forces.", "Le corbeau et le renard 2.", "La cigale et la fourmi.", "There are 15 exercises in Le loup et l'agneau Le Pain quotidien.", "Cloche d'aube 2.", "La ronde 3.", "Notre chaumire en Yveline 4.", "Songe d'une nuit d'été.", "There are two phrases, Préludes2 and Préludes2.", "AngoisseLe vieux Coffret, R. de Gourmont.", "\"Détresse!..., (H. Carasson) hymne la naissance du matin\"", "The name of the person is Kyrie Eleison2.", "Gloria3.", "Sanctus4.", "Agnus Dei5.", "It's called Allegro2.", "There is an adagio", "It's called Scherzo4.", "The final \"Suite persane\" was a version of the original one that 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611", "Scharki, (allegretto) 2.", "Nihavend, (andantino) 3.", "\"Septuor\", pour quatour a cordes et 3 voix feminines, 1909, \"Sonate\", pour piano, voix, violoncelle, 1919.", "Quiet2.", "Interieur3.", "Allegresse, 1903, was a collection ofImpressions d' automne, which included the Alto saxophone, hautbois, 2 clarinettes, basson, harpe, orgue, and 2 violoncelles.", "Ancien, 1897Deux pices, 1900 Piano, four handsPrelude, 1899Do, Re, Mi, Fa, Sol.", "The word Printemps is used in Rondes de Printemps2.", "Gigues3.", "Sources French government publication on Caplet.", "Pierre Bernac was referred to.", "The interpretation of a song.", "New York:Norton in 1978.", "Robert Orledge wrote \"Caplet, André (Léon)\".", "L. Macy can be found at http://www.grovemusic.com.", "Thiollet, Jean-Pierre, Sax, Mule & Co'', Paris, H & D, 2004, pp.", "Le martyre de Saint-Sébastien: mystre en cinq actes is transcribed by Caplet Score from the Sibley Music Library Digital Scores Collection." ]

[ "André Caplet", "Caplet", "Caplet", "Caplet", "Caplet", "Caplet", "Caplet", "Caplet", "André", "André Cap", "André Cap", "André Cap" ]

[ "André Caplet", "Capletbas", "Caplet", "Caplet", "Caplet", "Caplet", "Caplet", "Caplet", "André" ]

[ "Frederick Llewellyn-Jones, MP (18 April 1866 – 11 January 1941) was a Welsh solicitor who became Coroner for the county of Flintshire and a Liberal, later Liberal National politician.", "Family and education\nFrederick Llewellyn-Jones was born at Bethesda, Caernarfonshire.", "He received his education at Friars School, Bangor and Bala College.", "He then attended University College of Wales, Aberystwyth.", "He obtained BA degrees from the Universities of Wales and London and the law degree LLB from London.", "Later in life he received the Honorary degree of Doctor of Political Science from the University of Pécs in Hungary.", "In 1892 he married Elizabeth Roberts from Ruthin.", "They had three sons and two daughters.", "Career\nLlewellyn-Jones was admitted as a solicitor in 1891.", "Over the years he was a member of a number of domestic and international organisations connected to the law, including the International Law Association from 1912 to 1939, the Grotius Society of London from 1915 to 1939, the American Society of International Law, other English and foreign Peace and International Law Societies, the Society of Comparative Legislation and Société de Législation Comparée of Paris and the Medico-Legal Society of London, 1915–38.", "He took a particular interest in National Insurance and health matters.", "He was Chairman of Flintshire Insurance Committee, 1912–40; the President (1937–38) of the Association of Welsh Insurance Committees and President of the Federation of English, Scottish, and Welsh Insurance Committees, 1924–26, 1929–31, and 1934–37.", "He was appointed by the National Insurance Commissioners and Ministry of Health to be a member of successive Advisory Committees and of the Welsh Consultative Health Council.", "He also served as a member of the Central Council for Health Education, 1923–40.", "For many years he served as HM Coroner for Flintshire.", "Politics\nIn 1914 he was selected as the Liberal party prospective parliamentary candidate for Preston.", "However, by early 1918 he had relinquished that role and announced his intention to contest the University of Wales as a Labour candidate.", "Llewellyn-Jones was elected Liberal Member of Parliament (MP) for Flintshire at the 1929 general election.", "However, in 1931 an economic crisis led to the formation of a National Government led by Labour Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald.", "The government was initially supported by the Conservative and Liberal parties, and a rump of National Labour MPs.", "However the Liberals were increasingly divided over the existence of the National Government, particularly over the issue Free Trade.", "The official party led by Sir Herbert Samuel, although agreeing to go into the 1931 general election supporting the government became more and more worried about the government's stance on Free Trade and concerned about the predominance of the Conservatives in the coalition.", "However a group of Liberal MPs led by Sir John Simon who were concerned to ensure the National Government had a wide cross-party base, formed the Liberal National Party to more openly support MacDonald's administration.", "Llewellyn-Jones was one of 22 Liberal MPs who met in ‘secret conclave’ on the evening of 5 October 1931.", "The meeting resolved to form itself into a body to give firm support to the prime minister as the head of a national government and for the purpose of fighting a general election.", "Sir John Simon wrote to the Prime Minister that night to give him the news and the decision was made to call the group Liberal Nationals.", "After that, Llewellyn-Jones sat in the House of Commons as a Liberal National.", "At the 1931 general election, when the official and Liberal National groups were still both supporting the government, Llewellyn-Jones was not opposed in Flintshire either by a Free Trade Liberal or Conservative candidate.", "However, there was opposition to his decision to associate with the Liberal Nationals within the Flintshire Liberal Association.", "At the meeting held to discuss the general election, Llewellyn-Jones threw down the gauntlet to the Association proclaiming that whether or not they adopted him he would stand anyway, secure in the knowledge that the Conservatives had already agreed not to put up a candidate in the seat.", "The atmosphere at the meeting was reported as ‘stormy’ by The Times but Llewellyn-Jones got the support of more than half those voting at the meeting.", "An interesting detail from the election was the public support offered to Llewellyn-Jones by Henry Neville Gladstone, the only surviving son of the great Liberal statesman William Ewart Gladstone whose family home, Hawarden Castle, was located in the constituency.", "On election day, Llewellyn-Jones found himself opposed only by the Labour Party candidate Miss F Edwards and he was returned to Parliament with the massive majority of 24, 247 votes.", "Changing back and resignation\nWhile he gained election as a Liberal National with Conservative assent and joined the Liberal National group in the House of Commons, Llewellyn-Jones was not mere coalition lobby-fodder.", "In 1932 he resigned from the Liberal National group and re-took the Liberal whip.", "In November 1932 a vote of no confidence in him was passed by the Flintshire Conservatives, for persistently voting against the government on fiscal matters, including the Ottawa Agreements.", "In February 1934, Llewellyn-Jones issued a statement to the effect that he would not stand again at the next general election on the grounds of age and the need for new blood in the constituency.", "Welsh education and culture\nLlewellyn-Jones was closely associated with Welsh life and in particular the promotion of education and culture.", "He was Chairman of the Holywell School Board 1898–1904, a member of Flintshire Joint Education Committee; a Member of the Court of Governors of the University Colleges of Wales, Aberystwyth and Bangor as well as serving as a member of the Welsh University Court and the Court of Governors of the National Library of Wales and of the Welsh National Museum.", "He also served as the President of the Welsh League of Nations Union in 1933 and in support of Welsh language and culture, he was a member of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion and of the Gorsedd of the National Eisteddfod of Wales.", "Awards\nLlewellyn-Jones was made a member of the Royal Hungarian Order of Merit.", "Death\nLlewellyn-Jones died at Isfryn, Mold, Flintshire on 11 January 1941.", "See also\n List of Liberal Party (UK) MPs\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n\n1866 births\n1941 deaths\nPeople educated at Friars School, Bangor\nLiberal Party (UK) MPs for Welsh constituencies\nUK MPs 1929–1931\nUK MPs 1931–1935\nNational Liberal Party (UK, 1931) politicians\nAlumni of the University of Wales\nAlumni of the University of London" ]

[ "A Liberal, later a Liberal National politician, Frederick Llewellyn-Jones was a Welsh solicitor who became Coroner for the county ofFlintshire.", "Frederick Llewellyn-Jones was born in Caernarfonshire.", "He received his education at a number of schools.", "He attended the University College of Wales.", "He obtained degrees from the Universities of Wales and London.", "He received a Doctor of Political Science degree from the University of Pécs.", "He married Elizabeth Roberts in 1892.", "They had five children, three sons and two daughters.", "In 1891, Career Llewellyn-Jones was admitted as a lawyer.", "He was a member of the International Law Association from 1912 to 1939 and the Grotius Society of London from 1915 to 1939.", "He was interested in National Insurance and health matters.", "He was the President of the Association of Welsh Insurance Committees and the President of the Federation of English, Scottish, and Welsh Insurance Committees.", "He was appointed to be a member of the Advisory Committees by the National Insurance Commissioners and the Ministry of Health.", "He was a member of the Central Council for Health Education.", "He was the Coroner for many years.", "He was a prospective parliamentary candidate for the Liberal party.", "He announced his intention to be a Labour candidate for the University of Wales in early 1918.", "At the 1929 general election, Llewellyn-Jones was elected Liberal Member of Parliament.", "The formation of a National Government in 1931 was the result of an economic crisis.", "The Conservative and Liberal parties initially supported the government.", "The Liberals were divided over the issue of free trade.", "The official party led by Sir Herbert Samuel became more concerned about the government's stance on Free Trade and the predominance of the Conservatives in the coalition after agreeing to go into the 1931 general election supporting the government.", "A group of Liberal MPs led by Sir John Simon formed the Liberal National Party to support MacDonald's administration in order to ensure the National Government had a wide cross-party base.", "The Liberal MPs met in a secret conclave on October 5, 1931.", "The meeting decided to form a body to support the prime minister as head of a national government and to fight a general election.", "The decision was made to call the group Liberal Nationals after Sir John Simon wrote to the Prime Minister.", "After that, he was a member of the House of Commons.", "At the 1931 general election, when the official and Liberal National groups were both supporting the government, Llewellyn-Jones was not opposed by a Free Trade Liberal or Conservative candidate.", "There was opposition to his decision to associate with the Liberal Nationals.", "At the meeting held to discuss the general election, Llewellyn-Jones threw down the gauntlet to the Association proclaiming that he would stand anyway, even if they adopted him, as the Conservatives had already agreed not to put up a candidate in the seat.", "The atmosphere at the meeting was reported as stormy by The Times, but Llewellyn-Jones got the support of more than half of those voting at the meeting.", "An interesting detail from the election was the public support offered to Llewellyn-Jones by the son of a Liberal politician who lived in the constituency.", "He was returned to Parliament with a huge majority of votes after he was opposed only by the Labour Party candidate.", "While he gained election as a Liberal National with Conservative assent and joined the Liberal National group in the House of Commons, he changed back and resigned.", "He re-took the Liberal whip after quitting the Liberal National group.", "In November 1932 a vote of no confidence in him was passed by theFlintshire Conservatives for voting against the government on fiscal matters.", "In February 1934, Llewellyn-Jones issued a statement to the effect that he would not stand again at the next general election on the grounds of age and the need for new blood in the constituency.", "Welsh education and culture was promoted by Llewellyn-Jones.", "He was a member of the Court of Governors of the University Colleges of Wales, as well as serving as a member of the Welsh University Court and the Court of Governors of the National.", "In support of Welsh language and culture, he served as the President of the Welsh League of Nations Union in 1933, as well as being a member of the Honorable Society of Cymmrodorion.", "The Royal Hungarian Order of Merit made Awards Llewellyn-Jones a member.", "On January 11, 1941, Death Llewellyn-Jones died at Isfryn.", "There are links to births and deaths of Liberal Party (UK) MPs." ]

[ "Frederick Llewellyn", "Frederick Llewellyn Jones" ]

[ "Frederick Llewellyn Jones", "Frederick Llewellyn Jones" ]

[ "Yorvit Adolfo Torrealba (; born July 19, 1978) is a Venezuelan former professional baseball catcher.", "He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the San Francisco Giants, Seattle Mariners, Colorado Rockies, San Diego Padres, Texas Rangers, Toronto Blue Jays and Milwaukee Brewers.", "He bats and throws right-handed.", "Professional career\n\nSan Francisco Giants\nTorrealba signed with the San Francisco Giants as a minor league free agent on September 14, 1994.", "He made his major league debut with the Giants on September 5, 2001 as a September call up.", "Torrealba became the Giants back up catcher for the 2002 season after a strong spring training.", "During Torrealba's early career, his defensive abilities were his key strength, particularly his ability to throw out baserunners.", "He had 136 at-bats in 2001 and 200 in 2002.", "During the 2002 postseason, Torrealba would still serve as the backup catcher although he made no appearances as the Giants lost the 2002 World Series to the Anaheim Angels.", "Yorvit showed some potential, but when Benito Santiago left via free agency in 2003, the Giants opted to trade for A. J. Pierzynski rather than test Torrealba as a full-time player.", "He continued to serve as the backup catcher when the Giants signed Mike Matheny prior to the 2005 season; in fact, he played less than when Pierzynski was the starter.", "Torrealba expressed frustration over his lack of playing time to the media more than once, saying he believed he was capable of playing every day.", "Manager Felipe Alou publicly discussed the possibility of converting Torrealba into a utility player to get him more playing time, but that never came to pass.", "Seattle Mariners\nTorrealba was traded, along with pitcher Jesse Foppert, to the Seattle Mariners for outfielder Randy Winn at the trading deadline of the 2005 season.", "The Mariners were in the midst of a 93-loss season and were rebuilding, and Torrealba competed for the opportunity to be Seattle's starting catcher.", "Colorado Rockies\nAfter the 2005 season, the Seattle Mariners traded Torrealba to the Colorado Rockies for Marcos Carvajal after signing Kenji Johjima to be their starting catcher.", "With the Rockies, Torrealba had a chance to be the starting catcher, but lost the job after he was injured prior to the 2006 season, establishing Danny Ardoin as the Rockies starting catcher.", "Torrealba's injury was a lingering shoulder injury that was caused by overtraining.", "During November 2007, rumors that Torrealba would sign with the Mets intensified.", "Torrealba and the Mets agreed on a deal for $14.4 million over three years.", "The deal had seemed to be done, but with the failing of Yorvit's physical he was never sent to New York.", "Torrealba would later file a grievance against the Mets.", "On November 29, 2007, he re-signed with the Rockies.", "Torrealba began the 2007 season for the Rockies platooning with rookie catcher Chris Iannetta.", "When Iannetta struggled, Torrealba won the starting job.", "On May 29, 2007, against the St. Louis Cardinals, Torrealba hit a grand slam, the 3rd of his career.", "He finished the season with a .255 average and 47 RBIs in 396 at-bats and he threw out only 17 percent of potential base-stealers, down from his success in previous seasons.", "Torrealba had some big hits for the Rockies during late 2007, when the Rockies won 12 of their last 13 to force a one-game playoff against the San Diego Padres, which the Rockies won.", "Torrealba homered off Jake Peavy in that game.", "Torrealba also hit a 3-run home run off of former teammate Liván Hernández in Game 3 of the 2007 National League Championship Series.", "Torrealba led the Rockies to the World Series for the first time ever but lost the series to the Boston Red Sox in a 4-game sweep.", "Through the 2007 season, Torrealba posted a career .251 batting average with 30 home runs and 173 RBIs in 440 games.", "As a catcher, he compiled a .997 fielding average with only seventeen errors in 2587 chances; Torrealba's defense has been above average throughout his career.", "He has thrown out over 32% of all baserunners attempting to steal.", "His ability to throw out runners was a career low 19.7% in 2007.", "Due to his impressive postseason play, Torrealba has recently been dubbed \"Mr.", "Rocktober.\"", "Torrealba has an unusual throwing motion, as he brings his hand to and then snaps his arm in a quick motion, although it seems to work for him, given his success at throwing out baserunners.", "On November 6, 2009, the Rockies decided to go with youngster Chris Iannetta as their primary catcher and declined their 2010 contract option with Torrealba, making him a free agent.", "San Diego Padres\nOn February 9, 2010, Torrealba and the San Diego Padres signed a one-year contract with a mutual option for a second year.", "In 2010, he batted .271, and led the league's catchers in fielding percentage, at .996.", "Following the season, Torrealba declined the option, but was later offered arbitration by the Padres.", "Texas Rangers\n\nTorrealba agreed to a two-year contract with the Texas Rangers for $6.25 million.", "Torrealba homered in his second game with his new team.", "In 2011, he batted .273 with 7 home runs.", "On defense, he was third in the league in errors by a catcher, totalling 9 errors.", "Torrealba led the Rangers into the postseason until the team lost the 2011 World Series against the St. Louis Cardinals.", "On July 30, 2012, Torrealba was designated for assignment by the Texas Rangers He was released on August 8, 2012.", "Toronto Blue Jays\nTorrealba signed a minor league contract with the Toronto Blue Jays on August 14, 2012 and reported to the New Hampshire Fisher Cats.", "Torrealba was added to the 40 man roster and called up to the Blue Jays on August 21.", "On August 22, Torrealba played first base for the first time in his career.", "Milwaukee Brewers\nOn September 21, 2012, Torrealba was traded to the Milwaukee Brewers for cash considerations or a player to be named later.", "He ended up appearing in six games for the Brewers, going 0-for-5 at the plate with one walk.", "Second stint with the Colorado Rockies\nHe signed a minor league contract with the Colorado Rockies on January 24, 2013.", "In 61 games, Torrealba batted .240 and had 8 doubles and 16 RBIs for the Rockies.", "Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim\nTorrealba signed a minor league contract with the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim on January 31, 2014.", "He got released and became a free agent on March 23.", "Chicago Cubs\nTorrealba signed a minor league contract with the Chicago Cubs on June 12, 2014.", "He was released a month later.", "Personal life\nTorrealba's parents gave him his name when they could not decide between Yorman and Victor.", "They decided to combine the two into \"Yorvit\".", "Torrealba's parents still reside in Venezuela.", "Torrealba has two sons named Yorvis Eduardo Torrealba (1997) and Julian Xavier Houston-Torrealba (2000).", "In June 2009, Yorvit Torrealba was unexpectedly placed on the Rockies' restricted list.", "On June 4, 2009, it was announced that the reason for his absence was that his 11-year-old son and \"his two uncles\" had been kidnapped.", "The abductors set Yorvis and the other family members free without picking up the $50,000 that had been agreed upon.", "He then moved his son out of Venezuela to Miami.", "Yorvis Eduardo tossed the first pitch in the third game of the 2009 National League Division Series against the Phillies, and he was drafted by the Rockies in the 20th round of the 2019 MLB draft.", "Controversy\nOn December 23, 2011, while playing for the Leones del Caracas in the Venezuelan Winter League regular season, Torrealba argued heatedly following a strikeout.", "He then was ejected by umpire Dario Rivero, Jr. Before leaving, he delivered a shot to Rivero in the head.", "Torrealba claimed that his attack on the umpire was because of a disputed strike call prior to striking out.", "As a result, the league suspended Torrealba for 66 games, which did not carry over to Major League Baseball or any other baseball circuit.", "See also\n\nList of players from Venezuela in Major League Baseball\n\nNotes\n\nExternal links\n\nVenezuelan Professional Baseball League career statistics\n\n1978 births\nBakersfield Blaze players\nBellingham Giants players\nBravos de Margarita players\nBurlington Bees players\nColorado Rockies players\nColorado Springs Sky Sox players\nFresno Grizzlies players\nLeones del Caracas players\nLiving people\nMajor League Baseball catchers\nMajor League Baseball players from Venezuela\nMilwaukee Brewers players\nNew Hampshire Fisher Cats players\nPastora de los Llanos players\nPastora de Occidente players\nPeople from Caracas\nSan Diego Padres players\nSan Francisco Giants players\nSan Jose Giants players\nSeattle Mariners players\nShreveport Captains players\nTexas Rangers players\nToronto Blue Jays players\nVenezuelan expatriate baseball players in Canada\nVenezuelan expatriate baseball players in the United States" ]

[ "A former professional baseball catcher is Yorvit Adolfo Torrealba.", "He played for the San Francisco Giants, Seattle Mariners, Colorado Rockies, San Diego Padres, Texas Rangers, Toronto BlueJays, and Milwaukee Brewers.", "He throws a ball.", "Torrealba signed with the San Francisco Giants as a minor league free agent in 1994.", "On September 5, 2001 he made his major league debut with the Giants.", "After a strong spring training, Torrealba became the back up catcher for the Giants.", "Torrealba's main strength was his ability to throw out base runners.", "He hit 136 at-bats in 2001 and 200 in 2002.", "Even though the Giants lost the 2002 World Series to the Anaheim Angels, Torrealba was still the backup catcher.", "When Benito Santiago left via free agency in 2003 the Giants decided to trade for A. J. Pierzynski rather than test Torrealba as a full-time player.", "Prior to the 2005 season, he was the backup catcher and played less than when Pierzynski was the starter.", "Torrealba said he believed he was capable of playing every day, despite his lack of playing time to the media.", "Torrealba could have been converted to a utility player to get more playing time, but that never came to pass.", "Torrealba and Jesse Foppert were traded to Seattle for Randy Winn at the 2005 trading deadline.", "In the midst of a 93-loss season, Torrealba competed for the opportunity to be Seattle's starting catcher.", "Seattle traded Torrealba to the Colorado Rockies for Marcos Carvajal after signing Kenji Johjima to be their starting catcher.", "Prior to the 2006 season, Torrealba had a chance to be the starting catcher for the Rockies, but lost the job after he injured himself.", "Overtraining caused Torrealba's shoulder injury.", "Torrealba was rumored to sign with the Mets.", "The Mets and Torrealba agreed on a three year deal.", "He was never sent to New York because of the failing of Yorvit's physical.", "Torrealba filed a complaint against the Mets.", "He re-signed with the Rockies on November 29, 2007.", "The Rockies platooned Torrealba with Chris Iannetta.", "Torrealba won the starting job when Iannetta struggled.", "On May 29, 2007, Torrealba hit a grand slam.", "He threw out only 17 percent of potential base-stealers, down from his success in previous seasons, as he finished the season with a.255 average and 47 RBIs.", "When the Rockies won 12 of their last 13 to force a one-game playoff against the San Diego Padres, Torrealba had some big hits.", "Torrealba hit a home run off Jake Peavy.", "Torrealba hit a 3-run home run in the third game of the National League Championship Series.", "Torrealba led the Rockies to the World Series for the first time but they were swept by Boston.", "Torrealba was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "Torrealba's defense has been above average throughout his career, as he compiled a.997 fielding average with only seventeen errors in 2587 chances.", "He has thrown out 32% of base runners trying to steal.", "In 2007, his ability to throw out runners was a career low.", "Torrealba has been dubbed Mr. due to his play in the playoffs.", "It's Rocktober.", "Torrealba has an unusual throwing motion, as he brings his hand to and then snaps his arm in a quick motion, although it seems to work for him, given his success at throwing out base runners.", "On November 6, 2009, the Rockies decided to go with Chris Iannetta as their primary catcher and declined their 2010 contract option with Torrealba, making him a free agent.", "On February 9, 2010, Torrealba and the San Diego Padres signed a one-year contract with a mutual option for a second year.", "He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "Torrealba was offered compensation by the Padres after declining the option.", "Torrealba agreed to a two-year contract with the Texas Rangers.", "Torrealba hit a home run in his second game.", "He hit 7 home runs in 2011.", "He was third in the league in errors by a catcher.", "The Rangers lost in the World Series in 2011.", "Torrealba was released by the Texas Rangers on August 8, 2012 after he was designated for assignment.", "On August 14, 2012 Torrealba signed a minor league contract with the Toronto Blue Jay and reported to the New Hampshire Fisher Cats.", "Torrealba was called up to the Blue Jays on August 21 after being added to the 40 man roster.", "Torrealba played first base for the first time in his career.", "Torrealba was traded to the Milwaukee Brewers for cash considerations or a player to be named later.", "He appeared in six games for the Brewers, going 0-for-5 at the plate with one walk.", "He signed a minor league contract with the Colorado Rockies.", "Torrealba was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "Torrealba signed a minor league contract with the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim.", "He became a free agent after being released.", "Torrealba signed a minor league contract with the Chicago Cubs.", "He was released a month later.", "Torrealba was given his name by his parents because they couldn't decide between Yorman and Victor.", "The two were combined into \"Yorvit\".", "Torrealba's parents live in Venezuela.", "Torrealba has two sons with the same name.", "The Rockies placed Yorvit Torrealba on the restricted list.", "On June 4, 2009, it was announced that his son and two uncles had been kidnapped.", "The $50,000 that had been agreed upon was not paid by the abductors.", "He moved his son from Venezuela to Miami.", "The Rockies drafted Yorvis Eduardo in the 20th round of the MLB draft, after he threw the first pitch in the third game of the National League Division Series.", "Torrealba argued after a strikeout while playing for the Leones del Caracas in the Venezuela Winter League.", "He shot Rivero in the head before leaving.", "Torrealba claimed that he struck out before attacking the umpire.", "The league suspended Torrealba for 66 games, which did not carry over to Major League Baseball or any other baseball circuit.", "There is a list of players from Venezuela in Major League Baseball." ]

[ "Yorvit Adolfo Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Eduardo Torrealba", "Houston Torrealba", "Yorvit", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba" ]

[ "Yorvit Adolfo Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Yorvit", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba", "Torrealba" ]

[ "Evan Carl Hunziker (June 2, 1970 – December 18, 1996) was the first American civilian to be arrested by North Korea on espionage charges since the end of the Korean War.", "On August 24, 1996, Hunziker was taken into custody by North Korean police after swimming into the country across the Yalu River from the People's Republic of China.", "Hunziker spent three months in North Korean custody before being released and returned to the United States thanks to the negotiation efforts of then-New Mexico congressman Bill Richardson.", "However, less than a month after his return, Hunziker died by suicide.", "Early life\nHunziker's father, Edwin Hunziker, was an American veteran of the Korean War who had spent 12 years stationed in South Korea with the United States Forces Korea, and while living there, met Hunziker's Korean mother, Jong Nye, a South Korean citizen.", "The two later moved to the United States, settling in Tacoma, Washington, where they had three children, and Hunziker's father worked in a variety of jobs including as a bus driver and cement layer.", "Hunziker's father developed a drinking problem, and in 1974 Hunziker's father and mother divorced.", "Hunziker moved with his mother to Anchorage, Alaska, where he spent most of his childhood with various relatives of his mother's.", "Hunziker and his mother eventually moved back to Tacoma, where she opened the Olympus Hotel.", "In 1988 Hunziker graduated from Stadium High School in Tacoma.", "He went on to attend colleges in Yakima and South Seattle on a football scholarship, but began drinking and using drugs, and did not graduate.", "Hunziker later returned to Anchorage, where his mother was running a motel with her boyfriend, Kevin Hux.", "There, Hunziker helped out with the business, often driving guests to and from the airport.", "Hunziker's mother later introduced him to a young South Korean woman in the hopes that the two would develop a relationship, and they married soon after.", "However, Hunziker's drug and alcohol problems, combined with his increasing violence towards his wife and his relatives, led to the failure of his marriage in 1993.", "His mother applied for a restraining order against him in that same year, and Hux filed for another restraining order two years later after Hunziker allegedly stabbed him in the face with a pencil, and assaulted twelve motel employees and guests in the space of a month.", "In another incident, Hunziker attempted to forcibly remove his former wife from a hospital, and attacked a nurse when she attempted to intervene.", "From 1992 to 1996, Hunziker was arrested seven times on a variety of charges including assault, malicious destruction, and drunk driving.", "Hunziker reportedly converted to Christianity while in jail, and upon his seventh release, in 1995, fled back to Washington hoping to avoid being brought up on pending criminal assault charges that his mother had filed against him in Alaska.", "In mid-1996, Hunziker decided that he wanted to go to South Korea to find a job as an English teacher and evangelize.", "He borrowed money for an airline ticket to Seoul, and left the United States in July, staying with his cousin Yun Jae-hun.", "According to his parents, Hunziker could speak Korean well, and it would be his third trip to South Korea, including the first one during which he met his wife-to-be.", "From Seoul, he took a trip to the People's Republic of China beginning on August 16, spending one week in Beijing before proceeding to northeast China by train.", "Detention in North Korea\nOn August 24, 1996, Hunziker swam across the Yalu River from Dandong on the China–North Korea border, on a dare from a friend with whom he had been drinking alcohol.", "North Korean farmers found him and summoned the police, who arrested him.", "Swedish diplomats were able to visit Hunziker once after his detention, on September 17.", "North Korea ignored later requests from the United States that Hunziker be allowed to receive regular visits.", "The North Korean government did not announce Hunziker's arrest until October 6, and analysts suspected they delayed the announcement until a more strategic time in an attempt to divert attention from two other international controversies: one regarding the unsolved murder of South Korean consul for the Russian Far East, Choe Deok-geun, in which North Korean involvement was suspected, and the other about the landing on South Korean soil of a North Korean submarine containing 26 commandos.", "On October 8, the North Korean government formally announced that they would charge Hunziker with espionage, a charge which could bring the death penalty.", "Edwin Hunziker called his congressman, Randy Tate, in an attempt to learn what, if anything, the United States government was doing for his son.", "Evan Hunziker was permitted to send a letter home on October 12, in which he stated that \"I came across the border as a Christian man first and foremost to promote peace, and ...", "I have not confessed to being a spy\".", "Soon after, Hunziker was moved from the hotel where he had been held initially to a detention center.", "Edwin Hunziker would later recall his son's description of the food, that it \"was edible and it was sustainable, but it was lousy food\".", "He reportedly signed several confessions, though under psychological duress.", "Release by North Korea\nEventually, Bill Richardson, a New Mexico congressman who had a history of negotiating for the release of Americans held by countries with whom the United States had poor or no formal relations, arranged to go to North Korea to discuss the matter.", "Richardson went as a private citizen, but was accompanied by a representative of the United States Department of State, arriving in North Korea on November 24.", "According to Richardson, the North Korean mission to the United Nations in New York City initially demanded US$100,000 as a bail and fine for the release of Hunziker, whom they considered a spy and an illegal interloper.", "However, Richardson refused this demand as an unacceptable quid-pro-quo which would imply Hunziker's guilt.", "Eventually, the two sides settled on payment of $5,000 hotel costs for the period of Hunziker's incarceration, which Hunziker's family, rather than the government, paid.", "Richardson stated that the money was not the major trigger for Hunziker's release; rather, he speculated that the North Korean side realized they had made a major mistake during the incident where a submarine full of their commandos landed on South Korean soil, which occurred only weeks after Hunziker's arrest, and hoped to reduce tensions and regain aid.", "He also stated that the North Korean military had been opposed to Hunziker's release.", "Hunziker was first flown to Yokota Air Base in Japan for a medical examination on November 27, where he was found to have two red marks on his neck, possibly rope burns; North Korea claimed he attempted to hang himself while in custody.", "He arrived back in the United States via Seattle-Tacoma International Airport.", "Death\nAfter his release, Hunziker moved back to Tacoma, into the Olympus Hotel owned by his mother, as he would not return to Alaska due to the three outstanding warrants for his arrest by the Anchorage police.", "According to friends, relatives, and fellow hotel residents, he seemed happy, though not talkative.", "Hunziker often spent his nights in the hotel restaurant, where he was found dead on the morning of December 18, lying on a bench with a gunshot wound to the head and his cousin's .357 Magnum revolver lying next to him.", "See also\n\n2009 imprisonment of American journalists by North Korea\n List of foreign nationals detained in North Korea\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nAssociated Press File Photo: Evan C. Hunziker of Tacoma, Washington, waves upon his arrival at the Yokota Air Base on the outskirt of Tokyo\n \n\n1970 births\n1996 deaths\nAmerican people of Korean descent\nNorth Korea–United States relations\nSuicides by firearm in Washington (state)\nPrisoners and detainees of North Korea\nAmerican people imprisoned abroad" ]

[ "Since the end of the Korean War, only one American has been arrested by North Korea on espionage charges.", "On August 24, 1996, Hunziker was taken into custody by North Korean police after swimming into the country from the People's Republic of China.", "After spending three months in North Korean custody, Hunziker was released and returned to the United States thanks to the efforts of Bill Richardson.", "Hunziker died by suicide less than a month after his return.", "While living in South Korea, Hunziker's father, a veteran of the Korean War, met Hunziker's mother, a South Korean citizen.", "Hunziker's father worked in a variety of jobs, including as a bus driver, after moving to the United States with his wife.", "In 1974 Hunziker's father and mother divorced after Hunziker's father developed a drinking problem.", "Most of Hunziker's childhood was spent with his mother's relatives in Alaska.", "The Olympus Hotel was opened by Hunziker's mother.", "Hunziker graduated from Stadium High School in 1988.", "He went to college on a football scholarship, but began drinking and using drugs and didn't graduate.", "Hunziker's mother was running a motel with her boyfriend.", "Hunziker drove guests to and from the airport.", "After Hunziker's mother introduced him to a young South Korean woman, they married.", "Hunziker's drug and alcohol problems, along with his increasing violence towards his wife and relatives, led to the failure of his marriage in 1993.", "His mother applied for a restraining order against him in that same year, and Hux filed for another restraining order two years later after Hunziker allegedly stabbed him in the face with a pencil, and assaults twelve motel employees and guests in the space of a month.", "Hunziker tried to remove his former wife from the hospital and attacked a nurse when she tried to intervene.", "Hunziker was arrested seven times for a variety of charges from 1992 to 1996.", "While in jail, Hunziker converted to Christianity and fled back to Washington to avoid being brought up on charges that his mother had filed against him in Alaska.", "Hunziker wanted to go to South Korea to find a job as an English teacher and evangelize.", "He left the United States in July and stayed with his cousin in Korea.", "According to his parents, Hunziker could speak Korean well, and it would be his third trip to South Korea, including the first time he met his wife-to-be.", "He left for the People's Republic of China on August 16 after spending a week in Beijing.", "On August 24, 1996, Hunziker swam across the Yalu River from Dandong on the China–North Korea border, on a dare from a friend with whom he had been drinking alcohol.", "The police arrested him after North Korean farmers found him.", "On September 17, Swedish diplomats were able to visit Hunziker.", "The United States requested that Hunziker be allowed to visit regularly.", "The announcement of Hunziker's arrest was delayed by the North Korean government because they wanted to divert attention from the unsolved murder of a South Korean diplomat in Russia.", "On October 8, the North Korean government formally announced that they would charge Hunziker with espionage, a charge which could bring the death penalty.", "The congressman, Randy Tate, was called by the father of a son to find out what the government was doing for him.", "Evan Hunziker was allowed to send a letter home on October 12 in which he stated that he came across the border as a Christian man first and foremost to promote peace.", "I have not admitted to being a spy.", "Hunziker was moved from the hotel where he had been held to a detention center.", "The food was sustainable, but it was lousy, according to his son's description.", "He signed several confessions.", "Bill Richardson, a New Mexico congressman who had a history of negotiating for the release of Americans held by countries with which the United States had poor or no formal relations, arranged to go to North Korea to discuss the matter.", "Richardson was accompanied by a representative of the United States Department of State when he arrived in North Korea.", "According to Richardson, the North Korean mission to the United Nations in New York City initially demanded US$100,000 as a bail and fine for the release of Hunziker, whom they considered a spy and an illegal interloper.", "Richardson refused the demand as an unacceptable quid-pro-quo which would imply Hunziker's guilt.", "The Hunziker's family paid the hotel costs for Hunziker's incarceration, rather than the government.", "Richardson said that the money was not the main reason for Hunziker's release, but that the North Korean side realized they had made a mistake when their submarine landed on South Korean soil.", "He said that the North Korean military was against Hunziker's release.", "The first time Hunziker was flown to Japan, he was found to have two red marks on his neck, possibly rope burns, and North Korea claimed he attempted to hang himself.", "He arrived at the Seattle-Tacoma International Airport.", "After his release, Hunziker moved back to Tacoma, as he would not be able to return to Alaska due to the three outstanding warrants for his arrest by the police.", "According to friends, relatives, and fellow hotel residents, he seemed happy.", "Hunziker was found dead in the hotel restaurant on the morning of December 18 with a gunshot wound to the head and his cousin's gun next to him.", "Also see the list of foreign nationals held in North Korea." ]

[ "Evan Carl Hunziker", "Edwin Hunziker", "Evan Hunzike", "Evan C", ". Hunziker" ]

[ "Evan Hunzike" ]

[ "James Davis Porter (December 7, 1828 – May 18, 1912) was an American attorney, politician, educator, and officer of the Confederate Army.", "He served as the 20th Governor of Tennessee from 1875 to 1879.", "He was subsequently appointed as Assistant Secretary of State during President Grover Cleveland's first administration, and Minister to Chile in Cleveland's second administration.", "As an elected state legislator on the eve of the Civil War, Porter had introduced the \"Porter resolutions,\" which bound Tennessee to the Confederacy should war be declared.", "He served during much of the war as chief of staff to Confederate General Benjamin F. Cheatham, and saw action at various battles in Tennessee and Georgia.", "Porter spent his later years as chancellor of his alma mater, the University of Nashville, and as president of Peabody College.", "This was established at the University of Nashville during his gubernatorial administration.", "He oversaw the liquidation and transfer of the University of Nashville's assets to the Peabody Education Fund, which allowed Peabody College to be re-established near Vanderbilt University in 1909.", "Early life \nPorter was born in Paris, Tennessee, the son of Dr. Thomas Kennedy Porter and Geraldine (Horton) Porter.", "Their town was the county seat of Henry County, included within West Tennessee.", "Porter attended college at the University of Nashville, where he obtained a Bachelor of Arts in 1846, and a Master of Arts in 1849.", "He studied law at Cumberland University and in Paris under local attorney John H. Dunlap; he was admitted to the bar in 1851.", "That year he also married Susannah Dunlap, his mentor's daughter, starting his career and adult life.", "Career and Civil War\nPorter began a private practice in Paris, where he also became involved in politics.", "He was elected as a Whig to the Tennessee House of Representatives in 1859.", "In 1861, he introduced the \"Porter resolutions,\" which were eventually adopted.", "These resolutions stipulated that, in the event of war between seceding states and the Union, Tennessee would align with the seceding states.", "In early May 1861, following the Battle of Fort Sumter, these measures were enacted, and Tennessee signed a military pact with the Confederacy.", "Porter was commissioned as an adjutant general under Gideon J. Pillow, and helped organize the Provisional Army of Tennessee.", "After this army was attached to the greater Confederate Army, Porter was assigned to General Benjamin F. Cheatham.", "As Cheatham's chief of staff, Porter took part in the battles of Belmont, Shiloh, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, and the Siege of Atlanta.", "After the war, Porter returned to his law practice in Paris.", "In 1870, he was a delegate to the state's constitutional convention, which wrote the current Tennessee State Constitution, and served on the convention's judiciary committee.", "Following the convention, he was elected judge of the state's 12th circuit.", "Originally a Whig, he joined the Democratic Party after the Civil War, which was the party of the majority of southern whites.", "Governor\n\nPorter received the Democratic nomination for governor in 1874.", "He easily defeated his Republican opponent, Horace Maynard, by a 105,061 to 55,847 vote later that year.", "In 1876, he was reelected by a similarly lopsided margin over several candidates, among them moderate Democrat Dorsey B. Thomas and Republican William F. Yardley, the latter being the state's first African-American candidate for governor.", "Like his predecessor, John C. Brown, Porter spent much of his gubernatorial tenure managing the state's out-of-control debt.", "After the state defaulted on its bonded debt in 1875, Porter continued to argue that the state should pay off the bonds in full to protect its credit.", "The Panic of 1873 had greatly reduced tax revenues, however, and full repayment proved unfeasible.", "His successors sought only a partial repayment.", "Porter was a strong supporter of public education.", "When the Peabody Fund announced it was going to establish a school for teachers in Nashville, Porter used his influence to have the school attached to the University of Nashville.", "During his tenure, but independent of the state, the South's first medical school for African Americans, the privately supported Meharry Medical College, was founded in Nashville as part of Central Tennessee College, a historically black college founded by the northern Methodist Church.", "Porter signed the so-called \"Four Mile Law,\" an early, backdoor form of Prohibition that forbade alcoholic beverages within four miles (6.4 km) of any school.", "Given the small size of most of the schools of the era, they were built in nearly every community, even many of the smallest ones.", "The law effectively outlawed alcohol in all but the least-populated areas of the state.", "Later endeavors\n\nIn his book Appalachian Aspirations, Professor John Benhart describes Porter (and ex-Governor John C. Brown) as \"typical of the New South Conservatives who dominated Tennessee politics during the two decades following Reconstruction, mixing the mores of the Old South with a recognition that industrial capitalism was the wave of the future.\"", "Following his tenure as governor, Porter remained active in the New South economy.", "He succeeded Edmund William Cole as the president of the Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway from 1880 to 1884.", "He also served on the Board of Directors of the Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Company.", "In 1885, Porter was appointed Assistant Secretary of State by President Grover Cleveland.", "He served under Secretary of State Thomas F. Bayard.", "In 1893, during Cleveland's second term, Porter was appointed as U.S. Minister to Chile.", "He served there until a change in administrations in the Spring of 1894.", "Porter spent the latter part of his life promoting and raising funds for his alma mater, the University of Nashville (from which he had been granted an honorary LL.D.", "in 1877), and its affiliated Peabody College.", "He was appointed a trustee of the Peabody Education Fund in 1883, and became president of the Board of Trustees for the University of Nashville in 1890.", "Porter became chancellor of the University of Nashville in 1901, and president of Peabody College in 1902.", "He supported the construction of Confederate Memorial Hall.", "In the latter part of the decade, he oversaw the liquidation of the University of Nashville's assets and their transfer to the Peabody fund for the reestablishment of Peabody College.", "The fund chose to locate the reorganized college at Vanderbilt's campus, however, leaving Porter embittered.", "He resigned from the fund's board in 1909.", "In 1899, Porter published a book, The Military History of Tennessee, War of 1861-65, which became Volume VIII of Clement Evans's 12-volume series, Confederate Military History.", "He was also active in the Tennessee Historical Society, at one point serving as its president.", "Porter died in 1912, and is buried in the Paris City Cemetery.", "Family\nIn 1851 Porter married Susannah Dunlap in Paris, Tennessee.", "She was the daughter of his law mentor, John H. Dunlap.", "They had six children together, three of whom died at a young age.", "References\n\nExternal links\n\n Confederate Military History Volume VIII: Tennessee – Porter's book on the Civil War in Tennessee\nJohn Henry Dunlap\nGovernor James Davis Porter Papers, 1875 - 1879, Tennessee State Library and Archives.", "|-\n\n1828 births\n1912 deaths\nGovernors of Tennessee\nUnited States Assistant Secretaries of State\n19th-century American diplomats\nAmbassadors of the United States to Chile\nPeople from Paris, Tennessee\nHeads of universities and colleges in the United States\nTennessee state court judges\nTennessee Democrats\nConfederate States Army officers\nPeople of Tennessee in the American Civil War\nDemocratic Party state governors of the United States\nVanderbilt University people\n19th-century American judges\n19th-century American businesspeople\n19th-century American politicians" ]

[ "James Davis Porter was an American attorney, politician, educator, and officer of the Confederate Army.", "He was the 20th Governor of Tennessee from 1875 to 1879.", "He was appointed as an assistant secretary of state in the first administration of Cleveland.", "On the eve of the Civil War, Porter introduced \"Porter resolutions,\" which bound Tennessee to the Confederacy should war be declared.", "He was the chief of staff to Cheatham and was involved in battles in Tennessee and Georgia.", "Porter was the chancellor of the University of Nashville and the president of Peabody College.", "During his time as governor, this was established at the University of Nashville.", "In 1909, the University of Nashville's assets were transferred to the Peabody Education Fund and the college was re-established.", "Porter was born in Paris, Tennessee, the son of Dr. Thomas Kennedy Porter.", "The county seat of Henry County was their town.", "Porter obtained a Bachelor of Arts in 1845 and a Master of Arts in 1849 from the University of Nashville.", "He was admitted to the bar after studying law at Cumberland University.", "He married the daughter of his mentor that year.", "Porter started a private practice in Paris, where he became involved in politics.", "He was elected to the Tennessee House of Representatives as a Whig.", "The \"Porter resolutions\" were introduced in 1861.", "In the event of war between seceding states and the Union, Tennessee would align with the seceding states.", "Tennessee signed a military pact with the Confederacy after the Battle of Fort Sumter.", "Porter was commissioned as an adjutant general and helped organize the Provisional Army of Tennessee.", "Porter was assigned to Cheatham after the army was attached to the Confederate Army.", "Porter was Cheatham's chief of staff and took part in several battles.", "Porter practiced law in Paris after the war.", "He served on the convention's judiciary committee and was a delegate to the state's constitutional convention.", "He was elected judge of the state's 12th circuit.", "The majority of southern whites were members of the Democratic Party after the Civil War.", "Porter was nominated for governor in 1874.", "He defeated his Republican opponent by a wide margin.", "In 1876, he was reelected by a similar margin over several candidates, including a moderate Democrat and a Republican.", "John C. Brown spent a lot of his time managing the state's debt.", "Porter continued to argue that the state should pay off its bonds in full in order to protect its credit.", "The Panic of 1873 resulted in a reduction in tax revenues.", "His successors wanted a partial repayment.", "Porter supported public education.", "Porter used his influence to get a school for teachers in Nashville attached to the University of Nashville.", "The privately supported Meharry Medical College was founded in Nashville as part of Central Tennessee College, a historically black college founded by the northern Methodist Church.", "The so-called \" Four Mile Law\" was signed by Porter and forbade alcoholic beverages from being sold within four miles of any school.", "Most of the schools of the era were built in small communities, even the smallest ones.", "The law banned alcohol in all but the least populated areas of the state.", "In his book, Professor John Benhart describes Porter as a typical of the New South Conservatives who dominated Tennessee politics during the two decades following Reconstruction, mixing the mores of the Old South with a recognition that industrial capitalism was.", "Porter was active in the New South economy after he was governor.", "Edmund William Cole was the president of the Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway from 1880 to 1884.", "He was a director of the Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Company.", "Porter was an assistant secretary of state.", "He worked for Secretary of State Thomas F. Bayard.", "Porter was appointed as the U.S. Minister to Chile during Cleveland's second term.", "There was a change in administrations in 1894.", "He spent the last part of his life raising money for his alma mater, the University of Nashville.", "In 1877, it had an affiliated college.", "He became president of the Board of Trustees for the University of Nashville in 1890 after serving as a Trustee of the Peabody Education Fund.", "In 1901, Porter became chancellor of the University of Nashville.", "The construction of Confederate Memorial Hall was supported by him.", "The University of Nashville's assets were transferred to the Peabody fund in the last part of the decade.", "Porter was left embittered after the fund chose to locate the reorganized college at the campus.", "He left the fund's board in 1909.", "Porter's book, The Military History of Tennessee, War of 1861-65, became Volume VIII of Clement Evans's 12-volume series, Confederate Military History.", "He was the president of the Tennessee Historical Society.", "Porter is buried in the Paris City Cemetery.", "Porter and Dunlap were married in Paris, Tennessee.", "John H. Dunlap was his law mentor.", "Three of their children died at a young age.", "Porter's book on the Civil War in Tennessee is one of the External links.", "People from Paris, Tennessee, heads of universities and colleges in the United States, and people of Tennessee in the American Civil War are some of the people who died in 1912." ]

[ "James Davis Porter", "Porter", "Porter", "Porter", "Porter", ") Porter", "Porter", ". Dulap", "Susannah Dulap", "Porter", "Porter", "Porter", "Porter", "Porter", "Porter", "Dorsey", "Porter", "Porter", "Porter", "Porter", "Porter", "Porter", "Porter", "Porter", "Porter", "Porter", "Porter", "Porter", "Porter", "Porter", "Porter", "Susannah Dunlap", ". Dunlap", "Porter", "Du", "James Davis", "Porter" ]

[ "James Davis Porter", "Porter", "Porter", "Porter", "Porter", "Porter", "Porter", "Porter", "Porter", "Porter", "Porter", "Porter", "Porter", "Porter", "Porter", "Porter", "Porter", "Porter", "Porter", "Porter", "Porter", "Porter", "Porter", "Porter", "Porter", "Porter", "Dunlap", ". Dunlap", "Porter" ]

[ "Francisco V Fernández de la Cueva y Fernández de la Cueva, (Genoa, Italy, 17 November 1666 – Madrid, Spain, 28 June 1724) was the 10th Duke of Alburquerque, a Grandee of Spain, a Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece since 1707, and Viceroy of New Spain from 27 November 1702 to 14 January 1711.", "His tenure as Viceroy of New Spain is commemorated in the namesake of Albuquerque, New Mexico.", "He was the nephew of Francisco IV Fernández de la Cueva – Colonna, (* Barcelona, 1618/1619 – † Madrid (Palacio Real) 27 March 1676), 8th Duque de Alburquerque and many other lesser titles, also a Viceroy of New Spain, (1653–1660), and Viceroy of Sicily, (1667–1670), and the son of the 9th Duke of Alburquerque, and many other lesser titles, the cadet brother of the 8th Duke, and inheritor of the titles, Melchor Fernández de la Cueva (* Madrid, 2 March 1625 – † Madrid 12 October 1686).", "His father, Melchor, the 9th Duke, had married in 1665 his niece Ana Rosolea Fernández de la Cueva, the 3rd Marchioness of Cadreita, Navarre, daughter of the 8th Duke of Alburquerque Francisco IV Fernández de la Cueva and Juana Francisca Díez de Aux y Armendáriz, herself daughter of Lope Díez de Armendáriz, Viceroy of Mexico (1635–1640).", "This Spanish – Equatorian, Francisco Fernández de La Cueva y Fernandez de la Cueva, 10th Duke, was thus family connected through paternal and maternal links with 2 former Viceroys of New Spain, Viceroys of México, his uncle Francisco IV, the 8th Duke of Alburquerque and Lope Díez de Armendáriz.", "He was captain general of the Kingdom of Granada and captain general of the coast of Andalusia.", "His administration\nThe French had received a concession of ten years for their establishment, in Veracruz, of a French trading post dealing in black slaves.", "Upon his arrival in Veracruz he enforced Spanish law, and allowed their stay, until their concession was over.", "After which point, the French trading post was to stop operating within the slave trade, as it was illegal to openly operate such facilities within Spanish territory.", "He arrived in Chapultepec in November, 1702 and made his formal entry into Mexico City on 8 December 1702.", "He was a fervent supporter of the Bourbon monarchy and of King Philip V of Spain, and he worked in New Spain to suppress any kind of discontent that could result in support for the Habsburg party.", "This viceroy's administration was known for its luxury and magnificence.", "On 6 January 1703 the palace guards in the viceregal palace appeared in uniforms of the French mode for the first time, three-cornered hats and all.", "This attracted much attention, and fashions at the court and beyond quickly followed along the same lines.", "This was a fashion of luxury, starkly contrasted with the poverty of the majority of the people.", "Marriage\nHe married in Madrid, 6 February 1684, 18-year-old Juana de la Cerda y de Aragón-Moncada (* Puerto de Santa María, 27 March 1664 – † Madrid 28 June 1724), a daughter of Juan Francisco II Tomás Lorenzo de la Cerda 8th Duke of Medinaceli, 8 Duke of Alcalá de los Gazules, a Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece, and many other lesser titles.", "Their first son, inheritor of the titles, was named Francisco VI Fernández de la Cueva (* Madrid 28 September 1692 – † Hortaleza, 23.", "June 1757), 11th Duke of Alburquerque and many other lesser titles, who married in 1734 Agustina de Silva, deceased 10 years later, a daughter of Juan de Dios de Silva y Mendoza, (1672–1737), 10th Duque del Infantado, and María Teresa, a daughter of Francisco Domingo Gutiérrez de los Ríos, from Cordoba and Ambassador in France.", "Military affairs\nFernández de la Cueva repaired and expanded the armada of Barlovento (coast guard) so that it could attack pirates.", "He devoted much of the armed forces to dislodging the English and Dutch from the coast of the Seno Mexicano (Gulf coast).", "He sent reinforcements and supplies to Saint Augustine, Florida, which was besieged by the English.", "He confiscated the property of the English and Dutch, and used the proceeds to fend off their incursions.", "He worked to protect the newly established Jesuit missions in California.", "He also worked hard to provide financial aid to the Bourbons in the Spanish War of Succession.", "He demanded that the clergy turn over one tenth of their rents to the government.", "The archbishop strongly objected.", "When Fernández de La Cueva's term in office was extended, in gratitude he remitted two million pesos to the Crown.", "To raise this money, he resorted to shady methods, such as selling government positions.", "His remissions to Spain were so large that the government found itself unable to pay many police and other employees, and they were laid off.", "The streets and highways became infested with brigands.", "Crime and rebellion\nIn 1701 the Tribunal de la (literally, Court of Agreement) was founded.", "It received this name as the result of a proposal agreed to by the Audiencia.", "It was an organization of volunteers intended to capture and quickly try bandits.", "From its creation to the beginning of the Mexican War of Independence in 1810, the delivered 57,500 verdicts to 62,850 accused.", "Of those, 35,058 were freed, 888 were hanged, 1,729 were whipped; 19,410 were sentenced to prison for one or two years and 263 to labor on public works; 777 were banished to camps in the north, and the remainder were sent on to regular judges.", "Three hundred forty died in hospitals and 1,280 in prison.", "In 1704 the viceroy suppressed a rebellion of the Pima Indians in Nueva Vizcaya, using bloody methods.", "The Indians were terrorized and submitted, but in the long run this was a bad result for the Spanish.", "The Indians became distrustful and resisted evangelization and integration into the society of the viceroyalty.", "Reputation\nFernández de la Cueva was the namesake of the Villa de Alburquerque, in Nuevo México (now New Mexico), which was founded under his administration on 23 April 1706.", "On 12 October 1709 San Francisco de Cuéllar (now the city of Chihuahua) was founded.", "Also in 1709 the Church of Santa María de Guadalupe was established.", "In spite of his faults, Fernández de la Cueva had a reputation as an affable, moderate and capable governor who maintained tranquility and security in the viceroyalty.", "He turned over the government around January 1711 to his successor, Fernando de Alencastre, 1st Duke of Linares.", "Afterwards, he returned to Spain during 1711, dying in Madrid in June 1724, aged 57.", "References\n\nSources\n\n Rosenmüller, Christoph.", "Patrons, Partisans, and Palace Intrigues: The Court Society of Colonial Mexico, 1702–1710.Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 2008.", "\"Acordada, La,\" Enciclopedia de México, v. 1.", "Mexico City, 1988.", "\"Fernández de La Cueva Enríquez, Francisco,\" Enciclopedia de México, v. 5.", "Mexico City, 1988.", "1666 births\n1724 deaths\nCounts of Ledesma\nCounts of Huelma\n110\nFernández de la Cueva\nGrandees of Spain\nKnights of Santiago\nKnights of the Golden Fleece of Spain\nMarquesses of Cuellar\nMarquesses of Cadreita\nSpanish generals\nViceroys of New Spain" ]

[ "The 10th Duke of Alburquerque, a Grandee of Spain, was a Knight of the Order.", "The Viceroy of New Spain is remembered in Albuquerque, New Mexico.", "The Viceroy of New Spain was the nephew of Francisco IV Fernndez de la Cueva.", "The niece of the 8th Duke of Alburquerque Francisco IV Fernndez de was married in 1665 to Melchor, the 9th Duke.", "His uncle Francisco IV, the 8th Duke of Alburquer was related to 2 former Viceroys of New Spain and México.", "He was the captain general of the coast of Andalusia.", "The French received a concession of ten years for their establishment of a trading post dealing in black slaves.", "After arriving in Veracruz, he enforced Spanish law and allowed them to stay.", "It was against the law for the French trading post to operate within the slave trade.", "He made his formal entry into Mexico City on December 8th, 1702.", "He was a fervent supporter of the Bourbon monarchy and King Philip V of Spain, and he worked in New Spain to suppress any kind of discontent that could lead to support for the Habsburg party.", "The viceroy's administration was known for its extravagance.", "The palace guards wore uniforms of the French style for the first time on January 6, 1703.", "This attracted a lot of attention, and fashions at the court and beyond quickly followed along the same lines.", "The fashion of luxury contrasted with the poverty of the majority of the people.", "He married Juana de la Cerda y de Aragn-Moncada, a daughter of Juan Francisco II Tom, in Madrid in February 1684.", "Their first son was named Francisco VI Fernndez de la Cueva.", "The 11th Duke of Alburquerque was married in 1734 to a daughter of Juan de Dios de Silva y Mendoza, who died 10 years later.", "The armada of Barlovento was expanded so that it could attack pirates.", "The English and Dutch were dislodging from the coast of the Seno Mexicano.", "The English besieged Saint Augustine, Florida, so he sent reinforcements and supplies.", "The English and Dutch had their property taken by him.", "The Jesuit missions in California were protected by him.", "He provided financial aid to the Bourbons during the Spanish War of Succession.", "He wanted the clergy to give one tenth of their rents to the government.", "The archbishop was against it.", "When Fernndez de La Cueva's term in office was extended, he gave two million pesos to the Crown.", "He used shady methods to raise the money.", "The government was unable to pay many police and other employees because of his large remissions to Spain.", "The highways became a breeding ground for brigands.", "The Tribunal de la was founded in 1701 to deal with crime and rebellion.", "This name was given to it as a result of a proposal.", "Volunteers were supposed to capture and try bandits.", "57,500 verdicts were delivered from its creation to the beginning of the Mexican War of Independence.", "Of those, 35,058 were freed, 988 were hanged, 1,729 were whipped, and 19,410 were sentenced to prison for one or two years and 263 to labor on public works.", "There were three hundred forty deaths in hospitals and 1,280 in prison.", "In 1704 the viceroy suppressed a rebellion of the Pima Indians.", "In the long run, this was a bad result for the Spanish, as the Indians were terrorized and submitted.", "The Indians became distrustful and resisted evangelization.", "The Villa de Alburquerque was founded on April 23, 1706, and was named after Reputation Fernndez de la Cueva.", "The city of San Francisco de Cuéllar was founded on 12 October 1709", "The Church of Santa Mara de Guadalupe was established in 1709", "Fernndez de la Cueva had a reputation as a moderate and capable governor who maintained tranquility and security in the viceroyalty despite his faults.", "His successor was Fernando de Alencastre, 1st Duke of Linares.", "He died in Madrid in June 1724.", "The sources are Rosenmller.", "The Court Society of Colonial Mexico: Patrons, Partisans, and Palace Intrigues was published in 2008.", "\"Acordada, La\" is in the Enciclopedia de México.", "Mexico City in 1988.", "\"Fernndez de La Cueva Enrquez, Francisco\" is from the Enciclopedia de México.", "Mexico City in 1988.", "The Counts of Ledesma were part of the Knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain." ]

[ "Francisco V Fernández de la Cueva y Fernández de la Cueva", "Francisco IV Fernández de la Cueva", "Melchor Fernández de la C", "Ana Rosolea Fernández de la Cueva", "Francisco IV Fernández de la Cueva", "de Au", "Lope Dez de Arm", "Francisco Fernández de La Cueva y Fernandez de la C", "de la", "de Ara", "Juan Francisco", "Lorenzo de", "la Ce", "Francisco VI", "Fernández de", "la Cueva", "de Silva", "Juan de", "de Silva", "Francisco Domingo", "de los", "Fernández de", "la Cueva", "Fernández de", "Fernández de", "la Cueva", "Fernández de", "la Cueva", "Fernando de", "Fernández de", "Francisco" ]

[ "Francisco IV Fez de la Cueva", "Francisco IV Fe", "de", "Francisco IV", "de la", "y de", "Juan Francisco", "Francisco VI", "de la", "Juan de", "de Silva", "Fernndez", "de La", "Fernndez", "de la", "Fernando de", "Francisco" ]

[ "Sir James Sempill (1566-1626) was a Scottish courtier and diplomat.", "Early life\nJames Sempill was the eldest son of John Sempill of Beltrees, and Mary Livingston, one of the \"Four Marys\", companions of Mary, Queen of Scots.", "Sempill was brought up with James VI under George Buchanan at Stirling Castle in the royal household supervised by Annabell Murray, Countess of Mar.", "He completed his education at the University of St. Andrews, and used the title \"Mr.\" or Master on account of his degree.", "He was also known as \"Beltrees\" from his family estate.", "Sempill assisted James VI in the preparation of his Basilikon Doron.", "He was on good terms with the Kirk minister Andrew Melville, and caused a furore by showing Melville the contents of Basilikon Doron in advance.", "Via James Melville the text reached the synod of Fife.", "Sempill later supported Andrew Melville in 1606 when he was committed to the Tower of London.", "Robert Boyd of Trochrig considered Sempill an enemy of the bishops.", "Scottish diplomat\nSempill was Ambassador to England in the years 1591-1600 and was knighted on Christmas Day 1600.", "Another Scot employed by the King in London, James Hudson, referred to Sempill's youth and inexperience in March 1599.", "Hudson wrote that Sempill was \"a raw piece to employ and one unskilful, only a scholar.\"", "Roger Aston, an English courtier of James VI, wrote in August 1599 that \"Beltries was plain and honest, and by the means of Sir George Elphinstone (of Blythswood) whose sister he married, he may do good offices.\"", "Hudson wrote again to Sir Robert Cecil, the English Secretary of State in September 1599, praising Sempill's good nature, and mentioning that his paternal grandmother was English.", "Hudson added that Sempill would be \"the true Lord Sempill if he had his due.\"", "Sempill sent newsletters to Cecil, and in English correspondence he was known by the cipher \"99\".", "In August 1599 James Sempill was sent to London to take the place of David Foulis and collect the \"gratuity\" for James VI, a sum of money which Elizabeth I of England sent to Scotland to support James VI.", "He delivered £400 sterling of this money to George Heriot for the queen's jewels.", "A Scottish servant of Lady Kildare named Dicksoun ingratiated himself with Sempill, and said she had spoken in favour of the king's succession to the English throne at dinner with the Lord Admiral.", "He seems to have carried letters from Anthony Bacon and the Earl of Essex to Lord Willoughby in January 1600.", "On his return to Scotland, in April 1600, Anne of Denmark asked him what Elizabeth had said about her, and she disbelieved him at first, based on the reports of others.", "A joke was made about young Prince Henry's involvement in diplomacy.", "Sempill was privy to correspondence between Anne of Denmark and Albert VII, Archduke of Austria.", "He became involved in the discussions following the kidnap of Edmund Ashfield by English agent at Leith.", "In 1601 he was sent to France, and accompanied the Duke of Lennox from Dieppe to London in October.", "In November 1601 the Earl of Northampton wrote to the Earl of Mar that in London the king's agent James Hamilton stirred up Frances Howard, Countess of Kildare, the Duke of Lennox, and Sempill, who 'like an organ, sowndes when the other blowes'.", "Back in Scotland, in April 1602 Anne of Denmark asked him to mention her in a letter to Robert Cecil.", "She told Sempill that Sir Thomas Erskine of Gogar had been the author of slanders against her which were current in France and England.", "Erskine kept the King busy writing to England, and she wished she knew what these letters were about, and would have intercepted them if she could.", "She had had an offer from a courtier to destroy the career of the Earl of Mar if she undermined the Duke of Lennox, which she knew how to do, and understandably wanted Sempill to keep this secret.", "Sempill hoped Cecil would cut off this part of the letter and burn it.", "Sempill wrote to Cecil again in May 1602.", "Marie Stewart, Countess of Mar had written to her brother the Duke of Lennox complaining he was the Earl of Mar's main opponent in Scotland.", "Sir Thomas Erskine was blamed for their trouble, and slanders against the Duke in France and England.", "On 3 February 1603 James gave him a jewel which had belonged to Mary, Queen of Scots for his good service abroad and at home, and faithful conduct of diplomatic negotiations.", "The jewel was a carcatt (necklace chain) with a diamond in one piece and a ruby in another, with a tablet (locket) set with a carbuncle of a diamond and ruby, set around with diamonds.", "James Sempill of Beltrees died at Paisley in 1626.", "Works\nHe wrote some theological works:\n\nCassander Scotiana to Cassander Anglicanus (1616); \nSacrilege sacredly handled (1619), written against Joseph Justus Scaliger and John Selden;\nSacrilege saved by Cassander (1619);\nAn Answer to Tilenus' Defence of the Bishops and the Five Articles (1622).", "This was written against Daniel Tilenus at the suggestion of Andrew Melville.", "He is now chiefly remembered for the poem The Packmans Pater Noster, a vigorous attack on the Roman Catholic Church.", "An edition was published at Edinburgh in 1669 entitled A Pick-tooth for the Pope, or the Packmans Pater Noster, translated out of Dutch by S. I. S., and newly augmented and enlarged by his son R. S. (reprinted by Paterson).", "Seven poems, chiefly of an amorous character, are printed in T. G. Stevenson's edition of The Sempill Ballates.", "Family\nHis wife was Egidia or Geillis Elphinstone of, daughter of George Elphinstone of Blythswood and Marion Scot.", "They had two sons, Robert Sempill the younger and George (who died young), and five daughters, of whom Marion was married to Colin Campbell of Ardkinglass, and Margaret to Walter Macfarlane of Macfarlane.", "Notes\n\nReferences\nAttribution\n\n1566 births\n1620s deaths\nAlumni of the University of St Andrews\nScottish diplomats\n16th-century Scottish writers\n16th-century male writers\n17th-century Scottish writers\n17th-century Scottish poets\n17th-century male writers" ]

[ "Sir James Sempill was a Scottish courtier and diplomat.", "Mary Livingston was one of the \" Four Marys\", companions of Mary, Queen of Scots.", "The royal household supervised by Annabell Murray was where James VI and Sempill were brought up.", "He used the title \"Mr.\" or Master on his degree from the University of St. Andrews.", "He was from the family estate.", "James VI's Basilikon Doron was prepared by Sempill.", "He caused a furore by showing Andrew Melville the contents of Basilikon Doron in advance.", "The text was forwarded by James Melville.", "Andrew Melville was committed to the Tower of London in 1606.", "Sempill was considered an enemy of the bishops by Robert Boyd of Trochrig.", "The Ambassador to England was knighted on Christmas Day 1600.", "James Hudson referred to Sempill's youth and inexperience in March 1599.", "Hudson wrote that Sempill was a raw piece to use and only a scholar.", "\"Beltries was plain and honest, and by the means of Sir George Elphinstone, whose sister he married, he may do good offices,\" wrote Roger Aston, an English courtier of James VI.", "In September 1599, Hudson wrote to Sir Robert Cecil, thanking him for his good nature and mentioning that his paternal grandmother was English.", "Hudson said that if Sempill had his due, he would be the true Lord.", "In English correspondence, he was known as the cipher \"99\".", "Elizabeth I of England sent a sum of money to Scotland to support James VI after James Sempill was sent to London to take the place of David Foulis.", "The money was delivered to George Heriot.", "Dicksoun, a Scottish servant of Lady Kildare, said that he had spoken in favor of the king's succession to the English throne at dinner with the Lord admiral.", "In January 1600, he carried letters from the Earl of Essex to Lord Willoughby.", "When he returned to Scotland in April 1600, Anne of Danes asked him what Elizabeth had said about her, and she initially thought he was lying.", "A joke was made about Prince Henry.", "The Archduke of Austria, Albert VII, had correspondence with Anne of Danes.", "He became involved in the discussions after Edmund Ashfield was kidnapped.", "He was sent to France in 1601 and then to London in October.", "The Earl of Northampton wrote to the Earl of Mar in 1601, saying that the king's agent James Hamilton stirred up a group of people.", "Anne of Danes asked him to mention her in a letter to Robert Cecil.", "She said that Sir Thomas Erskine of Gogar was the author of slanders against her in France and England.", "She wished she knew what the letters were about, and would have taken them if she could.", "She wanted to keep this secret because she knew how to destroy the career of the Earl of Mar if she undermined the Duke.", "Cecil was supposed to cut off this part of the letter.", "In May 1602, Sempill wrote to Cecil again.", "The Earl of Mar's main opponent in Scotland was written to by Marie Stewart.", "Sir Thomas was blamed for the trouble in France and England.", "James gave him a jewel which belonged to Mary, Queen of Scots, for his good service abroad and at home.", "The jewel was a carcatt with a diamond in one piece and a Ruby in another, set around with diamonds.", "In 1626, James Sempill of Beltrees died.", "Sacrilege sacredly handled is one of the theological works he wrote.", "At the suggestion of Andrew Melville, this was written against Daniel Tilenus.", "The Packmans Pater Noster was a vigorous attack on the Roman Catholic Church.", "The Packmans Pater Noster, translated out of Dutch, was published at Edinburgh in 1669.", "There are seven poems in T. G. Stevenson's edition of The Sempill Ballates.", "George Elphinstone was the father of Egidia or Geillis Elphinstone.", "They had two sons, Robert, who died young, and George, who was married to Colin Campbell of Ardkinglass and Margaret, who was married to Walter Macfarlane of Macfarlane.", "Scottish diplomats 16th-century male writers 17th-century Scottish poets 17th-century male writers" ]

[ "James Sempill", "James Sempill", "John Sempill", "James VI", "James VI", "James Melville", "Sempill", "Sempill", "James Hudson", "Sempill", "James VI", "Sempill", "Sempill", "James Sempill", "James VI", "James VI", "Sempill", "Sempill", "James Hamilton", "Sempill", "Sempill", "Sempill", "James", "James Sempill", "Robert Sempill" ]

[ "James Sempill", "James VI", "Sempill", "James VI", "Sempill", "James Melville", "Sempill", "James Hudson", "James VI", "Sempill", "James VI", "James Sempill", "James Hamilton", "Sempill", "James", "James Sempill" ]

[ "Alan Zweig is a Canadian documentary filmmaker known for often using film to explore his own life.", "Early life \nAlan Zweig was born and raised in Toronto, Ontario and has worked in the film industry as a writer, producer, director, driver, and actor.", "Before finding success as a filmmaker, Alan Zweig drove a taxicab for fifteen years.", "Early in his career, Zweig’s short films — Trip Sheet (1976), The Boys (1977) and Stealing Images (1989) – provide rare insight into his early inspirations, influences and themes.", "They run the gamut from documentary to mock doc to fiction.", "Trip Sheet was Zweig’s first film, an impressionistic hybrid doc made in his first year at Sheridan College.", "Shot on colour reversal stock, the film follows cab drivers on their daily beat, a profession that Zweig himself pursued throughout the 1980s.", "Unseen for more than 30 years, The Boys, an improvised film shot in semi-vérité style, stars four strangers as best friends.", "The award-winning fiction film Stealing Images, investigates the notion of the unreliable narrator, the protagonist as poseur.", "Zweig used a composite of film world acquaintances to shape his lead character, a film director who seems to have everything going for him, but in reality has nothing going on at all.", "Stealing Images sits where autobiography and parody meet, and is perhaps less a reflection and more a projection of Zweig’s struggle with his own perceived failure.", "This collection of shorts bridges the gap between Zweig’s work in fiction films and introduces themes, questions and techniques that resurface in his later documentaries.", "In his documentary work, Alan never pretends not to be there, placing himself inside the narrative along with the rest of his subjects.", "His use of first-person video diary is a courageous method of self-analysis, introspection and presence that speaks to the audience as if there were no camera in the room.", "This generous sharing of personal experiences, neuroses, fantasies and opinions acts as an empathetic way of drawing out the same in others.", "Zweig has honed a conversational interview style and easy repartee with his subjects that result in some of the most inspiring vulnerability and honesty you will ever experience while watching film.", "Career \nAlan first became known for his 1989 film Stealing Images, a short drama about a filmmaker exploring the city which won the award for Best Canadian Short Film at the 1989 Toronto International Film Festival.", "He also later directed the narrative feature film The Darling Family, before turning to documentary film.", "In his 2000 film Vinyl, Zweig explores what drives people to become record collectors.", "Zweig spends a large portion of the film exploring his own life in regard to record collecting, feeling it has prevented him from fulfilling his dreams of a family.", "I, Curmudgeon is a 2004 film about self-declared curmudgeons, himself included, which received a Silver Hugo at the 2005 Chicago International Film Festival.", "The film was shot on a camcorder, with Zweig using a mirror to record his own experiences.", "Lovable is a 2007 film about our preoccupation with finding romantic perfection.", "In 2009, Zweig moved from autobiographical subject matter to explore the struggle of ex-convicts to lead normal lives in A Hard Name, which received the Genie Award for best documentary.", "His 2013 film When Jews Were Funny, an exploration of the role of Jewish comedians in North American comedy and humour, won the prize for Best Canadian Feature Film at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival.", "Again, he uses most of the movie exploring his own position as a Jew married to a non-Jewish woman and a new father.", "Hurt, his documentary film about Steve Fonyo, was released in 2015.", "It won the Platform Prize at the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival.", "His film There Is a House Here, premiered at the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival, and Coppers premiered at the 2019 Toronto International Film Festival.", "Films\n\nVinyl (2000) \nIn Vinyl, Zweig seeks not to talk to people who collect vinyl records to discuss music, but rather to discuss what drives someone to collect records in the first place.", "Zweig spends a large portion of the film in stylized self-filmed \"confessions\", where he expounds on his life in regard to record collecting, feeling it has prevented him from fulfilling his dreams of a family.", "In addition to celebrities like Canadian director/actor Don McKellar and American Splendor creator Harvey Pekar, Zweig speaks to a variety of record collectors.", "Collectors include a car wash employee who claims to own over one million records and claims to have memorized the track listing of every K-Tel collection he owns, a government employee who refuses to organize his collection because he doesn't want people to come over and a man who threw out his large record collection rather than sell or give it away because he didn't want anyone else to own it.", "Vinyl was ranked one of Pitchfork's 20 Essential Music Docs in 2013.", "A Hard Name (2009) \nIn this film, Zweig interviews seven ex-convicts about their times in prison and their struggle to maintain lives outside of prison walls.", "The men talk about insights they have gained about their lives, including how childhood abuse led to a life of crime.", "Film subjects include one man who stabbed fellow inmate Clifford Olson 21 times, before Olson committed his serial killings.", "Another of the film's subjects was abused as a child while a resident at the Mount Cashel Orphanage in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador.", "A Hard Name ends with archival television footage of him performing, playing the guitar and singing for other young residents of the home.", "I, Curmudgeon (2004) \nAlan Zweig interviews notable curmudgeons like Fran Lebowitz, Harvey Pekar and Bruce LaBruce.", "Zweig wants to know what their problem is and, more importantly, whether it’s the same as his.", "Zweig analyzes the fallout of his negativity, shaving it down and focusing its meaning with the help of hilarious and honest insights from his raucous cast of misfits.", "The film cleverly examines the risks of being a naysayer in a society continually pitching the positive.", "For Zweig, the naysayers are today's heroes, the ones who are not afraid to say, 'Hey, the emperor has no clothes!'", "Lovable (2007) \nIn this final instalment of the autobiographical trilogy that includes Vinyl and I, Curmudgeon, Alan Zweig reflects with disarming candour on why, if he longs for a partner and children, he is still single at mid-life.", "The film analyzes his lack of success finding a partner while also interviewing a couple of dozen single women of various ages and backgrounds.", "It turns into a probing and occasionally profound examination of love in the 21st century.", "Zweig asks the women some tough questions, digging through their denial and getting some insightful, articulate answers.", "When Jews Were Funny (2013) \nSurveying the history of Jewish comedy from the early days of the Borsht Belt to the present, When Jews Were Funny explores not just ethnicity in the entertainment industry, but also the question of what it means to be Jewish.", "The film features interviews with and/or performance clips of a wide variety of Jewish comedy performers and writers of the 20th and 21st centuries, including Howie Mandel, Gilbert Gottfried, Rodney Dangerfield, Eugene Mirman, Marc Maron, Bob Einstein, Andy Kindler, Shelley Berman, Alan King, Judy Gold, Elon Gold, David Steinberg, Jackie Mason, Jack Carter, Norm Crosby, Henny Youngman, David Brenner, Shecky Greene, Mark Breslin, Cory Kahaney, Harrison Greenbaum, Simon Rakoff, Lisa Lambert, Larry Josephson and Michael Wex.", "The film won the Best Canadian Feature Film prize at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival and was listed as one of Canada's Top Ten Films that year.", "15 Reasons to Live (2013) \nInspired by the non-fiction book \"Why Not: Fifteen Reasons to Live\" by Ray Robertson, this film is an examination on the nature of human happiness by looking at the personal stories of 15 individuals.", "Through their stories, Zweig compiles his reasons to live: love, solitude, critical mind, art, individuality, home, work, humour, friendship, intoxication, praise, meaning, body, duty and death.", "This is the first of his films to include the use of animation.", "Hurt (2015) \nHurt follows Steve Fonyo, the celebrated Canadian runner with an artificial leg who raised millions of dollars for cancer research, only to decline into addiction and homelessness.", "Literally following in the footsteps of Terry Fox, Fonyo ran across Canada to raise awareness for cancer research and went on to receive the Order of Canada, before it was later stripped from him when his image as a cancer survivor and athlete changed following drug addictions and run-ins with the law.", "The film includes sequences where Zweig arranged (and captured) meetings between Fonyo and the esteemed Dr. Gabor Maté, an expert in addictions and childhood trauma.", "The film won the inaugural Platform Prize at the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival.", "The film was also named one as part of TIFF's annual Canada's Top Ten screening series of the ten best Canadian films of the year.", "At the 4th Canadian Screen Awards in 2016, Hurt won the award for Best Feature Length Documentary.", "Hope (2017) \nThis sequel to the 2015 documentary Hurt picks up as Steve Fonyo recovers from his coma and admits that he needs to make changes to his life if he is going to be able to continue on.", "Recovering in hospital, Steve allows Zweig to follow him through his lows, hoping he might find a way to a better life.", "In the 30 years since he was a nation’s hero for his cross-country run on a prosthetic leg to raise funds for cancer research, Steve’s life has been a sequence of tragic events.", "Now in his 50s, Steve admits he needs to remove himself from his circumstances in Surrey, BC, to overcome his addiction and have a fresh start with his girlfriend.", "Bringing director-subject dynamics to the forefront, Zweig has created a rare and exceptional documentary sequel that attempts to look at the road forward and leave a troubled past behind.", "There is a House Here (2017) \nTaking its name from the English translation of Igloolik, There Is A House Here, Alan tells a “fish out of water”.", "The fish is himself, an urban Jew.", "The environment strange to him is the damaged culture of Inuit in the high Arctic.", "Despite a long and frank email relationship with Inuk heavy-metal rocker Lucie Idlout, Alan finds himself unable to truly understand why Canada’s aboriginal people cannot “get over” the injuries of colonialism.", "With Lucie as his guide, Alan Zweig goes to Nunavut, a place that admittedly frightens him, in the hope of having his skepticism defeated and gaining some answers to bring back to his “equally ignorant countrymen”.", "The film premiered at the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival.", "Coppers (2019) \nHis latest film, Coppers, is centred on former police officers as they recount the traumas that continues to haunt them long after they turned in their gun and shield.", "Zweig’s insightful questioning and sympathetic tone allows a space where some pretty astonishing things are revealed, both about the nature of police work and, inadvertently, about some of the personal flaws of those that choose the profession in the first place.", "A sort of companion piece to A Hard Name, his 2009 documentary about former inmates, Coppers interviews a dozen or so retired police officers.", "Although their beats ranged from large and mid-level cities to very small towns, their experiences, perhaps surprisingly, are quite similar.", "As one ex-cop remarks, \"No one calls the police when they're having a great day.\"", "Most have witnessed scenes anyone would have a hard time living with.", "One officer describes a murder suicide where the killer dispatched his victim with a statue of a German shepherd and a cassette recorder.", "Another, assigned to a particularly harsh detail, breaks down in tears, overwhelmed by the amount of horrifying evidence he had to comb through.", "A disarming interviewer, Zweig lets his subjects talk about what troubled them most: high stress, horrific crimes, racism, sexism, and guilt (one cop is still haunted by the day he nearly killed a young girl who wandered into a confrontation scene).", "But Zweig doesn't avoid probing questions, particularly about the officers' and their colleagues' transgressions, personal and otherwise.", "Even if he gets evasive answers, the responses remain incredibly telling.", "Coppers had its World Premiere at the 2019 Toronto International Film Festival and was ranked one of the Top 10 Canadian Films of 2019 by The Globe and Mail.", "Records (2021) \nTwenty-one years after Alan Zweig's groundbreaking first feature documentary Vinyl, Zweig returns to the topic of compulsive record collecting with newfound introspection and a sunnier disposition.", "Awards, Honours and Nominations \n\n 1989: Stealing Images won Best Canadian Short Film at the Toronto International Film Festival\n 1989: Stealing Images was nominated for Gold Hugo Best Short Film award \n 2004: I, Curmudgeon won the Chicago International Film Festival Silver Hugo Prize \n 2009: A Hard Name won the Canadian Screen Award for Best Documentary Feature\n 2010: A Hard Name received the Genie Award for Best Feature Length Documentary\n 2011: Hot Docs devoted its Focus On screening series to Zweig's work\n 2013: 15 Reasons to Live was nominated for Best Canadian Documentary at Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival\n 2013: When Jews Were Funny won Best Canadian Feature Film at the Toronto International Film Festival\n 2015: Hurt won the Platform Prize at the Toronto International Film Festival\n 2016: Hurt won the Ted Rogers Award for Best Feature Length Documentary at the Canadian Screen Awards\n 2017: There Is a House Here was nominated for Best Canadian Feature Film at the Toronto International Film Festival\n 2017: There Is a House Here received an Honourable Mention for World Documentary at the Whistler Film Festival\n 2019: Coppers was nominated for Best Canadian Feature Film at the Toronto International Film Festival\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nDirectors of Genie and Canadian Screen Award winners for Best Documentary Film\nCanadian documentary film directors\nFilm directors from Toronto\nYear of birth missing (living people)\nLiving people\nJewish Canadian filmmakers" ]

[ "Alan Zweig is a Canadian documentary filmmaker who often uses film to explore his own life.", "Alan Zweig was born and raised in Toronto, Ontario and has worked in the film industry as a writer, producer, director, driver, and actor.", "Alan Zweig was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "Zweig's short films, Stealing Images (1989) and The Boys (1977), give a glimpse into his early influences and themes.", "They do mock doc to fiction.", "Zweig made his first film, an impressionistic hybrid doc, in his first year at the college.", "The film follows cab drivers on their daily beat, a profession that Zweig pursued throughout the 1980s.", "The Boys, an improvised film shot in semi-vérité style, stars four strangers as best friends.", "Stealing Images explores the idea of the unreliable narrator as poseur.", "Zweig used film world acquaintances to create his lead character, a film director who seems to have everything going for him, but in reality has nothing going on at all.", "Stealing Images is more of a projection of Zweig's struggle with his own perceived failure than a reflection.", "The gap between Zweig's work in fiction films and his later documentaries is bridged in this collection of shorts.", "Alan puts himself inside the narrative along with the rest of his subjects in his documentary work.", "His use of first-person video diary is a brave method of self-analysis and presence that speaks to the audience as if there were no camera in the room.", "Drawing out the same in others through generous sharing of personal experiences, neuroses, fantasies and opinions is how this generous sharing of personal experiences, neuroses, fantasies and opinions acts.", "Zweig's interview style and easy repartee with his subjects result in some of the most inspiring vulnerability and honesty you will ever experience while watching film.", "Stealing Images, a short drama about a filmmaker exploring the city, won the award for Best Canadian Short Film at the 1989 Toronto International Film Festival.", "He turned to documentary film after directing the narrative feature film The Darling Family.", "In his 2000 film, Zweig explores what drives people to collect records.", "In the film, Zweig explores his own life in regards to record collecting, feeling that it has prevented him from fulfilling his dreams of a family.", "The film I, Curmudgeon was 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780", "Zweig used a mirror to record his own experiences while filming the film.", "Our preoccupation with finding romantic perfection is the subject of Lovable.", "In 2009, Zweig moved from autobiographical subject matter to explore the struggle of ex-convicts to lead normal lives in A Hard Name, which received the Genie Award for best documentary.", "When Jews Were Funny was the winner of the Best Canadian Feature Film at the Toronto International Film Festival.", "He uses most of the movie to explore his position as a Jew married to a non-Jewish woman and a new father.", "In 2015, Hurt was released.", "The platform prize was won at the Toronto International Film Festival.", "His film There Is a House Here was 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780", "Zweig doesn't want to talk to people who collect vinyl records to discuss music, but rather to discuss what drives them to collect records in the first place.", "Zweig spends a large portion of the film in stylized self-filmed \"Confessions\", where he expounds on his life in regard to record collecting, feeling it has prevented him from fulfilling his dreams of a family.", "Zweig speaks to a variety of record collectors, including celebrities like Canadian director/actor Don McKellar and American Splendor creator Harvey Pekar.", "A car wash employee who claims to own over one million records, a government employee who refuses to organize his collection because he doesn't want people to come over, and a man who threw out his large record are some of the people who collect records.", "One of the 20 essential music docs was Vinyl.", "Zweig interviews seven ex-convicts about their time in prison and their struggle to maintain lives outside of prison walls.", "The men talk about how childhood abuse led to a life of crime.", "There is a film about a man who stabbed another man 21 times.", "The Mount Cashel Orphanage in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador was where one of the film's subjects was abused as a child.", "A Hard Name ends with archival television footage of him performing, playing the guitar and singing for other young residents of the home.", "Alan Zweig is the author of I, Curmudgeon.", "Zweig wants to know if their problem is the same as his.", "Zweig analyzes the aftermath of his negative vibes, shaving it down and focusing its meaning with the help of hilarious and honest insights from his rowdy cast of misfits.", "The film examines the risks of being a pessimist in a society that continually pitches the positive.", "The ones who are not afraid to say \"Hey, the emperor has no clothes!\" are Zweig's heroes.", "In the final part of the autobiographical trilogy that includes Vinyl and I, Curmudgeon, Alan Zweig talks about why he is still single at mid-life.", "While interviewing a couple of dozen single women, the film analyzed his lack of success in finding a partner.", "It becomes a probing and occasionally profound examination of love in the 21st century.", "Zweig digs through the women's denial and gets some insightful, articulate answers.", "When Jews Were Funny explores the history of Jewish comedy from the early days of the Borsht Belt to the present, as well as the question of what it means to be Jewish.", "Interviews with and performance clips of a wide variety of Jewish comedy performers and writers of the 20th and 21st century can be found in the film.", "The film won the Best Canadian Feature Film prize at the Toronto International Film Festival and was listed as one of Canada's Top Ten Films that year.", "The film is an examination on the nature of human happiness by looking at the personal stories of 15 individuals.", "Through their stories, Zweig compiles his reasons to live: love, solitude, critical mind, art, individuality, home, work, humour, friendship, intoxication, praise, meaning, body, duty and death.", "This is the first film in which he uses animation.", "Steve Fonyo, the celebrated Canadian runner with an artificial leg who raised millions of dollars for cancer research only to decline into addiction and homelessness, is the subject of Hurt.", "Following in the footsteps of Terry Fox, Fonyo ran across Canada to raise awareness for cancer research and went on to receive the Order of Canada, before his image as a cancer survivor and athlete changed due to drug addictions and run-ins with the law.", "Zweig arranged meetings between Fonyo and Dr. Gabor Maté, an expert in addictions and childhood trauma, in the film.", "At the Toronto International Film Festival, the film won a platform prize.", "The film was included in the Canada's Top Ten screening series of the best Canadian films of the year.", "Hurt won the award for Best Feature Length Documentary at the 4th Canadian Screen Awards.", "The sequel to Hurt picks up where the first one left off, as Steve Fonyo recovers from his coma and admits that he needs to make changes to his life if he is going to be able to continue on.", "Steve allowed Zweig to follow him through his lows, hoping he might find a way to a better life.", "In the 30 years since he was a nation's hero for his cross-country run to raise funds for cancer research, Steve's life has been a series of tragic events.", "Steve, who is in his 50s, admits that he needs to get over his addiction in order to have a fresh start with his girlfriend.", "Zweig has created a rare and exceptional documentary sequel that attempts to look at the road forward and leave a troubled past behind.", "Alan tells a fish out of water in There is a House Here.", "The fish is a Jew.", "The environment is strange to him because of the damaged Inuit culture.", "Despite a long and frank email relationship with Inuk heavy-metal rocker Lucie Idlout, Alan finds himself unable to understand why Canada's aboriginal people cannot \"get over\" the injuries of colonialism.", "In order to have his skepticism defeated and get some answers to bring back to his ignorant countrymen, Alan Zweig goes to a place that frightens him, in the hope of having his skepticism defeated and getting some answers to bring back to his ignorant countrymen.", "The film was shown at the Toronto International Film Festival.", "His latest film, Coppers, is about former police officers as they recount the traumas that continues to haunt them long after they turned in their gun and shield.", "Some pretty astonishing things are revealed, both about the nature of police work and about some of the personal flaws of those that choose the profession in the first place, thanks to Zweig's insightful questioning and sympathetic tone.", "A Hard Name is a companion piece to A Hard Name, a documentary about former inmates.", "Although their beats ranged from large and mid-level cities to very small towns, their experiences are quite similar.", "One ex-cop said, \"No one calls the police when they're having a great day.\"", "People would have a hard time living with those scenes.", "One officer describes a murder suicide in which the killer used a statue of a German shepherd and a cassette recorder to kill his victim.", "One assigned to a particularly harsh detail broke down in tears, overwhelmed by the amount of horrifying evidence he had to comb through.", "A disarming interviewer, Zweig lets his subjects talk about what troubled them most: high stress, horrific crimes, racism, sexism, and guilt, and one cop is still haunted by the day he nearly killed a young girl.", "Zweig isn't afraid to ask about the officers' transgressions, personal and otherwise.", "The responses remain incredibly telling even if he gets evasive answers.", "The Globe and Mail ranked Coppers as one of the top 10 Canadian films of the year.", "Twenty-one years after the release of his first feature film, Alan Zweig returns to the topic of record collecting.", "Stealing Images won the Best Canadian Short Film at the Toronto International Film Festival in 1989. I, Curmudgeon won the Chicago International Film Festival Silver Hugo Prize in 2009." ]

[ "Alan Zweig", "Alan Zwei", "Alan Zwei", "Alan", "Alan", "Alan Zwei", "Alan Zwei", "Alan King", "Alan", "Alan", "Alan Zwei", "Alan Zwei", "Zweig" ]

[ "Alan Zweig", "Alan Zwei", "Alan Zwei", "Alan", "Alan Zwei", "Alan Zwei", "Alan", "Alan", "Alan Zwei", "Alan Zwei" ]

[ "Edward Askew Sothern (1 April 182620 January 1881) was an English actor known for his comic roles in Britain and America, particularly Lord Dundreary in Our American Cousin.", "He was also known for his many practical jokes.", "Life and career\n\nEarly years \nSothern was born in Liverpool, the son of a merchant.", "He began studying medicine, and his parents hoped that he would become a minister, but he decided against pursuing those professions.", "He worked as a clerk in the late 1840s and married Frances Emily \"Fannie\" Stewart (died 1882).", "He began acting as an amateur in 1848 under the stage name of Douglas Stewart.", "In 1849 he appeared in his first professional engagement at Saint Helier in Jersey, as Claude Melnotte in Bulwer Lytton's The Lady of Lyons.", "In the early 1850s, he played in various English companies without particular success in Portsmouth, Wolverhampton and Birmingham.", "Sothern travelled to America in 1852, first playing Dr. Pangloss in The Heir at Law in Boston, Massachusetts, with John Lacy's company at the National Theatre.", "He then played at the Howard Athenaeum in Boston and at Barnum's American Museum in New York.", "In 1854, he joined the company at Wallack's Theatre.", "In the early part of his career, Sothern's wife often performed with him.", "By 1856, he had begun using his own name, Sothern, on stage.", "He had become associated with Laura Keene's company in New York by 1856.", "He finally gained attention at Wallack's Theatre in New York starring as Armand in Camille.", "The critic Clement Scott noted that while Sothern was \"as handsome a man as ever stood on the stage\", he was not naturally suited to romantic roles.", "Our American Cousin \n\nAs a result of his success in Camille, Sothern was given a part in Tom Taylor's Our American Cousin at Laura Keene's Theatre.", "This piece would later become famous as the play that Abraham Lincoln was watching when he was assassinated.", "Sothern's role was Lord Dundreary, a caricature of a brainless English nobleman.", "At first, he was reluctant to accept the role; it was so small and unimportant that he felt it beneath him and feared it might damage his reputation.", "He mentioned his qualms to his friend, Joseph Jefferson, who had been cast in the leading role of Asa Trenchard in the play.", "Jefferson supposedly responded with the famous line: \"There are no small parts, only small actors.\"", "On 15 October 1858, Our American Cousin premiered in New York.", "After a couple of unhappy weeks in the small role, Sothern began portraying the role as a lisping, skipping, eccentric, weak-minded fop prone to nonsensical references to sayings of his \"bwother\" Sam.", "His ad-libs were a sensation, earning good notices for his physical comedy and spawning much imitation and merry mockery on both sides of the Atlantic.", "His exaggerated, droopy side-whiskers became known as \"Dundrearys\".", "Sothern gradually expanded the role, adding gags and business until it became the central figure of the play.", "The most famous scene involved Dundreary reading a letter from his even sillier brother.", "The play ran for 150 nights, which was very successful for a New York run at the time.", "Sothern made his London debut in the role when the play ran for 496 performances at the Haymarket Theatre in 1861, earning rave reviews.", "The Athenaeum wrote, \"it is certainly the funniest thing in the world... a vile caricature of a vain nobleman, intensely ignorant, and extremely indolent\".", "Dundreary became a popular recurring character, and Sothern successfully revived the play many times, making Dundreary by far his most famous role.", "A number of spin-off works were also created, including Charles Gayler's sequel, Our American Cousin at Home, or, Lord Dundreary Abroad (Buffalo, New York, 1860, and then New York City, 1861) and H. J. Byron's Dundreary Married and Done For.", "Sothern wrote his own play, Suspense, produced for Keene's 1860-61 season.", "He won wide popularity from his interpretation of Sam Slingsby in John Oxenford's Brother Sam (1862; revived in 1865), a play about Dundreary's brother.", "1860s and 1870s \nIn 1864, Sothern created the title role in Tom Robertson's David Garrick at the Haymarket Theatre.", "The play was a great success.", "The Times praised Sothern's acting in the Act II scene where Sothern depicted \"the most extravagant form of drunkenness... perpetually brought into contact with the real agony of mind which is now on the point of casting aside the mask of debauchery\".", "He also appeared in Robertson's Home and later claimed to have written some of the best scenes in each work (a claim that was disputed by Robertson).", "Other plays written for the now-famous Sothern were The Woman in Mauve, by Watts Phillips; The Favourite of Fortune and A Hero of Romance by Westland Marston; A Lesson for Life by Tom Taylor; and An English Gentleman by H. J. Byron (1871) at the Haymarket.", "Sothern continued to act mostly in London until 1876, but also toured extensively in the British provinces, North America and Europe.", "Sothern became popular with Robertson's crowd, including with the Haymarket's manager, John Baldwin Buckstone, actor J. L. Toole, and dramatists Byron and W. S. Gilbert, who later wrote three plays for him, Dan'l Druce, Blacksmith (1876), The Ne'er-do-Weel (1878), and Foggerty's Fairy (1881).", "Sothern left England to tour in America in early 1876 and wrote to Gilbert to be ready with a play by October that would feature him in a serious role.", "This play eventually became Dan'l Druce.", "However, Sothern produced but did not star in the play.", "Gilbert soon wrote another play for Sothern, this time a comedy, The Ne'er-do-Weel.", "Sothern was not pleased with the work, and Gilbert offered to take it back.", "Although it was eventually produced, Sothern did not appear in it.", "Sothern had already paid Gilbert for the play, and Gilbert was unable immediately to pay him back.", "After various arrangements between Gilbert and Sothern involving American productions of another Gilbert play, Engaged (1877), Gilbert finally promised, in 1878, to write a new play for Sothern.", "This was to be Foggerty's Fairy.", "Sothern never appeared in any of these works.", "His biographer T. Edgar Pemberton noted that one role he regretted not playing was Cheviot in Engaged.", "Instead, Sothern continued to tour and perform Dundreary and other works.", "In October 1877 at the Academy of Music in New York, he played the title role in Othello.", "Sothern's next great role was the title role, Fitzaltamont, in a hit revival of Byron's The Crushed Tragedian (1878, originally named The Prompter's Box) at the Haymarket.", "The Era admired \"the sepulchral tones, the glaring eyeballs, the long hair, the wonderful 'stage walk', the melodramatic attitudes\" of his portrayal.", "He next appeared in The Hornet's Nest by Byron at the Haymarket.", "The Crushed Tragedian was not a great success in London, but it became a hit in New York.", "The Philadelphia Inquirer raved, \"With what elaboration of detail does the actor embody his conception!", "There is not a gesture, not an intonation, not a movement, but seems to illustrate the character portrayed.", "He strides across the stage and it is as though he were wading through a sea of gore; he mutters to himself ‘Ha!", "ha!’ and you know that he is cursing fate with a bitterness loud and deep.", "always and in all things poor Altamont is exquisitely, indescribably ludicrous.\"", "In April 1879, he was still at the Haymarket, appearing in Bulwer-Lytton's play Money as Sir Frederick Blount.", "Last years and family \nIn the autumn of 1879, after a long summer fishing trip, Sothern was on another American tour.", "The Era wrote in October 1879 that \"It is proposed, during Mr Sothern's [American] engagement, to bring out revivals of The Crushed Tragedian, Dundreary, and David Garrick, the new comedy by Mr Gilbert being reserved for the spring engagement.\"", "On 29 February 1880 The Era reported: \"Mr Sothern says that, although his new comedy, by Mr Gilbert, has cost him 3,000 guineas, he would not take 6,000 guineas for it now.", "It is a piece of the wildest absurdity ever perpetrated, and all the parts are immense.\"", "The same issue of The Era states that definite plans had been made for Sothern to appear at the Gaiety Theatre, London in Foggerty's Fairy, as the new play was now called, in October 1880, after the end of his American tour.", "Sothern had been ill for much of the time since the fall, although he fulfilled his performing commitments.", "He returned to England for a six-week holiday in June 1880, still planning to produce Fogerty's Fairy in New York.", "After one illness and a short European tour, Sothern fell seriously ill in the fall, and his health declined until he died in January 1881, never having performed Gilbert's play.", "Sothern died at his home in Cavendish Square, London, at the age of 54 and is buried in Southampton Old Cemetery, Southampton.", "He was such a notorious practical joker that many of his friends missed his funeral, thinking it was a joke.", "His sister, Mary Cowan, was the principal beneficiary of his last will, signed shortly before his death.", "A previous will had given most of the estate to his widow and children.", "Sothern's widow contested the will but lost, and it took Cowan until 31 May 1881 to obtain probate.", "Gilbert suggested that she \"underlet\" Foggerty's Fairy to him, and he eventually had it produced.", "Sothern and his wife had four children, all of whom became actors: Lytton Edward (1851–1887), Edward Hugh (E. H.), George Evelyn Augustus T. (born 1870; who used the stage name Sam Sothern) and Eva Mary.", "E. H. Sothern became prominent on the American stage.", "Sothern's house in Kensington, London was a resort for people of fashion, and he was as much a favourite in America as in the United Kingdom.", "Practical jokes\nSothern was known as a sportsman and bon vivant and became famous for his magic tricks, conversation and, especially, his practical jokes (he was born on April fool's day), his passion for which amounted almost to a mania.", "He would often falsely announce the death of a friend or send people on fool's errands.", "Sothern and his friends would demand that clerks sell them goods not carried by the store in question, stage mock arguments on public omnibuses, run fake advertisements in newspapers, pay street urchins to annoy passers-by and so forth.", "At one restaurant, Toole and Sothern removed the silver and hid under the table.", "When the unfortunate waiter found the dining room empty and the silver gone, he ran to report the theft.", "By the time he returned, Toole and Sothern had re-set the table as if nothing had happened.", "Among his most elaborate practical jokes was the following.", "When the husband of actress Adelaide Neilson, Philip Henry Lee, visited New York in the mid-19th century, he had been warned about the wild, bohemian behaviour of American authors, but expressed his doubt as to the veracity of the stories.", "Sothern assured him it was true and arranged a private dinner for Lee with twelve \"writers and critics\", who were really actors.", "During the dinner, a quarrel arose over literary matters, culminating in a fight breaking out.", "The men, apparently drunk, brandished an axe, knives and revolvers.", "The room was filled with shouts, shots and struggle.", "Someone thrust a knife into Lee's hand, saying, \"Defend yourself!", "This is butchery, sheer butchery!\"", "Sothern advised him to \"Keep cool, and don't get shot\", before the joke was exposed.", "Notes\n\nReferences \n \n Brown, T. A.", "History of the American stage (1870)\n Marston, J. W. Our recent actors, 2 vols.", "(1888)\n Michael Diamond (2003).", "Victorian Sensation, pp.", "265–68, Anthem Press .", "Odell, George Clinton.", "Annals of the New York Stage: Volume VI (1850–1857).", "New York: Columbia University Press (1931)\n Odell, George Clinton.", "Annals of the New York Stage: Volume VII (1857–1865).", "New York: Columbia University Press (1931)\n Pascoe, C. E. ed.", "The dramatic list, 2nd edn (1880)\n Pemberton, T. Edgar (1890).", "A Memoir of Edward Askew Sothern, London: Richard Bentley and Son\n Reignolds-Winslow, C. Yesterdays with actors (1887)\n Scott, Clement.", "The drama of yesterday and today, 2 vols.", "(1899)\n Sothern, E. A., Birds of a feather flock together, or, Talk with Sothern, ed.", "F. G. De Fontaine (1878)\n Sothern, E. A.", "\"Mr. Sothern on Spiritualism\", New York Saturday Press, 30 December 1865\n \n Towse, J. R. Sixty years of theatre (1916)\n New York Tribune, 22 January 1881\n The Times 25 January 1881\n\nExternal links \n\n \n Profile and images of Sothern\n\n1826 births\n1881 deaths\nMale actors from Liverpool\n19th-century English male actors\nAmerican male stage actors\nPeople associated with Gilbert and Sullivan\nEnglish male stage actors" ]

[ "Edward Askew Sothern was an English actor known for his comic roles in Britain and America.", "He was known for his practical jokes.", "Sothern was the son of a merchant.", "His parents wanted him to become a minister, but he decided against it.", "He was a clerk in the late 1840s and married a woman named Fannie Stewart.", "He started acting as an amateur under the stage name Douglas Stewart.", "In 1849 he appeared in his first professional engagement as Claude Melnotte in The Lady of Lyons.", "He played in several English companies without much success.", "Sothern played Dr. Pangloss in John Lacy's company at the National Theatre in Boston in 1852.", "He played at two museums in New York and Boston.", "He joined the company in 1854.", "Sothern's wife performed with him in the early days of his career.", "He began using his own name, Sothern, on stage.", "He was associated with the company in New York by 1856.", "He played the role of Armand at Wallack's Theatre in New York.", "Clement Scott said that Sothern was not suited for romantic roles because he was as handsome as ever stood on the stage.", "Sothern was given a part in Tom Taylor's Our American Cousin because of his success.", "The play that Abraham Lincoln was watching when he was assassinated became famous.", "Lord Dundreary was a caricature of an English nobleman.", "He was hesitant to accept the role because it was small and unimportant and he feared it would damage his reputation.", "He mentioned his concerns to Joseph Jefferson, who was cast in the role of Asa Trenchard.", "The famous line was \"There are no small parts, only small actors\".", "The premiere of Our American Cousin took place in New York.", "After a couple of weeks in the small role, Sothern began to portray it as a lisping, skipping, eccentric, weak-minded fop prone to nonsensical references to Sam.", "His ad-libs were a sensation, earning good notices for his physical comedy and spawning much imitation and merry mockery on both sides of the Atlantic.", "His side-whiskers were called \"Dundrearys\".", "The central figure of the play was expanded by Sothern, adding gags and business.", "Dundreary was reading a letter from his brother.", "The play ran for 150 nights in New York, which was very successful.", "The play that Sothern played in London earned rave reviews and ran for over 500 performances.", "The funniest thing in the world is a vile caricature of a vain nobleman.", "Dundreary became a popular recurring character and Sothern revived the play many times, making him his most famous role.", "Our American Cousin at Home and Lord Dundreary Abroad were two of the spin-off works.", "Sothern wrote a play for the season.", "John Oxenford's Brother Sam was a play about Dundreary's brother and was revived in 1865.", "The title role in Tom Robertson's David Garrick was created by Sothern.", "The play was a success.", "The Act II scene where Sothern portrayed the most extravagant form of drunkenness was praised by The Times.", "He claimed to have written some of the best scenes in Robertson's Home, a claim that was disputed by Robertson.", "The Favourite of Fortune and A Hero of Romance were written for the Sothern.", "In the British provinces, North America and Europe, Sothern toured extensively.", "John Baldwin Buckstone, the manager of the Haymarket, was one of the people who liked Sothern.", "Sothern left England to tour in America in 1876 and wrote to Gilbert to be ready with a play by October that would feature him in a serious role.", "The play became Dan'l Druce.", "Sothern did not star in the play.", "Gilbert wrote a comedy for Sothern called The Ne'er-do-Weel.", "Gilbert offered to take the work back after Sothern was not happy with it.", "Although it was produced, Sothern wasn't in it.", "Gilbert was unable to pay Sothern back the money he had paid for the play.", "Gilbert promised to write a new play for Sothern after several arrangements with American productions of another Gilbert play, Engaged.", "This was to be a fairy.", "None of these works had Sothern in them.", "He regretted not playing Cheviot in Engaged.", "Sothern continued to tour and perform.", "He played the title role in a musical in New York in October of 1877.", "The title role in the hit revival of The Prompter's Box was played by Sothern.", "The Era liked the sepulchral tones, the glaring eyeballs, the long hair, and the melodramatic attitudes of his portrayal.", "He appeared at the Haymarket in The Hornet's Nest.", "The Crushed Tragedian was a hit in New York even though it wasn't a great success in London.", "The actor embodies his conception with his elaboration of detail.", "There is no gesture, no movement, but it seems to show the character portrayed.", "He strides across the stage and it is as if he were walking through a sea of gore.", "He is cursing fate with a loud and deep bitterness.", "Altamont is indescribably ludicrous.", "He appeared in the play Money as Sir Frederick Blount in April 1879.", "In the autumn of 1879, after a long summer fishing trip, Sothern was on another American tour.", "During Mr Sothern's American engagement, the new comedy by Mr Gilbert would be reserved for the spring engagement.", "\"Mr Sothern says that his new comedy, by Mr Gilbert, has cost him 3,000 dollars, but he wouldn't take 6,000 dollars for it now,\" The Era reported.", "It is a piece of absurdity that has never been done before.", "After the end of his American tour, Sothern was going to appear at the Gaiety Theatre in London in a new play called \"Fragerty's Fairy\", according to the same issue of The Era.", "Although he fulfilled his performing commitments, Sothern had been ill for much of the time since the fall.", "He went back to England in June of 1880 to finish Fogerty's Fairy in New York.", "After one illness and a short European tour, Sothern fell seriously ill in the fall, and his health declined until he died, never having performed Gilbert's play.", "At the age of 54, Sothern died at his home in Cavendish Square, London, and is buried in the Old Cemetery ofSouthampton.", "Many of his friends missed his funeral because they thought it was a joke.", "His sister was the main beneficiary of his will.", "Most of the estate was given to his widow and children.", "After Sothern's widow lost the will, it took Cowan until May 31st to get it.", "He had it produced after Gilbert suggested that she let him have it.", "Edward Hugh, George Evelyn T., and Eva Mary were all children of Sothern and his wife.", "E. H. Sothern was well-known on the American stage.", "Sothern's house in London was a place for people of fashion, and he was as popular in America as he was in the United Kingdom.", "Sothern was famous for his practical jokes and magic tricks and he was born on April fool's day.", "He would send people on fool's errand if he announced the death of a friend.", "Sothern and his friends would demand that clerks sell them goods not carried by the store in question, stage mock arguments on public omnibuses, run fake advertisements in newspapers, pay street urchins and so forth.", "Toole and Sothern hid under the table at a restaurant.", "The waiter ran to report the theft when he found the dining room empty.", "The table was re-set as if nothing had happened.", "The following was one of his most elaborate jokes.", "When Philip Henry Lee visited New York in the mid-19th century, he was warned about the wild, bohemian behavior of American authors, but he was not sure if the stories were true.", "Sothern arranged a private dinner for Lee with twelve \"writers and critics\" who were actually actors.", "A fight broke out after a quarrel over literary matters.", "The men brandished weapons.", "There were shouts, shots and struggle in the room.", "Someone thrust a knife into Lee's hand.", "This is butchery!", "Before the joke was exposed, Sothern told him to keep cool and not get shot.", "Brown, T. A.", "The history of the American stage.", "Michael Diamond was born in1888.", "The Victorian Sensation is pp.", "Anthem Press was published in 265–68.", "George Clinton.", "Volume VI of the Annals of the New York Stage was published in the late 19th century.", "Columbia University Press was written by George Clinton.", "Volume VII of the Annals of the New York Stage was published in 1858.", "New York: Columbia University Press.", "The dramatic list was published in the 2nd edn.", "There is a memoir of Edward Askew Sothern, London.", "The drama of yesterday and today.", "A., Birds of a feather flock together, or, Talk with Sothern, ed.", "F. G. De Fontaine died in1878.", "The New York Saturday Press published \"Mr. Sothern on Spiritualism\" in December 1865." ]

[ "Edward Askew Sothern", "Sothern", "Sothern", "Sothern", "Edward", "Edward Hugh", "Sam Sothern", "Edward Askew", "Sothern" ]

[ "Edward Askew Sothern", "Sothern", "Sothern", "Edward Hugh", "Edward Askew", "Sothern" ]

[ "Louis R. Nowell (1915–2009) was a career fireman, rising to the rank of fire captain, and politician in Los Angeles, California.", "He was best known for serving on the LA City Council from the San Fernando Valley from 1963 to 1977.", "He was appointed as a member of the South Coast Regional Coastal Commission.", "A self-described political conservative, Nowell favored high-density growth in residential areas and related development.", "He opposed school busing to achieve racial integration, believing that families should be able to choose where their children went to school.", "Investigated for some financial irregularities related to his public office, Nowell pleaded no contest and was fined for a violation of a campaign-reporting law.", "He was the grandfather of Bradley Nowell, the singer and the guitarist of the band Sublime.", "Biography \nNowell was born February 8, 1915, in Salt Lake City, Utah, one of twelve children in the family of Oliver and Minnie Gordon Nowell, both of Salt Lake City.", "His father, a blacksmith, died when Louis was ten years old, and his mother brought him and two siblings to Los Angeles in 1931.", "He went to Franklin High School (Los Angeles) and to Los Angeles City College, where he majored in mechanical engineering.", "At one point Nowell learned the building trade and was superintendent for construction of \"several hundred\" homes in Hawaii.", "At age 25, Nowell joined the Los Angeles Fire Department in 1940.", "He served there for 23 years, rising to the rank of captain and being elected president of the 8,500-member Fire and Police Protective League.", "He was married on April 20, 1941, to Maxine Barlow of Mason City, Iowa.", "They had three children, Julie, Jim and John, and since 1945 lived at 10205 Scoville Avenue in the Sunland district of the northeast San Fernando Valley.", "Nowell was said to wear a \"conservative label proudly.\"", "A Los Angeles Times reporter wrote of him:\n\nWithout the university degrees that open doors to executive positions, winning his way from a 65 cents a day job thinning sugar beets in Utah to election to City Council .", ". . is a plus in any man's memoirs.", "Nowell died on July 2, 2009, in Camarillo, California.", "but his death was not announced by his family in Los Angeles until July 23.", "No cause of death was given.", "Memorial donations were suggested to the Widows, Orphans and Disabled Firemen's Fund of Los Angeles.", "City Council\n\nElections \n\nSee also List of Los Angeles municipal election returns, 1963 and after.", "Nowell was a candidate for Los Angeles City Council District 1 in 1963 to succeed Everett G. Burkhalter; he placed second in the April primary to attorney Phill Silver.", "He won in the June final.", "He was easily reelected in 1965, but in 1969 he polled just 54% of the vote in the primary.", "He had a strong opponent that year in Jim Keysor, who polled 18% of the vote and went on to be elected to the State Assembly.", "During his time in office, Nowell supported more residential development, as Southern California was continuing to attract new residents.", "In 1977 he led an effort to formally opposed forced school busing in Los Angeles to achieve racial integration, believing that parents wanted the choice of where their children went to school, with most preferring their own neighborhoods.", "In 1973 Nowell was subject to a forceful opposition campaign led by Gerald and Betty Decter (below), who sent out thousands of anti-Nowell brochures and fliers to District 1 voters.", "The councilman complained that \"hundreds of young people\" had come from outside the district to work against him.", "Nevertheless, Nowell won in the primary by a 54% vote.", "In an emotional speech to the City Council (below, Quotations), he announced in 1976 that he would not run for reelection the next year.", "\"His voice broke, and he appeared to be near tears.\"", "Instead, he was a candidate for city controller, coming in third.", "Highlights \n\n Adobe.", "Nowell was named California Legislator of the Year in June 1968 by the Conference of California Societies for his \"inspired leadership\" in saving the historic Andres Pico Adobe in Mission Hills from destruction.", "He had persuaded the City Council to allocate $175,000 to buy the structure.", "Busing.", "Nowell led a successful drive for the City Council to go on record in opposition to mandatory busing to achieve desegregation in city schools.", "The council passed the resolution by an 8-4 vote but not until Nowell and black City Councilman Dave Cunningham stood \"nose-to-nose\" and \"appeared to verge on fisticuffs.\"", "\"You are the greatest racist in this world,\" Cunningham shouted at Nowell during a recess in the meeting.", "Nowell told reporters later: \"The majority of citizens—black, brown and white—don't want their children in forced busing. . . .", "Voluntarily, yes.", "Forcefully, hell no!\"", "Mayor Tom Bradley later proposed a \"peace conference\" between the two; Cunningham accepted but Nowell did not.", "The next day, Nowell proposed a motion of censure against Cunningham.", "It was referred to a committee when it got only three favorable votes to suspend the rules and consider it—from Nowell, Don Lorenzen and Robert M. Wilkinson.", "Coastal Commission.", "The appointment by Council President John S. Gibson, Jr. of Nowell as the city's representative on the newly formed South Coast Regional Coastal Commission drew fire from conservationists.", "Both Gibson and Nowell had opposed the commission's formation.", "\"Wrong Man for the Coastal Job,\" Los Angeles Times, November 15, 1972, page B-6 The City Council voted to assume authority over Nowell in casting votes on the commission, but the action was ruled invalid and unenforceable by the assistant city attorney.", "In one of his early votes, he came down against \"the environmental side, voting against trying to stop drilling by the Occidental Petroleum Corp. in Pacific Palisades.\"", "Development.", "Nowell had a reputation as \"probably the most developer-oriented member of the City Council\" in that he \"persistently supported higher density development and the zoning changes necessary to achieve it both in his own district and in the city as a whole.\"", "Decters \n\nIt was said that Nowell was led to resign from the council by the decade-long work of one husband-wife couple, Jerry and Betty Decter, who lived at 2054 North Beverly Drive in the Beverly Crest district and who first fought the councilman over his support of a 1968 plan to realign Beverly Drive between the San Fernando Valley and Beverly Hills.", "Columnist Al Martinez of the Los Angeles Times wrote of the Decters in 1977:\n\nWith little help and with a dedication rare among private citizens, they pursued Nowell for a decade, and in the end brought him down with a series of revelations that reduced the once powerful legislator to tears.", "The Decters spent thousands of dollars of their own money and thousands of hours of their time to end the 14-year career of a man who had towered over civic affairs.", "Colleagues said the couple \"hounded Nowell into becoming a tense, distrustful and people-hating man.\"", "Council President John S. Gibson, Jr. said: \"He got to dislike people.", "He began thinking everyone was against him and that he couldn't trust anyone.\"", "Councilman Zev Yaroslavsky said: \"Louie was driving himself out of office.", "Not a week went by that he didn't refer to the Decters.\"", "As for Nowell, he said: \"I'm getting sick and tired of them picking on me.\"", "Jerry Decter died on June 24, 2009, eight days before Nowell.", "Schooner \n\nNowell and his family purchased a 51-foot or 57-foot schooner named Sharolyn or Sharon in Hawaii and, with eight relatives, sailed it in 1972 from the islands to San Pedro.", "The 33-day crossing was rough, and most of the people aboard were seasick.", "The boat was out of contact for 24 days until it was sighted by a Japanese freighter, and it arrived in Santa Barbara with just five gallons of fuel left.Irv Burleigh, \"Wife Is Heroine of Councilman Nowell's 33-Day Ocean Voyage,\" Los Angeles Times, August 8, 1972, page 7\n\nIn 1974 Jerry and Betty Decter had been wondering how a city councilman could afford the cost of maintaining the schooner.", "They and a colleague, Warren Kessler, found through public records that Nowell had been receiving a 50% discount in a Marina del Rey boat slip owned by a real estate developer who had received approval by Nowell on the City Council on a controversial condominium project in Long Beach.", "The Decters charged that Nowell had failed to comply with financial laws by declaring the discount as a gift.", "Nowell and the developer, Jona Goldrich, denied any impropriety.", "The Decters learned that Nowell had docked his schooner at a city pier in the Port of Los Angeles, but not paid a cent for doing so.", "A Los Angeles Times investigation found that Nowell had also been receiving services by Harbor Department employees aboard his yacht.", "He was subsequently billed $7,920 by the city, offered to settle for $480 and eventually paid $2,000.Doug Shuit, \"Nowell Receives 50% Discount on Boat Slip Fee,\" Los Angeles Times, October 25, 1974, page C-1\n\nAfter his retirement, Nowell and his wife moved first to Kernville in Kern County and then to Marina Del Rey, where they lived aboard their schooner.", "Nowell announced in 1980 that he was putting the vessel on the market for $170,000.", "Misdemeanor \n\nNowell was fined $500 and placed on a year's probation in 1974 for failing to properly report $19,700 received in a 1972 fund-raising dinner aboard the Queen Mary in Long Beach.", "He had listed the money in a campaign-contribution report as funds contributed by himself rather than as contributions from supporters.", "Gerald and Betty Decter filed the original report on this issue to law-enforcement agencies.", "Puerto Vallarta \n\nBetty and Jerry Decter, with Warren Kessler, asked District Attorney John Van de Kamp to charge Nowell and the Pacific Outdoor Advertising Company with corrupt practices for Nowell's accepting room, food and beverages for him and his wife \"at the fashionable Hotel Playa de Bucerias\" in Puerto Vallarta, Mexico.", "After he took the trips, Nowell voted against a city measure to control billboards.", "Nowell confirmed the fact and said that Foster and Kleiser, another billboard agency, had paid the couple's air fare.", "He said he did not regard the payments as a bribe and that he would take such a trip again, \"Only next time I'd insist that they send me to South America and make a big trip out of it instead of a little hop to Puerto Vallarta.\"", "Quotations \n\n• \"Human beings are not going to change human beings.", "Only God who made us in the first place is going to be the one to change us.\"", "• Responding to bitter personal attacks by leaders of the black community in Pacoima: \"Either we are going to take care of them from the cradle to the grave or you are going to let them do their own [thing] and let a little free enterprise in. . . . Are they going to do it for themselves or leave it up to big daddy and big mommy?\"", "• \"This so-called 'free' Washington money is nothing more than a drug which is hooking people onto federal dependency.", "It has made home rule by local elected officials voted into office by the people an endangered species.\"", "• \"You can call me the developer's friend any time you want to, and I don't object to that—and you can have your friends sue me.", "That doesn't trouble me.\"", "• Before his 1972 sailing trip from Hawaii to Los Angeles: \"All I've got to do is keep the North Star on my left and, barring the fear of passing through the Panama Canal on a foggy night, we'll hit the mainland somewhere between Anchorage [Alaska] and Santiago [Chile].\"", "• On being seasick: \"I was over against the rail doing what I was to do.", "She [his wife] was afraid I was going to die, and I was afraid I wasn't.\"", "• Announcing his retirement to the City Council and referring to himself in the third person: \"In January 1963, a fireman retired from the Los Angeles Fire Department. . . .", "He entered a political kitchen that gets hot.", "Yesterday he determined that he can stand the heat, but it is his concern for his wife, his children, his marriage and his friends.", "Therefore he is getting out of the political kitchen, it is his political demise. . . .", "I ask the City Council to adjourn and memorialize these demands and ask the clerk to send a suitable tribute of this adjournment to his wife.\"", "See also \n The Stentorians Arnett Hartsfield Jr. Firefighter LAFD 1940-1961\n\n References \n\nAccess to some Los Angeles Times'' links may require the use of a library card.", "Los Angeles City Council members\nAmerican firefighters\nPoliticians from Salt Lake City\nLos Angeles City College alumni\n1915 births\n2009 deaths\n20th-century American politicians" ]

[ "Louis R. Nowell was a career fireman, rising to the rank of fire captain.", "He served on the LA City Council from the San Fernando Valley.", "He joined the South Coast Regional Coastal Commission.", "Nowell favored high density growth in residential areas.", "He believed that families should be able to decide where their children go to school.", "Nowell pleaded no contest and was fined for a violation of a campaign reporting law.", "Bradley Nowell is the singer and guitarist of the band Sublime.", "One of twelve children in the family of Oliver and Minnie Gordon Nowell, Nowell was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, on February 8, 1915.", "When Louis was ten years old, his father died and his mother brought him and two siblings to Los Angeles.", "He majored in mechanical engineering at Los Angeles City College.", "At one point, Nowell was the leader of the construction team for hundreds of homes in Hawaii.", "Nowell joined the Los Angeles Fire Department at the age of 25.", "He served there for 23 years, rising to the rank of captain and being elected president of the 8,500-member Fire and Police Protective League.", "He was married to Maxine Barlow on April 20, 1941.", "They had three children and lived in the Sunland district of the northeast San Fernando Valley.", "Nowell was said to wear a conservative label.", "Without the university degrees that open doors to executive positions, he won his way from a 65 cents a day job thinning sugar beets in Utah to election to City Council, according to a Los Angeles Times reporter.", "It's a plus in any man's memoirs.", "Nowell died on July 2, 2009.", "His family in Los Angeles did not announce his death until July 23.", "There was no cause of death given.", "Donations can be made to the Widows, Orphans and Disabled Firemen's Fund of Los Angeles.", "List of Los Angeles municipal election returns after 1963.", "In 1963, Nowell was a candidate for Los Angeles City Council District 1 and placed second in the April primary.", "He won the June final.", "He was easily reelected in 1965, but he only got half of the vote in the primary.", "Jim Keysor, who had 18% of the vote, was elected to the State Assembly.", "As Southern California continued to attract new residents, Nowell supported more residential development.", "In 1977 he led an effort to formally opposed forced school busing in Los Angeles to achieve racial integration, believing that parents wanted the choice of where their children went to school.", "Thousands of anti-Nowell fliers were sent to District 1 voters by Gerald and Betty Decter in 1973.", "Hundreds of young people from outside the district came to work against the councilman.", "Nowell won the primary by a large margin.", "In 1976, he told the City Council that he wouldn't be running for reelection.", "He appeared to be near tears when his voice broke.", "He was a candidate for city controller.", "The highlights of Adobe.", "The Conference of California Societies named Nowell California Legislator of the Year in June 1968 for saving the historic Andres Pico Adobe in Mission Hills.", "The City Council allocated $175,000 to buy the structure.", "Busing.", "The City Council went on record in opposition to mandatory busing in order to achieve desegregation in the city schools.", "The council passed the resolution but not until Nowell and Cunningham appeared to be on the verge of fighting.", "Cunningham shouted at Nowell that he was the greatest racist in the world.", "The majority of citizens don't want their children to be bused.", "Yes, voluntarily.", "Absolutely, absolutely, absolutely, absolutely, absolutely, absolutely, absolutely, absolutely, absolutely, absolutely, absolutely, absolutely, absolutely, absolutely, absolutely, absolutely, absolutely, absolutely, absolutely, absolutely, absolutely, absolutely, absolutely, absolutely, absolutely, absolutely, absolutely, absolutely, absolutely,", "Mayor Tom Bradley later proposed a \"peace conference\" between the two; Cunningham accepted but Nowell did not.", "Nowell proposed a motion of censure against Cunningham.", "It was referred to a committee after it only got three favorable votes to suspend the rules.", "The commission deals with coastal issues.", "The appointment of Nowell's representative on the South Coast Regional Coastal Commission drew fire from environmentalists.", "The commission's formation was opposed by both Gibson and Nowell.", "The City Council voted to assume authority over Nowell in casting votes on the commission, but the action was ruled invalid and unenforceable by the assistant city attorney.", "He came down against the environmental side in one of his early votes, voting against trying to stop the drilling.", "There is development.", "Nowell had a reputation as the most developer-oriented member of the City Council and he supported higher density development in his own district and in the city as a whole.", "The husband and wife team of Jerry and Betty Decter, who lived in the Beverly Crest district, were said to have led to Nowell's resignation from the council.", "With little help and with a dedication rare among private citizens, the Decters pursued Nowell for a decade, and in the end brought him down with a series of revelations that reduced the once powerful legislator to tears.", "The Decters spent thousands of dollars of their own money and thousands of hours of their time to end the career of a man who had towered over civic affairs.", "The couplehounded Nowell into becoming a tense, distrustful and people-hating man.", "The council president said that he had to dislike people.", "He thought everyone was against him and that he couldn't trust anyone.", "Louie was leaving office.", "He didn't refer to the Decters for a week.", "He said he was getting sick and tired of Nowell picking on him.", "The death of Jerry Decter was eight days before Nowell.", "Schooner Nowell and his family purchased a 51-foot or 57-foot schooner named Sharolyn or Sharon in Hawaii in 1972 and sailed it from the islands to San Pedro.", "Most of the people on the crossing were sick.", "The boat was out of contact for 24 days until it was spotted by a Japanese freighter, and it arrived in Santa Barbara with just five gallons of fuel left.", "They discovered through public records that Nowell had been receiving a 50% discount in a Marina del Rey boat slip owned by a real estate developer who had received approval by Nowell on the City Council on a controversial condominium project in Long Beach.", "Nowell failed to comply with financial laws by declaring the discount as a gift, according to the Decters.", "Nowell and Jona Goldrich denied any wrongdoing.", "Nowell didn't pay a cent for docking his boat at the Port of Los Angeles.", "An investigation by the Los Angeles Times found that Nowell was receiving services from Harbor Department employees.", "He was billed $7,920 by the city, offered to settle for $480 and eventually paid $2,000.", "The vessel was put on the market for $170,000 by Nowell in 1980.", "In 1974 Nowell was placed on a year's supervision for failing to properly report $19,700 received in a 1972 fund-raising dinner aboard the Queen Mary in Long Beach.", "He listed the money in the campaign-contribution report as funds contributed by himself.", "The original report was filed by Gerald and Betty Decter.", "Puerto Vallarta Betty and Jerry Decter, with Warren Kessler, asked District Attorney John Van de Kamp to charge Nowell and the Pacific Outdoor Advertising Company with corrupt practices for Nowell's accepting room, food and beverages for him and his wife at the fashionable Hotel Playa de Bucerias.", "Nowell voted against a city measure to control billboards after taking the trips.", "Nowell confirmed that Foster and Kleiser paid the couple's air fare.", "He said that he would only take the trip again if they sent him to South America and made a big trip out of it.", "Human beings are not going to change.", "Only God who made us in the first place will be able to change us.", "In response to bitter personal attacks by leaders of the black community in Pacoima, \"either we are going to take care of them from the cradle to the grave or you are going to let them do their own thing and let a little free enterprise in.\"", "The so-called 'free' Washington money is nothing more than a drug which is hooking people onto federal dependency.", "It has made home rule by local elected officials a reality.", "If you want to call me the developer's friend, you can, and I don't object to that.", "That doesn't bother me.", "\"All I've got to do is keep the North Star on my left and, barring the fear of passing through the Panama Canal on a foggy night, we'll hit the mainland somewhere between Alaska and Santiago,\" he said before his 1972 sailing trip from Hawaii to Los Angeles.", "I was against the rail doing what I was supposed to do.", "He said that his wife was afraid that he was going to die.", "In January 1963, a fireman retired from the Los Angeles Fire Department.", "He entered a political kitchen.", "He decided yesterday that he can stand the heat, but it is his concern for his wife, his children, his marriage and his friends.", "He is leaving the political kitchen because of his political demise.", "The clerk should send a tribute to the wife of the man who asked for the adjournment.", "Access to some Los Angeles Times'' links may require the use of a library card.", "Los Angeles City Council members are American firefighters." ]

[ "Louis R", ". Nowell", "Nowell", "Bradley Nowell", "Nowell", "Gordon Nowell", "Louis", "Nowell", "Nowell", "Nowell", "Nowell", "Nowell", "Nowell", "Nowell", "Nowell", "Nowell", "Nowell", "Nowell", "Nowell", "Nowell", "Nowell", "Robert M", "Nowell", "Nowell", "Nowell", "Nowell", "Nowell", "Nowell", "Nowell", "Nowell", "Nowell", "Nowell", "Nowell", "Nowell", "Nowell", "Nowell", "Nowell", "Nowell", "Nowell" ]

[ "Louis R", ". Nowell", "Bradley Nowell", "Gordon Nowell", "Nowell", "Louis", "Nowell", "Nowell", "Nowell", "Nowell", "Nowell", "Nowell", "Nowell", "Nowell", "Nowell", "Nowell", "Nowell", "Nowell", "Nowell", "Nowell", "Nowell", "Nowell", "Nowell", "Nowell", "Nowell", "Nowell", "Nowell", "Nowell", "Nowell", "Nowell", "Nowell", "Nowell", "Nowell" ]

[ "Christopher Michael Sanders (born March 12, 1962) is an American filmmaker, illustrator, and voice actor.", "His credits include Lilo & Stitch (2002) and How to Train Your Dragon (2010), both of which he co-wrote and co-directed with Dean DeBlois, The Croods (2013) with Kirk DeMicco, and The Call of the Wild (2020).", "He is also known for creating the story behind Lilo & Stitch and for creating and voicing its latter title character in the film and its franchise.", "Early life\nSanders was born in Colorado Springs, Colorado.", "He went to Arvada High School in Arvada, Colorado.", "He is a 1984 graduate of the California Institute of the Arts.", "Career\n\nWalt Disney Feature Animation\n\nSanders began his career as a character designer for Muppet Babies.", "He soon became the head storyboard artist for Walt Disney Feature Animation.", "He also served as a storyboard artist, artistic director, production designer, and character designer on Beauty and the Beast, Aladdin, The Lion King, and Mulan.", "In the late 1970s, Sanders created an allegorical picture book entitled The Big Bear Aircraft Company, with the subheading \"A book for the big retreat\" clarifying that it was created for a Disney offsite event.", "The Big Bear Aircraft Company is a thinly disguised version of Disney itself, and the book is critical of the creative process at the company, which prioritized \"big ideas, figuring they will be big successes\" and noted that if proposed aircraft (i.e., movie ideas) \"don't look the same as the ones [that were] built before, [the boss, Big Bear] gets uncomfortable.\"", "After handing each idea pitched by the \"visual engineer\" to a writer who \"likes airplanes\" but \"has actually never worked on one before, and couldn't tell you for sure what makes one fly\", the story states the assigned writer \"is guaranteed of making the same mistakes every time.", "He will make his airplane look like every one he's seen before ...\" In the end, the head of the company, Big Bear, gets an airplane that is \"a lot like last year's; not very inspiring and not very memorable.", "But people bought it before, and they'll probably buy it again.", "By playing it safe, he's insured his company's survival.\"", "However, since it is not the only aircraft company, these policies are destined to leave the company vulnerable to more imaginative competitors \"with its wings of good reputation all shot off.\"", "The story concludes that Big Bear should instead give the visual engineers \"the two things they need to do their job: Bear's trust and time\" to allow smaller, more innovative ideas to flourish.", "Years later, to explain his motivation regarding the piece, Sanders wrote about his concern over \"the ever-growing complexity of our films, and what I saw as an emerging pattern they were all cut from\", citing the example that during the story development for Mulan, one of the major concerns was the manner of the villain's death rather than the idea that the villain had to die at all.", "This in turn motivated him to develop Lilo & Stitch, which he summarized as \"a story about a villain who becomes a hero.\"", "In 1985, Sanders created a character named \"Stitch\" for an unsuccessful children's book pitch.", "When Sanders was the head storyboard artist for Disney Feature Animation, then-Disney CEO Michael Eisner decided that, in the wake of a number of high-profile and large-budget Disney animated features during the mid-1990s, the studio might try its hand at a smaller and less expensive film.", "Chris Sanders was approached by Thomas Schumacher to pitch that idea, and Sanders reused the \"Stitch\" character he came up with.", "The story line required a remote, non-urban location, so Sanders chose Kauaʻi as the location.", "Stitch became the central character of the 2002 film Lilo & Stitch, which Sanders co-directed and co-wrote with Dean DeBlois.", "Sanders would also end up voicing the character he created for the film.", "The film's commercial and critical success spawned a franchise with three sequel films and three television series, with Sanders reprising his role of Stitch throughout the original 2002–06 run of the franchise (Sanders did not reprise his role for the English dub of the anime Stitch!", "or the English-language-produced Chinese animated series Stitch & Ai, with Ben Diskin taking over the role for both series), as well in several later Disney crossover works such as Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep, Kinect: Disneyland Adventures, and the Disney Infinity series.", "By December 2006, Sanders had been removed as the director of the upcoming Disney animated film American Dog by John Lasseter.", "By March 2007, Sanders had been negotiating his exit from Disney.", "After the departure of Sanders from Disney, directing duties were handed to Chris Williams and Byron Howard, and the film was retitled Bolt.", "Despite his departure from Disney, Sanders continues to voice Stitch in most official Disney media (except for the aforementioned Eastern-produced shows).", "DreamWorks Animation\nBy March 2007, Sanders had moved to DreamWorks Animation and had then taken over as director on Crood Awakening (later renamed to The Croods), a project previously in co-production with Aardman Animations before their departure from DreamWorks.", "At the time, Chris had this to say about the move: \"I've been so anxious to start working on things, and so I talked to a lot of people...", "I like the way DreamWorks looks at animation.", "Animation still has a lot of different places to go, and I don't want to miss out on a chance to try some new things with it.\"", "On September 24, 2008, it was reported that Sanders and DeBlois would be screenwriting and directing How to Train Your Dragon for DreamWorks Animation.", "The film was released on March 26, 2010 and was well received by critics.", "It grossed nearly $500 million worldwide.", "It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature and Best Original Score at the 83rd Academy Awards.", "The movie also won ten Annie Awards, including Best Animated Feature.", "After completing How to Train Your Dragon, Chris returned to The Croods, which was released on March 22, 2013.", "Sanders shared directing and writing credits with Kirk DeMicco, who had joined in the middle of production.", "The film proved to be a success, grossing over $500 million.", "Sanders and DeMicco then worked on The Croods sequel for three and a half years, before its cancellation in late 2016.", "However, the sequel was revived in September 2017, although with Joel Crawford replacing both Sanders and DeMicco as director.", "After the sequel was out, now titled The Croods: A New Age, Sanders and DeMicco were both credited for the story while Sanders reprised his role as Belt.", "20th Century and return to Disney\nIn October 2017, it was announced that Sanders would be directing a new film adaptation of the 1903 Jack London novel The Call of the Wild for 20th Century Fox.", "The film, his live-action and solo directorial debut, was released in February 2020.", "The film received mixed critical reception, with a 62% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, making it the lowest-received film in Sanders's directorial career thus far, and grossed $107.6 million on a budget of $125–$150 million, becoming Sanders's first directorial box-office bomb.", "In February 2020, it was reported that Sanders would reprise his voice role of Stitch for a live-action remake of Lilo & Stitch.", "Personal life\nSanders is married to Jessica Steele-Sanders.", "Together, they wrote an illustrated novel, titled Rescue Sirens: The Search for the Atavist (2015).", "Sanders also draws the popular webcomic Kiskaloo.", "Filmography\n\nFilms\n\nFilmmaking credits\n\nVoice acting credits\n\nTelevision series\n\nVideo games\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nChris Sanders at DeviantArt\n\nAmerican animators\n1962 births\nLiving people\nAnimators from Colorado\nAmerican male screenwriters\nAmerican male voice actors\nAmerican male video game actors\nAmerican storyboard artists\nAmerican animated film directors\nAnimation screenwriters\nCalifornia Institute of the Arts alumni\nArtists from Colorado Springs, Colorado\nFilm directors from Colorado\nWalt Disney Animation Studios people\nDreamWorks Animation people\nAnnie Award winners\nLilo & Stitch (franchise)" ]

[ "Christopher Michael Sanders was born on March 12, 1962, and is an American filmmaker, illustrator, and voice actor.", "He co-wrote and directed How to Train Your Dragon with Dean Deblois, as well as co-written and directed The Croods with Kirk DeMicco.", "He created and voiced the title character in the film and its franchise, as well as creating the story behind the film.", "He was born in Colorado Springs.", "He attended the high school in Colorado.", "He graduated from the California Institute of the Arts.", "He began his career as a character designer for Muppet Babies.", "He was the storyboard artist for Disney Feature Animation.", "He was a storyboard artist, artistic director, production designer, and character designer on Beauty and the Beast, Aladdin, The Lion King, and Mulan.", "The Big Bear Aircraft Company was a picture book that was created for a Disney offsite event.", "The Big Bear Aircraft Company is a thinly veiled version of Disney, and the book is critical of the creative process at the company, which prioritized \"big ideas, figuring they will be big successes\" and noted that if proposed aircraft (i.e., movie ideas) \"don't", "The story states that after giving each idea to a writer who \"likes airplanes\" but has never worked on one before, the writer is guaranteed of making the same mistakes every time.", "The head of the company, Big Bear, gets an airplane that is a lot like last year's; not very inspiring and not very memorable.", "People who bought it before will probably buy it again.", "He's insured his company's survival by playing it safe.", "Since it is not the only aircraft company, these policies will leave the company vulnerable to more imaginative competitors with its wings of good reputation all shot off.", "Big Bear should give the visual engineers the two things they need to do their job: Bear's trust and time, according to the story.", "The reason for the piece was to explain his concern over the ever-growing complexity of our films, and what I saw as an emerging pattern they were all cut from.", "He was motivated to develop a story about a villain who becomes a hero.", "The character \"Stitch\" was created for an unsuccessful children's book pitch.", "In the wake of a number of high-profile and large-budget Disney animated features during the mid 1990s, then-Disney CEO Michael Eisner decided that the studio might try its hand at a smaller and less expensive film.", "The \"Stitch\" character that Chris Sanders came up with was used to pitch the idea.", "Kauai was chosen as the location for the story line because it was a remote, non-urban location.", "Stitch was the central character of the 2002 film, which was co-directed and co-written by Dean Deblois.", "The character he created for the film would be voiced by him.", "The film's commercial and critical success spawned a franchise with three sequel films and three television series, with Sanders reprising his role of Stitch throughout the original 2002–06 run of the franchise.", "The English-language-produced Chinese animated series Stitch & Ai, with Ben Diskin taking over the role for both series, is one of several later Disney works.", "The upcoming Disney animated film American Dog was removed from the director's slate by the end of the year.", "By March 2007, he had decided to leave Disney.", "The film was re-titled Bolt after Chris Williams and Byron Howard took over as directors.", "Even though he left Disney, he still voices Stitch in most official Disney media, except for the Eastern-produced shows.", "Crood Awakening, a project previously co-production with Aardman Animations, was renamed The Croods after the director moved to DreamWorks.", "Chris had this to say about the move, \"I've been so anxious to start working on things, and so I talked to a lot of people.\"", "I like how they look at animation.", "I don't want to miss out on the chance to try new things with animation, it has a lot of different places to go.", "On September 24, 2008, it was reported that they would be writing and directing How to Train Your Dragon.", "The film was well received by critics.", "It made nearly half a billion dollars worldwide.", "It was nominated for two awards at the 83rd Academy Awards.", "The movie won ten Annie Awards.", "Chris returned to The Croods after completing How to Train Your Dragon.", "Kirk DeMicco joined in the middle of production and shared directing and writing credits with him.", "The film made over $500 million.", "The Croods sequel was canceled in late 2016 after three and a half years of work.", "The sequel was revived in September of 2017.", "The sequel, now called The Croods: A New Age, was credited to Sanders and DeMicco while he reprised his role as Belt.", "A new film adaptation of the 1903 Jack London novel The Call of the Wild was announced by 20th Century Fox in October.", "The film was released in February 2020.", "The film received mixed reviews and made $108.6 million on a budget of $125–$150 million, making it the lowest-received film in the director's career so far.", "In February 2020, it was reported that the voice of Stitch would be reprised for a live-action remake.", "He is married to Jessica Steele-Sanders.", "Rescue Sirens: The Search for the Atavist is an illustrated novel.", "Kiskaloo is a popular webcomic.", "Animators from Colorado, American male voice actors, American male video game actors, American storyboard artists, and American animated film directors are some of the people who make films." ]

[ "Christopher Michael Sanders", "Sanders", "Sanders", "Sanders", "Sanders", "Sanders", "Sanders", "Chris Sanders", "Sanders", "Sanders", "Sanders", "Sanders", "Sanders", "Sanders", "Sanders", "Sanders", "Sanders", "Chris Williams", "Sanders", "Sanders", "Chris", "Sanders", "Chris", "Sanders", "Sanders", "Sanders", "Sanders", "Sanders", "Sanders", "Sanders", "Sanders", "Sanders", "Sanders", "Sanders", "Sanders", "Chris Sanders" ]

[ "Christopher Michael Sanders", "Chris Sanders", "Sanders", "Chris Williams", "Chris", "Chris", "Sanders", "Sanders" ]

[ "Nene Encarnacion, also known as Myzery, is a Puerto Rican rapper based out of the Bronx in New York City.", "He was the first solo act signed with Psychopathic Records, and released his debut EP titled Para La Isla on the label in 1998.", "Following his departure from Psychopathic Records, Myzery continued to release albums independently, via his own label PME.", "After releasing a catalog of full length projects, to include the fan favorite LP's \"Bad Influence\", \"The Red Eye\", and a tandem of albums under his Twin Gatz persona, Myzery began to re-embrace his original Psychopathic Records partnership.", "In 2012 Myzery returned to touring, recording, and hosting events for Psychopathic Records.", "This re-established partnership culminated in the 2018 release of his long awaited homecoming project, the \"Para La Isla/Demon Angel\" double LP.", "Career \nBorn in the Bronx, Myzery started rapping while growing up through hard times.", "He expressed his street life and overall mentality through his music.", "He was involved in the rap group Boriqua Bee-Hive under the name Rhyme Recker.", "Eventually, his sister Nancy married rapper Jumpsteady, and the two had a daughter together named Sammy.", "Jumpsteady introduced Myzery to the Psychopathic Records family, and his brother Violent J of Insane Clown Posse took an interest in the Puerto Rican rapper, and offered him an outlet for his music in 1997.", "Myzery's first widespread appearance with the label was a cameo in the music video for Insane Clown Posse's song \"Hokus Pokus\" off their 1997 album The Great Milenko.", "He then went on tour with Insane Clown Posse, House of Krazees, and Psycho Realm.", "In January 1998, the entire touring lineup was arrested at a Waffle House during a quarrel with a heckling customer, which had garnered the three acts media attention.", "Myzery released his debut EP Para La Isla in early 1998, and it was Psychopathic Records' first solo album not released by an Insane Clown Posse member.", "Myzery also made an appearance on Twiztid's (formerly House of Krazees) debut album Mostasteless, but the track (\"Meat Cleaver\") was cut on the reissue of the album.", "The track later appeared on Twiztid's rarities compilation Cryptic Collection and the label's compilation Psychopathics From Outer Space.", "Also during this time, Myzery appeared in the movie Big Money Hustlas as Green Willie and also was a member of the group Psychopathic Rydas as Twin Gatz.", "He appeared on their debut album Dumpin' in 1999 on numerous tracks.", "In addition, the tracks from his debut EP appeared on multiple Psychopathic Records compilations and samplers.", "He also appeared at the Gathering of the Juggalos and even in some matches for Juggalo Championship Wrestling (then known as Hellfire Wrestling).", "He was also a founding member of Dark Lotus alongside Twiztid and Insane Clown Posse, but no tracks were entirely recorded with him as a member.", "The initial follow-up to Para La Isla was planned to be titled simply Misery, but the album was indefinitely shelved.", "From 1999 to 2001, Myzery focused on a project titled The Four Faces of Nay Nay.", "The gimmick was conceived by Violent J, and Myzery had portrayed four different personalities for the album (Myzery, Diabloa, Dr. Giggles, and The Spanish Thug).", "Guest appearances by Insane Clown Posse and Ice-T was planned as well.", "The project was eventually cancelled, but a few tracks were released on the limited edition EPs 4 Faces and DP, inc., and the limited edition compilation 4 Faces of Myzery.", "At the 2001 Gathering of the Juggalos, he had an altercation with labelmates Twiztid and Blaze Ya Dead Homie at a hotel.", "Violent J insisted that fighting within the family wasn't healthy, and Myzery distanced himself from Psychopathic Records.", "The beef was later squashed years later.", "During a time when he was mostly absent from his former scene, Myzery made a surprising guest appearance on Jumpsteady's second album Master of the Flying Guillotine in 2005.", "From 2007 to 2009, rumors circulated on the internet that Myzery had died.", "Apparently, a friend of Myzery had created the rumor.", "But the intent wasn't to fake Myzery's death; rather, it was to signify that Myzery has shed his binds as a rapper.", "The rumor was unvalidated and unappreciated by Myzery, causing severed ties within the crew.", "After the rumor was squashed, Myzery reappeared with the intent to continue rapping.", "He announced that his newest album was to be titled The Demon Angel, and he had made his return to the Gathering of the Juggalos in 2012.", "In addition, his rare underground album Love/Hate became a free download on his website, along with a recording he did for the 2004 Puerto Rican Day Parade.", "Also, Myzery compiled tracks that he considered most worthy throughout his career, and released it as His.Story.", "Myzery also started to collaborate with Psychopathic Records again.", "He appeared on DJ Clay's 2013 mixtape A World Upside Down: The Mixxtape, Insane Clown Posse's 2017 reissue of The Great Milenko, and a 2017 Psychopathic Records EP with various artists titled Bloody Screams of 17 (which was given away during Myzery's appearance at Hallowicked 2017 and later sold online).", "Myzery's comeback album The Demon Angel was originally announced in October 2010; however, 8 years later, it finally saw its most definitive iteration released at the 2018 Gathering of the Juggalos, packaged together with the 20th anniversary edition of Para La Isla.", "The first CD consisted of Myzery's debut EP Para La Isla, along with five unreleased tracks that were recorded during the same era.", "The second CD consisted of The Demon Angel in its official and final capacity.", "The double disc bundle was released on Psychopathic Records, as it marked Myzery's return to his former label.", "Although Myzery was classified as a rapper, he described his music as \"read(ing) my diary over a beat with bars.\"", "2) (Compilation 2007, with Long Range Distribution)\n Twin Gatz: The Lost Sessions (Compilation 2008, with T.O.N.E-z)\n The Lime Light (LP 2011, with T.O.N.E-z)\n 420 After Party (EP 2012, with Delusional)\n A World Upside Down: The Mixxtape (Mixtape 2013, with DJ Clay)\n Hell n Back (Mixtape 2013, with Fuego Flamez)\n Farewell for Now (Mixtape 2016, with Fuego Flamez)\n Assimilation (EP 2016, with Bukshot)\n The Great Milenko (LP Reissue 2017, with Insane Clown Posse)\n Bloody Screams of 17 (EP 2017, with Psychopathic Records)\n The Mothership (Boxset 2018, with Bukshot)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Myzery Official Site\n\nPsychopathic Records artists\nHorrorcore artists\nUnderground rappers\nRappers from the Bronx\nEast Coast hip hop musicians\nPsychopathic Rydas members" ]

[ "Myzery is a Puerto Rican rapper based in New York City.", "He was the first solo act to sign with Psychopathic Records, and released his first single, Para La Isla, in 1998.", "Myzery continued to release albums on his own label after leaving Psychopathic Records.", "After releasing a catalog of full length projects, to include the fan favoriteLP's \"Bad Influence\", \"The Red Eye\", and a tandem of albums under his Twin Gatz persona, Myzery began to re-embrace his original Psychopathic Records partnership.", "In 2012 Myzery returned to touring, recording, and hosting.", "The partnership culminated in the release of his long-awaited project, the \"Para La Isla/Demon Angel\" double album.", "Myzery started rhyming when he was a child in the Bronx.", "He expressed his street life through his music.", "He was a member of the rap group Boriqua Bee-Hive.", "Nancy married Jumpsteady and they had a daughter named Sammy.", "Jumpsteady introduced Myzery to the Psychopathic Records family, and his brother Violent J of Insane Clown Posse took an interest in the Puerto Rican rapper, and offered him an outlet for his music in 1997.", "Myzery's first appearance with the label was in the music video for the song \"Hokus Pokus\" from the 1997 album The Great Milenko.", "He went on tour with a number of bands.", "In January 1998, the entire touring lineup was arrested at a Waffle House during a fight with a customer, which got the three acts media attention.", "Myzery's debut album, Para La Isla, was the first solo album by a member of the Psychopathic Records.", "The track \"Meat Cleaver\" was cut from Twiztid's debut album Mostasteless, but Myzery made an appearance on it.", "Twiztid's Cryptic Collection and Psychopathics From Outer Space both contained the track.", "Myzery was in the movie Big Money Hustlas as Green Willie and he was also a member of the group Psychopathicrydas.", "He was on numerous tracks on Dumpin'.", "The tracks from his debut were included on a number of Psychopathic Records compilations and samplers.", "He was in some matches for Hellfire Wrestling and appeared at the Gathering of the Juggalos.", "He was a founding member of Dark Lotus, but no tracks were recorded with him as a member.", "Misery was the title of the initial follow-up to Para La Isla.", "Myzery focused on a project from 1999 to 2001.", "Myzery was one of the four different characters on the album.", "Ice-T and the Insane Clown Posse were going to make guest appearances.", "The project was eventually canceled, but a few tracks were released on limited editions of 4 Faces and 4 Faces of Myzery.", "He had an altercation with his labelmates at the 2001 Gathering of the Juggalos.", "Myzery distanced himself from Psychopathic Records and Violent J insisted that fighting within the family wasn't healthy.", "Years later, the beef was destroyed.", "In 2005, Myzery made a surprise guest appearance on Jumpsteady's second album, Master of the Flying Guillotine.", "There were rumors on the internet that Myzery had died.", "A friend of Myzery created the rumor.", "The intent was not to fake Myzery's death, but to signify that he has left the rap game.", "The crew severed ties due to the rumor being unvalidated and unappreciated by Myzery.", "Myzery came back with the intent to continue rhyming.", "He made his return to the Gathering of the Juggalos in 2012 after announcing that his new album would be called The Demon Angel.", "Love/Hate became a free download on his website, along with a recording he did for the Puerto Rican Day Parade.", "Myzery compiled and released tracks that he thought were the best throughout his career.", "Psychopathic Records and Myzery collaborated again.", "He appeared on several albums, including DJ Clay's A World Upside Down: The Mixxtape, the Insane Clown Posse's re-release of The Great Milenko, and a Psychopathic Records release.", "The most definitive iteration of Myzery's comeback album, The Demon Angel, was released together with the 20th anniversary edition of Para La Isla.", "There were five tracks recorded during the same era that were included in the first CD.", "The Demon Angel was included in the second CD.", "Myzery's return to his former label was marked by the release of the double disc bundle.", "Myzery described his music as a diary over a beat with bars.", "Twin Gatz: The Lost Sessions was produced by T.O.N.E-z. The Lime Light was produced by T.O.N.E-z." ]

[ "Myzery", "Myzery", "Myzery", "Myzery", "Myzery", "Myzery", "Myzery", "Myzery", "Myzery", "Myzery", "Myzery", "Myzery", "Myzery", "Myzery", "Myzery", "Myzery", "Myzery" ]

[ "Myzery", "Myzery", "Myzery", "Myzery", "Myzery", "Myzery", "Myzery", "Myzery", "Myzery", "Myzery", "Myzery", "Myzery", "Myzery", "Myzery", "Myzery", "Myzery", "Myzery", "Myzery", "Myzery" ]

[ "Martin Joseph Routh (18 September 175522 December 1854) was an English classical scholar and President of Magdalen College, Oxford (1791–1854).", "Birthplace and Oxford career\nRouth was born at South Elmham, Suffolk, son of the Rev.", "Peter Routh, rector there and his wife, Mary Reynolds.", "He matriculated at The Queen's College, Oxford, on 31 May 1770 and on 24 July 1771, was elected to a demyship at Magdalen College.", "He graduated B.A.", "on 5 February 1774 and was elected on 25 July 1775 to a fellowship of his college.", "On 23 October 1776 he took an MA, proceeding B.D.", "in 1786, and D.D.", "on 6 July 1790.", "On 21 December 1777, he received deacon's orders from Philip Yonge, Bishop of Norwich; but did not take priest's orders until 1810.", "He became a college tutor, a librarian in 1781, a Junior Dean of Arts in 1784–5, and in 1785 served as Junior Proctor of the university.", "On 28 April 1791 Routh became the President of Magdalen College, a post he held for the next 63 years until his death in 1854.", "Literary works\nRouth did not excel in modern languages but was an excellent classical scholar.", "In 1784 was published his edition of the Euthydemus and Gorgias of Plato but as time went on his interests turned towards patristics, which he would devote the rest of his life to studying.", "He was especially interested in the minor ecclesiastics of the second and third centuries, the ante-Nicene fathers.", "In 1814 he published two volumes of Sacrae reliquiae; in 1818 the third and fourth volumes appeared; in 1848 appeared the fifth volume.", "Samuel Parr said on 26 March 1814:\n\nI have most carefully perused the two volumes of the Sacrae reliquiae.", "No such work has appeared in English for a century.", "I wish Joe Scaliger, Bishop Pearson, Richard Bentley, Bishop Bull, Bishop Stillingfleet, and Doctors Grabe and Whitby were living to read what I have been reading...Martin Routh is of the right stamp, orthodox but not intolerant, profound, not obscure, wary, not sceptical, very, very, very learned, not pedantic at all.", "In 1823 appeared Routh's edition of Bishop Burnet's History of My Own Time.", "This included the notes made by Lord Dartmouth, Lord Hardwicke and Jonathan Swift in their personal copies, along with Routh's own notes.", "The second edition with corrections appeared in 1833.", "Samuel Parr wrote to Lord Holland on 16 March 1823: \"The new edition of Burnet is honourable to the University...As to the Preface, it is worthy of the learned, wise, upright, candid writer.", "Routh is a Jacobite, but a Constitutionalist; he is not a Ministerialist; he is really a lover of civil liberty...The perspicuity and ease of the composition was to me delightful\".", "In 1852, aged 97, Routh published the portion of Burnet's History that covered the reign of James II (1685–1689), adding material not included in the previous edition.", "He presented a copy to the Chancellor of Oxford, the Duke of Wellington.", "Routh's nephew, who helped him with the book, enquired of him: \"Why is it, uncle, that you are always working at Burnet, whom you are always attacking?\"", "Routh replied: \"A good question, sir.", "Because I know the man to be a liar; and am determined to prove him so\".", "Later life\n\nWhen the American Anglicans visited England in 1783 on to help them set up their own episcopate, Thurlow recommended they consult Routh.", "Routh advised them against approaching the Lutheran bishops of Denmark and instead recommended they approach the Episcopal Church of Scotland as this church had a high church tradition.", "On 14 November 1784 Robert Kilgour, Bishop of Aberdeen and Primus of Scotland, Arthur Petrie, Bishop of Ross and Moray, and the coadjutor-bishop of Aberdeen, John Skinner, consecrated Samuel Seabury of Connecticut as bishop.", "This act was crucial in the survival of the American Episcopal church.", "In 1810, he was presented with the valuable living of Tilehurst in Berkshire, where, it is recorded, he liked to spend his holidays when not in Oxford.", "He married Eliza Agnes Blagrave, daughter of John Blagrave of Calcot Park in Tilehurst, a lady some thirty-five years his junior.", "Last years\n\nRouth sympathised with the Tractarians of the High Church Oxford Movement in the 1830s and 1840s.", "R. W. Church in his history of the Oxford Movement said Routh \"had gone below the surface, and was acquainted with the questions debated by those [Anglican] divines, there was nothing startling in what so alarmed his brethren, whether he agreed with it or not; and to him the indiscriminate charge of Popery meant nothing.", "But Dr. Routh stood alone among his brother Heads in his knowledge of what English theology was\".", "John Henry Newman dedicated his Lectures on the Prophetical Office of the Church (1837) to Routh as one \"who has been reserved to report to a forgetful generation what was the theology of their fathers\".", "Shrunken in size and deaf, Routh retained his eyesight, his good memory, and his other intellectual powers to the last, dying at Magdalen College.", "Legacy\nMany affectionate stories were told of him, but he is best known today for his response to John Burgon, who asked him what he would say to a young don seeking advice: \"You will find it a very good practice always to verify your references, sir!\"", "This is also to be found in the short form, \"Always verify your references\", with and without the \"sir\".", "His last words when he collapsed taking a heavy volume from a high shelf in his library allegedly were: \"A worthless volume, sir!", "A worthless volume!\".", "According to Jan Morris, Routh's last words, spoken to his housekeeper, were \"Don't trouble yourself\".", "Works\nHis edition of the Euthydemus and Gorgias of Plato, 8vo, Oxford, 1784.", "Reliquiæ sacræ sive auctorum fere jam perditorum secundi tertiique seculi post Christum natum quæ supersunt, 4 vols.", "8vo, Oxford, 1814–1818; the first two in 1814, the third in 1815, the fourth in 1818.", "Routh added a fifth volume in 1848, and brought out a second edition of the first four, the whole in 5 vols.", "8vo, 1846–8.", "An edition of Burnet's History of his own Time, with notes by the Earls of Dartmouth and Hardwicke and Swift, and observations, 6 vols.", "8vo, Oxford, 1823; a second edition, 1833.", "Scriptorum ecclesiasticorum opuscula præcipua quædam, 2 vols.", "8vo, Oxford, 1832; a second edition, 1840, re-edited (anonymously) by Dr. William Jacobson, Bishop of Chester, 1858.", "An edition of Burnet's History of the Reign of James II, with additional notes, 8vo, Oxford, 1852.", "Tres breves Tractatus, containing De primis episcopis, S. Petri Alexandrini episcopi fragmenta quædam, and S. Irenæi illustrata rhēsis, in qua ecclesia Romana commemoratur, 8vo, Oxford, 1853.", "He wrote a large number of Latin inscriptions, four of which are given in the pages of Burgon's Life and twenty-five in an appendix.", "Notes\n\nReferences\n\nR. D. Middleton, Dr. Routh (Oxford University Press, 1938).", "Further reading\n\nRev.", "Canon Arthur Middleton, Eminent English Churchmen: Martin Joseph Routh 1755–1854, Project Canterbury.", "1755 births\n1854 deaths\nPeople from Waveney District\nPeople from Tilehurst\nAlumni of The Queen's College, Oxford\nAlumni of Magdalen College, Oxford\nFellows of Magdalen College, Oxford\nPresidents of Magdalen College, Oxford\nEnglish classical scholars\nEnglish librarians" ]

[ "The President of Magdalen College, Oxford, Martin Joseph Routh, was an English classical scholar.", "The son of the Rev. Routh was born in South Elmham, Suffolk.", "Mary Reynolds is the wife of Peter Routh.", "He graduated from The Queen's College, Oxford, on May 31, 1769, and was elected to a demyship at Magdalen College on July 24, 1769.", "He was a graduate of B.A.", "He was elected to a fellowship of his college on July 25, 1775.", "He took an MA in October of 1776.", "In 1786 and D.D.", "On 6 July 1790.", "He did not take priest's orders until 1810, even though he received deacon's orders on December 21, 1777.", "He was a college tutor, a librarian, and a Junior Dean of Arts at the university.", "Routh held the post of President of Magdalen College for 63 years before he died.", "Routh was an excellent classical scholar and did not excel in modern languages.", "He devoted the rest of his life to studying patristics after his edition of the Euthydemus and Gorgias of Plato was published in 1784.", "He was interested in the minor ecclesiastics of the ante-Nicene fathers.", "The first two volumes of Sacrae reliquiae were published in 1814.", "The two volumes of the Sacrae reliquiae were carefully perused by Samuel Parr.", "For a century, no such work has appeared in English.", "Martin Routh is the right person to read what I have been reading.", "Routh's edition of Bishop Burnet's History of My Own Time was published in 1823.", "The personal copies of the notes made by Lord Dartmouth, Lord Hardwicke and Jonathan Swift were included.", "The second edition had some changes.", "The new edition of Burnet is honorable to the University and worthy of the Preface.", "The perspicuity and ease of the composition was to me delightful.", "The portion of Burnet's History that covered the reign of James II was published in 1852.", "The Chancellor of Oxford was presented a copy by him.", "Routh's nephew, who helped him with the book, inquired of him, \"Why is it, uncle, that you are always attacking someone?\"", "Routh replied, \"A good question, sir.\"", "I am determined to prove that the man is a liar.", "Thurlow recommended the American Anglicans to consult Routh when they visited England in 1783.", "Routh told them to approach the Episcopal Church of Scotland because it had a high church tradition.", "Samuel Seabury of Connecticut was consecrated as bishop on 14 November 1784 by Robert Kilgour, Arthur Petrie, and John Skinner.", "The survival of the American Episcopal church depended on this act.", "He liked to spend his holidays in Tilehurst when he wasn't in Oxford.", "He married the daughter of John Blagrave, a lady some thirty-five years his junior.", "Routh sympathized with the Tractarians of the High Church Oxford Movement.", "Routh had gone below the surface, and was acquainted with the questions debated by the Anglican divines, there was nothing startling in what so alarmed his brethren.", "Dr. Routh was alone in his knowledge of English theology.", "John Henry Newman dedicated his Lectures on the Prophetical Office of the Church to Routh as one \"who has been reserved to report to a forgetful generation what was the theology of their fathers\".", "Routh retained his eyesight, good memory, and other intellectual powers after he died.", "He is best known for his response to John Burgon, who asked him what he would say to a young don seeking advice: \"You will find it a very good practice always to verify your references, sir!\"", "\"Always verify your references\" is a short form that can be found with and without the \"sir\".", "He collapsed taking a heavy volume from a high shelf in his library and said: \"A worthless volume, sir!\"", "A useless volume!", "Routh's last words were \"Don't trouble yourself\", according to Jan Morris.", "His edition of the Euthydemus and Gorgias of Plato was published in 1784.", "Reliqui sacr sive auctorum jam perditorum.", "The first two were in 1814 and the third in 1816.", "The whole of the first four volumes were brought out in 5 vols.", "In chronological order, 8vo, 1846–8.", "An edition of Burnet's History of his own Time, with notes by the Earls of Hardwick and Dartmouthe and Swift, and observations, 6 vols.", "A second edition of the 8vo was published in 1833.", "2 vols. of the ecclesiasticorum opuscula prcipua qudam.", "The second edition was re-edited by the Bishop of Chester.", "The History of the Reign of James II has additional notes in the 8vo edition.", "In qua ecclesia Romana, there is a Tractatus containing De primis, S. Petriini, and S. Ireni.", "Four of the Latin inscriptions are in the pages of Burgon's Life and twenty-five are in an appendix.", "References include R. D. Middleton and Dr. Routh.", "Further reading Rev.", "Eminent English Churchmen: Martin Joseph Routh, was written by Canon Arthur Middleton.", "The people from the Waveney District were alumni of The Queen's College." ]

[ "Martin Joseph Routh", "Routh", "Peter Routh", "Routh", "Routh", "Martin Routh", "Routh", "Routh", "Routh", "Routh", "Routh", "Routh", "Routh", "Routh", "Routh", "Routh", "Routh", "Routh", "Routh", "Routh", "Routh", ". Routh", "Martin Joseph", "Routh" ]

[ "Martin Joseph Routh", ". Routh", "Peter Routh", "Routh", "Routh", "Martin Routh", "Routh", "Routh", "Routh", "Routh", "Routh", "Routh", "Routh", "Routh", "Routh", "Routh", "Routh", ". Routh", "Martin Joseph", "Routh" ]

[ "Valsala Menon (born 1945) is an Indian actress who works in Malayalam films.", "She has acted in about 200 films.", "Currently she is active in Malayalam television serials.", "Early life\nValsala Menon was born in 1945 to Raman Menon and Devakiyamma in Thrissur District.", "She has three elder brothers.", "Since early childhood she has learned classical dancing and has performed on various stages in the august audience of leaders and rulers of the time.", "She came into industry as a child artist Baby Valsala in Malayalam movie Thiramala in 1953.", "She got married at the age of 16 and settled at Mumbai.", "She became Miss Thrissur in 1970 after giving birth to three children.", "She had taken dance, Malayalam classes in Mumbai.", "She was active in Ladies Club also, there.", "Although there was innumerable offers for her to act in films post her marriage, she made a comeback to films in Kiratham released in 1985 once her children had finished their schooling and was on their own.", "She became noted through Parinayam 1994.", "Since then she is acting in movies in supporting characters .", "as well as in a number of tele serials in character roles.", "She has also appeared in advertisements.", "Personal life\nShe was married to Late Kalappurakal Haridas in 1961.", "Haridas was working as an engineer at Mumbai.", "The couple have three sons Prakash, Prem and Priyan.", "Prakash Menon is working in Australia, Prem Menon in Singapore and Priyan Menon in Kochi.", "Her husband died in 1991.", "Mother Superior \n Onnum Mindathe 2014 .... Sachithanandan's mother \n Salaam Kashmier 2014 as Valyammachi\n 1983 2014 as Sunny's mother\n Ottamandhaaram 2014\n Oru Indian Pranayakatha 2013 as Sidharth's grandmother \n For Sale 2013 as Nayarambalam Vasantha\n Oru Yathrayil 2013 - {Segment:Amma} .... Nabeesa\n Kalimannu 2013 .... Paatti\n My Boss \t2012 .... Manu Varma's grandmother\n Thiruvambadi Thamban 2012 .... Grandmother of Thampan (voice for Sreelatha Namboothiri)\n Arike 2012 .... Balu's mother\n Outsider 2012 .... Santha\n Matinee 2012 .... Savithri's grandmother \n Oru Kudumba Chithram 2012.... Paatti\nEe Ammapooovu Oronappoovu 2012 .... (Short film) .... Amma\n Kudumbasree Travels 2011 .... Subhadramma\n Veeraputhran\t2011 ... Middle Aged Woman.", "Kalabha Mazha 2011 .... Muthassi\n The Train\t2011 .... Akku's grandmother\n The Filmstaar\t2011 .... Pankajakshi\n Manushyamrugham 2011 .... Old lady\n Sandwich 2011 .... Sai's grandmother\n Sankaranum Mohanannum 2011 .... Sankaran's grandmother\n City Of God 2011 .... Dasan's grandmother\nCollector 2011 .... Anish's grandmother\n Kunjettan (2011)\n Thaskaralahala 2010 .... Annie Vincent\n Karayilekku Oru Kadal Dooram\t2010 .... Anoop's grandmother\n T. D. Dasan Std." ]

[ "Valsala Menon is an Indian actress.", "She has acted in over 200 films.", "She is active in television serials.", "Valsala Menon was born in 1945 in Thrissur District.", "She has three older brothers.", "She has performed at various stages in the august audience of leaders and rulers of the time.", "She worked as a child artist in a movie.", "She married at the age of 16.", "After giving birth to three children, she became Miss Thrissur.", "She took dance classes in Mumbai.", "She was a member of the Ladies Club.", "She made a comeback to films in 1985 after her children had finished school and were on their own, even though there were many offers for her to act in films after her marriage.", "She became noted in 1994.", "She has been acting in supporting characters since then.", "There are a number of tele serials with character roles.", "She has appeared in ads.", "She was married to Kalappurakal Haridas in 1961.", "Haridas worked as an engineer in Mumbai.", "The couple has three sons.", "Menon are working in Australia, Singapore, and Kochi.", "Her husband passed away in 1991.", "Mother Superior Onnum Mindathe was named after her.", "Akku's grandmother is Pankajakshi Manyamushrugham." ]

[ "Valsala Menon", "Valsala Menon", "Raman Menon", "Baby Valsala", "Prakash Menon", "Menon", "Menon" ]

[ "Valsala Menon", "Valsala Menon" ]

[ "Tacita Charlotte Dean CBE, RA (born 1965) is a British visual artist who works primarily in film.", "She was a nominee for the Turner Prize in 1998, won the Hugo Boss Prize in 2006, and was elected to the Royal Academy of Arts in 2008.", "She lives and works in Berlin, Germany, and Los Angeles, California.", "Early life and education\nDean was born in Canterbury, Kent.", "Her mother is named Jenefer and her father was Joseph Dean, a lawyer who studied classics at Merton College, Oxford.", "She has a sister named Antigone and a brother, an architect, named Ptolemy Dean.", "Her grandfather was Basil Dean, the founder of Ealing Studios.", "Dean was educated at Kent College, Canterbury.", "After a foundation year in Canterbury, she studied at Falmouth University, graduating in 1988.", "From 1990 to 1992, Dean studied for a master's degree at the Slade School of Fine Art.", "Career\nIn 1995, Dean was included in General Release: Young British Artists held at the XLVI Venice Biennale.", "She is one of the \"key names\", along with Jake and Dinos Chapman, Gary Hume, Sam Taylor-Wood, Fiona Banner and Douglas Gordon, of the Young British Artists (YBAs).", "Her work actually had little in common with the prominent YBAs, Damien Hirst and Tracey Emin.", "In 1997, Dean moved to London.", "That same year she began to exhibit splices of magnetic tape cut the length required to document the duration of the sound indicated, such as a raven's cry.", "In 2001 she was given a solo show entitled Tacita Dean: Recent films and Other Works at Tate Britain.", "For the season 2004/2005 in the Vienna State Opera Dean designed the large scale picture (176 sqm) \"Play as Cast\" as part of the exhibition series Safety Curtain, conceived by museum in progress.", "In 2014 Dean became an artist in residence at the Getty Research Institute.", "She is a founding member of savefilm.org and vigorously campaigns to save the medium of film.", "Work\n\nFilm\nDean is best known for her work in 16 mm film, although she utilises a variety of media including drawing, photography and sound.", "Her films often employ long takes and steady camera angles to create a contemplative atmosphere.", "Her anamorphic films are shot by cinematographers John Adderley and Jamie Cairney.", "Her sound recordist is Steve Felton.", "She has also published several pieces of her own writing, which she refers to as 'asides,' which complement her visual work.", "Since the mid-1990s her films have not included commentary, but are instead accompanied by often understated optical sound tracks.", "Especially during the 1990s, the sea was a persistent theme in Dean's work.", "Perhaps most famously, she explored the tragic maritime misadventures of Donald Crowhurst, an amateur English sailor whose ambition to enter a race to solo circumnavigate the globe ended in deception, existential crisis and, eventually, tragedy.", "Dean has made a number of films and blackboard drawings relating to the Crowhurst story, exploiting the metaphorical richness of such motifs as the ocean, lighthouses and shipwrecks.", "Re-turning to her attraction with the sea, Amadeus (swell consopio) was made for the Folkestone Triennial (three-year art show) in 2008.", "In 1997, Dean made an audio work based on her futile effort to find the submerged artwork Spiral Jetty by Robert Smithson in the Great Salt Lake of Utah.", "Sound Mirrors (1999) takes its name from the tracking devices built during the 1920s and 1930s and planted in the Kent countryside to detect incoming German aircraft.", "In 2000, Dean was awarded a one-year German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) scholarship to Berlin, where she moved that year with her partner, artist Mathew Hale.", "She devoted attention to the architecture and cultural history of Germany, making films of such iconic structure as the Palast der Republik.", "Fernsehturm, is a 44-minute film set in the revolving cafe of the East Berlin television tower, completed in 1969 on Alexanderplatz.", "Other projects have concerned important figures in post-war German cultural history, such as W. G. Sebald and Joseph Beuys.", "Recent films capture important artists and thinkers of the last fifty years and feature Mario Merz, Merce Cunningham, Leo Steinberg, Julie Mehretu, Claes Oldenburg, and Cy Twombly.", "For example, Craneway Event (2008) is a film about Cunningham working on something with his dancers over three afternoons on site.", "In 2006, Dean shot Kodak, a movie in a Kodak factory in eastern France — the last one in Europe to produce 16-mm film stock.", "A few weeks after she visited, it closed for good.", "In 2013, Dean exhibited JG, a 26-minute 35 mm film in colour and black and white at the Frith Street Gallery in London.", "The film returns to Dean's fascination with the famous land artwork Spiral Jetty by Robert Smithson and her friendship with the science-fiction writer J.G.", "Ballard.", "During the film, the viewer also hears excerpts from the writings and correspondence of Ballard as well as of Smithson, all read by actor Jim Broadbent.", "Photography and painting\nIn 2001 Dean published Floh, a book in two parts that used found photographs from the flea markets of Europe and America.", "Dean said of Floh: \"I do not want to give these images explanations: descriptions by the finder about how and where they were found, or guesses as to what stories they might or might not tell.", "I want them to keep the silence of the fleamarket; the silence they had when I found them; the silence of the lost object.\"", "Similarly, in 2002 Dean created Czech Photos (1991-2002), a series of over 326 unedited photographs presented in a box for intimate engagement.", "The black and white photographs show a city in the moments before radical change, already somehow out of date the second they were taken.", "Washington Cathedral (2002) is a series of more than 130 found postcards from the first half of the last century showing various imagined versions of the cathedral in Washington, DC before it was completed.", "Palindrome is a newspaper project celebrating the palindromic date 20.02 2002, which was inspired by numbers painted by Marcel Broodthaers on a beam in his studio.", "In 2005, Dean began work on a series of found postcards of trees, which she transformed by painting out all the background detail with white gouache.", "Commissions\nDean has undertaken commissions for London's former Millennium Dome, the Sadler's Wells Theatre, and for Cork, Ireland, as part of that city's European City of Culture celebrations.", "She has also completed residencies at the Sundance Institute, the Wexner Center for the Arts, Columbus, U.S., and the Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst, Berlin\n\nIn 2011, Dean was the 12th artist commissioned by the Unilever Series to create a unique artwork for the Turbine Hall of the Tate Modern.", "The result, FILM, was an 11 minute silent film shot on 35 mm film that was projected onto a 13-meter screen and sought \"not only to invigorate debate about the threat film is under but also to stand as a testament to the distinctive qualities of this unique medium.\"", "Exhibitions\n\nSelected solo exhibitions \nTacita Dean and Gerco de Ruijter, Witte de With Center for Contemporary Art, Rotterdam (1997)\nTacita Dean, Institute of Contemporary Art, Philadelphia, (1998) \nTacita Dean, Museum De Pont, Tilburg, (1998) \nTacita Dean, Madison Museum of Contemporary Art, Madison, WI, (1999)\nMuseum für Gegenwartskunst, Basel (2000)\nTacita Dean, MACBA, Barcelona (2001) \nTacita Dean: Recent Films and Other Works, Tate Britain (2001) \nTacita Dean, Tate St Ives (2005) \nTacita Dean.", "Analogue: Films, Photographs, Drawings 1991–2006, Schaulager, Basel (2006).", "The most comprehensive retrospective of her work to date, Analogue, held at Schaulager Basel.", "Hugo Boss Prize 2006: Tacita Dean, Guggenheim Museum, (2006) \nStill Life, Palazzo Dugnani, Nicola Trussardi Foundation, Milan (2009).", "Dean's first major solo exhibition in Italy, on the first floor (piano nobile) of Palazzo Dugnani, a historic building in the centre of Milan.", "A selection of fourteen works, including the world premiere of two films commissioned and produced by the Foundation: Still Life and Day for Night, filmed in the Bolognese studio of painter Giorgio Morandi.", "... my English breath in foreign clouds.", "Tacita Dean, Marian Goodman Gallery, New York City (2016).", "Tacita Dean: Woman with a Red Hat, The Fruitmarket Gallery, Edinburgh (2018).", "Tacita Dean: Still Life, The National Gallery, London (2018).", "Tacita Dean: Portrait, National Portrait Gallery, London (2018).", "Tacita Dean: Landscape, Royal Academy of Arts, London (2018).", "Group exhibitions and exhibitions during festivals\nSão Paulo Art Biennial (2006; 2010)\nVenice Biennale (2003; 2005; 2013)\ndOCUMENTA (13)\n\nRecognition\nFollowing her 1996 film Disappearance at Sea, Dean was nominated for the Turner Prize in 1998.", "She has since been awarded the Aachen Art Prize (2002), Hugo Boss Prize (2006), and the Kurt Schwitters Prize (2009), among others.", "In 2011, Blake Gopnik listed Dean among \"The 10 Most Important Artists of Today\".", "She was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2013 New Year Honours for services to British art overseas.", "Dean was the recipient of the 2019 TenTen artist commission, and the 2019 Cherry Kearton Medal and Award.", "Filmography\n\nSee also\nPtolemy Dean\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n Barcelona 2001: Tacita Dean.", "Barcelona: Museu d'Art Contemporani de Barcelona and Actar.", "Godfrey, Mark: Photography Found and Lost: On Tacita Dean's Floh, October vol.", "114, Fall 2005, 90–119.", "Royoux, Jean-Christophe, Marina Warner and Germaine Greer: Tacita Dean.", "London: Phaidon Press, 2006.", "Trodd, T.: Film at the End of the Twentieth Century: Obsolescence and Medium in the Work of Tacita Dean, Object 6, 2003/4.", "Vischer, Theodora.", "and Friedli, I.: Tacita Dean.", "Analogue: Drawings 1991–2006.", "Basel: Schaulager, 2006.", "De Cecco, Emanuela: Tacita Dean.", "Milano: postmedia books, 2004.", "Obrist, Hans Ulrich: The Conversation Series: Tacita Dean.", "Köln: Walther König, 2013.", "External links\nStillness.", "Una Danza para la Quietud: Cage, Cunningham, Dean\nTacita Dean in the Tate Collection – artist biography and works\nTacita Dean: Film – exhibition at Tate Modern 2011–2012\nTacita Dean – Aerial View of Teignmouth Electron, Cayman Brac.", "16 September 1998\nWaterlog exhibition featuring Michael Hamburger (2007) (requires Flash Player)\nTacita Dean at Fondazione Nicola Trussardi\nWorks by Tacita Dean in Cal Cego.", "Contemporary Art Collection\nTacita Dean works at the Menil Collection\n\n1965 births\nLiving people\nPeople from Canterbury\nAlumni of Falmouth University\nAlumni of the Slade School of Fine Art\nBritish conceptual artists\nWomen conceptual artists\nEnglish experimental filmmakers\nEnglish women artists\nCommanders of the Order of the British Empire\nMembers of the Academy of Arts, Berlin\nPeople educated at Kent College\nEnglish contemporary artists\n20th-century British women artists\nRoyal Academicians\n21st-century British women artists\nWomen experimental filmmakers\n20th-century English women\n20th-century English people\n21st-century English women\n21st-century English people" ]

[ "Tacita Charlotte Dean is a British visual artist who works primarily in film.", "She won the Hugo Boss Prize in 2006 and was elected to the Royal Academy of Arts in 2008.", "She lives in Berlin, Germany, and Los Angeles, California.", "Dean was born in Kent.", "Her mother is named Jenefer and her father is a lawyer.", "She has two siblings, one of which is an architect named Ptolemy Dean.", "Basil Dean was the founder of Ealing Studios.", "Dean attended Kent College.", "She graduated from the University of Falmouth in 1988.", "Dean studied for a master's degree at the Slade School of Fine Art.", "In 1995 Dean was included in General Release: Young British Artists.", "She is one of the \"key names\", along with Jake and Dinos Chapman, Gary Hume, Sam Taylor-Wood,Fiona Banner and Douglas Gordon, of the Young British Artists.", "Her work didn't have much in common with the YBAs.", "Dean moved to London in 1997.", "She began to use magnetic tape to cut the length of sound recordings, such as a raven's cry.", "She was given a solo show in 2001 called Tacita Dean: Recent films and Other Works at Tate Britain.", "The large scale picture \"Play as Cast\" was designed by Dean for the Vienna State Opera and was part of the exhibition series Safety Curtain.", "Dean was an artist in residence at the research institute.", "She is a founding member of savefilm.org.", "Work Film Dean is best known for her work in 16mm film, but she uses a variety of media.", "Her films use long takes and steady camera angles to create a contemplative atmosphere.", "The films were shot by John and Jamie.", "Steve is her sound recordist.", "She has published several pieces of her own writing, which complement her visual work.", "She has not included commentary in her films since the mid 1990s.", "During the 1990s, the sea was a recurring theme in Dean's work.", "She explored the tragic maritime misadventures of Donald Crowhurst, an amateur English sailor whose ambition to enter a race to solo circumnavigate the globe ended in deception.", "Dean has made a number of films and drawings relating to the Crowhurst story, using the metaphor of the ocean, lighthouses and shipwrecks.", "In 2008 Amadeus was made for the Folkestone Triennial, a three-year art show.", "Dean made an audio work based on her futile attempt to find the submerged artwork Spiral Jetty by Robert Smithson in the Great Salt Lake of Utah.", "Sound Mirrors is named after the tracking devices built during the 1920s and 1930s that were planted in the Kent countryside to detect incoming German aircraft.", "Dean moved to Berlin with her partner, artist Mathew Hale, after she was awarded a one-year German Academic Exchange Service scholarship in 2000.", "The Palast der Republik is an icon of Germany's architecture and culture.", "Fernsehturm is a 44-minute film set in the revolving cafe of the East Berlin television tower.", "W. G. Sebald and Joseph Beuys are important figures in post-war German cultural history.", "Recent films include Mario Merz, Merce Cunningham, Claes Oldenburg, Julie Mehretu, and Cy Twombly.", "Craneway event is a film about Cunningham working on something with his dancers over three afternoons.", "In 2006 Dean shot Kodak, a movie in a Kodak factory in eastern France, the last one in Europe to produce 16-mm film stock.", "It closed after a few weeks after she visited.", "At the Frith Street Gallery in London, Dean exhibited a film in colour and black and white.", "The film revisits Dean's fascination with the famous land artwork Spiral Jetty by Robert Smithson and her friendship with the science-fiction writer J.G.", "There is a person named Ballard.", "Jim Broadbent reads excerpts from the writings and correspondence of both Smithson and Ballard during the film.", "In 2001 Dean published Floh, a book in two parts that used found photographs from the flea markets of Europe and America.", "Dean doesn't want to give explanations: descriptions by the finder about how and where they were found, or guesses as to what stories they might or might not tell.", "They should keep the silence of the flea market, the silence they had when I found them, and the silence of the lost object.", "In 2002 Dean created Czech Photos, a series of over 326 photographs presented in a box for intimate engagement.", "The black and white photographs show a city that is out of date the second they are taken.", "There are more than 130 postcards from the first half of the last century showing different versions of the cathedral in Washington, DC.", "The palindromic date of 20.02 2002 was inspired by the numbers painted on a beam by Broodthaers in his studio.", "In 2005, Dean began work on a series of postcards of trees, which were painted out with white gouache.", "As part of the European City of Culture celebrations, Commissions Dean has done work for London's former Millennium Dome and the Sadler's Wells Theatre.", "Dean has completed residencies at the Wexner Center for the Arts, Columbus, U.S., and theDeutscher Austauschdienst, Berlin.", "The result, FILM, was an 11 minute silent film shot on 35mm film that was projected onto a 13 meter screen and sought to \"soothing debate about the threat film is under but also to stand as a testament to the distinctive qualities of this unique medium.\"", "The solo exhibitions Tacita Dean and Gerco de Ruijter were selected.", "Films, Photographs, Drawings 1991–2006 were Analogue.", "Analogue is the most comprehensive retrospective of her work to date.", "Hugo Boss Prize 2006: Tacita Dean, Guggenheim Museum.", "Dean's first major solo exhibition in Italy took place on the first floor of Palazzo Dugnani, a historic building in the centre of Milan.", "A selection of fourteen works, including the world premiere of two films commissioned and produced by the Foundation: Still Life and Day for Night, were filmed in the Bolognese studio of painter Giorgio Morandi.", "My breath was in foreign clouds.", "Tacita Dean is an artist in New York City.", "The Fruitmarket Gallery, Edinburgh features Tacita Dean: Woman with a Red Hat.", "Tacita Dean: Still Life is at The National Gallery.", "The National Portrait Gallery has a portrait of Tacita Dean.", "The Royal Academy of Arts is in London.", "Dean was nominated for the Turner Prize in 1998 for her film Disappearance at Sea.", "She has been awarded a number of prizes, including the Kurt Schwitters Prize.", "Dean was listed among \"The 10 Most Important Artists of Today\".", "She was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire for her services to British art overseas.", "Dean was the recipient of two awards.", "Barcelona 2001: Tacita Dean is a filmography reference.", "The Museu d' Art Contemporani de Barcelona is located in Barcelona.", "The Photography Found and Lost: On Tacita Dean's Floh was published in October.", "Fall 2005, 90–129.", "Tacita Dean was written by Royoux, Jean-Christophe, Marina Warner and Germaine Greer.", "Phaidon Press was in London.", "Film at the End of the Twentieth Century: Obsolescence and Medium in the Work of Tacita Dean was written by T. Trodd.", "Theodora Vischer.", "Friedli and Tacita Dean.", "The drawings from 1991 to 2006 are an analogue.", "In 2006 it was Basel: Schaulager.", "Emanuela: Tacita Dean.", "There are postmedia books in Milano.", "The Conversation Series: Tacita Dean was written by Obrist.", "Kln: Walther Knig.", "There are external links Stillness.", "The artist biography and works of Tacita Dean can be found in the Tate Collection.", "The Waterlog exhibition featured Michael Hamburger and Tacita Dean.", "The Menil Collection of Contemporary Art contains works by Tacita Dean, a British conceptual artist." ]

[ "Tacita Charlotte Dean", "Dean", "Joseph Dean", "Ptolemy Dean", "Basil Dean", "Dean", "Dean", "Dean", "Dean", "Dean", "Dean", "Dean", "Dean", "Dean", "Dean", "Dean", "Dean", "Dean", "Dean", "Dean", "Dean", "Dean", "Dean", "Dean", "Dean", "Dean", "Dean", "Dean", "Dean", "Dean", "Dean", "Dean", "Dean", "Dean", "Tacita", "Dean", "Dean", "Tacita", "Dean", "Tacita", "Dean", "Tacita", "Dean", "Tacita", "Dean", "Tacita", "Dean", "Dean", "Dean", "Dean", "Ptolemy Dean", "Tacita", "Dean", "Dean", "Dean", "Tacita", "Dean", "Dean", "Tacita", "Dean", "Dean", "Dean Tata", "Dean", "Dean", "Tacita", "Dean", "Dean", "Dean", "Dean" ]

[ "Tacita Charlotte Dean", "Dean", "Ptolemy Dean", "Basil Dean", "Dean", "Dean", "Dean", "Dean", "Dean", "Dean", "Dean", "Dean", "Dean", "Dean", "Dean", "Dean", "Dean", "Dean", "Dean", "Dean", "Dean", "Dean", "Dean", "Dean", "Tacita", "Dean", "Tacita", "Dean", "Dean", "Tacita", "Dean", "Tacita", "Dean", "Tacita", "Dean", "Tacita", "Dean", "Dean", "Dean", "Dean", "Dean", "Tacita", "Dean", "Tacita", "Dean", "Tacita", "Dean", "Dean", "Tacita", "Dean", "Tacita", "Dean", "Tacita", "Dean", "Tacita", "Dean" ]

[ "Coleman E. Adler (1868, Slovakia – 1938, New Orleans, Louisiana) founded the historic Adler's Jewelry in New Orleans, Louisiana.", "Arriving in New Orleans in 1896, Adler was active in the local Progressive movement there.", "He belonged to the Progressive Union, Association of Commerce, Tourist and Conventions Bureau, and the Canal Street Association.", "He founded Coleman E. Adler Jewelry in 1898, a business that still operates on Canal Street.", "Early life\n\nColeman E. Adler arrived in New York as boy with his older brother Isaac in 1874.", "The pair settled in Alabama, where Coleman worked as an apprentice in the jewelry trade as a young man.", "His early career involved work as a travelling salesman for jewelry firms in New York.", "His travels brought him to New Orleans, where he met and married Rosa Pokorny.", "Rosa was the youngest daughter of Michael and Fannie Pokorny.", "Originally from Moravia, the Pokornys arrived in New Orleans at the beginning of the Civil War.", "Michael Pokorny was a master shoemaker and eventually owned three successful shoe stores in downtown New Orleans.", "Over time, Michael Pokorny became one of the largest real estate owners in the city.", "By the 1890s, the Pokorny family was much-respected in New Orleans business, philanthropic, and social circles.", "Coleman and Rosa Pokorny Adler lived at the Pokorny estate at 2113 St. Charles Avenue.", "Civic work\n\nA resident of New Orleans for 40 years, Coleman Adler worked to improve and promote his adopted hometown.", "The city's early growth had been stunted by the Civil War, and national economic depression in the 1870s had ravaged the New Orleans economy.", "The late 1800s, however, was the era of the Progressive movement, which sought to improve society by applying modern ingenuity and methods.", "In New Orleans, the movement energized local leaders and businessmen to tackle the city's overall decline.", "Coleman Adler belonged to many of the groups that actively sought to bring New Orleans into the modern era.", "For many years, Adler was an active member of the Canal Street Association.", "In the early decades of the 20th century, this body provided reliable sanitation and modern illumination on Canal Street, New Orleans.", "It also repaired older buildings and helped negotiate work agreements between the city transportation system and its workers.", "Adler was vice chairman of the Canal Street Association when that body installed electric lighting along Canal in 1930.", "Thomas Edison flipped the inaugural switch on the new lights, and the New York Times ran a full-page story on the project and lighting ceremony.", "In 1908, the city's Progressive Union appointed Adler to their Committee of 100.", "The Committee was created to increase tourism in New Orleans by “bringing tourists from the north, east, and west so that wealthy investors may see for themselves the [city’s] wonderful industrial advantages.” Adler also served on the Association of Commerce's convention committee, which was charged with increasing the number of large conventions held in the city.", "In 1910, Adler travelled to Washington, D.C., with a cadre of city leaders to promote New Orleans as the locale for the World Panama Canal Exhibition of 1915.", "When Theodore Roosevelt visited New Orleans in 1911, Adler was on the reception committee for his visit.", "Over the years, Coleman helped coordinate a number of important events in the city, including “Made in New Orleans Week,” a reception for the Ambassador of Italy, and the Commercial Men's Alliance convention.", "In 1930, Mayor Walmsley appointed Adler head of the city's Retail Stores Committee.", "During this period, Adler also served on the board of directors of the Young Men's Business League and the New Orleans Zoological Society.", "Adler's of New Orleans\n\nColeman Adler opened his own jewelry firm in 1898.", "The store was originally located on Royal Street in the French Quarter.", "In 1902, Adler's moved to 810 Canal Street, in the heart of the city's bustling retail district.", "In 1908, Adler's obtained its own building at 722-24 Canal Street and is still there today.", "Adler's quickly became a local favorite.", "From its earliest years, the firm has designed original pieces for the city's many Mardi Gras krewes each carnival season.", "Adler's has been commissioned to create pieces for many of the area's historic occasions as well.", "The firm created the 1904 Times-Picayune Loving Cup awarded to education pioneer Sophie B. Wright.", "In 1906, Adler's created a solid silver tea service that local dignitaries presented to naval crew of the U.S.S.", "Louisiana.", "The firm was commissioned to create the official Louisiana Centennial coin in 1912.", "Adler's designed the silver football perpetual trophy awarded in the annual Thanksgiving Day contest between Tulane University and Centenary College in the 1920s.", "In 2012, Adler's created the Louisiana Bicentennial coin from the original 1912 press for the Centennial coin.", "After decades of hosting fine art and housewares exhibits, Adler's was chosen as the regional dealer for Tiffany and Co.", "The firm is also the exclusive local dealer of Patek Philippe, Royal Copenhagen, and Gien.", "Coleman E. Adler died in February, 1938.", "His sons Milton and Walter Adler continued their father's civic and commercial work, as do their own children and grandchildren today.", "Sources\n\nNational Archives Records Administration (NARA).", "United States Passport Applications, 1795-1925.", "1922, roll 1901, certificate 144347.", "Hamburger Passagierlisten, 1850 to 1934.", "[database – online]\n\nUnited States Federal Census, 1880 to 1900.", "Chattanooga, Tennessee, City Directory.", "1882.", "Birmingham, Alabama, City Directory.", "1888 to 1890.", "NARA, Southeast Region.", "Orders Admitting Aliens to Citizenship.", "ARC ID4499449, Record Group 21.\n\nInternational Find-A-Grave, Memorial #114628266.", "Louisiana Marriages, 1718-1925.", "New Orleans, Louisiana Birth Records Index, 1790-1899.", "Vol.", "113, p. 381.", "Times-Picayune, November 6, 1898.", "The Jeweler's Review.", "Volume XXXIII, December 6, 1899.", "New Orleans, Louisiana, City Directory.", "1900 to 1938.", "United States Federal Census.", "1900.", "New Orleans Item, January 17, April 19, and June 5, 1902.", "New Orleans Item, October 4, 1902.", "Times-Picayune, February 2, 1903.", "New Orleans Item, April 24, 1904.", "Times-Picayune, May 1, 1904.", "New Orleans Item, July 5, 22, and 31; September 16; November 25; and December 6, 7, 15, and 30, 1906.", "Times-Picayune, July 4, and October 31, 1908.", "Times-Picayune, February 13; March 15, 18, and 26; June 12; and September 10, 1909.", "New Orleans Item, March 18, May 12, June 4, and August 30, 1909.", "National Archives Records Administration (NARA), Southeast Region.", "Orders Admitting Aliens to Citizenship.", "ARC ID 4499444, Record Group 21.", "Branley, Edward.", "“When Canal Street was ‘The Mall’,” GoNOLA.com.", "December 2, 2013.", "United States, Passport Applications, 1795-1925.", "1922, roll 1901, certificate 144347.", "Times-Picayune, March 11, April 8, May 9, June 28, 1910.", "New Orleans Item, July 6 and 21, 1910.", "Times-Picayune, January 18; March 25, 10, 12; and October 19, 1911.", "New Orleans Item, February 14 and 18, March 12, and November 11, 1911.", "Times-Picayune, May 6, 9, and 11; July 12; August 1 and 21; October 28; and November 17, 1913.", "New Orleans Item, May 7, 1913.", "Times-Picayune, September 21, 1919.", "Times-Picayune, November 24, 1925.", "Times-Picayune, May 23, 1926.", "Times-Picayune, February 23, 24, and 25; April 3; June 1 and 21; November 19 and 26, 1930.", "Times-Picayune, January 11, April 2, June 1, October 28, and November 7, 1931.", "Times-Picayune, November 8, 1931.", "Times-Picayune, January 12, 1932.", "Times-Picayune, March 3, 20, and 30; and April 1, 1935.", "Times-Picayune, March 7, August 16, and November 23, 1936.", "Times-Picayune, January 25 and November 15, 1937.", "Obituary for Coleman E. Adler, Times-Picayune, February 28, 1938.", "Times-Picayune, March 1 and 2, 1938.", "References\n\n1868 births\n1938 deaths\nAmerican jewellers\nAmerican Jews\nAmerican people of Slovak-Jewish descent\nBusinesspeople from New Orleans" ]

[ "Coleman E. Adler founded the historic Adler's Jewelry in New Orleans, Louisiana.", "Adler was an active member of the local Progressive movement in New Orleans.", "He was a member of the Association of Commerce, the Tourist and Conventions Bureau, and the Canal Street Association.", "Coleman E. Adler Jewelry is still on Canal Street.", "Coleman E. Adler moved to New York with his brother in 1874.", "Coleman worked in the jewelry trade as a young man in Alabama.", "He worked as a travelling salesman for jewelry firms in New York.", "He met and marriedRosa Pokorny in New Orleans.", "Her parents were Michael and Fannie Pokorny.", "The Pokornys arrived in New Orleans at the beginning of the Civil War from Moravia.", "Michael Pokorny owned three successful shoe stores in New Orleans.", "Michael Pokorny was one of the largest real estate owners in the city.", "The Pokorny family was well-known in New Orleans business, philanthropic, and social circles.", "Coleman andRosa Pokorny Adler lived at the Pokorny estate.", "Coleman Adler lived in New Orleans for 40 years and worked to improve and promote his hometown.", "The growth of the city was hampered by the Civil War and the national economic depression of the 1870s.", "The late 1800s was the era of the Progressive movement, which sought to improve society by applying modern ingenuity and methods.", "Local leaders and businessmen in New Orleans were inspired by the movement to tackle the city's decline.", "Coleman Adler was part of a group that wanted to bring New Orleans into the modern era.", "Adler was a member of the Canal Street Association.", "Canal Street, New Orleans, was illuminated in the early 20th century thanks to this body.", "It helped negotiate work agreements between the city transportation system and its workers.", "The Canal Street Association installed electric lighting on Canal in 1930.", "The New York Times ran a full-page story about the lighting ceremony and the switch on by Thomas Edison.", "Adler was appointed to the Committee of 100 by the city's Progressive Union.", "Adler served on the Association of Commerce's convention committee, which was charged with increasing tourism in New Orleans.", "Adler traveled to Washington, D.C. in 1910 to promote New Orleans as the location for the World Panama Canal Exhibition.", "Adler was on the reception committee for Theodore Roosevelt's visit to New Orleans.", "Coleman helped organize a number of important events in the city, including \"Made in New Orleans Week,\" a reception for the Ambassador of Italy, and the Commercial Men's Alliance convention.", "Adler was appointed head of the Retail Stores Committee in 1930.", "Adler was a board member of the Young Men's Business League and the New Orleans Zoological Society.", "Coleman Adler opened his own jewelry firm in 1898.", "The store used to be on Royal Street.", "Adler's moved to the heart of the city's retail district in the 19th century.", "Adler's obtained its own building in 1908 and is still there today.", "Adler's became a local favorite.", "Each carnival season, the firm has designed original pieces for the city's many krewes.", "Many of the area's historic occasions have been created by Adler's.", "The 1904 Times-Picayune Loving Cup was created by the firm.", "The naval crew of the U.S.S. received a solid silver tea service from Adler's in 1906.", "Louisiana.", "The firm created the official Louisiana coin in 1912.", "The silver football trophy was designed by Adler's and was given 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780", "Adler's created the Louisiana bicentennial coin from the original 1912 press.", "After decades of hosting fine art and housewares exhibits, Adler's was chosen as the regional dealer for Tiffany and Co.", "The exclusive local dealer of Gien is the firm.", "Coleman E. Adler died in February of 1938.", "The Adler family continued their father's work in civic and commercial work.", "The National Archives Records Administration is a source.", "The United States had passport applications.", "The roll of 1901 has a certificate.", "The Hamburger Passagierlisten ran from 1850 to 1934.", "The United States Federal Census took place from 1880 to 1900.", "There is a city directory in Tennessee.", "The year 1884.", "There is a city directory in Alabama.", "The year 1886 to 1890.", "The Southeast Region of the NARA.", "Aliens must be admitted to citizenship.", "The International Find-A-Grave is part of the Record Group 21.", "Marriages in Louisiana from 1718 to 1925.", "New Orleans, Louisiana has birth records.", "There is a new edition of Vol.", "p. 381", "The Times-Picayune was published in 1898.", "The review was written by the jeweler.", "December 6, 1899.", "New Orleans has a city directory.", "Between 1900 and 1938.", "The United States has a federal census.", "1900.", "The New Orleans Item was published in January, April, and June.", "The New Orleans Item was published in 1901.", "February 2, 1903.", "The New Orleans Item was published in 1904.", "May 1, 1904.", "New Orleans Item, July 5, 22, and 31; September 16; November 25; and December 6, 7, 15, and 30, 1906.", "The Times-Picayune was published on July 4, and October 31, 1908.", "February 13; March 15, 18, and 26; June 12; and September 10, 1909 appeared in the Times-Picayune.", "The New Orleans Item was published in 1909.", "The Southeast Region of the National Archives Administration.", "Aliens must be admitted to citizenship.", "There is a record group 21.", "Edward Branley.", "GoNOLA.com states that Canal Street was called The Mall.", "On December 2, savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay", "The United States has passport applications.", "The roll of 1901 has a certificate.", "The Times-Picayune was published in 1910.", "The New Orleans Item was published in 1910.", "The Times-Picayune was published in January, March, and October.", "The New Orleans Item from February 14 to March 12 and November 11 to March 12.", "Times-Picayune, May 6, 9, and 11; July 12; August 1 and 21; October 28; and November 17, 1913.", "The New Orleans Item was published in 1913.", "September 21, 1919.", "The Times-Picayune was published in 1925.", "May 23, 1926.", "Times-Picayune, February 23, 24, and 25; April 3; June 1 and 21; and November 19 and 26, 1930.", "The Times-Picayune was published on January 11, April 2, June 1, October 28, and November 7, 1931.", "The Times-Picayune was published in 1931.", "The Times-Picayune was published in January of 1932.", "The Times-Picayune was published on March 3, 20, and 30 and April 1, 1935.", "The Times-Picayune on March 7, August 16, and November 23, 1936.", "The Times-Picayune was published on January 25 and November 15 of 1937.", "Coleman E. Adler's obituary was published in the Times-Picayune.", "The Times-Picayune was published on March 1 and 2, 1938.", "There were 1868 births and 1938 deaths of American Jews and American people of Slovak-Jewish descent." ]

[ "Coleman E", ". Adler", "Adler", "Coleman E", ". Adler", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Adler", "Coleman Adler", "Coleman Adler", "Adler", "Adler", "Adler", "Adler", "Adler", "Adler", "Coleman", "Adler", "Adler", "Coleman Adler", "Coleman E", ". Adler", "Walter Adler", "Coleman E", ". Adler" ]

[ "Coleman E", ". Adler", "Adler", "Coleman E", ". Adler", "ColemanRosa", "ColemanRosa", "Adler", "Coleman Adler", "Coleman Adler", "Adler", "Adler", "Adler", "Adler", "Adler", "Coleman", "Adler", "Adler", "Coleman Adler", "Adler", "Adler", "Coleman", ". Adler", "Adler", "Coleman E", ". Adler" ]

[ "Jenny Mikakos (born 25 January 1969) is a former Australian politician for the Labor Party who was a Member of the Legislative Council of Victoria from 1999 to 2020.", "She served as the Minister for Health, Minister for Ambulance Services and Minister for the Coordination of Health and Human Services COVID-19 as well as Deputy Leader of the Government, but resigned these positions and from parliament on 26 September 2020 in the wake of criticism of her role in hotel quarantine during the COVID-19 pandemic.", "Political career\n\nMikakos was first elected as the Member for Jika Jika Province in the State of Victoria in September 1999.", "From 1999 until 2006, she represented the Legislative Council province of Jika Jika.", "Mikakos' electorate was abolished at the 2006 election as part of major reforms of the Legislative Council introduced after the 2002 election, but she won the second position on the Labor ticket for the replacement electorate, the larger, five-member Northern Metropolitan Region.", "She was first on the Labor ticket at the 2010, 2014 and 2018 elections.", "In Parliament, Mikakos held the roles of Parliamentary Secretary for Justice, Parliamentary Secretary for Planning, Shadow Minister for Community Services, Children, Youth Affairs, Youth Justice and Seniors and Ageing, Minister for Families and Children, Early Childhood Education and Youth Affairs, and Minister for Health and Ambulance Services.", "In March 2020, she was appointed Deputy Leader of the Government in the Legislative Council.", "In April 2020, Mikakos was appointed as the Minister for the Coordination of Health and Human Services COVID-19 as part of the Victorian Government's response to the coronavirus global pandemic.", "This appointment followed media coverage of comments which Mikakos made regarding a GP who tested positive for COVID-19 (see Controversies below).", "In Parliament, Mikakos voted against the human cloning bill but for stem cell research, for abortion decriminalisation, for assisted reproductive technology reforms and for dying with dignity laws.", "These bills were subject to conscience votes in the Labor Party.", "Mikakos is a member of Labor's left faction.", "Mikakos resigned as Minister for Health and from the Legislative Council on 26 September 2020.", "Controversies\n\nMisuse of taxpayer funds\nIn 2003, Mikakos was criticised for nepotism after employing her sister Nikki in her taxpayer-funded electoral office.", "In 2005, Mikakos was forced to pay back taxpayer funds spent mailing Labor Party members on Parliamentary stationery for reelection support, which led to Premier Steve Bracks warning Labor MPs regarding the conduct.", "In 2014, Mikakos was again involved in applying taxpayer funds for political purposes, and the Victorian Ombudsman found that Mikakos was among a number of Labor MPs who had misused $388,000 in taxpayer funds for election campaigning.", "Mikakos declined to be interviewed by police in connection with the affair, which became known as the \"red shirts rort\".", "The Labor party later repaid the amount.", "Youth justice\nIn 2016, a number of criminals under the age of 18 in custody at Parkville prison engaged in a violent riot and caused significant property damage, forcing staff to flee.", "Mikakos, then the Minister for Youth Affairs, was criticised for losing control of youth justice.", "Later, Mikakos illegally moved the relevant inmates to an adult prison, and was forced to reverse that decision by the Supreme Court of Victoria.", "Remarks in Parliament\nIn 2018, Mikakos was suspended from Parliament for a day after accusing Liberal MPs of racism.", "Suspension involves forfeiture of the member's salary for the day.", "Handling of the COVID-19 pandemic\n\nEarly in the COVID-19 pandemic, Mikakos was criticised for attacking a Melbourne GP who attended work after travelling to the United States.", "The Minister stated that she was 'flabbergasted' a doctor with 'flu-like symptoms' had presented to work, despite the GP not meeting her own departmental guidelines for testing.", "The Minister was criticised for inaccuracies, violating patient privacy and maligning frontline health workers, but refused to apologise.", "Later, in April 2020, Mikakos was involved in controversy when she defended a comparison between COVID-19 and Captain Cook.", "In June 2020, a breakdown in hotel quarantine procedures created a second wave of COVID-19 cases in Victoria, leading to the first total lockdown of residents in homes in Australia, panic buying, and military personnel called in.", "The resurgence occurred despite a report from experts a month earlier warning of an opportunity to prevent a further outbreak; Mikakos claimed she was unsure whether her government had received a copy of the report and attempted to distance herself from the scandal.", "In August 2020, Mikakos was stripped of responsibility for hotel quarantine.", "In August 2020, Mikakos was criticised for providing inadequate and insufficient PPE to hospital staff.", "Mikakos claimed that only 10-15% of healthcare workers with COVID-19 became infected through their workplace, and the government was later forced to correct that figure to 70-80%.", "Beginning in March 2020, Mikakos resisted calls to resign for her handling of the pandemic, including from the medical profession, the opposition, and the disgraced Health Workers Union.", "In August 2020, Mikakos was criticised for declining to answer questions in Parliament and for failing to meet Parliamentary deadlines to provide promised written responses to questions.", "She stated that she was declining to answer questions relating to the breakdown of hotel quarantine until a result came out of the independent inquiry led by former Justice Jennifer Coate.", "Justice Coate announced that the inquiry did not prevent any person from commenting publicly or answering questions on the matters covered by the inquiry.", "Under the convention of individual ministerial responsibility in the Westminster system, Ministers are expected to be accountable to Parliament, including by answering questions, and to resign for major failures in their department regardless of whether they were aware of them.", "On 24 September 2020, Mikakos appeared before the board of inquiry into the hotel quarantine program, where she stated that she had not made the decision to use private security contractors to manage the quarantine program, and had not been aware of the arrangement until an outbreak at a Melbourne hotel became apparent in mid-May.", "Footage emerged of Mikakos at a media briefing on 29 March with jobs minister Martin Pakula as he announced that security guards would be used to patrol hotels, and media also reported that the premier's office had sent a briefing note to caucus outlining this arrangement.", "Mikakos tendered a supplementary statement on 25 September, denying that she had misled the inquiry and reiterating that she had no recollection of the matters raised.", "Premier Daniel Andrews faced the inquiry on 25 September, at which he stated that he regarded Mikakos as \"accountable\" for the program.", "The following day, Mikakos resigned from cabinet.", "Mikakos made a statement suggesting that the reason for her resignation was that she disagreed with \"elements\" of the Premier's statement, and was no longer able to serve in his cabinet.", "Personal life\nJenny Mikakos attended the private Ivanhoe Girls' Grammar School and the University of Melbourne, where she obtained arts and law degrees.", "Before her election to Parliament, Mikakos worked as a commercial and tax lawyer at top-tier accounting firm Coopers & Lybrand and law firm King & Wood Mallesons, as well as Jerrard & Stuk.", "She was briefly a Councillor with the City of Northcote in the early 1990s.", "References\n\nFurther reading\n Healy, Ernest (1995), 'Ethnic ALP Branches - The Balkanisation of Labor Revisited,' in People and Place, Vol.3, No.3, Pages 48–53.", "Lovell, D.W.; McAllister, I.; Maley, W.; Kukathas, C.; (1998), The Australian Political System, Longman, South Melbourne.", "External links \n Austin, P., ALP heavies tackle faction fracas before poll, The Age, 27 February 2006\n With Crikey's Delia Delegate, all the ALP dirty laundry is on the table, 16 June 2002\n Carney, S., Labor supremos back new alliance, The Age, 18 June 2002\n Parliamentary handbook\n Jenny Mikakos MP Member for Jika Jika Province\n Women’s Correctional Services Advisory Committee\n Boyle, P., The Australian Political Situation and the Coming Federal Election,\n Hannan, E., Pre-election Labor split looming, The Age, 8 June 2002\n Parliamentary voting record of Jenny Mikakos at Victorian Parliament Tracker\n\nAustralian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Victoria\n1969 births\nLiving people\nPoliticians from Melbourne\nMembers of the Victorian Legislative Council\nAustralian lawyers\nUniversity of Melbourne alumni\nUniversity of Melbourne women\nAustralian people of Greek descent\n21st-century Australian politicians\n21st-century Australian women politicians\nWomen members of the Victorian Legislative Council" ]

[ "Jenny Mikakos was a Member of the Legislative Council of Victoria from 1999 to 2020.", "She resigned her positions as Minister for Health, Minister for Ambulance Services and Minister for the Coordination of Health and Human Services COVID-19, as well as deputy leader of the government, on September 26, 2020 in the wake of criticism of her role in hotel quarantine during the CO.", "Mikakos was first elected as the Member for Jika Jika Province in the State of Victoria in 1999.", "She was a member of the Legislative Council from 1999 to 2006", "The electorate of Mikakos was abolished at the 2006 election as part of reforms of the Legislative Council, but she won the second position on the Labor ticket for the Northern Metropolitan Region.", "She was on the Labor ticket for three elections.", "In Parliament, Mikakos held the roles of Parliamentary Secretary for Justice, Parliamentary Secretary for Planning, Shadow Minister for Community Services, Children, Youth Affairs, Youth Justice and Seniors and Ageing, Minister for Families and Children, Early Childhood Education and Youth Affairs, and Minister for Health and Ambulance Services.", "She was appointed as a deputy leader of the government in March 2020.", "Mikakos was appointed as the Minister for the Coordination of Health and Human Services COVID-19 in April 2020.", "Mikakos made comments about a GP who tested positive for COVID-19 in the media.", "Mikakos voted against the human cloning bill but for stem cell research, abortion decriminalisation, assisted reproductive technology reforms and dying with dignity laws.", "The Labor Party had conscience votes on these bills.", "Mikakos is a member of the left wing of the Labor Party.", "On September 26, 2020, Mikakos resigned as Minister for Health and from the Legislative Council.", "In 2003 Mikakos was criticized for using taxpayer funds for her sister's work.", "In 2005, Mikakos was forced to pay back taxpayer funds spent mailing Labor Party members on Parliamentary stationery for reelection support, which led to a warning from the premier.", "The Victorian Ombudsman found that Mikakos was involved in applying taxpayer funds for political purposes, and that he was one of a number of Labor MPs who had used taxpayer funds for election campaigning.", "The affair became known as the \"red shirts rort\" after Mikakos declined to be interviewed by police.", "The amount was repaid by the Labor party.", "In 2016 a number of criminals under the age of 18 in custody at Parkville prison engaged in a violent riot and caused significant property damage, forcing staff to flee.", "Mikakos lost control of youth justice.", "The Supreme Court of Victoria reversed Mikakos' decision to move the inmates to an adult prison.", "Mikakos was suspended from Parliament for a day after accusing Liberal MPs of racism.", "The member's salary is forfeited for the day.", "Mikakos was criticized for attacking a GP who attended work after travelling to the United States.", "Despite the GP not meeting her own guidelines for testing, the doctor presented to work with flu-like symptoms.", "The Minister was criticized for violating patient privacy, but refused to apologize.", "Mikakos was involved in controversy when she defended a comparison between COVID-19 and Captain Cook.", "There was a second wave of COVID-19 cases in Victoria in June 2020 after a breakdown in hotelQuarantine procedures.", "The resurgence occurred despite a report from experts a month earlier warning of an opportunity to prevent a further outbreak; Mikakos claimed she was unsure whether her government had received a copy of the report and attempted to distance herself from the scandal.", "Mikakos was no longer responsible for hotel scurvy in August 2020.", "Mikakos provided inadequate and insufficient PPE to hospital staff.", "The government was forced to correct Mikakos' claim that only 10-15% of healthcare workers were exposed to COVID-19 in their workplace.", "Mikakos resisted calls to resign from the medical profession, the opposition, and the Health Workers Union.", "Mikakos was criticized in August 2020 for failing to answer questions in Parliament and for failing to provide written responses to questions.", "She stated that she wouldn't answer questions about the breakdown of hotel quark until a result came from the independent inquiry led by Justice Coate.", "Justice Coate said that the inquiry did not prevent anyone from commenting publicly or answering questions.", "Ministers are expected to answer questions and resign for major failures in their department regardless of whether they were aware of them.", "Mikakos appeared before the board of inquiry on September 24, 2020, where she stated that she had not made the decision to use private security contractors to manage the program, and had not been aware of the arrangement until an outbreak at a Melbourne hotel became apparent.", "The premier's office sent a note to the caucus detailing the arrangement of security guards being used to patrol hotels, as well as footage that emerged of Mikakos at a media briefing on 29 March.", "Mikakos denied that she had misled the inquiry and said that she had no recollection of the matters raised.", "At the inquiry on 25 September, the premier stated that Mikakos was \"accountable\" for the program.", "Mikakos resigned from the cabinet.", "Mikakos made a statement suggesting that the reason for her resignation was that she disagreed with elements of the premier's statement, and was no longer able to serve in his cabinet.", "Jenny Mikakos obtained an arts and law degree from the University of Melbourne.", "Before her election to Parliament, Mikakos worked as a commercial and tax lawyer at top-tier accounting firm Coopers & Lybrand and law firm King & Wood Mallesons, as well as Jerrard & Stuk.", "She was a member of the City of Northcote.", "In People and Place, Vol. 3, No. 3, Pages 48–53, there is a book calledEthnic ALP Branches - The Balkanisation of Labor Revisited.", "The Australian Political System was published in 1998.", "The Age has links to Austin, P., and the heavies of the ALP." ]

[ "Jenny Mikakos", "Mikakos", "Mikakos", "Mikakos", "Mikakos", "Mikakos", "Mikakos", "Mikakos", "Mikakos", "Mikakos", "Mikakos", "Mikakos", "Mikakos", "Mikakos", "Mikakos", "Mikakos", "Mikakos", "Mikakos", "Mikakos", "Mikakos", "Mikakos", "Mikakos", "Mikakos", "Mikakos", "Mikakos", "Mikakos", "Mikakos", "Mikakos", "Mikakos", "Mikakos", "Mikakos", "Jenny Mikakos", "Mikakos", "Jenny Mikakos", "Jenny Mikakos" ]

[ "Jenny Mikakos", "Mikakos", "Mikakos", "Mikakos", "Mikakos", "Mikakos", "Mikakos", "Mikakos", "Mikakos", "Mikakos", "Mikakos", "Mikakos", "Mikakos", "Mikakos", "Mikakos", "Mikakos", "Mikakos", "Mikakos", "Mikakos", "Mikakos", "Mikakos", "Mikakos", "Mikakos", "Mikakos", "Mikakos", "Mikakos", "Mikakos", "Mikakos", "Mikakos", "Jenny Mikakos", "Mikakos" ]

[ "Ogbugo Kalu (died February 2004) was a former army officer who served in both the Nigerian Army and Biafran Army.", "Kalu was also commander of the Nigerian Military Training College (NMTC) in Kaduna following the 1966 Nigerian coup d'état.", "Nigerian Army career\nPrior to Kalu's celebrated career as an officer in the Biafran Army, he had been serving in the Nigerian Army since 1958.", "After being given formal military training in both Ghana and the United Kingdom, Kalu was short service commissioned a Second Lieutenant in November 1959.", "He was later promoted to the rank of Major sometime during the first half of the 1960s.", "On the night of January 15, 1966, a coup d'état was set in motion by 9 Igbo and 1 Yoruba army officers, but was short-lived and quelled within 48 hours by the Igbo Gen. Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi who then assumed total leadership over Nigeria.", "Gen. Ironsi appointed Maj. Kalu commandant of the Nigerian Military Training College in Kaduna due to the fact that its incumbent commander, Col. Ralph Shodeinde, was assassinated by a detachment of mutinous soldiers led by Maj. Timothy Onwuatuegwu on the night of the coup.", "He was appointed Lieutenant Colonel in May 1966.", "On July 29, 1966, a second coup d'état took place after a majority of the Nigerian Army led by 32 army officers rose up against Ironsi's dictatorship and assassinated him along with several other Igbo officers and politicians.", "Kalu hosted an early afternoon meeting at his house in Kaduna where he informed several south-eastern officers about the coup and that their lives were in danger, these officers included Lt. Col. Alexander Madiebo, Maj. Christopher Emelifonwu, Maj. Ayodele Ogunro, and Maj. Samuel Ogbemudia.", "After hearing that both Maj. Emelifonwu and Maj. Ogunro were murdered by Hausa-Fulani soldiers in Kaduna, Lt. Col. Kalu made his way to a railroad depot where he managed to stow away inside the water-tank of a train destined for south-eastern Nigeria.", "Biafra\nIn February 1967 the Eastern Region government under Odumegwu Ojukwu was becoming concerned about the constant confrontations Igbo civilians were having with rival ethnic groups, mainly the Hausa-Fulani population, and decided to form two infantry battalions that wouldn't be under the control of the Nigerian government, these would later become the Biafran 7th and 8th Battalions.", "Lt. Col. Kalu was asked to command the 8th Battalion, based in Port Harcourt, while Lt. Col. Alexander Madiebo was asked to command the 7th Battalion, based in Nsukka.", "When Nigeria declared war on Biafra on July 6, 1967, the 8th Battalion became responsible for defending Ahoada, Calabar, Oron, and Bonny.", "The Biafran 52nd Brigade, consisting of Kalu's 8th Battalion and the 9th Battalion under Maj. Ogbo Oji, was created shortly after the outbreak of the war and placed under the command of Col. Anthony Eze.", "Kalu was given command of the 52nd Brigade by President Ojukwu after the Nigerian 3rd Marine Division under Gen. Benjamin Adekunle seized Bonny with little resistance in July 1967.", "Kalu led a campaign against the Nigerian 15th Brigade under Lt. Col. Ipoola Alani Akinrinade, stationed in Bonny, in December 1967-January 1968.", "The 52nd Brigade nearly re-captured Bonny from the Nigerians, but, reinforcements arrived from Lagos in time to save the 15th Brigade.", "Again, in late March and early April, after a series of reversals, Kalu blocked the first major attempt by Adekunle to take Port Harcourt through Onne.", "Lt. Col. Akinrinade's Nigerian 15th Brigade was practically wiped out after the Biafran 52nd Brigade launched an offensive against the Nigerian positions surrounding Port Harcourt.", "The only survivors were \"Ijaw swimmers\" who knew how to disappear into the creeks.", "Kalu ordered his men to halt the offensive once the Nigerians had been pushed out of Port Harcourt and the surrounding countryside, but, had the 52nd Brigade continued the pursue the retreating Nigerians they could have most likely re-captured Bonny.", "Kalu quickly fell out of favor with the local Biafran civilian leaders in Port Harcourt due to his inability to clear the area of the Nigerian threat and, consequently, was relieved of his command of the 52nd Brigade by President Ojukwu and replaced by Maj. Joseph Achuzie on May 19, 1968.", "After 5 days of fierce urban warfare, Port Harcourt fell to the Nigerian 3rd Division under Gen. Adekunle while the Biafran 52nd Brigade was forced to retreat to Igrita.", "After being relieved of his command by Ojukwu, Kalu was made commander of the Biafran 63rd Brigade and staged a successful assault behind enemy lines after crossing the Niger River under the cover of darkness.", "The 63rd Brigade staged attacks against Nigerian 2nd Division soldiers stationed in Asaba, Ogwashi-Uku, and Igbuzo.", "After staging these guerrilla attacks that caused the Nigerians to suffer mass casualties, the 63rd Brigade soldiers slipped back into Biafran held territory with only minimal damage.", "After Owerri was captured by two battalions of Nigerian soldiers, Kalu was made commander of the Biafran 14th Division and given strict orders in a letter written to him by President Ojukwu.", "In the letter Ojukwu states \"Your role in the Port Harcourt disaster is still fresh in the minds of people.", "You must clear the enemy from Obinze in 24 hours or submit your resignation from the army.\"", "Only a few hours later Lt. Col. Kalu ordered a Biafran counter-attack and with the assistance of the Ogbunigwe mine the Nigerian advance was halted and Obinze was captured.", "On December 3, 1968, the 14th Division under Kalu and the 63rd Brigade under Col. Lambert Ihenacho made their way towards Owerri, capturing the villages of Eziama and Elelem.", "Kalu's 14th Division was ordered to halt and dig in around Owerri while the Biafran 60th Brigade under Col. Azum Asoya carried out the main assault against the Nigerian 16th Division under Col. E.A.", "Etuk.", "Over 50,000 rounds of ammunition, 300 mortars, 200 howitzer shells, and 20 anti-tank weapons were fired by the Biafrans during a two-day bombardment of Nigerian defensive positions in and around Owerri, but, the Nigerians were dug-in and remained in their original positions after suffering heavy casualties.", "After nearly 4 months of heavy fighting the Nigerian 16th Division remained in Owerri, though now drastically reduced in number and short of food.", "On March 31, 1969, the Biafran 14th Division under Lt. Col. Kalu attacked Owerri and managed to secure control over 70% of the city.", "Biafran soldiers began intercepting radio waves that revealed the 16th Brigade was going to execute all Biafran POWs due to a lack of food.", "The Swedish pilot Carl Gustaf von Rosen and his \"Biafra Babies\" fighter squadron, consisting of six MFI-9 Junior fighters, constantly hounded Nigerian air drops, making Nigerian food supplies scarce.", "On April 24 the 300 Nigerian soldiers still under Col. Etuk's command began staging a breakout of Owerri and managed to escape to Nigerian-held territory after a day of heavy fighting against the Biafran troops surrounding the city.", "After the liberation of Owerri by the Biafran 14th Division Col. Kalu was promoted to the rank of Brigadier.", "Kalu remained stationed in Owerri until the end of the war when, on January 12, Kalu accompanied the new President of Biafra, Philip Effiong, along with Maj. Achuzie, and many other Biafran officers to Amichi, and later Owerri, to broadcast their final surrender to Gen. Obasanjo.", "Kalu was held in prison for 3 days until he was granted amnesty by Nigerian President Yakubu Gowon along with his fellow Biafran officers.", "References\n\n2004 deaths\nNigerian Army personnel" ]

[ "A former army officer, who served in both the Nigerian Army and the Biafran Army, died in February 2004.", "Following the 1966 Nigerian coup d'état, he was the commander of the Nigerian Military Training College.", "He had been in the Nigerian Army for more than 50 years before he became an officer in the Biafran Army.", "After completing military training in both the United Kingdom and Ghana, Kalu was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant.", "He was promoted to the rank of Major in the first half of the 1960s.", "On the night of January 15, 1966, a coup d'état was set in motion by 9 Igbo and 1 Yoruba army officers, but was short-lived and quelled within 48 hours by the general who assumed total leadership over Nigeria.", "The commandant of the Nigerian Military Training College in Kaduna, Col. Shodeinde, was assassinated by a group of mutinous soldiers led by Maj. Timothy Onwuatuegwu.", "In 1966 he was appointed Lieutenant Colonel.", "On July 29, 1966, a second coup d'état took place after a majority of the Nigerian Army led by 32 army officers rose up against Ironsi's dictatorship and assassinated him along with several other Igbo officers and politicians.", "Several officers from the south-eastern part of the country were told about the coup and that their lives were in danger.", "After hearing that both Maj. Emelifonwu and Maj. Ogunro were murdered by Hausa-Fulani soldiers in Kaduna, Lt. Col. Kalu made his way to a railroad depot where he stowed away inside the water-tank of a train destined for south-eastern Nigeria.", "In February 1967, the Eastern Region government decided to form two infantry battalions that wouldn't be under the control of the Hausa-Fulani population because of the constant confrontations between the two ethnic groups.", "The 8th Battalion was based in Port Harcourt, while the 7th Battalion was based in Nsukka.", "On July 6, 1967, the 8th battalion became responsible for defending Ahoada, Calabar, Oron, and Bonny.", "After the outbreak of the war, the 8th battalion and the 9th battalion were created and placed under the command of Col. Anthony Eze.", "The Nigerian 3rd Marine Division under Gen. Benjamin Adekunle seized Bonny with little resistance in July 1967.", "The Nigerian 15th brigade was under the command of Ipoola Alani Akinrinade.", "reinforcements arrived from Lagos in time to save the 15th brigade from being overrun by the 52nd brigade.", "The first attempt by Adekunle to take Port Harcourt through Onne was blocked by Kalu after a series of reversals.", "The Nigerian 15th brigade was almost wiped out after the Biafran 52nd brigade launched an offensive against the Nigerian positions.", "The \"Ijaw swimmers\" were the only survivors.", "Had the 52nd brigade continued to pursue the retreating Nigerian, they could have re-captured Bonny.", "As a result of his inability to clear the area of the Nigerian threat, he was relieved of his command of the 52nd brigade and replaced by Maj. Joseph Achuzie in May.", "After 5 days of fierce urban warfare, Port Harcourt fell to the Nigerian 3rd Division under Gen. Adekunle.", "After being relieved of his command by Ojukwu, Kalu was made commander of the Biafran 63rd brigade and staged a successful assault behind enemy lines.", "The Nigerian 2nd Division soldiers were attacked by the 63rd brigade.", "After staging guerrilla attacks that caused mass casualties in Nigeria, the 63rd brigade soldiers slipped back into Biafran held territory.", "After Owerri was captured by two battalions of Nigerian soldiers, the commander of the 14th Division was given strict orders in a letter written to him by the President.", "Your role in the Port Harcourt disaster is still fresh in the minds of people.", "If you want to stay in the army, you have to clear the enemy from Obinze in 24 hours.", "After a few hours, the Nigerian advance was halted and Obinze was captured.", "The villages of Eziama and Elelem were captured by the 14th Division and the 63rd brigade on December 3, 1968.", "The main assault against the Nigerian 16th Division was carried out by the 60th brigade.", "It's Etuk.", "Over 50,000 rounds of ammunition, 300 mortars, 200 howitzer shells, and 20 anti-tank weapons were fired by the Biafrans during a two-day bombardment of Nigerian defensive positions in and around Owerri, but, the Nigerian were dug-in and remained in their original positions", "The Nigerian 16th Division had been fighting in Owerri for nearly 4 months when it was reduced in number and short of food.", "On March 31, 1969 the 14th Division attacked Owerri and took control of 70% of the city.", "The 16th brigade was going to execute all Biafran POWs due to a lack of food, as the soldiers began intercepting radio waves.", "Nigerian air drops were constantly hounded by the Swedish pilot and his \"Biafra Babies\" fighter squadron.", "After a day of heavy fighting, the Nigerian soldiers under Col. Etuk's command escaped to Nigerian-held territory after staging a break out of Owerri.", "Col. Kalu was promoted to the rank of brigadier after the liberation of Owerri.", "On January 12th, when the war ended, Kalu was stationed in Owerri along with many other officers.", "After being held in prison for 3 days, he was granted pardon by Nigerian President Gowon.", "There were deaths of Nigerian Army personnel in 2004." ]

[ "Ogbugo Kalu", "Kalu", "Kalu", "Kalu", "Kalu", "Kalu", "Kalu", "Kalu", "Kalu", "Kalu", "Kalu", "Kalu", "Kalu", "Kalu", "Kalu", "Kalu", "Kalu", "Kalu", "Kalu", "Kalu", "Kalu", "Kalu", "Kalu", "Kalu" ]

[ "Kalug", "Kalu", "Kalu", "Kalu", "Kalu" ]

[ "Dylan John Jones OBE (born 1960) is an English journalist and author.", "He served as editor of the UK version of men's fashion and lifestyle magazine GQ from 1999 to 2021.", "He has held senior roles with several other publications, including editor of magazines i-D and Arena, and has contributed weekly columns to newspapers The Independent and The Mail on Sunday.", "Jones has penned multiple books.", "Education and early career\nJones was born in Ely, Cambridgeshire.", "He attended Chelsea School of Art and then Saint Martin's School of Art in London where he studied graphic design, film and photography.", "He began his career in journalism at i-D magazine in 1983, becoming Editor in 1984 before moving to Arena in 1987 to serve as Editor.", "At that same time, he was also a Contributing Editor at The Face, writing cover stories on individuals including Jean Paul Gaultier and Neneh Cherry.", "Following that, he worked as associate editor of The Observer magazine when it was relaunched with Simon Kelner in 1992, and then moved to The Sunday Times where he held various positions.", "GQ\nIn 1999, Jones moved to Condé Nast and took over GQ.", "He is credited with bringing in a roster of high-quality writers, including Dominic Lawson, Will Self, A.A. Gill, Ed Victor and Tom Wolfe, as well as taking the magazine in a more political direction.", "He hired Boris Johnson as the magazine's car correspondent.", "GQ was also the first magazine to feature David Cameron on its cover, soon after he became leader of the Conservative Party.", "Since Jones joined GQ, the magazine has won 34 awards.", "Having won the BSME Men's Editor of the Year Award six times during his tenure at GQ, Jones was also recognised for the Brand Building Initiative of the Year 2007 for the annual GQ Men of the Year Awards.", "At the BSME Awards 2012, he received the Mark Boxer Award for lifetime achievement, honouring him not only for his work on GQ but for his entire career in journalism.", "Jones was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2013 Birthday Honours for services to the publishing and British fashion industries.", "Other roles\nJones had a weekly column in the magazine supplement of The Mail on Sunday.", "In 2010, Jones collaborated with David Bailey on British Heroes in Afghanistan, a celebration of British fighting heroes in Afghanistan, both inside Camp Bastion and outside, with sales benefiting the charity Help for Heroes.", "Jones is Vice President of Hay Festival, and is also co-chair of the 2011 Norman Mailer Benefit Gala Dinner, being held in New York City.", "He was Chairman of the Prince's Trust's Fashion Rocks Monaco, in 2007 and, in 2012, was appointed the Chair of the 2012 Menswear Committee by the British Fashion Council, helping to organise Britain's first London Collections: Men.", "Books\nJones has written biographies of musician Jim Morrison and fashion designer Paul Smith and two anthologies of journalism.", "He is the author of the book, iPod Therefore I Am: A Personal Journey Through Music documenting his musical tastes and how the iPod music player has transformed it.", "His book Mr Jones' Rules for the Modern Man is an etiquette guide containing advice on how a modern man should behave.", "It has since been published in 15 countries.", "Published in August 2008 by Fourth Estate, Cameron on Cameron: Conversations with Dylan Jones was based on a series of interviews with the Conservative Party leader over the course of a year.", "It was shortlisted for the Channel 4 Political Book of The Year.", "In 2012, Jones wrote three books, When Ziggy Played Guitar: David Bowie and Four Minutes that Shook the World, The Biographical Dictionary of Popular Music and From the Ground Up: U2 360° Tour Official Photobook.", "The following year, Jones wrote The Eighties: One Day, One Decade, which was published by Preface Publishing in June 2013.", "The book is partly autobiographical and partly cultural and political history which charts the story of the Eighties through Live Aid in 1985.", "Politics\nIn 2018, Jones wrote for The Guardian, \"Though in 2008 I 'came out' as a Tory, today I wouldn't describe myself as a Conservative.\"", "He described \"the thought of Jacob Rees-Mogg being taken seriously by the electorate\" as \"frightening\" but was more critical of Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn, saying his attitude to antisemitism in the party was \"insulting\".", "Jones was a prominent supporter of the London Garden Bridge Project.", "In 2017, he expressed criticism of Jeremy Corbyn and his demeanour during a British GQ cover shoot.", "Bibliography\n\nBooks\nJim Morrison: Dark Star, published by Bloomsbury, September 1990.", "Paul Smith True Brit, published 1995.", "Meaty, Beaty, Big & Bouncy and Sex, Power and Travel both anthologies published 1996. \niPod, Therefore I Am, published by Weidenfeld & Nicolson, June 2005.", "Mr Jones' Rules for the Modern Man, published by Hodder & Stoughton, October 2006.", "Cameron on Cameron: Conversations with Dylan Jones, published by Fourth Estate, August 2008.", "Heroes by Jones and David Bailey, published by Thames & Hudson, October 2010.", "*\nWhen Ziggy Played Guitar: David Bowie and Four Minutes that Shook the World, published by Preface Publishing, 2012.", "The Biographical Dictionary of Popular Music, published by Bedford Square Books, 2012\nFrom the Ground Up: U2 360° Tour Official Photobook, published by Preface Publishing, 2012.", "The Eighties: One Day, One Decade, published by Preface Publishing, June 2013\n\nDavid Bowie: A Life, published by Crown Archetype, 2017.", "The Wichita Lineman: Searching in the Sun for the World's Greatest Unfinished Song, published by Faber & Faber, July 2019.", "Sweet Dreams: The Story of the New Romantics, published by Faber and Faber, 2020.", "Essays and reporting\n\nCritical studies and reviews of Jones' work\n Review of Elvis has left the building.", "References\n\nExternal links\nEdition.cnn.com\nIMDb.com\nTvlives.com\nOrionbooks.co.uk\nGuardian.co.uk\nGQ-magazine.co.uk\nTimesonline.co.uk\n\n1960 births\nAlumni of Chelsea College of Arts\nAlumni of Saint Martin's School of Art\nBritish magazine editors\nLiving people\nOfficers of the Order of the British Empire\nPeople from Ely, Cambridgeshire" ]

[ "Dylan John Jones is an English journalist and author.", "He was editor of the UK version of the magazine from 1999 to 2021.", "He has held senior roles with several publications, including editor of magazines i-D and Arena, and has contributed weekly columns to newspapers The Independent and The Mail on Sunday.", "Jones has written many books.", "Jones was born in Ely.", "He studied graphic design, film and photography at the Saint Martin's School of Art in London.", "In 1984 he became Editor of i-D magazine and in 1987 he became Editor of Arena.", "He was a contributing editor at The Face and wrote cover stories for Jean Paul Gaultier.", "He moved to The Sunday Times in 1992 after working as associate editor of The Observer magazine.", "Jones moved to Condé Nast and took over the magazine.", "He brought in a number of high-quality writers, including Dominic Lawson, Will Self, A.A. Gill, Ed Victor and Tom Wolfe, as well as taking the magazine in a more political direction.", "Boris Johnson was hired as the magazine's car correspondent.", "Soon after David Cameron became leader of the Conservative Party, he was on the cover of the magazine.", "The magazine has won 34 awards since Jones joined.", "Jones won the BSME Men's Editor of the Year Award six times and the Brand Building Initiative of the Year 2007 for the annual GQ Men of the Year Awards.", "He received the Mark Boxer Award for lifetime achievement, which was 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884", "Jones was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire for his services to the publishing and British fashion industries.", "Jones had a weekly column in The Mail on Sunday.", "In 2010, Jones collaborated with David Bailey on British Heroes in Afghanistan, a celebration of British fighting heroes in Afghanistan, both inside Camp Bastion and outside, with sales benefiting the charity Help for Heroes.", "The co-chair of the Norman Mailer Benefit Gala Dinner is Jones.", "In 2007, he was Chairman of the Prince's Trust's Fashion Rocks Monaco, and in 2012 he was the Chair of the British Fashion Council's Menswear Committee.", "The biographies of musician Jim Morrison and fashion designer Paul Smith were written by Books Jones.", "He is the author of iPod Therefore I Am: A Personal Journey Through Music documenting his musical tastes and how the iPod music player has changed it.", "Mr Jones' Rules for the Modern Man contains advice on how a modern man should act.", "It has been published in 15 countries.", "A series of interviews with the Conservative Party leader over the course of a year was the basis for the book.", "It was in the running for Channel 4's political book of the year.", "Four Minutes that Shook the World, The Biographical Dictionary of Popular Music and From the Ground Up: U2 360 Tour Official Photobook were written by Jones.", "The Eighties: One Day, One Decade was published in June of 2013).", "The story of the Eighties through Live Aid in 1985 is the subject of the book.", "Jones wrote for The Guardian, \"Though in 2008 I came out as a Conservative, today I wouldn't describe myself as a Conservative.\"", "He said that the thought of Jacob Rees-Mogg being taken seriously by the electorate was frightening, but that his attitude to antisemitism in the party was \"insulting\".", "The London Garden Bridge Project was supported by Jones.", "He criticized Jeremy Corbyn and his demeanor during a British GQ cover shoot.", "Jim Morrison: Dark Star was published in 1990.", "Paul Smith True Brit was published in 1995.", "Sex, Power and Travel was published in 1996.", "Mr Jones' Rules for the Modern Man was published in October of 2006", "Fourth Estate published Conversations with Dylan Jones in August 2008.", "The Heroes by Jones and David Bailey was published in October 2010.", "David Bowie and Four Minutes that Shook the World was published in 2012 by Preface Publishing.", "The From the Ground Up: U2 360 Tour Official Photobook was published by Preface Publishing.", "The Eighties: One Day, One Decade was published by Preface Publishing.", "The Wichita Lineman: Searching in the Sun for the World's Greatest Unfinished Song was published in July of 2019.", "The Story of the New Romantics was published in 2020.", "Review of Elvis has left the building.", "External links include: Edition.cnn.com, IMDb.com, Tvlives.com, Orionbooks.co.uk, Guardian.co.uk, and Timesonline.co.uk." ]

[ "Dylan John Jones", "Jones", "Jones", "Jones", "Jones", "Jones", "Jones", "Jones", "Jones", "Jones", "Jones", "Mr Jones", "Dylan Jones", "Jones", "Jones", "Jones", "Jones", "Dylan Jones", "Jones", "Jones" ]

[ "Dylan John Jones", "Jones", "Jones", "Jones", "Jones", "Jones", "Jones", "Jones", "Jones", "Books Jones", "Jones", "Jones", "Jones", "Jones", "Mr Jones", "Dylan Jones", "Jones" ]

[ "Dietler Sattler (2 February 1906 - 9 November 1968) was a German architect who became involved in politics, especially with respect to culture, the arts and foreign policy.", "Between 1966 and 1968 he served as the West German ambassador to the Holy See.", "Life\n\nProvenance and family connections \nDieter Sattler was born in Munich, the second of his parents' four children.", "His father was the architect Carl Sattler (1877-1966).", "His paternal grandfather, Ernst Sattler (1840-1923), was a painter.", "His mother was born Eva Hildebrand.", "His maternal grandfather was the sculptor Adolf von Hildebrand (1847-1921).", "There had been close links between the Sattler and Hildebrand families since at least as far back as 1848.", "In 1933 Dieter Sattler married Maria Clara Schiedges (1910–1973).", "They met at a Theology seminar.", "She came originally from Düsseldorf.", "That marriage resulted in six recorded children.", "These included Birgit Albrecht who worked as a librarian, Monika Schätz, a book dealer, Christoph Sattler (born 1938), a Munich-based architect, Florian Sattler, a Communications Chief for the city of Munich, Martin Sattler, a Law Professor Emeritus at Heidelberg and Stephan Sattler (born 1947), a prominent arts journalist.", "Dieter Sattler was also father-in-law to the historian Dieter Albrecht (1927-1999).", "Early years \nBoth Dieter Sattler's parents had been born in Florence where their own parents spent time as members of the expatriate artistic community.", "Dieter Sattler spent several months each year in Florence while a small child, but this routine came to an end in 1914, the year war broke out, and in 1915 he started to attend his secondary school in Munich.", "His parents separated in 1921.", "The children remained with their mother whose conversion to Roman Catholicism, (after growing up with parents who \"had no Christian faith\") had been a reason for the break-up.", "He passed his School Final Exams (Abitur) at the city's prestigious Wilhelmsgymnasium (secondary school) in 1924.", "Dieter Sattler himself would convert to Catholicism only in 1932, his decision to do so influenced both by the woman who shortly afterwards became his wife and by his intellectually formidable maternal uncle, Dietrich von Hildebrand (1889-1977), whose own conversion to Catholicism had taken place in 1914.", "He attended the Technical University of Munich between 1924 and 1929, studying Architecture and later also Economics.", "He received his first degree in 1929 and a doctorate of engineering (Dr. Ing) in 1931.", "His dissertation topic was the sculptor (and his own grandfather) Adolf von Hildebrand.", "It was his intention to progress to a habilitation (higher academic degree) which would have opened the way to a lifelong university career, but after 1933 this option was blocked to him.", "One source states that he worked as a freelance architect in Munich and then in Berlin between 1929 and 1939, with a particular focus on residential development projects.", "Elsewhere it is stated that he began to work as an architect in Munich only in 1932.", "Either way, after receiving his doctorate in 1931 it seems that he found time for several lengthy visits abroad, becoming fluent (where he was not already) in English, French and Italian.", "Nazi Germany \nDietrich von Hildebrand's influence extended beyond the narrow issue of a religious denomination.", "Sattler also came to share his uncle's hostility to the Nazi party which took power in January 1933 and spent the next few months transforming the country into a one-party dictatorship.", "Dieter Sattler's marriage to Maria Clara Schiedges took place on 19 May 1933 in Salzburg, at that stage still just across the border from Nazi Germany, in Austria.", "In 1932 Sattler had acquired a property at Grendach near Taching am See, close to Salzburg but on the German side of the frontier.", "The region was far off the beaten track, but his brother, the landscape painter Berhard Sattler, already lived in an adjacent hamlet.", "Bernhard had \"discovered\" the region which he valued for its visual and artistic beauty.", "Dieter Sattler caused a seemingly unprecedented surge in employment opportunities for the small holders in the village by having the former cowshed on his property converted into a family home.", "At this stage, however, after the marriage the Sattler couple (soon a young family) settled in Berlin where Sattler still hoped to continue with his studies and obtain a habilitation (higher degree).", "He was supervised for his studies by a professor who shortly after this had his teaching permit withdrawn because, according to the authorities, he was Jewish.", "After this Sattler found his will to join the nation's academic establishment had disappeared.", "Nevertheless, while pursuing his career as an architect he continued to take an active interest in other matters.", "For example, there were still lengthy trips abroad, and he organised at least one concert tour by the brilliant (and already world-famous) Russian pianist, Vladimir Horowitz.", "During the twelve Nazi years Sattler made no secret of his dislike for the régime, retaining his belief in Catholic Conservatism and sustaining loose links with more active Christian opponents of Nazism.", "But he never himself participated in opposition activism (which would have been illegal), he was never identified as Jewish and he was clearly not a communist.", "Unlike his more outspoken uncle he never found it necessary permanently to escape from Germany.", "At the same time, sources hint that he received few architectural commissions at his Berlin office, and spent the later 1930s keeping out of the way at his Grendach property near Taching am See.", "In 1940 he was conscripted into the army: that summer he participated in the invasion of France.", "After eight months in the army in France, in December 1940 he was taken off the frontline and switched to an \"emergency\" building project involving Linz.", "The Linz scheme was particularly dear to the leader's heart.", "Sattler was assigned to it for most of the rest of the war.", "A personal benefit was that he was far closer to Grendach where his wife and children were based permanently after 1943 when the family's Munich apartment was bombed out.", "Reconstruction years \nMilitary defeat left the western two thirds of Germany divided into four large military occupation zones after May 1945.", "Upper Bavaria was part of the US zone.", "The military administrators were on the look out for German professionals untainted by a Nazi past to make a start on rebuilding civil administration and society.", "Sattler was mandated to oversee the rebuilding/restoration the \"party buildings\" (as they had been designated during the Nazi period) in Munich's Königsplatz (\"Royal square\").", "This turned out to be the first step in a political career for Sattler.", "He impressed the occupiers with his expertise and focus.", "He was also \"noticed\" by Hans Ehard, the man who became Bavarian Minister-president at the end of 1946, who commended the judicious objectivity of his judgement, able to be well-informed and quietly critical without becoming engaged in politics.", "Nevertheless, from now on Sattler did become involved with the emerging mainstream establishment, both politically and in terms of his architecture business which, inevitably, stood to benefit from the massive amount of reconstruction made necessary by the destruction of the war.", "Sattler contributed in various ways to the reconstruction effort.", "He became a member of the City Housing Commission (\"Wohnungsausschuß\").", "He was a co-instigator of the Provisional Arts and Culture Commission for the City of Munich\" (\"Vorläufigen Kunstausschuß der Stadt München\").", "He founded the Munich Professional Association for Architects and Construction Engineers (\"Berufsverband für Architekten und Bauingenieure Münchens\"), becoming its first president.", "He also, in 1946, joined the Christian Social Union in Bavaria, a political party of the conservative centre which sought to recapture the Catholic moral and political values of the pre-Nazi period for a more assertively (non-Prussian) Bavarian future.", "Sources stress, however, that he shunned the more partisan manifestations of the more high-profile CSU leaders of the time.", "As a member of the Regional Party Executive (Landesvorstand) between 1947 and 1951 he remained in the background.", "Sattler's relatively low political profile was one of the qualities that commended him to Franz Josef Strauss, a leading member of the party's Müller wing.", "Strauss enthusiastically endorsed Sattler's appointment in 1947 as Bavarian secretary of state, which effectively meant working as deputy to another \"Müller man\", Alois Hundhammer, the Bavarian Culture Minister.", "The scope of the ministry also covered education.", "If Sattler belonged to any faction within the CSU, it was not the party's Müller wing, but he was in any case more interested in practical work.", "He had not campaigned for the appointment.", "Nevertheless, he did bring political balance and valuable abilities to his political role, representing the extreme south of Bavaria, with an approach deeply rooted in Catholicism and appreciation of the arts.", "At 41 he was considered relatively young.", "He was unencumbered by any skeletons from the Nazi years and, like the military administrators who, especially before May 1949, took a close and detailed interest in developments, Sattler had mastered English.", "In this capacity Sattler served as a member of the Ehard government during 1946/47 and again in the successor administration which served till the end of 1950.", "Within the cabinet his responsibilities covered the \"fine arts\": he was appointed \"Staatssekretär für Schöne Künste\" on 31 January 1947.", "During his time as a member of the Bavarian government he was closely involved in the establishment, in 1948, of the Bavarian Fine Arts Academy (\"Bayerische Akademie der Schönen Künste\") and of the Bavarian Institute for Art History (\"Zentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte\").", "In 1948 Sattler also succeeded in having a teaching chair created at Munich University for Romano Guardini, a noted Roman Catholic intellectual and, by this stage, also a family friend and frequent visitor at the Sattlers' home.", "The teaching chair at Munich effectively replaced the teaching chair at Berlin University from which National Socialists had forced Guardini to resign back in 1939.", "Having planted the idea already in 1945, Sattler was from the beginnings in 1947 up to its final establishment in 1950, the main driving force behind the establishment of the Munich-based Institute for Contemporary History, the first German institute of its kind and still one of the most important academic institutions committed to research on Nazi Germany.", "After the election at the end of 1950 Dieter Sattler and his minister, Alois Hundhammer were both replaced in the government.", "This may in part have been connected with the fact that Sattler had served as what amounted to an \"under-minister\" despite never actually having been elected a member of the Bavarian regional parliament (\"Landtag\"), or it may simply have reflected the shifting power balance within the party.", "Between 1950 and 1952 Sattler served as president of the German Theatre Association (\"Deutscher Bühnenverein\").", "He also served during 1951/52 as chair of the broadcasting council at Bayerischer Rundfunk, the Bavarian broadcasting company.", "By this time, following the dramatic events in and above Berlin during 1948/49, Germany's American, British and French military occupation zones (but, conspicuously, not the Soviet occupation zone) had been combined in May 1949 and relaunched as the US-sponsored German Federal Republic (West Germany).", "Diplomacy \nDieter Sattler found further uses for his experience of government service in July 1952, the month in which he was sent to Rome as a cultural attaché by the recently formed West German government.", "He remained in Rome till 1959.", "During his first few years much of his time was spent negotiating the return of the assets from the German Culture and Scientific Institute which had been confiscated by the Allied Armies during the war.", "One of his projects, which later became a model for German cultural institutions overseas, was the German Library in Rome.", "Meanwhile, in 1955 Bonn–Paris conventions, following several years of Anglo-French wrangling, were ratified and came into force in 1955, providing that West Germany should from that point acquire \"the full authority of a sovereign State over its internal and external affairs\".", "Most of the longer established members of the diplomatic community came with career histories that meant their contributions were no longer required by the West German diplomatic service.", "Sattler's own record seems not to have embarrassed anyone, however, his obdurate adherence to his Roman Catholic principals having effectively inoculated him against any involvement with the Nazi régime.", "In 1959 he was recalled to Bonn, seat of the West German government, and appointed \"Ministerialdirektor\" and head of the Cultural Department at the Foreign Ministry.", "As the political tensions between East and West Germany spilled over into the cultural sphere, his seven years in the office coincided with a period of significant \"soft power\" investment.", "On Sattler's initiative the Goethe Institute gradually took over all of the German cultural institutes abroad that fell within the ambit of the West German government.", "Sattler's objective was to anchor activities of the culturally focused German overseas institutions more firmly within the country's overall foreign policy strategy, which in some ways reflected his own life and career, using diplomatic instincts and personal panache to bring together the worlds of the arts and of politics.", "In October 1966 Dieter Sattler took up his appointment, which had been announced seven months earlier, as West German ambassador to the Holy See, a position for which his previous career made him, in the opinion of one commentator, the \"ideal candidate\".", "His term was cut short by his death at Rome in November 1968, caused by a nerve infection.", "Awards and honours \n 1961 Bavarian Order of Merit\n 1963 Grand Cross with star of the National Order of Merit (France)\n 1964 Grand Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria in Gold with Star\n 1965 Order of Merit of the Italian Republic, Grand Officer\n 1965 Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE)\n 1965 Ordre des Palmes Académiques, highest rank (Commandeur)\n 1965 Commander with star of the Order of St. Gregory the Great, awarded by Pope Paul VI\n 1968 Order of Pope Pius IX, Knight Grand Cross (GCPO) awarded by Pope Paul VI\n 1968 Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (Grand Cross)\n\nReferences \n\nAmbassadors of Germany to the Holy See\nPoliticians from Munich\n20th-century German architects\nArchitects from Munich\nCommanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany\nKnights Commander with Star of the Order of St. Gregory the Great\n1906 births\n1968 deaths\nCultural attachés" ]

[ "Dietler Sattler was a German architect who became involved in politics with respect to culture, the arts and foreign policy.", "He was the West German ambassador to the Holy See from 1966 to 1968.", "Dieter Sattler was the second of his parents' four children.", "Carl Sattler was an architect.", "His paternal grandfather was a painter.", "Eva was his mother.", "His maternal grandfather was a sculptor.", "There had been close ties between the Sattler and Hildebrand families.", "Maria Clara Schiedges was married to Dieter Sattler in 1933.", "They met at a seminar.", "She was originally from Dsseldorf.", "Six children were recorded as a result of that marriage.", "They included a library worker, a book dealer, an architect, a communications chief and a law professor.", "The father-in-law of the historian was Dieter Sattler.", "Both of Sattler's parents were born in Florence, where they spent time as members of the expatriate artistic community.", "When the war broke out in 1914, Sattler had been living in Florence for several months a year as a small child.", "His parents separated in 1921.", "After growing up with parents who had no Christian faith, the children remained with their mother, who converted to Roman Catholicism.", "He passed his school final exams in 1924.", "Dieter Sattler's decision to convert to Catholicism was influenced both by the woman who became his wife and by his intellectually formidable maternal uncle, who had converted to Catholicism in 1914.", "He studied Economics and Architecture at the Technical University of Munich from 1924 to 1929.", "He received a degree in engineering in 1931.", "His topic was the sculptor and his own grandfather.", "After 1933, he was unable to progress to a habilitation which would have opened the way to a lifelong university career.", "According to one source, he was an architect in Berlin between 1929 and 1939 with a particular focus on residential development projects.", "He started working as an architect in Munich in the year 1932.", "After receiving his doctorate in 1931, he spent a lot of time abroad, becoming proficient in English, French and Italian.", "Nazi Germany's influence extended beyond the narrow issue of a religious group.", "Sattler's uncle was against the Nazi party which took power in January 1933 and spent the next few months transforming the country into a one-party dictatorship.", "The marriage of Dieter Sattler to Maria Clara Schiedges took place in Salzburg, Austria, just across the border from Nazi Germany.", "There is a property on the German side of the frontier that Sattler acquired in 1932.", "His brother, the landscape painter Berhard Sattler, already lived in an adjacent hamlet.", "He valued the region's artistic and visual beauty.", "The former cowshed on Sattler's property was converted into a family home, which caused a surge in employment opportunities for the small holders in the village.", "Sattler wanted to continue with his studies and get a habilitation after he married a young family in Berlin.", "The professor who supervised him for his studies withdrew his teaching permit because he was Jewish.", "Sattler's will to join the nation's academic establishment disappeared after this.", "He continued to take an interest in other matters while pursuing his career as an architect.", "He organised at least one concert tour by the brilliant (and already world-famous) Russian pianist, Vladimir Horowitz.", "Sattler kept his belief in Catholic Conservatism and his links with more active Christian opponents of Nazism despite his dislike for the régime during the twelve Nazi years.", "He was not a communist, he never participated in opposition activism, and he was never identified as Jewish.", "He never found it necessary to leave Germany permanently.", "Sources say that he spent the later 1930s keeping out of the way of his property near Taching am See, and that he received few architectural commissions at his Berlin office.", "He participated in the invasion of France in the summer of 1940.", "In December 1940, after eight months in the army in France, he was taken off the frontline and switched to an \"emergency\" building project.", "The leader was very fond of the Linz scheme.", "Most of the rest of the war was assigned to Sattler.", "When the family's apartment was bombed out in 1943, his wife and children were based permanently in Grendach.", "After May 1945, the western two thirds of Germany were divided into four large military occupation zones.", "The US zone includes Upper Bavaria.", "The military administrators were looking for German professionalsuntainted by a Nazi past to rebuild civil administration and society.", "Sattler was mandated to oversee the restoration of the \"party buildings\", which were designated during the Nazi period.", "This was the first step in Sattler's political career.", "The occupiers were impressed by his expertise and focus.", "He was noticed by Hans Ehard, the man who became Bavarian Minister-president at the end of 1946, who was able to be well-informed and quietly critical without becoming involved in politics.", "As a result of the destruction of the war, Sattler became involved with the emerging mainstream establishment, both politically and in terms of his architecture business.", "Sattler made contributions to the reconstruction effort.", "He joined the City Housing Commission.", "He was a co-instigator of the commission.", "He was the first president of the Munich Professional Association for Architects and Construction Engineers.", "In 1946, he joined the Christian Social Union, a political party of the conservative centre which sought to regain the Catholic moral and political values of the pre-Nazi period for a more assertively (non-Prussian) Bavarian future.", "Sources say that he avoided the more partisan manifestations of the more high-profile leaders of the time.", "He was a member of the Regional Party Executive between 1947 and 1951.", "One of the qualities that Sattler was praised for was his low political profile.", "Sattler was appointed as the secretary of state in 1947, which meant he had to work as a deputy to another Mller man.", "Education was covered by the scope of the ministry.", "It was not the Mller wing of the CSU that Sattler belonged to, but he was more interested in practical work.", "He didn't campaign for the appointment.", "He brought political balance and valuable abilities to his political role, representing the extreme south of Bavaria, with an approach deeply ingrained in Catholicism and appreciation of the arts.", "He was 41 years old at the time.", "Sattler, like the military administrators who took a close and detailed interest in developments before May 1949, had mastered English.", "Sattler was a member of the Ehard government from 1946 to 1947 and the successor administration from 1950 to 1957.", "He was appointed \"Staatssekretr fr Schne Knste\" on January 31, 1947.", "He was involved in the establishment of the Bavarian Fine Arts Academy and the Bavarian Institute for Art History during his time as a member of the government.", "A family friend and frequent visitor at the Sattlers' home, as well as a teaching chair for a Roman Catholic intellectual, was created by Sattler in 1948.", "Guardini was forced to resign from the teaching chair at Berlin University in 1939 because of the National Socialists.", "The Institute for Contemporary History, the first German institute of its kind and still one of the most important academic institutions committed to research, was the main driving force behind Sattler's creation.", "After the election at the end of 1950, Dieter Sattler and his minister were both replaced in the government.", "This may have been connected with the fact that Sattler had served as an \"under-minister\" despite never actually being elected a member of the Bavarian regional parliament, or it may have reflected the shifting power balance within the party.", "Sattler was president of the German Theatre Association from 1950 to 1952.", "He was the chair of the broadcasting council at the company.", "In May 1949, Germany's American, British and French military occupation zones were combined into the US-sponsored German Federal Republic.", "In July 1952, Sattler was sent to Rome as a cultural attache by the newly formed West German government.", "He lived in Rome until 1959.", "He spent a lot of his time negotiating the return of the assets from the German Culture and Scientific Institute which were taken during the war.", "The German Library in Rome became a model for German cultural institutions overseas.", "After several years of Anglo-French wrangling, the Bonn–Paris convention came into force in 1955, giving West Germany full authority over its internal and external affairs.", "The career histories of most of the longer established members of the diplomatic community meant that their contributions were no longer required by the West German diplomatic service.", "Sattler's obdurate adherence to his Roman Catholic principals had effectively inoculated him against any involvement with the Nazis.", "He was appointed \"Ministerialdirektor\" and head of the Cultural Department at the Foreign Ministry in 1959 after being recalled to Bonn, seat of the West German government.", "He spent seven years in the office as the political tensions between East and West Germany spilled over into the cultural sphere.", "The Goethe Institute gradually took over all of the German cultural institutions abroad that were within the ambit of the West German government.", "Sattler wanted to anchor activities of the culturally focused German overseas institutions more firmly within the country's overall foreign policy strategy, using diplomatic instincts and personal flair to bring together the worlds of the arts and politics.", "In October 1966 Dieter Sattler took up his appointment, which had been announced seven months earlier, as West German ambassador to the Holy See, a position for which his previous career made him, in the opinion of one commentator, the \"ideal candidate\".", "His term was cut short by his death at Rome in 1968.", "The Grand Cross with star of the National Order of Merit (France) was awarded to the Grand Officer of the Order of the British Empire." ]

[ "Dietler Sattler", "Dieter Sattler", "Carl Sattler", "Ernst Sattler", "Dieter", "Sattler", "Christoph Sattler", "Sattler", "Martin Sattler", "Stephan Sattler", "Dieter", "Dieter", "Dieter", "Dieter", "Dieter", "Dieter", "Sattler", "Sattler", "Dieter", "Dieter", "Sattler", "Dieter", "Sattler", "Dieter", "Sattler" ]

[ "Dietler Sattler", "Dieter Sattler", "Dieter", "Sattler", "Dieter", "Sattler", "Dieter", "Dieter", "Sattler", "Sattler", "Dieter", "Sattler", "Dieter" ]

[ "Lebo Mathosa (17 July 1977 – 23 October 2006) was a South African kwaito singer.", "Mathosa started her career with the popular South African band Boom Shaka in 1994 at the age of 17, after she caught the eye of music producer Don Laka at a club in Johannesburg.", "She was one of the few successful female kwaito artists in an industry dominated by males.", "She was well known for her dyed blonde hair, her live shows and outrageous stage outfits, and was openly bisexual.", "She was frequently compared to the South African singer Brenda Fassie, who died in 2004.", "Mathosa won the Style Best Dressed Woman of the Year Award in 2001, and was nominated by FHM magazine as one of Africa's sexiest women.", "Mathosa died in a car crash, aged 29, after her driver lost control of her vehicle, a Toyota Prado, in which they were travelling on the N3 Highway on the East Rand.", "Early life\nLebo Mathosa was born in Daveyton, a township just outside Benoni.", "The family later moved to Johannesburg where Lebo attended St. Mary's High School.", "Lebo began by singing at seven years old in her local church choir.", "When her family moved to Johannesburg, she discovered bubblegum music, which is a kind of disco-infused pop that was popularised by people like Brenda Fassie, who Mathosa considered an idol, and was later likened to a prodigy of.", "Career \nAt the age of fourteen, Mathosa was discovered by a Johannesburg DJ, and soon after, she joined the group Boom Shaka.", "Boom Shaka became an instant success and one of the most prominent Kwaito groups in South Africa.", "Some have argued that the success was in part due to Mathosa's sex appeal, in attire and dance style.", "Boom Shaka's first album, About Time, was an instant hit, but they ran into controversy with their last album when they infused and remixed a version of the South African national anthem, \"Nkosi Sikelela\".", "After leaving Boom Shaka, Mathosa started her own solo career and was very successful.", "She was also a pioneer in the field of copyrights for South African artists.", "in a move unheard of for the industry and especially for a female, Mathosa negotiated and secured full publishing rights and ownership for her work.", "At the time of her death at age twenty-nine in a car accident, Mathosa had plans to start her own label.", "Solo \nShe turned solo in 1999.", "Her debut solo album Dream went gold within a month of its launch in 2000.", "At the 2000 South African Music Awards, Mathosa won three South African Music Awards; Best Dance Album for Dream, Best Dance Single for her debut single Ntozabantu from the same album, and Best Female Vocalist.", "Her next album, Drama Queen, released in 2004, again earned the SA Music Award for Best Dance Album.", "Dream Queen tried different styles to break out of the house and kwaito mould.", "She topped the South African pop charts in 2004, and in 2006 she was nominated for a British MOBO award (Best African Act category).", "She performed all over the world, from Southern Africa to Malaysia to Trafalgar Square in London, one of her most significant performances being at Nelson Mandela's 85th birthday party.", "She also toured the US with the show The Vagina Monologues.", "Her appearance in a show with such a positive feminist message is indicative of the attitude held by Mathosa, who, according to author Zine Magube, has become \"a role model for many young South African women, [appearing] at first glance to simply be reinforcing stereotypes about the wanton nature of Black female sexuality.", "Some critics have argued however that Boom Shaka's female members have used 'the skimpy clothes, the gyrating hips, and simulated sex onstage to promote a variety of apposite concerns.'\"", "This strong pro-feminist attitude combined with her often shocking onstage sexuality earned her the nickname \"The New Madonna of the Townships\".", "Mathosa also tried her hand acting, television shows which included Backstage, Generations and Muvhango.", "Endorsements \nThe late musician Lebo Mathosa, radio personality Melanie Son has received an endorsement from the legendary Jomo Sono.", "Television \nThough she was mainly a singer, Mathosa had also tried her hand at acting and appeared in the local soapie Muvhango.", "Television and film roles soon materialised with acting and singing roles in the TV soap operas, Generations, Backstage and Muvhango, and the film Soldiers of The Rock (2003).", "Documentary \nIn 2019, 13 years after her death, a biopic was released about Mathosa titled Dream: The Lebo Mathosa Story .", "It was released on the BET Africa Network on 6 November.", "The biopic comprised six episodes.", "Controversy \nMathosa's adult character was played by KB Motsinyalane and her teenage years were portrayed by Bahumi Madisakwane, daughter of legendary choreographer and media personality Somizi Mhlongo and actress Palesa Madisakwane.", "The choice of casting of the biopic was a topic of discussion with viewers suggesting alternate actresses that resembled Mathosa would have been better suited for the role.", "Many suggestions made were for the role to have been reprised by Thandi Matlaila.", "The biopic details her personal life before her claim to fame, during the highs and lows of her career and her unfortunate demise.", "Awards \n\n She won the Style Best Dressed Woman of the Year Award in 2001 and was nominated by FHM magazine as one of Africa's sexiest women.", "Her second album titled Drama Queen won the South African Music Award for Best Dance Album.", "She has shared a stage with US artist Keith Sweat\n She was nominated for a British Music of Black Origin (Mobo) best African act award.", "Discography\n 2000: Dream\n 2004: Drama Queen\n 2006: Lioness\n\nSee also\n Ladies In Song - Live In Concert\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\nInterview, September 24, 2006\nTributes on Reuters.", "Electritying songstress\nPop Diva\n\n1977 births\n2006 deaths\nBisexual musicians\nBisexual women\nKwaito musicians\nRoad incident deaths in South Africa\n20th-century South African women singers\nLGBT singers\nLGBT songwriters\nLGBT musicians from South Africa\n21st-century South African women singers\n20th-century LGBT people\n21st-century LGBT people" ]

[ "Lebo Mathosa was a singer from South Africa.", "After catching the eye of music producer Don Laka at a club, Mathosa started her career with the popular South African band Boom Shaka.", "She was one of the few successful female artists in the industry.", "She was well known for her blonde hair, live shows and outrageous stage outfits.", "She was compared to a South African singer who died.", "In 2001, Mathosa won the Style Best Dressed Woman of the Year Award and was nominated as one of Africa's Sexiest Women.", "Mathosa died in a car crash after her driver lost control of her vehicle, a Toyota Prado, while they were travelling on the N3 Highway.", "There is a township just outside Benoni where Lebo Mathosa was born.", "Lebo attended St. Mary's High School.", "Lebo began singing when she was seven years old.", "When her family moved to South Africa, she discovered bubblegum music, a kind of disco-inspired pop that was popularised by people like Fassie.", "After being discovered by a DJ at the age of fourteen, Mathosa joined the group Boom Shaka.", "One of the most prominent Kwaito groups in South Africa is Boom Shaka.", "Some argue that the success was due to Mathosa's sex appeal and dance style.", "Their first album, About Time, was an instant hit, but they ran into controversy with their last album when they reworked a version of the South African national anthem, \"Nkosi Sikelela\".", "After leaving Boom Shaka, Mathosa started her own career.", "She was a pioneer in the field of copyrights for South African artists.", "For the first time in the industry, Mathosa secured full publishing rights and ownership for her work.", "At the age of twenty-nine, Mathosa had a plan to start her own label.", "She became solo in 1999.", "Her debut solo album went gold within a month.", "At the 2000 South African Music Awards, Mathosa won three awards; Best Dance Album for Dream, Best Dance Single for her debut single Ntozabantu, and Best Female Vocalist.", "The SA Music Award for Best Dance Album was earned by her next album, Drama Queen.", "Dream Queen tried different styles to break out of the house.", "She was nominated for a British MOBO award for Best African Act in 2006 after topping the South African pop charts in 2004.", "She performed all over the world, from Southern Africa to Malaysia to Trafalgar Square in London, one of her most significant performances being at Nelson Mandela's 85th birthday party.", "She toured the US with The Vagina Monologues.", "Her appearance in a show with a positive feminist message is indicative of the attitude held by Mathosa, who has become a role model for many young South African women.", "Critics have argued that Boom Shaka's female members have used \"the skimpy clothes, the gyrating hips, and simulated sex onstage to promote a variety of apposite concerns.\"", "The nickname \"The New Madonna of the Townships\" was given to her because of her pro-feminist attitude and shocking sexuality.", "She tried her hand at acting on television shows such as Generations and Muvhango.", "Melanie Son received an endorsement from the legendary Jomo Sono.", "She tried her hand at acting and appeared in a local soapie.", "The TV soap operas Generations, Backstage and Muvhango, and the film Soldiers of The Rock all had acting and singing roles.", "13 years after her death, a documentary titled Dream: The Lebo Mathosa Story was released.", "On November 6th, it was released on the Africa Network.", "There were six episodes of the biopic.", "Controversy Mathosa's teenage years were portrayed by Bahumi, daughter of Somizi, and actress Palesa, while her adult years were played by KB.", "It was a topic of discussion with viewers suggesting alternate actresses that looked like Mathosa would have been better suited for the role.", "There were many suggestions for the role to be reprised by Thandi Matlaila.", "During the highs and lows of her career, the biography details her personal life before her claim to fame.", "She won the Style Best Dressed Woman of the Year Award in 2001 and was nominated as one of Africa's Sexiest Women.", "Drama Queen won the South African Music Award for best dance album.", "She was nominated for a British Music of Black Origin (Mobo) best African act award.", "The 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846", "Bisexual musicians, Bisexual women, and lesbian, gay, bisexual, and queer people have died in South Africa in the last 20 years." ]

[ "Lebo Mathosa", "Mathosa", "Mathosa", "Mathosa", "Lebo", "Mathosa", "Lebo", "Lebo", "Mathosa", "Mathosa", "Mathosa", "Mathosa", "Mathosa", "Mathosa", "Mathosa", "Mathosa", "Mathosa", "Lebo", "Mathosa", "Mathosa", "Mathosa", "Lebo", "Mathosa", "Mathosa", "Mathosa" ]

[ "Lebo Mathosa", "Mathosa", "Mathosa", "Mathosa", "Lebo", "Mathosa", "Lebo", "Lebo", "Mathosa", "Mathosa", "Mathosa", "Mathosa", "Mathosa", "Mathosa", "Mathosa", "Lebo", "Mathosa", "Mathosa", "Mathosa" ]

[ "Sergey Ivanovich Iovlev (; 30 September 1899 – May 1979) was a Red Army major general.", "After rising to junior command positions during the Russian Civil War, Iovlev spent most of the 1920s and 1930s with the Soviet Border Troops.", "Decorated for his performance as a regimental commander during the Winter War, he commanded the 64th Rifle Division in Belarus when Operation Barbarossa began.", "Iovlev escaped from encirclement and commanded several divisions in the Battle of Moscow and after being relieved of command of the 194th Rifle Division in late 1942 was sent behind German lines to lead partisans.", "In early 1943 he became commander of the 215th Rifle Division, and in early 1944 was sent to complete a course.", "Ending the war as commander of an NKVD division in western Ukraine, Iovlev was chief of an NKVD school postwar before retiring in the early 1950s.", "Early life and Russian Civil War \nIovlev was born on 30 September 1899 in the village of Krestovskoye, Shadrinsky Uyezd, Perm Governorate.", "He studied at a higher primary school and then a teachers' seminary in Shadrinsk from 1912.", "He joined the Shadrinsk druzhina of the Red Army on 24 February 1918 during the Russian Civil War.", "Sent to the front near Samara with a detachment in May, he participated in fighting against the Czechoslovak Legion.", "Captured by the Czechs in battle in the vicinity in June, Iovlev spent three months in the Samara prison, then was transferred to the Totskoye camp.", "He escaped from the latter two weeks later and hid among the local peasants until the capture of Buguruslan by the Red Army.", "Sent to a hospital in Moscow for treatment, he was assigned to a march battalion on arrival.", "From May 1919, Iovlev served as a Red Army man and platoon commander in the 104th Rifle Regiment of the 12th Rifle Division.", "He fought on the Southern Front with the unit against the Armed Forces of South Russia on the Don River, then in the Voronezh–Kastornoye and Donbass Operations.", "In the winter of 1919–1920 he fell ill with typhoid and was hospitalized.", "Sent to study at the one-year Military School of the Eastern Front at Samara in spring 1920, he served on the Turkestan Front in the fighting for Bukhara with a cadet detachment drawn from the school.", "After graduating from the school, Iovlev became chief of the administrative and mobilization directorate of the Revolutionary Military Council of the puppet Khorezm Soviet Republic in May 1921.", "Participating in the suppression of the Basmachi movement, he served as assistant chief of the operational section of the staff of the Samarkand Operational Group of Forces from August 1922.", "Interwar period \nStudying at the Lenin Combined Military School in Tashkent from November 1922, Iovlev fought in the elimination of Basmachi in the Chatkal valley with a cadet detachment.", "Completing training at the school in August 1924, he was posted to Arkhangelsk to serve as a platoon leader in the regimental school of the 29th Rifle Regiment of the 10th Rifle Division.", "Transferred to the Border Troops in October 1925, Iovlev was appointed assistant commandant of a sector of the Petrozavodsk Border Detachment.", "He was sent to study at the Frunze Military Academy in October 1927 and upon graduation in May 1930 became a tactics instructor at the Higher Border School in Moscow.", "From October 1931, he served as a sector head in the OGPU personnel directorate.", "Iovlev held a succession of positions with the OGPU and NKVD Troops through the 1930s, beginning with the 1st Belorussian NKVD Regiment at Minsk in May 1933.", "In August 1934 he became chief of staff of the 4th Border School in Saratov, then chief of the Magnitnaya Border Detachment in August 1936.", "Appointed chief of the combat training section of the staff of the North Caucasus NKVD District at Rostov-on-Don in February 1938, Iovlev served as assistant chief of the combat training department of the staff of the NKVD Border Troops in Moscow from May 1939.", "World War II \nIn December 1939, Iovlev became commander of the 97th Rifle Regiment of the 18th Rifle Division of the 15th Army of the Northwestern Front, fighting in the Winter War.", "For his \"courage and heroism\" in the exit from encirclement of the garrison of south Lemetti as part of the detachment of Kombrig Kozlov, he was awarded the Order of the Red Banner on 20 May 1940.", "He was appointed commander of the 64th Rifle Division of the Western Special Military District, stationed in Belarus, on 8 June.", "After Operation Barbarossa began, Iovlev led the 64th in the Battle of Białystok–Minsk, defending the approaches to Minsk as part of the 13th Army.", "He was credited with \"skilfully organizing\" the anti-tank defenses of the division, which allowed the division to hold its positions for a week, although suffering heavy losses.", "Facing encirclement, the remnants of the division retreated towards the Berezina River and then Smolensk.", "Iovlev led a group northeast.", "They acted as partisans before reaching Soviet lines on 26 September in the area of Bely in the sector of the 29th Army.", "For three weeks in October, Iovlev commanded the 133rd and 50th Rifle Divisions, then became commander of the OSNAZ detachment of the Western Front, disrupting the German rear.", "In December he was appointed commander of the 1st Guards Motor Rifle Division of the 33rd Army, leading it in the Soviet counteroffensive during the Battle of Moscow.", "In the latter, the division captured Naro-Fominsk.", "He was transferred to command the 194th Rifle Division on 20 January 1942, but was relieved in October for \"inaction and insufficiently demanding command\" and appointed deputy commander of the 19th Rifle Division.", "However, Iovlev never served in the latter position and instead in November was sent by the front behind German lines to command the Vadino Partisan Group.", "Returning to the army, Iovlev, promoted to major general on 27 January 1943, was appointed commander of the 215th Rifle Division on 23 February.", "He led the division as part of the 36th Rifle Corps during the Smolensk–Roslavl Offensive, in which it recaptured Smolensk and crossed the Sozh River, receiving the name of Smolensk as an honorific in recognition of its actions.", "Iovlev's performance in the latter was evaluated by his superior as displaying initiative and personal bravery by leading from the front.", "He temporarily commanded the corps, defending positions in eastern Belarus, between 17 and 29 February 1944.", "Sent to study at the Voroshilov Higher Military Academy in April, he completed an accelerated course there on 29 December and in January 1945 was appointed commander of the 59th NKVD Rifle Division of the Lvov Military District.", "Postwar \nAfter the end of the war, Iovlev became chief of the Sortavala NKVD Officer Improvement School in September 1945.", "He continued in that position for the rest of his career, and on 15 April 1954 was transferred to the reserve.", "Iovlev lived and worked in Kiev, where he died in May 1979.", "Awards and honors \nIovlev was a recipient of the following awards and decorations:\n\n Order of Lenin (2)\n Order of the Red Banner (4)\n Order of Suvorov, 2nd class\n Order of the Patriotic War, 1st class (3)\n\nReferences\n\nCitations\n\nBibliography \n\n1899 births\n1979 deaths\nPeople from Shadrinsky District\nPeople from Shadrinsky Uyezd\nCommunist Party of the Soviet Union members\nSoviet major generals\nFrunze Military Academy alumni\nMilitary Academy of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union alumni\nSoviet military personnel of the Russian Civil War\nSoviet military personnel of the Winter War\nSoviet military personnel of World War II\nSoviet prisoners of war\nRecipients of the Order of Lenin\nRecipients of the Order of the Red Banner\nRecipients of the Order of Suvorov, 2nd class\nTashkent Higher All-Arms Command School alumni" ]

[ "The Red Army major general was Sergey Ivanovich Iovlev.", "Iovlev spent most of the 1920s and 1930s with the Soviet Border Troops after rising to junior command positions during the Russian Civil War.", "He was decorated for his performance as a commander during the Winter War and commanded the 64th Rifle Division.", "Iovlev escaped from encirclement and commanded several divisions in the Battle of Moscow and after being relieved of command of the 194th Rifle Division, he was sent behind German lines to lead partisans.", "In early 1943 he became commander of the 215th Rifle Division, and in early 1944 he was sent to complete a course.", "After the war in western Ukraine, Iovlev was the commander of the division and later the chief of the school.", "On September 30, 1899, Iovlev was born in the village of Krestovskoye in the Perm Governorate.", "He graduated from a teachers' seminary in 1912.", "He joined the Red Army during the Russian Civil War.", "He was part of the fighting against the Czechoslovak Legion.", "Iovlev was captured by the Czechs in June and spent three months in the prison before being transferred to the camp.", "He hid among the local peasants until the Red Army captured Buguruslan.", "He was assigned to a march battalion on the way to the hospital.", "Iovlev was a platoon commander in the 104th Rifle Regiment of the 12th Rifle Division.", "He fought on the Southern Front with the unit against the armed forces of South Russia on the Don River.", "He was hospitalized in the winter of 1919–1920 after falling ill with typhoid.", "He was sent to study at the Military School of the Eastern Front in the spring of 1920 and served on the Turkestan Front.", "In May 1921, after graduating from the school, Iovlev became chief of the administrative and mobilization directorate of the Revolutionary Military Council of the soviet republic.", "The assistant chief of the operational section of the staff of the Samarkand Operational Group of Forces was involved in the suppression of the Basmachi movement.", "Iovlev fought in the elimination of Basmachi in the Chatkal valley with a cadet detachment during the interwar period.", "After completing training at the school in August 1924, he was posted to Arkhangelsk to serve as a platoon leader.", "In October 1925, Iovlev was appointed assistant commandant of a sector of the Petrozavodsk Border Detachment.", "He became a tactics instructor at the Higher Border School in Moscow after graduating from the Frunze Military Academy in 1927.", "In October 1931, he was a sector head.", "Iovlev held a number of positions with the OGPU and NKVD Troops through the 1930s.", "He became chief of staff of the 4th Border School in Saratov in August 1934.", "Iovlev served as assistant chief of the combat training department of the staff of the NKVD Border Troops in Moscow from May 1939 to February 1938, when he was appointed chief of the combat training section of the staff of the North Caucasus NKVD District at Rostov-on-Don.", "In December of 1939, Iovlev became commander of the 97th Rifle Regiment of the 18th Rifle Division of the 15th Army of the Northwestern Front, fighting in the Winter War.", "He was awarded the Order of the Red Banner for his \"courage and heroism\" in the exit from the encirclement of the garrison of south Lemetti.", "He was appointed commander of the 64th Rifle Division of the Western Special Military District on 8 June.", "As part of the 13th Army, Iovlev led the 64th in the Battle of Biaystok–Minsk.", "He was credited with organizing the anti-tank defenses of the division, which allowed it to hold its positions for a week.", "The remnants of the division retreated towards the Berezina River.", "Iovlev led a group.", "The area of Bely in the sector of the 29th Army was where they acted as partisans.", "Iovlev commanded the 133rd and 50th Rifle Divisions for three weeks in October in order to disrupt the German rear.", "During the Battle of Moscow, he was appointed commander of the 1st Guards Motor Rifle Division of the 33rd Army.", "The division captured Naro-Fominsk.", "He was appointed deputy commander of the 19th Rifle Division after he was relieved of his command for \"inaction and insufficiently demanding command\" in October.", "In November, Iovlev was sent by the front behind German lines to command the Vadino Partisan Group.", "Iovlev was appointed commander of the 215th Rifle Division on February 23, after returning to the army.", "He was the leader of the division when it was part of the 36th Rifle Corps and it received the honorific name of Smolensk because of its actions.", "Iovlev's performance was evaluated by his superior as showing initiative and bravery by leading from the front.", "Between 17 and 29 February 1944, he commanded the corps.", "He was appointed commander of the 59th NKVD Rifle Division of the Lvov Military District in January 1945 after completing an accelerated course at the Higher Military Academy.", "After the end of the war, Iovlev became the chief of the officer improvement school.", "He was transferred to the reserve on April 15, 1954.", "Iovlev died in Kiev in 1979.", "The following awards and decorations were given to Iovlev: Order of the Red Banner, Order of Suvorov, and the 1st class Order of the Patriotic War." ]

[ "Sergey Ivanovich Iovlev", "Iovlev", "Iovlev", "Iovlev", "Iovlev", "Iovlev", "Iovlev", "Iovlev", "Iovlev", "Iovlev", "Iovlev", "Iovlev", "Iovlev", "Iovlev", "Iovlev", "Iovlev", "Iovlev", "Iovlev" ]

[ "Sergey Ivanovich Iovlev", "Iovlev", "Iovlev", "Iovlev", "Iovlev", "Iovlev", "Iovlev", "Iovlev", "Iovlev", "Iovlev", "Iovlev", "Iovlev", "Iovlev", "Iovlev", "Iovlev", "Iovlev", "Iovlev", "Iovlev", "Iovlev", "Iovlev", "Iovlev", "Iovlev" ]

[ "Mary Mattingly (born September 8, 1979) is an American visual artist living and working in New York City.", "She was born in Rockville, Connecticut in 1978.", "She has studied at Parsons School of Design in New York, and received her Bachelor of Fine Arts (BFA) from Pacific Northwest College of Art in Portland, Oregon in 2002.", "She is the recipient of a Yale University School of Art Fellowship, and was a resident at Eyebeam Art and Technology Center from 2011-2012.", "Work\n\nMattingly explores the themes of home, travel, cartography, and humans' relationships with each other, with the environment, with machines, and with corporate and political entities.", "She has been recognized for creating photographs and sculptures depicting and representing futuristic and obscure landscapes, for making wearable sculpture, \"wearable homes,\" and for her ecological installations, including the Waterpod (2009).", "Wearable Home (2004–06)\nIn this expansive series of photographs, Mattingly portrays scenes from a post-apocalyptic world where nomadic individuals survive with the help of wearable technology.", "Mattingly envisions a future where technology has \"made people separate, even afraid of others\".", "The wearable homes are meant to convey notions of home and sustainability, but also to address specific survival issues like finding water and temperature regulation.", "While the images resemble science fiction scenes, Mattingly designs the suits for actual treks through the wilderness and was even commissioned to design a survival kit for the disaster-relief company Black Umbrella.", "Opera (2006)\n\nIn December 2006, she released a multimedia opera at White Box in New York titled Fore Cast.", "Fore Cast was positioned as an environmental disaster opera and featured an art installation with music and performances depicting World War IV which was predicted by Albert Einstein:\n\n\"I don't know what World War III will be fought with, but I know World War IV will be fought with sticks and stones.\"", "The gallery was filled with water, sand, and tree stumps with a circular projection that covered the space.", "Waterpod (2009)\n\nFrom June through September 2009, Mattingly led a NY-based multinational team of artists, designers, builders, civic activists, scientists, environmentalists, and marine engineers to launch the Waterpod, a free, participatory New York Citywide event docking in all 5 boroughs and at Governors Island.", "Designed as a new habitat for the global warming epoch, the Waterpod represented a sustainable, sculptural art and technology habitat, with as many as four artists living on and off it, generating food, water, and power in a contained and self-sufficient environment.", "While focusing on collaborative artistic projects, the resident artists emphasized the repurposing and transformation of all forms of materials.", "The Waterpod included space for: (i) community and artistic activities; (ii) eco-initiatives including food grown with collected rainwater, and gray water recycling, with energy provided from environmental and human sources; and (iii) an artists’ residence.", "A critical intent of the Waterpod was to showcase the importance of water and the natural world, while serving as a model of an autonomous living system.", "Mattingly says she was inspired to create Waterpod in 2006 because at the time she felt that NYC was not doing enough to bring attention to rising water levels.", "Over the life of the project a rotating cast of artist joined the crew of the Waterpod.", "A number of them were interviewed about the project, and reported that life on the boat forced a shift in focus onto everything it takes to keep a fragile, man-made ecosystem running.", "Flock House (2012)\n\nFlock House premiered in May 2012 at The Clocktower Gallery in NYC, and is an extension of previous projects to do with water, nomadic structures, and sustainability such as her Waterpod project from 2009.", "The project featured a series of four portable, self-sufficient ecosystems built with reclaimed materials and installed at temporary sites across the five boroughs of New York City.", "The structures are meant to be demonstrate the possibilities of small scale systems and run off a combination of passive and human-powered energy, and include human-scale gardens and systems for collecting water from rain run-off.", "Following the May 2012 premier, the migratory structures traveled the New York City park system between June and August 2012, appearing in places such as Flushing Meadows Corona Park, Battery Park, and the Snug Harbor.", "During each installation of the work, and different person lived within the structure for the duration, sometimes for as long as two weeks at a time.", "Participating people include Christopher Robbins from Ghana ThinkTank, Greg Lindquist, and Amelia Marzac.", "The Flock Houses also traveled to Bronx Museum, the Maiden Lane Exhibition Space, and Omi Sculpture Park in Ghent, NY.", "After the initial run in NYC, Flock House travelled to other cities, including a commission for the Bemis Center in Oklahoma from March–September 2014.", "Additionally, it was the focal point of an exhibition at College of Fine Arts School of Visual Arts at Boston University’s 808 Gallery.", "Mary Mattingly’s Flock House Project: Omaha, a citywide workshop and exhibition curated by Amanda McDonald Crowley, was developed while she was a resident at the Bemis Center for Contemporary Art, in Omaha, Nebraska.", "Inspired by patterns of global human migration and pilgrimage, the Flock House Project is a group of mobile, sculptural, public habitats and self-contained ecosystems that are movable, modular, and scalable.", "It debuted in Omaha on March 13, 2014, the exhibition included selected works from her Island, Anatomy of Melancholy, Second Nature, Nomadographies, House and Universe; and Wearable Portable Architecture works, and her works for her Tools series made at the Bemis Center.", "The centerpiece for the exhibition was one of the three portable structures.", "smArt Power Project, Manilla, Philippines (2012)\n\nIn 2012 she was a part of the smARTpower project, \"Wearable/Portable Architecture project\", and worked with Green Papaya Art Space in Manila, the Philippines, initiated by the US Department of State and the Bronx Museum.", "The project discussed the possibilities of having a locale create portable architecture based on the conditions of its environmental, urban and cultural conditions.", "It was organized to find ways in providing new arguments and sustaining an artistic impetus to our immediate environment.", "It addresses the timely issues of flooding and mobility, engaging participants to come up with designs that would respond to current environmental disasters and if portable architecture is applicable in our urban landscape.", "WetLand (2014)\nFrom August 15- Sept 17, 2014 on the Delaware River, WetLand was a mobile, sculptural habitat and public space constructed to explore resource interdependency and climate change in urban centers.", "A floating sculpture, it resembles a partially submerged building, integrating nature with urban space.", "Narrating a watery urban ecotopia, the interior contains a living space, work space, and performance space, it combines art, architecture, and ecology.", "WetLand’s overall ecosystem includes rainwater collection and purification, greywater filtration, dry compost systems, outdoor vegetable gardens, indoor hydroponic gardens, and railing gardens circling the perimeter.", "Swale (2015–ongoing)\n\nSwale is a floating food forest situated on a 130-foot by 140-foot barge that docks in harbors around NYC.", "It is part art installation, part community engagement project, and was launched during July 2016 after a year of planning and building in collaboration with numerous community groups.", "After receiving initial seed funding from A Blade of Grass as part of a fellowship, Mary Mattingly and her team, including curator Amanda McDonald Crowley, launched a Kickstarter campaign to raise additional funds and awareness during May 2016 where they raised $32,523 from 333 people.", "The inspiration for Swale came after Mattingly learned that is generally illegal to grow food on public land.", "The food gardens on Swale include vegetables like broccoli and kale and also fruits like tomatoes and plums, and can be harvested for free distribution via community partners.", "During summer 2016, Swale docked in the Bronx at Concrete Plant Park, Brooklyn Bridge Park and Governors Island.", "Exhibitions and awards \nHer work has been shown at: the International Center of Photography, New York; the Palais de Tokyo, Paris; the Centre Culturel Calouste Gulbenkian, Paris; the Neuberger Museum of Art, Purchase, NY; the New York Public Library; and in exhibitions in Germany, Greece, the Netherlands, Great Britain, Italy, and Dubai.", "She has had one-person exhibitions at: Robert Mann Gallery, New York; White Box, New York; Galerie Adler, Frankfurt, Germany, The New School, New York, Bemis Center for Contemporary Art, Omaha, Nebraska, and other exhibition spaces.", "In September 2006, the artist's piece titled \"The New Mobility of Home\" was the cover image of the International Center of Photography's Triennial titled \"Ecotopia.\"", "Mattingly was selected as a shortlist finalist in the inaugural Prix Pictet global environmental photography competition (2008).", "She has been awarded artist-residency grants at: New York University; Lower Manhattan Cultural Council, New York City; Braziers International, Oxfordshire, England; and Yale Summer School of Music and Art, Norfolk, CT. Mattingly was an Eyebeam Fellow from 2011-2012.", "Media coverage\nMattingly’s work has been featured in The New York Times, The New Yorker, Le Monde Magazine, Financial Times, Nature Magazine, Time Out New York, New York Magazine, The New York Press, ArtForum, Esquire Magazine, Frankfurter Rundschau, and The New York Daily News.", "Televised coverage of Mattingly’s work has appeared on BBC News, WNBC, MSNBC, New York 1, Fox News, Art 21: New York Close-up.", "References\n\nExternal links\nMary Mattingly\nArt 21 New York Closeup\nWaterpod main website\nWetLand main website\nDisjecta\nWhite Box\nRobert Mann Gallery\nInternational Center of Photography\n\nLiving people\nAmerican women artists\nAmerican multimedia artists\n1978 births\nPacific Northwest College of Art alumni\nYale University alumni\nPeople from Rockville, Connecticut" ]

[ "Mary Mattingly is an American visual artist living and working in New York City.", "She was born in Rockville, Connecticut.", "She received her Bachelor of Fine Arts from Pacific Northwest College of Art in Portland, Oregon in 2002.", "She was a resident at Eyebeam Art and Technology Center and received a Yale University School of Art fellowship.", "Work Mattingly explores themes of home, travel, cartography, and humans' relationships with each other, with the environment, with machines, and with corporate and political entities.", "She has been recognized for creating photographs and sculptures depicting and representing futuristic and obscure landscapes, for making \"wearable homes,\" and for her ecological installations.", "In this expansive series of photographs, Mattingly portrays scenes from a post- apocalyptic world where nomadic individuals survive with the help of Wearable technology.", "Mattingly sees a future where technology has made people afraid of each other.", "Wearable homes are meant to convey notions of home and sustainable practices, but also to address survival issues like finding water and temperature regulation.", "While the images resemble science fiction scenes, Mattingly designs the suits for actual treks through the wilderness and was even commissioned to design a survival kit for the disaster-relief company Black Umbrella.", "In December 2006 she released a multimedia opera at White Box in New York.", "Albert Einstein predicted that World War IV would be fought with sticks and stones and that Fore Cast was positioned as an environmental disaster opera.", "The gallery was filled with water, sand, and tree stumps with a projection that covered the space.", "Mattingly led a NY-based multinational team of artists, designers, builders, civic activists, scientists, environmentalists, and marine engineers to launch the Waterpod, a free, participatory New York Citywide event docking in all 5 boroughs and at Governors Island.", "The Waterpod was designed as a sustainable, sculptural art and technology habitat, with as many as four artists living on and off it, generating food, water, and power in a contained and self-sufficient environment.", "The resident artists emphasized the transformation of all forms of materials while focusing on collaborative artistic projects.", "The Waterpod had space for community and artistic activities, eco-initiatives including food grown with collected rainwater, and gray water recycling, with energy provided from environmental and human sources, and an artists' residence.", "The purpose of the Waterpod was to showcase the importance of water and the natural world, while serving as a model of an autonomously living system.", "According to Mattingly, she was inspired to create Waterpod in 2006 because she felt that NYC was not doing enough to bring attention to rising water levels.", "A rotating cast of artists joined the crew of the Waterpod over the course of the project.", "Life on the boat forced a shift in focus onto everything it takes to keep a fragile, man-made environment running.", "The Clocktower Gallery in NYC hosted the premiere of Flock House in May 2012 and is an extension of previous projects to do with water, nomadic structures, and sustainable practices.", "There were four portable, self-sufficient ecosystems built with reclaimed materials and installed at temporary sites across the five boroughs of New York City.", "The structures are meant to demonstrate the possibilities of small scale systems and run off a combination of passive and human-powered energy, and include human-scale gardens and systems for collecting water from rain run-off.", "In the summer of 2012 there were structures in the New York City park system.", "The person lived in the structure for as long as two weeks at a time during the installation of the work.", "Christopher Robbins, Greg Lindquist, and Amelia Marzac are participating.", "The Bronx Museum was one of the places the Flock Houses traveled to.", "The commission for the Bemis Center in Oklahoma was one of the places that Flock House traveled to after the initial run in NYC.", "It was the center of an exhibition at the College of Fine Arts School ofVisual Arts at Boston University.", "Mary Mattingly was a resident at the Bemis Center for Contemporary Art in Omaha, Nebraska, when she created the Flock House Project: Omaha.", "The Flock House Project is a group of mobile, sculptural, public habitats and self-contained ecosystems that are modular andScalable.", "Selected works from her Island, Second Nature, Nomadographies, House and Universe, Wearable Portable Architecture, and her works for her Tools series made at the Bemis Center were included in the exhibition.", "One of the portable structures was the center of the exhibition.", "She worked with Green Papaya Art Space in Manila, the Philippines, as part of the smARTpower project, which was initiated by the US Department of State and the Bronx Museum.", "The project discussed how portable architecture could be created based on the conditions of the locale.", "It was organized to find ways to provide new arguments and artistic stimulation to our environment.", "It addresses the timely issues of flooding and mobility, engaging participants to come up with designs that would respond to current environmental disasters and if portable architecture is applicable in our urban landscape.", "WetLand was a mobile, sculptural habitat and public space constructed to explore resource interdependency and climate change in urban centers.", "It resembles a partially submerged building and integrates nature with urban space.", "Combining art, architecture, and ecology, the interior contains a living space, work space, and performance space.", "Rainwater collection and purification, greywater purification, dry compost systems, outdoor vegetable gardens, indoor hydroponic gardens, and railing gardens circle the perimeter of WetLand.", "There is a floating food forest situated on a 130-foot by 140-foot barge that docks in harbors around NYC.", "It is part art installation, part community engagement project, and was launched in July 2016 after a year of planning and building in collaboration with numerous community groups.", "After receiving initial seed funding from A Blade of Grass as part of a fellowship, Mary Mattingly and her team launched a Kickstarter campaign to raise additional funds and awareness.", "Mattingly learned that it is generally illegal to grow food on public land.", "There are food gardens on Swale that can be used for free distribution of fruits and vegetables.", "Swale docked in the Bronx at Concrete Plant Park, Brooklyn Bridge Park and Governors Island.", "She has exhibited her work at the International Center of Photography, New York; the Palais de Tokyo, Paris; the Centre Culturel Calouste Gulbenkian, Paris; and the New York Public Library.", "She has had one-person exhibitions at Robert Mann Gallery, New York; White Box, New York; Galerie Adler, Frankfurt, Germany, The New School, New York, Bemis Center for Contemporary Art, Omaha, Nebraska, and other exhibition spaces.", "The artist's piece titled \"The New Mobility of Home\" was the cover image of the International Center of Photography's Triennial.", "Mattingly was a finalist in the environmental photography competition.", "She received artist-residency grants at New York University, Lower Manhattan Cultural Council, New York City, and Yale Summer School of Music and Art.", "The New York Times, The New Yorker, Le Monde Magazine, Financial Times, Nature Magazine, Time Out New York, New York Magazine, The New York Press, ArtForum, and The New have all covered Mattingly's work.", "Art 21: New York Close-up has aired coverage of Mattingly's work.", "Mary Mattingly Art 21 New York Closeup Waterpod main website WetLand main website Disjecta White Box Robert Mann Gallery International Center of Photography Living people American women artists American multimedia artists 1978 births Pacific Northwest College of Art alumni" ]

[ "Mary Mattingly", "Mattingly", "Mattingly", "Mattingly", "Mattingly", "Mattingly", "Mattingly", "Mary Mattingly", "Mary Mattingly", "Mattingly", "Mattingly", "Mattingly", "Mattingly", "Mattingly", "Mary Mattingly" ]

[ "Mary Mattingly", "Mattingly", "Mattingly", "Mattingly", "Mattingly", "Mattingly", "Mattingly", "Mary Mattingly", "Mary Mattingly", "Mattingly", "Mattingly", "Mattingly", "Mattingly" ]

[ "Moses ben Maimon (1138–1204), commonly known as Maimonides () and also referred to by the acronym Rambam (), was a medieval Sephardic Jewish philosopher who became one of the most prolific and influential Torah scholars of the Middle Ages.", "In his time, he was also a preeminent astronomer and physician, serving as the personal physician of Saladin.", "Born in Córdoba, Almoravid Empire (present-day Spain) on Passover eve, 1138 (or 1135), he worked as a rabbi, physician and philosopher in Morocco and Egypt.", "He died in Egypt on 12 December 1204, whence his body was taken to the lower Galilee and buried in Tiberias.", "During his lifetime, most Jews greeted Maimonides' writings on Jewish law and ethics with acclaim and gratitude, even as far away as Iraq and Yemen.", "Yet, while Maimonides rose to become the revered head of the Jewish community in Egypt, his writings also had vociferous critics, particularly in Spain.", "Nonetheless, he was posthumously acknowledged as one of the foremost rabbinic decisors and philosophers in Jewish history, and his copious work comprises a cornerstone of Jewish scholarship.", "His fourteen-volume Mishneh Torah still carries significant canonical authority as a codification of Halacha.", "He is sometimes known as \"ha'Nesher ha'Gadol\" (The Great Eagle) in recognition of his outstanding status as a bona fide exponent of the Oral Torah.", "Aside from being revered by Jewish historians, Maimonides also figures very prominently in the history of Islamic and Arab sciences and he is mentioned extensively in studies.", "Influenced by Al-Farabi, Ibn Sina, and his contemporary Ibn Rushd, he became a prominent philosopher and polymath in both the Jewish and Islamic worlds.", "On his tomb is inscribed \"From Moses to Moses there was none like Moses\".", "Name\nHis full Hebrew name is Rabbi Moshe ben Maimon (), whose acronym forms \"Rambam\" ().", "His full Arabic name is (), or () for short.", "The portion bin ʿUbaidallāh should not imply that Maimon's father was named Obadiah, instead bin ʿUbaidallāh is treated as Maimonides' surname, as Obadiah was the name of his earliest direct ancestor.", "In Latin, the Hebrew ben (son of) becomes the Greek-style patronymic suffix -ides, forming \"Moses Maimonides\".", "Biography\n\nEarly years\nMaimonides was born 1138 in Córdoba, Andalusia, in the Muslim-ruled Almoravid Empire, during what some scholars consider to be the end of the golden age of Jewish culture in the Iberian Peninsula, after the first centuries of the Moorish rule.", "His father Maimon ben Joseph, was a Spanish dayyan (Jewish judge), whose family claimed direct paternal descent from Simeon ben Judah ha-Nasi, and thus from the Davidic line.", "Maimonides later stated that there are 38 generations between him and Judah ha-Nasi.", "His ancestry, going back four generations, is given in his Iggeret Teiman (Epistle to Yemen), as Moses son of Maimon the Judge (hadayan), son of Joseph the Wise (הֶחָכָם, he-chakham), son of Isaac the Rabbi (הָרָב, harav), son of Obadiah the Judge.", "At an early age, Maimonides developed an interest in sciences and philosophy.", "He read those Greek philosophers accessible in Arabic translations, and was deeply immersed in the sciences and learning of Islamic culture.", "Maimonides was not known as a supporter of Kabbalah, although a strong intellectual type of mysticism has been discerned in his philosophy.", "He expressed disapproval of poetry, the best of which he declared to be false, since it was founded on pure invention.", "This sage, who was revered for his personality as well as for his writings, led a busy life, and wrote many of his works while travelling or in temporary accommodation.", "Maimonides studied Torah under his father, who had in turn studied under Rabbi Joseph ibn Migash, a student of Isaac Alfasi.", "Exile\nAnother Berber dynasty, the Almohads, conquered Córdoba in 1148 and abolished dhimmi status (i.e., state protection of non-Muslims ensured through payment of a tax, the jizya) in some of their territories.", "The loss of this status left the Jewish and Christian communities with conversion to Islam, death, or exile.", "Many Jews were forced to convert, but due to suspicion by the authorities of fake conversions, the new converts had to wear identifying clothing that set them apart and made them subject to public scrutiny.", "Maimonides's family, along with most other Jews, chose exile.", "The question whether Maimonides himself was among those who had to convert to Islam in order to save his life prior to fleeing the area, has been the subject of scholarly debate.", "This forced conversion was ruled legally invalid under Islamic law when brought up by a rival in Egypt.", "For the next ten years, Maimonides moved about in southern Spain, eventually settling in Fez in Morocco.", "During this time, he composed his acclaimed commentary on the Mishnah, during the years 1166–1168.", "Some say that his teacher in Fez was Rabbi Yehuda Ha-Cohen Ibn Susan, until he was killed in 1165.", "Following this sojourn in Morocco, together with two sons, he sojourned in the Land of Israel before settling in Fustat in Fatimid Caliphate-controlled Egypt around 1168.", "While in Cairo, he studied in a yeshiva attached to a small synagogue, which now bears his name.", "In the Land of Israel, he prayed at the Temple Mount.", "He wrote that this day of visiting the Temple Mount was a day of holiness for him and his descendants.", "Maimonides shortly thereafter was instrumental in helping rescue Jews taken captive during the Christian Amalric of Jerusalem's siege of the southeastern Nile Delta town of Bilbeis.", "He sent five letters to the Jewish communities of Lower Egypt asking them to pool money together to pay the ransom.", "The money was collected and then given to two judges sent to Palestine to negotiate with the Crusaders.", "The captives were eventually released.", "Death of his brother\n\nFollowing this triumph, the Maimonides family, hoping to increase their wealth, gave their savings to his brother, the youngest son David ben Maimon, a merchant.", "Maimonides directed his brother to procure goods only at the Sudanese port of ʽAydhab.", "After a long arduous trip through the desert, however, David was unimpressed by the goods on offer there.", "Against his brother's wishes, David boarded a ship for India, since great wealth was to be found in the East.", "Before he could reach his destination, David drowned at sea sometime between 1169 and 1177.", "The death of his brother caused Maimonides to become sick with grief.", "In a letter discovered in the Cairo Geniza, he wrote:\n\nNagid\n\nAround 1171, Maimonides was appointed the Nagid of the Egyptian Jewish community.", "Arabist Shelomo Dov Goitein believes the leadership he displayed during the ransoming of the Crusader captives led to this appointment.", "However he was replaced by Sar Shalom ben Moses in 1173.", "Over the controversial course of Sar Shalom's appointment, during which Sar Shalom was accused of tax farming, Maimonides excommunicated and fought with him for several years until Maimonides was appointed Nagid in 1195.", "A work known as \"Megillat Zutta\" was written by Abraham ben Hillel, who writes a scathing description of Sar Shalom while praising Maimonides as \"the light of east and west and unique master and marvel of the generation.\"", "With the loss of the family funds tied up in David's business venture, Maimonides assumed the vocation of physician, for which he was to become famous.", "He had trained in medicine in both Córdoba and in Fez.", "Gaining widespread recognition, he was appointed court physician to al-Qadi al-Fadil, the chief secretary to Sultan Saladin, then to Saladin himself; after whose death he remained a physician to the Ayyubid dynasty.", "In his medical writings, Maimonides described many conditions, including asthma, diabetes, hepatitis, and pneumonia, and he emphasized moderation and a healthy lifestyle.", "His treatises became influential for generations of physicians.", "He was knowledgeable about Greek and Arabic medicine, and followed the principles of humorism in the tradition of Galen.", "He did not blindly accept authority but used his own observation and experience.", "Julia Bess Frank indicates that Maimonides in his medical writings sought to interpret works of authorities so that they could become acceptable.", "Maimonides displayed in his interactions with patients attributes that today would be called intercultural awareness and respect for the patient's Autonomy.", "Although he frequently wrote of his longing for solitude in order to come closer to God and to extend his reflections – elements considered essential in his philosophy to the prophetic experience -he gave over most of his time to caring for others.", "In a famous letter, Maimonides describes his daily routine.", "After visiting the Sultan's palace, he would arrive home exhausted and hungry, where \"I would find the antechambers filled with gentiles and Jews … I would go to heal them, and write prescriptions for their illnesses … until the evening … and I would be extremely weak.\"", "As he goes on to say in this letter, even on Shabbat he would receive members of the community.", "It is remarkable that he managed to write extended treatises, including not only medical and other scientific studies but some of the most systematically thought-through and influential treatises on halakha (rabbinic law) and Jewish philosophy of the Middle Ages.", "Joseph Karo later praised Maimonides, writing of him, \"Maimonides is the greatest of the decisors [of Jewish law], and all communities of the Land of Israel and of Arabia and of the Maghreb base their practices after him, and have taken him upon themselves as their rabbi.\"", "In 1173/4, Maimonides wrote his famous Epistle to Yemen.", "It has been suggested that his \"incessant travail\" undermined his own health and brought about his death at 69 (although this is a normal lifespan).", "Death\n\nMaimonides died on 12 December 1204 (20th of Tevet 4965) in Fustat.", "It is widely believed that he was briefly buried in the beth midrash of the synagogue courtyard, and soon afterward, in accordance with his wishes, his remains were exhumed and taken to Tiberias, where they were re-interred.", "The Tomb of Maimonides on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee in Israel marks his grave.", "This location for his final resting-place has been debated, for in the Jewish Cairene community, a tradition holds that he remained buried in Egypt.", "Maimonides and his wife, the daughter of Mishael ben Yeshayahu Halevi, had one child who survived into adulthood, Abraham Maimonides, who became recognized as a great scholar.", "He succeeded Maimonides as Nagid and as court physician at the age of eighteen.", "Throughout his career, he defended his father's writings against all critics.", "The office of Nagid was held by the Maimonides family for four successive generations until the end of the 14th century.", "Maimonides is widely respected in Spain, and a statue of him was erected near the Córdoba Synagogue.", "Maimonides is sometimes said to be a descendant of King David, although he never made such a claim.", "Thirteen principles of faith\n\nIn his commentary on the Mishnah (tractate Sanhedrin, chapter 10), Maimonides formulates his \"13 principles of faith\"; and that these principles summarized what he viewed as the required beliefs of Judaism:\n The existence of God.", "God's unity and indivisibility into elements.", "God's spirituality and incorporeality.", "God's eternity.", "God alone should be the object of worship.", "Revelation through God's prophets.", "The preeminence of Moses among the prophets.", "That the entire Torah (both the Written and Oral law) are of Divine origin and were dictated to Moses by God on Mt.", "Sinai.", "The Torah given by Moses is permanent and will not be replaced or changed.", "God's awareness of all human actions and thoughts.", "Reward of righteousness and punishment of evil.", "The coming of the Jewish Messiah.", "The resurrection of the dead.", "Maimonides is said to have compiled the principles from various Talmudic sources.", "These principles were controversial when first proposed, evoking criticism by Rabbis Hasdai Crescas and Joseph Albo, and were effectively ignored by much of the Jewish community for the next few centuries.", "However, these principles have become widely held and are considered to be the cardinal principles of faith for Orthodox Jews.", "Two poetic restatements of these principles (Ani Ma'amin and Yigdal) eventually became canonized in many editions of the \"Siddur\" (Jewish prayer book).", "The principles can be seen listed in the Siddur Edot HaMizrach, Additions for Shacharit The omission of a list of these principles as such within his later works, the Mishneh Torah and The Guide for the Perplexed, has lead some to suggest that either he retracted his earlier position, or that these principles are descriptive rather than prescriptive.", "Legal works\n\nWith Mishneh Torah, Maimonides composed a code of Jewish law with the widest-possible scope and depth.", "The work gathers all the binding laws from the Talmud, and incorporates the positions of the Geonim (post-Talmudic early Medieval scholars, mainly from Mesopotamia).", "Later codes of Jewish law, e.g.", "Arba'ah Turim by Rabbi Jacob ben Asher and Shulchan Aruch by Rabbi Yosef Karo, draw heavily on Mishneh Torah: both often quote whole sections verbatim.", "However, it met initially with much opposition.", "There were two main reasons for this opposition.", "First, Maimonides had refrained from adding references to his work for the sake of brevity; second, in the introduction, he gave the impression of wanting to \"cut out\" study of the Talmud, to arrive at a conclusion in Jewish law, although Maimonides later wrote that this was not his intent.", "His most forceful opponents were the rabbis of Provence (Southern France), and a running critique by Rabbi Abraham ben David (Raavad III) is printed in virtually all editions of Mishneh Torah.", "It was still recognized as a monumental contribution to the systemized writing of halakha.", "Throughout the centuries, it has been widely studied and its halakhic decisions have weighed heavily in later rulings.", "In response to those who would attempt to force followers of Maimonides and his Mishneh Torah to abide by the rulings of his own Shulchan Aruch or other later works, Rabbi Yosef Karo wrote: \"Who would dare force communities who follow the Rambam to follow any other decisor, early or late?", "… The Rambam is the greatest of the decisors, and all the communities of the Land of Israel and the Arabistan and the Maghreb practice according to his word, and accepted him as their rabbi.\"", "An oft-cited legal maxim from his pen is: \"It is better and more satisfactory to acquit a thousand guilty persons than to put a single innocent one to death.\"", "He argued that executing a defendant on anything less than absolute certainty would lead to a slippery slope of decreasing burdens of proof, until we would be convicting merely according to the judge's caprice.", "Scholars specializing in the study of the history and subculture of Judaism in premodern China (Sino-Judaica) have noted surprising similarities between this work and the liturgy of the Kaifeng Jews, descendants of Persian Jewish merchants who settled in the Middle Kingdom during the early Song dynasty.", "Beyond scriptural similarities, Michael Pollak comments the Jews' Pentateuch was divided into 53 sections according to the Persian style.", "He also points out:\n\nTzedakah (charity)\nOne of the sections of the Mishneh Torah is the section dealing with tzedakah.", "In Hilkhot Matanot Aniyim (Laws about Giving to Poor People), Chapter 10:7–14, Maimonides lists his famous Eight Levels of Giving (where the first level is most preferable, and the eighth the least):\n\n Giving an interest-free loan to a person in need; forming a partnership with a person in need; giving a grant to a person in need; finding a job for a person in need; so long as that loan, grant, partnership, or job results in the person no longer living by relying upon others.", "Giving tzedakah anonymously to an unknown recipient via a person (or public fund) which is trustworthy, wise, and can perform acts of tzedakah with your money in a most impeccable fashion.", "Giving tzedakah anonymously to a known recipient.", "Giving tzedakah publicly to an unknown recipient.", "Giving tzedakah before being asked.", "Giving adequately after being asked.", "Giving willingly, but inadequately.", "Giving \"in sadness\" (giving out of pity): It is thought that Maimonides was referring to giving because of the sad feelings one might have in seeing people in need (as opposed to giving because it is a religious obligation).", "Other translations say \"Giving unwillingly.\"", "Philosophy\n\nThrough The Guide for the Perplexed (which was initially written in Arabic as Dalālat al-ḥāʾirīn) and the philosophical introductions to sections of his commentaries on the Mishna, Maimonides exerted an important influence on the Scholastic philosophers, especially on Albertus Magnus, Thomas Aquinas and Duns Scotus.", "He was a Jewish Scholastic.", "Educated more by reading the works of Arab Muslim philosophers than by personal contact with Arabian teachers, he acquired an intimate acquaintance not only with Arab Muslim philosophy, but with the doctrines of Aristotle.", "Maimonides strove to reconcile Aristotelianism and science with the teachings of the Torah.", "In his Guide for the Perplexed, he often explains the function and purpose of the statutory provisions contained in the Torah against the backdrop of the historical conditions.", "Maimonides is said to have been influenced by Asaph the Jew, who was the first Hebrew medical writer.", "Theology\n\nMaimonides equated the God of Abraham to what philosophers refer to as the Necessary Being.", "God is unique in the universe, and the Torah commands that one love and fear God (Deut 10:12) on account of that uniqueness.", "To Maimonides, this meant that one ought to contemplate God's works and to marvel at the order and wisdom that went into their creation.", "When one does this, one inevitably comes to love God and to sense how insignificant one is in comparison to God.", "This is the basis of the Torah.", "The principle that inspired his philosophical activity was identical to a fundamental tenet of scholasticism: there can be no contradiction between the truths which God has revealed and the findings of the human mind in science and philosophy.", "Maimonides primarily relied upon the science of Aristotle and the teachings of the Talmud, commonly finding basis in the former for the latter.", "Maimonides' admiration for the Neoplatonic commentators led him to doctrines which the later Scholastics did not accept.", "For instance, Maimonides was an adherent of apophatic theology.", "In this theology, one attempts to describe God through negative attributes.", "For instance, one should not say that God exists in the usual sense of the term; it can be said that God is not non-existent.", "We should not say that \"God is wise\"; but we can say that \"God is not ignorant,\" i.e., in some way, God has some properties of knowledge.", "We should not say that \"God is One,\" but we can state that \"there is no multiplicity in God's being.\"", "In brief, the attempt is to gain and express knowledge of God by describing what God is not, rather than by describing what God \"is.\"", "Maimonides argued adamantly that God is not corporeal.", "This was central to his thinking about the sin of idolatry.", "Maimonides insisted that all of the anthropomorphic phrases pertaining to God in sacred texts are to be interpreted metaphorically.", "A related tenet of Maimonidean theology is the notion that the commandments (especially those relates sacrifices) are intend to help wean the Israelites away from idolatry.", "Character development\n\nMaimonides taught about the developing of one's moral character.", "Although his life predated the modern concept of a personality, Maimonides believed that each person has an innate disposition along an ethical and emotional spectrum.", "Although one's disposition is often determined by factors outside of one's control, human beings have free will to choose to behave in ways that build character.", "He wrote, \"One is obligated to conduct his affairs with others in a gentle and pleasing manner.\"", "Maimonides advised those with anti-social character traits ought to identify those traits and then make a conscious effort to behave in the opposite way.", "For example, an arrogant person should practice humility.", "If the circumstances of one's environment are such that it is impossible to behave ethically, one must move to a new location.", "Prophecy\nHe agrees with \"the Philosopher\" (Aristotle) in teaching that the use of logic is the \"right\" way of thinking.", "In order to build an inner understanding of how to know God, every human being must, by study, meditation and uncompromising strong will, attain the degree of complete logical, spiritual and physical perfection required in the prophetic state.", "Here he rejects previous ideas (especially portrayed by Rabbi Yehuda Halevi in \"Hakuzari\") that in order to become a prophet, God must intervene.", "Maimonides claims that any man or woman has the potential to become a prophet (not just Jews) and that in fact it is the purpose of the human race.", "The problem of evil\nMaimonides wrote on theodicy (the philosophical attempt to reconcile the existence of a God with the existence of evil).", "He took the premise that an omnipotent and good God exists.", "In The Guide for the Perplexed, Maimonides writes that all the evil that exists within human beings stems from their individual attributes, while all good comes from a universally shared humanity (Guide 3:8).", "He says that there are people who are guided by higher purpose, and there are those who are guided by physicality and must strive to find the higher purpose with which to guide their actions.", "To justify the existence of evil, assuming God is both omnipotent and omnibenevolent, Maimonides postulates that one who created something by causing its opposite not to exist is not the same as creating something that exists; so evil is merely the absence of good.", "God did not create evil, rather God created good, and evil exists where good is absent (Guide 3:10).", "Therefore, all good is divine invention, and evil both is not and comes secondarily.", "Maimonides contests the common view that evil outweighs good in the world.", "He says that if one were to examine existence only in terms of humanity, then that person may observe evil to dominate good, but if one looks at the whole of the universe, then he sees good is significantly more common than evil (Guide 3:12).", "Man, he reasons, is too insignificant a figure in God's myriad works to be their primary characterizing force, and so when people see mostly evil in their lives, they are not taking into account the extent of positive Creation outside of themselves.", "Maimonides believes that there are three types of evil in the world: evil caused by nature, evil that people bring upon others, and evil man brings upon himself (Guide 3:12).", "The first type of evil Maimonides states is the rarest form, but arguably of the most necessary—the balance of life and death in both the human and animal worlds itself, he recognizes, is essential to God's plan.", "Maimonides writes that the second type of evil is relatively rare, and that humanity brings it upon itself.", "The third type of evil humans bring upon themselves and is the source of most of the ills of the world.", "These are the result of people's falling victim to their physical desires.", "To prevent the majority of evil which stems from harm we do to ourselves, we must learn how to respond to our bodily urges.", "On poisons and death \n\nIn a separate work recently translated from Arabic, Maimonides warns against lethal drugs which he calls poisons.", "According to this work these poisons will cause the most severe apathies, and the decay of the human being's vigor right up to death.", "Skepticism of astrology\n\nMaimonides answered an inquiry concerning astrology, addressed to him from Marseille.", "He responded that man should believe only what can be supported either by rational proof, by the evidence of the senses, or by trustworthy authority.", "He affirms that he had studied astrology, and that it does not deserve to be described as a science.", "He ridicules the concept that the fate of a man could be dependent upon the constellations; he argues that such a theory would rob life of purpose, and would make man a slave of destiny.", "True beliefs versus necessary beliefs\nIn The Guide for the Perplexed Book III, Chapter 28, Maimonides draws a distinction between \"true beliefs,\" which were beliefs about God that produced intellectual perfection, and \"necessary beliefs,\" which were conducive to improving social order.", "Maimonides places anthropomorphic personification statements about God in the latter class.", "He uses as an example the notion that God becomes \"angry\" with people who do wrong.", "In the view of Maimonides (taken from Avicenna), God does not become angry with people, as God has no human passions; but it is important for them to believe God does, so that they desist from doing wrong.", "Eschatology\n\nThe Messianic era\nPerhaps one of Maimonides's most highly acclaimed and renowned writings is his treatise on the Messianic era, written originally in Judeo-Arabic and which he elaborates on in great detail in his Commentary on the Mishnah (Introduction to the 10th chapter of tractate Sanhedrin, also known as Pereḳ Ḥeleḳ).", "(Open window for text)\n\nResurrection\n\nReligious Jews believed in immortality in a spiritual sense, and most believed that the future would include a messianic era and a resurrection of the dead.", "This is the subject of Jewish eschatology.", "Maimonides wrote much on this topic, but in most cases he wrote about the immortality of the soul for people of perfected intellect; his writings were usually not about the resurrection of dead bodies.", "Rabbis of his day were critical of this aspect of this thought, and there was controversy over his true views.", "Eventually, Maimonides felt pressured to write a treatise on the subject, known as \"The Treatise on Resurrection.\"", "In it, he wrote that those who claimed that he believed the verses of the Hebrew Bible referring to the resurrection were only allegorical were spreading falsehoods.", "Maimonides asserts that belief in resurrection is a fundamental truth of Judaism about which there is no disagreement.", "While his position on the World to Come (non-corporeal eternal life as described above) may be seen as being in contradiction with his position on bodily resurrection, Maimonides resolved them with a then unique solution: Maimonides believed that the resurrection was not permanent or general.", "In his view, God never violates the laws of nature.", "Rather, divine interaction is by way of angels, whom Maimonides often regards to be metaphors for the laws of nature, the principles by which the physical universe operates, or Platonic eternal forms.", "[This is not always the case.", "In Hilchot Yesodei HaTorah Chaps.", "2–4, Maimonides describes angels that are actually created beings.]", "Thus, if a unique event actually occurs, even if it is perceived as a miracle, it is not a violation of the world's order.", "In this view, any dead who are resurrected must eventually die again.", "In his discussion of the 13 principles of faith, the first five deal with knowledge of God, the next four deal with prophecy and the Torah, while the last four deal with reward, punishment and the ultimate redemption.", "In this discussion Maimonides says nothing of a universal resurrection.", "All he says it is that whatever resurrection does take place, it will occur at an indeterminate time before the world to come, which he repeatedly states will be purely spiritual.", "The World to Come\nMaimonides distinguishes two kinds of intelligence in man, the one material in the sense of being dependent on, and influenced by, the body, and the other immaterial, that is, independent of the bodily organism.", "The latter is a direct emanation from the universal active intellect; this is his interpretation of the noûs poietikós of Aristotelian philosophy.", "It is acquired as the result of the efforts of the soul to attain a correct knowledge of the absolute, pure intelligence of God.", "The knowledge of God is a form of knowledge which develops in us the immaterial intelligence, and thus confers on man an immaterial, spiritual nature.", "This confers on the soul that perfection in which human happiness consists, and endows the soul with immortality.", "One who has attained a correct knowledge of God has reached a condition of existence, which renders him immune from all the accidents of fortune, from all the allurements of sin, and from death itself.", "Man is in a position to work out his own salvation and his immortality.", "Spinoza's doctrine of immortality was strikingly similar.", "But Spinoza teaches that the way to attain the knowledge which confers immortality is the progress from sense-knowledge through scientific knowledge to philosophical intuition of all things sub specie æternitatis, while Maimonides holds that the road to perfection and immortality is the path of duty as described in the Torah and the rabbinic understanding of the oral law.", "Maimonides describes the world to come as the stage after a person lives his or her life in this world as well as the final state of existence after the Messianic Era.", "Some time after the resurrection of the dead, souls will live forever without bodies.", "They will enjoy the radiance of the Divine Presence without the need for food, drink or sexual pleasures.", "Maimonides and Kabbalah\n\nIn The Guide for the Perplexed, Maimonides declares his intention to conceal from the average reader his explanations of Sod esoteric meanings of Torah.", "The nature of these \"secrets\" is debated.", "Religious Jewish rationalists, and the mainstream academic view, read Maimonides' Aristotelianism as a mutually-exclusive alternative metaphysics to Kabbalah.", "Some academics hold that Maimonides' project fought against the Proto-Kabbalah of his time.", "However, many Kabbalists and their heirs read Maimonides according to Kabbalah or as an actual covert subscriber to Kabbalah, due to the similarities between the Kabbalistic approach and Maimonides' approach toward interpreting the Bible with metaphor, Maimonides' understanding of God through attributes of action, thought and negative attributes, Maimonides' description of the roles of the imagination and intellect in life, sin, and prophesy, Maimonides' assertion that the commandments have a function that can be understood, and Maimonides' description of a 3-tiered cosmic order whereby God's will is implemented through a system of angels.", "According to this, he employed rationalism to defend Judaism rather than limit inquiry of Sod only to rationalism.", "His rationalism, if not taken as an opposition, also assisted the Kabbalists, purifying their transmitted teaching from mistaken corporeal interpretations that could have been made from Hekhalot literature, though Kabbalists held that their theosophy alone allowed human access to Divine mysteries.", "The Oath of Maimonides\nThe Oath of Maimonides is a document about the medical calling and recited as a substitute for the Hippocratic Oath.", "It is not to be confused with a more lengthy Prayer of Maimonides.", "These documents may not have been written by Maimonides, but later.", "The Prayer appeared first in print in 1793 and has been attributed to Markus Herz, a German physician, pupil of Immanuel Kant.", "Views on circumcision \nIn The Guide for the Perplexed, Maimonides proposes that two important purposes of circumcision (brit milah) are to temper sexual desire and to join in an affirmation of faith and the covenant of Abraham:\n\nInfluence\n\nMaimonides' Mishneh Torah is considered by Jews even today as one of the chief authoritative codifications of Jewish law and ethics.", "It is exceptional for its logical construction, concise and clear expression and extraordinary learning, so that it became a standard against which other later codifications were often measured.", "It is still closely studied in rabbinic yeshivot (seminaries).", "The first to compile a comprehensive lexicon containing an alphabetically-arranged list of difficult words found in Maimonides' Mishne Torah was Tanḥum ha-Yerushalmi (1220–1291).", "A popular medieval saying that also served as his epitaph states, From Mosheh (of the Torah) to Mosheh (Maimonides) there was none like Mosheh.", "It chiefly referred to his rabbinic writings.", "But Maimonides was also one of the most influential figures in medieval Jewish philosophy.", "His brilliant adaptation of Aristotelian thought to Biblical faith deeply impressed later Jewish thinkers, and had an unexpected immediate historical impact.", "Some more acculturated Jews in the century that followed his death, particularly in Spain, sought to apply Maimonides's Aristotelianism in ways that undercut traditionalist belief and observance, giving rise to an intellectual controversy in Spanish and southern French Jewish circles.", "The intensity of debate spurred Catholic Church interventions against \"heresy\" and a general confiscation of rabbinic texts.", "In reaction, the more radical interpretations of Maimonides were defeated.", "At least amongst Ashkenazi Jews, there was a tendency to ignore his specifically philosophical writings and to stress instead the rabbinic and halakhic writings.", "These writings often included considerable philosophical chapters or discussions in support of halakhic observance; David Hartman observes that Maimonides clearly expressed \"the traditional support for a philosophical understanding of God both in the Aggadah of Talmud and in the behavior of the hasid [the pious Jew].\"", "Maimonidean thought continues to influence traditionally observant Jews.", "The most rigorous medieval critique of Maimonides is Hasdai Crescas's Or Adonai.", "Crescas bucked the eclectic trend, by demolishing the certainty of the Aristotelian world-view, not only in religious matters but also in the most basic areas of medieval science (such as physics and geometry).", "Crescas's critique provoked a number of 15th-century scholars to write defenses of Maimonides.", "A partial translation of Crescas was produced by Harry Austryn Wolfson of Harvard University in 1929.", "Because of his path-finding synthesis of Aristotle and Biblical faith, Maimonides had an influence on the great Christian theologian Saint Thomas Aquinas who refers to Maimonides in several of his works, including the Commentary on the Sentences.", "Maimonides's combined abilities in the fields of theology, philosophy and medicine make his work attractive today as a source during discussions of evolving norms in these fields, particularly medicine.", "An example is the modern citation of his method of determining death of the body in the controversy regarding declaration of death to permit organ donation for transplantation.", "Maimonides and the Modernists\nMaimonides remains one of the most widely debated Jewish thinkers among modern scholars.", "He has been adopted as a symbol and an intellectual hero by almost all major movements in modern Judaism, and has proven important to philosophers such as Leo Strauss; and his views on the importance of humility have been taken up by modern humanist philosophers.", "In academia, particularly within the area of Jewish Studies, the teaching of Maimonides has been dominated by traditional scholars, generally Orthodox, who place a very strong emphasis on Maimonides as a rationalist; one result is that certain sides of Maimonides's thought, including his opposition to anthropocentrism, have been obviated.", "There are movements in some postmodern circles to claim Maimonides for other purposes, as within the discourse of ecotheology.", "Maimonides's reconciliation of the philosophical and the traditional has given his legacy an extremely diverse and dynamic quality.", "Tributes and memorials\n\nMaimonides has been memorialized in numerous ways.", "For example, one of the Learning Communities at the Tufts University School of Medicine bears his name.", "There is also Maimonides School in Brookline, Massachusetts, Maimonides Academy School in Los Angeles, California, Lycée Maïmonide in Casablanca, the Brauser Maimonides Academy in Hollywood, Florida, and Maimonides Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York.", "Beit Harambam Congregation, a Sephardi synagogue in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, is named after him.", "Issued from May 8, 1986 to 1985, the Series A of the Israeli New Shekel featured an illustration of Maimonides on the obverse and the place of his burial in Tiberias on the reverse on its 1-shekel bill.", "In 2004, conferences were held at Yale, Florida International University, Penn State, and the Rambam Hospital in Haifa, Israel, which is named after him.", "To commemorate the 800th anniversary of his death, Harvard University issued a memorial volume.", "In 1953, the Israel Postal Authority issued a postage stamp of Maimonides, pictured.", "In March 2008, during the Euromed Conference of Ministers of Tourism, The Tourism Ministries of Israel, Morocco and Spain agreed to work together on a joint project that will trace the footsteps of the Rambam and thus boost religious tourism in the cities of Córdoba, Fes and Tiberias.", "Between December 2018 and January 2019 the Israel Museum held a special exhibit dedicated to the writings of Maimonides.", "Works and bibliography\n\nJudaic and philosophical works\n\nMaimonides composed works of Jewish scholarship, rabbinic law, philosophy, and medical texts.", "Most of Maimonides's works were written in Judeo-Arabic.", "However, the Mishneh Torah was written in Hebrew.", "His Jewish texts were:\n Commentary on the Mishna (Arabic Kitab al-Siraj, translated into Hebrew as Pirush Hamishnayot), written in Classical Arabic using the Hebrew alphabet.", "This was the first full commentary ever written on the entire Mishnah, which took Maimonides seven years to complete, and it enjoyed great popularity both in its Arabic original and its medieval Hebrew translation.", "The commentary includes three philosophical introductions which were also highly influential:\n The Introduction to the Mishnah deals with the nature of the oral law, the distinction between the prophet and the sage, and the organizational structure of the Mishnah.", "The Introduction to Mishnah Sanhedrin, chapter ten (Perek Helek), is an eschatological essay that concludes with Maimonides's famous creed (\"the thirteen principles of faith\").", "The Introduction to Tractate Avot (popularly called The Eight Chapters) is an ethical treatise.", "Sefer Hamitzvot (trans.", "The Book of Commandments).", "In this work, Maimonides lists all the 613 mitzvot traditionally contained in the Torah (Pentateuch).", "He describes fourteen shorashim (roots or principles) to guide his selection.", "Sefer Ha'shamad (letter of Martydom)\n Mishneh Torah, a comprehensive code of Jewish law.", "It is also known as Yad ha-Chazaka or simply Yad/\"יד\" which has the numerical value 14, representing the 14 books of the work.", "The Guide for the Perplexed, a philosophical work harmonising and differentiating Aristotle's philosophy and Jewish theology.", "Written in Judeo-Arabic, and completed between 1186 and 1190.", "The first translation of this work into Hebrew was done by Samuel ibn Tibbon in 1204.", "Teshuvot, collected correspondence and responsa, including a number of public letters (on resurrection and the afterlife, on conversion to other faiths, and Iggereth Teiman – addressed to the oppressed Jewry of Yemen).", "Hilkhot ha-Yerushalmi, a fragment of a commentary on the Jerusalem Talmud, identified and published by Saul Lieberman in 1947.", "Medical works\nMaimonides' achievements in the medical field are well known, and are cited by many medieval authors.", "One of his more important medical works is his Guide to Good Health (Regimen Sanitis) which he composed in Arabic for the Sultan al-Afdal, son of Saladin, who suffered from depression.", "The work was translated into Latin, and published in Florence in 1477, becoming the first medical book to appear in print there.", "While his prescriptions may have become obsolete, \"his ideas about preventive medicine, public hygiene, approach to the suffering patient, and the preservation of the health of the soul have not become obsolete.\"", "Maimonides wrote ten known medical works in Arabic that have been translated by the Jewish medical ethicist Fred Rosner into contemporary English.", "Lectures, conferences and research on Maimonides, even recently in the 21st century, have been done at medical universities in Morocco.", "Regimen Sanitatis, Suessmann Muntner (ed.", "), Mossad Harav Kook: Jerusalem 1963 (translated into Hebrew by Moshe Ibn Tibbon) ()\n The Art of Cure – Extracts from Galen (Barzel, 1992, Vol.", "5) is essentially an extract of Galen's extensive writings.", "Commentary on the Aphorisms of Hippocrates (Rosner, 1987, Vol.", "2; Hebrew: פירוש לפרקי אבוקראט) is interspersed with his own views.", "Medical Aphorisms of Moses (Rosner, 1989, Vol.", "3) titled Fusul Musa in Arabic (\"Chapters of Moses,\" Hebrew: פרקי משה) contains 1500 aphorisms and many medical conditions are described.", "Treatise on Hemorrhoids (in Rosner, 1984, Vol.", "1; Hebrew: ברפואת הטחורים) discusses also digestion and food.", "Treatise on Cohabitation (in Rosner, 1984, Vol.", "1) contains recipes as aphrodisiacs and anti-aphrodisiacs.", "Treatise on Asthma (Rosner, 1994, Vol.", "6) discusses climates and diets and their effect on asthma and emphasizes the need for clean air.", "Treatise on Poisons and Their Antidotes (in Rosner, 1984, Vol.", "1) is an early toxicology textbook that remained popular for centuries.", "Regimen of Health (in Rosner, 1990, Vol.", "4; Hebrew: הנהגת הבריאות) is a discourse on healthy living and the mind-body connection.", "Discourse on the Explanation of Fits advocates healthy living and the avoidance of overabundance.", "Glossary of Drug Names (Rosner, 1992, Vol.", "7) represents a pharmacopeia with 405 paragraphs with the names of drugs in Arabic, Greek, Syrian, Persian, Berber, and Spanish.", "Treatise on logic\nThe Treatise on Logic (Arabic: Maqala Fi-Sinat Al-Mantiq) has been printed 17 times, including editions in Latin (1527), German (1805, 1822, 1833, 1828), French (1935), and English (1938), and in an abridged Hebrew form.", "The work illustrates the essentials of Aristotelian logic to be found in the teachings of the great Islamic philosophers such as Avicenna and, above all, Al-Farabi, \"the Second Master,\" the \"First Master\" being Aristotle.", "In his work devoted to the Treatise, Rémi Brague stresses the fact that Al-Farabi is the only philosopher mentioned therein.", "This indicates a line of conduct for the reader, who must read the text keeping in mind Al-Farabi's works on logic.", "In the Hebrew versions, the Treatise is called The words of Logic which describes the bulk of the work.", "The author explains the technical meaning of the words used by logicians.", "The Treatise duly inventories the terms used by the logician and indicates what they refer to.", "The work proceeds rationally through a lexicon of philosophical terms to a summary of higher philosophical topics, in 14 chapters corresponding to Maimonides's birthdate of 14 Nissan.", "The number 14 recurs in many of Maimonides's works.", "Each chapter offers a cluster of associated notions.", "The meaning of the words is explained and illustrated with examples.", "At the end of each chapter, the author carefully draws up the list of words studied.", "Until very recently, it was accepted that Maimonides wrote the Treatise on Logic in his twenties or even in his teen years.", "Herbert Davidson has raised questions about Maimonides's authorship of this short work (and of other short works traditionally attributed to Maimonides).", "He maintains that Maimonides was not the author at all, based on a report of two Arabic-language manuscripts, unavailable to Western investigators in Asia Minor.", "Rabbi Yosef Kafih maintained that it is by Maimonides and newly translated it to Hebrew (as Beiur M'lekhet HaHiggayon) from the Judeo-Arabic.", "See also\n Averroes\n Iggeret Teman (Epistle to Yemen)\n Maimonides Foundation\n Mimouna\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nSee also\n\nBibliography\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Originally published by the Jewish Publication of America, Philadelphia.", "See especially chapters 10 through 15.", "(Volume 5 translated by Uriel Barzel; foreword by Fred Rosner.)", "Jewish National and University Library\n Facsimile edition of Moreh Nevukhim/The Guide for the Perplexed (illuminated Hebrew manuscript, Barcelona, 1347–48).", "The Royal Library, Copenhagen\n University of Cambridge Library collection of Judeo-Arabic letters and manuscripts written by or to Maimonides.", "It includes the last letter his brother David sent him before drowning at sea.", "A. Ashur, A newly discovered medical recipe written by Maimonides\n M.A Friedman and A. Ashur, A newly-discovered autograph responsum of Maimonides\n\n \n1130s births\n1204 deaths\n12th-century Arabic writers\n12th-century Jews of Al-Andalus\n12th-century Jewish theologians\n12th-century Egyptian physicians\n12th-century philosophers\n12th-century rabbis\n13th-century philosophers\n13th-century rabbis\nAristotelian philosophers\nAuthors of books on Jewish law\nCommentaries on the Mishnah\nCourt physicians\nEgyptian rabbis\nExponents of Jewish law\nJewish astronomers\nJewish ethicists\nJewish refugees\nJews and Judaism in the Kingdom of Jerusalem\nJudeo-Arabic writers\nMedieval Jewish astronomers\nMedieval Jewish physicians of Spain\nMedieval Jewish physicians of Egypt\nPeople from Córdoba, Spain\nPhilosophers of Al-Andalus\nPhilosophers of Judaism\nPhysicians of medieval Islam\nSephardi rabbis\nSpanish rabbis\nSpanish refugees\nRishonim\nUniversity of al-Qarawiyyin alumni" ]

[ "One of the most influential Torah scholars of the Middle Ages was a medieval Sephardic Jewish philosopher who was known as Maimonides.", "He served as the personal physician of Saladin and was also an astronomer.", "He was born in Crdoba, Almoravid Empire (present-day Spain) on Passover eve, 1138, and worked as a rabbi, physician and philosopher.", "He died in Egypt and was buried in Tiberias.", "Even as far away as Iraq and Yemen, most Jews appreciated Maimonides' writings on Jewish law and ethics.", "While Maimonides rose to become the revered head of the Jewish community in Egypt, his writings had vociferous critics in Spain.", "He was posthumously acknowledged as one of the foremost rabbinic decisors and philosophers in Jewish history, and his work is a cornerstone of Jewish scholarship.", "The fourteen-volume Mishneh Torah still has significant authority as a codification of Halacha.", "He is sometimes known as \"ha'nesher ha'Gadol\", or \"The Great Eagle\", in recognition of his outstanding status as an oral Torah scholar.", "Maimonides is revered by Jewish historians, but he is also important in the history of Islamic and Arab sciences.", "He was a prominent philosopher and polymath in both the Jewish and Islamic worlds.", "There was no one like him, according to the inscription on his tomb.", "His full name is Rabbi Moshe ben Maimon.", "He has a full Arabic name.", "The portion bin Ubaidallh should not imply that Maimon's father was named Obadiah, as Obadiah was the name of his earliest direct descendant.", "The Greek-style patronymic suffix -ides is formed by the Hebrew ben.", "The end of the golden age of Jewish culture in the Iberian Peninsula, after the first centuries of the Moorish rule, is what some scholars believe to have happened when Maimonides was born.", "Maimon ben Joseph was a Spanish dayyan whose family claimed to be descended from the Davidic line.", "Maimonides said there are 38 generations between him and Judah ha-Nasi.", "The Iggeret Teiman (Epistle to Yemen) gives his ancestry as the son of Maimon the Judge and Joseph the Wise.", "Maimonides was interested in sciences and philosophy at an early age.", "He was immersed in the sciences and learning of Islamic culture after reading the Greek philosophers in Arabic.", "Although a strong intellectual type of mysticism has been discerned in his philosophy, Maimonides was not known as a supporter of Kabbalah.", "He was not a fan of poetry since it was founded on invention.", "A man who was revered for his personality as well as for his writings, led a busy life and wrote many of his works while travelling.", "Maimonides studied Torah under his father, who also studied under a student of Alfasi.", "The Almohads conquered Crdoba in 1148 and abolished dhimmi status in some of their territories.", "The conversion of the Jewish and Christian communities to Islam was caused by the loss of this status.", "Many Jews were forced to convert, but due to suspicion by the authorities of fake conversions, the new converts had to wear identifying clothing that set them apart and made them subject to public scrutiny.", "Most of the Jews chose exile.", "The question of whether Maimonides had to convert to Islam in order to save his life has been the subject of scholarly debate.", "When this forced conversion was brought up by a rival in Egypt, it was ruled to be invalid.", "After ten years in southern Spain, Maimonides settled in Fez in Morocco.", "He composed his commentary on the Mishnah during this time.", "Rabbi Yehuda Ha-Cohen Ibn Susan is said to have been his teacher in Fez.", "He and his two sons settled in Fustat in Fatimid Caliphate-controlled Egypt around 1168.", "He studied in a yeshiva attached to a small synagogue in Cairo.", "He prayed at the Temple Mount in Israel.", "He wrote that visiting the Temple Mount was a day of holiness for him and his descendants.", "During the siege of the southeastern Nile Delta town of Bilbeis, Maimonides helped to rescue Jews taken captive.", "The Jewish communities of Lower Egypt were asked to pool money together to pay the ransom.", "Two judges were sent to Palestine to negotiate with the Crusaders after the money was collected.", "The captives were released.", "The Maimonides family gave their savings to David ben Maimon, the youngest son, following the death of his brother.", "The Sudanese port of Aydhab was the only place Maimonides directed his brother to procure goods from.", "David was not impressed by the goods on offer in the desert.", "David went against his brother's wishes and boarded a ship for India.", "David drowned at sea before he could reach his destination.", "Maimonides became sick with grief after the death of his brother.", "Maimonides was appointed the Nagid of the Egyptian Jewish community in the 11th century.", "The appointment is believed to be the result of the leadership shown by Shelomo Dov Goitein during the Crusader captives.", "He was replaced by a new person.", "Maimonides excommunicated and fought with him for several years until he was appointed Nagid in 1195.", "Abraham ben Hillel wrote a work called \"Megillat Zutta\", which was described as a work about the light of east and west and a master and marvel of the generation.", "Maimonides became famous as a doctor because of the loss of family funds tied up in David's business venture.", "He trained in medicine in both Crdoba and Fez.", "He remained a physician to the Ayyubid dynasty after his death, after being appointed court physician to al-Qadi al-Fadil, the chief secretary to Sultan Saladin.", "Maimonides emphasized moderation and a healthy lifestyle in his medical writings.", "Generations of physicians were influenced by his writings.", "He followed the principles of humorism in the tradition of Galen and was knowledgeable about Greek and Arabic medicine.", "He used his own experience and observations to accept authority.", "According to Julia Bess Frank, Maimonides wanted to interpret works of authorities so that they could be accepted.", "Today, Maimonides displays in his interactions with patients attributes that are called intercultural awareness and respect for the patient's Autonomy.", "He gave over most of his time to caring for others, even though he wrote of his longing for solitude in order to come closer to God.", "Maimonides describes his daily routine in a famous letter.", "After visiting the Sultan's palace, he would go to the antechambers filled with gentiles and Jews and write prescriptions for their illnesses.", "He said in the letter that he would receive members of the community even on Shabbat.", "Some of the most thought-through and influential treatises on Jewish philosophy of the Middle Ages were written by him.", "\"Maimonides is the greatest of the decisors of Jewish law, and all communities of the Land of Israel and of Arabia and of the Maghreb base their practices after him, and have taken him upon,\" wrote Joseph Karo.", "Maimonides wrote a famous letter to Yemen.", "This is a normal lifespan, but it has been suggested that his \"incessant travail\" undermined his own health and led to his death at 69.", "Maimonides died on December 12th of 1204 in Fustat.", "In accordance with his wishes, his remains were exhumed and taken to Tiberias, where they were re-buried.", "His grave is marked by the Tomb of Maimonides on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee.", "There is a tradition in the Jewish Cairene community that he was buried in Egypt.", "Abraham Maimonides, the child of Maimonides and his wife, was a great scholar.", "He was the court physician at the age of eighteen.", "He defended his father's writings against critics.", "The Maimonides family held the office of Nagid for four generations until the end of the 14th century.", "There is a statue of Maimonides near the Crdoba Synagogue.", "Maimonides never claimed to be a descendant of King David.", "Maimonides formulated his \"13 principles of faith\" in his commentary on the Mishnah (tractate Sanhedrin, chapter 10), which summarized what he viewed as the required beliefs of Judaism: The existence of God.", "God is indivisibility into elements.", "There is God's spirituality and incorporeality.", "God's existence.", "The object of worship should be God.", "Revelation comes from God's prophets.", "The preeminence of the prophet.", "The written and oral law of the Torah were written by God on Mt.", "Sinai.", "The Torah is permanent and will not be changed.", "God knows all human actions and thoughts.", "There is a reward for righteousness and a punishment for evil.", "The Messiah is coming.", "There is a resurrection of the dead.", "The principles were compiled from various sources.", "The principles were controversial when first proposed, but were ignored by most of the Jewish community for the next few centuries.", "These principles are considered to be the main principles of faith for Orthodox Jews.", "The \"Siddur\" (Jewish prayer book) contains two poetic restatements of these principles, Ani Ma'amin and Yigdal.", "There is a list of principles in the Siddur Edot HaMizrach, Additions for Shacharit, but they are not included in his later works, the Mishneh Torah and The Guide for the Perplexed.", "The code of Jewish law was composed by Maimonides with the widest possible scope and depth.", "The binding laws from the Talmud are gathered in the work.", "The codes of Jewish law were later.", "Both Arba'ah Turim by Rabbi Jacob ben Asher and Shulchan Aruch by Rabbi Yosef Karo use the same text.", "It met with a lot of opposition.", "There were two main reasons for the opposition.", "Maimonides did not add references to his work for the sake of brevity, but he did give the impression of wanting to \"cut out\" study of the Talmud to arrive at a conclusion in Jewish law.", "His most vigorous opponents were the rabbis of Provence, and a critique by Rabbi Abraham ben David is printed in virtually all editions of Mishneh Torah.", "It was still considered a monumental contribution to the systemized writing.", "Throughout the centuries it has DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch", "Rabbi Yosef Karo wrote \"Who would dare force communities who follow the Rambam to follow any other?\" in response to those who would attempt to force followers of Maimonides and his Mishneh Torah to abide by the rulings of his own Shulchan Aruch or other later works", "According to his word, the Rambam is the greatest of the decisors, and all the communities of the Land of Israel and the Arabistan accepted him as their rabbi.", "It is better to acquit a thousand guilty persons than to put a single innocent one to death, according to a legal maxim from his pen.", "He argued that if we were to convict on the basis of the judge's caprice, there would be a slippery slope of decreasing burdens of proof.", "Scholars specializing in the study of the history and subculture of Judaism in premodern China have noted similarities between this work and the liturgy of the Kaifeng Jews, descendants of Persian Jewish merchants who settled in the Middle Kingdom during the early Song dynasty.", "Michael Pollak says the Jews' Pentateuch was divided into 53 sections according to the Persian style.", "The section dealing with tzedakah is in the section called Tzedakah.", "Giving an interest-free loan to a person in need is one of Maimonides' famous Eight Levels of Giving.", "You can give tzedakah to an unknown recipient via a person who is trustworthy, wise, and can perform acts of tzedakah with your money.", "Someone gave tzedakah to a known recipient.", "A person gave tzedakah publicly to another person.", "Before being asked, giving tzedakah.", "After being asked, giving adequately.", "Giving inadequately.", "It is thought that Maimonides was referring to giving because of the sad feelings one might have in seeing people in need, as opposed to giving because it is a religious obligation.", "\"Giving unwillingly\" is one of the translations.", "The introduction to sections of his commentaries on the Mishna and The Guide for the Perplexed, which was originally written in Arabic as Dallat al-irn, influenced the philosophers.", "He was a Jew.", "He was educated more by reading the works of Arab Muslim philosophers than he was by personal contact with Arabian teachers.", "Maimonides tried to reconcile science and the Torah.", "He explains the function and purpose of the statutory provisions in the Torah in his Guide for the Perplexed.", "Asaph the Jew was the first Hebrew medical writer.", "Philosophers refer to the God of Abraham as the Necessary Being.", "The Torah tells us to love and fear God because he is unique in the universe.", "One should ponder God's works and marvel at the order and wisdom that went into their creation.", "One inevitably comes to love God and to understand how insignificant he is compared to God when they do this.", "The basis of the Torah is this.", "There can be no contradiction between the truths which God has revealed and the findings of the human mind in science and philosophy according to the principle that inspired his philosophy activity.", "The science of Aristotle and the teachings of the Talmud were found to be the basis for the latter.", "The later Scholastics did not accept Maimonides' doctrines because of his admiration for the Neoplatonic commentators.", "Maimonides was an adherent of apophatic theology.", "One tries to describe God with negative attributes.", "It can be said that God is not non-existent if one says so in the usual sense of the term.", "We can say that God has some properties of knowledge, but we should not say that he is wise.", "We can state that there is no multiplicity in God's being.", "To gain and express knowledge of God, the attempt is to describe what God is not, rather than describe what God is.", "Maimonides argued that God isn't dead.", "He was thinking about the sin of idolatry.", "Maimonides said that the phrases pertaining to God in sacred texts should be interpreted metaphorically.", "Maimonidean theology believes that the commandments are meant to help the people of Israel get away from idolatry.", "Maimonides taught about character development.", "Maimonides believed that each person has an innate disposition along an ethical and emotional spectrum.", "Human beings have free will to act in ways that build character, despite the fact that one's disposition is often determined by factors outside of one's control.", "One is obligated to conduct his affairs in a pleasant manner.", "Maimonides advised people with anti-social character traits to make a conscious effort to behave in a different way.", "An arrogant person needs to practice humility.", "If the circumstances of one's environment make it impossible to behave ethically, one must move.", "He agrees with \"the Philosopher\" that the use of logic is the right way to think.", "The degree of complete logical, spiritual and physical perfection required in the prophetic state is what every human being must attain in order to build an inner understanding of how to know God.", "He rejects the idea that in order to become a prophet, God must intervene.", "According to Maimonides, any man or woman can become a prophet and that it is the purpose of the human race.", "Theodicy attempts to reconcile the existence of a God with the existence of evil.", "He assumed that an omnipotent and good God exists.", "Maimonides writes in The Guide for the Perplexed that the evil that exists within human beings stems from their individual attributes, while all good comes from a universally shared humanity.", "There are people who are guided by higher purpose, and there are people who are guided by physical activity, and they must strive to find the higher purpose with which to guide their actions.", "In order to justify the existence of evil, Maimonides suggests that one who creates something by causing another not to exist is not the same as creating something that exists.", "God created good, and evil exists where good is not present.", "All good is divine invention and evil is secondarily.", "The common view is that evil outweighs good.", "He says that if one were to examine existence only in terms of humans, then evil would be more common than good, but if one looked at the whole universe, then he would see good is more common than evil.", "When people see mostly evil in their lives, they are not taking into account the extent of positive Creation outside of themselves.", "Maimonides believes that there are three types of evil in the world: evil caused by nature, evil that people bring upon others and evil man bringing himself.", "The balance of life and death in both the human and animal worlds is essential to God's plan.", "The second type of evil is rare, and that humanity brings it on its own.", "Most of the ills of the world are caused by the third type of evil humans.", "The people fell victim to their physical desires.", "To prevent the majority of evil which stems from harm we do to ourselves, we must learn how to respond to our bodily urges.", "Maimonides warns against lethal drugs in a translation from Arabic.", "The work states that the poisons will cause the most severe apathies and the decay of the human being's vigor right up to death.", "Skepticism of astrology was answered by Maimonides.", "He said that man should only believe what can be supported by rational proof, the evidence of the senses and trustworthy authority.", "He said that astrology does not deserve to be described as a science.", "He ridicules the idea that the fate of a man could be dependent on the constellations, and argues that it would make him a slave of destiny.", "In The Guide for the Perplexed Book III, Chapter 28, Maimonides distinguishes between \"true beliefs\", which were beliefs about God that produced intellectual perfection, and \"necessary beliefs\", which were related to improving social order.", "The latter class has statements about God.", "He suggests that God becomes angry with people who do wrong.", "God doesn't become angry with people as he has no human passions, but it is important for them to believe that God does, so that they don't do wrong.", "One of Maimonides's most acclaimed and renowned writings is his treatise on the Messianic era, written originally in Judeo-Arabic and which he elaborates on in great detail in his commentary on the Mishnah.", "Most religious Jews believed that the future would include a messianic era and a resurrection of the dead.", "This is the subject of Jewish belief.", "Most of the time Maimonides wrote about immortality of the soul for people of perfect intelligence, but he didn't write about the resurrection of dead bodies.", "There was controversy over his true views, as Rabbis of his day were critical of this aspect of this thought.", "Maimonides was pressured to write a book on the subject.", "He wrote that those who claimed that he believed the Hebrew Bible's references to the resurrection were only satire were spreading lies.", "There is no disagreement that belief in resurrection is a fundamental truth of Judaism.", "While his position on the World to Come (non-corporeal eternal life as described above) may be seen as being in contradiction with his position on bodily resurrection, Maimonides resolved them with a unique solution: he believed that the resurrection was not permanent or general.", "He believes that God never violates the laws of nature.", "Maimonides considers angels to be metaphors for the laws of nature, the principles by which the physical universe operates, and Platonic eternal forms.", "Sometimes this is not the case.", "In Hilchot Yesodei HaTorah.", "Maimonides describes angels as beings.", "If a unique event actually happens, it is not a violation of the world's order.", "Any dead person who is resurrected must die again.", "The first five principles of faith are knowledge of God, the next four are prophecy and the Torah, and the last four are reward, punishment and the ultimate redemption.", "Maimonides doesn't say anything about a universal resurrection.", "He repeatedly states that whatever resurrection does take place, it will be purely spiritual, and that it will occur at an indeterminate time before the world to come.", "The World to Come Maimonides distinguishes two types of intelligence in man, the one that is dependent on the body and the other that is immaterial.", "His interpretation of the nos poietiks of Aristotelian philosophy is the direct emanation from the universal active intellect.", "As a result of the efforts of the soul, it is acquired.", "The knowledge of God is a form of intelligence which develops in us and gives us a spiritual nature.", "The soul is endowed with immortality because of this, because it confers on the soul that perfect happiness consists of.", "One who has attained a correct knowledge of God has reached a condition of existence, which renders him immune from all the accidents of fortune, and from death itself.", "Man has a chance to work out his salvation and immortality.", "Spinoza's doctrine of immortality was very similar.", "Spinoza teaches that the path to immortality is the progress from sense-knowledge through scientific knowledge to philosophy, while Maimonides teaches that the road to immortality is the path of duty.", "The world will come as a stage after a person lives his or her life in this world as well as the final state of existence after the Messianic Era.", "After the resurrection of the dead, souls will live forever.", "Without food, drink or sexual pleasures, they will enjoy the radiance of the Divine Presence.", "Maimonides wants to hide his explanations of Sod meanings of Torah in The Guide for the Perplexed.", "The nature of these secrets is being debated.", "Maimonides' Aristotelianism is a mutually-exclusive alternative to metaphysics to religious Jewish rationalists.", "According to some academics, Maimonides' project fought against the Proto-Kabbalah.", "Many Kabbalists and their heirs read Maimonides because of the similarities between the Kabbalistic approach and Maimonides' approach to interpreting the Bible with metaphor and attributes of action.", "He used rationalism to defend Judaism rather than limit inquiry to rationalism.", "His rationalism helped the Kabbalists purify their teaching from corporeal interpretations that could have been made from Hekhalot literature.", "The Hippocratic Oath is used as a substitute for the Oath of Maimonides.", "It is not the same as the more lengthy prayer of Maimonides.", "The documents may not have been written by Maimonides.", "The Prayer was first published in 1793 and has been attributed to a German physician.", "Maimonides suggests in The Guide for the Perplexed that two important purposes of circumcision are to temper sexual desire and to join in an affirmation of faith and the covenant of Abraham.", "It became a standard against which other later codifications were measured because of its logical construction, concise and clear expression and extraordinary learning.", "It is studied closely in rabbinic yeshivot.", "Tanum ha-Yerushalmi was the first to put together a list of difficult words.", "There was no one like Mosheh, a popular medieval saying that also served as his epitaph.", "His rabbinic writings were referred to.", "One of the most influential figures in medieval Jewish philosophy was Maimonides.", "His adaptation of Aristotelian thought to Biblical faith had an immediate historical impact.", "There was an intellectual controversy in Spanish and southern French Jewish circles after some more acculturated Jews in the century that followed his death applied Maimonides's Aristotelianism in ways that undermined traditional belief.", "Catholic Church interventions against \"heresy\" and a general confiscation of rabbinic texts were spurred by the intense debate.", "The more radical interpretations were defeated.", "There was a tendency for Ashkenazi Jews to ignore his writings and instead focus on the rabbinic and halakhic writings.", "David Hartman observes that Maimonides clearly expressed \"the traditional support for a philosophical understanding of God both in the Aggadah of Talmud and in the behavior of the hasid\" in his writings.", "Maimonidean thought continues to have an influence on Jews.", "Or Adonai is the most rigorous critique of Maimonides.", "The certainty of the Aristotelian world-view, not only in religious matters but also in the most basic areas of medieval science, was demolished by Crescas.", "A number of 15th-century scholars wrote defense of Maimonides.", "Harry Austryn Wolfson of Harvard University produced a partial translation of Crescas in 1929.", "The great Christian theologian Saint Thomas Aquinas refers to Maimonides in several of his works because of his path-finding synthesis of Aristotle and Biblical faith.", "Maimonides's combined abilities in theology, philosophy and medicine make his work attractive today as a source for discussions of evolving norms in these fields.", "The modern citation of his method of determining death of the body in the controversy regarding declaration of death to permit organ donation for transplantation is an example.", "One of the most debated Jewish ideas is Maimonides and the Modernists.", "He has been adopted as a symbol and an intellectual hero by almost all major movements in modern Judaism, and his views on the importance of humility have been taken up by modern humanist philosophers.", "In the area of Jewish Studies, the teaching of Maimonides has been dominated by traditional scholars, who place a very strong emphasis on Maimonides as a rationalist; one result is that certain sides of Maimonides's thought, including his opposition.", "There are movements within the discourse of ecotheology to claim Maimonides for other purposes.", "Maimonides's reconciliation of the traditional and the philosophy has given his legacy an extremely diverse and dynamic quality.", "Maimonides has been remembered in many ways.", "One of the Learning Communities at the school is named after him.", "There is also a Maimonides Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York.", "The Sephardi synagogue in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania is named after him.", "Maimonides was depicted on the reverse of the 1-shekel bill in the Series A of the Israeli New Shekel.", "The Rambam Hospital in Haifa, Israel, which is named after him, was one of the places where conferences were held in 2004.", "Harvard University issued a memorial volume to commemorate the 800th anniversary of his death.", "The postage stamp of Maimonides was issued by the Israel Postal Authority.", "In March 2008, during the Euromed Conference of Ministers of Tourism, the Tourism ministries of Israel, Spain and Morocco agreed to work together on a project that will boost religious tourism in the cities of Crdoba, Fes and Tiberias.", "An exhibit dedicated to the writings of Maimonides was held at the Israel Museum.", "Maimonides composed works of Jewish scholarship, rabbinic law, philosophy, and medical texts.", "Judeo-Arabic is where most of Maimonides's works were written.", "The Torah was written in Hebrew.", "Classical Arabic was used to write the commentary on the Mishna, which was translated into Hebrew.", "This was the first full commentary ever written on the entire Mishnah, which took seven years to complete, and it enjoyed great popularity both in its Arabic original and its medieval Hebrew translation.", "The introduction to the mishnah deals with the nature of the oral law, the distinction between the prophet and the sage, and the organizational structure of the mishnah.", "The conclusion of the eschatological essay is Maimonides's famous creed \"the thirteen principles of faith\".", "The introduction to tractate avot is an ethical book.", "Sefer Hamitzvot.", "There is a book of Commandments.", "In this work, Maimonides lists all of the Torah's commandments.", "Fourteen shorashim were described to guide his selection.", "Sefer Ha'shamad is a code of Jewish law.", "The 14 books of the work are represented by the numerical value 14, which is also known as Yad ha-Chazaka.", "The Guide for the Perplexed is a work on philosophy and Jewish theology.", "Between 1186 and 1190, it was written in Judeo-Arabic.", "The first Hebrew translation of this work was done in 1204.", "A number of public letters, including one addressed to the Jews of Yemen, were collected by Teshuvot.", "Saul Lieberman published Hilkhot ha-Yerushalmi, a fragment of a commentary on the Jerusalem Talmud, in 1947.", "Many medieval authors cite Maimonides' achievements in the medical field.", "His Guide to Good Health (Regimen Sanitis) was written in Arabic for the Sultan al-Afdal, son of Saladin, who suffered from depression.", "The first medical book to be printed in Florence was translated into Latin and published in 1477.", "His ideas about preventive medicine, public hygiene, approach to the suffering patient, and the preservation of the health of the soul have not become obsolete.", "Maimonides wrote a number of medical works in Arabic that have been translated into English.", "In the 21st century, research on Maimonides has been done at medical universities.", "Suessmann Muntner is the author of Regimen Sanitatis.", "Mossad Harav Kook: Jerusalem 1963, translated into Hebrew, was published in 1963.", "It's an extract of Galen's extensive writings.", "There is a commentary on the Aphorisms of Hippocrates.", "He has his own views.", "The Medical Aphorisms of Moses was published in 1989.", "There are 1500 aphorisms and many medical conditions in Fusul Musa.", "Treatise on Hemorrhoids.", "Also, digestion and food are discussed.", "Treatise on cohabitation.", "There are recipes for aphrodisiacs and anti-aphrodisiacs.", "The Treatise on Asthma was published in 1994.", "The need for clean air is emphasized in the discussion of climates and diet.", "The Treatise on Poisons and Their Antidotes was published in 1984.", "The early toxicology textbook was popular for centuries.", "In 1990 there was a Regimen of Health.", "There is a discourse on healthy living and the mind-body connection.", "The Explanation of Fits advocates healthy living and avoidance of overabundance.", "There is a Glossary of Drug Names.", "There are 405 paragraphs with the names of drugs in Arabic, Greek, Syrian, Persian, and Spanish.", "The Treatise on Logic has been printed in 17 different languages.", "The work shows the essentials of logic to be found in the teachings of the great Islamic philosophers such as Avicenna and Al-Farabi.", "Al-Farabi is the only philosopher mentioned in the Treatise according to Rémi Brague.", "This shows a line of conduct for the reader, who must keep in mind Al-Farabi's works on logic.", "The Hebrew version of the Treatise is called The words of Logic.", "The words used by logicians are explained by the author.", "The Treatise inventories the terms used by the logician.", "The work proceeds rationally through a glossary of terms to a summary of higher philosophical topics, in 14 chapters corresponding to Maimonides's birthdate of 14 Nissan.", "Maimonides uses the number 14 in many of his works.", "Each chapter has associated notions.", "Examples are used to illustrate the meaning of the words.", "The author draws up a list of words to study at the end of the chapter.", "The Treatise on Logic was written in Maimonides' twenties or teen years.", "Herbert Davidson has raised questions about the authorship of other short works attributed to Maimonides.", "He maintains that Maimonides was not the author based on a report of two Arabic-language manuscripts unavailable to Western investigators in Asia Minor.", "It was translated from the Judeo-Arabic to Hebrew by Rabbi Yosef Kafih.", "The Jewish Publication of America, Philadelphia, published the Averroes Iggeret Teman (Epistle to Yemen) Maimonides Foundation Mimouna Notes References.", "Chapter 10 through 15 is an area to look at.", "The volume was translated by Uriel Barzel.", "The guide for the perplexed is an illuminated Hebrew manuscript.", "There is a collection of Judeo-Arabic letters and manuscripts in the Royal Library.", "David sent his brother a letter before he drowned.", "Maimonides M.A Friedman and A. Ashur wrote a medical recipe." ]

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[ "Beatrice \"Sathima Bea\" Benjamin (17 October 1936 – 20 August 2013) was a South African vocalist and composer, based for nearly 45 years in New York City.", "Early life\nShe was born Beatrice Bertha Benjamin in Claremont, Cape Town, South Africa; her father, Edward Benjamin, was from the island of St. Helena off the coast of West Africa, and her mother, Evelyn Henry, had roots in Mauritius and the Philippines.", "As an adolescent, she first performed popular music in talent contests at the local cinema (bioscope) during the intermission.", "By the 1950s she was singing at various nightclubs, community dances and social events, performing with notable Cape Town pianists Tony Schilder and Henry February, among others.", "She built her repertoire watching British and American movies and transcribing lyrics from songs heard on the radio, where she discovered Nat King Cole, Billie Holiday, Doris Day, Ella Fitzgerald.", "These musicians would come to influence her singing style, notably in terms of light phrasing and clear diction.", "At the age of 21, she joined Arthur Klugman's travelling show Coloured Jazz and Variety on a tour of South Africa.", "When the production failed, she found herself stranded in Mozambique, where she met South African saxophonist Kippie Moeketsi.", "In 1959, she returned to Cape Town's now thriving jazz scene, where she met pianist Dollar Brand (later known as Abdullah Ibrahim), whom she would marry in 1965.", "In that same year she recorded what would have been the first jazz LP in South Africa's history.", "Entitled My Songs for You, with accompaniment by Ibrahim's trio, the recording of mostly standards was never released.", "Sharpeville Massacre and Europe\nIn the aftermath of South Africa's Sharpeville Massacre of 1960, Benjamin and Ibrahim left South Africa for Europe.", "The couple, along with Ibrahim's trio of bassist Johnny Gertze and drummer Makhaya Ntshoko, settled in Zurich, Switzerland, and worked throughout Germany and Scandinavia, meeting and occasionally working with American jazz players, including Don Byas, Dexter Gordon, Kenny Drew, Ben Webster, Bud Powell, John Coltrane, and Thelonious Monk.", "The artist who would have the greatest impact on Benjamin's life, however, was Duke Ellington.", "Duke Ellington\nBenjamin met Ellington while he was in Zurich in 1963.", "Standing in the wings during most of his band's performance, once the concert ended she insisted that Duke hear her husband's trio at the Club Africana, where Ibrahim's band had a standing engagement.", "Duke obliged, but insisted that Benjamin sing for him.", "Following this encounter, Ellington arranged for the couple to fly to Paris and record separate albums for Frank Sinatra's Reprise label, for whom Ellington functioned as Artists and Repertoire representative.", "Ibrahim’s record, Duke Ellington Presents The Dollar Brand Trio, was released the following year and subsequently helped him build a following in Europe and the United States.", "Benjamin’s recording, however, remained unreleased and was presumed to be lost until its release in 1996 by Enja Records, under the title A Morning in Paris.", "The session's engineer, Gerhard Lerner, had surreptitiously made a second copy.", "She maintained her musical relationship with Ellington.", "In 1965, he arranged to have her perform with his band in the U.S. at the Newport Jazz Festival (when she sang the Ellington ballad \"Solitude\"), and at one point asked her to join his band permanently.", "Due to her recent marriage to Ibrahim that same year, Benjamin declined the offer.", "South Africa, America, and Ekapa\nThroughout the 1960s, Benjamin and Ibrahim moved back and forth between Europe and New York City, as Ibrahim worked to establish his career.", "Benjamin spent much of the period as a manager and agent for her husband while raising their son, Tsakwe.", "The year 1976 marked a turning point for Benjamin.", "She and Ibrahim returned to South Africa to live; she gave birth to her daughter, Tsidi (now the underground hip-hop artist Jean Grae); and recorded African Songbird, an album of original compositions, for South Africa's Gallo Records.", "Shortly after Tsidi's birth, the family relocated to New York city in 1977, to the famed Hotel Chelsea.", "In 1979, Benjamin started the record label Ekapa to produce and distribute her and Ibrahim's music.", "Between 1979 and 2002, she released eight of her albums on Ekapa, including Sathima Sings Ellington, Dedications, Memories and Dreams, Windsong, Lovelight, Southern Touch, Cape Town Love, and Musical Echoes.", "Dedications was nominated for a Grammy Award in 1982.", "Benjamin's collaborators on these albums have included saxophonist Carlos Ward, pianists Stephen Scott, Kenny Barron, Larry Willis and Onaje Allan Gumbs, bassist Buster Williams and drummers Billy Higgins and Ben Riley.", "For the most part, Benjamin has used American musicians for her U.S. recordings and South African musicians when in Cape Town.", "Her 2002 recording, Musical Echoes, featured American pianist Stephen Scott with two South Africans, bassist Basil Moses and drummer Lulu Gontsana.", "Later career\nIn 2000, Danish second-hand bookdealer and fan of South African jazz Lars Rasmussen published a collection of essays and a discography of Benjamin's music in Sathima Bea Benjamin: Embracing Jazz (Copenhagen, 2000).", "It contains two compact discs of Sathima's music: Cape Town Love and an Embracing Jazz compilation with photographs.", "In October 2004, South African president Thabo Mbeki gave her the Order of Ikhamanga Silver Award for \"excellent contribution as a jazz artist\" and for her contribution \"to the struggle against apartheid.\"", "In March 2005, the art group Pen and Brush, Inc. presented her with a Certificate of Achievement for her work as a performer, musician, composer, and \"activist in the struggle for human rights in South Africa\".", "Benjamin was profiled in the March 2006 issue of JazzTimes.", "Her album SongSpirit, was released on 17 October 2006 in celebration of her 70th birthday.", "A compilation record, it includes tracks from her earlier albums, plus a previously unreleased duet with Abdullah Ibrahim from 1973.", "In 2007, Benjamin began reissuing her back catalogue for download.", "Cape Town Love, released 19 June, began the process, while A Morning in Paris was reissued in October 2007 to mark her 71st birthday.", "It was released for download on 16 October, and reissued on CD on 22 January 2008.", "In December 2008 she performed at the Apollo Theater at the closing of the concert Bricktop at the Apollo, hosted by film director Jordan Walker-Pearlman.", "She sang \"Someone to Watch Over Me\".", "In 2010, she was the subject of the documentary Sathima's Windsong, directed by author and professor Daniel Yon.", "In 2011 Duke University Press published Musical Echoes: South African Women Thinking in Jazz, which was written by Benjamin and Carol Muller, a South African ethnomusicologist, over the course of twenty years.", "She returned to Cape Town in 2011, where she continued to work as a vocalist.", "She died on 20 August 2013 at the age of 76.", "Discography\n African Songbird with Dollar Brand (The Sun, 1976)\n Sathima Sings Ellington (Ekapa, 1979)\n Dedications (Ekapa, 1982)\n WindSong with Kenny Barron, Buster Williams, Billy Higgins (Ekapa, 1985)\n Memories and Dreams (Ekapa, 1986)\n LoveLight (Ekapa, 1988)\n Southern Touch (Enja, 1989)\n A Morning in Paris (Enja, 1997)\n Musical Echoes (Ekapa, 2002)\n Cape Town Love (Ekapa, 2003)\n Song Spirit (Ekapa, 2006)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Official site\n Jeff Tamarkin, \"South African Singer Sathima Bea Benjamin Dies at 76\", JazzTimes, 21 August 2012.", "Percy Zvomuya, \"Jazz singer Sathima Bea Benjamin dead at 76\", Mail & Guardian, 21 August 2013.", "\"Sathima Bea Benjamin, Vocalist\", Harlem Speaks, National Jazz Museum in Harlem.", "1936 births\n2013 deaths\nSouth African jazz singers\nAnti-apartheid activists\nJazz\nSingers\nPeople from Cape Town\nDeaths in South Africa\nRecipients of the Order of Ikhamanga" ]

[ "Benjamin was based in New York City for nearly 45 years.", "Her father, Edward Benjamin, was from the island of St.Helena off the coast of West Africa, and her mother, Evelyn Henry, was from the Philippines.", "She performed popular music in talent contests at the local cinema as an adolescent.", "She performed with Tony Schilder and Henry February, among others, at various nightclubs, community dances and social events.", "She discovered Nat King Cole and others when she transcribed lyrics from songs on the radio.", "She would come to influence her singing style with the help of these musicians.", "She joined Arthur Klugman's travelling show at the age of 21.", "She met a South African saxophonist after the production failed.", "She met Dollar Brand, later known as Abdullah Ibrahim, in 1959 when she returned to Cape Town's thriving jazz scene.", "She recorded the first jazz album in South Africa's history that year.", "The recording of mostly standards was never released.", "Benjamin and Ibrahim left South Africa in the aftermath of the Sharpeville massacre.", "The couple, along with Ibrahim's trio of bassist Johnny Gertze and drummer Makhaya Ntshoko, settled in Switzerland and worked throughout Europe, meeting and occasionally working with American jazz players.", "Duke Ellington was the artist who had the greatest impact on Benjamin's life.", "Duke Ellington Benjamin met him in 1963.", "Ibrahim's band had a standing engagement at the Club Africana, where Duke was standing in the wings during most of his band's performance.", "Duke wanted Benjamin to sing for him.", "Ellington arranged for the couple to fly to Paris and record separate albums for Frank Sinatra's Reprise label, for whom he was Artists and Repertoire representative.", "Ibrahim gained a following in Europe and the United States after his record, Duke Ellington Presents The Dollar Brand Trio, was released.", "Benjamin's recording was released in 1996 by Enja Records under the title A Morning in Paris.", "The engineer made a second copy.", "She had a musical relationship with Ellington.", "At the Newport Jazz Festival in 1965, he arranged for her to perform with his band and at one point asked her to join his band permanently.", "Benjamin declined the offer due to her recent marriage to Ibrahim.", "As Ibrahim worked to establish his career, Benjamin and Ibrahim moved back and forth between Europe and New York City.", "While raising their son, Benjamin worked as an agent and manager for her husband.", "The year 1976 was a turning point for Benjamin.", "She gave birth to her daughter, who is now an underground hip-hop artist, and recorded an album of original compositions for South Africa's Gallo Records.", "The family relocated to New York in 1977 after Tsidi's birth.", "Benjamin started a record label to produce and distribute her and Ibrahim's music.", "Between 1979 and 2002, she released eight of her albums, including Sathima Sings Ellington, Dedications, Memories and Dreams, Windsong, Lovelight, Southern Touch, and Cape Town Love.", "Dedications was nominated for a award.", "Saxophone player Carlos Ward and pianist Stephen Scott are two of the people Benjamin has collaborated with on his albums.", "Benjamin has used American and South African musicians in her recordings.", "Stephen Scott, an American pianist, was on her 2002 recording with two South Africans and a drummer.", "In 2000 a collection of essays and a discography of Benjamin's music was published by a second-hand bookdealer.", "There are two discs of Sathima's music, Cape Town Love and Embracing Jazz.", "The Order of Ikhamanga Silver Award was given to her by the president of South Africa in 2004.", "In March 2005, the art group Pen and Brush, Inc. presented her with a certificate of achievement for her work as a performer, musician, composer, and activist in the struggle for human rights in South Africa.", "In the March 2006 issue of JazzTimes, Benjamin was profiled.", "Her album was released in celebration of her 70th birthday.", "There is a previously undiscovered duet with Abdullah Ibrahim from 1973, as well as tracks from her earlier albums.", "Benjamin began releasing her back catalogue for download in 2007.", "Cape Town Love was released on June 19th and A Morning in Paris was released in October of 2007.", "It was re-released on CD on January 22, 2008.", "In December 2008 she performed at the Apollo Theater at the closing of the concert Bricktop at the Apollo, hosted by film director Jordan Walker-Pearlman.", "Someone to watch over me is what she sang.", "She was the subject of a documentary called Sathima's Windsong.", "Musical Echoes: South African Women Thinking in Jazz was published by Duke University Press in 2011.", "She continued to work as a vocalist when she returned to Cape Town in 2011.", "She died at the age of 76.", "Discography African Songbird with Dollar Brand, Sathima Sings Ellington, Dedications, WindSong, and Memories and Dreams.", "The Mail & Guardian reported on the death of jazz singer Sathima Bea Benjamin at the age of 76.", "The National Jazz Museum in Harlem features \"Sathima Bea Benjamin, Vocalist\".", "The Order of Ikhamanga was given to people who died in South Africa." ]

[ "Beatrice", "Sama Bea", "Benjamin", "Beatrice Bertha Benjamin", "Edward Benjamin", "Benjamin", "Benjamin", "Benjamin", "Benjamin", "Benjamin", "Benjamin", "Benjamin", "Benjamin", "Benjamin", "Benjamin", "Benjamin", "Benjamin", "Benjamin", "Benjamin", "Benjamin", "Benjamin", "Bea", "Benjamin", "Bea", "Benjamin", "Benjamin" ]

[ "Benjamin", "Edward Benjamin", "Benjamin", "Benjamin", "Benjamin", "Benjamin", "Benjamin", "Benjamin", "Benjamin", "Benjamin", "Benjamin", "Benjamin", "Benjamin", "Benjamin", "Benjamin", "Benjamin", "Benjamin", "Bea", "Benjamin", "Benjamin" ]

[ "Gertrude \"Ma\" Rainey ( Pridgett; April 26, 1886 – December 22, 1939) was an influential American blues singer and early blues recording artist.", "Dubbed the \"Mother of the Blues\", she bridged earlier vaudeville and the authentic expression of southern blues, influencing a generation of blues singers.", "Gertrude Pridgett began performing as a teenager and became known as \"Ma\" Rainey after her marriage to Will \"Pa\" Rainey in 1904.", "They toured with the Rabbit Foot Minstrels and later formed their own group, Rainey and Rainey, Assassinators of the Blues.", "Her first recording was made in 1923.", "In the following five years, she made over 100 recordings, including \"Bo-Weevil Blues\" (1923), \"Moonshine Blues\" (1923), \"See See Rider Blues\" (1924), \"Ma Rainey's Black Bottom\" (1927), and \"Soon This Morning\" (1927).", "Rainey was known for her powerful vocal abilities, energetic disposition, majestic phrasing, and a \"moaning\" style of singing.", "Her qualities are present and most evident in her early recordings \"Bo-Weevil Blues\" and \"Moonshine Blues\".", "Rainey recorded with Thomas Dorsey, Tampa Red, and Louis Armstrong, and she toured and recorded with the Georgia Jazz Band.", "Touring until 1935, she then largely retired from performing and continued as a theater impresario in her hometown of Columbus, Georgia, until her death four years later.", "Early life\nThere is uncertainty about the birth date of Gertrude Pridgett.", "Some sources indicate that she was born in 1882, while most sources assert that she was born on April 26, 1886.", "Pridgett claimed to have been born on April 26, 1886 (beginning with the 1910 census, taken April 25, 1910), in Columbus, Georgia.", "However, the 1900 census indicates that she was born in September 1882 in Alabama, and researchers Bob Eagle and Eric LeBlanc suggest that her birthplace was in Russell County, Alabama.", "She was the second of five children of Thomas and Ella (née Allen) Pridgett, from Alabama.", "She had at least two brothers and a sister, Malissa Pridgett Nix.", "In February 1904, Ma Rainey married William \"Pa\" Rainey.", "She took on the stage name \"Ma Rainey\", which was \"a play on her husband’s nickname, 'Pa.", "Early career\nPridgett began her career as a performer at a talent show in Columbus, Georgia, when she was approximately 12 to 14 years old.", "A member of the First African Baptist Church, she began performing in black minstrel shows.", "She later claimed that she was first exposed to blues music around 1902.", "She formed the Alabama Fun Makers Company with her husband, Will Rainey, but in 1906 they both joined Pat Chappelle's much larger and more popular Rabbit's Foot Company, where they were billed together as \"Black Face Song and Dance Comedians, Jubilee Singers [and] Cake Walkers\".", "In 1910, she was described as \"Mrs. Gertrude Rainey, our coon shouter\".", "She continued with the Rabbit's Foot Company after it was taken over by a new owner, F. S. Wolcott, in 1912.", "Rainey said she found \"Blues Music\" when she was in Missouri one night performing, and a girl introduced her to a sad song about a man leaving a woman.", "Rainey said she learned the lyrics of the song and added it to her performances.", "Rainey claimed she created the term \"blues\" when asked what kind of song she was singing.", "Beginning in 1914, the Raineys were billed as Rainey and Rainey, Assassinators of the Blues.", "Wintering in New Orleans, she met numerous musicians, including Joe \"King\" Oliver, Louis Armstrong, Sidney Bechet and Pops Foster.", "As the popularity of blues music increased, she became well known.", "Around this time, she met Bessie Smith, a young blues singer who was also making a name for herself.", "A story later developed that Rainey kidnapped Smith, forced her to join the Rabbit's Foot Minstrels, and taught her to sing the blues; the story was disputed by Smith's sister-in-law Maud Smith.", "Recording career\n\nFrom the late 1910s, there was an increasing demand for recordings by black musicians.", "In 1920, Mamie Smith was the first black woman to be recorded.", "In 1923, Rainey was discovered by Paramount Records producer J. Mayo Williams.", "She signed a recording contract with Paramount, and in December she made her first eight recordings in Chicago, including \"Bad Luck Blues\", \"Bo-Weevil Blues\" and \"Moonshine Blues\".", "She made more than 100 other recordings over the next five years, which brought her fame beyond the South.", "Paramount marketed her extensively, calling her the \"Mother of the Blues\", the \"Songbird of the South\", the \"Gold-Neck Woman of the Blues\" and the \"Paramount Wildcat\".", "In 1924, Rainey recorded with Louis Armstrong, including on \"Jelly Bean Blues\", \"Countin' the Blues\" and \"See, See Rider\".", "In the same year, she embarked on a tour of the Theater Owners Booking Association (TOBA) in the South and Midwest of the United States, singing for black and white audiences.", "She was accompanied by the bandleader and pianist Thomas Dorsey and the band he assembled, the Wildcats Jazz Band.", "They began their tour with an appearance in Chicago in April 1924 and continued, on and off, until 1928.", "Dorsey left the group in 1926 because of ill health and was replaced as pianist by Lillian Hardaway Henderson, the wife of Rainey's cornetist Fuller Henderson, who became the band's leader.", "Although most of Rainey's songs that mention sexuality refer to love affairs with men, some of her lyrics contain references to lesbianism or bisexuality, such as the 1928 song \"Prove It on Me\":\n\nThey said I do it, ain't nobody caught me.", "Sure got to prove it on me.", "Went out last night with a crowd of my friends.", "They must've been women, 'cause I don't like no men.", "It’s true I wear a collar and tie.", "Makes the wind blow all the while.", "According to the website queerculturalcenter.org, the lyrics refer to an incident in 1925 in which Rainey was \"arrested for taking part in an orgy at [her] home involving women in her chorus\".", "The political activist and scholar Angela Y. Davis noted that Prove It on Me' is a cultural precursor to the lesbian cultural movement of the 1970s, which began to crystallize around the performance and recording of lesbian-affirming songs.\"", "At the time, an ad for the song embraced the genderbending outlined in the lyrics and featured Rainey in a three-piece suit, mingling with women while a police officer lurks nearby.", "Unlike many blues singers of her day, Rainey wrote at least a third of the songs she sang including many of her most famous works such as \"Moonshine Blues\" and \"Ma Rainey's Black Bottom\" which would become standards of the \"classic blues\" genre.", "Throughout the 1920s, Ma Rainey had a reputation for being one of the most dynamic performers in the United States due in large part to her songwriting, showmanship and voice.", "She and her band could fetch earnings of $350 a week on tour with the Theater Owners’ Booking Association, which was double that of Bessie Brown and George Williams while a little over half what Bessie Smith would ultimately command.", "Toward the end of the 1920s, live vaudeville went into decline, being replaced by radio and recordings.", "Rainey's career was not immediately affected; she continued recording for Paramount and earned enough money from touring to buy a bus with her name on it.", "In 1928, she worked with Dorsey again and recorded 20 songs, before Paramount terminated her contract.", "Her style of blues was no longer considered fashionable by the label.", "It is unclear if she maintained the royalties to her songs after she was fired from Paramount.", "Personal life and death\nMa Rainey and Pa Rainey adopted a son named Danny who later joined his parents' musical act.", "Rainey developed a relationship with Bessie Smith.", "They became so close that rumors circulated that their relationship was possibly also romantic in nature.", "It was also rumored that Smith once bailed Ma Rainey out of jail.", "The Raineys separated in 1916.", "In 1935, Rainey returned to her home town, Columbus, Georgia, and became the proprietress of three theatres, the Liberty in Columbus, and the Lyric and the Airdrome in Rome, Georgia, until her death.", "She died of a heart attack in 1939.", "Legacy and honors\nMa Rainey created what is now known as \"classic blues\" while also portraying black life like never before.", "As a musical innovator she built on the minstrelsy and vaudeville performative traditions with comedic timing and a hybrid of American blues traditions she encountered in her vast tours across the country.", "She helped to pioneer a genre that appealed to North and South, rural and urban audiences.", "Her signature low and gravelly voice sung with Rainey's gusto and authoritative style inspired imitators from Louis Armstrong, Janis Joplin and Bonnie Raitt among others.", "In her lyrics, Rainey portrayed the black female experience like few others of the time reflecting a wide range of emotions and experiences.", "In her 1999 book Blues Legacies and Black Feminism, Angela Davis wrote that Rainey's songs are full of women who “explicitly celebrate their right to conduct themselves as expansively and even as undesirably as men\".", "In her songs, she and other black women sleep around for revenge, drink and party all night and generally live lives that \"transgressed these ideas of white middle class female respectability\".", "The portrayals of black female sexuality, including those bucking heteronormative standards, fought ideas of what a woman should be and inspired Alice Walker in developing her characters for The Color Purple.", "Bragging about sexual escapades was popular in men's songs at the time but her use of these themes in her works established her as both fiercely independent and fearless and many have drawn connections between her use of these themes and their modern use in Hip-Hop.", "Rainey was also a fashion icon who pioneered flashy, expensive costuming in her performances, wearing ostrich plumes, satin gowns, sequins, gold necklaces, diamond tiaras, and gold teeth.", "Rainey was inducted into the Blues Foundation's Hall of Fame in 1983 and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1990.", "In 1994, the U.S. Post Office issued a 29-cent commemorative postage stamp honoring her.", "In 2004, \"See See Rider Blues\" (performed in 1924) was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame and was added to the National Recording Registry by the National Recording Preservation Board of the Library of Congress.", "There was also a small museum opened in Columbus in 2007 to honor Ma Rainey's legacy.", "It is in the very house that she had built for her mother and later lived in from 1935 until her death in 1939.", "The first annual Ma Rainey International Blues Festival was held in April 2016 in Columbus, Georgia, near the home that Rainey owned and lived in at the time of her death.", "In 2017, the Rainey-McCullers School of the Arts opened in Columbus, Georgia, named in honor of Rainey and author Carson McCullers.", "In popular culture\nSterling A.", "Brown wrote the poem \"Ma Rainey\" in 1932, about how \"When Ma Rainey / comes to town\" people everywhere would hear her sing.", "In 1981, Sandra Lieb wrote the first full-length book about Rainey, Mother of the Blues: A Study of Ma Rainey.", "Ma Rainey's Black Bottom, a 1982 play by August Wilson, is a fictionalized account of a recording of her song of the same title set in 1927.", "Theresa Merritt and Whoopi Goldberg starred as Rainey in the Original and Revival Broadway productions, respectively.", "Viola Davis portrayed Rainey in the 2020 film adaptation of the play and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress.", "Mo'Nique played Rainey in the 2015 television film Bessie about the life of Bessie Smith, for which she earned a nomination for Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or Movie.", "Recordings\nThis sortable table presents all 94 titles recorded by Rainey.", "The recording dates are approximated.", "The classification, by Sandra Lieb, is almost entirely by form.", "Blues songs which are only partly of twelve-bar structure are classified as mixtures of blues and popular song forms.", "Songs without any twelve-bar or eight-bar structure are classified as non-blues.", "The JSP and DOCD columns refer to the two complete CD reissues.", "Click any label to sort.", "To return to chronological order, click #.", "Notes\n\nReferences\n\nFootnotes\n\nSources\n\nFurther reading\n Ma Rainey and the Classic Blues Singers by Derrick Stewart-Baxter (Stein and Day, 1970)\n\nExternal links\n Ma Rainey Blues Festival official website\n Gertrude “Ma” Rainey at the New Georgia Encyclopedia\n \n \n \n Ma Rainey (1886-1939) at Red Hot Jazz Archive\n \n\n.\"", "Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia. . Encyclopedia.com.", "16 Oct. 2020 .", "(2020, November 22).", "Retrieved November 22, 2020, from Rainey, Ma (1886–1939) | Encyclopedia.com\n\n1880s births\n1939 deaths\n20th-century American singers\n20th-century American women singers\nAge controversies\nAmerican blues singers\nAmerican street performers\n20th-century African-American women singers\nBaptists from Georgia (U.S. state)\nBisexual musicians\nBisexual women\nClassic female blues singers\nLGBT African Americans\nLGBT people from Georgia (U.S. state)\nLGBT people from Alabama\nMusicians from Columbus, Georgia\nParamount Records artists\nPeople from Rome, Georgia\nVaudeville performers\nLGBT singers from the United States\n20th-century Baptists" ]

[ "The influential American blues singer and early blues recording artist was named Ma.", "She was dubbed the \"Mother of the Blues\" because of her influence on a generation of blues singers.", "After her marriage to Will \"Pa\" Rainey in 1904, she became known as \"Ma\" Rainey.", "They formed their own group, the Assassinators of the Blues, after touring with the Rabbit Foot Minstrels.", "Her first recording was made in 1923.", "She made over 100 recordings in the following five years.", "She was known for her powerful vocal abilities, energetic disposition, majestic phrasing, and a \"moaning\" style of singing.", "Her early recordings \"Bo-Weevil Blues\" and \"Moonshine Blues\" show her qualities.", "She toured and recorded with the Georgia Jazz Band.", "After touring until 1935, she retired from performing and continued as a theater impresario in her hometown of Columbus, Georgia, until her death four years later.", "There is uncertainty about Pridgett's birth date.", "Most sources say she was born on April 26, 1886, while some say she was born in 1882.", "Pridgett claimed to have been born in Columbus, Georgia on April 26, 1886.", "According to the 1900 census, she was born in Alabama in September of 1882, but researchers suggest that she was born in Russell County, Alabama.", "She was the second of five children of the Pridgett family.", "She had a sister, Malissa Pridgett.", "Ma and William \"Pa\" Rainey were married in February 1904.", "The stage name was a play on her husband's nickname.", "Pridgett began her career as a performer at a talent show when she was 12 to 14 years old.", "She began performing in black shows when she was a member of the First African Baptist Church.", "She claimed that she was exposed to blues music in the early 20th century.", "She and her husband joined Pat Chappelle's Rabbit's Foot Company, which was billed as \"Black Face Song and Dance Comedians, Jubilee Singers and Cake Walker\", after forming the Alabama Fun Makers Company.", "In 1910, she was described as a coon shouter.", "The Rabbit's Foot Company was taken over by a new owner in 1912.", "When she was in Missouri, a girl introduced her to a sad song about a man leaving a woman.", "She added the lyrics to her performances.", "She said she created the term \"blues\" when she was asked what kind of song she was singing.", "The Raineys were known as the assassins of the blues.", "She met many musicians in New Orleans, including Joe \"King\" Oliver.", "She became well known as the popularity of blues music increased.", "She met a young blues singer named Bessie Smith, who was making a name for herself.", "The story of Smith being kidnapped, forced to join the Rabbit's Foot Minstrels, and taught to sing the blues was disputed by Smith's sister-in-law.", "The demand for recordings by black musicians increased in the late 1910s.", "In 1920, the first black woman was recorded.", "J. Mayo Williams discovered Rainey in 1923.", "She made her first eight recordings in Chicago, including \"Bo-Weevil Blues\" and \"Moonshine Blues\", after signing a recording contract with Paramount.", "Over the next five years, she made more than 100 recordings, which brought her fame beyond the South.", "She was marketed by Paramount as the \"Mother of the Blues\", the \"Songbird of the South\", and the \"Gold-Neck Woman of the Blues\".", "\"Jelly Bean Blues\", \"Countin' the Blues\", and \" See, See Rider\" were recorded by Rainey in 1924.", "She embarked on a tour of the Theater Owners Booking Association in the South and Midwest of the United States, singing for black and white audiences.", "She was with the band assembled by the bandleader and pianist Thomas Dorsey.", "They began their tour with an appearance in Chicago in April 1924.", "The band's leader was the wife of Rainey's cornetist, who became the band's leader after Dorsey left the group because of ill health.", "Most of the songs that mention sexuality refer to love affairs with men, but some of the lyrics include references to lesbianism or bisexuality.", "It has to be proved on me.", "Went out with a group of friends.", "I don't like no men, so they must've been women.", "I wear a collar and tie.", "The wind blows all the time.", "According to the website queerculturalcenter.org, the lyrics refer to an incident in 1925 in which Rainey was arrested for taking part in an orgy at her home involving women in her chorus.", "The lesbian cultural movement of the 1970s was influenced by the performance and recording of lesbian-affirming songs.", "At the time, an ad for the song embraced the genderbending outlined in the lyrics and featured Rainey in a three-piece suit mingling with women.", "She wrote at least a third of the songs she sang including many of her most famous works such as \"Moonshine Blues\" and \"Ma Rainey's Black Bottom\" which would become standards of the \"classic blues\" genre.", "Ma Rainey had a reputation for being one of the most dynamic performers in the United States due in large part to her song writing, showmanship and voice.", "She and her band could make as much as $350 a week on tour with the Theater Owners' Booking Association, which was double that of Bessie Brown and George Williams.", "Radio and recordings replaced live vaudeville at the end of the 1920s.", "She continued recording for Paramount and earned enough money from touring to buy a bus with her name on it.", "She recorded 20 songs before Paramount terminated her contract.", "Her style of blues was no longer fashionable.", "It's not clear if she kept the royalties to her songs after she left Paramount.", "Ma and Pa Rainey had a son named Danny who later joined their musical act.", "There was a relationship between Rainey and Bessie Smith.", "Rumors of their relationship being romantic in nature spread because they became so close.", "It was rumored that Smith helped Ma Rainey out of jail.", "The Raineys were separated in 1916.", "After returning to her hometown of Columbus, Georgia, in 1935, she became the proprietress of three theatres, the Liberty in Columbus, and the Lyric and the Airdrome in Rome, Georgia.", "She died of a heart attack.", "Ma Rainey created what is now known as \"classic blues\" while also portraying black life like never before.", "She was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "She helped to create a genre that appealed to a wide range of people.", "Her low and gravelly voice inspired imitators from Bonnie Raitt to Janis Joplin.", "The black female experience like few others of the time reflected a wide range of emotions and experiences.", "In her 1999 book, Blues Legacies and Black Feminism, Davis wrote that Rainey's songs are full of women who \"explicitly celebrate their right to conduct themselves as expansively and even as undesirably as men\".", "In her songs, she and other black women sleep around for revenge, drink and party all night, exposing these ideas of white middle class female respectability.", "Alice Walker was inspired to develop her characters for The Color Purple because of the portrayals of black female sexuality that fought ideas of what a woman should be.", "Bragging about sexual escapades was popular in men's songs at the time but her use of these themes in her works established her as both fiercely independent and fearless and many have drawn connections between her use of these themes and their modern use in Hip-Hop.", "She was a fashion icon who pioneered flashy, expensive costuming in her performances, including gold necklaces, diamond tiaras, and gold teeth.", "The Blues Foundation's Hall of Fame and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame accepted Rainey in 1983.", "She was honored by a postage stamp from the U.S. Post Office in 1994.", "\" See Rider Blues\" was added to the National Recording Preservation Board of the Library of Congress in 2004.", "In 2007, a small museum was opened in Columbus to honor Ma Rainey.", "She lived in the house that she built for her mother from 1935 to 1939.", "The first annual Ma Rainey International Blues Festival was held in Columbus, Georgia, near the home that Rainey owned and lived in at the time of her death.", "The school of the arts was opened in Columbus, Georgia, in honor of Rainey and McCullers.", "In popular culture.", "Brown wrote a poem about how people would hear her sing when she came to town.", "The first full-length book about Rainey, Mother of the Blues: A Study of Ma Rainey was written in 1981.", "Black Bottom, a 1982 play by August Wilson, is a fictionalized account of a recording of Ma Rainey's song of the same title in 1927.", "The Original and Revival Broadway productions featured Theresa and Whoopi Goldberg.", "In the film adaptation of the play, Viola Davis was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress.", "Mo'Nique was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a limited series or movie for her portrayal of Rainey in the television film Bessie.", "There are 94 titles recorded by Rainey.", "The recording dates are approximate.", "The classification is almost entirely by form.", "Blues songs that are only part of a twelve-bar structure are classified as a mixture of blues and popular song forms.", "Non-blues are songs without a twelve-bar or eight-bar structure.", "The two complete CD reissues are referred to in the JSP and DOCD columns.", "To sort, click any label.", "Click # to return to chronological order.", "Further reading Ma Rainey and the Classic Blues Singers is available at the New Georgia Encyclopedia and at the Red Hot Jazz Archive.", "The Encyclopedia of Women in World History.", "The year 2020 begins on 16 October.", "November 22, 2020.", "1860s births, 1939 deaths, 20th-century American women singers, and 20th-century African-American women singers are included." ]

[ "Ma", "\" Rainey", "Ma", "Rainey", "\" Rainey", "Rainey", "Rainey", "Rainey", "Rainey", "Malissa", "Ma Rainey", "\" Rainey", "Ma Rainey", "Will Rainey", "Gertrude Rainey", "Rainey", "Rainey", "Rainey", "Rainey", "Rainey", "Rainey", "Rainey", "Maud Smith", "Mamie", "Rainey", ". Mayo", "Rainey", "Rainey", "Rainey", "Rainey", "Rainey", "Rainey", "Ma Rainey", "Rainey", "Ma Rainey", "Pa Rainey", "Rainey", "Ma Rainey", "Rainey", "Rainey", "Ma Rainey", "Rainey", "Rainey", "Rainey", "Rainey", "Rainey", "Ma Rainey", "Rainey", "Rainey", "Ma Rain", "Ma Rain", "Rainey", "Ma Rain", "Ma Rainey", "Rainey", "Rainey", "Rainey", "Rainey", "Ma Rainey", "Ma", "Rainey", "Ma Rainey", "Rainey", "Ma" ]

[ "Ma", "\" Rainey", "Ma", "Rainey", "Malissa", "Ma", "Rainey", "Rainey", ". Mayo", "Rainey", "Rainey", "Rainey", "Rainey", "Rainey", "Ma Rainey", "Ma", "Pa Rainey", "Rainey", "Ma Rainey", "Rainey", "Ma Rainey", "Rainey", "Rainey", "Ma Rainey", "Rainey", "Rainey", "Rainey", "Ma Rainey", "Rainey", "Rainey", "Ma Rainey" ]

[ "Anthony Kearns (born 17 August 1971, in Kiltealy, County Wexford, Ireland) is an internationally acclaimed tenor, record producer, and a member of The Irish Tenors.", "Early life\nAnthony Kearns is one of six children in a musical family; as a result, his interest in music came at a very early age.", "Kearns began singing traditional Irish songs with his family and won many singing competitions in his youth, generally in the Sean-nós tradition.", "He played the button (double row black dot) accordion and various other instruments common in Traditional music.", "He attended F.C.J.", "Secondary School Bunclody, singing at Mass and school shows.", "After leaving school, Kearns studied catering and hotel management, while singing in local musical productions and placing in various singing competitions around the country.", "Kearns achieved success in 1993 after entering a national radio competition, \"Ireland's Search for a Tenor\" on the Gay Byrne program, a competition to celebrate the issuing of a new ten pound note (called a \"tenner\".)", "The only competitor with no formal training, Kearns won the competition at the finals, held on a city street in Dublin, singing \"The Impossible Dream\" and \"Danny Boy\".", "One of his prizes was an appearance on Gay Byrne's Late Late Show on RTÉ television.", "After winning the competition, he began training with the renowned Irish opera singer and vocal coach, Veronica Dunne, who had been a judge for the competition.", "Kearns then began pursuing a full-time career in music.", "After three years at the Leinster School of Music with Dr. Dunne, he studied at the College of Music in Cardiff [Wales].", "Career\n\n1998: The Irish Tenors \nKearns' career took a leap in 1998 when Irish producer Bill Hughes and PBS joined forces to begin The Irish Tenors.", "Kearns, an original member of The Irish Tenors, collaborated with tenors Ronan Tynan, John McDermott, and Finbar Wright to net Gold, Platinum, and Double Platinum CD recognitions.", "Their first PBS Special before a live U.S. audience, \"Live from Ellis Island,\" was a tribute to U.S. immigrants.", "The Irish Tenors are among the top three highest-grossing acts for PBS, raising over $10 million over the course of their collaboration.", "They continue to tour and produce CDs—and are considered to be one of the most successful singing groups from Ireland in history.", "In 2006, the trio starred in a nine-part television series, Irish Tenors & Friends, on RTÉ TV.", "Special guests included Lord Andrew Lloyd Webber, Paul Carrick, Finbar Furey, Shayne Ward, Sharon Shannon, Peter Grant, and others.", "2006–2012: Broadway and television performances \nKearns teamed up with Bill Hughes again for a PBS project called Hallelujah Broadway, filmed in Prague in February 2010.", "Hallelujah Broadway has since been broadcast on Irish and U.S. television stations, and Hallelujah Broadway concerts have been presented in various cities in the U.S. as well.", "Kearns made his debut appearance on the Fox News Network as a solo artist on Huckabee on 24 April 2010, where he shared his \"deep passion for music\" with former Gov.", "Mike Huckabee, the program's host.", "The interview included Kearns' insights about his meteoric career and rise to fame, and a performance by Kearns of \"Danny Boy\", and \"The Lord's Prayer\".", "Said Huckabee after the interview, \"When [Anthony] sang 'Danny Boy' and 'The Lord's Prayer' on my show, he had one of the most positive responses of any guest I've had to date.\"", "Kearns returned to the show in 2011 to sing \"Ave Maria\" which he dedicated to U.S. troops.", "Kearns performed with the Air Force Band at a special Veteran's Day 2012 broadcast \"America's Veterans: A Musical Tribute\", on Maryland Public Television (a PBS affiliate).", "2012–2014: Performances for world leaders \nKearns performed at a pre-inaugural brunch, as a guest of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, General Martin Dempsey, in tribute to the Congressional Medal of Honor Society on 20 January 2013.", "Kearns also sang as the guest of Governor Martin O'Malley at the Maryland Democratic Party's Inaugural Ball to celebrate the Inauguration of U.S. President Barack Obama's second term in office.", "In March 2012, Kearns sang at a benefit honoring Gov.", "O'Malley and another prominent Irish-American, Governor Bob McDonnell of Virginia.", "Kearns sang at Gov.", "McDonnell's Inaugural Gala in 2010 and his bipartisan Prayer Breakfast (with outgoing Governor Tim Kaine) the next day in Richmond, VA. On 19 March 2013, Kearns performed at the 2013 Friends of Ireland Luncheon at the U.S. Capitol as the guest of Speaker of the House John Boehner.", "Special guests included President Barack Obama and Taoiseach (Prime Minister of Ireland) Enda Kenny, Members of Congress, and foreign dignitaries from Ireland and the United Kingdom.", "On 27 May 2013, Kearns opened the 2013 National Memorial Day Parade Program in Washington, D.C. with a stirring rendition of \"America, the Beautiful,\" with a 260-member chorus from across the country in front of an estimated crowd of 300,000 people to mark the anniversaries of World War II (70th), the Korean War (60th), and the Vietnam War (50th).", "On 18 June 2013, Kearns performed at the official U.S. ceremony commemorating the 50th Anniversary of President John F. Kennedy's visit to Ireland on Arlington National Cemetery.", "This was the first time part of the Eternal Flame was allowed to be taken from the grave site.", "Kearns appeared on Huckabee to kick off the Christmas season on 1 December 2013, singing \"Hark!", "The Herald Angels Sing.\"", "That same week, Kearns headlined the 94th Annual Thanksgiving Day Parade (the oldest in the nation) in Philadelphia, PA singing \"We Three Kings\" before approximately one million parade-goers and 12 million TV viewers.", "On 14 March 2014, Kearns headlined the 113th Annual St. Patrick's Day Banquet hosted by the Irish Fellowship Club of Chicago.", "Special guests included Illinois Governor Pat Quinn, Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel, John McDonough, President and CEO of the Chicago Blackhawks, and others.", "2014: National Memorial Day Concert and 9/11 Tribute \nIn early May 2014, it was announced that Kearns would join a distinguished line-up as a soloist in the 2014 Memorial Day Concert on PBS—a national tradition over the past 25 years.", "Co-hosted by Tony Award-winner Joe Mantegna and Emmy Award-winner Gary Sinise, the concert is a tribute to America's men and women in uniform, their families, and all those who have given their lives for our country.", "The event was broadcast live to 10 million viewers nationwide from the West Lawn of the U.S. Capitol on Sun., 25 May 2014.", "Before the concert, Jerry Colbert, executive producer and founder of Capital Concerts, said of Kearns, \"We're pleased to have Anthony Kearns lend his powerful voice for what will be a historic and inspiring tribute to America's service men and women, their families, and all those who have made the ultimate sacrifice for our country.\"", "On 12 June 2014, Kearns sang \"God Bless America\" during the 239th United States Army Birthday Gala held at the historic Union League Club in New York City.", "The event was emceed by Greg Kelly, co-host of Good Day New York (Fox 5 NY) and a former co-host of Fox and Friends, and featured General Raymond Odierno, U.S. Army Chief of Staff, as the Special Military Guest of Honor.", "On 9 September 2014, Kearns headlined the National 11 September Memorial & Museum in New York City—marking the first time that the museum was open to the public.", "Kearns sang \"Isle of Hope, Isle of Tears,\" by songwriter Brendan Graham which he and The Irish Tenors recorded in 2001 on Ellis Island.", "The song became a huge hit for Kearns and his Irish Tenor colleagues.", "Kearns sang before an audience of 1,200 including former New York Mayor Michael Bloomberg, who hosted the event as chairman.", "The event paid homage to those who died in the attacks, the heroes, and survivors.", "It also commemorated the rebuilding and resilience of New York and its bond with the American people.", "Other event participants included singer Ricky Martin, sex therapist, talk show host, and author Dr. Ruth Westheimer, and former NBA player Dikembe Mutombo.", "In 2014, Kearns became an International National Ambassador for Wells of Life, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit founded in 2008 to provide Ugandan communities with access to clean and safe drinking water by drilling water wells.", "Kearns headlined the 2014 Wells of Life Annual Gala and recorded two Public Service Announcements in support of the organization.", "Kearns recently announced that he would donate a well honoring those who lost their lives on 11 September 2001.", "The \"Anthony Kearns 9/11 Memorial Well\" became operational in March 2015.", "Kearns highlighted his work for Wells of Life and his 9/11 Memorial Well in several media interviews, including with NPR-affiliate WHYY Philadelphia.", "2015: Performances in U.S. and Europe, including for Pope Francis \nKearns had several high-profile concerts and engagements in Europe and the U.S. in 2015, including singing the tenor role in \"The Irish Ring Concert\"—a trilogy of Irish operas that includes Maritana, The Bohemian Girl and The Lily of Killarney—at Ireland's National Concert Hall.", "In February 2015, Kearns headlined the \"Second Annual Musical Celebration of the Irish Season and Military Tribute\" at Salamander Resort & Spa in Middleburg, VA.", "The gala was co-chaired by former Virginia First Lady Susan Allen and Martha-Ann Alito, both daughters of U.S. military fathers, with the support of Kirsten Fedewa & Associates, L.L.C.", "Larry Michael, ten-time Emmy winner and \"Voice of the Washington Redskins\" on NBC4, served as the evening's Master of Ceremonies.", "The event supported local charities, Our Military Kids and Final Salute, Inc. Other special guests included Supreme Court Justice Samuel Alito; former Governor of Virginia George Allen; Congresswoman Barbara Comstock; VADM Tony Less USN (Ret.", "), first official squadron commander of the legendary Blue Angels; Colonel James B. Hickey (U.S. Army, Ret.", "), Senior Military Advisor to Senator John McCain; Shannon Bream, Fox News' Supreme Court reporter and anchor of America's News Headquarters; Virginia State Delegate Tom Russ; and Bruce Allen, president of The Washington Redskins.", "On 16 March 2015, Kearns sang at the American Ireland Fund's 23rd National Gala held at the National Building Museum in Washington, D.C.", "The event honored Thomas J. Donohue, President & Chief Executive Officer of the United States Chamber of Commerce, Senator Richard Durbin, and Congressman Thomas J. Rooney.", "Other guests in attendance included Honorary Chairs Irish Ambassador to the United States, Anne Anderson; U.S.", "Ambassador to Ireland, Kevin O'Malley; British Ambassador to the United States, Sir Peter Westmacott; Senators Patrick Leahy and Patrick Toomey; and Congressmen Peter King and Richard Neal.", "The evening's keynote speaker was the Taoiseach Enda Kenny, TD, Prime Minister of Ireland and the gala's Honorary Patron.", "In May, he also performed at a Memorial Day Tribute to Veterans and Veterans Serving in Congress with special guest Brigadier General Steve Ritchie, USAF, Ret., who is the only Air Force Pilot Ace since the Korean War.", "Kearns, a sports fan, also sang \"The Star-Spangled Banner\" at Citi Field in August 2015 before the New York Mets game versus the Boston Red Sox.", "Previously, Kearns sang during the \"Notre Dame: A Welcome Home Celebration\" vs Navy Football game in Dublin, Ireland in 2012.", "He also sang during the Military Tribute at the 137th Preakness, and he performed \"The Star Spangled Banner\" as the guest of The Washington Redskins when they played against the Atlanta Falcons at FedExField in Landover, MD in October 2012.", "Most recently, Kearns performing \"God Bless America\" on Jim McKay Maryland Million Day on Saturday, 17 October 2015 at Laurel Park.", "During Pope Francis' first historic visit to the United States in September 2015, Kearns was the final performer during the pre-Mass concert at the World Meeting of Families in Philadelphia, PA. Said Kearns during a CNN interview with Don Lemon before the performance, \"I feel very privileged to be a part of such an historic event in honor of His Holiness' visit to the United States.", "It will be an unforgettable experience.\"", "Kearns was accompanied by David George of Louisville, Kentucky.", "Said Kirsten Fedewa, Kearns' public relations consultant, \"This is an exceptional honor for Mr. Kearns, and an once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to share his inspiring voice with those convening in Philadelphia and around the world.\"", "In September 2015, Kearns sang a 9/11 Tribute at a benefit hosted by Tobias Harris of the Orlando Magic, in memory of the 9/11 victims and American military forces who defend liberty around the world.", "2016: Ireland 100 at The Kennedy Center and other engagements \n\nKearns began 2016 with a performance at the launch of the commemorations of the 100th anniversary of the 1916 Easter Rising by members of the Irish and American governments in New York City.", "This was one of more than two hundred cultural events taking place across the United States through 2016 and many others worldwide.", "Participants at the launch included Minister for Foreign Affairs of Ireland Charlie Flanagan, Irish Ambassador to the U.S. Anne Anderson, Irish Consul General Barbara Jones and New York Senator Chuck Schumer, actor Liam Neeson, and others.", "The launch took place at the Irish Consulate in New York on the morning of 7 January, followed by the evening reception at the historic Pier A Harbor House in Battery Park, New York.", "Kearns was the featured performer during a special military tribute at the 141st Preakness Stakes on 21 May 2016.", "Kearns sang \"America the Beautiful\".", "The tribute is a part of the Preakness' celebration of Armed Forces Day which honors Americans serving in the five U.S. military\n\nOn 23 May 2016, Kearns performed as part of the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts' 2016 major curated festival, \"IRELAND 100: Celebrating a Century of Irish Arts & Culture.\"", "Kearns also performed in a solo appearance during Opening Night of \"IRELAND 100: Celebrating a Century of Irish Arts & Culture\" on 17 May 2016, an event directed and hosted by Olivier Award-winning actress Fiona Shaw with the National Symphony Orchestra, under the baton of Irish conductor David Brophy.", "The event included remarks by Taoiseach Enda Kenny and Vice President Joseph Biden.", "Kearns opened the 2016 National Memorial Day Parade Program in Washington, D.C.—the nation's largest—on 30 May 2016.", "He performed \"America the Beautiful\" with a 250-member chorus at the top of the televised program.", "This year's theme was \"Saluting our Fallen Heroes from the American Revolution through Iraq and Afghanistan.\"", "Highlights included a tribute to the World War II generation, remembering the Gulf War, and honoring the fallen of 11 September 2001.", "Kearns performed at the Fifth Annual Memorial Day Kick-off and Tribute to Veterans on 24 May 2016 in Washington, D.C.", "The event drew a crowd of 150 guests, including bipartisan Members of Congress, senior military members, embassy officials, senior staff and media.", "Special guests included Master of Ceremonies Daniel Lippman of Politico, retired USMC Captain Jason Haag of the American Humane Association, and World War II veteran Arnold Taylor.", "Colonel James Tierney (U.S. Army-retired) of the famed 69th Infantry Regiment of New York was also recognized and offered a hallowed toast to our men and women in uniform.", "Kearns sang several patriotic and classic songs to conclude the program.", "Tenor Anthony Kearns headlined the spectacular Anam Cara Awards Gala at the Irish Cultural Center and McClelland Library in Phoenix, AZ on Saturday, 15 October.", "Kearns was the featured performer during a special Military Tribute at the 141st Preakness Stakes on 21 May 2016.", "Kearns sang \"America the Beautiful.\"", "The Military Tribute is a part of the Preakness' celebration of Armed Forces Day which honors Americans serving in the five U.S. military.", "In the fall, Kearns made a return performance at the annual Maryland Million Gala and Auction in October 2016.", "In addition to the gala and auction, Kearns also performed at Laurel Park Racecourse during the Maryland Million Day races on 22 October.", "This was the second consecutive year that Kearns performed at the highly anticipated event celebrating the 31st running of Jim McKay Maryland Million Day – and he has become a favorite among the Thoroughbred Racing crowd.", "In November 2016, Kearns joined a star-studded musical cast in \"America Salutes You\", a multi-platform broadcast celebrating active duty military, veterans, and veterans' causes.", "The program aired nationally on Thanksgiving Day weekend in 2016.", "In addition to Mr. Kearns, concert performers include pop legend Cyndi Lauper, multi -platinum selling singer/songwriter Gavin DeGraw, country music legend Wanda Jackson, rapper Hoodie Allen, Gospel Grammy winner CeCe Winans, and bluegrass legend Ricky Skaggs.", "2017–2018: Lismore Opera Festival, Miller Presidential Center, and U.S. Capitol performance \n\nKearns continues to lend his voice to some occasions, including a special holiday concert at the nonpartisan Miller Center for Public Affairs at the University of Virginia and the Friends of Ireland luncheon hosted by House Speaker Paul Ryan (R-WI) on Thursday, 15 March 2018, at the United States Capitol.", "As announced by the Speaker's office, \"President Donald Trump and Prime Minister (Taoiseach) of Ireland Leo Varadkar are scheduled to participate as an ode to St. Patrick's Day and strong U.S.-Ireland ties.", "This is the third year that Speaker Ryan will host this event.\"", "The annual event is a time-honored tradition started in 1983 by House Speaker Tip O'Neill and President Ronald Reagan, who rose above politics to unite in their shared heritage and desire for peace.", "\"It is indeed a privilege to accept the invitation of Speaker Ryan to sing for the Friends of Ireland Luncheon which highlights the shared history and enduring affection between Ireland and America,\" said Mr. Kearns.", "\"I hope to express that closeness through my music on this special occasion.\"", "Kearns' received several standing ovations for his performance, which included \"O, America!,\" for the distinguished delegation, which also included Vice President Mike Pence, Irish Ambassador Daniel Mulhall, Cabinet members, and 100 bipartisan members of Congress.", "He received favorable coverage in \"Hollywood on the Potomac\" and other media outlets.", "Kearns also sang \"O' America!\"", "to a packed house at the Silver Dollar City Opera House in Branson, Mo as part of Governor Mike Huckabee's Fourth of July special on TBN.", "Said Governor Huckabee after Kearns' performance: \"He nearly burned down Branson with his rendition of 'O, America' for the Fourth of July.", "The response before the live audience was absolutely overwhelming and authentic.\"", "Kearns ended the year with a string of appearances, singing the US national anthem at the 2018 Breeders' Cup in Louisville, Kentucky—one of the richest Thoroughbred races in the world.", "He also was one of a handful of entertainers to be invited to sing at the 2018 National Christmas Tree Lighting which took place on 28 November 2018, on the Ellipse at President's Park.", "Co-presented by the National Park Service and the National Park Foundation, this beloved American tradition celebrated its 96th year.", "Kearns also was a headliner in the nation's oldest parade – the 98th Annual 6abc Dunkin' Donuts Thanksgiving Day Parade in Philadelphia, PA on Thursday, 22 November 2018.", "Kearns sang during the LIVE televised broadcast of the parade which was expected to attract up to one million parade-goers and televised in major U.S. television markets.", "He also was invited to open the \"America Salute You: Guitar Legends II\" concert.", "Kearns was also a part of a lineup of performers during the \"America Salutes You – Guitar Legends II\" concert at the Novo Theater in Los Angeles on Sunday, 2 December 2018.", "The concert was the third in a series of nationally broadcast concerts benefiting brain and mental awareness charities.", "The concert was re-aired on 24 March 2019, on AXS TV, and was made available on streaming services the same day.", "In addition, Pacifica Records released a music CD of the concert, which includes Kearns' performance of \"O' America!\"", "Kearns, who performed during the America Salutes You inaugural concert in 2016 at the Rosemont Theater in Chicago, joined an array of musicians, including Billy Gibbons, Laurence Juber, Joe Bonamassa, Don Felder, Sammy Hagar, Robby Krieger, Dave Navarro, Orienthi, Emily Estefan, and others.", "Like his predecessor, Italian tenor Luciano Pavarotti, Kearns appreciates and supports other musical genres, including country, folk and rock 'n' roll.", "Kearns ended 2018 with a return guest appearance on Huckabee on TBN as a part of the Governor's Christmas and end-of-year television special.", "Kearns sang the Christmas classic \"Silver Bells\" before a live studio audience at the TBN studio in Hendersonville, Tennessee.", "Said Governor Huckabee: \"I'm absolutely delighted to have Anthony Kearns on my show as a final prelude to Christmas.", "The crowd loved Anthony this time as well.", "He is indeed favorite America's tenor.\"", "This was Kearns' fifth television appearance with former Arkansas governor and presidential candidate Mike Huckabee, and his second on Governor Huckabee's new highly acclaimed television show on TBN.", "Kearns' high-profile concerts, celebrity appearances and engagements are handled by Kirsten Fedewa & Associates, L.L.C.", "\"Anthony began as the youngest member of the PBS super-stars, The Irish Tenors, with whom he has enjoyed an incredible collaboration.", "He has since expanded this role in his solo career.", "It was wonderful to bring him together with my good friend, Governor Huckabee, for this gorgeous Christmas special\", Fedewa said.", "In January 2019, Kearns reunited with The Irish Tenors on a sold-out tour in Ireland in celebration of their 20th anniversary.", "On 3 March 2019, Kearns kicked off the spring social season with a performance at a concert event hosted by the ambassadors of Malta, Slovenia, and the Czech Republic at the Perry Belmont House in the heart of Washington, D.C.", "The soiree was co-emceed by Emmy-award-winning storyteller and former Fox5 anchor Will Thomas and internationally acclaimed interior designer Barry Dixon, and was featured in publications such as The Georgetowner, Washington Diplomat magazine, The Washington Examiner, and more.", "Professional recognition\nBefore his major break in 1993, Kearns entered many \"All Ireland\" singing competitions such as Ceol an Geimhridh, Feis Ceoils, Readoiri, Fleadh Cheoil na hÉireann, often placing and winning.", "While studying with Dr. Dunne, Kearns continued competing in talent competitions, twice winning the prestigious Dermot Troy Trophy for oratorio, as well as Best Male Singer at the Waterford International Festival of Light Opera, and Best Irish Singer at the 1999 ESB Veronica Dunne International Singing Competition.", "The prize for Best Male Singer during all Veronica Dunne International Singing Competitions is now presented in Kearns' name.", "Kearns was recognized in 2010 by the Irish Music Association as the \"Best Irish Tenor in the US, UK, and European Union.\"", "Recently Kearns was invited to become the Honorary President of Lanza Legend, a website dedicated to honoring the great tenor Mario Lanza, one of the most influential tenors of the 20th century.", "In that capacity, Kearns was asked by journalist Lindsay Perigo to write the foreword to his new book, \"The One Tenor: A Salute to Mario Lanza,\" published in August 2013.", "Operatic roles\nKearns' opera reviews are listed at this footnote: His credits include: Fenton in an Italian production of Falstaff.", "In Irish productions, he sang Rinuccio in Gianni Schicchi and the title role in Faust for Opera Ireland, Carmens Don José for Ireland's Glasthule Opera, Don Ottavio in a Lismore Music Festival production of Don Giovanni, and he sang with the Royal Dublin Society as the lead tenor in the first complete performance since the early 20th century of The Lily of Killarney (part of \"The Irish Ring\" trilogy).", "In 2017, Kearns returned to the Lismore Opera Festival in the leading tenor role of Nemorino in Gaetano Donizetti's L'elisir d'amore, at the Lismore Castle Gardens in Lismore, Ireland.", "It was his third appearance with the Lismore Opera Festival—Ireland's only summer opera festival set in the stunning Lismore Castle and Gardens, in St. Carthage's Cathedral, and in the beautiful and historic great homes along the Blackwater River.", "In the U.S., Kearns has performed the roles of Romeo in Romeo & Juliet: Then and Now, Edgardo in Lucia di Lammermoor; and reprised his role as Faust for Opera Naples, Florida.", "He also sang Alfred in Die Fledermaus for the Emerald City Opera Company in Steamboat Springs, Colorado.", "Charitable causes\nKearns sings for many causes world-wide.", "This includes benefit concerts for autism awareness, and benefits to honor and assist U.S. military troops, veterans, and their families, such as the USO's Operation Enduring Care, the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund, Stand Up for Heroes, the Elizabeth Dole Foundation, the World War II Memorial, Saratoga WarHorse, Boulder Crest Retreat for Military and Veteran Wellness, Coalition to Salute America's Heroes, American Humane, Leave No One Behind, and Thanks USA.", "With A Song in My Heart\nIn May 2013, Kearns announced his plan to release his solo album, With a Song in My Heart, on the National Defense Radio Show.", "The CD features 13 tracks of many genres, including the title song from Rodgers and Hart's musical, \"Spring is Here\" and other beloved standards such as \"La Donne e Mobile,\" \"Ave Maria,\" and \"Granada;\" \"Salut Demeure Chaste et Pure,\" an aria from the opera, Faust (which Kearns has starred in); the American folk favorite, \"Shenandoah,\" Broadway tunes (\"Younger than Springtime\" from Rodgers and Hammerstein), and a few Irish tunes – such as the famed ballads, \"Boolavogue\" and \"Danny Boy,\" and more.", "The album was released in fall 2013.", "The album was arranged and orchestrated by Gavin Murphy and Eric Stern, with sound engineer Jonathan Allen of Abbey Road Studios.", "Musical accompaniment was provided by long-time accompanist Patrick Healy on piano and the Slovak Symphony Orchestra conducted by Allan Wilson.", "In November 2014, it was announced that Kearns' debut solo album, With a Song in My Heart, had been submitted for consideration for a 57th Annual GRAMMY Award nomination in four categories – including \"Best Classical Solo Vocal Album.\"", "The news was released by Kearns' agent and publicist Kirsten Fedewa.", "References\n\nExternal links\n\nAnthonyKearnsTenor.com\n TheIrishTenorsMusic.com\n LanzaLegend.com\n AnthonyKearns.com\n AnthonyKearnsMusic.com\n\n1971 births\nLiving people\nIrish tenors\n21st-century Irish male singers\nPeople from County Wexford" ]

[ "Anthony Kearns was born in Kiltealy, County Wexford, Ireland, and is a member of The Irish Tenors.", "Anthony was one of six children in a musical family and his interest in music came at a very young age.", "In the Sean-ns tradition, Kearns won many singing contests in his youth and began singing traditional Irish songs with his family.", "He played the accordion and other traditional instruments.", "He was a student at F.C.J.", "Bunclody is singing at school shows.", "After leaving school, Kearns studied food and hotel management, while singing in local musical productions and placing in singing contests around the country.", "In 1993 he won a national radio competition called \"Ireland's Search for a Tenor\", a competition to celebrate the issuing of a new ten pound note.", "The only competitor with formal training was Kearns, who won the competition in Dublin singing \"The Impossible Dream\" and \"Danny Boy\".", "His prize was an appearance on Gay Byrne's Late Late Show.", "He began training with the renowned Irish opera singer and vocal coach, Veronica Dunne, after winning the competition.", "A full-time career in music was pursued by Kearns.", "He studied at the College of Music in Wales after three years at the Leinster School of Music.", "Irish producer Bill Hughes and PBS joined forces in 1998 to start The Irish Tenors.", "Gold, Platinum, and Double Platinum CD recognitions were achieved by Kearns and the other members of The Irish Tenors.", "\"Live from Ellis Island\" was a tribute to U.S. immigrants.", "The Irish Tenors have raised over $10 million for PBS over the course of their collaboration.", "They are considered to be one of the most successful singing groups from Ireland.", "In 2006 the trio starred in a nine-part television series.", "Shayne Ward, Peter Grant, and others were special guests.", "Hallelujah Broadway, a PBS project, was filmed in the Czech Republic in February 2010.", "Hallelujah Broadway has been broadcasted on Irish and U.S. television stations.", "On April 24, 2010, he appeared on the Fox News Network as a solo artist, sharing his \"deep passion for music\" with Huckabee.", "The program's host is Mike Huckabee.", "The interview included insights about his career and rise to fame, as well as a performance by Kearns of \"Danny Boy\" and \"The Lord's Prayer\".", "Huckabee said, \"When Anthony sang 'Danny Boy' and 'The Lord's Prayer' on my show, he had one of the most positive responses of any guest I've had to date.\"", "He sang \"Ave Maria\" in honor of U.S. troops in 2011.", "The Air Force Band performed at a special Veteran's Day 2012 broadcast on Maryland Public Television.", "Performances for world leaders were performed at a pre-inaugural brunch as a guest of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff on January 20, 2013, in tribute to the Congressional Medal of Honor Society.", "The Inaugural Ball was held to celebrate the Inauguration of U.S. President Barack Obama's second term in office.", "There was a benefit in March of 2012 where Kearns sang.", "The Governor of Virginia is an Irish-American.", "The singer sang at the governor.", "The speaker of the house invited Kearns to perform at the Friends of Ireland luncheon.", "President Barack Obama and the Prime Minister of Ireland Enda Kenny were among the special guests.", "Kearns opened the National Memorial Day Parade Program in Washington, D.C. with a stirring rendition of \"America, the Beautiful,\" with a 260-member chorus from across the country in front of an estimated crowd of 300,000 people.", "The 50th anniversary of President John F. Kennedy's visit to Ireland on Arlington National Cemetery was celebrated on 18 June.", "This was the first time that part of the Eternal Flame was taken from the grave site.", "Huckabee had Kearns singing \"Hark!\" to kick off the Christmas season.", "The Herald Angels are singing.", "The 94th Annual Thanksgiving Day Parade in Philadelphia, PA is the oldest in the nation and has one million parade-goers and 12 million TV viewers.", "The Irish Fellowship Club of Chicago hosted the 113th Annual St. Patrick's Day Banquet on 14 March.", "Illinois Governor Pat Quinn and Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel were among the special guests.", "In May of 2014, it was announced that Kearns would join a distinguished line-up as a soloist in the Memorial Day Concert on PBS, a national tradition over the past 25 years.", "The concert is a tribute to America's men and women in uniform, their families, and all those who have given their lives for our country.", "10 million people watched the event from the West Lawn of the U.S. Capitol.", "Before the concert, Jerry Colbert, executive producer and founder of Capital Concerts, said of Anthony Kearns, \"We're pleased to have Anthony Kearns lend his powerful voice for what will be a historic and inspiring tribute to America's service men and women, their families, and all those who", "The United States Army Birthday Gala was held at the historic Union League Club in New York City.", "The event was hosted by Greg Kelly, co-host of Good Day New York and a former co-host of Fox and Friends, and featured General Raymond Odierno, U.S. Army Chief of Staff, as the Special Military Guest of Honor.", "The National 11 September Memorial & Museum in New York City was open to the public for the first time.", "The Irish Tenors recorded \"Isle of Hope, Isle of Tears\" by Brendan Graham on Ellis Island in 2001.", "The song was a huge hit with the Irish Tenors.", "The event was hosted by former New York Mayor Michael Bloomberg.", "The event paid homage to the people who died in the attacks.", "New York's bond with the American people was also commemorated.", "Ricky Martin is a singer, sex therapist, talk show host, and author.", "Wells of Life was founded in 2008 to provide Ugandan communities with access to clean and safe drinking water by drilling water wells.", "In support of the organization, Kearns recorded two Public Service announcements.", "A well will be donated to honor the people who died on 11 September 2001.", "The 9/11 memorial well was operational in March of 2015.", "The work of Wells of Life and his 9/11 Memorial Well were highlighted in several media interviews.", "There were several high-profile concerts and engagements in Europe and the U.S. in 2015, including singing in \"The Irish Ring Concert\", a trilogy of Irish operas.", "The second annual musical celebration of the Irish season and military tribute was held in February of 2015.", "The co-chairs of the event were former Virginia First Lady Susan Allen and Martha-Ann Alito, daughters of U.S. military fathers.", "The evening's Master of Ceremonies was Larry Michael, the \"Voice of the Washington Redskins\" on NBC4.", "The event raised money for Our Military Kids and Final Salute, Inc.", "Colonel James B. Hickey was the first official squadron commander of the Blue Angels.", "Shannon Bream, anchor of America's News Headquarters, is a senior military advisor to Senator John McCain.", "The American Ireland Fund's 23rd National Gala was held at the National Building Museum in Washington, D.C.", "The United States Chamber of Commerce's President and Chief Executive Officer, Thomas J. Donohue, was honored at the event.", "Irish Ambassador to the United States, Anne Anderson, was one of the guests in attendance.", "The British Ambassador to the United States was Sir Peter Westmacott.", "The keynote speaker was Enda Kenny, the Prime Minister of Ireland.", "He performed at a Memorial Day Tribute to Veterans and Veterans Serving in Congress with a special guest who is the only Air Force pilot since the Korean War.", "In August of 2015, before the New York Mets game against Boston, Kearns sang \"The Star-Spangled Banner\" at Citi Field.", "The \"Notre Dame: A Welcome Home Celebration\" vs Navy Football game was held in Dublin, Ireland in 2012.", "He performed \"The Star Spangled Banner\" as a guest of The Washington Redskins when they played against the Atlanta Falcons at FedEx Field in Landover, MD.", "Kearns performed \"God Bless America\" on Jim McKay Maryland Million Day.", "During Pope Francis' first historic visit to the United States in September 2015, Kearns was the final performer during the pre-Mass concert at the World Meeting of Families in Philadelphia, PA.", "It will be a great experience.", "David George is from Louisville, Kentucky.", "\"This is an exceptional honor for Mr. Kearns, and a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to share his inspiring voice with those in Philadelphia and around the world,\" said Fedewa.", "In honor of the 9/11 victims and American military forces who defend liberty around the world, Kearns sang a 9/11 tribute at a benefit hosted by Harris of the Magic.", "The launch of the commemorations of the 100th anniversary of the 1916 Easter Rising by members of the Irish and American governments was held in New York City.", "There are more than two hundred cultural events taking place across the United States through 2016 and many others worldwide.", "Irish Ambassador to the U.S. Anne Anderson, Irish Consul General Barbara Jones and New York Senator Chuck Schumer attended the launch.", "The launch took place at the Irish Consulate in New York on the morning of 7 January, followed by a reception at the historic Pier A Harbor House in New York.", "There was a military tribute at the 141st Preakness Stakes on May 21, 2016 and Kearns was the featured performer.", "\"America the Beautiful\" was sung by Kearns.", "Kearns performed at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in May of 2016 as part of the \"IRELAND 100: celebrating a Century\" festival.", "During the opening night of \"IRELAND 100: celebrating a Century of Irish Arts & Culture\" on 17 May 2016 there was a solo performance by Kearns.", "Irish Prime Minister Enda Kenny and Vice President Joseph Biden spoke at the event.", "The National Memorial Day Parade Program opened in Washington, D.C. on 30 May.", "He performed \"America the Beautiful\" at the top of the program.", "\"Honoring our fallen heroes from the American Revolution through Iraq and Afghanistan\" was this year's theme.", "A tribute to the World War II generation, remembering the Gulf War, and honoring the fallen of 11 September 2001 were some of the highlights.", "The 5th Annual Memorial Day Kick-off and Tribute to Veterans was held in Washington, D.C.", "bipartisan Members of Congress, senior military members, embassy officials, senior staff and media attended the event.", "The master of ceremonies was Daniel Lippman of Politico, the retired captain of the American Humane Association, and a World War II veteran.", "Colonel James Tierney, who retired from the U.S. Army, offered a toast to the men and women in uniform.", "Kearns sang several patriotic and classic songs at the end of the program.", "The Anam Cara Awards Gala was held at the Irish Cultural Center and McClelland Library in Phoenix, AZ.", "There was a military tribute at the 141st Preakness Stakes on May 21, 2016 and Kearns was the featured performer.", "\"America the Beautiful\" was sung by Kearns.", "The Military tribute is part of the celebration of armed forces day.", "The annual Maryland Million Gala and Auction was held in October of last year.", "He also performed at the Maryland Million Day races on 22 October.", "For the second year in a row, Kearns performed at the highly anticipated event celebrating the 31st running of Jim McKay Maryland Million Day, and he has become a favorite among the Thoroughbred Racing crowd.", "\"America Salutes You\" is a multi-platform broadcast celebrating active duty military, veterans, and veterans' causes.", "On Thanksgiving Day weekend in 2016 the program aired nationally.", "Country music legend Wanda Jackson is one of the performers at the concert.", "A holiday concert at the Miller Center for Public Affairs at the University of Virginia was hosted by House Speaker Paul Ryan.", "According to the Speaker's office, President Donald Trump and the Prime Minister of Ireland are going to participate as an homage to St. Patrick's Day and strong U.S.-Ireland ties.", "Speaker Ryan will host this event for the third year in a row.", "The tradition of the annual event started in 1983 by House Speaker Tip O'Neill and President Ronald Reagan, who rose above politics to unite in their shared heritage and desire for peace.", "Mr. Kearns said it was a privilege to accept the invitation of Speaker Ryan to sing for the Friends of Ireland luncheon which highlights the shared history and enduring affection between Ireland and America.", "On this special occasion, I hope to express that closeness through my music.", "\"O, America!,\" for the distinguished delegation, which also included Vice President Mike Pence, Irish Ambassador Daniel Mulhall, Cabinet members, and 100 bipartisan members of Congress, received several standing ovations.", "He received positive coverage in the media.", "\"O America!\" was also sung by Kearns.", "There was a packed house at the Silver Dollar City Opera House as part of Governor Mike Huckabee's Fourth of July special.", "Governor Huckabee said, \"He nearly burned down Branson with his rendition of 'O, America' for the Fourth of July.\"", "The response before the live audience was incredible.", "One of the richest races in the world, the Breeders' Cup in Louisville, Kentucky, was where Kearns ended the year singing the US national anthem.", "He was one of a few entertainers invited to sing at the National Christmas Tree Lighting which took place on the Ellipse at President's Park.", "This beloved American tradition was presented by the National Park Service and the National Park Foundation.", "The 98th Annual 6abc Dunkin' Donuts Thanksgiving Day Parade in Philadelphia, PA is the oldest parade in the nation.", "The live televised broadcast of the parade was expected to attract up to one million parade-goers and was broadcasted in major U.S. television markets.", "He was invited to open the concert.", "The \"America Salutes You - Guitar Legends II\" concert was held in Los Angeles on Sunday, 2 December.", "The third in a series of nationally broadcast concerts benefited brain and mental awareness charities.", "On 24 March, the concert was re-aired on AXS TV and made available on streaming services.", "Kearns' performance of \"O' America!\" was included on the music CD.", "The America Salutes You inaugural concert in 2016 at the Rosemont Theater in Chicago was attended by an array of musicians, including Billy Gibbons, Don Felder, Sammy Hagar, Dave Navarro, Orienthi, and Emily Estefan.", "Country, folk and rock 'n' roll are some of the musical genres that Kearns supports.", "The Governor's Christmas and end-of-year television special featured a return guest appearance by Kearns.", "He performed \"Silver Bells\" for a live studio audience at the TBN studio in Tennessee.", "Governor Huckabee said that he was delighted to have Anthony Kearns on his show.", "The crowd loved Anthony as well.", "He is the favorite America's tenor.", "This was the second time that Kearns had appeared on Governor Huckabee's television show, and it was his fifth appearance with the former Arkansas governor.", "The high-profile concerts, celebrity appearances and engagements are handled by Kirsten Fedewa & ASSOCIATES, L.L.C.", "Anthony began as the youngest member of the PBS super-stars, The Irish Tenors, with whom he has enjoyed an incredible collaboration.", "He expanded this role in his solo career.", "Fedewa said it was wonderful to have him with her good friend, Governor Huckabee.", "The Irish Tenors had a sold-out tour in Ireland in January to celebrate their 20th anniversary.", "The ambassadors of Malta, Slovenia, and the Czech Republic hosted a concert in Washington, D.C., on 3 March, with a performance by Kearns.", "The soiree was co-hosted by Will Thomas, a former Fox5 anchor, and BarryDixon, an internationally acclaimed interior designer.", "Before his break in 1993, he entered many \"All Ireland\" singing contests such as Ceol an Geimhridh, Readoiri, Fleadh Cheoil na hireann, often placing and winning.", "While studying with Dr. Dunne, he won the Best Irish Singer at the 1999 Veronica Dunne International Singing Competition, as well as the prestigious Dermot Troy Trophy for oratorio.", "The Veronica Dunne International Singing Competitions have a prize for the Best Male Singer.", "The Irish Music Association named Kearns the \"best Irish singer in the US, UK, and European Union\" in 2010.", "A website dedicated to honoring the great Mario Lanza, one of the most influential tenors of the 20th century, invited Kearns to be their president.", "In that capacity, Kearns was asked to write the foreword to the new book, \"The One Tenor: A Salute to Mario Lanza.\"", "His credits include: Fenton in an Italian production of Falstaff.", "He sang the title role in Faust for Opera Ireland, the title role in Carmens Don José for Ireland's Glasthule Opera, and the title role in Don Giovanni for the Royal Dublin Society.", "The lead role of L'elisir d'amore in Gaetano Donizetti's L'elisir d'amore was played by Kearns at the Lismore Opera Festival.", "He had previously performed at the Lismore Opera Festival in St. Carthage's Cathedral and in the beautiful and historic great homes along the Blackwater River.", "In the U.S., he reprised his role as Faust in Opera Naples, Florida, after playing the role in Lucia di Lammermoor.", "He sang Alfred in Die Fledermaus for the Emerald City Opera Company.", "Many causes world-wide are sung for by Kearns.", "There are benefits to honor and assist U.S. military troops, veterans, and their families, such as the USO's Operation Enduring Care, the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund, Stand Up for Heroes, the Elizabeth Dole Foundation, and the World War II Memorial.", "The National Defense Radio Show was where Kearns announced his plan to release his solo album, With a Song in My Heart.", "The title song from Rodgers and Hart's musical, \"Spring is Here\" is one of 13 tracks on the CD.", "The album was released in the fall.", "The sound engineer for the album was Jonathan Allen of Abbey Road Studios.", "The Slovak Symphony Orchestra was conducted by Allan Wilson.", "In November of 2014, it was announced that Kearns' debut solo album, With a Song in My Heart, had been submitted for consideration for a 57th Annual GRAMMY Award nomination in four categories.", "The news was released by Fedewa.", "There are external links to AnthonyKearnsTenor.com and TheIrishTenorsMusic.com." ]

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[ "Anthony Kearns", "Anthony", "Kearns", "Kearns", "Kearns", "Kearns", "Anthony", "Kearns", "Kearns", "Kearns", "Kearns", "Kearns", "Anthony Kearns", "Anthony Kearns", "Kearns", "Kearns", "Kearns", "Kearns", "Kearns", "Kearns", "Kearns", "Kearns", "Kearns", "Kearns", "Kearns", "Kearns", "Kearns", "Anthony Kearns", "Anthony", "Kearns", "Anthony", "Kearns", "Kearns", "Kearns" ]

[ "Samuel John \"Lightnin'\" Hopkins (March 15, 1912 – January 30, 1982) was an American country blues singer, songwriter, guitarist and occasional pianist from Centerville, Texas.", "In 2010 Rolling Stone magazine ranked him No.", "71 on its list of the 100 greatest guitarists of all time.", "The musicologist Robert \"Mack\" McCormick opined that Hopkins is \"the embodiment of the jazz-and-poetry spirit, representing its ancient form in the single creator whose words and music are one act\".", "Life\nHopkins was born in Centerville, Texas.", "As a child, he was immersed in the sounds of the blues.", "He developed a deep appreciation for the music at the age of 8, when he met Blind Lemon Jefferson at a church picnic in Buffalo, Texas.", "He went on to learn from his distant older cousin, the country blues singer Alger \"Texas\" Alexander; Hopkins had another cousin, the Texas electric blues guitarist Frankie Lee Sims, with whom he later recorded.", "Hopkins began accompanying Jefferson on guitar at informal church gatherings.", "Jefferson reputedly never let anyone play with him except Hopkins, and Hopkins learned much from Jefferson at these gatherings.", "In the mid-1930s, Hopkins was sent to Houston County Prison Farm; the offense for which he was imprisoned is unknown.", "In the late 1930s, he moved to Houston with Alexander in an unsuccessful attempt to break into the music scene there.", "By the early 1940s, he was back in Centerville, working as a farm hand.", "Hopkins took a second shot at Houston in 1946.", "While singing on Dowling Street in Houston's Third Ward, which would become his home base, he was discovered by Lola Anne Cullum of Aladdin Records, based in Los Angeles.", "She convinced Hopkins to travel to Los Angeles, where he accompanied the pianist Wilson Smith.", "The duo recorded twelve tracks in their first sessions in 1946.", "An Aladdin executive decided the pair needed more dynamism in their names and dubbed Hopkins \"Lightnin'\" and Wilson \"Thunder\".", "Hopkins recorded more sides for Aladdin in 1947.", "He returned to Houston and began recording for Gold Star Records.", "In the late 1940s and 1950s he rarely performed outside Texas, only occasionally traveling to the Midwest and the East for recording sessions and concert appearances.", "It has been estimated that he recorded between eight hundred and a thousand songs in his career.", "He performed regularly at nightclubs in and around Houston, particularly on Dowling Street, where he had been discovered by Aladdin.", "He recorded the hit records \"T-Model Blues\" and \"Tim Moore's Farm\" at SugarHill Recording Studios in Houston.", "By the mid- to late 1950s, his prodigious output of high-quality recordings had gained him a following among African Americans and blues aficionados.", "In 1959, the blues researcher Robert \"Mack\" McCormick contacted Hopkins, hoping to bring him to the attention of a broader musical audience engaged in the folk revival.", "McCormack presented Hopkins to integrated audiences first in Houston and then in California.", "He made his debut at Carnegie Hall on October 14, 1960, alongside Joan Baez and Pete Seeger, performing the spiritual \"Mary Don't You Weep\".", "In 1960, he signed with Tradition Records.", "The recordings which followed included his song \"Mojo Hand\" in 1960.", "In 1968, Hopkins recorded the album Free Form Patterns, backed by the rhythm section of the psychedelic rock band 13th Floor Elevators.", "Through the 1960s and into the 1970s, he released one or sometimes two albums a year and toured, playing at major folk music festivals and at folk clubs and on college campuses in the U.S. and internationally.", "He toured extensively in the United States and played a six-city tour of Japan in 1978.", "Hopkins was Houston's poet-in-residence for 35 years.", "He recorded more albums than any other blues musician.", "A statue of Hopkins sits in Crockett, Texas.", "Hopkins died of esophageal cancer in Houston on January 30, 1982, at the age of 69.", "His obituary in the New York Times described him as \"one of the great country blues singers and perhaps the greatest single influence on rock guitar players.\"", "His Gibson J-160e \"hollowbox\" is on display at the Rock Hall of Fame in Cleveland, and his Guild Starfire at the National Museum of African American History and Culture in Washington, DC, both on loan from the Joe Kessler collection.", "Musical style\nHopkins's style was born from spending many hours playing informally without a backing band.", "His distinctive fingerstyle technique often included playing, in effect, bass, rhythm, lead, and percussion at the same time.", "He played both \"alternating\" and \"monotonic\" bass styles incorporating imaginative, often chromatic turnarounds and single-note lead lines.", "Tapping or slapping the body of his guitar added rhythmic accompaniment.", "Much of Hopkins's music follows the standard 12-bar blues template, but his phrasing was free and loose.", "Many of his songs were in the talking blues style, but he was a powerful and confident singer.", "Lyrically, his songs expressed the problems of life in the segregated South, bad luck in love and other subjects common in the blues idiom.", "He dealt with these subjects with humor and good nature.", "He often referred to himself as \"Poor Lightnin'\" in his songs when talking about himself or referring to himself as the protagonist of the song.", "This is also the name of one of his albums.", "Many of his songs are filled with double entendres, and he was known for his humorous introductions to songs.", "Some of his songs were of warning and sour prediction, such as \"Fast Life Woman\":\n\nDiscography\n\nEarly compilations of previously issued material\nEarly Recordings (Arhoolie, 1946-50 [1969]) - collection of Gold Star recordings\nEarly Recordings Vol.", "2 (Arhoolie, 1946-50 [1971]) - collection of Gold Star releases\nLightnin' Hopkins Strums the Blues (Score, 1946-48 [1958]) - collection of Aladdin releases\nLightning Hopkins Sings the Blues (Crown, 1947-1951 [1961]) - collection of RPM releases\nLast of the Great Blues Singers (Time, 1950-51 [1960]) - collection of Sittin' in With releases\nLightnin' and the Blues (Herald, 1954 [1960]) - collection of Herald releases\nBlues Masters: The Very Best Of Lightnin' Hopkins (Rhino, 2000) - later collection.", "(Poppy, 1969) - rereleased on Arhoolie in 1993\nIn the Key of Lightnin' (Tomato, 1969 [2002])\nLightning Hopkins in Berkeley (Arhoolie, 1969 [1970])\nPo' Lightnin' (Arhoolie, 1961/69 [1983])\nThe Legacy of the Blues Vol.", "12 (Sonet, 1974 [1977])\nNew Orleans Jazz and Heritage Festival 1976 (Island, 1977) shared disc with various artists \nThe Rising Sun Collection Vol.", "9 (Just a Memory, 1977 [1996])\nMighty Crazy (Catfish, 1980 [2002]) shared disc with Big Mama Thornton\nThe Rising Sun Collection (Just a Memory, 1980 [1996]) shared disc with Louisiana Red, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee\nForever (Paris Album, 1981 [1983])\n\nAs sideman\nWith Sonny Terry\nWith George \"Wild Child\" Butler\nSonny Is King (Bluesville, 1963)\n\nFilms\nThe Blues Accordin' to Lightnin' Hopkins (1968), directed by Les Blank and Skip Gerson (Flower Films & Video)\n The Sun's Gonna Shine (1969), directed by Les Blank with Skip Gerson (Flower Films & Video)\n Sounder (1972), directed by Martin Ritt (the soundtrack includes Hopkins singing \"Jesus Will You Come by Here\")\n, a film documentary on Hopkins, Where Lightnin' Strikes, was in production with Fastcut Films of Houston.", "His song \"Once a Gambler\" is on the soundtrack of the 2009 film Crazy Heart.", "Books\n Mojo Hand: An Orphic Tale, by J.J. Phillips (Serpent's Tail)\n Lightnin’ Hopkins: Blues Guitar Legend, by Dan Bowden\n Deep Down Hard Blues: Tribute to Lightnin''', by Sarah Ann West\n Lightnin' Hopkins: His Life and Blues, by Alan Govenar (Chicago Review Press)\n Mojo Hand: The Life and Music of Lightnin' Hopkins, by Timothy J. O'Brien and David Ensminger (University of Texas Press)\n\nSee also\nList of blues musicians\nTexas blues\nSix Strings Down\n\nReferences\nInline citations\n\nFurther reading\nStambler, Irwin; Landon, Grellun (1983).", "The Encyclopedia of Folk, Country & Western Music (2nd ed.).", "St. Martin's Press. .\nLiner notes to the CD Country Blues'', Ryko/Tradition Records.", "External links\n Blues Foundation Hall of Fame Induction, 1980\n Houston Chronicle article about dedication of Lightnin' Hopkins statue\n Hopkins feature on Big Road Blues\n Campstreetcafe.com.", "Accessed December 25, 2007.", "Where Lightnin Strikes (documentary film)\n New York Times obituary\n\n1912 births\n1982 deaths\nPeople from Leon County, Texas\nAmerican blues guitarists\nAmerican male guitarists\nAmerican blues singer-songwriters\nCountry blues singers\nBlues revival musicians\nTexas blues musicians\nMusicians from Houston\nAladdin Records artists\nModern Records artists\nRPM Records (United States) artists\nGold Star Records artists\nImperial Records artists\nJewel Records artists\nFire Records artists\nDeaths from cancer in Texas\nGrammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners\n20th-century American guitarists\nSinger-songwriters from Texas\nGuitarists from Texas\nAmerican acoustic guitarists\nArhoolie Records artists\nAfrican-American male singer-songwriters\nAfrican-American guitarists\n20th-century African-American male singers\nDeaths from esophageal cancer" ]

[ "Samuel John \"Lightnin'\"Hopkins was an American country blues singer, guitarist and occasional pianist from Texas.", "He was ranked by Rolling Stone in 2010.", "There is a list of the 100 greatest guitarists of all time.", "\"Hopkins is the embodiment of the jazz-and-poetry spirit, representing its ancient form in the single creator whose words and music are one act,\" said Robert \"Mack\" McCormick, a musicologist.", "Life was born in Texas.", "He was a child when he heard the blues.", "He met Blind Lemon Jefferson at a church picnic when he was 8 years old.", "He learned from his cousin, the country blues singer Alger \"Texas\" Alexander, as well as from another cousin, the Texas electric blues guitarist Frankie Lee Sims.", "At informal church gatherings,Hopkins began accompanying Jefferson on guitar.", "Jefferson didn't allow anyone to play with him exceptHopkins, and he learned a lot from him at these gatherings.", "The offense for which he was imprisoned is not known, but he was sent to Houston County Prison Farm in the 1930s.", "He and Alexander tried to break into the music scene in Houston in the late 1930s.", "He worked as a farm hand in the early 1940s.", "The second shot was taken at Houston.", "He was discovered when he was singing on Dowling Street in Houston's Third Ward.", "She convinced him to go to Los Angeles with Wilson Smith.", "In 1946, the duo recorded twelve tracks.", "An Aladdin executive decided to change the names of the pair to lightnin' and thunder.", "In 1947, he recorded more sides for Aladdin.", "He started recording for Gold Star Records after returning to Houston.", "He rarely performed outside of Texas in the late 1940s and 1950s and only occasionally traveled to the Midwest and the East for recording sessions and concert appearances.", "Between eight hundred and a thousand songs were recorded by him.", "He was discovered by Aladdin at a nightclub on Dowling Street in Houston.", "He recorded the hit records \"T-Model Blues\" and \"Tim Moore's Farm\" at SugarHill Recording Studios in Houston.", "By the mid- to late 1950s, his output of high-quality recordings had gained him a following among African Americans and blues aficionados.", "In 1959 the blues researcher Robert \"Mack\" McCormick tried to get the attention of a broader musical audience.", "First, he was presented to integrated audiences in Houston and then in California.", "The spiritual \"Mary Don't You Weep\" was performed by him at Carnegie Hall on October 14, 1960.", "Tradition Records was where he signed in 1960.", "His song \"Mojo Hand\" was recorded in 1960.", "The album Free Form Patterns was recorded in 1968, and was backed by the rhythm section of 13th Floor Elevators.", "Through the 1960s and into the 1970s, he released one or sometimes two albums a year and toured, playing at major folk music festivals and at folk clubs and on college campuses in the U.S.", "He played a six-city tour of Japan in 1978.", "Houston had a poet-in-residence for 35 years.", "He recorded more albums than any other blues musician.", "A statue of a man is in Texas.", "He died of cancer in Houston at the age of 69.", "His obituary in the New York Times said he was \"one of the great country blues singers and perhaps the greatest single influence on rock guitar players.\"", "His Guild Starfire is on display at the National Museum of African American History and Culture in Washington, DC, and is on loan from the Joe Kessler collection.", "A musical style was born from playing informally without a backing band.", "His fingerstyle technique included playing in effect, bass, rhythm, lead, and percussion at the same time.", "He played both \"alternating\" and \"monotonic\" bass styles.", "His guitar's body was tapped or slapped to add rhythmic accompaniment.", "The standard 12-bar blues template is followed by a lot of Hopkins's music.", "Many of his songs were in the talking blues style, but he was a powerful and confident singer.", "The problems of life in the South were the subject of his songs.", "He dealt with these subjects with humor.", "He referred to himself as \"Poor Lightnin'\" in his songs when talking about himself.", "This is also the name of one of his albums.", "Many of his songs are filled with double entendres, and he was known for his humorous introductions to songs.", "\"Fast Life Woman\" is a song that was of warning and sour prediction.", "The collection of Gold Star releases Lightnin' Hopkins Strums the Blues.", "In the Key of Lightnin' was rereleased on Arhoolie in 1993.", "The New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Festival 1976 had a disc with various artists.", "The Rising Sun Collection shared disc with Louisiana Red, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee.", "The song \" Once a Gambler\" is on the soundtrack.", "The Orphic Tale, by J.J.Phillips (Serpent's Tail).", "The second edition of the Encyclopedia of Folk, Country and Western Music.", "The liner notes to the CD Country Blues were published by St. Martin's Press.", "The Houston Chronicle article about the dedication of the Lightnin'Hopkins statue was featured on Big Road Blues Campstreetcafe.com.", "December 25, 2007.", "There are people from Leon County, Texas in the documentary film Where Lightnin Strikes." ]

[ "Hopkins", "Hopkins", "Life Hopkins", "Hopkins", "Hopkins", "Hopkins", "Hopkins", "Hopkins", "Hopkins", "Hopkins", "Hopkins", "Hopkinsad", "Hopkins", "Hopkins", "Hopkins", "Hopkins", "Hopkins", "Hopkins", "Hopkins", "Hopkins", "Hopkins", "Lightning Hopkins", "Lightning Hopkins", "Hopkins", "Hopkins", "Hopkins", "Hopkins" ]

[ "' Hopkins", "Hopkins", "Hopkins", "JeffersonHopkins", "Hopkins", "Hopkins" ]

[ "Archbishop Sebouh Chouldjian ((24 March 1959 – 19 November 2020) born Haik Sarkis Chouldjian; ; ; ; also Sebuh, Sepouh, Sepuh, Chuljian, Tchuljian, Chuljyan, Çulciyan)) was the metropolite of the Diocese of Gougark of the Holy Armenian Apostolic Church.", "Biography\nHaik Chouldjian was born on 24 March 1959 in Malatya, Turkey.", "He received his primary education at the Nersisian College of Istanbul.", "In 1969, his family resettled in Soviet Armenia, in the city of Gyumri, where he continued and finished his primary education.", "In 1978 he entered the Gevorkian Theological Seminary at the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin.", "He was ordained to the diaconate in 1985, by the Grand Sacristan of the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin, Archbishop Hoosik Santourian.", "He successfully defended his final thesis entitled \"The Translation Works of Lukas of Kharpert\" in March 1986.", "Upon his graduation from the seminary he was appointed to serve in the Secretariat of the Pontifical Administration.", "He was ordained as a celibate priest by Archbishop Nerses Pozapalian on 7 June 1987, the Feast of Pentecost, and given the priestly name Sebouh.", "Following his ordination, he continued his service in the Pontifical Administration.", "By the appointment of Vazgen I, Catholicos of All Armenians, he served as the Vice Dean of the Gevorkian Theological Seminary at the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin in September 1987.", "In November 1989, he successfully defended his doctoral thesis entitled \"The Fast in the Armenian Apostolic Church,\" and received the rank of Archimandrite (Vardapet).", "In 1990, Vazgen I appointed Father Sebouh to serve as the spiritual pastor of the Armenians of Geneva, Switzerland.", "He returned to Armenia in 1991 to serve as the Vicar of the Diocese of Shirak.", "After Armenia gained independence, vast administrative tasks were placed on the Armenian Church.", "In the summer of 1993, Father Sebouh worked closely with Archbishop Hovnan Derderian (the then primate of the Diocese of Canada) and Ronald Alepian to organize the first mission of Canadian Youth Mission to Armenia (CYMA).", "In June 1995, Father Sebouh was appointed to serve as the Director of the Reserve Stewardship Inventory Committee of the Armenian Church.", "Also in that same year, he was appointed to serve as the Director of the committee responsible for tracking the return and receipt of all previously confiscated church buildings, land and construction projects (most of the churches, buildings, structures and properties belonging to the Church had been seized by the State during the time of the Soviet Regime).", "In 1996, he served as the representative of the Armenian Church on the Humanitarian Aid Central Committee of Armenia.", "On 3 June 1996, by the Pontifical Encyclical of the Karekin I, Catholicos of All Armenians, he was appointed to serve as the Primate of the Diocese of Gougark.", "Father Chouldjian was consecrated as Bishop by Catholicos Karekin I on 15 June 1997.", "He was a member of the Supreme Spiritual Council of the Armenian Church during 2000–2007.", "On 18 May 2012 he received title of Archbishop.", "Archbishop Sebouh Chouldjian served as the Primate of the Diocese of Gougark in Armenia.", "Chouldjian died on 19 November 2020 due to COVID-19.", "Candidacy for Armenian Patriarch of Constantonople\n\nCo-Patriarch candidacy in 2010\nBishop Sebouh Chouldjian was one of the three candidates for the Co-Patriarch at the Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople in 2010.", "Mesrop II Mutafyan, the Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease in July 2008, and was incapable of running the Patriarchate since then.", "This led the Armenian community to a painful condition of uncertainty.", "In late 2009, the Patriarchate's Religious Council wrote to the Turkish government seeking permission to elect a coadjutor (co-Patriarch).", "Three bishops stated that they were going to run for the elections: Bishop Sebouh Chouldjian, Archbishop Karekin Bekchian – the Primate of the Armenian Church Diocese of Germany, and Archbishop Aram Ateshian – the chairman of the Supreme Spiritual Council of the Patriarchate of Istanbul.", "Among the main ideas proposed by Bishop Sebouh as a candidate was that the Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople should become a spiritual and cultural bridge among Yerevan, Ankara and the Armenian Diaspora.", "He paid particular attention to the importance of dialogue among Armenians and between Turkish and Armenian people.", "On 10–17 February 2010 Bishop Sebouh visited Istanbul, Turkey to have meetings with the Armenian community of Istanbul.", "During his meetings and interviews he urged to continue Hrant Dink's way (i.e.", "dialogue between Armenian and Turkish people) and keep Armenian Patriarchate free from politics.", "On 29 June 2010 the government of Turkey made a decision to reject the request of the Armenian community of Turkey to allow co-patriarch elections.", "The Turkish Government said that they did not find the elections of either patriarch or co-patriarch reasonable and allowed carrying out only the elections of Patriarchal Locum Tenens.", "Hours later Archbishop Shahan Svajian – the that time Locum Tenens, resigned and the Spiritual council of the Patriarchate elected Archbishop Aram Ateshian a new Patriarchal Locum Tenens.", "However, according to some experts, the Armenian Community of Turkey was inclined to elect Bishop Sebouh Chouldjian (citizen of Armenia) as their spiritual leader which was disallowed by the Turkish government after unsuccessful negotiations of Armenia-Turkey reconciliation.", "Later, in his letter to the Armenian Community of Turkey from 15 July 2010 Bishop Sebouh mentioned that interference of Turkey's Government was in contradiction with the adopted new policy on dealing with ethnic minorities.", "\"We continue to hope that this is not the manner of actions of Erdoğan's government, but that of the stationary state sub-agencies, which hamper the democratic development of Turkey with their old mentality\".", "Bishop Sebouh said it was the moral obligation of Archbishop Aram Ateshian to send a new letter to the Turkey's Government with request to hold the elections of Co-Patriarch.", "Protests were raised within the Armenian community, though it was hardly possible to hold new patriarch elections as long as the current patriarch Mesrop II was alive.", "The \"We Want to Elect Our Own Patriarch Initiative\" remained active and held silent protests in Armenian churches on Sundays.", "Archbishop Sebouh occasionally visited Turkey and expressed his position and opinion on issues warring the community.", "Patriarch candidacy in 2016\n2016 gave rise to a new wave of demands to eventually elect the head of the Armenian Church in Turkey.", "In spring 2016 two of the four main candidates, Archbishop Sebouh and Archbishop Karekin Bekdjian urged that there be patriarch election \"now\".", "Archbishop Sebouh declared that should there be election of patriarch there was no obstacle for him to be a candidate.", "\"If the society finds me qualified for solving the problems of Armenian society and the patriarchate, I am ready to serve by considering it as a holy duty,\" he said.", "In June 2016 a group of Turkish Armenians protested in front of the Armenian Patriarchate against being denied the right to replace acting Locum Tenens Aram Ateşyan whose reputation was compromised after his letter to president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, wherein he criticized a recent decision by the German Bundestag recognizing the World War I-era killings of Anatolian Armenians.", "In October 2016 the Clerical Assembly of the Armenian Patriarchate of Turkey decided to superannuate the Patriarch Mesrob II on the grounds that he has been unable to perform his duty for 7 years and announced that there will be an application for starting the election process.", "Patriarch candidacy in 2019\nOn 8 March 2019 Patriarch Mutafian died at the age of 62.", "This event provoked new discussions about the patriarch elections.", "Back then experts predicted that the two main candidates for the patriarch would be Archbishops Sebouh Chouldjian and Aram Ateshian \n\nOn 27 September 2019 Archbishop Sebouh Chouldjian released a statement requiring from the Turkish government to restore the original text of the 25th clause of canonical regulation which was violating the rights of bishops from outside Turkey.", "In October 2019, following Archbishop Garegin Bekchyan, Archbishop Sebouh called on Archbishops Sahak Mashalyan and Aram Ateshian to rise above personal ambitions and consider the long-term interest of the Armenian community and stand in favor of supporting the rights of bishops outside Turkey.", "On 5 December 2019 Archbishop Sebouh released an official statement regarding the election of 85th Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople, indicating that he \"forgives everyone\", who caused his disentitlement.", "He said: \"It is now beyond any doubt, that the reason for the staging of the \"canonical change\" was myself, since the support for me by a significant portion of faithful Armenian people in Turkey could be decisive\".", "He condemned this as an outrageous historical injustice and indirectly pointed out the nefarious role of Archbishops Sahak Mashalyan and Aram Ateshian.", "On 11 December 2019 Bishop Mashalian was announced the 85th Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople.", "Honors and awards\nArchbishop Sebouh was a member of the Armenian branch of the International Academy of Natural and Social Sciences (since 2000).", "He held Fridtjof Nansen Golden Medal (2005), Republic of Armenia Prime Minister's Medal for vast contribution in development of state-church relations (2006), Hayrenik Gold Medal (2010).", "On 24 March 2009, Prime Minister of the Republic of Armenia Tigran Sargsyan warmly congratulated Archbishop Sebouh on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of birthday.", "In his message he emphasized Bishop Sebouh's input in organizing Christian education, revivification of church life and restoration of ethnic and spiritual identity of the Armenian nation." ]

[ "; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;", "Haik Chouldjian was born on March 24, 1959 in Malatya, Turkey.", "He attended the Nersisian College of Istanbul for his primary education.", "He finished his primary education in the city of Gyumri after his family relocated to Soviet Armenia in 1969.", "He entered the Gevorkian Theological Seminary in 1978.", "He was ordination to the diaconate in 1985 by the Grand Sacristan of the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin.", "He defended his thesis in March of 1986.", "He was appointed to serve in the secretariat after graduating from the seminary.", "He was made a priest on the Feast of Pentecost in 1987 and given the name Sebouh.", "He continued his service after his ordination.", "In September 1987, Vazgen I was appointed as the Vice Dean of the Gevorkian Theological Seminary at the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin.", "He received the rank of Archimandrite in November 1989 after successfully defending his thesis.", "Father Sebouh was appointed as the spiritual pastor by Vazgen I in 1990.", "He returned to Armenia in 1991 to serve as the Vicar of the Diocese of Shirak.", "Administrative tasks were placed on the church after independence.", "The first Canadian Youth Mission to Armenia was organized by Father Sebouh in the summer of 1993.", "Father Sebouh was appointed as the Director of the Reserve Stewardship Inventory Committee in 1995.", "Most of the churches, buildings, structures and properties belonging to the Church had been seized by the State during the time he was appointed as the Director of the committee responsible for tracking the return and receipt of all previously confiscated church buildings, land and construction projects.", "He was a member of the Humanitarian Aid Central Committee of Armenia.", "He was appointed as the Primate of the Diocese of Gougark by the Catholicos of All Armenians on June 3, 1996.", "Father Chouldjian was consecrated as a bishop in 1997.", "He was a member of the Supreme Spiritual Council.", "The title of archbishop was given to him on 18 May.", "The primate of the Diocese of Gougark was the archbishop.", "The death of Chouldjian was due to COVID-19.", "One of the three candidates for the Co-Patriarch of Constantinople in 2010 was the Bishop of Constantonople.", "In July 2008 Mesrop II Mutafyan was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease and was unable to run the Patriarchate.", "This caused the community to be in a state of uncertainty.", "The Turkish government was asked to allow the election of a co-Patriarch.", "Three bishops stated that they were going to run for the elections.", "One of the main ideas proposed by Bishop Sebouh as a candidate was the creation of a spiritual and cultural bridge between Yerevan, Ankara and the Armenia Diaspora.", "He paid attention to the importance of dialogue between the two countries.", "Bishop Sebouh went to Istanbul, Turkey in February of 2010 to meet with the Armenia community.", "He urged to continue Hrant Dink's way during his meetings and interviews.", "Dialogue between the people of Turkey and the people of Armenia.", "The government of Turkey rejected the request of the Armenia community of Turkey to allow co-patriarch elections.", "The Turkish Government said that they did not find the elections of either patriarch or co-patriarch reasonable.", "Locum Tenens resigned and the spiritual council of the Patriarchate elected a new leader.", "After unsuccessful negotiations of Armenia-Turkey reconciliation, the Turkish government denied the election of Bishop Sebouh Chouldjian as their spiritual leader, according to some experts.", "The interference of Turkey's Government was mentioned in a letter written by Bishop Sebouh to the Armenia Community of Turkey.", "We hope that this is not the way of actions of the government, but that of the state sub-agencies, which hamper the democratic development of Turkey with their old mentality.", "Bishop Sebouh said that the moral obligation of the Archbishop was to send a new letter to the Turkey's Government with a request to hold the elections of Co-Patriarch.", "As long as the current patriarch Mesrop II was alive, it was not possible to hold new patriarch elections.", "On Sundays, the \"We Want to Elect Our Own Patriarch Initiative\" held silent protests in the churches.", "During his time in Turkey, Archbishop Sebouh expressed his opinion on certain issues.", "There was a new wave of demands after the candidacy of the head of the church in Turkey.", "In the spring of 2016 two of the four main candidates called for the election of a patriarch.", "There was no obstacle for him to be a candidate if there was an election.", "He said he would consider it a holy duty if the society found him qualified to solve the problems of the society.", "In June of 2016 a group of Turkish Armenians protested in front of the Armenian Patriarchate against being denied the right to replace acting Locum Tenens Aram Ateyan who had criticized a recent decision by the German Bund.", "There will be an application for starting the election process after the Clerical Assembly of the Armenian Patriarchate of Turkey decided to superannuate the Patriarch Mesrob II on the grounds that he has been unable to perform his duty for 7 years.", "The leader of the church died at the age of 62.", "There were new discussions about the elections.", "According to experts, the two main candidates for the patriarch would be Sebouh Chouldjian and Aram Ateshian.", "In October of last year, following the death of Archbishop Garegin Bekchyan, Sebouh called on the two archbishops to consider the long-term interests of the community and stand in favor of supporting the rights of bishops outside Turkey.", "On December 5, Sebouh released an official statement stating that he gave everyone who caused his disentitlement.", "He said that the reason for the \"canonical change\" was himself, since the support for him by a significant portion of the faithful people in Turkey could be decisive.", "He pointed out the role of the archbishops in the injustice.", "The 85th Patriarchate of Constantinople was announced in December.", "The International Academy of Natural and Social Sciences has a branch in Armenia.", "The Fridtjof Nansen Golden medal, the Republic of Armenia Prime Minister's medal, and the Hayrenik Gold medal were all held by him.", "On 24 March 2009, Tigran Sargsyan, the Prime Minister of the Republic of Armenia, sent a message of greetings to the Archbishop.", "He said that Bishop Sebouh's input in organizing Christian education, revivification of church life and restoration of ethnic and spiritual identity of the Armenia nation was emphasized in his message." ]

[ "Sebouh Chouldjian", "Haik Sarkis Chouldjian", "Haik Chouldjian", "Sebouh", "Father Sebouh", "Father Sebouh", "Father Sebouh", "Father Chouldjian", "Sebouh", "Chouldjian", "Chouldjian", "Sebouh", "Chouldjian", "Sebouh", "Chouldjian", "Sebouh", "Sebouh", "Sebouh", "Chouldjian", "Sebouh", "Sebouh", "Sebouh", "Sebouh", "Sebouh", "Sebouh", "Chouldjian", "Sebouh", "Chouldjian", "Sebouh", "Sebouh", "Sebouh", "Sebouh", "Sebouh" ]

[ "Haik Chouldjian", "Sebouh", "Father Sebouh", "Sebouh", "Sebouh", "Father Chouldjian", "Sebouh", "Sebouh", "Sebouh", "Chouldjian", "Sebouh", "Sebouh", "Sebouh", "Sebouh", "Chouldjian", "Sebouh", "Sebouh", "Sebouh" ]

[ "Ray Hyman (born June 23, 1928) is a Professor Emeritus of Psychology at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon, and a noted critic of parapsychology.", "Hyman, along with James Randi, Martin Gardner and Paul Kurtz, is one of the founders of the modern skeptical movement.", "He is the founder and leader of the Skeptic's Toolbox.", "Hyman serves on the Executive Council for the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry.", "Career\nHyman was born in Chelsea, Massachusetts.", "In his teenage years and later while attending Boston University, he worked as a magician and mentalist, impressing the head of his department (among others) with his palmistry.", "Hyman at one point believed that 'reading' the lines on a person's palm could provide insights into their nature, but later discovered that the person's reaction to the reading had little to do with the actual lines on the palm.", "This fascination with why this happened led him to switch from a journalist degree to psychology.", "JREF president D.J.", "Grothe asked Hyman \"How does a young psychology student get into this parapsychology racket ... why you?\"", "Hyman replied that it began when he was hired as a magician at age 7 (as the \"Merry Mystic\") performing for the Parents and Teachers Association at his school.", "This led him to read all about Harry Houdini and his work with spiritualists.", "By the age of 16 he started investigating spiritualist meetings.", "Thinking back to age 7, \"I can't ever remember not being a skeptic\".", "Magicians who perform mentalism debate among themselves about using a disclaimer.", "The disclaimer is supposed to inform the audience that what they are witnessing is entertainment, and is not based on actual paranormal powers.", "In an interview with mentalist Mark Edward, Edward asked Hyman if he had ever used a disclaimer during the six years when he performed professionally as a mentalist.", "Hyman told him he did not remember explicitly using a disclaimer.", "He remembered always beginning the performance by stating that he did not claim any special powers.", "He was an entertainer and he hoped they would enjoy the show.", "After he became a psychologist, he realized that this was an example of the \"invited inference.\"", "By openly stating that he made no claims about the nature of his ability, Hyman had given his audience no reason to challenge him.", "Indeed, he had invited the onlookers to make their own inferences about the source of the apparent feats of mind reading.", "Most of them concluded he was truly psychic.", "He obtained a doctorate in psychology from Johns Hopkins University in 1953, and then taught at Harvard for five years.", "He also became an expert in statistical methods.", "In 2007 Hyman received an honorary doctorate from the Simon Fraser University for his \"intellect and discipline who inspire others to follow in his footsteps... (and) for his courageous advocacy of unfettered skeptical inquiry\".", "In 1982, Hyman held the \"Spook Chair\" for one year at Stanford University during a sabbatical from the University of Oregon.", "What the Stanford University psychologists informally call the \"Spook\" chair is officially known as The Thomas Welton Stanford Chair for Psychical Research.", "Thomas Welton was the brother of Stanford's founder, Leland Stanford.", "Along with other notable skeptics like James Randi, Martin Gardner, Marcello Truzzi and Paul Kurtz, he was a founding member of the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal (CSICOP) (which is now known as the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI)), which publishes the Skeptical Inquirer.", "He also developed a style guide and etiquette manual to assist skeptical writers and critics.", "This is called \"Hyman's Proper Criticism\" and proposes six steps that skeptics can use to upgrade the quality of their criticism.", "Aside from his scholarly publications and consultation with the U.S. Department of Defense in scrutinizing psychic research, one of his most popular articles is thirteen points to help you \"amaze your friends with your new found psychic powers!", "\", a guide to cold reading.", "According to Jim Alcock, \"His article on cold reading, so Paul Kurtz informs me, has generated more requests for reprints than any other article in the history of the Skeptical Inquirer\".", "The guide exploits what fascinated him in his academic research in cognitive psychology, that much deception is self-deception.", "He has investigated dowsing in the United States and written a book on the subject.", "He is one of the foremost skeptical experts on the Ganzfeld experiment.", "According to Bob Carroll, psychologist Ray Hyman is considered to be the foremost expert on subjective validation and cold reading.", "Hyman's prestidigitational skills (which he calls \"manipulating perception\") have earned him the cover of The Linking Ring twice, June 1952 and October 1986 this magazine of the International Brotherhood of Magicians of which he has been a member for over 35 years.", "Hyman retired in 1998 but continues to give talks and investigate paranormal claims.", "In July 2009 he appeared at The Amaz!ng Meeting 7 in Las Vegas, Nevada.", "Also in 2011, TAM 9 From Outer Space and TAM 2012.", "He is working on two books: How Smart People Go Wrong: Cognition and Human Error and Parapsychology's Achilles' Heel: Consistent Inconsistency.", "On October 9, 2010, the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry announced Hyman (and others) as a part of their policy-making Executive Council, he will also serve on Skeptical Inquirer's magazine board.", "History of skeptical movement \nIn the 2010 D.J.", "Grothe interview, Hyman states that the formation of the skeptic movement can be attributed to Uri Geller and Alice Cooper.", "Randi was touring with Cooper as a part of the stage show, Cooper asked Randi to invite Hyman to a show in order to ask his advice about the audience.", "While there, \"Randi pulled me aside and said... we really ought to do something about this Uri Geller business... lets form an organization called SIR\" (Sanity In Research).", "In 1972 joined by Martin Gardner they had their first meeting.", "The three of them felt they had no administration experience, \"we just had good ideas\" and were soon joined by Marcello Truzzi who provided structure for the group.", "Truzzi involved Paul Kurtz and they then formed CSICOP in 1976.", "In an interview in 2009 with Derek Colanduno for the Skepticality podcast, Hyman was asked his opinion of the modern skeptical movement.", "Hyman responded that skeptics need to have goals and a way to measure them.", "They need to become a resource for the public, and focus on educating journalists and teachers.", "\"That way we will get more bang for our buck.\"", "On the current state of the skeptical movement, Hyman stated \"The media, unfortunately has made it so we have many more believers.\"", "Less science teachers in the classrooms, major newspapers are firing their science writing staff, 24-hour news channels are trying to fill all that time and compete with Fox News.", "\"Things are not good.\"", "Skeptic's Toolbox\nHyman in 1989 created the Skeptic's Toolbox to teach people how to be better skeptics.", "Hyman tells James Underdown that \"we were putting out more fires by skeptics than by believers... they were going overboard\".", "The first toolbox was in Buffalo, NY with himself, James Alcock and Steve Shaw now called Banachek.", "With the exception of one year when the toolbox was held in Boulder, CO the toolbox has been held at the University of Oregon in Eugene.", "The Skeptic's Toolbox originally spanned 5 days.", "Later it was cut back to 4 days.", "Speaking to a reporter from The Register-Guard Hyman explains that people come from all over the country to attend the 4-day conference, to hone their critical thinking skills.", "Hyman is curious about why people who believe in paranormal claims without evidence continue to do so: \"'I just want to understand how people get to believe some things... Magic is a perfect example of how people can be fooled'\" and it works the same way with paranormal claims.", "Hyman felt that it was necessary to teach attendees with a \"case-based approach... concrete examples as a first step toward extracting broad examples... (giving) the benefit of context\" to the learning experience.", "This approach differs from that of a traditional conference: he has attendees use hands-on participation, splitting them into teams so they are able to spend quality time discussing the readings and lectures.", "At the 2014 Toolbox, Hyman used Oskar Pfungst’s investigation of Clever Hans as an example of how detailed and exhaustive some investigators are in studying claims.", "Hick-Hyman Law\nHyman published his \"classic paper showing that human choice reaction time is related to the information content of an incoming signal\" called the Hick-Hyman Law.", "This helped to lay the groundwork \"for the shift from behavioral psychology... to the era of cognitive psychology.\"", "This was Hyman's second published paper, and submitted while still a grad student.", "He states that Hick used a different formula and got his \"math wrong, which I corrected\" but they still named the law after him because Hyman was \"just a student\".", "Sometimes called Hick's Law (mainly in Britain), in America it is more often referred to as the Hick-Hyman Law.", "Remote viewing review\nAlong with Jessica Utts, he conducted a review of CIA remote viewing experiments in 1995.", "He noted that the experiments \"appear to be free of the more obvious and better known flaws that can invalidate the results of parapsychological investigations\" and that there are significant effect sizes \"too large and consistent to be dismissed as statistical flukes.\"", "However, he stops short of \"concluding that the existence of anomalous cognition has been established.\"", "Ganzfeld experiments \nWhile working at Stanford University and serving as the \"Spook Chair'\" Hyman decided that he would never be able to read all the literature concerning parapsychology that existed in the 1980s.", "He then asked parapsychologists \"What is the best evidence for psi?\"", "they nearly universally pointed to the Ganzfeld experiment.", "Hyman wrote to Charles Honorton and was sent 600 pages of information.", "Three years later Hyman's analysis led to the 1985 issue of the Journal of Parapsychology publishing Hyman's critiques.", "Hyman's conclusion \"By themselves these experiments do not mean anything unless they can be replicated\".", "In 2007, Hyman noted that the ganzfeld experiments had not been successfully replicated and suggested there was evidence that sensory leakage had taken place in the autoganzfeld experiments.", "Uri Geller and Stanford Research Institute \nMagician Jerry Andrus and Hyman appeared in 1975 on a TV station in Portland, Oregon, where they explained and duplicated the \"paranormal\" tricks Geller had performed for host Dick Klinger the week prior.", "Klinger asked, \"Does Uri Geller have any supernatural powers?\"", "Andrus gave the short answer \"No.\"", "Hyman stated, \"(Geller) is an opportunist... which is why it is difficult to duplicate him, he himself cannot duplicate himself.", "He's always ready to do something... he is going to do something when you think he is doing something else... misdirection... he's excellent at it, he's superb.\"", "In 1972 Hyman was asked by The Department of Defense to investigate psychic Uri Geller.", "Hyman was intrigued by a story that Geller had taken a ring from one of the scientists, set it on a table, and without touching it, the ring stood on end, broke in half and formed itself into a S-shape.", "Upon questioning all the scientists at the lab, Hyman discovered that no one had actually seen this happen, but had heard stories from others (who could not be tracked down) that it had happened.\"", "Hyman continued to question the scientists and discovered that no one had ever seen Geller bend anything without touching it.", "In fact \"Geller was allowed to take the object into the bathroom... and then come back with the bent object, they took his word for it.\"", "\"The parapsychologist (also sent to investigate) 'saw a psychic,' and I reported back that I saw only a charismatic fraud.\"", "When asked to explain further why people believe in Geller when a magician can do the same thing without paranormal powers, Hyman states, \"He's a fraud, but you can't blame people for believing him.", "Geller is a product of a wonderful public relations campaign... What the audience gets is only one side of the story...", "He has been caught cheating many times\" but people still believe.", "Speaking as a psychologist Hyman says \"If you get people in the right frame of mind and they are cooperating with you... and even give them a poor reading... they will fit it to themselves and believe you are telling them about their unique personality.\"", "Gary Schwartz \nGary Schwartz conducted numerous experiments at his laboratory at the University of Arizona where he is a tenured professor.", "Schwartz believes that he has proven the dead communicate with the living through human mediums.", "Hyman details many methodological errors with Schwartz's research including; \"Inappropriate control comparisons\", \"Failure to use double-blind procedures\", \"Creating non-falsifiable outcomes by reinterpreting failures as successes\" and \"Failure to independently check on facts the sitters endorsed as true\".", "Hyman wrote \"Even if the research program were not compromised by these defects, the claims being made would require replication by independent investigators.\"", "Hyman criticizes Schwartz's decision to publish his results without gathering \"evidence for their hypothesis that would meet generally accepted scientific criteria... they have lost credibility.\"", "There have been many follow-up exchanges between Schwartz and Hyman over the Afterlife Experiments conducted by Schwartz.", "Published May 2003, Schwartz responded that Hyman ignored \"the total body of research.\"", "Schwartz takes issue with Hyman's opinion that he (Hyman) will not believe in psi.", "Hyman answered, \"Until multiple perfect experiments are performed and published... believe that the totality of the findings must be due to some combination of fraud, cold reading, rater bias, experimenter error, or chance... Why spend the time and money conducting multiple multi-center, double-blind experiments unless there are sufficient theoretical, experimental, and social reasons for doing so?\"", "Proper Criticism\n\nHyman wrote a brief guide called Proper Criticism directed at critics of paranormal claims.", "It has widely been dispersed among Skeptics working in the public eye, including the editorial staff at Skeptical Inquirer.", "It is also featured in his book The Elusive Quarry.", "Proper Criticism gives eight suggestions for approaching criticism thoughtfully in a way that is \"both effective and responsible\" \n\n1.", "Be prepared: have responses prepared for commonly asked questions about Skepticism\n\n2.", "Clarify your objectives: assess your own intentions and determine your intended audience.", "Hyman warns against criticism motivated by bad intentions, such as attacking the claimant instead of the claim.", "3.", "Do your homework: research to understand the claimant's argument\n\n4.", "Do not go beyond your level of competence: admit what you do not know and consult experts when needed \n\n5.", "Let the facts speak for themselves: if you have thoroughly prepared, let the audience reach the conclusion on their own\n\n6.", "Be precise: use precise language, be as accurate as possible.", "While discussing Proper Criticism on the Squaring the Strange Podcast, Benjamin Radford expanded on this advice, \"often times ambiguous or fuzzy words or concepts reveal ambiguous or fuzzy thinking and obfuscation\" \n\n7.", "Use the principle of charity: give the claimant the benefit of the doubt.", "Also on Squaring the Strange Podcast, Celestia Ward has called this the opposite of the Straw man fallacy, advising critics formulate responses to the strongest interpretation of the claimant's argument.", "8.", "Avoid loaded words and sensationalism: instead, choose long term credibility\n\nAwards\n In Praise of Reason Award, the highest honor from the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal in 2003.", "The award is given in recognition of distinguished contributions in the use of critical inquiry, scientific evidence, and reason in evaluating claims to knowledge.", "Other recipients of this award include Carl Sagan, Kendrick Frazier, Murray Gell-Mann, Stephen Jay Gould, Martin Gardner, and Nobel laureate physicist Leon Lederman.", "Co-recipient of the 2005 Robert P. Balles Prize in Critical Thinking, awarded by CSICOP.", "The award is rewarded to the author of \"The published work that best exemplifies healthy skepticism, logical analysis or empirical science\".", "The 2005 award was shared with authors Andrew Skolnick and Joe Nickell.", "Hyman received award for his article Testing Natasha published in the series Testing the Girl with the X-Ray Eyes in Skeptical Inquirer.", "Doctor of Science, Honoris Causa from Simon Fraser University in October 2007.", "Philip J. Klass Award for outstanding contributions in promoting critical thinking and scientific understanding for 2010, awarded by National Capital Area Skeptics (NCAS).", "The Independent Investigation Group presented Hyman with the Houdini Hall of Honor award 2011.", "Books\n\nSelected articles\nHow People Are Fooled by Ideomotor Action – Quackwatch.org\nProper Criticism – July/August 2001 – Skeptical Inquirer Magazine\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nThe Skeptic's Toolbox\n on dowsing, Nov. 19, 1997\n\n1928 births\nLiving people\nAmerican magicians\nAmerican skeptics\nCritics of alternative medicine\nCritics of parapsychology\nAnomalistic psychology\nBoston University alumni\nHarvard University faculty\nJohns Hopkins University alumni\nWriters from Chelsea, Massachusetts\nUniversity of Oregon faculty\nDowsing" ]

[ "A noted critic of parapsychology, Ray Hyman is a Professor of Psychology at the University of Oregon.", "One of the founding fathers of the modern skeptical movement was Hyman.", "He is the leader of the Skeptic's Toolbox.", "The Committee for Skeptical Inquiry has an Executive Council.", "Career Hyman was born in Massachusetts.", "While attending Boston University, he worked as a magician and mentalist, impressing the head of his department with his palmistry.", "The person's reaction to the reading had nothing to do with the lines on the palm.", "He switched from a journalist degree to psychology because of his fascination with why this happened.", "D.J. is the president of the JREF.", "Why did a young psychology student get into this racket?", "When he was 7 years old, he was hired as a magician by the Parents and Teachers Association at his school.", "He read about Harry Houdini and his work with spiritualists.", "He began to investigate spiritualist meetings at the age of 16.", "I can't remember not being a skeptic when I was 7.", "Magicians debate about using a disclaimer.", "The audience is supposed to know that what they are seeing is entertainment, and not based on actual supernatural powers.", "In an interview with mentalist Mark Edward, Edward asked if he had ever used a disclaimer when he was a mentalist.", "He didn't remember explicitly using a disclaimer.", "He said that he did not claim any special powers at the beginning of the performance.", "He wanted them to enjoy the show.", "He realized that this was an example of the \"invited inference\" after becoming a psychologist.", "Hyman had given his audience no reason to challenge him by openly stating that he made no claims about his ability.", "He invited the onlookers to make their own conclusions about the source of the mind reading.", "Most of them thought he was a psychic.", "He taught at Harvard for five years after obtaining a doctorate in psychology.", "He was an expert in statistical methods.", "In 2007, the Simon Fraser University gave him an honorary doctorate for his \"intellect and discipline who inspire others to follow in his footsteps\" and for his \"courageous advocacy of unfettered skeptical inquiry\".", "During a sabbatical from the University of Oregon, Hyman held the \"Spook Chair\" for one year.", "The \"Spook\" chair is informally referred to as The Thomas Welton Stanford Chair for Psychical Research.", "Leland Stanford was the brother of Thomas Welton.", "He was one of the founding members of the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal (CSICOP), which is now known as the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI).", "He helped skeptical writers and critics with a style guide.", "There are six steps that skeptics can use to upgrade the quality of their criticism.", "One of his most popular articles is thirteen points to help you \"amaze your friends with your new found psychic powers!\"", "A guide to cold reading.", "According to Jim Alcock, the article on cold reading generated more requests for reprints than any other article in the history of the Skeptical Inquirer.", "The guide exploits what fascinated him in his research, that much deception is self-deception.", "He wrote a book about dowsing in the United States.", "He is skeptical about the experiment.", "Ray Hyman is considered to be the foremost expert on subjective validation and cold reading.", "He has been a member of the International Brotherhood of Magicians for 35 years and has been on the cover of The Linking Ring twice.", "He continues to give talks and investigate claims of the supernatural.", "He appeared at The Amaz!ng Meeting 7 in Las Vegas in July of 2009.", "Also in the year of 2011.", "How smart people go wrong is one of the books he is working on.", "On October 9, 2010, the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry announced that he was a part of their policy-making Executive Council and would also serve on Skeptical Inquirer's magazine board.", "There was a history of skepticism in the D.J.", "According to an interview with Grothe, the formation of the skeptic movement can be attributed to two people.", "Cooper asked Randi to invite Hyman to a show in order to ask his advice about the audience while Randi was touring with him.", "\"Randi said that we should form an organization called SIR because we really need to do something about this business,\" I said.", "They had their first meeting in 1972.", "The three of them had no administration experience and were joined by a man who provided structure for the group.", "Truzzi was involved in the formation of CSICOP.", "In an interview in 2009, he was asked his opinion of the modern skeptical movement.", "Skeptics need to have goals and a way to measure them.", "They need to become a resource for the public.", "\"That way we will get more bang for our buck.\"", "The media is to blame for the current state of the skeptical movement.", "Less science teachers in the classrooms, major newspapers are firing their science writing staff, and 24-hour news channels are competing with Fox News.", "Things are not good.", "The Skeptic's Toolbox was created to teach people how to be better skeptics.", "James Underdown was told by Hyman that they were putting out more fires by skeptics than by believers.", "James Alcock, Steve Shaw and himself were in Buffalo, NY.", "The toolbox has been held at the University of Oregon in Eugene for only one year since it was held in Boulder, CO.", "The Skeptic's Toolbox was for 5 days.", "It was cut back to 4 days later.", "Hyman told a reporter from The Register-Guard that people from all over the country come to the conference to hone their critical thinking skills.", "\"'I just want to understand how people get to believe some things', that's why I'm curious about why people who believe in paranormal claims without evidence continue to do so'.\"", "It was necessary for attendees to be taught a case-based approach with concrete examples.", "This approach differs from a traditional conference in that he has attendees use hands-on participation, splitting them into teams so they can spend quality time discussing the readings and lectures.", "Hyman used the investigation of Clever Hans by Pfungst as an example of how thorough some investigators are in studying claims.", "The Hick-Hyman Law shows that human choice reaction time is related to the information content of an incoming signal.", "The groundwork was laid for the shift from behavioral psychology to cognitive psychology.", "The paper was submitted while still a graduate student.", "He states that Hick used a different formula and got his math wrong, but they still named the law after him because he was just a student.", "Hick's Law is sometimes referred to as the Hick-Hyman Law in America.", "He and Jessica Utts conducted a review of CIA remote viewing experiments.", "The experiments appear to be free of the more obvious and better known flaws that can invalidate the results of parapsychological investigations, and there are significant effect sizes that are too large and consistent to be dismissed as statistical flukes.", "He stops short of concluding that the existence of anomalies has been established.", "Hyman decided that he wouldn't be able to read all the literature about parapsychology that existed in the 1980s because he was a \"Spook Chair\".", "He asked the parapsychologists what the best evidence was.", "They all pointed to the experiment.", "He was sent 600 pages of information after writing to Charles Honorton.", "The 1985 issue of the Journal of Parapsychology published Hyman's critique.", "These experiments do not mean anything unless they can be replicated.", "There was evidence that sensory leakage had taken place in the autoganzfeld experiments, according to Hyman.", "A TV station in Portland, Oregon, hosted a show in 1975 in which magician Jerry Andrus and his partner, Hyman, explained and duplicated the \"paranormal\" tricks they'd performed the previous week for host Dick Klinger.", "Klinger asked, \"Do you have any supernatural powers?\"", "Andrus gave a short answer.", "It is difficult to duplicate him because he cannot duplicate himself.", "When you think he is doing something else, he is always ready to do something.", "The Department of Defense asked Hyman to investigate a psychic.", "He was interested in the story that Geller had taken a ring from one of the scientists, set it on a table, and without touching it, it formed into a S-shape.", "After questioning all the scientists at the lab, he discovered that no one had actually seen it, but that others had heard about it.", "After questioning the scientists, he discovered that no one had ever seen Geller bend anything without touching it.", "They took his word for it, as he was allowed to take the object into the bathroom and then come back with a bent object.", "I reported that I saw a charismatic fraud when the parapsychologist saw a psychic.", "\"He's a fraud, but you can't blame people for believing him,\" said Hyman when asked to explain why people believe in him.", "The audience gets one side of the story, but it's only one side.", "People still believe that he has cheated many times.", "\"If you get people in the right frame of mind and they are cooperating with you... and even give them a poor reading... they will fit it to themselves and believe you are telling them about their unique personality.\"", "Gary Schwartz is a tenured professor at the University of Arizona.", "Schwartz believes that the dead communicate with the living.", "There are many methodological errors with Schwartz's research, including; \"Inappropriate control comparisons\", \"Failure to use double-blind procedures\", \"Creating non-falsifiable outcomes by reinterpreting failures as successes\" and \"Failure to independently check on facts the sitters endorsed as", "Even if the research program were not compromised by these defects, the claims being made would need to be replicated by independent investigators.", "Schwartz's decision to publish his results without gathering evidence for their hypothesis has lost his credibility.", "The Afterlife Experiments conducted by Schwartz have been followed up by many exchanges.", "Schwartz said that Hyman ignored the total body of research.", "Schwartz disagrees with Hyman's opinion that he won't believe in psi.", "The totality of the findings must be due to a combination of fraud, cold reading, rater bias, and experimenter error.", "A guide called Proper Criticism was written by Hyman.", "The editorial staff at Skeptical Inquirer have been dispersed among Skeptics working in the public eye.", "He wrote The Elusive Quarry.", "Proper Criticism gives eight suggestions for approaching criticism in a way that is both effective and responsible.", "Prepare responses to questions about Skepticism 2.", "Determine your intended audience and clarify your objectives.", "Hyman warns against criticism that is motivated by bad intentions.", "3.", "Do your homework to understand the argument.", "Don't go beyond your level of competence if you don't know what you're talking about.", "Let the facts speak for themselves, if you have thoroughly prepared.", "To be precise, use precise language.", "Benjamin Radford said that \"often times ambiguous or fuzzy words or concepts reveal ambiguous or fuzzy thinking and obfuscation.\"", "The principle of charity is to give someone the benefit of the doubt.", "The opposite of the Straw man fallacy has been called out by Celestia Ward, who advises critics to respond to the strongest interpretation of the argument.", "There are 8.", "The highest honor from the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of claims of the Paranormal in 2003 was the Award in Praise of Reason.", "The award is given for distinguished contributions in the use of critical inquiry, scientific evidence, and reason in evaluating claims to knowledge.", "Leon Lederman is one of the recipients of this award.", "CSICOP awarded the co-recipient of the 2005 Robert P. Balles Prize in Critical Thinking.", "The published work that best exemplifies healthy skepticism, logical analysis or empirical science is rewarded with the award.", "The 2005 award was shared by two authors.", "TestingNatasha was published in the series Testing the Girl with the X-Ray Eyes in Skeptical Inquirer.", "Honoris Causa is a Doctor of Science from Simon Fraser University.", "The National Capital Area Skeptics (NCAS) awarded the Philip J. Klass Award for outstanding contributions in promoting critical thinking and scientific understanding.", "The Houdini Hall of Honor award was presented to him by the Independent Investigation Group.", "The Skeptic's Toolbox on dowsing can be found in the July/August 2001 edition of Skeptical Inquirer Magazine." ]

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[ "Ray Hyman", "Hyman", "Career Hyman", "Hyman", "Hyman", "Ray Hyman", "Hyman", "Hyman", "Hyman", "Hyman", "Hyman", "Hyman", "Hyman", "Hyman", "Hyman", "Hyman", "Hyman", "Hyman", "Hyman", "Hyman" ]

[ "Steven G. Horwitz (February 7, 1964 – June 27, 2021) was an American economist of the Austrian School.", "Horwitz was the Distinguished Professor of Free Enterprise in the Department of Economics in the Miller College of Business at Ball State University in Muncie, Indiana.", "In 2017, he retired as the Dana Professor of Economics Emeritus at St. Lawrence University.", "Early life and education\nHorwitz was born in Detroit, Michigan, to Ronald and Carol Horwitz.", "He was raised in Oak Park, Michigan, and graduated from Berkley High School in Berkley, Michigan, in 1981.", "He graduated cum laude with an A.B.", "in Economics and Philosophy from the University of Michigan in 1985, where he was also active with several libertarian student groups and where he wrote and performed with the Sunday Funnies/Comedy Company sketch comedy group.", "He received his M.A.", "(1987) and Ph.D. (1990) in Economics from George Mason University in Fairfax, Virginia.", "At George Mason, he studied with Don Lavoie (who chaired his dissertation committee), George Selgin, Karen Vaughn, James M. Buchanan, Don Boudreaux, and Richard E. Wagner.", "Professional history\nIn 1989, Horwitz joined the economics department of St. Lawrence University in Canton, New York.", "In 1993, he was appointed the inaugural Flora Irene Eggleston Chair in Economics.", "He was promoted to associate professor with tenure in 1995 and to full professor in 2002.", "In 1999, he was awarded the annual Frank Piskor Lectureship, and in 2003 he was the recipient of the J. Calvin Keene award, which recognizes high standards of personal scholarship, effective teaching and moral concern.", "In 2007, Horwitz was elected by the faculty to one of six campus-wide Charles A. Dana Professorships.", "At St. Lawrence, Horwitz served as the Associate Dean of the First Year from 2001 to 2007, overseeing the university's First Year Program.", "He consulted with other schools on living-learning programs and on teaching research and communication skills to first-year students.", "He was also interim director of the Center for Teaching and Learning in 2003–04.", "In fall 2017, Horwitz joined the Department of Economics at Ball State University as Distinguished Professor of Free Enterprise.", "He was also the Director of the Institute for the Study of Political Economy.", "Horwitz was a long-time faculty member at the summer seminars of the Institute for Humane Studies and the Foundation for Economic Education.", "In summer 2007, he was a visiting scholar at the Social Philosophy and Policy Center at Bowling Green State University in Bowling Green, Ohio.", "Horwitz was a Senior Affiliated Scholar of the Mercatus Center at George Mason University in Arlington, Virginia, where he had conducted nationally recognized research on the role of Wal-Mart and the Coast Guard in the response to Hurricane Katrina.", "He was also a senior fellow of the Fraser Institute in Canada and had been a member of the Mont Pelerin Society since 1996.", "Horwitz was the 2020 recipient of the Julian L. Simon Memorial Award from the Competitive Enterprise Institute, honoring his work documenting human progress and the importance of liberal institutions.", "In 2019, he received the Prometheus Award for the Promotion of Economic Literacy from the Greek think tank KEFiM.", "Most of Horwitz's professional work was in the area of monetary theory and macroeconomics from an Austrian school perspective, with his 2000 book Microfoundations and Macroeconomics: An Austrian Perspective best summarizing that work.", "He had also contributed to Austrian economics and the history of economic thought, as well as the social thought of F. A. Hayek.", "After that book, he explored the economics and social theory of the family, including his book Hayek's Modern Family: Classical Liberalism and the evolution of Social Institutions.", "His \"Open Letter to My Friends on the Left\" in September 2008 was a widely read libertarian analysis of the mortgage crisis and has been translated into five languages.", "He was a frequent op-ed contributor to major newspapers and appeared on numerous radio shows as well as TV appearances on Stossel, Freedom Watch, and Smerconish on CNN.", "Horwitz identified himself as a bleeding-heart libertarian and was a regular contributor to the Bleeding Heart Libertarians weblog.", "He also contributed to Coordination Problem.", "Personal life\nOutside of his professional interests, Horwitz was a huge fan of hockey, especially the Detroit Red Wings, and classic rock, especially the Canadian band Rush.", "He combined his hobby and his professional life by writing two scholarly articles on Rush in 2003.", "Horwitz was diagnosed with multiple myeloma in 2017.", "He was public about his treatment process and engaged in educational and fundraising efforts for multiple myeloma research on social media and in interviews.", "He died on June 27, 2021.", "He was married to Sarah Skwire, a Senior Fellow and Director of Communications at Liberty Fund, and they resided in Fishers, Indiana, with her two daughters.", "He had two children, Andrew and Rachel, from a previous marriage.", "Horwitz was Jewish.", "Books and monographs\n\n Monetary Evolution, Free Banking, and Economic Order, (Westview Press, 1992) .", "'Of Human Action but not Human Design': Liberalism in the Tradition of the Scottish Enlightenment, 1999 Annual Frank P. Piskor Lecture, (St. Lawrence University, 2000) ASIN: B0006RFQ0G.", "Microfoundations and Macroeconomics: An Austrian Perspective, (Routledge, 2000) .", "Co-winner of the 2001 Smith Prize in Austrian Economics for the best contribution to Austrian economics published in the previous three years.", "Hayek's Modern Family: Classical Liberalism and the Evolution of Social Institutions, (Palgrave, 2015) \n Austrian Economics: An Introduction, (Cato Institute, 2020) .", "Selected articles\n\nAs author or co-author\n In Natural Disasters, Companies Operate Like Neighbors, Wall Street Journal.", "\"Beyond Equilibrium Economics: Reflections on the Uniqueness of the Austrian Tradition,\" (with Peter J. Boettke and David L. Prychitko), Market Process, 4 (2), Fall 1986, pp.", "6–9, 20-25.", "\"Competitive Currencies, Legal Restrictions, and the Origins of the Fed: Some Evidence from the Panic of 1907,\" Southern Economic Journal, 56 (3), January 1990, pp.", "639–49.", "\"Monetary Exchange as an Extra-Linguistic Social Communication Process,\" Review of Social Economy, 50 (2), Summer 1992, pp.", "193–214.", "\"Money, Money Prices, and the Socialist Calculation Debate,\" Advances in Austrian Economics, 3, 1996, pp.", "59–77.", "\"Capital Theory, Inflation, and Deflation: The Austrians and Monetary Disequilibrium Theory Compared,\" Journal of the History of Economic Thought, 18 (2), Fall 1996, pp.", "287–308.", "\"Monetary Calculation and Mises's Critique of Planning,\" History of Political Economy, 30 (3), Fall 1998, pp.", "427–50.", "\"From The Sensory Order to the Liberal Order: Hayek's Non-rationalist Liberalism,\" Review of Austrian Economics, 13 (1), March 2000, pp.", "23–40.", "\"From Smith to Menger to Hayek: Liberalism in the Spontaneous Order Tradition,\" The Independent Review, 6 (1), Summer 2001, pp 81–97.", "\"The Costs of Inflation Revisited,\" Review of Austrian Economics, 16 (1), March 2003, pp.", "77–95.", "\"The Functions of the Family in the Great Society,\" Cambridge Journal of Economics, 29 (5), September 2005, pp.", "669–84.", "\"Heterogeneous Human Capital, Uncertainty, and the Structure of Plans: A Market Process Approach to Marriage and Divorce\" (with Peter Lewin), Review of Austrian Economics, 21 (1), March 2008, pp.", "1–21.", "\"Making Hurricane Response More Effective: Lessons from the Private Sector and the Coast Guard During Katrina\" Policy Comment #17, Mercatus Center, Washington, DC, March 19, 2008.", "\"The Empirics of Austrian Economics\" Cato Unbound, Cato, Washington, DC, September 5, 2012.", "References\n\nExternal links\n Official website\n Economics videos\n Horwitz's bio at the Mercatus Center\n \n\n1964 births\n2021 deaths\n20th-century American male writers\n20th-century American non-fiction writers\n20th-century American economists\n21st-century American male writers\n21st-century American non-fiction writers\n21st-century American economists\nAmerican economics writers\nAmerican libertarians\nAustrian School economists\nGeorge Mason University alumni\nGeorge Mason University faculty\nJewish American writers\nMercatus Center\nWriters from Detroit\nPeople with multiple myeloma\nUniversity of Michigan College of Literature, Science, and the Arts alumni\nAmerican male non-fiction writers\nEconomists from Michigan\nDeaths from multiple myeloma\n21st-century American Jews" ]

[ "Steven G. Horwitz was an American economist of the Austrian School.", "Horwitz was a professor in the Department of Economics in the Miller College of Business at Ball State University.", "He retired as the Dana Professor of Economics at St. Lawrence University.", "Ronald and Carol Horwitz were the parents of Horwitz.", "He graduated from Berkley High School in Michigan in 1981 after growing up in Oak Park, Michigan.", "He graduated with an A.B.", "He obtained a degree in Economics and Philosophy from the University of Michigan in 1985 and was a member of several libertarian student groups.", "He received an M.A.", "George Mason University in Fairfax, Virginia, has degrees in Economics and Economics.", "He studied with many people at George Mason, including Don Lavoie and George Selgin.", "Horwitz joined the economics department at St. Lawrence University in 1989.", "He was the first chair in Economics.", "He was promoted to associate professor in 1995 and full professor in 2002.", "In 1999 he received the annual Frank Piskor lectureship, and in 2003 he received the J. Calvin Keene award, which recognizes high standards of personal scholarship, effective teaching and moral concern.", "Horwitz was elected to the Charles A. Dana Professorships by the faculty.", "Horwitz was the Associate Dean of the First Year at St. Lawrence from 2001 to 2007.", "He consulted with other schools about teaching research and communication skills to first-year students.", "He was interim director of the Center for Teaching and Learning.", "Horwitz joined the Department of Economics at Ball State University.", "He was the Director of the Institute for the Study of Political Economy.", "Horwitz was a long time faculty member at the Institute for Humane Studies.", "He was a visiting scholar at the Social Philosophy and Policy Center at Bowling Green State University.", "Horwitz was a senior scholar at the Mercatus Center at George Mason University, where he conducted research on the role of Wal-mart and the Coast Guard in the response to Hurricane Katrina.", "He was a senior fellow of the Fraser Institute in Canada and a member of the Mont Pelerin Society.", "Horwitz received the 2020 award for his work documenting human progress and the importance of liberal institutions.", "The Prometheus Award for the promotion of economic literacy was given to him in 2019.", "Horwitz's 2000 book Microfoundations and Macroeconomics: An Austrian Perspective is one of the best summaries of his work.", "He contributed to Austrian economics, as well as the social thought of F. A. Hayek.", "Hayek's Modern Family: Classical Liberalism and the evolution of Social Institutions explored the economics and social theory of the family.", "His \"Open Letter to My Friends on the Left\" was a widely read libertarian analysis of the mortgage crisis and has been translated into five languages.", "He was a frequent contributor to major newspapers and appeared on numerous radio shows as well as on CNN.", "Horwitz was a regular contributor to the Bleeding Heart Libertarians weblog.", "He contributed to the problem.", "Horwitz was a huge fan of Rush and the Detroit Red Wings.", "In 2003 he wrote two scholarly articles on Rush.", "Horwitz was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "He was public about his treatment process and his efforts to raise money for multiple myeloma research.", "He died on June 27, 2021.", "He was married to Sarah Skwire, a Senior Fellow and Director of Communications at Liberty Fund, and they lived in Fishers, Indiana with her two daughters.", "Andrew and Rachel were from a previous marriage.", "Horwitz was a Jew.", "Monetary Evolution, Free Banking, and Economic Order is a collection of books.", "'Of Human Action but not Human Design': Liberalism in the Tradition of the Scottish Enlightenment was presented in 1999.", "Microfoundations and Macroeconomics: An Austrian Perspective was published in 2000.", "The best contribution to Austrian economics published in the previous three years was co-winner of the 2001 Smith Prize in Austrian Economics.", "Hayek's Modern Family: Classical Liberalism and the Evolution of Social Institutions is an introduction to Austrian Economics.", "As author or co-author in natural disasters, companies operate like neighbors.", "\"Beyond Equilibrium Economics: Reflections on the Uniqueness of the Austrian Tradition\" was written by Peter J. Boettke and David L. Prychitko.", "6–9 and 25.", "\"Competitive Currencies, Legal Restrictions, and the Origin of the Fed: Some Evidence from the Panic of 1907\" was published in the Southern Economic Journal.", "609–49.", "\"Monetary Exchange as an Extra-Linguistic Social Communication Process,\" Review of Social Economy, Summer 1992, pp.", "19–14.", "\"Money, Money Prices, and the Socialist Calculation Debate\" was published in 1996.", "59–77.", "\"Capital Theory, Inflation, and Deflation: The Austrians and Monetary Disequilibrium Compared\" was published in the Journal of the History of Economic Thought.", "287–308.", "\"Monetary Calculation and Mises's Critique of Planning\" was published in the History of Political Economy.", "It was 437–50.", "\"From The Sensory Order to the Liberal Order: Hayek's Non-rationalist Liberalism\" was published in the Review of Austrian Economics.", "23–40", "\"From Smith to Menger to Hayek: Liberalism in the Spontaneous Order Tradition\" was published in The Independent Review.", "The Review of Austrian Economics states that the costs of inflation have been revised.", "77–95.", "The Cambridge Journal of Economics published \"The Functions of the Family in the Great Society\" in September 2005.", "It was 669–84.", "\"Heterogeneous Human Capital, Uncertainty, and the Structure of Plans: A Market Process Approach to Marriage and Divorce\" was published in the Review of Austrian Economics.", "1-8.", "\"Making Hurricane Response More Effective: Lessons from the Private Sector and the Coast Guard\" is a Policy Comment.", "\"The Empirics of Austrian Economics\" was published in Washington, DC.", "20th-century American male writers, 20th-century American non-fiction writers, 20th-century American economists, 21st-century American male writers, 21st-century American non-fiction writers." ]

[ "Steven G", ". Horwitz", "Horwitz", "Horwitz", "Carol Horwitz", "Horwitz", "Horwitz", "Horwitz", "Horwitz", "Horwitz", "Horwitz" ]

[ "Steven G", ". Horwitz", "Horwitz", "Carol Horwitz", "Horwitz", "Horwitz", "Horwitz", "Horwitz", "Horwitz", "Horwitz", "Horwitz", "Horwitz" ]

[ "Reginald C. Lewis (November 21, 1965 – July 27, 1993) was an American professional basketball player for the National Basketball Association's Boston Celtics from 1987 to 1993.", "Early life\nBorn in Baltimore, Maryland, Lewis attended high school at Dunbar High School, where he played basketball alongside future NBA players Muggsy Bogues, David Wingate, and Reggie Williams.", "The 1981–82 Dunbar Poets finished the season at 29–0 during Lewis' junior season and finished 31–0 during his senior season, and were ranked first in the nation by USA Today.", "College career\nLewis attended Northeastern University in Boston.", "Over his four years at Northeastern, Lewis scored 2,708 points, still the all-time record at the university.", "His Northeastern teams won the ECAC North all four seasons and played in the NCAA Men's Basketball Tournament every year.", "The 1983–84 Huskies advanced to the second round of the NCAA Tournament, falling one point shy of the Sweet 16 when Rolando Lamb scored at the buzzer to lift VCU over the Huskies.", "His uniform number was retired and hangs in tribute in Matthews Arena (the home of Northeastern University's men's basketball team and the Celtics' original home arena in 1946).", "As a Celtic, he and his family lived in Dedham, Massachusetts.", "He was a second cousin of PJ Dozier, who wore the jersey number 35 as a member of the Oklahoma City Thunder in honor of Lewis.", "Professional career\n\nBoston Celtics (1987–1993)\nLewis was drafted in the first round, 22nd overall, by the Boston Celtics in the 1987 NBA draft.", "The Celtics were looking to add some youth to the team, especially for the aging \"Big 3\" of Larry Bird, Kevin McHale, and Robert Parish.", "This need became more urgent after Len Bias, the 2nd overall pick in the 1986 NBA draft, died of a cocaine overdose.", "As a rookie, Lewis played sporadically, averaging 8.3 minutes per game under coach K. C. Jones.", "By his second season, thanks in part to a new coach (and an injury to Bird), Lewis averaged over 30 minutes and scored 18.5 points per game.", "Lewis was selected to play in his first and only NBA All-Star Game held in Orlando, Florida in 1992.", "He played 15 minutes, scoring 7 points and grabbing 4 rebounds.", "Lewis averaged 20.8 points in each of his last two seasons with the Celtics, and finished with a career average of 17.6 points per contest.", "His no.", "35 jersey was retired by the Celtics, making him one of only two Celtics to have a retired number without winning a championship with the team, the other player being Ed Macauley.", "On April 29, 1993, in Game 1 of the Celtics' playoff series against the Charlotte Hornets, Lewis suddenly collapsed on the court and remained on the ground for several seconds.", "After he finally got up, he looked perplexed and dazed as he headed to the Celtics bench.", "Lewis returned briefly to the game but was eventually pulled due to dizziness and shortness of breath.", "He left the game having scored 17 points in 13 minutes of action in what turned out to be his final NBA game.", "The following day, Lewis checked into New England Baptist Hospital, where he underwent a series of tests by more than a dozen heart specialists, who the Celtics called their \"dream team\" of doctors.", "Lewis was diagnosed with \"focal cardiomyopathy\", a disease of the heart muscle that can cause irregular heartbeat and heart failure.", "Lewis was told his condition was most likely career-ending.", "However, he later sought a second opinion from Dr. Gilbert Mudge at Brigham and Women's Hospital, who diagnosed Lewis with neurocardiogenic syncope, a less serious non-fatal condition instead.", "As a result, Lewis began working out in preparation for returning for the 1994 season.", "Mudge was later cleared of any wrongdoing, and he insisted he had never authorized Lewis to resume workouts.", "Death\nOn July 27, 1993, during off-season practice at Brandeis University in Waltham, Massachusetts, Lewis suffered sudden cardiac death on the basketball court at the age of 27 years old.", "James Crowley, a Brandeis University police officer who happened upon the gym on a routine patrol, and another Brandeis University police officer attempted to revive Lewis by using mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, but they were unsuccessful.", "Lewis is buried in an unmarked grave in Forest Hills Cemetery in Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts.", "His death was attributed to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, a structural heart defect that is the most common cause of death in young athletes.", "Aftermath\nFollowing Lewis' death, questions were raised about whether he had used cocaine, and whether cocaine use had contributed to his death.", "The Wall Street Journal reported that physicians \"suspected that cocaine killed Boston Celtics star Reggie Lewis...but they were thwarted by actions by his family and a 'dismissive' policy toward drugs by the NBA.\"", "The Journal added the following:\n\nWhether Mr. Lewis died from a heart damaged by cocaine -- as many doctors suspected then and now -- cannot be definitively shown.", "What is evident: The official cause of death, a heart damaged by a common-cold virus, is a medically nonsensical finding by a coroner who was under intense pressure from the Lewis family to exclude any implication of drug use.", "The Boston Celtics responded by expressing sadness about the \"vicious attack on Reggie Lewis and his family\" and threatening \"to file a $100 million lawsuit against the reporter, The Wall Street Journal and its parent company, Dow Jones and Co. Inc.\" Dr. Gilbert Mudge, a doctor who treated Lewis, was sued for malpractice in connection with Lewis' death; in written responses to questions from the attorneys for Donna Harris-Lewis, Mudge said that \"16 days before Lewis collapsed from a heart attack in 1993, he acknowledged having used cocaine, but said he had stopped.\"", "On the other hand, the doctor who performed the autopsy on Lewis testified that the scarring on his heart was inconsistent with cocaine use, and other doctors reached the same conclusion though they \"stopped short of saying he never used drugs.\"", "Also, Lewis's heart tissue tested positive for adenovirus during his autopsy.", "After Lewis' death, the Reggie Lewis Track and Athletic Center was opened in Roxbury, Boston.", "The center was funded partially by Lewis and has hosted major indoor track and field competitions, the Boston Indoor Games, home basketball games for Roxbury Community College, and Northeastern University track and field events.", "On March 22, 1995, the Boston Celtics retired Lewis' jersey.", "Lewis had worn the number 35 for his entire career.", "During the ceremony, former teammate Dee Brown made a speech while two other former teammates, Sherman Douglas and Xavier McDaniel, held up Lewis' framed jersey.", "Lewis' contract remained on the Celtics' salary cap for two full seasons after his death because at the time the NBA did not have a provision to void contracts in the event an active player died; NBA Commissioner David Stern said that the remaining NBA teams should approve an exemption for Lewis' contract but the rest of the league, many of whom had spent years or even decades losing to the Celtics on the court, said that they would do no such thing to help Boston.", "The rules have since been changed so that a similar case would result in a deceased player's contract being paid by league insurance." ]

[ "Lewis was a professional basketball player for the Boston Celtics from 1987 to 1993.", "Lewis attended high school in Baltimore, Maryland, where he played basketball with future NBA players.", "During Lewis' junior and senior seasons, the Dunbar Poets finished the season at 29–0 and 31–0, respectively, and were ranked first in the nation by USA Today.", "Lewis attended Northeastern University.", "Lewis scored 2,708 points over his four years at Northeastern, which is still the all-time record.", "The Northeastern teams played in the NCAA Men's Basketball Tournament every year.", "The 1983–84 Huskies advanced to the second round of the NCAA Tournament, but fell one point shy of the Sweet 16 when Rolando Lamb scored at the buzzer.", "Matthews Arena is the home of Northeastern University's men's basketball team and the original home of the Celtics.", "He and his family lived in Massachusetts.", "He was a cousin of PJ Dozier, who wore the jersey number 35 as a member of the Oklahoma City Thunder in honor of Lewis.", "Lewis was drafted by the Boston Celtics in the first round of the 1987 NBA draft.", "The Celtics were looking to add some youth to the team, especially for the aging \"Big 3\" of Larry Bird, Kevin McHale, and Robert Parish.", "The need became more urgent after Bias died of a cocaine overdose.", "Under coach K. C. Jones, Lewis played an average of 8.3 minutes per game.", "Lewis averaged over 30 minutes and scored 18 points per game in his second season, thanks to a new coach and an injury to Bird.", "Lewis was selected to play in the 1992 NBA All-Star Game in Florida.", "He played 15 minutes and scored 7 points.", "Lewis averaged 20.8 points in his last two seasons with the Celtics, and finished with a career average of 18.6 points per contest.", "His no.", "Ed Macauley was the only other Celtics player to have a retired number without winning a championship with the team.", "Lewis collapsed on the court in the first game of the Celtics' playoff series against the Charlotte Hornets.", "He looked confused as he headed to the Celtics bench after getting up.", "Lewis was pulled from the game due to dizziness and a lack of breath.", "He scored 17 points in 13 minutes in his final NBA game.", "Lewis checked into New England Baptist Hospital the next day, where he underwent a series of tests by more than a dozen heart specialists, who the Celtics called their \"dream team\" of doctors.", "focal cardiomyopathy is a disease of the heart muscle that can cause irregular heartbeat and heart failure.", "Lewis was told his career was over.", "He sought a second opinion from Dr. Gilbert Mudge, who diagnosed Lewis with a less serious condition called neurocardiogenic syncope.", "Lewis began working out in order to return for the 1994 season.", "Mudge insisted he had never authorized Lewis to resume workouts.", "Lewis died of a sudden cardiac death on the basketball court at the age of 27.", "The police officer who happened upon the gym on a routine patrol tried to revive Lewis by using mouth-to-mouth, but they were unsuccessful.", "Lewis is buried in Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts.", "Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is the most common cause of death in young athletes.", "Questions were raised about whether or not Lewis had used cocaine before his death.", "The Wall Street Journal reported that Reggie Lewis' family and the NBA's policy towards drugs prevented doctors from suspecting that cocaine killed him.", "It is not certain whether Mr. Lewis died from a heart damaged by cocaine or not.", "The official cause of death, a heart damaged by a common-cold virus, is a medically nonsensical finding by a coroner who was under intense pressure from the Lewis family to exclude any implication of drug use.", "The Boston Celtics threatened to file a $100 million lawsuit against The Wall Street Journal and its parent company for the vicious attack on Reggie Lewis and his family.", "The doctor who performed the autopsy on Lewis testified that the scarring on his heart was inconsistent with cocaine use, and other doctors reached the same conclusion.", "During his autopsy, Lewis's heart tissue tested positive for adenoviruses.", "The Reggie Lewis Track and Athletic Center opened in Boston after Lewis' death.", "Major indoor track and field competitions, the Boston Indoor Games, home basketball games for Roxbury Community College, and Northeastern University track and field events have been hosted by the center partially funded by Lewis.", "The Boston Celtics retired Lewis' jersey.", "Lewis wore the number 35 for his entire career.", "Dee Brown made a speech while two other former teammates held up Lewis' jersey during the ceremony.", "The NBA did not have a provision to void contracts in the event of a player's death, so Lewis' contract remained on the Celtics' salary cap for two full seasons.", "The rules were changed so that a dead player's contract would be paid by league insurance." ]

[ ". Lewis", "Lewis", "Reggie Williams", "Lewis", "Lewis", "Lewis", "Lewis", "Lewis", "Lewis", "Lewis", "Lewis", "Lewis", "Lewis", "Lewis", "Lewis", "Lewis", "Lewis", "Lewis", "Lewis", "Lewis", "Lewis", "Lewis", "Lewis", "Lewis", "Reggie Lewis", "Lewis", "Lewis", "Reggie Lewis", "Lewis", "Lewis", "Lewis", "Lewis", "Lewis", "Lewis", "Lewis", "Lewis", "Lewis", "Lewis", "Lewis", "Lewis", "Lewis" ]

[ "Lewis", "Lewis", "Lewis", "Lewis", "Lewis", "Lewis", "Lewis", "Lewis", "Lewis", "Lewis", "Lewis", "Lewis", "Lewis", "Lewis", "Lewis", "Lewis", "Lewis", "Lewis", "Lewis", "Lewis", "Lewis", "Lewis", "Reggie Lewis", "Lewis", "Lewis", "Reggie Lewis", "Lewis", "Lewis", "Lewis", "Lewis", "Lewis", "Lewis", "Lewis", "Lewis" ]

[ "Luis Scott-Vargas (born February 17, 1983), commonly known as LSV, is a professional Magic: the Gathering player from Oakland, California, USA, currently living in Denver, Colorado.", "His accomplishments include fifteen Grand Prix Top 8s (five wins among them) and ten Pro Tour Top 8s (one win among them).", "In 2013 he was inducted into the Magic: The Gathering Hall of Fame.", "As well as being a prominent player of the game, LSV is also known for writing about the game.", "He was a writer for StarCityGames.com before becoming the editor and vice president for ChannelFireball.com, a Magic: The Gathering shop and strategy website.", "LSV still writes for Channelfireball but ended his tenure as editor in 2012 to work as game designer at Dire Wolf Digital, specifically on Eternal.", "Magic: The Gathering career\nLSV first qualified for the Pro Tour in 2004 for Pro Tour San Diego and has been an active competitor in major Magic: the Gathering events since.", "LSV's breakout performance came at the 2006 US Nationals, where he won a play-off to take third place and earn a place on the US Nationals team with Paul Cheon and Benjamin Lundquist.", "The US Nationals team would finish 13th in the team competition at the 2006 World Championship.", "He went on to win US Nationals in 2007, leading a US Nationals team featuring Thomas Drake and Michael Bennett.", "The US National team finished in 25th place at the 2007 World Championship.", "He also won Grand Prix San Francisco that season, his first Grand Prix title.", "The 2008 season would bring even greater success for LSV.", "He made the Top 8 of Grand Prix Philadelphia before going on to make his first Pro Tour Top 8 at Pro Tour Berlin.", "LSV reached the finals of the Pro Tour where he defeated Matej Zatlkaj to win his first, and so far only, Pro Tour title.", "He would then continue his success by winning his second Grand Prix event at Grand Prix Atlanta.", "By the end of the year, LSV had amassed 58 Pro points, placing him in joint second place in the Player of the Year standings alongside Olivier Ruel.", "The 2009 season featured another strong set of results for LSV.", "He started the season by winning his third Grand Prix in as many years at Grand Prix Los Angeles.", "He then made his second career Pro Tour Top 8 at Pro Tour Kyoto.", "Once again, he reached the finals, but this time lost to Gabriel Nassif.", "He would round out his year with another Grand Prix Top 8 at Grand Prix Seattle.", "He finished in seventh place for the 2009 Player of the Year standings with 52 Pro Points.", "The 2010 season would be the first time since 2006 that LSV would not win a major event.", "However, despite not winning any events, LSV did manage to make a Grand Prix and a Pro Tour Top 8 at Grand Prix Sydney and Pro Tour San Diego.", "LSV currently holds the record for the longest undefeated run at a Pro Tour after going 16-0 at Pro Tour San Diego, before losing in the semifinals to eventual winner Simon Görtzen.", "For the second consecutive year, LSV placed seventh in the Player of the Year standings at the end of the season.", "The 2011 season was a very successful one for LSV.", "He won Grand Prix Kansas City and advanced to the Top 8 of US Nationals, Pro Tour Nagoya and the 2011 World Championship.", "This was the first time that LSV made the Top 8 two Pro Tour events in a single season, and the first time he made Top 8 of a World Championship.", "LSV only needed to win his quarterfinal match against Richard Bland at the World Championship to overtake Owen Turtenwald and win the Player of the Year title.", "He lost 2-3 to Bland, leading to Owen Turtenwald winning the Player of the Year title and LSV taking second place.", "Also in 2011, LSV was invited to take part in the third annual Magic Online Community Cup.", "The Community Cup is a special event held by Wizards of the Coast in which prominent members of the Magic Online community are invited to the Wizards of the Coast offices to play in a tournament against staff.", "LSV was picked for the Community Cup for his contribution to the community through draft videos and his articles and work for ChannelFireball.com.", "Ultimately, it was the Community Team that won the tournament defeating the Wizards Team and winning the Community Cup as well as a prize for the Magic Online community.", "From 2009–11, LSV was one of the most consistent players on the Pro Tour, with the highest median and average finish at Pro Tour events amongst high-ranked players.", "In the 2012 season, LSV made the Top 8 of Grand Prix Lincoln.", "His overall performance for the season also qualified him for the inaugural Magic Players Championship.", "LSV won a 2012 World Magic Cup Qualifier to earn a place on the United States national team, alongside national champion Brian Kibler, for the first World Magic Cup event.", "LSV first became eligible for the Magic Pro Tour Hall of Fame in 2013.", "LSV lead the 2013 ballot, receiving 95.63% of the vote, and thus was the first inductee in the Class of 2013.", "LSV was inducted into the Hall of Fame at Pro Tour Theros alongside Ben Stark and William Jensen.", "After his 2011 Worlds top 8 finish LSV experienced a drought of high-caliber Pro Tour finishes although he made it to the top 8 of several Grand Prix in that period.", "Eventually LSV managed another Top 8 at Pro Tour Oath of the Gatewatch in 2016 alongside two of his ChannelFireball teammates.", "In what was LSV's sixth Pro Tour Top 8 he lost to eventual champion Jiachen Tao in the semi-finals, ultimately finishing in third place.", "LSV followed this up with a top 8 at the next Pro Tour for Shadows Over Innistrad, piloting a BG Aristocrats deck for the standard portion of the event.", "He lost his quarter final match 3-1 to Shouta Yasooka.", "The next Pro Tour, for Eldritch Moon, led to LSV's third Pro Tour top 8 in a row, a feat accomplished only twice before (by Scott Johns and Jon Finkel) and not for nearly 18 years.", "Despite LSV's great success in the 2015-16 season, he decided to move to primarily doing coverage for the following season instead of playing.", "However, Wizards of the Coast has allowed him to defer the platinum status he had earned, and he has stated he intends to play on the Pro Tour again at some point in the future.", "Play style\nLSV is known to favor control decks in Limited, and often comments on his love for drawn out games involving mana-intensive cards.", "In Constructed, Scott-Vargas has a preference for Combo and Control decks, but has been successful with a variety of different archetypes.", "When he won Pro Tour Berlin, he piloted an Elf tribal combo deck; he achieved his two Constructed Grand Prix wins with a blue-black control deck and a Storm combo deck; and his three most recent Pro Tour top eight finishes were all with aggressive decks, including a Naya (red-green-white) deck with which he went undefeated in the Swiss rounds of Pro Tour San Diego 2010, and an Eldrazi agro deck in 2016.", "Achievements\n\nTeam ChannelFireball\nTeam ChannelFireball is a team of professional Magic: The Gathering players, formed in 2010.", "The team is named after two Magic: the Gathering cards – Channel and Fireball, one of the most famous two-card combos from the early days of the game.", "Many of the members of the team write strategy articles for an eponymous website.", "LSV is considered to be the official leader of the team, as he is often responsible for organising the team meeting and practicing for events.", "Current and former Team Members\n\n Luis Scott-Vargas\n Paulo Vitor Damo da Rosa\n David Ochoa\n Josh Utter-Leyton\n Owen Turtenwald\n Conley Woods\n Ben Stark\n Brian Kibler\n Brad Nelson\n Matt Nass\n Tom Martell\n Eric Froehlich\n Shuhei Nakamura\n Martin Juza\n\n Lukas Blohon\n Gerry Thompson\n Shahar Shenhar\n Frank Karsten\n Kenji Tsumura\n Pat Cox\n Ben Lundquist\n Brock Parker\n Paul Rietzl\n Paul Cheon\n David Williams\n Ivan Floch\n Mike Sigrist\n\nPro Tour Achievements\nTeam ChannelFireball has had considerable success on the Pro Tour, putting at least one player in the Top 8 of every Pro Tour from Pro Tour San Diego 2010 to Pro Tour Dragon's Maze 2013, with the exception of Pro Tour Avacyn Restored.", "Eight of the sixteen players participating in the inaugural 2012 Magic Players Championship were members of Team ChannelFireball.", "Three members of Team ChannelFireball have won Player of the Year titles since the creation of the team: Brad Nelson (2010), though he left the team prior to winning the title; Owen Turtenwald (2011); and Josh Utter-Leyton (2013).", "Other Magic-related work\nFrom 2006 to 2009, LSV wrote strategy articles for StarCityGames.com and AdventuresOn.com (now BlackBorder.com).", "In early 2009, he left both to help launch ChannelFireball.com.", "Among his work for the site, he's been known for his draft videos and set reviews as well as the Magic TV show.", "Since 2013, LSV has also been doing commentary at Pro Tours, in addition to the occasional Grand Prix.", "In 2015, LSV joined Marshall Sutcliffe as a cohost of the Limited Resources podcast, a popular podcast that focuses on the Sealed and Draft aspects of Magic.", "Personal life\nLSV was born in Oakland, California to his parents Claudio and Penny.", "He has two brothers, Antonio and Miguel.", "He graduated from UC Davis in 2005.", "In May 2012, LSV announced that he would be moving to Denver, having acquired a job as a game designer there.", "On June 29, 2016, LSV and his then wife Geneva Sarcedo's first child was born.", "They named her Naya Scott Vargas Sarcedo, after the Magic nickname for the color combination of red, green, and white.", "On October 11, 2021, Gaby Spartz gave birth to LSV's son and second child, Santi.", "References\n\nAmerican Magic: The Gathering players\nAmerican people of Chilean descent\nLiving people\n1983 births\nPeople from Oakland, California\nUniversity of California, Davis alumni" ]

[ "Luis Scott-Vargas, also known as LSV, is a professional Magic: the Gathering player who lives in Denver, Colorado.", "His accomplishments include fifteen Grand Prix Top 8s and ten Pro Tour Top 8s.", "He was a member of the Magic: The Gathering Hall of Fame.", "LSV is well known for writing about the game, as well as being a prominent player of the game.", "He is the editor and vice president of ChannelFireball.com, a Magic: The Gathering shop and strategy website.", "LSV ended his tenure as editor of Channelfireball in 2012 to work as a game designer at Dire Wolf Digital.", "LSV qualified for the Pro Tour in 2004 and has been an active competitor in major Magic: the Gathering events.", "At the 2006 US Nationals, LSV won a play-off to take third place and earn a place on the US Nationals team with Paul Cheon and Benjamin Lundquist.", "The US Nationals finished 13th in the team competition at the World Championship.", "He led a US Nationals team that won the US Nationals in 2007.", "The US National team finished in 25th place.", "His first Grand Prix title was won that season.", "LSV would have more success in the 2008 season.", "After making the Top 8 of Grand Prix Philadelphia, he made his first Pro Tour Top 8 at Pro Tour Berlin.", "LSV won his first and so far only Pro Tour title when he defeated Matej Zatlkaj in the finals.", "He won his second Grand Prix event at Grand Prix Atlanta.", "At the end of the year, LSV and Ruel were tied for second place in the Player of the Year race.", "LSV had another strong season in 2009.", "He won his third Grand Prix in a row at Grand Prix Los Angeles.", "He made his second career Pro Tour Top 8.", "He reached the finals again, but lost to Gabriel Nassif.", "He had a Grand Prix Top 8 at Grand Prix Seattle.", "He had 52 Pro Points and finished in seventh place for the Player of the Year.", "It would be the first time since 2006 that LSV wouldn't win a major event.", "Despite not winning any events, LSV made a Grand Prix and a Pro Tour Top 8.", "LSV went 16-0 at Pro Tour San Diego before losing in the semifinals to Simon Grtzen, who went on to win the title.", "For the second year in a row, LSV placed seventh in the Player of the Year rankings.", "LSV had a very successful season in 2011.", "He advanced to the Top 8 of US Nationals, Pro Tour Nagoya and the World Championship after winning the Grand Prix Kansas City.", "This was the first time that LSV made the Top 8 two Pro Tour events in a single season, and the first time he made the Top 8 of a World Championship.", "At the World Championship, LSV needed to beat Richard Bland in the quarterfinals to overtake Owen Turtenwald and win the Player of the Year title.", "Owen Turtenwald won the Player of the Year title after he lost to Bland.", "The third annual Magic Online Community Cup was hosted by LSV in 2011.", "The Community Cup is a special event held by Wizards of the Coast in which prominent members of the Magic Online community are invited to the Wizards of the Coast offices to play in a tournament against staff.", "LSV was selected for the Community Cup for his contribution to the community through his work at ChannelFireball.com.", "The Community Team won the tournament, the Community Cup, and the prize for the Magic Online community.", "LSV was one of the most consistent players on the Pro Tour from 2009 to 2011.", "LSV made the Top 8 of Grand Prix Lincoln.", "He qualified for the Magic Players Championship because of his overall performance.", "LSV and Brian Kibler will be on the United States national team for the first World Magic Cup event.", "LSV was eligible for the Magic Pro Tour Hall of Fame.", "LSV received 95.63% of the vote, and thus was the first member of the Class of 2013.", "Ben Stark and William Jensen were also in the Hall of Fame.", "LSV made it to the top 8 of several Grand Prix in the period after his top 8 finish at the Worlds in 2011.", "At the Pro Tour Oath of the Gatewatch, LSV was joined by two of his ChannelFireball teammates.", "He finished third in the Pro Tour Top 8 after losing to the eventual champion in the semi-finals.", "LSV was the pilot for the standard portion of the event at the next Pro Tour for Shadows Over Innistrad, and he was 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780", "He lost his match to Shouta.", "LSV's third Pro Tour top 8 in a row was achieved only twice before, by Scott Johns and Jon Finkel, and not for nearly 18 years.", "Despite LSV's great success, he decided to primarily do coverage for the following season instead of playing.", "He intends to play on the Pro Tour again at some point in the future after Wizards of the Coast allowed him to defer the Platinum status he had earned.", "LSV is known to favor control decks in limited, and often comments on his love for drawn out games.", "Scott-Vargas has a preference for combo and control decks, but has been successful with a variety of different Archetypes.", "When he won Pro Tour Berlin, he piloted an Elf tribal combo deck; he achieved his two Constructed Grand Prix wins with a blue-black control deck and a Storm combo deck; and his three most recent Pro Tour top eight finishes were all with aggressive decks.", "Team ChannelFireball is a team of professional Magic: The Gathering players.", "Channel and Fireball are two Magic: the Gathering cards that were popular in the early days of the game.", "The team writes strategy articles for their website.", "The official leader of the team is LSV, as he is responsible for organizing the team meeting and practicing for events.", "The current and former Team Members are Luis Scott-Vargas, David Ochoa, Josh Utter-Leyton, Owen Turtenwald, and Ben Stark.", "Team ChannelFireball was one of the teams that participated in the inaugural Magic Players Championship.", "Since the creation of Team ChannelFireball, three members have won Player of the Year titles: Brad Nelson, Owen Turtenwald and Josh Utter-Leyton.", "LSV wrote strategy articles for StarCityGames.com and BlackBorder.com.", "He left both to help launch ChannelFireball.com.", "He's been known for his work on the site, including his draft videos and reviews of the Magic TV show.", "In addition to the occasional Grand Prix, LSV has been doing commentary at Pro Tours.", "LSV was a co-host of theLimited Resources podcast in 2015, which focused on the Sealed and Draft aspects of Magic.", "LSV was born in Oakland, California to his parents.", "He has two brothers.", "He graduated from UC Davis in 2005.", "LSV announced in May 2012 that he was moving to Denver to work as a game designer.", "LSV's first child was born on June 29, 2016", "They named her after the Magic nickname for the color combination of red, green, and white.", "LSV's son and second child, Santi, was born on October 11, 2021.", "People from Oakland, California and the University of California, Davis are related to American Magic: The Gathering players." ]

[ "Luis Scott Vargas", "Luis Scott" ]

[ "Luis Scott Vargas", "Luis Scott" ]

[ "Alexander Agricola (; born Alexander Ackerman; – 15 August 1506) was a Netherlandish composer of the Renaissance writing in the Franco-Flemish style.", "A prominent member of the Grande chapelle, the Habsburg musical establishment, he was a renowned composer in the years around 1500, and his music was widely distributed throughout Europe.", "He composed music in all of the important sacred and secular styles of the time.", "Life \nAgricola was the illegitimate son of Lijsbette Naps, a wealthy female merchant who lived in Ghent.", "He was probably born sometime in the late-1450s, and had a brother called Jan. A commemorative motet first published in 1538 gave his age as 60 at the time of his death in 1506, but that may be due to a medieval convention concerning the number 60.", "He may have received his musical training from the parish church of St Nicolas in Ghent, as his mother made a substantial donation to its musical establishment in 1467.", "In 1476 he is known to have been in Cambrai, in the Low Countries, where he was employed as a petit vicaire or singer from February to May.", "Most of his life he spent in posts in Italy, France and the Low Countries, though there are gaps where his activities are not known, and he seems to have left many of his posts without permission.", "Agricola was previously identified as the Alessandro d'Alemagna who served as a singer for Duke Galeazzo Maria Sforza of Milan from 1471 to 1474, during the period when the Milanese chapel choir grew into one of the largest and most famous ensembles in Europe; Loyset Compère, Johannes Martini, Gaspar van Weerbeke, and several other composer-singers were also in Milan during those years.", "In 1474 Duke Galeazzo Maria wrote a letter of recommendation for a certain \"Alexander de Alamania\" to Lorenzo de' Medici.", "That identification has since been questioned because the Milanese documents do not record the surname of this Alessandro d'Alemagna, and Agricola is from Flanders, not Germany.", "The earliest unambiguous references to Agricola remain the documents at Cambrai.", "For the long period from 1476 to 1491 nothing definite is known except that he spent part of the time in the French royal chapel, and he must have been building his reputation as a composer during this time, for he was much in demand in the 1490s, with France and Naples competing for his services.", "Between October 1st 1491 and June 1st 1492 Agricola served as part of the cathedral chapel in Florence.", "In April of 1492 Charles VIII of France wrote a letter to Pietro de Medici asking for the return of Agricola, which implies that he had been serving in the French royal chapel for an unknown duration beforehand.", "Agricola was briefly in Naples in June of 1492, although King Ferrante had to relinquish him at the request of Charles VIII.", "Ferrante tried to reacquire Agricola from Charles VIII during 1493, at one point offering him a salary of 300 ducats a year.", "However Ferrante's enthusiasm cooled during the rest of 1493 as the situation in Italy deteriorated (war broke out in the next year) and he told Agricola to not come to Naples.", "Despite this, Agricola seemed to have returned to Naples (now ruled by Ferrante's son Alfonso) in 1494, staying for some time between February and March.", "After this the paper trail for Agricola runs cold until the spring of 1500, when he took a position with Philip the Handsome, who was Duke of Burgundy and became King of Castile upon the death of his mother-in-law in 1504.", "Agricola accompanied Philip on his travels through his extensive lands, which included two trips to Spain in 1501 and 1506, passing through France during the first trip and England in the second.", "He served alongside fellow composer Pierre de la Rue, and was paid the same salary; he also received benefices in Gorinchem and Valenciennes Other composers present in Philip's chapel during this time includes Marbrianus de Orto and Antonius Divitis.", "By this time Agricola was one of the most esteemed composers in Europe.", "Petrucci brought out a collection of his masses in 1504, an honour accorded to few composers before him.", "His motet Si dedero survives in over thirty sources and both Obrecht and Divitis wrote masses based on it.", "Josquin paid homage to Agricola in his Missa Faisant regretz by borrowing the ostinato idea first used in his four voice Tout a par moy, which is in turn based on Frye's chanson.", "Works by Agricola, La Rue and Josquin make up the bulk of the choirbook B-Br MS 9126, which was prepared just before Philip's second trip to Spain.", "Agricola was still receiving his salary up until July 22nd of 1506, when the court was in Valladolid.", "However, his name is not included in the chapel payments in October which was authorised shortly after Philip's death.", "Agricola's own death on August 15th, 1506 is confirmed by an epitaph found in a 16th century manuscript in Brussels, it reads: Epitaph.", "Here lies one whom death ensnared: a Ghenter, formerly called Master Alexander Agricola, well spoken of in music.", "Death dispatched him on 15 August 1506: God grant that he be comforted and seated among the righteous.", "Amen.", "Musical style\n\nRelated schools and composers \n\nAgricola is one of the few transitional figures between the Burgundian School and the style of the Josquin generation of Netherlanders who actually wrote music in both styles.", "Agricola's style is related to that of Johannes Ockeghem, especially early in his career, and towards the end of his life he was writing using the pervasive imitation characteristic of Josquin des Prez.", "While few of his works can be dated precisely, he does use many of the non-imitative, complex, rhythmically diverse contrapuntal procedures more often associated with Ockeghem.", "Unlike Ockeghem, however, he was willing to employ repetition, sequence, and florid imitation in the manner of the other composers who were working around 1500 when the technique became widespread.", "Genres \n\nAgricola wrote masses, motets, motet-chansons, secular songs in the prevailing formes fixes such as rondeaux and bergerettes, other chansons, and instrumental music.", "Much of his instrumental music was based on secular music by Gilles Binchois or Ockeghem.", "Many of these pieces had become quite popular in the late 15th century.", "Compositional hallmarks \n\nAbove all the variants in his general musical style over his working life, Agricola himself wrote in a highly distinctive style, taking the mysteriously sinuous lines of Ockeghem as his point of departure.", "His music is often very busy and highly detailed, with repeated sequence, repetition of terse rhythmic and motivic units, and a desire to usurp the underlying pulse, sometimes seeming to border on the perverse, either by prolonging cadential figures to cadence on the \"wrong\" beat, or by shifting the metrical beat of some parts against others.", "As an example, the closing Agnus Dei of his unusually extended Missa 'In myne zin''' features the cantus firmus stated in equal notes of eleven minims duration each in first statement, followed by a statement of five minims duration each, or in the second Salve Regina setting, offsetting part of the statement of the cantus firmus by a quaver for its entire duration, in both cases with the other voices proceeding in a more strict quadruple meter above.", "Other \"games\" played in the music include posing puzzles of mode and musica ficta for the performers (e.g.", "the Kyrie of the Missa Le serviteur plays with the expectations of the very well known plainchant cantus firmus by setting up some knotty issues of the implied possibility of modal inflection with consistent extra flats.)", "The music is characteristically athletic in all voice parts, with the lower parts in particular featuring much that requires very fine singers, and not representing the normal simply harmonic function of the tenor-bass combinations used by most of his contemporaries.", "Often a highly elaborate set of quick motifs will spring unexpected from a previous slow-moving texture (e.g.", "the eruption of detailed duos beginning at Glorificamus te and climaxing at Adoramus te in the Gloria of the Missa in myne zin).", "His music was very highly regarded in its day, the very distinctive style leading to one contemporary commentator referring to it as \"crazy\", and another as \"sublime\".", "Other Agricolas \nThere are other composers named Agricola who are sometimes confused with Alexander:\n Martin Agricola (1486–1556; famous mainly as a theorist and teacher)\n Johannes Agricola (1494–1566), German Protestant reformer and humanist\n (before 1560-1594)\n Wolfgang Christoph Agricola (c. 1600 – c. 1659)\n Johann Paul Agricola (1638 or 1639–1697)\n Georg Ludwig Agricola (1643–1676; also an important writer)\n Johann Friedrich Agricola (1720–1774; also a musicographer, organist and singing master)\n\n Notes \n\n References \n \n \n Edward R. Lerner, \"Alexander Agricola.\"", "The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed.", "Stanley Sadie.", "20 vol.", "London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980.", "()\n Honey Meconi, Pierre de la Rue and Musical Life at the Habsburg-Burgundian Court''.", "Oxford, Oxford University Press.", "2003.", "External links \n\n \n \n \n Edition of the instrumental fantasias at Goldberg Stiftung\n Edition of the songs at Goldberg Stiftung\n\n1450s births\n1506 deaths\nMusicians of the Habsburg Netherlands\n15th-century Franco-Flemish composers\nMusicians from Ghent\nRenaissance composers\n16th-century deaths from plague (disease)\nInfectious disease deaths in Spain\n16th-century Franco-Flemish composers" ]

[ "Alexander Agricola was a Netherlandish composer of the Renaissance writing in the Franco-Flemish style.", "He was a renowned composer in the years around 1500 and his music was widely distributed throughout Europe.", "All of the important sacred and secular styles of the time were composed by him.", "Lijsbette Naps was a wealthy female merchant who lived in Ghent.", "His age was given as 60 at the time of his death in 1506, but that may be due to a medieval convention concerning the number 60.", "His mother made a large donation to the musical establishment of the parish church of St Nicolas in Ghent in 1467.", "He was employed as a singer in the Low Countries from February to May in 1476.", "He spent most of his life in Italy, France and the Low Countries, though there are gaps where his activities are not known, and he seems to have left many of his posts without permission.", "During the period when the Milanese chapel choir grew into one of the largest and most famous groups in Europe, it was known as the \"Alessandro d'Alem\" who served as a singer for Duke Galeazzo Maria Sforza of Milan.", "Lorenzo de' Medici received a letter of recommendation from Duke Galeazzo Maria.", "The identification was questioned due to the fact that the Milanese documents do not record the name of the person.", "The documents at Cambrai are the earliest unambiguous references to Agricola.", "He must have been building his reputation as a composer during this time, for he was much in demand in the 1490s, with France and Naples, and he spent part of his time in the French royal chapel.", "Agricola was part of the cathedral chapel in Florence between October 1st and June 1st.", "Charles VIII of France wrote a letter to Pietro de Medici asking for the return of Agricola, which is believed to have been in the French royal chapel before.", "King Ferrante had to give up Agricola at the request of Charles VIII in June of 1492.", "At one point, Ferrante offered Agricola a salary of 300 ducats a year to reacquire him from Charles VIII.", "During the rest of 1493, the situation in Italy deteriorated and he told Agricola to not come to Naples.", "Between February and March, Agricola stayed in Naples, which is now ruled by Alfonso.", "The paper trail for Agricola is cold until the spring of 1500, when he took a position with Philip the Handsome, who was Duke of Burgundy and became King of Castile after the death of his mother-in-law.", "Philip traveled through his extensive lands, which included two trips to Spain in 1501 and 1506 and one to England in the second.", "Other composers present in Philip's chapel during this time include Marbrianus de Orto and Antonius Divitis.", "By this time, he was one of the most respected composers in Europe.", "In 1504 the composer brought out a collection of his works.", "The motet Si dedero is in over thirty sources and both Obrecht and Divitis wrote mass based on it.", "The ostinato idea first used in his four voice Tout a par moy was used to pay homage to Agricola in his Missa Faisant regretz.", "Philip's second trip to Spain was the time when the majority of the choirbook B-BrMS 9126 was prepared.", "When the court was in Valladolid, Agricola was still getting his salary.", "Shortly after Philip's death, the chapel payments were authorized and his name was not included.", "The epitaph found in a 16th century manuscript in Brussels shows that Agricola died on August 15th, 1506.", "Master Alexander Agricola, also known as a Ghenter, died here and is well spoken of in music.", "He died on August 15, 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266", "Amen.", "The Burgundian School and the style of the Josquin generation of Netherlanders who actually wrote music in both styles are related.", "Early in his career, Johannes Ockeghem had a style similar to that of Agricola, and towards the end of his life, he was writing using the same style.", "Many of his works can be dated, but he uses many of the non-imitative, complex, rhythmically diverse procedures associated with Ockeghem.", "He was willing to use repetition, sequence, and imitation in the manner of the other composers who were working around 1500.", "Secular songs in the prevailing formes include rondeaux and bergerettes, as well as instrumental music.", "Secular music by Ockeghem was used in a lot of his instrumental music.", "Many of these pieces were popular in the late 15th century.", "Above all the variations in his general musical style over his working life, Agricola himself wrote in a highly distinctive style, taking the hallmarks of Ockeghem as his point of departure.", "His music is often very busy and detailed, with repeated sequence, repetition of terse rhythmic and motivic units, and a desire to usurp the underlying pulse, sometimes seeming to border on the perverse.", "In the Missa 'In myne zin', the cantus firmus was stated in equal notes of eleven minims each in the first and second statements, followed by a statement of five minims each.", "posing puzzles of mode and musica ficta are some of the games played in the music.", "The Missa Le serviteur plays with the expectations of the plainchant cantus firmus by setting up some issues of the implied possibility of modal inflection with consistent extra flats.", "The music is athletic in all voice parts, with the lower parts in particular featuring much that requires very fine singers, and not representing the normal function of the tenor-bass combinations used by most of his peers.", "A highly elaborate set of quick motifs can spring unexpected from a previous slow- moving texture.", "The eruption of detailed duos began at Glorificamus te and ended at Adoramus te in the Gloria of the Missa in myne zin.", "One contemporary commentator referred to his music as \"crazy\" and another as \"sublime\" because of its distinctive style.", "There are other composers with the same name who are sometimes confused with Alexander.", "There is a Dictionary of Music and Musicians.", "Stanley.", "20 volumes.", "London, Macmillan Publishers.", "Musical Life at the Habsburg-Burgundian Court includes Honey Meconi and Pierre de la Rue.", "Oxford University Press.", "In 2003", "The songs at Goldberg Stiftung were written in the 15th and 16th century." ]

[ "Alexander Agricola", "Alexander Ackerman", "Agricola", "Agricola", "Alexander de", "Agricola", "Agricola", "Agricola", "Agricola", "Agricola", "Agricola", "Agricola", "Agricola", "Agricola", "Agricola", "Agricola", "Agricola", "Agricola", "Agricola", "Alexander Agricola", "Agricola", "Agricola", "Agricola", "Agricola", "Alexander", "Martin Agricola", "Johannes Agricola", "Agricola", "Agricola", "Agricola", "Agricola", "Alexander Aricola" ]

[ "Alexander Agricola", "Agricola", "Agricola", "Agricola", "Agricola", "Agricola", "Agricola", "Alexander Agricola", "Agricola", "Alexander" ]

[ "Jeremy Deshawn Evans (born October 24, 1987) is an American professional basketball player for Panathinaikos of the Greek Basket League and the EuroLeague.", "He played college basketball for the Western Kentucky Hilltoppers before being drafted by the Utah Jazz in 2010.", "During his career, Evans has also spent time with the Utah Jazz, the Dallas Mavericks, the Atlanta Hawks, and Khimki Moscow in Russia.", "In 2012, he was named the NBA Slam Dunk Contest champion.", "High school career\nEvans attended Crossett High School, where he helped the Eagles reach the state tournament each of his last two seasons.", "As a junior, he was named All-State, All-League, and was voted the County Player of the Year after Crossett High finished 17–10.", "As a senior, he averaged 25.6 points, 11.0 rebounds, and 4.0 blocks per game, earning All-State and All-Conference accolades.", "College career\nEvans played in college for the Western Kentucky Hilltoppers.", "As a senior, he averaged 10.0 ppg with a field goal percentage of .639.", "He is the Hilltoppers all-time leader in blocks with 224 and also a member of WKU's 1,000-point club with 1,065 career points, and he wrapped up his career with a 7.9 point-per game scoring average and an average of 5.9 rebounds per game.", "Professional career\n\nUtah Jazz (2010–2015)\n\nEvans was drafted by the Utah Jazz with the 55th overall pick in the 2010 NBA draft.", "On March 4, 2011, he was assigned to the Utah Flash.", "He was recalled on March 6.", "On February 22, 2012, Evans was announced as a competitor in the 2012 Sprite NBA All-Star Weekend Slam Dunk Contest, replacing the injured Iman Shumpert of the New York Knicks.", "He dunked two basketballs in one dunk over teammate Gordon Hayward and won the contest with 29% of the votes.", "On July 11, 2012, Evans re-signed with the Utah Jazz to a multi-year deal.", "On February 16, 2013, Evans participated in another Slam Dunk Contest.", "In one of his dunks, he jumped over a painting of himself dunking, which he himself painted.", "He went on to lose to Terrence Ross.", "Dallas Mavericks (2015–2016)\nOn July 31, 2015, Evans signed a two-year deal with the Dallas Mavericks.", "He made his debut for the Mavericks in the team's season opener against the Phoenix Suns on October 28, recording 7 points and 6 rebounds in a 111–95 win.", "During his first year as a member of Mavericks, he had multiple assignments to the Texas Legends of the NBA Development League.", "On March 17, 2016, he was ruled out for the rest of the season after undergoing arthroscopic surgery to repair a torn labrum in his right shoulder.", "On July 7, 2016, Evans was traded, along with cash considerations and the rights to Emir Preldžić, to the Indiana Pacers in exchange for the rights to Stanko Barać.", "On October 23, 2016, he was waived by the Pacers after appearing in two preseason games.", "Khimki (2016–2017)\nOn October 29, 2016, Evans signed with Russian club BC Khimki for the rest of the 2016–17 season.", "Erie BayHawks (2017–2018)\nOn September 21, 2017, Evans signed with the Atlanta Hawks.", "He was released on October 13 as one of the team’s final preseason roster cuts.", "Atlanta Hawks (2018)\nOn April 1, 2018, the Atlanta Hawks announced that they had signed Evans to a 10-day contract.", "Darüşşafaka (2018–2019)\nOn August 21, 2018, Evans signed a one-year deal with Darüşşafaka of the Turkish BSL and the EuroLeague.", "Second stint with Khimki (2019–2020)\nOn July 25, 2019, Khimki announced that they had brought back Evans.", "Olimpia Milano (2021)\nOn February 24, 2021, Evans signed with Olimpia Milano, competing only in EuroLeague games.", "He parted ways with the team on May 31.", "Panathinaikos (2021–present)\nOn August 21, 2021, Evans signed with Greek club Panathinaikos of the Greek Basket League and the EuroLeague, signing a one-year deal.", "The Basketball Tournament \nIn 2017, Evans played for the Kentucky Kings of The Basketball Tournament.", "Evans averaged 21.5 PPG and 13.0 RPG to help his team advance to the second round of the tournament.", "The Basketball Tournament is an annual $2 million winner-take-all tournament broadcast on ESPN.", "In TBT 2018, he played for Eberlein Drive.", "Eberlein Drive made it to the championship game, where they lost to Overseas Elite.", "An accomplished artist, Evans had a sketch of CBS analyst Dan Bonner showcased on national television broadcast of the Hilltoppers’ second round battle with Gonzaga during the 2009 NCAA Tournament and some of his art was also displayed throughout the WKU athletic offices.", "He majored in interdisciplinary studies with a concentration in art.", "References\n\nExternal links\n\n Western Kentucky Hilltoppers bio\n EuroLeague profile\n \n\n1987 births\nLiving people\nAfrican-American basketball players\nAmerican expatriate basketball people in Russia\nAmerican expatriate basketball people in Turkey\nAmerican men's basketball players\nAtlanta Hawks players\nBasketball players from Arkansas\nBC Khimki players\nCenters (basketball)\nDallas Mavericks players\nDarüşşafaka Basketbol players\nErie BayHawks (2017–19) players\nOlimpia Milano players\nPanathinaikos B.C.", "players\nPeople from Crossett, Arkansas\nPower forwards (basketball)\nTexas Legends players\nUtah Flash players\nUtah Jazz draft picks\nUtah Jazz players\nWestern Kentucky Hilltoppers basketball players\n21st-century African-American sportspeople\n20th-century African-American people" ]

[ "Evans is a basketball player for the Greek Basket League and the EuroLeague.", "He was drafted by the Utah Jazz in 2010 after playing basketball for Western Kentucky.", "Evans spent time with the Utah Jazz, the Dallas Mavericks, the Atlanta Hawks, and the Khimki Moscow in Russia.", "He won the NBA Slam Dunk Contest.", "Evans attended Crossett High School, where he helped the Eagles reach the state tournament each of the last two seasons.", "After Crossett High finished 17–10, he was voted the County Player of the Year.", "He was an All-State and All-Conference selection as a senior, when he averaged 25.6 points, 11.0 rebound, and 4.0 blocks per game.", "Evans played for Western Kentucky.", "He averaged 10 points per game as a senior with a field goal percentage of.639.", "He is the all-time leader in blocks with 224 and also a member of WKU's 1,000-point club with 1,065 career points.", "Evans was drafted by the Utah Jazz with the 55th overall pick in the 2010 NBA draft.", "He was assigned to Utah on March 4, 2011.", "He was recalled on March 6.", "On February 22, 2012 Evans was announced as a competitor in the 2012 Sprite NBA All-Star Weekend Slam Dunk Contest, replacing the injured Iman Shumpert of the New York Knicks.", "He dunked two basketballs in one dunk over his teammate and won the contest with 29% of the votes.", "Evans re-signed with the Utah Jazz on July 11, 2012 for a multi-year deal.", "Evans participated in a Slam Dunk Contest.", "He jumped over a painting of himself dunking in one of his dunks.", "He lost to Terrence Ross.", "Evans signed a two-year deal with the Dallas Mavericks.", "In the team's season opener against the Phoenix Suns, he recorded 7 points and 6 boards.", "During his first year with the Mavericks, he was assigned to multiple teams in the NBA Development League.", "He was ruled out for the rest of the season after having surgery to repair a torn labrum in his right shoulder.", "Evans was traded along with cash considerations and the rights to Emir Preldi to the Indiana Pacers in exchange for the rights to Stanko Bara.", "He was released by the Pacers after two preseason games.", "Evans joined BC Khimki for the rest of the 2016–17 season.", "Evans signed with the Atlanta Hawks.", "He was released from the team on October 13th.", "The Atlanta Hawks signed Evans to a 10-day contract.", "Evans signed a one-year deal with Darafaka of the Turkish BSL and the EuroLeague.", "Evans was brought back by Khimki on July 25, 2019.", "Evans signed with Olimpia Milano on February 24, 2021.", "He left the team on May 31.", "Evans signed a one-year deal with the Greek club on August 21, 2021.", "Evans played for the Kentucky Kings in the Basketball Tournament.", "Evans helped his team advance to the second round of the tournament.", "Each year, the Basketball Tournament has a $2 million winner-take-all tournament.", "He played for Eberlein Drive.", "They lost to Overseas Elite in the championship game.", "An accomplished artist, Evans had a sketch of CBS analyst Dan Bonner showcased on national television during the 2009 NCAA Tournament and some of his art was also displayed throughout the WKU athletic offices.", "He had a concentration in art.", "There are links to External links to Western Kentucky Hilltoppers bio EuroLeague profile 1987 births Living people African-American basketball players American expatriate basketball people in Russia American men's basketball players Atlanta Hawks players Basketball players from Arkansas BC Khimki players Centers (basketball) Dallas Mavericks players Dar", "The people from Crossett are Power forwards from Texas." ]

[ "Jeremy Deshawn Evans", "Evans", "Evans", "Evans", "Evans", "Evans", "Evans", "Evans", "Evans", "Evans", "Evans", "Evans", "Evans", "Evans", "Evans", "Evans", "Evans", "Evans", "Evans", "Evans" ]

[ "Evans", "Evans", "Evans", "Evans", "Evans", "Evans", "Evans", "Evans", "Evans", "Evans", "Evans", "Evans", "Evans", "Evans", "Evans", "Evans", "Evans", "Evans", "Evans", "Evans" ]

[ "David W. Harvey (born 31 October 1935) is a British-born Marxist economic geographer, podcaster and Distinguished Professor of anthropology and geography at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY).", "He received his PhD in geography from the University of Cambridge in 1961.", "Harvey has authored many books and essays that have been prominent in the development of modern geography as a discipline.", "He is a proponent of the idea of the right to the city.", "In 2007, Harvey was listed as the 18th most-cited author of books in the humanities and social sciences in that year, as established by counting citations from academic journals in the Thomson Reuters ISI database.", "Early life and education\n\nDavid W. Harvey was born in 1935 in Gillingham, Kent.", "He attended Gillingham Grammar School for Boys and St John's College, Cambridge (for both his undergraduate and post-graduate studies).", "Harvey's early work, beginning with his PhD (on hops production in 19th century Kent), was historical in nature, emerging from a regional-historical tradition of inquiry widely used at Cambridge and in Britain at that time.", "Historical inquiry runs through his later works (for example on Paris).", "Harvey resides in New York.", "He has a daughter, Delfina, born in January, 1990.", "Career\n\nBy the mid-1960s, Harvey followed trends in the social sciences to employ quantitative methods, contributing to spatial science and positivist theory.", "Roots of this work were visible while he was at Cambridge: the Department of Geography also housed Richard Chorley, and Peter Haggett.", "His Explanation in Geography (1969) was a landmark text in the methodology and philosophy of geography, applying principles drawn from the philosophy of science in general to the field of geographical knowledge.", "But after its publication Harvey moved on again, to become concerned with issues of social injustice and the nature of the capitalist system itself.", "He has never returned to embrace the arguments made in Explanation, but still he conforms to the critique of absolute space and exceptionalism in geography of the regional-historical tradition that he saw as an outcome of Kantian synthetic a priori knowledge.", "1970s Growth of Marxist geography and urban geography \n\nMoving from Bristol University to Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore in the US, he positioned himself centrally in the newly emerging field of radical and Marxist geography.", "Injustice, racism, and exploitation were visible in Baltimore, and activism around these issues was tangible in early 1970s East Coast, perhaps more so than in Britain.", "The journal Antipode was formed at Clark University; Harvey was one of the first contributors.", "The Boston Association of American Geographers meetings in 1971 were a landmark, with Harvey and others disrupting the traditional approach of their peers.", "In 1972, in a famous essay on ghetto formation, he argued for the creation of \"revolutionary theory\", theory \"validated through revolutionary practice\".", "Social Justice and the City (1973) \n\nOne of the most important subfields impacted by the rise of Marxist geography was in urban geography.", "Harvey established himself as the leader of this subfield with the publication of Social Justice and the City (1973).", "Harvey argued in this book that geography could not remain 'objective' in the face of urban poverty and associated ills.", "It makes a significant contribution to Marxian theory by arguing that capitalism annihilates space to ensure its own reproduction.", "1980s consolidation of Marxist geography and materialist critique of postmodernism \nDialectical materialism has guided his subsequent work, notably the theoretically sophisticated Limits to Capital (1982), which furthers the radical geographical analysis of capitalism, and several books on urban processes and urban life have followed it.", "In ‘Limits to Capital’ Harvey expanded and innovated Marxist theory with respect to the functioning of money and finance, and the ‘spatial moment’ in the unfolding of capitalist crisis formation.", "The Condition of Postmodernity (1989), written while a Professor at Oxford, was a best-seller (the London The Independent named it as one of the fifty most important works of non-fiction to be published since 1945, and it is cited 30,000 times by 2017).", "It is a materialist critique of postmodern ideas and arguments, suggesting these actually emerge from contradictions within capitalism itself.", "Justice, Nature and the Geography of Difference (1996) focuses on social and environmental justice (although its dialectical perspective has attracted the ire of some Greens).", "Spaces of Hope (2000) has a utopian theme and indulges in speculative thinking about how an alternative world might look.", "His study of Second Empire Paris and the events surrounding the Paris Commune in Paris, Capital of Modernity, is undoubtedly his most elaborated historical-geographical work.", "The onset of US military action since 2001 has provoked a blistering critique – in The New Imperialism (2003) he argues that the war in Iraq allows US neo-conservatives to divert attention from the failures of capitalism 'at home'.", "His next work, A Brief History of Neoliberalism (2005), provides an historical examination of the theory and divergent practices of neoliberalism since the mid-1970s.", "This work conceptualises the neoliberalised global political economy as a system that benefits few at the expense of many, and which has resulted in the (re)creation of class distinction through what Harvey calls \"accumulation by dispossession\".", "His book The Enigma of Capital (2010) takes a long view of the contemporary economic crisis.", "Harvey explains how capitalism came to dominate the world and why it resulted in the financial crisis.", "He describes that the essence of capitalism is its amorality and lawlessness and to talk of a regulated, ethical capitalism is to make a fundamental error.", "A series of events linked to this book across London academic forums, such as the LSE, proved hugely popular and sparked a new interest in Harvey's work.", "Harvey returned to Johns Hopkins from Oxford in 1993, but spent increasing time elsewhere as a speaker and visitor, notably as a salaried Miliband Fellow at the London School of Economics in the late 1990s.", "In 1996, he delivered the Ellen Churchill Semple lecture at UK Geography.", "He moved to the City University of New York in 2001 as a Distinguished Professor, now residing in its Department of Anthropology.", "He has spent most of his academic career in Anglo-America, with brief sojourns in France and a range of foreign visiting appointments (currently as acting Advisory Professor at Tongji University in Shanghai).", "He has supervised many PhD students.", "Several of these, such as Neil Smith, Richard Walker, Erik Swyngedouw, Michael Johns, Maarten Hajer, Patrick Bond, Melissa Wright, and Greg Ruiters now hold or held important academic positions themselves.", "In 2013 Harvey was asked by the Republic of Ecuador to help set up the National Strategic Center for the Right to the Territory (CENEDET), which he directed with the urbanist Miguel Robles-Durán until its alleged forced closure in 2017.", "Critical response to Harvey's work has been sustained.", "In the early years, there was competition between Harvey and proponents of quantitative and non-politicized geography, notably Brian Berry.", "A recent critical appraisal (Castree & Gregory, 2006) explores some critiques of Harvey in detail.", "Reading Marx's Capital\nTwo constants in Harvey's life and work have been teaching a course on Marx's Capital and his support for student activism and community and labour movements (notably in Baltimore).", "His course was put into a YouTube lecture series, which gained immense popularity and resulted in two companion books for the two volumes of Marx's Capital.", "Recognition\nDavid Harvey is widely recognized as a foundational scholar in urban geography.", "Harvey's books have been widely translated.", "He holds honorary doctorates from Roskilde (Denmark), Buenos Aires (Argentina), the Faculty of Social Sciences at Uppsala University (Sweden), Ohio State University (USA), Lund University (Sweden), the University of the Republic (Uruguay) and the University of Kent (UK).", "Among other awards he has received the Anders Retzius Gold Medal of the Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography, the Patron's Medal of the Royal Geographical Society and the Vautrin Lud International Prize in Geography (France).", "He was made a fellow of the British Academy in 1998, and was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2007.", "He is a member of the Interim Committee for the emerging International Organization for a Participatory Society.", "Affiliated institutions\n B.A.", "(Hons) St Johns College, Cambridge, 1957\n PhD St Johns College, Cambridge, 1961.", "Post-doc, University of Uppsala, Sweden 1960–1961\n Lecturer, Geography, University of Bristol, UK (1961–1969)\n Associate Professor, Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, (1969–1973)\n Professor, Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering, Johns Hopkins University (1973–1987, and 1993–2001)\n Halford Mackinder Professor of Geography, University of Oxford (1987–1993)\n Distinguished Professor, Dept.", "of Anthropology, City University of New York (2001–present)\n\nBibliography\n\n Explanation in Geography (1969)\n Social Justice and the City (1973)\n The Limits to Capital (1982)\n The Urbanization of Capital (1985)\n Consciousness and the Urban Experience (1985)\n The Condition of Postmodernity: An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change (1989)\n The Urban Experience (1989)\n Teresa Hayter, David Harvey (eds.)", "(1994) The Factory and the City: The Story of the Cowley Automobile Workers in Oxford.", "Thomson Learning\n Justice, Nature and the Geography of Difference (1996)\n Megacities Lecture 4: Possible Urban Worlds, Twynstra Gudde Management Consultants, Amersfoort, The Netherlands, (2000)\n Spaces of Hope (2000)\n Spaces of Capital: Towards a Critical Geography (2001)\n The New Imperialism (2003)\n Paris, Capital of Modernity (2003)\n A Brief History of Neoliberalism (2005)\n Spaces of Global Capitalism: Towards a Theory of Uneven Geographical Development (2006)\n The Limits to Capital New Edition (2006)\n The Communist Manifesto- New Introduction Pluto Press (2008)\n Cosmopolitanism and the Geographies of Freedom (2009)\n Social Justice and the City: Revised Edition (2009)\n A Companion to Marx's Capital (2010)\n The Enigma of Capital and the Crises of Capitalism (2010 Profile Books)\n Rebel Cities: From the Right to the City to the Urban Revolution (2012)\n A Companion to Marx's Capital, Volume 2 (2013)\n Seventeen Contradictions and the End of Capitalism (2014)\n The Ways of the World (2016)\n Marx, Capital and the Madness of Economic Reason (2017)\n The Anti-Capitalist Chronicles (2020)\n\nArticles, lectures and interviews\n Harvey, D. 2000.", "Possible Urban Worlds.", "The Fourth Megacities Lecture.", "The Hague.", "Merrifield, A.", "2002.", "David Harvey: The Geopolitics of Urbanization.", "In Metromarxism: A Marxist Tale of the City.", "New York: Routledge.", "Harvey, D. 2002.", "Chapter in Geographical Voices: Fourteen Autobiographical Essays.", "Ed.", "p Gould and FR Pitts.", "Syracuse University Press.", "Harvey, D. and Kreisler, H. 2004.", "A Geographer's Perspective on the New American Imperialism.", "Conversations with History.", "Institute of International Studies, UC Berkeley.", "audio video\n Castree, N. 2004.", "David Harvey.", "In Key Thinkers on Space and Place, eds.", "Hubbard, Kitchin, Valentine.", "Sage Pubs.", "Castree, N., Essletzbichler, J., Brenner, N. 2004.", "\"Symposium: David Harvey's 'The Limits to Capital': Two Decades On.\"", "Antipode 36(3):400–549.", "Harvey, D. 2005.", "A Brief History of Neoliberalism.", "University of Chicago Center for International Studies Beyond the Headlines Series.", "26 October 2005. audio\n Harvey, D. and Choonara, J.", "2006.", "\"A War Waged by the Wealthy\", an interview in SR magazine covering Harvey's account of neoliberalism and class.", "Jones, J.P. III, T.Mangieri, M.McCourt, S.Moore, K.Park, M.Pryce-Jones, K.Woodward.", "2006.", "David Harvey Live.", "New York: Continuum.", "Castree, N. and Gregory, D. 2006.", "David Harvey: a Critical Reader.", "Oxford: Blackwell.", "Trevor Barnes chapter\n Harvey, D. 2006.", "Neoliberalism and the City.", "Middlebury College, Rohatyn Center for International Affairs Symposium, \"Urban Landscapes: The Politics of Expression\".", "29 September 2006. audio video\n Ashman, S. 2006.", "\"Symposium: On David Harvey's 'The New Imperialism'.\"", "Historical Materialism 14(4): 3–166.", "Lilley, S. 2006 On Neoliberalism: An Interview with David Harvey MR Zine 19 June 2006.", "Harvey, D. 2006.", "Neoliberalism and the City.", "22nd Annual University of Pennsylvania Urban Studies Public Lecture.", "2 November 2006. audio\n Harvey, D. 2007.", "The Neoliberal City.", "Lecture at Dickinson College, sponsored by the Clarke Forum for Contemporary Issues.", "1 Feb 2007. audio video\n Harvey, D., Arrighi, G., Andreas, J., 2008.", "Symposium on Giovanni Arrighi's Adam Smith in Beijing.", "5 March 2008.", "Red Emma's of Baltimore.", "video\n A Conversation With David Harvey\n Harvey, D. 2008 Reading Marx's Capital An open course consisting of a close reading of the text of Marx's Capital Volume I in 13 video lectures by David Harvey.", "Escobar, P., 2008 The State of Empire: Pepe Escobar talks to David Harvey The Real News Network 19 August 2008.", "Schouten, P., 2008 Theory Talk #20: David Harvey on the Geography of Capitalism, Understanding Cities as Polities and Shifting Imperialisms Theory Talks 9 October 2008.", "Harvey, D. 2008 The Right to the City, 'New Left Review', October 2008\n Harvey, D. 2008.", "The Enigma of Capital.", "A lecture at City University of New York Graduate Center on 14 November 2008 audio\n Harvey, D. 2008.", "A Financial Katrina – Remarks on the Crisis.", "A lecture at City University of New York Graduate Center on 29 October 2008 audio\n Harvey, D. 2009.", "Why the U.S.", "Stimulus Package is Bound To Fail.", "12 January 2009.", "Harvey, D. 2009.", "Reshaping Economic Geography: The World Development Report 2009 Development and Change.", "Institute of Social Studies, The Hague.", "15 December 2009.", "Harvey, D. 2009.", "Organizing for the Anti-Capitalist Transition.", "Draws heavily on his forthcoming [April 2010] book,The Enigma of Capital.", "16 December 2009.", "Harvey, D. 2010.", "The Crises of Capitalism Lecture given at the RSA, London.", "Provides a concise overview of the argument presented in The Enigma of Capital and the Crises of Capitalism.", "Includes question and answer session after lecture.", "26 April 2010.", "Harvey, D. 2010.", "The Crises of Capitalism (abridged and animated) Animated (and abridged) version of 2010 RSA Lecture above.", "Concise and humorous introduction to Harvey's thought on the 2007–08 economic crisis.", "28 June 2010.", "Harvey, D. et al.", "2011.", "Territorial Justice, Human Flourishing and Geographical Strategies of Liberation, Justice spatiale | Spatial Justice.", "Oudenampsen, Robles-Durán, Miguel.", "2011 Mobility, Crisis, Utopia An Interview with David Harvey.", "Harvey, D. 2013.", "Focaal Interview Interviewed by Zoltan Gluck for Focaal: Journal of Global and Historical Anthropology.", "12 December 2013.", "Harvey, D. 2014.", "The 17 Contradictions of Capitalism, London School of Economics and Political Science.", "Harvey, D and Panitch, Leo.", "Beyond Impossible Reform and Improbable Revolution.", "Jacobin.", "1 January 2015.", "Harvey, D. 2018.", "White Mirror Interviewed by Jeremy Scahill on Intercepted podcast.", "The Intercept.", "17 January 2018.", "Segment begins at 1:16:00.", "References\n\nExternal links\n\n CUNY Graduate Center Anthropology Faculty Page\n davidharvey.org Official Site.", "Currently \"Reading Marx's Capital with David Harvey\" open course.", "Books by David Harvey on WorldCat\n David Harvey on Rebel Cities, Occupy Wall Street, and the Benefits of Class Struggle on Democracy Now!", "1935 births\nAcademics of the London School of Economics\nAlumni of St John's College, Cambridge\nAmerican geographers\nAnti-imperialism\nBritish anti-capitalists\nBritish geographers\nBritish Marxists\nCity University of New York faculty\nGraduate Center, CUNY faculty\nAcademics of the University of Bristol\nFellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences\nFellows of the British Academy\nLiving people\nMarxist theorists\nMarxist writers\nPeople from Gillingham, Kent\nRecipients of the Vautrin Lud International Geography Prize\nUrban theorists\nWriters about globalization\nHalford Mackinder Professors of Geography\nHuman geographers\nBritish expatriate academics in the United States" ]

[ "David W. Harvey is a professor at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York.", "He received his PhD in geography from the University of Cambridge.", "Harvey has written many books and essays that have been important in the development of modern geography.", "He supports the idea of a right to the city.", "Harvey was listed as the 18th most-cited author of books in the humanities and social sciences in 2007, based on citations from academic journals.", "David W. Harvey was born in 1935.", "He attended St John's College in Cambridge for both his undergraduate and post-graduate studies.", "Harvey's PhD work on hops production in 19th century Kent was historical in nature, emerging from a regional-historical tradition of inquiry widely used at Cambridge and in Britain at that time.", "Historical inquiry runs through his later works.", "Harvey lives in New York.", "He has a daughter who was born in 1990.", "Harvey followed trends in the social sciences to use quantitative methods.", "The Department of Geography at Cambridge was where the roots of this work were found.", "His Explanation in Geography was a landmark text in the methodology and philosophy of geography, applying principles from the philosophy of science in general to the field of geographical knowledge.", "Harvey became concerned with issues of social injustice and the nature of the capitalist system after it was published again.", "He has never returned to embrace the arguments made in Explanation, but still conforms to the critique of absolute space and exceptionalism in geography of the regional-historical tradition that he saw as an outcome of a priori knowledge.", "He moved from Bristol University to Baltimore in the US to be in the center of the field of Marxist geography.", "The issues of injustice, racism, and exploitation were more visible in Baltimore in the early 1970s than they were in Britain.", "Harvey was one of the first contributors to the journal Antipode.", "Harvey and others disrupted the traditional approach of their peers at the Boston Association of American Geographers meetings in 1971.", "In 1972 he argued for the creation of \"revolutionary theory\", theory \"validated through revolutionary practice\".", "Urban geography was one of the most important subfields impacted by the rise of Marxist geography.", "Harvey was the leader of this subfield with the publication of Social Justice and the City.", "Harvey argued in the book that geography could not remain objective in the face of poverty.", "It makes a significant contribution to Marxian theory by arguing that capitalism is a MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE", "The 1980s consolidation of Marxist geography and materialist critique of postmodernism has guided his subsequent work, notably the theoretically sophisticated Limits to Capital, which furthers the radical geographical analysis of capitalism, and several books on urban processes and urban life have followed it.", "Harvey expanded and innovated Marxist theory with respect to the functioning of money and finance, and the spatial moment in the unfolding of capitalist crisis formation.", "One of the fifty most important works of non-fiction to be published since 1945, The Condition of Postmodernity is cited 30,000 times by 2017).", "It suggests that postmodern ideas and arguments emerge from contradictions within capitalism.", "Social and environmental justice is the focus of Justice, Nature and the Geography of Difference.", "There is a utopian theme and speculative thinking about how an alternative world might look in Spaces of Hope.", "The study of Second Empire Paris and the events surrounding the Paris Commune in Paris, Capital of Modernity, is his most elaborated historical-geographical work.", "In The New Imperialism, he argues that the war in Iraq allows US neo-conservatives to divert attention from the failures of capitalism at home.", "A Brief History of Neoliberalism examines the theory and practices of neoliberalism since the mid-1970s.", "The work conceptualises the global political economy as a system that benefits few at the expense of many, and which has resulted in the creation of class distinction through what Harvey calls \"accumulation by dispossession\".", "He wrote a book about the economic crisis.", "Harvey explains how capitalism led to the financial crisis.", "The essence of capitalism is its amorality and lawlessness and to talk of a regulated, ethical capitalism is to make a fundamental error.", "A series of events linked to this book across London academic forums, such as the LSE, proved hugely popular and sparked a new interest in Harvey's work.", "In the late 1990s, Harvey spent more time as a speaker and visitor than he did as a Miliband Fellow at the London School of Economics.", "He lectured at UK geography in 1996.", "He is a professor in the Department of Anthropology at the City University of New York.", "He has spent most of his academic career in Anglo-America, with brief sojourns in France and a range of foreign visiting appointments.", "Many PhD students have been supervised by him.", "Several of these, such as Neil Smith, Richard Walker, and others, now hold or held important academic positions of their own.", "The National Strategic Center for the Right to the Territory (CENEDET), which Harvey directed with the urbanist Miguel Robles-Durn, was allegedly forced to close in 2017: Harvey was asked by the Republic of Ecuador to help set up the National Strategic Center for the Right to the Territory", "There has been a sustained response to Harvey's work.", "Brian Berry was one of the proponents of quantitative and non-politicized geography.", "Some critiques of Harvey are explored in detail in a recent critical appraisal.", "Marx's Capital and his support for student activism and community and labour movements have been constants in Harvey's life and work.", "Two companion books for the two volumes of Marx's Capital were created as a result of his course being put into a YouTube lecture series.", "David Harvey is a scholar in urban geography.", "Many of Harvey's books have been translated.", "He holds degrees from Ohio State University in the USA, the University of the Republic in Uruguay, and the University of Kent in the UK.", "He has received several awards, including a gold medal from the Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography.", "He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2007, after being made a fellow of the British Academy in 1998.", "He is a member of the Interim Committee for the International Organization for a Participatory Society.", "The institutions B.A. are affiliated with.", "St John's College, Cambridge, 1957 PhD St John's College, Cambridge, 1961.", "The University of Bristol, UK Associate Professor, Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering, was a post-doc.", "The Limits to Capital, The Urbanization of Capital, Consciousness and the Urban Experience, and The Condition of Postmodernity are all related to anthropology.", "The story of the Cowley automobile workers is told in The Factory and the City.", "Megacities Lecture 4: Possible Urban Worlds, Twynstra Gudde Management Consultants, Amersfoort, The Netherlands, Spaces of Hope, and The New Imperialism are some of the topics covered in the lecture.", "There are possible urban worlds.", "The lecture was about megacities.", "The city of The Hague.", "A. Merrifield.", "2002.", "David Harvey talks about the politics of urbanization.", "Metromarxism is a Marxist Tale of the City.", "New York.", "D. Harvey was born in 2002.", "Chapter in Geographical Voices contains fourteen autobiographical essays.", "Ed.", "Gould and Pitts.", "The Syracuse University Press.", "Harvey, D. and Kreisler, H.", "There is a viewpoint on the New American Imperialism.", "There are conversations with history.", "The Institute of International Studies is located at UC Berkeley.", "Audio video from 2004.", "David Harvey.", "In Key Thinkers on Space and Place.", "Hubbard, Kitchin.", "The pubs are called the Sage Pubs.", "Castree, Essletzbichler, J., and Brenner were all present.", "David Harvey's \"The Limits to Capital\" is two decades on.", "Antipode 36 (3): 400–499.", "D. Harvey was born in 2005.", "There is a brief history of neoliberalism.", "The University of Chicago has a center for international studies.", "Audio Harvey, D. and Choonara, J.", "2006", "\"A War Waged by the Wealthy\" was an interview in the magazine.", "Jones, T.Mangieri, M.McCourt, S.Moore, K.Park, M.Pryce-Jones, K.Woodward.", "2006", "David Harvey is live.", "New York.", "In 2006 there were two people, N. and D.", "David Harvey is a critical reader.", "The name of the city is Oxford.", "Chapter Harvey was written by Trevor Barnes.", "The city and neoliberalism.", "The politics of expression is the topic of the symposium.", "Audio video Ashman.", "\"On David Harvey's 'The New Imperialism'.\"", "Historical Materialism 14(4) was published.", "Lilley had an interview with David Harvey on Neoliberalism.", "D. Harvey was born in 2006", "The city and neoliberalism.", "The University of Pennsylvania holds a public lecture.", "Audio Harvey, D. 2007,", "The city is Neoliberal.", "The lecture was sponsored by the Forum for Contemporary Issues.", "Audio video Harvey, D., Arrighi, G., and Andreas, J.", "There was a Symposium on Giovanni Arrighi's Adam Smith.", "5 March 2008.", "Red Emma is from Baltimore.", "The course consists of a close reading of the text of Marx's Capital Volume I in 13 video lectures by David Harvey.", "The State of Empire talks to David Harvey on The Real News Network.", "David Harvey on the Geography of Capitalism, Understanding Cities as Polities and Shifting Imperialisms Theory talks 9 October 2008.", "The Right to the City was published in October 2008 by Harvey, D.", "There is a mystery of capital.", "A lecture was given at the City University of New York Graduate Center.", "Remarks on the crisis.", "Audio of a lecture at the City University of New York Graduate Center.", "Why the U.S.?", "The package is bound to fail.", "The year began on 12 January 2009.", "D. Harvey.", "The World Development Report 2009 Development and Change is about shaping economic geography.", "The institute of social studies is in the Netherlands.", "The year ended on 15 December 2009.", "D. Harvey.", "The Anti-Capitalist Transition is being organized.", "His April 2010 book, The Enigma of Capital, draws a lot of attention.", "The year ended on 16 December 2009.", "D. Harvey was born in 2010.", "The lecture was given at the RSA.", "An overview of the argument presented in The Enigma of Capital and the Crises of Capitalism is provided.", "There is a question and answer session after the lecture.", "April 2010.", "D. Harvey was born in 2010.", "There is an animated version of the 2010 RSA lecture.", "The introduction to Harvey's thought on the economic crisis is very funny.", "The year began on 28 June 2010.", "Harvey, D.", "2011.", "Justice spatiale is Territorial Justice, Human Flourishing and Geographical Strategies of Liberation.", "Oudenampsen, Robles-Durn.", "An Interview with David Harvey about Mobility, Crisis, and Utopia.", "D. Harvey.", "Zoltan Gluck was Interviewed for Focaal: Journal of Global and Historical Anthropology.", "The year ended on 12 December.", "D. Harvey.", "The London School of Economics and Political Science has a book called 17Contradictions of Capitalism.", "Harvey, D and Panitch are related.", "Reform and revolution are oxymorons.", "Jacobin.", "New Year's Day 2015.", "D. Harvey.", "Jeremy Scahill Interviewed White Mirror.", "The article was published by The Intercept.", "17 January.", "The segment starts at 1:16:00.", "There are External links to the CUNY Graduate Center Anthropology Faculty Page.", "\"Reading Marx's Capital with David Harvey\" is an open course.", "The Benefits of Class Struggle on Democracy Now! is a book by David Harvey.", "Academics of the London School of Economics Alumni of St John's College were born in 1935." ]

[ "David W", ". Harvey", "Harvey", "Harvey", "David W", ". Harvey", "Harvey", "Harvey", "Harvey", "Harvey", "Harvey", "Harvey", "Harvey", "Harvey", "Harvey", "Harvey", "Harvey", "Harvey", "Harvey", "Harvey", "Harvey", "Harvey", "Harvey", "Harvey", "David Harvey", "Harvey", "David Harvey", "David Harvey", "Harvey", "Harvey", "David Harvey", "David Harvey", "Harvey", "Harvey", "Harvey", "David Harvey", "David Harvey", "Harvey", "David Harvey", "David Harvey", "Harvey", "Harvey", "Harvey", "David Harvey", "Harvey", "David Harvey", "David Harvey", "David Harvey", "Harvey", "Harvey", "Harvey", "Harvey", "Harvey", "Harvey", "Harvey", "Harvey", "Harvey", "Harvey", "David Harvey", "Harvey", "Harvey", "Harvey", "Harvey", "David Harvey", "David Harvey", "David Harvey" ]

[ "David W", ". Harvey", "Harvey", "Harvey", "David W", ". Harvey", "Harvey", "Harvey", "Harvey", "Harvey", "Harvey", "Harvey", "Harvey", "Harvey", "Harvey", "Harvey", "Harvey", "Harvey", "Harvey", "Harvey", "Harvey", "Harvey", "Harvey", "Harvey", "David Harvey", "Harvey", "David Harvey", ". Harvey", "Harvey", "David Harvey", "David Harvey", ". Harvey", "Audio Harvey", "David Harvey", "David Harvey", "David Harvey", "David Harvey", ". Harvey", "Audio Harvey", "Harvey", "David Harvey", "David Harvey", "David Harvey", "Harvey", ". Harvey", ". Harvey", ". Harvey", ". Harvey", "Harvey", "Harvey", "David Harvey", "Harvey", ". Harvey", "Harvey", "Harvey", "David Harvey", "David Harvey" ]

[ "Gertrud Luckner (; born 26 September 1900 in Liverpool – died 31 August 1995 in Freiburg im Breisgau) was a Christian social worker involved in the German resistance to Nazism.", "A member of the banned German Catholic Peace Movement, she organised food packages for Jews deported to Poland, and travelled Germany giving assistance to Jewish families.", "On one such journey, she was arrested, and spent the remainder of the war in Ravensbrück concentration camp.", "She was named as righteous among the Nations by Yad Vashem in 1966.", "Early life and education\nBorn Jane Hartmann in Liverpool, England on 26 September 1900, to Robert Hartman, a marine engineer, and his wife Gertrude (née Miller).", "The family lived at 116 Salisbury Road, Wavertree, Liverpool.", "Her parents were from Germany and returned there when she was still a young child.", "She had no siblings and was orphaned in early childhood.", "At the age of seven she was sent to foster parents, who changed her name to Gertrud Luckner.", "In the 1920s, she returned to England to study at Woodbrooke, the Quaker college in Birmingham.", "During the holidays she worked in the slums as a hospital almoner.", "She also studied at Konigsberg and at the universities of Frankfurt and Freiburg, where she obtained her doctorate in 1938.", "Her dissertation was on “Self-help Among the Unemployed in England and in Wales Based on English History of Ideas and Economics.”\n\nSocial work and resistance to Nazism\nUpon the death of her adoptive parents, Gertrud moved to Freiburg.", "A pacifist, she joined the German Catholics' Peace Association.", "When the Nazis came to power in 1933, she worked freelance with the Catholic aid organisation Caritas, in Freiburg, where she arranged exit opportunities for Jews.", "Under the direction of Caritas President Benedict Kreutz, Caritas expanded its activities.", "Raised a Quaker, in 1934 she was received into the Roman Catholic Church.", "Each week she collected the foreign newspapers discarded by the university library in order to read the news that was not being reported in German papers.", "Among German Catholic laity, Luckner was among the first to sense the genocidal inclinations of the Hitler regime and to attempt national action.", "After Kristallnacht, on the night of 9 November 1938, when Jewish businesses, synagogues and homes were burned all over Germany, Gertrud cycled round Freiburg, visiting Jewish neighbours in friendship and solidarity.", "Luckner began to work full-time at the head office of the German Association of Catholic Charitable Organizations, “Caritas.” Using international contacts, she secured safe passage abroad for many refugees.", "She organized aid circles for Jews, assisted many to escape, sent food parcels and clothing to internees, founded addresses where Jews could hide and worked with the priests Bernhard Lichtenberg and Alfred Delp.", "Before the transportation of Jews to concentration camps began, many of them were sent to work long hours in factories.", "However,\nJews were only allowed to go to the shops between four and six in the afternoon.", "This meant that buying food became difficult.", "Gertrud organised some of her women friends to do the shopping for these Jewish families.", "Following the outbreak of World War II, Luckner organized, with the support of Archbishop Conrad Gröber of Freiburg, and the protection of Benedikt Kreutz, an \"Office for Religious War Relief\" (Kirchliche Kriegshilfsstelle) under the auspices of Caritas.", "The office became the instrument through which Freiburg Catholics helped racially persecuted “non-Aryans” (both Jews and Christians).", "In December 1941, Luckner was given a special power of attorney from Freiburg Archbishop Conrad Grober, who entrusted with tasks in the extraordinary pastoral care for so-called 'non-Aryan Catholics'.", "Travelling constantly, Luckner attempted to establish a national underground network through Caritas cells, providing financial support to individuals and Jewish religious communities.", "This relief effort was driven using funds received from the archbishop to smuggle Jews to Switzerland and to communicate the conditions for Jews to the outside world, remaining in contact with Leo Baeck, the leader of the Reich Union of the Jews in Germany, until his arrest in early 1943.", "She personally investigated the fate of the Jews being transported to the East and managed to obtain information on prisoners in concentration camps, and obtain clothing, food and money for forced labourers and prisoners of war.", "Arrest\nThe Gestapo had been monitoring the mail of Caritas since 1933 and had informants among church employees.", "In January 1943, Luckner was under constant surveillance.", "On 24 March 1943, she was arrested as a 'Catholic activist and fanatical opponent of National Socialism' on the D-train on the way from Freiburg to Berlin just before she could transfer funds destined for the last Jews of Berlin.", "After nine weeks of interrogation at different locations, she was sent as a political prisoner in \"protective custody\" to Ravensbrück concentration camp.", "Post war\nAfter the war, she returned to social work, assisting the victims of persecution and dedicated herself to Jewish-Christian understanding, visiting Israel in 1951.", "She established a journal, Freiburger Rundbrief (Freiburg Circular) in 1948, which she used to promote the cause.", "On 15 February 1966, she was recognised as Righteous among the Nations by Yad Vashem.", "She remained active in the cause until her death, in Freiburg on 31 August 1995.", "Legacy\n\nThe German Caritas Association established the Gertrud Luckner Prize to promote social work and scientific examination of tasks and activities of voluntary welfare organizations.", "In spring 2007, the readers of the Badische Zeitung, choose Gertrud Luckner as the most significant person from Freiburg.", "The Gertrud-Luckner-Realschule in located in Rheinfelden, Switzerland.", "Gertrud-Luckner-Gewerbeschule is in Freiburg.", "See also\nCatholic Church and Nazi Germany\nCatholic resistance to Nazi Germany\n Margarete Sommer\n\nReferences\n\n1900 births\n1995 deaths\nEnglish people of German descent\nFormer Quakers\nGerman Roman Catholics\nConverts to Roman Catholicism from Quakerism\nGerman Righteous Among the Nations\nPeople from Liverpool\nKnights Commander of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany\nRoman Catholics in the German Resistance\nGerman adoptees\n20th-century Quakers" ]

[ "Gertrud Luckner was a Christian social worker who was involved in the German resistance to Nazism.", "She was a member of the banned German Catholic Peace Movement and organised food packages for Jews deported to Poland.", "She was arrested and spent the rest of the war in Ravensbrck concentration camp.", "She was named righteous in 1966.", "Jane Hartmann was born in England on September 26, 1900, to Robert Hartman, a marine engineer, and his wife.", "The family lived in Wavertree.", "She was a young child when her parents came back to Germany.", "She had no siblings when she was a child.", "Her foster parents changed her name to Gertrud Luckner at the age of seven.", "She returned to England in the 1920s to study at a college.", "She worked in the slums as a hospital almoner during the holidays.", "She obtained her doctorate at the universities of Frankfurt and Freiburg, where she studied.", "Gertrud worked in social work and resistance to Nazism after the death of her adoptive parents.", "She joined the German Catholics' Peace Association.", "She arranged exit opportunities for Jews when the Nazis came to power in 1933.", "The activities of the organization were expanded under the direction of the president.", "She was accepted into the Roman Catholic Church in 1934.", "She collected foreign newspapers from the university library in order to read the news that wasn't being reported in German papers.", "Luckner was one of the first to sense the genocidal tendencies of the Hitler regime.", "Gertrud visited Jewish neighbours in friendship and solidarity after Kristallnacht, when Jewish businesses, synagogues and homes were burned all over Germany.", "She secured safe passage for many refugees using international contacts when she worked at the head office of the German Association of Catholic Charitable Organizations.", "She helped many to escape, sent food parcels and clothing to internees, and founded addresses where Jews could hide.", "Before the transportation of Jews to concentration camps began, many of them were sent to work in factories.", "Jews were only allowed to go to the shops in the afternoon.", "It became difficult to buy food.", "Some of Gertrud's friends did the shopping for the Jewish families.", "Following the outbreak of World War II, Luckner organized, with the support of Archbishop Conrad Grber of Freiburg, and the protection of Benedikt Kreutz, an \"Office for Religious War Relief\" under the auspices of Caritas.", "The office became an instrument for the persecution of non-Aryans.", "In December 1941, Luckner was given a power of attorney from the Freiburg Archbishop, who was responsible for the care of non-Aryan Catholics.", "In order to provide financial support to individuals and Jewish religious communities, Luckner tried to establish a national underground network.", "The relief effort used funds received from the archbishop to smuggle Jews to Switzerland and to communicate with the leader of the Reich Union of the Jews in Germany, until his arrest in early 1943.", "She obtained clothing, food and money for forced labourers and prisoners of war after personally investigating the fate of the Jews being transported to the East.", "The Gestapo had been monitoring the mail of the church since 1933.", "Luckner was under constant watch in January 1943.", "She was arrested as a 'Catholic activist and fanatical opponent of National Socialism' on the D-train on the way from Freiburg to Berlin just before she could transfer funds destined for the last Jews of Berlin.", "She was sent to the Ravensbrck concentration camp as a political prisoner after nine weeks of interrogation.", "She returned to social work after the war and dedicated herself to Jewish-Christian understanding, visiting Israel in 1951.", "She used to promote the cause by establishing a journal.", "She was recognised as a Righteous among the Nations on February 15, 1966.", "She was active in the cause until her death.", "The Gertrud Luckner Prize was established to promote social work and scientific examination of tasks and activities of voluntary welfare organizations.", "Gertrud Luckner was chosen as the most significant person from Freiburg in the spring of 2007.", "The Gertrud-Luckner-Realschule is located in Switzerland.", "There is a Gertrud-Luckner-Gewerbeschule.", "Margarete Sommer referred to 1900 births and 1995 deaths of English people of German descent." ]

[ "Gertrud Lucknerdem", "Gertrude", "Gertrud", "Luckner", "Gertrud", "Luckner", "Gertrud", "Gertrud", "Luckner", "Gertrud", "Luckner" ]

[ "Gertrud Luckner", "Gertrud", "Luckner", "Gertrud", "Luckner", "Gertrud", "Gertrud", "Luckner", "Luckner", "Gertrud", "Gertrud", "Luckner" ]

[ "Jason David Williams (born September 10, 1981) is an American former basketball player and television analyst.", "He played college basketball for the Duke Blue Devils men's basketball team and professionally for the Chicago Bulls in the NBA.", "He is married to Nikki Bonacorsi and is the father of one daughter, Amelia, and one son, Zane.", "Then known as Jason Williams, he won the 2001 NCAA Championship with Duke, and was named NABC Player of the Year in 2001 and 2002.", "He was drafted second overall in the 2002 NBA Draft by the Bulls.", "He asked to be called Jay on joining the Bulls, to avoid confusion with two other players in the NBA at the time.", "His playing career was effectively ended by a motorcycle accident in 2003.", "He last signed with the Austin Toros of the NBA Development League, but was waived on December 30, 2006, due to lingering physical effects from his accident.", "Since retiring, he has worked as an analyst for ESPN, initially working on ESPN College Basketball.", "In 2019, however, Williams was reassigned to the NBA full-time with his addition on ESPN's NBA Countdown program.", "High school\nWilliams grew up in Plainfield, New Jersey, and attended St. Joseph High School in Metuchen, graduating in 1999.", "He not only excelled at basketball, but took an active interest in other activities, most notably chess.", "His nickname in high school was \"Jay Dubs.\"", "Williams also played junior varsity soccer during his freshman year and was the state volleyball player of the year during his senior year.", "In basketball that year, Williams was named a First Team All-State Player in New Jersey, the New Jersey Player of the Year, a Parade All-American, a USA Today first team All-American, and a McDonald's All-American, where he competed in the Slam Dunk Contest and the McDonald's All-American Game, scoring 20 points in the contest.", "In his last year of high school he averaged 19 points, 7.0 assists, 4.2 rebounds and 3.7 steals per game; he had started each of the 4 years he spent at St. Joseph, and set school records in total points (1,977) and steals (407).", "He was also named the recipient of the 1999 Morgan Wootten Award for his basketball achievements and his work in the classroom, where he maintained a 3.6 GPA.", "College career\nAt Duke, Williams, a , point guard, became one of the few freshmen in school history to average double figures in scoring and was named ACC Rookie of the Year and National Freshman of the Year by The Sporting News, averaging 14.5 points, 6.5 assists and 4.2 rebounds per contest.", "He was also a first team Freshman All-American by Basketball Times.", "The next season Williams started all 39 games and led the Devils to the 2001 NCAA National Championship, earning NABC Player of the Year honors.", "His 841 points broke Dick Groat's 49-year Duke record for points in a season, while he led all tournament scorers with a 25.7 points per game average.", "Williams also set the NCAA Tournament record for three-pointers attempted (66), while also making 132 three-point field goals—good for the sixth-highest total in NCAA history.", "His 21.6 points per game led the ACC and made him the first Duke player since Danny Ferry (1989) to lead the league in scoring.", "His 6.1 assists were good for second in the league, while he also ranked second in three-point field goal percentage (.427) and first in three-pointers made (3.4 per game).", "Williams was widely considered the best player in college basketball, earning both the prestigious Naismith Award and Wooden Award as College Basketball's Player of the Year in 2002.", "He graduated with a degree in Sociology in 2002, and left Duke with 2,079 points, good for sixth all-time, and with his jersey number 22 retired at Senior Day.", "He had 36 double-figure scoring games in a single season (tied for 5th-most in Duke history as of March 28, 2010, with Jon Scheyer, Shane Battier, and JJ Redick).", "In 2001–02, Williams, Carlos Boozer, and Mike Dunleavy Jr. each scored at least 600 points for the season, a feat only matched at Duke by Jon Scheyer, Kyle Singler, and Nolan Smith in the 2009–10 season.", "Williams (841) and Shane Battier (778) on the 2001 national championship team were one of only two Duke duos to each score over 700 points in a season, the other duo being Scheyer (728) and Singler (707) in the 2009–10 season.", "Professional career\n\nChicago Bulls (2002–2004) \nWilliams was selected by the Chicago Bulls with the second overall pick in the 2002 NBA draft, after Yao Ming was selected by the Houston Rockets.", "Williams was a starter in the Bulls' line-up for most of the 2002–03 NBA season.", "Although his performance was inconsistent and he competed for playing time with Jamal Crawford, he showed signs of promise, including posting a triple-double in a win over the New Jersey Nets.", "Motorcycle accident\nOn the night of June 19, 2003, Williams was riding a motorcycle at a fast rate of speed on the North Side of Chicago.", "He crashed his Yamaha YZF-R6 motorcycle into a streetlight at the intersection of Belmont Avenue and Honore Street in the Roscoe Village neighborhood.", "Williams was not wearing a helmet, nor was he licensed to ride a motorcycle in Illinois, and he was also violating the terms of his NBA Bulls contract by riding a motorcycle.", "Williams' injuries included a fractured pelvis, a severed main nerve in his leg, and three torn ligaments in his left knee, including the ACL.", "He required lengthy physical therapy to regain the use of his leg.", "A week after the motorcycle crash the Bulls drafted point guard Kirk Hinrich.", "When it became clear Williams would not be returning to the Bulls for a long time, if at all, because of his severe injuries, the Bulls had no choice but to waive him and drop him from the roster.", "This left the team without their top draft pick just from a year prior.", "Legally, the Bulls did not have to pay Williams any remaining salary at all because his severe injuries occurred while he violated the terms of his contract by riding a motorcycle.", "However, the Bulls organization decided to give Williams $3 million when they waived him so Williams could use the funds toward his future rehabilitation expenses.", "Williams apologized to the Bulls organization for violating the terms of his contract and severely injuring himself.", "He stated at the time that he would work hard in his physical rehabilitation so that he could make a return to the Bulls.", "But in his 2016 memoir, he mentioned that he became addicted to illegal painkillers as well as other drugs after the accident.", "Years after the accident, he appeared in college and high school basketball broadcasts on the ESPN network as a commentator.", "Austin Toros (2006)\nOn September 28, 2006, the New Jersey Nets announced that they had signed Williams to a non-guaranteed contract.", "However, on October 22, the Nets released him.", "Williams then signed with the Austin Toros of the NBA Development League, but he played in just three games for the club.", "On December 30, 2006, the Toros waived him due to injury.", "Williams subsequently announced that he had no plans to resume his basketball career.", "National team career\nDuring his basketball playing career, Williams also represented the senior USA national basketball team.", "He was a part of the US team that finished in 6th place at the 2002 FIBA World Cup, which was held in Indianapolis.", "In seven games played during the tournament, Williams averaged 3.9 points, 1.0 rebounds, 1.6 assists, and 0.9 steals, in 6.6 minutes per game.", "Post-basketball career\nWilliams works for ESPN as an NBA analyst.", "Previously, Williams covered college basketball for the network.", "He has also done motivational speaking and worked as an analyst on CBS College Sports Network during the 2008 NCAA Men's Basketball Tournament.", "He was a recruiter for sports agency Ceruzzi Sports and Entertainment from 2007 to 2009.", "In 2016, Williams released his autobiography, Life Is Not an Accident: A Memoir of Reinvention.", "Presently, Williams is the Spokesperson of Visions Federal Credit Union, headquartered in Endwell, New York.", "He was also an announcer in NBA Live 19.", "According to a May 2020 article on BlackEnterprise.com, Williams co-founded a management consulting company named Simatree, serves as a partial owner of The CabinNYC restaurant, works as an advisor to a digital marketing agency, and partners with EPIC Insurance to provide financial guidance to athletes and celebrities." ]

[ "The American is a former basketball player and television analyst.", "He played basketball for Duke and the Chicago Bulls in the NBA.", "He is the father of two children, one daughter and one son.", "He won the 2001 NCAA Championship with Duke and was named the NABC Player of the Year in 2001 and 2002.", "He was drafted second overall by the Bulls.", "He wanted to avoid confusion with two other players in the NBA when he joined the Bulls.", "A motorcycle accident ended his playing career.", "He was released from the Austin Toros of the NBA Development League on December 30, 2006 due to physical effects from his accident.", "Since retiring, he has worked as an analyst for the sports network.", "Williams was added to the NBA's NBA Countdown program in 2019.", "Williams graduated from St. Joseph High School in Metuchen in 1999.", "He excelled at basketball, but also took an interest in chess.", "His high school nickname was \"Jay Dubs\".", "During his senior year, Williams was the state volleyball player of the year, as well as being a junior volleyball player of the year.", "Williams was named a First Team All-State Player in New Jersey, the New Jersey Player of the Year, a Parade All-American, a USA Today first team All-American, and a McDonald's All-American.", "He had started each of the 4 years he spent at St. Joseph and set school records in points and steals.", "He was the recipient of the 1999 Morgan Wootten Award for his basketball achievements and his work in the classroom, where he maintained a 3.6 grade point average.", "Williams, a point guard, became one of the few freshmen in school history to average double figures in scoring and assists and was named the National Freshman of the Year by TheSporting News.", "He was a Freshman All-American by Basketball Times.", "The next season Williams started all 39 games and led the team to the 2001 NCAA National Championship.", "His 841 points broke Dick Groat's 49-year Duke record for points in a season, while he led all tournament scorers with a 25.7 points per game average.", "Williams made 132 three-point field goals, good for the sixth-highest total in NCAA history, and set the NCAA Tournament record for three-pointers attempted with 66.", "He was the first Duke player since Danny Ferry to lead the league in scoring.", "His 6.1 assists were good for second in the league, while he also ranked second in three-point field goal percentage and first in three-pointers made.", "Williams was the College Basketball's Player of the Year in 2002 and was considered the best player in college basketball.", "He left Duke with 2,079 points, good for sixth all-time, and his jersey number 22 was retired at Senior Day.", "He had 36 double-figure scoring games in a single season, tied for 5th-most in Duke history, and was 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611", "Williams, Carlos Boozer, and Mike Dunleavy Jr. each scored at least 600 points for the season, a feat only matched at Duke by Jon Scheyer, Kyle Singler, and Nolan Smith.", "One of only two Duke duos to each score over 700 points in a season was Williams and Battier on the 2001 national championship team.", "Williams was selected by the Chicago Bulls with the second overall pick in the 2002 NBA draft, after he was selected by the Houston Rockets.", "In the 2002–03 NBA season, Williams was a starter for the Bulls.", "He showed signs of promise, including posting a triple-double in a win over the New Jersey Nets, despite his inconsistent performance.", "On the night of June 19, 2003 Williams was riding a motorcycle at a fast rate of speed on the North Side of Chicago.", "He crashed his Yamaha YZF-R6 motorcycle into a streetlight at the intersection of Belmont Avenue and Honore Street.", "Williams was not wearing a helmet, he was not licensed to ride a motorcycle in Illinois, and he was also violating the terms of his NBA Bulls contract by riding a motorcycle.", "Williams had a fractured pelvis, a severed main nerve in his leg, and three torn ligaments in his left knee.", "He had physical therapy to regain use of his leg.", "Kirk Hinrich was drafted by the Bulls after the motorcycle crash.", "The Bulls had no choice but to part ways with Williams because he wouldn't be returning to the team for a long time because of his injuries.", "The team didn't have their top draft pick a year prior.", "The Bulls did not have to pay Williams any remaining salary because his injuries were severe and he violated his contract by riding a motorcycle.", "The Bulls decided to give Williams $3 million when they released him so he could use it for his future rehabilitation expenses.", "Williams apologized to the Bulls organization for violating the terms of his contract.", "He stated at the time that he would work hard in his rehabilitation so that he could return to the Bulls.", "He mentioned in his 2016 memoir that he became addicted to illegal drugs after the accident.", "He was a commentator on college and high school basketball broadcasts for years after the accident.", "The New Jersey Nets signed Williams to a non-guaranteed contract.", "He was released by the Nets on October 22.", "Williams played in just three games for the Austin Toros, who were in the NBA Development League.", "The Toros nixed him on December 30, 2006 due to injury.", "Williams said he had no plans to play basketball again.", "Williams was a member of the senior USA basketball team.", "He was on the US team that finished in 6th place at the 2002 FIBA World Cup.", "Williams played in seven games during the tournament and averaged 6.6 minutes per game.", "Williams is an NBA analyst.", "College basketball was covered by Williams before.", "He was an analyst on CBS College Sports Network during the 2008 NCAA Men's Basketball Tournament.", "He worked for the sports agency from 2007 to 2009.", "Life Is Not an Accident: A Memoir of Reinvention was written by Williams.", "Williams is the spokesman for Visions Federal Credit Union.", "He was an analyst in NBA Live 19.", "According to a May 2020 article on BlackEnterprise.com, Williams co-founded a management consulting company named Simatree, serves as a partial owner of The Cabin NYC restaurant, works as an advisor to a digital marketing agency, and partners with EPIC Insurance to provide financial guidance to athletes and" ]

[ "Jason David Williams", "Jason Williams", "Jay", "Williams", "Williams", "Jay Dub", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams" ]

[ "Williams", "Williams", "Jay Dub", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams", "Williams" ]

[ "Michael Terman is an American psychologist best known for his work in applying the biological principles of the circadian timing system to psychiatric treatments for depression and sleep disorders.", "This subspecialty is known as Chronotherapeutics.", "Education and career \nTerman received an AB from Columbia College in 1964, and a ScM (1966) and PhD (1968) from Brown University in the field of physiological psychology.", "From 1969 to 1981, he served on the psychology faculties of Brown and Northeastern Universities.", "He then moved to Columbia, where he is a Professor of Clinical Psychology in Psychiatry, with a joint appointment as a Research Scientist at the New York State Psychiatric Institute.", "He established the Clinical Chronobiology research program there in 1983 with funding from the National Institute of Mental Health.", "In 2004, the program evolved into the first hospital-based chronotherapeutics outpatient clinic in the United States, the Center for Light Treatment and Biological Rhythms at Columbia University Medical Center.", "In 1994, in parallel with his academic pursuits, he founded the Center for Environmental Therapeutics (CET), an independent, nonprofit international consortium of specialists in circadian biology, psychiatry and ophthalmology that provides chronotherapeutics education to both the lay public and clinicians.", "He serves as President of CET.", "Research \nBefore turning to clinical research, Terman’s laboratory work focused on the effects of light-dark exposure and timing of food ingestion on circadian rhythm organization in animals.", "The hypothalamic internal “master” clock in the suprachiasmatic nuclei had recently been discovered, with a primary function of programming daily cycles of physiology and behavior even in the absence of day-night cues.", "In animals lacking the clock nuclei, they showed that circadian rhythms of visual sensitivity and anticipatory behavior for scheduled meals persisted, even though unrestricted feeding and drinking behavior became arrhythmic.", "This work contributed to the conception of “peripheral” internal clocks (e.g., in the retina and liver) that operate in a coordinated multiple-clock system.", "With Swiss colleagues Charlotte Remé and Anna Wirz-Justice, he published the 1991 empirical and theoretical synthesis, The Visual Input Stage of the Circadian Timing System.", "After the discovery in the early 1980s of light therapy for seasonal affective disorder, at the National Institute of Mental Health, Terman turned to clinical therapeutics, with a focus on non-pharmacologic antidepressant responses to circadian light schedules.", "The lab developed “10,000 lux bright light therapy,” which became the standard regimen for brief morning light treatment to reset the internal clock at an earlier position in the 24-hour day.", "The method has been extended to treatment of nonseasonal depression, bipolar depression and depression during pregnancy.", "It has also been used to correct the insomnia associated with delayed sleep phase disorder.", "Terman's animal studies showed that the internal circadian clock responds with high sensitivity to the small light level changes during gradual dawn and dusk transitions, independent of daytime lighting.", "In an extension to chronotherapeutics, his group designed a computerized twilight simulator for use in the bedroom.", "The dim incremental dawn signal, received through closed eyelids, exerts an antidepressant effect similar to post-awakening bright light therapy, and acts like bright light by resetting the circadian clock to an earlier hour.", "Serendipitously, the lab discovered that a nonvisual environmental factor, negative air ion concentration, also has an antidepressant effect.", "Negative ions (in nature or from electronic air purifiers) had long been presumed to have a nonspecific positive effect on wellbeing, and might be exploited as a placebo control for light therapy.", "The lab tested low ion levels vs. high ion levels in a set of randomized, controlled, double-blind clinical trials.", "The high concentrations showed significantly greater antidepressant effect for both seasonal and nonseasonal depression, as well as when administered after waking or during sleep.", "The lab also devised a formulation that mimics pineal melatonin production without spikes and with gradual washout corresponding to the natural nighttime pattern.", "When used several hours before sleep, it magnifies the clock resetting effect of light at wake-up, which is particularly useful for normalizing the sleep pattern in patients with delayed sleep phase disorder.", "Applied Chronotherapeutics \nIn 2009, Terman, with colleagues Anna Wirz-Justice (Basel) and Francesco Benedetti (Milan) published the first chronotherapeutics treatment manual for clinicians.", "With particular emphasis on bipolar depression, it explains how three non-pharmaceutical procedures can be combined to produce rapid remission from depression within a week or less.", "Patients receive up to three alternate nights of wake therapy (no sleep allowed) with light therapy each morning.", "Recovery sleep on alternate nights begins earlier than usual, but shifts over days to normal bedtime.", "The method has been applied successfully at San Raffaele Hospital in Milan, Frederiksborg General Hospital, Hilleroed, Denmark, and the University of California at Irvine.", "The first U.S. clinic opened in Chicago, in collaboration with the Center for Environmental Therapeutics, in the fall of 2010.", "Terman also devised a questionnaire that estimates the melatonin cycle so light therapy could be timed effectively without serial sampling of melatonin in the blood or saliva.", "Books \nWirz-Justice A, Benedetti F, Terman M (2009) Chronotherapeutics for Affective Disorders: A Clinician’s Manual for Light and Wake Therapy.", "Basel, Karger.", "Terman M, McMahan I (2012) Chronotherapy: Resetting Your Inner Clock to Boost Mood, Alertness, and Quality Sleep.", "New York, Penguin.", "References\n\nExternal links \nProfile for Michael Terman, PhD, at the Center for Environmental Therapeutics\nFaculty Profile for Michael Terman, PhD, at Columbia University\n\nLiving people\nAmerican psychologists\nAmerican medical researchers\nAmerican medical writers\nAmerican male non-fiction writers\nColumbia College (New York) alumni\nColumbia Medical School faculty\nYear of birth missing (living people)\nBrown University alumni" ]

[ "Michael Terman is an American psychologist best known for his work in applying the biological principles of the circadian timing system to treatments for depression and sleep disorders.", "There is a subspecialty called Chronotherapeutics.", "Terman received an A from Columbia College in 1964, a ScM from Brown University in 1966 and a PhD from Brown University in 1968.", "He worked on the psychology faculties at Brown and Northeastern Universities.", "He moved to Columbia where he is a Professor of Clinical Psychology in Psychiatry and a Research Scientist at the New York State Psychiatric Institute.", "The National Institute of Mental Health funded the research program in 1983.", "The Center for Light Treatment and Biological Rhythms at Columbia University Medical Center was established in 2004.", "In 1994, he founded the Center for Environmental Therapeutics, an independent, nonprofit international consortium of specialists in circadian biology, psychiatry and ophthalmology that provides education to both the lay public and clinicians.", "He is the President of the organization.", "Terman focused on the effects of light-dark exposure and timing of food ingestion in animals in his laboratory.", "The suprachiasmatic nucleus has a hypothalamic internal \"master\" clock, which is a primary function of programming daily cycles of physiology and behavior even in the absence of day-night cues.", "Even though unrestricted feeding and drinking behavior became arrhythmic, the animals' circadian rhythms of visual sensitivity and anticipatory behavior continued.", "This work contributed to the idea of an internal clock that operates in a coordinated multiple-clock system.", "The 1991 empirical and theoretical synthesis, TheVisual Input Stage of the Circadian Timing System, was published with Swiss colleagues Charlotte Remé and Anna Wirz-Justice.", "Terman turned to clinical therapy after the discovery of light therapy for seasonal affective disorder at the National Institute of Mental Health.", "The standard regimen for brief morning light treatment to reset the internal clock was developed by the lab.", "The method has been extended to treatment of depression during pregnancy.", "It has been used to correct insomnia.", "Terman's animal studies show that the internal clock responds with high sensitivity to the small light level changes during gradual dawn and dusk transitions.", "The group designed a computerized twilight simulator that could be used in the bedroom.", "The dim incremental dawn signal is similar to bright light therapy and acts like bright light when it is reset to an earlier hour.", "The lab discovered that a nonvisual environmental factor, negative air ion concentration, also has an anti-depressant effect.", "Negative ion can be used as a placebo control for light therapy, and has long been assumed to have a nonspecific positive effect on wellbeing.", "In a set of randomized, controlled, double-blind clinical trials, the lab tested low and high ion levels.", "When administered after waking or during sleep, the high concentrations showed a greater effect on seasonal and nonseasonal depression.", "The lab created a formula that mimics pineal melatonin production without spikes and with gradual washout.", "It magnifies the clock resetting effect of light at wake-up, which is particularly useful for patients with delayed sleep phase disorder.", "The first treatment manual for clinicians was published in 2009.", "It explains how three non-pharmaceutical procedures can be combined to cure depression in a week or less.", "Patients are given up to three alternate nights of wake therapy with light therapy each morning.", "Recovery sleep begins earlier than usual on alternate nights.", "The method has been used at several hospitals, including the University of California at Irvine.", "The first U.S. clinic opened in Chicago in the fall of 2010.", "Terman came up with a questionnaire that estimated the melatonin cycle so light therapy could be timed effectively without a sample of melatonin in the blood or saliva.", "A Clinician's Manual for Light and Wake Therapy was written by Wirz-Justice A, Benedetti F, and Terman M.", "Karger.", "Cortisol: Resetting Your Inner Clock to boost Mood, Alertness, and Quality Sleep was written by Terman M and McMahan I.", "New York.", "External links for Michael Terman, PhD, at the Center for Environmental Therapeutics Faculty Profile for Michael Terman, PhD, at Columbia University Living people American psychologists American medical researchers American medical writers American male non-fiction writers Columbia College (New York) alumni Columbia Medical School faculty Year of birth" ]

[ "Michael Terman", "Terman", "Terman", "Terman", "Terman", "Terman", "Michael Terman", "Michael Terman" ]

[ "Michael Terman", "Terman", "Terman", "Terman", "Terman", "Michael Terman", "Michael Terman" ]

[ "William Francis \"Frank\" Houston (22 April 1922 – 8 November 2004) was a Pentecostal Christian pastor in the Assemblies of God in New Zealand and Australia.", "Frank Houston founded Sydney Christian Life Centre, which would eventually come under the leadership of his son Pastor Brian Houston before merging into Hillsong Church.", "In the last years of his life, Frank Houston faced multiple allegations of child sexual abuse.", "Biography \nHouston was born in Whanganui, New Zealand, on 22 April 1922.", "He commenced ministry training as a Salvation Army officer shortly after turning 18.", "He married Hazel and they had five children, including Brian.", "The couple transferred their allegiance to the Baptist church, and later to the Assemblies of God in New Zealand.", "Houston initially attended the Ellerslie Assembly in 1960, but later transferred to the Lower Hutt Assemblies of God, and served as the superintendent of the Assemblies of God in New Zealand from 1965 to 1971.", "In 1977, Houston moved to Sydney, Australia, and founded the Sydney Christian Life Centre in \"Sherbrooke Hall\" in Double Bay, which was not affiliated with any denomination in its first decade, but then became an Assemblies of God church.", "With further growth it moved to Darlinghurst, and then warehouse premises in the inner Sydney suburb of Waterloo, which housed a 600-seat auditorium, a Bible and Creative Arts College, and many other ministry arms.", "Houston was known by those close to him in the church as \"the Bishop\", not as an official title but as a humorous reference to mainstream churches.", "He was also involved in over twenty Christian Life Centres being opened throughout New South Wales and overseas.", "Houston served as pastor at his church for more than two decades, and in senior positions within the Assemblies of God in Australia.", "In 1999, after consultation amongst senior pastoral staff of the church, and the staff of Hills Christian Life Centre, a daughter church pastored by his son Brian, the churches were merged to become the Hillsong Church.", "Sexual crimes against children \nDuring Houston's tenure as lead of Assemblies of God in New Zealand from 1965 to 1977, he abused many young boys in New Zealand and Australia.", "One victim in Sydney was routinely subjected to sexual abuse from the age of 7 to 12.", "In 1999, his mother reported the abuse to the church.", "At the time, Frank's son, Brian, was the National President of the Assemblies of God in Australia organisation.", "Upon hearing the report of the sexual abuse, Brian Houston immediately dismissed his father, forcing Frank to quietly resign from the Sydney Christian Life Centre with a pension.", "By November 2000, internal church investigations had discovered several additional cases of child abuse.", "Although Brian Houston and the Assemblies of God executive council were legally obligated to report the crimes, they did not do so.", "Frank Houston made a payment of 10,000 to his victim.", "In August 2007, further allegations emerged that Houston had sexually abused a trainee pastor during counselling sessions in the early 1980s.", "On 8 October 2014 Brian Houston admitted to a Sydney hearing of the Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse that his father was guilty of other cases of sexual abuse against children.", "Brian Houston further expressed regret at not having reported his father to the police when he learned of the abuse in 1999, but noted that other senior members of the church had also known and also did nothing.", "One of the reasons why they chose not to go to the police was because one of the victims requested they not report it.", "The Royal Commission censured Brian Houston for his failure to report the sexual abuse allegations against his father and for his failure to avoid a clear conflict of interest, investigating his own father while serving as National President of the Assemblies of God in Australia.", "In 2015, the royal commission examined allegations that accused Brian Houston of concealing his father's crimes and censured him for failing to report his father to the police.", "In November 2018, 60 Minutes aired a segment revisiting the sexual abuse scandal, because newly revealed documentation allegedly reveals that Brian Houston was deeply involved in a cover-up and that Houston's abusive behaviour was worse than initially thought.", "Brian Houston allegedly used his position within the Assemblies of God in Australia organisation to conceal his father's serial child sexual abuse.", "The matter was referred to the New South Wales Police Force, which confirmed that Brian Houston was under criminal investigation for failing to report a serious crime.", "Following the 60 Minutes story, Hillsong released a statement in response to the allegations.", "On 5 August 2021, NSW Police issued a warrant for Brian Houston to attend the Downing Centre Local Court in Sydney on 5 October, alleging that he concealed child sexual abuse by his late father, Frank.", "Brian Houston was in the United States at the time of being charged.", "At the October 5 2021 mention, Brian's lawyer said her client intends to plea not guilty.", "Prosecution also stated, \"Whereas in 1970 Frank Houston committed a serious indictable offence, namely indecent assault of a male, Brian Houston between 15 September 1999 and 9 November 2004 at Baulkham Hills and elsewhere in the state of NSW, believing that Frank Houston committed that offence and knowing that he had information that might be of material assistance in securing the prosecution of Frank Houston for that offence, without reasonable excuse, failed to bring that information to the attention of NSW Police\".", "A new court date was set for January 2022.", "Death \nHouston died in Sydney on 8 November 2004, aged 82 years.", "Mourners at his funeral included politicians Louise Markus (a member of Hillsong Church) and Alan Cadman, and Andrew Scipione, the Deputy Commissioner of Police.", "Houston's wife, Hazel, had died six months earlier.", "References\n\nFurther reading \n\n1922 births\n2004 deaths\nNew Zealand emigrants to Australia\nNew Zealand Assemblies of God pastors\nAustralian Christian Churches people\nHillsong Church\nNew Zealand evangelical leaders\nChild sexual abuse in New Zealand\nChild sexual abuse in Australia\nFormer Baptists" ]

[ "Frank Houston was a pastor in the Assemblies of God in New Zealand and Australia.", "After merging with Hillsong Church, Frank Houston's Christian Life Centre came under the leadership of his son, Brian Houston.", "Frank Houston was accused of child sexual abuse in the last years of his life.", "Houston was born in New Zealand on April 22, 1922.", "He became a Salvation Army officer after turning 18.", "They had five children, including Brian.", "The couple moved their loyalties to the Assemblies of God in New Zealand.", "Houston served as the leader of the Assemblies of God in New Zealand from 1966 to 1971 after initially attending the Ellerslie Assembly in 1960.", "Houston founded the Sydney Christian Life Centre in Double Bay, Australia, in 1977 and it became an Assemblies of God church.", "A 600-seat auditorium, a Bible and Creative Arts College, and many other ministry arms were housed in the warehouse premises in the inner suburb of Waterloo.", "Houston was known in the church as \"the Bishop\", not as an official title but as a joke.", "Over twenty Christian Life Centres were opened throughout New South Wales and overseas.", "Houston was the pastor at his church for more than two decades.", "In 1999, after consultation with senior pastoral staff of the church, and the staff of Hills Christian Life Centre, a daughter church pastored by his son Brian, the churches were merged to become the Hillsong Church.", "Houston abused many young boys in New Zealand and Australia during his tenure as leader of the Assemblies of God.", "There was a victim who was sexually abused from the age of 7 to 12.", "The abuse was reported to the church by his mother.", "Brian was the National President of the Assemblies of God in Australia.", "After hearing of the sexual abuse, Brian Houston immediately dismissed his father, forcing Frank to resign from the Christian Life Centre with a pension.", "There were more cases of child abuse by November 2000.", "The crimes were not reported by Brian Houston and the Assemblies of God executive council.", "Houston paid 10,000 to his victim.", "Houston was accused of sexually abusing a pastor during counseling sessions in the early 1980s.", "Brian Houston admitted to a hearing of the Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse that his father was guilty of other cases of sexual abuse against children.", "Brian Houston regretted not reporting his father to the police when he learned of the abuse in 1999, but noted that other senior members of the church did nothing.", "One of the reasons why they didn't go to the police was because one of the victims asked them not to.", "The Royal Commission censured Brian Houston for his failure to report the sexual abuse allegations against his father and for his failure to avoid a clear conflict of interest, investigating his own father while serving as National President of the Assemblies of God in Australia.", "Brian Houston was censured by the royal commission for failing to report his father's crimes to the police.", "According to newly revealed documentation, Brian Houston was involved in a cover-up of his abusive behavior, which was worse than initially thought.", "Brian Houston hid his father's sexual abuse of children by working for the Assemblies of God in Australia.", "The New South Wales Police Force confirmed that Brian Houston was under criminal investigation for failing to report a serious crime.", "In response to the allegations, Hillsong released a statement.", "Brian Houston was accused of concealing child sexual abuse by his late father and police issued a warrant for his arrest.", "Houston was in the United States when he was charged.", "Brian's lawyer said her client would plead not guilty.", "The prosecution stated that in 1970 Frank Houston committed a serious indictable offence, namely indecent assault of a male, Brian Houston, between 15 September 1999 and 9 November 2004 at Baulkham Hills and elsewhere in the state of New South Wales.", "There was a new court date in January.", "Houston died in Australia in 2004.", "Louise Markus and Alan Cadman are both politicians and members of the Hillsong Church.", "Houston's wife, Hazel, died six months later.", "There were deaths in New Zealand in 1922 and 2004, as well as child sexual abuse in New Zealand and Australia." ]

[ "Frank", "\" Houston", "Frank Houston", "Brian Houston", "Frank Houston", "Houston", "Houston", "Houston", "Houston", "Houston", "Houston", "Frank", "Brian Houston", "Frank", "Brian Houston", "Frank Houston", "Houston", "Brian Houston", "Brian Houston", "Brian Houston", "Brian Houston", "Brian Houston", "Houston", "Brian Houston", "Brian Houston", "Brian Houston", "Frank", "Brian Houston", "Frank Houston", "Brian Houston", "Frank Houston", "Frank Houston", "Houston", "Houston" ]

[ "Frank Houston", "Frank Houston", "Brian Houston", "Frank Houston", "Houston", "Houston", "Houston", "Houston", "Houston", "Houston", "Brian Houston", "Frank", "Brian Houston", "Houston", "Houston", "Brian Houston", "Brian Houston", "Brian Houston", "Brian Houston", "Brian Houston", "Brian Houston", "Brian Houston", "Brian Houston", "Houston", "Frank Houston", "Brian Houston", "Houston", "Houston" ]

[ "Rian Craig Johnson (born December 17, 1973) is an American filmmaker.", "He made his directorial debut with the neo-noir mystery film Brick (2005), which received positive reviews and grossed nearly $4 million on a $450,000 budget.", "Transitioning to higher-profile films, Johnson achieved mainstream recognition for writing and directing the science-fiction thriller Looper (2012) to critical and commercial success.", "Johnson landed his largest project when he wrote and directed the space opera Star Wars: The Last Jedi (2017), which grossed over $1 billion.", "He returned to the mystery genre with Knives Out (2019), earning him an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Screenplay.", "Outside of film, Johnson directed three episodes of the television drama series Breaking Bad (2008–2013).", "He received the Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing – Drama Series in 2013 for his work on the season 5 episode \"Fifty-One\".", "Early life\nJohnson was born on December 17, 1973, in Silver Spring, Maryland.", "He grew up in Denver, Colorado, until sixth grade, when he moved to San Clemente, California.", "He attended San Clemente High School (graduating in 1992), where Brick was predominantly filmed.", "He attended the University of Southern California and graduated from the USC School of Cinematic Arts in 1996.", "Johnson's second short film, Evil Demon Golfball from Hell!!", "!, loosely based on Edgar Allan Poe's \"The Tell-Tale Heart\", was included as an easter egg on the Looper Blu-ray.", "Career\nJohnson has said he was inspired to become a film director after seeing Woody Allen's 1977 film, Annie Hall.", "\"It moved me in a way that very few other films have moved me.", "That's something that, I pray to God, if I am able to keep making movies, I can only hope, twenty years down the line maybe, I'll be able to approach.\"", "Johnson's debut film, Brick, is a crime drama released in 2005 and made for just under $500,000.", "Johnson has often said that he looked to the novels of Dashiell Hammett as inspiration for the film's unique use of language.", "While the film is classified as a film noir, Johnson claims that no references were made to film noir during production, so as to focus the production away from reproducing a genre piece.", "Brick was released on DVD by Focus Features.", "Johnson directed the video for the Mountain Goats' song \"Woke Up New\" in 2006.", "He is a professed fan of the band and was asked to direct the video when bandleader John Darnielle noticed a reference to them in the credits for Brick.", "A song is credited to \"The Hospital Bombers Experience\", which is a reference to the Mountain Goats song titled \"The Best Ever Death Metal Band in Denton\".", "Johnson also directed a live performance film of the Mountain Goats' 2009 album The Life of the World to Come.", "The film consists of a single shot, depicting Darnielle performing the entire album on guitar and piano with minimal accompaniment.", "This film was screened in New York City, Chicago, Seattle, and Portland, Oregon upon its completion, and was released as a limited edition DVD on Record Store Day (April 17, 2010).", "Johnson's second film, The Brothers Bloom, is a con-man story released in theaters in May 2009 to moderately positive critical reviews.", "On Metacritic, the film was assigned a weighted average score of 55 out of 100 based on 26 reviews from mainstream critics.", "In March 2010, Johnson announced that he was directing an episode of the TV series Breaking Bad for its third season.", "The episode, \"Fly\", aired on May 23, 2010.", "Johnson directed a second episode of the show, \"Fifty-One\", which aired on August 5, 2012, and earned him a Directors Guild of America Award.", "He directed a third episode, \"Ozymandias\", which received high praise from critics, frequently cited as being 'one of the best television episodes' to air.", "Johnson has made a number of short films, some of which are available on his website.", "His short film from high school titled Ninja Ko is available as an easter egg on the Brick DVD.", "The Brothers Bloom DVD features a short, Buster Keaton-esque silent film he made in college.", "After working with Joseph Gordon-Levitt on Brick, the two shot a short film in Paris, France titled Escargots.", "In 2002, he directed a short film titled The Psychology of Dream Analysis, which is available to view on his Vimeo account.", "Johnson directed the episode \"Manifest Destiny\" of the TV series Terriers.", "Johnson's third film, Looper, began shooting in Louisiana on January 24, 2011 and was released on September 28, 2012, by TriStar Pictures and FilmDistrict.", "Set in the near future, it has been described as dark science fiction, and involves hitmen whose victims are sent from the future.", "The film opened the 2012 Toronto International Film Festival and the 2012 Palo Alto International Film Festival.", "Looper was a surprise success at the box office.", "On June 20, 2014, news broke that Johnson would write and direct the eighth installment in the Star Wars film series.", "Johnson confirmed the report that following month and the film, Star Wars: The Last Jedi, was released on December 15, 2017, to positive reviews from critics and audiences.", "After Colin Trevorrow departed Episode IX, Johnson turned down an offer from Lucasfilm to write and direct the follow-up to The Last Jedi.", "On November 9, 2017, it was announced that Johnson would write a new trilogy of Star Wars films, separate from the main story arc of previous films in the franchise, and would direct the first installment of his trilogy.", "Following The Last Jedi, Johnson directed the murder mystery film Knives Out, starring Daniel Craig, Ana de Armas and Christopher Plummer.", "He penned the script and co-produced with longtime producing partner Ram Bergman.", "Knives Out was released on November 27, 2019, and was a major success with critics, as well as audiences, grossing over $300 million at the box office worldwide.", "It earned Johnson his first Academy Award nomination, for Best Original Screenplay.", "In September 2019, Johnson and producer Ram Bergman launched T-Street, a company that will generate original content for film and TV shows.", "The venture is fully capitalized by global media company Valence Media.", "T-Street launched with a first look deal with Valence Media's Media Rights Capital for film and television projects.", "Valence Media holds a substantial minority equity stake in the company.", "Johnson and Bergman intend to make their own original creations through the company, and produce others.", "Due to the success of Knives Out, Lionsgate announced that a sequel was officially approved, with Johnson set to return to write/direct the film.", "In 2020, Johnson directed a commercial for the augmented mobile video game Pokémon Go.", "In March 2021, it was announced that Johnson was writing/directing a 10 episode mystery drama TV series for Peacock titled Poker Face starring Russian Doll‘s Natasha Lyonne.", "That same month, it was reported that Netflix had obtained the rights to two sequels to Knives Out for around $450 million.", "Personal life\nJohnson is a folk singer and banjo player.", "His brother is music producer Aaron Johnson.", "His cousin Nathan Johnson composed the scores for Brick, The Brothers Bloom, Looper, and Knives Out.", "Rian and Nathan make up a folk duo called the Preserves.", "Johnson has been married to film writer and podcaster Karina Longworth since 2018.", "Filmography\n\nFilms\n\nShort films\n\nTelevision\n\nOther works\n\nMusic videos\n\nTechnical credits\n\nActing roles\n\nCommercials\n\nAwards and nominations\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nThe Man in the Herringbone Hat by Rian Johnson\nInterview with Rian Johnson on Futuremovies.co.uk\n\n1973 births\nAmerican banjoists\nAmerican folk singers\nAmerican male screenwriters\nAmerican music video directors\nAmerican television directors\nDirectors Guild of America Award winners\nFilm directors from California\nFilm directors from Maryland\nLiving people\nPeople from San Clemente, California\nPeople from Silver Spring, Maryland\nScience fiction film directors\nScreenwriters from California\nSundance Film Festival award winners\nUSC School of Cinematic Arts alumni\nWriters from Maryland" ]

[ "Rian Craig Johnson was born in 1973.", "He made his directorial debut with the neo-noir mystery film Brick, which made nearly $4 million on a $450,000 budget.", "Transitioning to higher-profile films, Johnson achieved mainstream recognition for writing and directing the science-fiction thriller Looper.", "Johnson's biggest project was the space opera Star Wars: The Last Jedi, which made over $1 billion.", "He was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay for Knives Out.", "Johnson directed three episodes of the show.", "He received the Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing - Drama Series for his work on the fifth episode.", "On December 17, 1973, Johnson was born in Silver Spring, Maryland.", "He moved to San Clemente, California when he was in sixth grade.", "He graduated from San Clemente High School in 1992.", "He graduated from the USC School of Cinematic Arts in 1996.", "Evil Demon Golfball from Hell is Johnson's second short film.", "The easter egg was based on \"The Tell-Tale Heart\".", "After seeing Woody Allen's 1977 film, Annie Hall, Career Johnson was inspired to become a film director.", "It moved me in a way that few other films have.", "If I am able to keep making movies, I can only hope that I will be able to approach that someday.", "Johnson's first film, Brick, was released in 2005 and made just under $500,000.", "Johnson said that he looked to the novels of Dashiell Hammett as inspiration for the film's unique use of language.", "While the film is classified as a film noir, Johnson claims that no references were made to film noir during production, so as to focus the production away from reproducing a genre piece.", "The DVD was released by Focus Features.", "The Mountain Goats' song \"Woke Up New\" was directed by Johnson.", "When John Darnielle noticed a reference to the band in the credits for Brick, he asked him to direct the video.", "The song \"The Hospital Bombers Experience\" is a reference to the song \"The Best Ever Death Metal Band in Denton\" by the Mountain Goats.", "The Mountain Goats' live performance film was directed by Johnson.", "The film shows Darnielle performing the entire album on guitar and piano with minimal accompaniment.", "The film was screened in New York City, Chicago, Seattle, and Portland, Oregon, and was released as a limited edition DVD on Record Store Day.", "In May of 2009, Johnson's second film, The Brothers Bloom, was released in theaters and received positive reviews.", "The film was assigned a weighted average score of 55 out of 100 based on 26 reviews from mainstream critics.", "In March 2010, Johnson announced that he was directing an episode of the show.", "\"Fly\" was aired on May 23, 2010.", "The second episode of the show, \"Fifty-One\", was directed by Johnson and earned him a Directors Guild of America Award.", "The third episode, \"Ozymandias\", which received high praise from critics, was often cited as one of the best television episodes to air.", "Some of Johnson's short films are available on his website.", "Ninja Ko is an easter egg on the Brick DVD and is a short film from high school.", "He made a short film in college.", "After working with Joseph Gordon-Levitt on Brick, the two shot a short film in Paris, France.", "He directed a short film called The Psychology of Dream Analysis in 2002.", "The TV series Terriers had an episode directed by Johnson.", "On January 24, 2011, Johnson's third film, Looper, began shooting in Louisiana and was released on September 28, 2012 by TriStar Pictures and Film District.", "Set in the near future, it is described as a dark science fiction and involves hitmen who are sent from the future.", "The film was shown at the Toronto International Film Festival and the Palo Alto International Film Festival.", "The film was a hit at the box office.", "The eighth film in the Star Wars film series was to be written and directed by Johnson.", "The film, Star Wars: The Last Jedi, received positive reviews from critics and audiences after it was released in December.", "Johnson turned down an offer from Lucasfilm to write and direct the follow-up to The Last Jedi.", "On November 9, 2017, it was announced that Johnson would write and direct a new trilogy of Star Wars films, separate from the main story arcs of previous films in the franchise.", "Knives Out was directed by Johnson after The Last Jedi.", "He co-produced the script with Ram Bergman.", "The movie Knives Out made over $300 million at the box office, making it the highest grossing movie of all time.", "It was Johnson's first Academy Award nomination.", "T-Street was launched in September by Johnson and Bergman.", "Valence Media fully capitalized the venture.", "T-Street signed a first look deal with Valence Media's Media Rights Capital.", "Valence Media has a stake in the company.", "The company will allow Johnson and Bergman to make their own original creations.", "Due to the success of Knives Out, a sequel was approved and will be written and directed by Johnson.", "Johnson directed a commercial for a video game.", "In March 2021, it was announced that Johnson would be writing and directing a 10 episode mystery drama TV series for Peacock.", "The rights to two sequels to Knives Out were obtained by Netflix for $450 million.", "Johnson is a folk singer and banjo player.", "His brother is a music producer.", "Nathan Johnson composed the scores for several films.", "Rian and Nathan are a folk duo.", "Since last year, Johnson has been married to Longworth.", "The Man in the Herringbone Hat is a short film by Rian Johnson." ]

[ "Rian Craig Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Aaron Johnson", "Nathan Johnson", "Rian", "Johnson", "Rian", "Johnson", "Rian", "Johnson" ]

[ "Rian Craig Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Career Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Nathan Johnson", "Rian", "Johnson", "Rian", "Johnson" ]

[ "Elmer Cecil Stoner (October 20, 1897 – December 16, 1969) was an American comics artist and commercial illustrator.", "Stoner was one of the first African-American comic book artists, and is believed to have created the iconic Mr. Peanut mascot.", "He produced pencil art for the first issue of Detective Comics, published by National Comics Publications (the company that later became DC Comics), and worked for a variety of other golden age companies such as Timely Comics, Street & Smith, EC Comics, Fawcett Comics, and Dell Comics.", "Near the end of his life, Stoner was also a spokesman for Gordon's Gin.", "Early life \nStoner was born on October 20, 1897 in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania to Mary Alice and George W. Stoner.", "His mother was a pianist, and his father a church sexton at the local St. Stephen's Episcopal Church.", "Stoner was the eldest of the family's three children, though there were two that had died earlier.", "Stoner left school at 11, as was the custom in coal towns like Wilkes-Barre, but instead went to work at a Woolworth's as a stocker at the behest of founder Fred Morgan Kirby, who attended the church where Stoner's father worked.", "While working at Woolworth's, Stoner began to learn sign-painting, lettering, and advertising, and soon began to work as a freelance artist in the Wilkes-Barre area.", "Creation of Mr. Peanut, first marriage, move to Harlem \nThe Planters company sponsored a contest in 1916 to create a mascot, which 14-year old Antonio Gentile won.", "According to the company website, the drawing was \"enhanced\" by a \"professional illustrator,\" who added the top hat, monocle, and cane.", "While Planters never revealed the identity of the artist who made a new version of Gentile's design.", "Stoner's widow Henriette noted the creation of Mr. Peanut as one of Stoner's accomplishments when submitting a questionnaire for Who's Who of American Comic Books.", "Stoner registered in 1918 for the draft, but was not called to service due to being in school.", "Stoner attended the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, supposedly also sponsored by Kirby.", "While at the school, he earned a number of awards, including the school's Packard Prize (awarded for best sketches of animals at the Philadelphia Zoo), a Cresson Traveling Scholarship, and a Prix de Rome.", "Stoner married his first wife Vivienne in 1922 and moved to Harlem, where his work was featured in a \"Negro artist\" exhibition at the Harlem branch of the New York Public Library.", "According to the head librarian, his work was \"splendidly planned and executed.\"", "The couple later moved to Greenwich Village so that Vivienne could open a gift shop, and they became \"part of a tight-knit circle of African-Americans. . .and hobnobbed with the intellectual elite of the community.\"", "Stoner and Vivienne divorced sometime before 1927.", "Magazine and comic book work \nStoner's first major illustrative work, a children's book named Mic Mac on the Track, debuted in 1930.", "During this time, Stoner worked at Tower Magazines, a women-and-children-oriented series of magazines that was distributed at Woolworth's stores.", "This company folded in 1935, leading Stoner to freelance and begin to transition into comic art.", "Stoner's first foray into comics was a story in Detective Comics #1, Speed Saunders and the River Patrol, introducing the character Cyril \"Speed\" Saunders.", "Sources disagree about whether Stoner wrote or drew the story, and comic historians Don Markstein and Kevin Burton Smith note that since Stoner's tenure on the character was so brief (he left after the first issue), that Gardner Fox had potentially created the character.", "Shop work \nAfter working on Detective Comics, Stoner moved between multiple comics \"shops,\" or small workshops where artists would produce art and send it to a publisher.", "According to Ken Quattro, working in shops ''offered a secondary bonus for Stoner, as it provided a buffer between him and the publisher should they be reluctant to employ a black man,\" as Stoner was one of the first prominent black cartoonists, followed closely by Matt Baker and Alvin Hollingsworth.", "Between 1940 and 1944, Stoner worked for Timely Comics, where he inked some early Breeze Barton stories, at Fawcett Comics where he worked on Spy Smasher, and at Street & Smith where he worked on Ajax the Sun Man, a minor feature in Street and Smith's Doc Savage comic.", "At Dell, Stoner mainly worked as a cover artist, drawing covers for anthology titles Popular and The Funnies, the latter of which prominently featured the character Phantasmo, Dell's first original superhero feature, in his \"clean-lined, if awkward style.\"", "However, he also pencilled some stories in \nDell Comics's War Heroes and War Comics series.", "Stoner was also briefly employed by Parents Magazine, working on their long-running educational True Comics series from 1941 to 1942.", "Stoner also worked on the relaunched Blue Beetle title for Fox Comics near the end of World War II, providing either cover or interior work for issues #31 to #45.", "One of his more unique projects was as an artist for The Challenger, a publication from Protestant Digest and their interfaith committee that served to counteract fascist and antisemitic propaganda.", "He also created the three-issue comics series Blackstone, Master Magician in 1946 for Vital Publications, which was later revived for a single issue by EC Comics (1947) followed by three issues at Timely Comics (1948).", "Despite its short run, the EC revival was adapted into a radio drama series, Blackstone, the Magic Detective, which ran from 1948 to 1950.", "After the conclusion of the comic series, Stoner illustrated at least 1 souvenir program for Harry Blackstone Sr., the namesake of the series.", "After the war, Stoner briefly worked on another Vital comic title, and left comics between 1951 and 1952 due to a judge refusing his request to have another Vital comic series he drew, Rick Kane, Space Marshal, stopped from publication.", "Stoner maintained that Vital continuing to produce the title amounted to a violation of his contract.", "His last known work was an educational comic titled Deadline: The Story Behind The Headline.", "In his history of the American anti-comics movement, The Ten-Cent Plague, writer David Hajdu included Stoner on a list of comics creators who never worked in comics again after the virulent criticism of comics in the early-to-mid 1950s.", "Personal life and death \nOutside of comics, Stoner was an \"accomplished pianist\" and patron of the arts, and also owned the apartment building in which he lived, at 228 W. 13th Street.", "According to an article in the Daily Worker, Stoner spent time entertaining United Service Organizations (USO) personnel and providing them with drawing lessons, in addition to \"occasionally [giving] art lectures as a means of improving Negro-white relations.\"", "In the late 1960s, Stoner was one of several prominent African-Americans featured in a series of ads for Gordon's Gin.", "Stoner died on December 16, 1969, and had a private funeral.", "Style and reception\nAs a classically-trained illustrator who transitioned into comic art in the middle of his life, Stoner's comic art was sometimes criticized for not matching up with other artists of the time, as relayed by Ken Quattro: \"...Stoner’s work was not in the league of Eisner or Kirby or Fine.", "He was, after all, a middle-aged fine artist, who had only worked in advertising and magazine illustration, trying to make the jarring transition to comic books.", "The techniques and requirements of sequential storytelling were new to him and it was apparent.\"", "Ron Goulart criticised Stoner's work in his Great History of Comic Books, \"Stoner's drawing is the visual equivalent of fingernails scraped across a slate, and whenever he had a chance to botch the perspective, the composition, or even the inking, he did so with brio.\"", "Works\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading \n Ken Quattro's article on Stoner reprinted in Alter Ego #118\n\nExternal links\n E. C. Stoner at Comiclopedia\n\n1897 births\n1969 deaths\n20th-century American artists\nPeople from Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania\nAmerican children's book illustrators\nAmerican comics artists\nAfrican-American comics creators\nAfrican-American illustrators\nArtists from Pennsylvania\nPennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts alumni\nPeople from Harlem\nPeople from Greenwich Village\nMarvel Comics people\nPrix de Rome winners" ]

[ "Stoner was an American comics artist and commercial illustrator.", "The Mr. Peanut mascot is believed to have been created by Stoner, who was one of the first African-American comic book artists.", "He produced pencil art for the first issue of Detective Comics, which was published by National Comics Publications, as well as working for a number of other golden age companies.", "Stoner was a spokesman for Gordon's Gin.", "Stoner was born in 1897 to Mary Alice and George W. Stoner.", "His parents were both organists at the local St. Stephen's Episcopal Church.", "Stoner was the oldest of the family's three children.", "Stoner went to work at a Woolworth's as a stocker at the insistence of founder Fred Morgan Kirby, who attended the church where Stoner's father worked.", "Stoner began to learn sign-painting, lettering, and advertising after working at Woolworth's.", "Antonio Gentile won a contest in 1916 to create a mascot called Mr. Peanut, which was created by the Planters company.", "The top hat, monocle, and cane were added to the drawing by a professional illustrator.", "The artist who made a new version of Gentile's design was not revealed by Planters.", "Henriette noted the creation of Mr. Peanut as one of Stoner's accomplishments when she submitted a questionnaire for Who's Who of American Comic Books.", "Stoner was not called to service due to being in school.", "Stoner attended the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts.", "He received a number of awards while at the school, including the Packard Prize for best sketches of animals at the Philadelphia Zoo.", "Stoner's work was featured in a \" Negro artist\" exhibition at the Harlem branch of the New York Public Library.", "His work was planned and executed according to the head librarian.", "They became part of a tight-knit circle of African-Americans when they moved to Greenwich Village to open a gift shop.", "Stoner and Vivienne had a divorce before 1927.", "Stoner's first major illustrative work was a children's book called Mic Mac on the Track.", "Stoner worked at Tower Magazines, a women-and-children-oriented series of magazines that was distributed at Woolworth's stores.", "Stoner became a comic artist after the company folded in 1935.", "The character Cyril \"Speed\" Saunders was introduced in Stoner's first comic book, Detective Comics #1.", "Comic historians Don Markstein and Kevin Burton Smith note that since Stoner's tenure on the character was so brief, he may have created the character.", "Stoner moved between multiple comics \"shops\" or small workshops where artists would produce art and send it to a publisher after working on Detective Comics.", "Stoner was one of the first prominent black cartoonists, and was offered a bonus by working in shops, as it provided a buffer between him and the publisher should they be reluctant to hire a black man.", "Stoner worked at Timely Comics, where he worked on Breeze Barton stories, as well as at Street & Smith, where he worked on Spy Smasher, and at Fawcett Comics, where he worked on Ajax the Sun Man.", "Stoner drew covers for anthology titles Popular and The Funnies, which prominently featured the character Phantasmo, Dell's first original superhero feature, in his \"clean-lined, if awkward\" style.", "There are some stories in Dell Comics' War Heroes and War Comics series.", "Stoner worked on the True Comics series for Parents Magazine from 1941 to 1942.", "Stoner worked on the cover and interior of the Blue Beetle title for Fox Comics at the end of World War II.", "He was an artist for The Challenger, a publication from Protestant Digest and their interfaith committee that served to counteract fascist and antisemitic propaganda.", "He created the three-issue comics series Blackstone, Master Magician for Vital Publications in 1946, which was revived for a single issue by EC Comics in 1947.", "The radio drama series, Blackstone, the Magic Detective, ran from 1948 to 1950 and was adapted from the EC revival.", "Stoner illustrated at least one souvenir program for the namesake of the series after the conclusion of the comic series.", "After the war, Stoner briefly worked on another Vital comic title, and left comics between 1951 and 1952 due to a judge refusing his request to have another Vital comic series he drew stopped from publication.", "Stoner said Vital was in violation of his contract because he continued to produce the title.", "His last work was an educational comic.", "Stoner was included on a list of comics creators who never worked in comics again after the anti-comics movement of the early-to-mid 1950s.", "Stoner was an \"accomplished pianist\" and patron of the arts, and also owned the apartment building in which he lived.", "Stoner entertained United Service Organizations (USO) personnel and provided them with drawing lessons, as well as occasionally giving art lectures as a means of improving Negro-white relations, according to an article in the Daily Worker.", "Stoner was one of several prominent African-Americans featured in ads for Gordon's Gin.", "Stoner died on December 16, 1969 and had a private funeral.", "As a classically-trained illustrator who transitioned into comic art in the middle of his life, Stoner's comic art was sometimes criticized for not matching up with other artists of the time.", "He was a middle-aged fine artist who had only worked in advertising and magazine illustration and was trying to make a transition to comic books.", "The techniques and requirements of sequential storytellers were new to him.", "Stoner's drawing is the visual equivalent of fingernails scratched across a slate, and whenever he had a chance to botch the perspective, the composition, or even the inking, he did so.", "Ken Quattro's article on Stoner is in Alter Ego #118." ]

[ "Elmer Cecil Stoner", "Stoner", ". Stoner", "Cyril", "Stoner", "Ener", ". Stoner" ]

[ "Stoner", "Stoner", "Stoner", ". Stoner", "Stoner", "Cyril" ]

[ "William Basse (c.1583–1653?)", "was an English poet.", "A follower of Edmund Spenser, he is now remembered principally for an elegy on Shakespeare.", "He is also noted for his \"Angler's song\", which was written for Izaak Walton, who included it in The Compleat Angler.", "Family-background\nWilliam Basse's family background and place of birth are unknown.", "He was described by the antiquary Anthony à Wood in 1638 as \"of Moreton, near Thame, in Oxfordshire, sometime a retainer to the Lord Wenman of Thame Park\".", "R. Warwick Bond has suggested that Basse may have come to Thame from Northamptonshire as page to Agnes Fermor, first wife of Richard Wenman, 1st Viscount Wenman, and daughter of Sir George Fermor of Easton Neston, Northamptonshire.", "From the references made in Basse's poems to Francis Norris, 1st Earl of Berkshire, it has been inferred that the poet was at one time also attached to his household at Rycote, Oxfordshire.", "Basse dedicated Polyhymnia to Bridget, Countess of Lindsey, second wife of Montagu Bertie, 2nd Earl of Lindsey, and the opening poem in the volume is addressed to the Countess's grandfather, Francis Norris, 1st Earl of Berkshire:\n\nIn playne (my honour'd Lord) I was not borne\nAudacious vowes or forraigne legs to use;\nNature denyed my outside to adorne,\nAnd I of art to learne outsides refuse.", "Yet haveing of them both enough to scorne\nSilence and vulgar prayse, this humble Muse\nAnd her meane favourite at your command\nChose in this kinde to kisse your noble hand.", "Career\nBasse was educated at Lord Williams's School.", "The long interval of fifty-one years between the production of the first and last poems bearing Basse's signature led John Payne Collier to conjecture that there were two poets of the same name, and he attributed to an elder William Basse the works published in 1602, and to a younger William Basse all those published later.", "The internal evidence offered by the poems fails, however, to support this conclusion.", "\"Urania\", the last poem of the collection, bearing the date 1653, has all the metrical characteristics of the \"Sword and Buckler\" of 1602; and Bathurst's verses prove that Basse followed his poetical career through many generations.", "Although Basse drew early patronage from the Wenman (or Waynman) family of Thame, Oxfordshire, and of Twyford, Buckinghamshire, the dedicatee of his early work Three Pastoral Elegies of Anander, Anetor, and Muridella (published 1602), Jane Lady Tasburgh, who had been the wife of Thomas Wenman (died 1577) and was mother of Richard, and then wife of James Cressy, had by 1602 long been married (as his second wife) to Thomas Tasburgh (died 1602-03), MP, of Hawridge, Buckinghamshire, a Teller of the Queen's Exchequer, the youngest representative of a family seated at Flixton in north Suffolk.", "Thomas and Jane Tasburgh, who acquired the Wenman manor of Twyford, had no Tasburgh children, and in 1597 granted Hawridge to their nephew Sir John Tasburgh, who built Flixton Hall in 1615.", "Sir John's wife was Lettice Cressy, half-sister to Jane's Wenman children.", "Jane herself lived until about 1621.", "A William Basse 'of Suffolk' entered Emmanuel College, Cambridge, as a sizar in 1629, and took the degree of B.A.", "in 1632, and that of M.A.", "in 1636, but it is highly improbable that this student was the poet.", "There was a family named Basse, of Benhall, Suffolk, in the seventeenth century, of whom a William died in 1607, aged 85, and left a son Thomas and a grandson William, probably the Cambridge student; but it is impossible to identify the poet with any member of this family.", "The fact that his 'Great Brittaines Sunnesset' was published at Oxford, and his intimate relations with two great Oxfordshire houses, seem to connect the poet with Oxfordshire rather than with Suffolk.", "Verse\n\nIn 1602 two poems by 'William Bas' were published in London.", "The one was entitled \"Sword and Buckler, or Serving Man's Defence\"; the other \"Three Pastoral Elegies of Anander, Anetor, and Muridella\".", "Of the former, which the author describes as his first production, a unique perfect copy is in the Bodleian Library; it was reprinted in J.P. Collier's Illustrations of Early English Popular Literature, vol.", "ii., in 1864.", "The only copy known of the latter is in Winchester College library: it bears the printed dedication to Jane (West), Lady Tasburgh, then second wife of Sir Thomas Tasburgh but formerly wife of Thomas Wenman (died 1577), and mother of Richard Wenman.", "In 1613 an elegy on Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales, called \"Great Brittaines; Sunnes-set, bewailed with a Shower of Teares, by William Basse\", was issued by Joseph Barnes at Oxford.", "It was dedicated by the author \"to his honourable master, Sir Richard Wenman, knight\", and was reproduced at Oxford by W. H. Allnutt from the perfect copy at the Bodleian in 1872.", "No other volume of Basse's poems was printed in his lifetime, but two manuscript collections, prepared for the press, are still extant.", "Of these, one bears the title of Polyhymnia, and has never been printed.", "The only copy of it was known to belong to Richard Heber, and afterward to Thomas Corser; on the fly-leaf is the autograph of Francis, Lord Norreys, to whom the opening verses are addressed, and to whose sister, Bridget, Countess of Lindsey, the collection is dedicated.", "Another manuscript of Polyhymnia, described by Cole in his manuscript 'Athenæ Cantab.'", "and now lost, differed materially from the Corser manuscript.", "The second collection left by Basse in manuscript consists of three long pastoral poems, of which the first is dedicated to Sir Richard Wenman; bears the date 1653, and was printed for the first time in J.P. Collier's Miscellaneous Tracts, in 1872.", "To it is prefixed a poem addressed to Basse, by Ralph (afterwards dean) Bathurst, who compares the author to an \"aged oak\", and says:\n\n... thy grey muse grew up with older times,\nAnd our deceased grandsires lisp'd the rhymes.", "Bathurst's verses were printed in Warton's pleasant 'Life of Bathurst' (1761), p. 288, with the inscription 'To Mr. W. Basse upon the intended publication of his poems, 13 January 1651.'", "Basse's most famous poem is his \"enormously popular sixteen-line elegy on Shakespeare\":\n\n[It was] written between 1616 (when Shakespeare died) and 1623 (when Jonson responded to Basse in his own tribute to Shakespeare in the First Folio).", "Wells and Taylor list twenty-seven different seventeenth-century manuscript versions of the poem, ten of which attribute it to Basse, including one (British Library, Lansdowne MS 777, fol.", "67v) in the handwriting of Basse's friend William Browne.", "It first reached print in the 1633 edition of John Donne's poems, but was dropped from the 1635 edition, and was next printed in the 1640 edition of Shakespeare's poems, with a correct attribution to 'W.", "B.'", "and the title 'On the Death of William Shakespeare, who Died in Aprill, Anno.", "Dom.", "1616' (sig.", "K8v).", "The same year it was also printed anonymously in Wits Recreation.", "Basse also wrote a commendatory poem for Michael Baret's Hipponomie, or the Vineyard of Horsemanship (1618), and he has been identified with the 'W.", "B.'", "who contributed verses to Phillip Massinger's Bondman (1624), although William Browne has also been claimed as their author.", "In Izaak Walton's Compleat Angler the character Piscator, representing Walton, remarks, \"I'll promise you I'll sing a song that was lately made at my request by Mr. William Basse, one that hath made the choice songs of the 'Hunter in his Career' and of 'Tom of Bedlam', and many others of note; and this that I will sing is in praise of Angling.\"", "Basse's \"Angler's Song\", beginning \"As inward love breeds outward talk\", then follows.", "Piscator's friend Coridon says \"we are all beholding to the good man that made this song\" and proposes a toast to the poet.", "Of the other two songs mentioned by Walton, a unique copy of \"Maister Basse, his careere, or the new hunting.", "To a new Court tune\", is in the Pepys collection at Cambridge; it is reprinted in 'Wit and Drollery' (1682), p. 64, and in Old Ballads (1725), ii.", "196.", "The tune is given in the Skene MS. preserved in the Advocates' Library, Edinburgh, and a ballad in the Bagford collection in the British Museum, entitled \"Hubert's Ghost\", is written \"to the tune of Basse's Career\".", "Basse's second ballad, \"Tom of Bedlam\", has been identified by Sir Harris Nicolas in his edition of Walton's Angler, with a song of the same name in Percy's Reliques, ii.", "357; but many other ballads bear the same title, and this identification is therefore doubtful.", "In 1636 Basse contributed a poem to the 'Annalia Dubrensia.'", "Works\n\nGreat Brittaines Sunnes-set, bewailed with a shower of tears (1613)\nMaister Basse his Careere, or The new Hunting of the Hare To a new Court tune (1620)\nThe Pastorals and other Workes of W. B., Never before imprinted Oxford, 1653.", "Ed.", "(Oxford, 1870) by J. P. Collier\nThe Poetical Works of William Basse (1893) edited by R. Warwick Bond\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n'Thame: Topography, manors and estates', A History of the County of Oxford: Volume 7: Dorchester and Thame hundreds (1962), pp.", "160–178 Retrieved 31 March 2013\nR. Warwick Bond, Introduction in Basse, Poetical Works (1893) ix–xxxviii.", "Retrieved 1 April 2013.", "1580s births\n1650s deaths\n16th-century English poets\n17th-century English poets\n17th-century English male writers\nEnglish male poets" ]

[ "William Basse?", "He was an English poet.", "He was a follower of Edmund Spenser.", "\"Angler's song\" was written for Izaak Walton, who included it in The Compleat Angler.", "William Basse's place of birth and family background are unknown.", "He was described by the antiquary Anthony Wood as a retainer to the Lord Wenman of Thame Park.", "According to R. Bond, Basse may have come to Thame from Northamptonshire as a page to the daughter of Sir George Fermor.", "It has been inferred from the references made in Basse's poems to Francis Norris, 1st Earl of Berks, that the poet was at one time attached to his household at Rycote.", "Polyhymnia was dedicated to the second wife of the 2nd Earl of Lindsey, and the opening poem in the volume was addressed to the 1st Earl of Berkshire.", "This humble Muse and her meane favourite at your command, chose in this kinde to kisse your noble hand.", "Career Basse attended Lord Williams's School.", "The long interval between the production of the first and last poems bearing Basse's signature led John Payne Collier to believe that there were two poets of the same name, and he attributed an elder William Basse the works published in 1602, and to a younger William Basse all.", "The internal evidence offered by the poems does not support this conclusion.", "The last poem of the collection, \"Urania\", has all the characteristics of the \"Sword and Buckler\" of 1602, and it proves that Basse followed his poetical career through many generations.", "Three Pastoral Elegies of Anander, Anetor, and Muridella was published in 1602 and was dedicated to the Waynman family.", "In 1597, Thomas and Jane Tasburgh granted Hawridge to their nephew, Sir John Tasburgh, who built Flixton Hall.", "Sir John's wife was related to Jane's children.", "Jane lived until 1621.", "In 1629, William Basse entered the college as a sizar and took the degree of B.A.", "M.A. was in 1632 and in 1632.", "It is highly unlikely that this student was a poet.", "There was a family named Basse, of Benhall, Suffolk, in the 17th century, of whom a William died in 1607, aged 85, and left a son Thomas and a grandson William, but it is impossible to identify the poet with any member of the family.", "The poet's intimate relations with two great Oxfordshire houses seem to connect him with the county rather than Suffolk.", "Two poems by William Bas were published in London.", "\"Sword and Buckler, or Serving Man's Defence\" was one of the titles.", "The Bodleian Library has a perfect copy of the first production, which the author describes as his first production.", "In 1864.", "The printed dedication to Jane (West), Lady Tasburgh, then second wife of Sir Thomas Tasburgh, and mother of Richard Wenman is the only copy known of the latter.", "An elegy on Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales, was written in 1613.", "W. H. Allnutt reproduced it from the perfect copy at the Bodleian in 1872.", "The only other volume of Basse's poems was printed in his lifetime.", "One has never been printed and bears the title of Polyhymnia.", "The only copy of it known to be owned by Richard Heber was signed by Francis, Lord Norreys, to whom the opening verse is addressed.", "Cole described another manuscript of Polyhymnia.", "The Corser manuscript differed from the lost one.", "The first of the three poems dedicated to Sir Richard Wenman was printed for the first time in J.P. Collier's Miscellaneous Tracts in 1872.", "The author of the poem is referred to as an \"aged oak\" by the dean of the college.", "The inscription 'To Mr. W. Basse upon the intended publication of his poems, 13 January 1651' was printed in Warton's pleasant inscription 'Life of Bathurst'.", "Basse's \"enormously popular sixteen-line elegy on Shakespeare\" was written between 1616 and 1623, when Jonson responded to Basse in his own tribute to Shakespeare.", "There are twenty-seven different manuscript versions of the poem, ten of which are attributed to Basse.", "Basse's friend William Browne wrote the letter.", "It first appeared in the 1633 edition of John Donne's poems, but was dropped from the 1635 edition and printed in the 1640 edition of Shakespeare's poems.", "B.", "There is a title on the death of William Shakespeare.", "Dom.", "1616' issig.", "K8v.", "It was printed in Wits Recreation as well.", "Basse was identified with the 'W' because he wrote a poem for Michael Baret's Hipponomie, or the Vineyard of Horsemanship.", "B.", "William Browne has been claimed as the author of the Bondman verse.", "In Izaak Walton's Compleat Angler the character Piscator says he will sing a song that was recently requested by Mr. William Basse.", "Basse's \"Angler's Song\" begins with \"As inward love breeds outward talk\".", "Piscator's friend Coridon proposes a toast to the poet and says \"we are all beholding to the good man that made this song\".", "There is a unique copy of \" Maister Basse, his careere, or the new hunting\" mentioned.", "The song \"To a new Court tune\" is in the Cambridge collection, as well as in 'Wit and Drollery' and 'Old Ballads'.", "199.", "\"Hubert's Ghost\", which is in the Bagford collection in the British Museum, is written to the tune of Basse's Career.", "\"Tom of Bedlam\", Basse's second song, was identified by Sir Harris Nicolas in his edition of Walton's Angler, with a song of the same name in Percy's Reliques.", "Many other ballads have the same title, and this identification is questionable.", "Basse wrote a poem for the 'Annalia Dubrensia.'", "Maister Basse his Careere, The new Hunting of the Hare To a new Court tune, and the other works of W. B. were never before imprinted Oxford.", "Ed.", "The Poetical Works of William Basse was edited by R. Warwick Bond.", "The introduction in Basse, Poetical Works was written by R. Warwick Bond.", "The article was published on 1 April.", "16th-century English poets died in the 16th century." ]

[ "William Basse", "William Basse", "William Bass", "William Bass", "William Basse", "William", "William", "William Ba", "William Bass", "Basse", "William Browne", "William Shakespeare", "William Browne", "William Basse", "William Bass" ]

[ "William Basse", "William Basse", "William Bass", "William Bass", "William Basse", "William", "William", "William Bas", "Basse", "Basse", "William Browne", "William Shakespeare", "Basse", ". William", "William Basse", "William Bass" ]

[ "William Lawrence Chaplin (October 27, 1796 – April 28, 1871) was a prominent abolitionist in the years before the American Civil War.", "Known by the title of \"General,\" he was an agent for the American Anti-Slavery Society and a general agent for the Underground Railroad.", "He was imprisoned for the attempted escape of two individuals, which required $25,000 to get out of jail and safely out of Maryland.", "He was an editor at two anti-slavery newspapers and he was a Harvard-educated lawyer for a couple of years.", "He and his wife operated the Glen Haven Water Cure spa in his later years.", "Personal life\n\nChaplin was born on October 27, 1796 in Groton, Massachusetts.", "He was the son of Daniel Chaplin, a Congregationalist minister and Susanna Prescott Chaplin.", "His maternal grandfather was Col. William Prescott, a commander at the Battle of Bunker Hill.", "Beginning in 1804, he was educated at Andover Academy and he attended Harvard College in 1819, under the preceptorship of Mr. Butler.", "He attended Harvard for four years, but did not graduate.", "During his senior year, a group of 34 students, that did not include Chaplin, initiated a rebellion that caused them to be dismissed.", "Chaplin withdrew under his own counsel.", "He studied law under Judge Dana and he was admitted to the bar in June 1829.", "He was married to Theodosia Gilbert at Glen Haven, New York on August 12, 1851.", "Gilbert was the daughter of Betsey (née Green) and Deacon Elias Gilbert of Richmond, New York.", "They had two children: Harriet Lawrence was born on December 5, 1852 and died nine years later on December 21, 1861.", "Theodosia Gilbert, born on April 11, 1855, married Reverend Frederick John Clegg Walton.", "They attended the First Congregational Church of Pittsfield led by Rev.", "John Todd.", "Career and activism\nChaplin advocated for temperance beginning in 1819.", "From 1829 until 1837, Chaplin was a practicing attorney in Groton and Easton, Massachusetts.", "He became an abolitionist by 1833 when he joined the newly-formed American Anti-Slavery Society.", "He left his law practice to focus his efforts towards abolition of slavery.", "In 1837, he moved to Utica, New York when he became a general agent of the New York Anti-Slavery Society.", "Among fellow abolitionists, he was known as \"General Chaplin\".", "He was the editor of the anti-slavery newspapers the American Citizen and the Albany Patriot, where he was also the Washington D.C. correspondent.", "He joined a group headed by Gerrit Smith that formed the Liberty Party in 1840.", "They were radical political abolitionists.", "He was a Liberty Party candidate for lieutenant governor of New York in 1846 and for governor of New York in 1850.", "Underground Railroad and arrest\nIn 1846, he went to Washingtion, D.C. and filled the position left by Charles Turner Torrey when he died in prison that year; Chaplin became an agent for the Underground Railroad.", "The Vigilance Committee provided funding for purchasing enslaved blacks and for the rescue of fugitive slaves.", "With Daniel Bell, a free black man, he organized and financed the attempted escape of 77 slaves from Washington, D.C. in the Pearl incident in 1848 and numerous other rescues of slaves.", "For instance, in November 1848 he negotiate the payment to free the Mary and Elizabeth Edmonson, who were fugitives during the Pearl incident.", "Chaplin and other abolitionists yearned for more meaningful roles in the fight against slavery.", "In December 1848, Chaplin made a call for direct action: \"to storm the castle of tyranny and rescue from its cruel grasp its bruised and peeled victims\".", "In 1849 or 1850, Chapin helped Anna Maria Weems's sister Mary Jane (Stella) Weems and the Young family (Mary Jane's aunt, uncle and cousins) successfully escape slavery.", "In August 1850, Chaplin aided in the escape of two of slaves, Allen and Garland H. White who were owned by then congressmen Alexander Hamilton Stephens and Robert Toombs of Georgia, respectively.", "They left Washington D.C. and were held at the home of General Walter Jones for \"some time\".", "A $500 reward was set for both slaves and John H. Goddard, the pro-slavery captain of the night guard and police magistrate, was hired to search for them.", "Based upon a tip, Goddard and his posse waited for the escapees who had been picked up by a carriage and taken to the Maryland-Pennsylvania border.", "The carriage was ambushed on the Washington-Brookeville Pike (now Georgia Avenue at what is now Jesup Blair Park) in Silver Spring, Maryland.", "Chaplin was hit with a club and shots were fired into the carriage, wounding Allen and Garland.", "Allen was captured and Garland escaped but surrendered after a few days.", "Chaplin was held in jail starting on April 8, 1850, with six weeks in District of Columbia and then transferred to the jail in Rockville, Maryland for another 13 weeks.", "Monies to pay for his bail and defense were acquired through donations to the Chaplin Fund Committee.", "Chaplin was bailed out for $19,000 and for a total of $25,000 to ensure that he was not lynched while leaving the state.", "The bail and defense payments were paid by prominent abolitionist Gerrit Smith and others.", "The money was forfeited as Chaplin skipped bail and returned to New York.", "Some people were left penniless after making the donations.", "Chaplin performed anti-slavery lectures to attain money to recoup donations to his bail fund.", "The events were recorded in a pamphlet entitled The Case of William L. Chaplin; being an Appeal to all Respecters of Law and Justice against the cruel and oppressive treatment to which, under color of legal proceedings, he has been subjected, in the District of Columbia and the State of Maryland.", "Chaplin's minister, Rev.", "John Todd, defended him in the October 30, 1850 issue of The New York Evangelist.", "Todd said that Chaplin had \"one of the noblest, most self-sacrificing, unselfish hearts that ever beat in human bosom.\"", "A historical marker at the Howard County Courthouse in Ellicott City, Maryland states that it\n\nAnticipating the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, the Cazenovia convention was held on August 21 and 22 in 1850 in Cazenovia, New York.", "It was organized by Charles Bennett Ray and Gerrit Smith of the New York State Vigilance Association and attended by Frederick Douglass and Mary and Elizabeth Edmonson, who were fugitives during the Pearl incident and subsequently ran away.", "There were between 30 and 50 fugitive slaves that attended the convention.", "Chaplin was held in a jail, so his fiancé, Theodosia Gilbert, attended in his stead.", "James C. Jackson, Joseph C. Hathaway, and Chaplin split from other abolitionists and joined the Free Democratic party.", "Post-arrest years\n\nIn 1851, William L. Chaplin joined his wife and James C. Jackson in operating the Glen Haven Water Cure spa, where Chaplin and Theodosia Gilbert were married on August 12, 1851.", "Theodosia died on April 11, 1855 after the birth of her second child.", "He died at his home on April 28, 1871 in Cortland County, New York.", "Harriet, Theodosia, and William were buried at the Cortland Rural Cemetery.", "Notes\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n\nExternal links\n \n\n1796 births\n1871 deaths\nPeople from Groton, Massachusetts\nAmerican abolitionists\nNew York (state) Libertyites" ]

[ "In the years before the American Civil War, William Lawrence Chaplin was a prominent abolitionist.", "He was an agent for both the American Anti-Slavery Society and the Underground Railroad.", "He had to pay $25,000 to get out of jail and out of Maryland after he tried to escape.", "He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "The Glen Haven Water Cure spa was operated by him and his wife.", "On October 27, 1796, Chaplin was born in Massachusetts.", "He was the son of Daniel and Susanna.", "His paternal grandfather was a commander at the Battle of Bunker Hill.", "He graduated from Harvard College in 1819 under the supervision of Mr.Butler.", "He did not graduate from Harvard.", "During his senior year, a group of 34 students started a rebellion that caused them to be dismissed.", "He withdrew under his own counsel.", "He was admitted to the bar in June of 1829.", "He was married to Theodosia Gilbert in New York.", "Gilbert was the daughter of Betsey and Eli Gilbert of New York.", "They had a child named Harriet Lawrence who died nine years after she was born.", "Theodosia Gilbert was born on April 11, 1854.", "They attended a church.", "The man is John Todd.", "Beginning in 1819, Chaplin advocated for temperance.", "In the 19th century, Chaplin was a practicing attorney in Massachusetts.", "He joined the American Anti-Slavery Society in the 18th century.", "He left his law practice to focus on abolition of slavery.", "He moved to New York when he became a general agent of the New York Anti-Slavery Society.", "He was known as a fellow abolitionist.", "He was a correspondent for the Washington D.C. newspaper and editor of the anti-slavery newspapers.", "The Liberty Party was formed by a group headed by Smith.", "They were radicals.", "He was a Liberty Party candidate for governor of New York in 1850.", "He became an agent for the Underground Railroad after Charles Turner Torrey died in prison.", "The funds were provided for the purchase of enslaved blacks and the rescue of fugitive slaves.", "The attempted escape of 77 slaves from Washington, D.C. was financed by Daniel Bell, a free black man.", "The Mary and Elizabeth Edmonson, who were fugitives during the Pearl incident, were freed in November of 1848.", "The fight against slavery needed more meaningful roles.", "\"To storm the castle of tyranny and rescue from its cruel grasp its bruised and peeled victims\" was the call made by Chaplin in December of 1848.", "Mary Jane Weems, Anna Maria Weems's sister, and the Young family escaped slavery in 1849 or 1850.", "The escape of Allen and Garland H. White, slaves owned by Alexander Hamilton Stephens and Robert Toombs of Georgia, took place in August 1850.", "They were held at the home of General Walter Jones after leaving Washington D.C.", "A pro-slavery captain was hired to search for the slaves after a $500 reward was set for them.", "Goddard and his posse waited for the escapees who had been picked up by a carriage and taken to the Maryland-Pennsylvania border.", "The carriage was attacked on Georgia Avenue in Silver Spring, Maryland.", "Allen and Garland were wounded when shots were fired into the carriage.", "Garland surrendered after a few days after Allen was captured.", "After being held in the District of Columbia for six weeks, he was transferred to the jail in Rockville, Maryland for 13 weeks.", "Donations to the Chaplin Fund Committee helped pay for his bail and defense.", "He was given a bail of $19,000 and a total of $25,000 to make sure he wasn't lynched when he left the state.", "The bail and defense payments were made by some people.", "The money was forfeited when Chaplin went back to New York.", "After making donations, some people were left penniless.", "The anti-slavery lectures were to raise money for his bail fund.", "The events were recorded in a pamphlet entitled The Case of William L. Chaplin, which was an appeal to all respecters of law and justice against the cruel and oppressive treatment he has been subjected to in the District of Columbia and the State of Maryland.", "The minister of Chaplin's is Rev.", "In the October 30, 1850 issue of The New York Evangelist, John Todd defended him.", "\"Chaplin had one of the noblest, most self-sacrificing, unselfish hearts that ever beat in human bosom,\" said Todd.", "Anticipating the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, the Cazenovia convention was held on August 21 and 22 in 1850 in Cazenovia, New York, according to a historical marker at the Howard County Courthouse in Ellicott City, Maryland.", "Frederick Douglass and Mary and Elizabeth Edmonson, who were fugitives during the Pearl incident and subsequently ran away, were in attendance.", "Between 30 and 50 fugitive slaves attended the convention.", "His fiancée, Theodosia Gilbert, attended in his place.", "They joined the Free Democratic party.", "William L. Chaplin and Theodosia Gilbert were married on August 12, 1851, at the Glen Haven Water Cure spa.", "After the birth of her second child, Theodosia died.", "He died at his home in New York.", "They were buried at the rural cemetery.", "There are External links to 1796 births and 1871 deaths." ]

[ "William Lawrence Chaplin", "Chaplin", "Daniel Chaplin", "Susanna Prescott Chaplin", "William Prescott", "Chaplin", "Chaplin", "Harriet Lawrence", "Chaplin", "Chaplin", "General Chaplin", "Chaplin", "Chaplin", "Chaplin", "Chaplin", "Chaplin", "Chaplin", "Chaplin", "Chaplin", "Chaplin", "William L", ". Chaplin", "Chaplin", "Chaplin", "Chaplin", "Chaplin", "William L", ". Chaplin", "Chaplin", "William" ]

[ "William Lawrence Chaplin", "Chaplin", "Harriet Lawrence", "Chaplin", "Chaplin", "Chaplin", "Chaplin", "William L", ". Chaplin", "Chaplin", "Chaplin", "William L", ". Chaplin" ]

[ "Mahamat-Saleh Haroun (; ) was born in 1961 in Abéché, Chad.", "He is a film director from Chad.", "He left Chad during the civil wars of the 1980s.", "Haroun is the first Chadian full-length film director.", "He both writes and directs his films.", "Though he has lived in France since 1982, most of his films have been set in and made in Chad.", "Biography \nMahamat-Saleh Haroun studied film at the Conservatoire Libre du Cinéma in Paris.", "He later went to study journalism at Bordeaux I.U.T (Technical Institute), and then worked for several years as a journalist in France.", "He directed his first short film Tan Koul in 1991, but he became famous after his second film Maral Tanié (25 minutes), directed in 1994.", "This film tells the story of seventeen-year-old Halimé, whose family forces her to marry a man in his fifties.", "Halimé refuses to consummate the marriage.", "In 1999, Mahamat-Saleh Haroun released his first feature film Bye Bye Africa, which he wrote, directed, and starred in.", "The film, a docu-drama, tells the story of a film director from Chad who returns to his home country.", "It received a jury mention at the Venice Film Festival.", "Bye Bye Africa is the first feature film from Chad.", "In 2001, he directed a short film Letter from New York City, which won the Prize for the best video at the 11th African Film Festival in Milan.", "In 2002, he wrote and directed his second feature film, Abouna  which won the best cinematography award at FESPACO in 2003.", "Set in the capital of Chad, N'Djamena, Abouna is the story of two young brothers (Amine and Tahir) who wake up one morning and realise that their father has left the family.", "The boys decide to search for their father in the city.", "While watching a movie in the cinema, they think they recognize their father as one of the actors.", "They try to steal the film to examine it but they are caught by the police.", "Unsure of how to deal with them and becoming mentally exhausted herself, their mother sends them away to a Koranic school.", "Here they hatch a plan to escape and find their father - that is until Tahir meets a mute girl at the school.", "The filmmaker then shot a documentary, Kalala, the intimate portrait of Hissein Djibrine (nicknamed Kalala), a close friend of Haroun who died in 2003 of AIDS.", "Hissein Djibrine produced the filmmaker's first two feature films, and Haroun was deeply touched by his death and wanted to honor his memory.", "In 2006, Mahamat-Saleh Haroun directed Dry Season (Daratt), the story of young Akim, who at the age of 16, left his village in Chad for the capital, N’Djamena, to avenge his father.", "He quickly finds the murderer, a former war criminal and gets hired as an apprentice in his bakery.", "But with this man Akim experiences feelings that he never had before.", "This film won the bronze standard of Yennenga, as well as the best cinematography award at FESPACO in 2007.", "In 2008, he directed Sex, Okra and Salted Butter (Sexe, gombo et beurre sale).This comedy follows the lives of a family of Chadian immigrants in Bordeaux, France.", "Hortense cheats on her much older husband, her husband also strays, and their son goes to great lengths to conceal his sexuality from his parents.", "Meanwhile, the two younger sons are looking for guidance outside the family.", "In 2010, he directed his fourth feature film A Screaming Man which won the Jury Prize at the 2010 Cannes Film Festival.", "This film tells the story of Adam and his son Abdel who are separated by the civil war in Chad.", "The father's job is in jeopardy because the new management of the hotel wants to give his job to his son.", "The presence of rebels in N’Djamena pushes Adam to lose any way to contact his son.", "Haroun received the Robert-Bresson Prize for this film at the Mostra de Venise.", "In 2011, he was a member of the jury for the main competition chaired by Robert De Niro at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival.", "In 2012, he was selected as a president of the 28th International Love Film Festival at Mons.", "In 2013, his film Grigris was nominated for the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival.", "Set in Chad, the film tells the story of Grisgris, a young man who is disabled, dreams of becoming a dancer and gets involved in smuggling.", "With Grisgris, Mahamat-Saleh Haroun endeavors to show the youth of a country in full reconstruction.", "In 2016, Haroun was again at Cannes to present his documentary Hissein Habré, a Chadian Tragedy, about the Chadian dictator from 1982 to 1990, Hissein Habré.", "The film consists of interviews (mostly conducted by Clément Abaifouta of the Association of the Victims of the Hissein Habré Regime) of victims of Habré about their arrests and tortures by the secret police.", "In 2017 Haroun made his second feature film set in France, A Season in France.", "This film is about Abbas, a French teacher in the Central African Republic who fled with his family during the civil war.", "The memory of his wife who was killed during their journey still haunts him.", "When he returns to France, he falls in love with Carole, a woman who helps him and his two sons.", "Unable to obtain refugee status, Abbas and his brother are given a notice of deportation and a hard choice to make.", "In Haroun's 2020 film Lingui, he returns to Chad, focusing on the problems faced by thirty year old Amina and her daughter Maria who is half her age.", "When Amina, a practicing Muslim, realizes that her daughter is pregnant and that she wants to have an abortion, the mother and daughter are confronted by the fact that abortion is both illegal and “immoral” in Chad.", "Political career \nMahamat-Saleh Haroun was Minister of Tourism, Culture and Crafts of Chad from February 5, 2017, to February 8, 2018.", "Novel \nHaroun's first novel, “Djibril ou les Ombres portées”, was published in 2017 by Gallimard.", "Filmography\n\nShorts\n Maral Tanie (1994)\n Goi-Goi (1995)\nB 400 (1997)\nLetter from New York City (2001)\n\nFeature films\n Bye Bye Africa (1999)\n Abouna (2002)\n Daratt (2006)\n Sex, Okra and Salted Butter (2008)\n A Screaming Man (2010)\n GriGris (2013)\n A Season in France (2017)\n Lingui, The Sacred Bonds (2021)\n\nDocumentaries\n Bord' Africa (1995)\nSotigui Kouyate, a modern griot (1997)\nKalala (2005)\n Hissane Habré: A Chadian Tragedy (2016)\n\nDistinctions \nAwards\n\n 1999: Best first film award at the Venice Film Festival for Bye Bye Africa\n 2006: Special Jury Prize at the Venice Film Festival for Daratt.", "2007: Yennenga bronze stallion and Best Photo Award at FESPACO 2007 for Daratt.", "2010: Jury Prize at the Cannes Festival 2010 for A Screaming Man.", "2010: Robert-Bresson Prize at the Venice Film Festival (awarded by the Catholic Church) for A Screaming Man.", "References\n\nExternal links\n\n BBC world service article\n World Socialist Web Site\n Alexandra Topping, Mahamat Saleh Haroun brings Chad to the world, and vice versa, through film, 25 February 2013, The Guardian\n\n1961 births\nChadian film directors\nLiving people\nPeople from Ouaddaï Region\nChadian expatriates in France\nPeople from N'Djamena" ]

[ "He was born in Abéché, Chad.", "He is from Chad.", "During the civil wars of the 1980s, he left Chad.", "He is the first Chadian full-length film director.", "He writes and directs.", "He has lived in France since 1982, but most of his films have been made in Chad.", "Mahamat-Saleh Haroun studied film in Paris.", "He worked for several years as a journalist in France after studying journalism at Bordeaux I.U.T.", "He became famous after directing his second film Maral Tanié, which was 25 minutes long.", "Halimé is forced to marry a man in his fifties by her family.", "Halimé doesn't want the marriage to go ahead.", "Bye Bye Africa was the first feature film written, directed, and starred by Mahamat-Saleh Haroun.", "The film tells the story of a film director from Chad who returns to his home country.", "A jury mention was given to it at the Venice Film Festival.", "Chad's first feature film is Bye Bye Africa.", "Letter from New York City was 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780", "In 2002, he wrote and directed his second feature film, Abouna, which won the best cinematography award at FESPACO.", "Set in the capital of Chad, N'Djamena, Abouna is the story of two young brothers who wake up one morning and realize that their father has left the family.", "The boys are looking for their father.", "They think they know who their father is when they watch a movie in the cinema.", "The police caught them trying to steal the film.", "Unsure of how to deal with them and becoming mentally exhausted herself, their mother sends them away to a Koranic school.", "They hatched a plan to escape and find their father, until they meet a girl at the school.", "Kalala is a documentary about Hissein Djibrine, a close friend of Haroun who died of AIDS.", "The filmmaker's first two feature films were produced by Hissein Djibrine and he wanted to honor his memory.", "The story of young Akim, who left his village in Chad for the capital, N'Djamena, to avenge his father, was told in Dry Season.", "He was hired as an apprenticeship in his bakery after finding the murderer, a former war criminal.", "Akim has never had feelings before, but he experiences them with this man.", "The best cinematography award at FESPACO was won by this film.", "Sex, Okra and Salted Butter is a comedy about a family of Chadian immigrants in Bordeaux, France.", "Hortense cheated on her husband and their son went to great lengths to hide his sexuality from his parents.", "The two younger sons are looking for someone to talk to.", "A Screaming Man won the jury prize at the 2010 Cannes Film Festival.", "The story of Adam and his son Abdel is told in this film.", "The father's job is in jeopardy because the new management wants to give his son the job.", "Adam is unable to contact his son because of the rebels in N'Djamena.", "The Robert-Bresson Prize was given to Haroun for this film.", "He was a member of the jury for the main competition at the 2011, which was chaired by Robert De Niro.", "He was selected as the president of the International Love Film Festival.", "Grigris was nominated for the Palme d'Or at the festival.", "The film is set in Chad and tells the story of a disabled man who wants to become a dancer.", "The youth of a country are shown in full reconstruction.", "Hissein Habré, a Chadian Tragedy, about the Chadian dictator from 1982 to 1990 was presented in 2016 by Haroun.", "Clément Abaifouta of the Association of the Victims of the Hissein Habré Regime conducted most of the interviews in the film.", "A Season in France was Haroun's second feature film.", "Abbas was a French teacher in the Central African Republic who fled with his family during the civil war.", "He is still haunted by the memory of his wife who was killed.", "He falls in love with a woman who helps him and his two sons when he returns to France.", "Unable to obtain refugee status, Abbas and his brother are given a hard choice to make.", "In his 2020 film Lingui, he returns to Chad, focusing on the problems faced by a thirty year old woman and her daughter who is half her age.", "The mother and daughter are confronted by the fact that abortion is both illegal and immoral in Chad when the mother learns that her daughter is pregnant and wants to have an abortion.", "The Minister of Tourism, Culture and Crafts of Chad was a political career man.", "Haroun's first novel, \"Djibril ou Les Ombres portées\", was published by Gallimard.", "Filmography shorts by Maral Tanie include Goi-Goi (1995) and Letter from New York City (2001).", "The Best Photo Award was given to Daratt.", "A Screaming Man won the jury prize at the festival.", "A Screaming Man won the Robert-Bresson Prize at the Venice Film Festival.", "The Guardian 1961 births Chadian film directors Living people People from Ouadda Region Chadian expatriates in France" ]

[ "Mahamat Saleh Haroun", "Haroun" ]

[ "Haroun", "Haroun" ]

[ "Timothy Gerard Landers (born November 1, 1956) is an American bassist best known for his contribution to the 1970s-80s jazz-fusion genre and his work with Al Di Meola, Billy Cobham, and Gil Evans.", "Landers is a session musician and was a member of Tom Scott's band on The Pat Sajak Show.", "Born in Taunton, Massachusetts, Landers has worked with Tracy Chapman, Tori Amos, Crimson Jazz Trio, Lee Ritenour, Dave Grusin, and Loreena McKennitt.", "He is also known for his contribution to bass guitar design with the Pedulla Buzz bass and Peavey Dyna Bass as well as his Signature Series, the Peavey TL-5 and TL-6.", "Career\n\nMusical beginnings \nLanders was influenced to pursue music by his parents.", "His father played guitar, electric bass, and lap steel guitar professionally.", "His mother sang with church choirs and played piano.", "Landers took up the drums first, then guitar at 8 years old and by the time he was 11 had formed his first band in Brockton, Massachusetts called The Jordan Empire.", "The band members would each earn about $5 for playing songs by the Beatles, Rolling Stones, Steppenwolf, Jimi Hendrix at private functions, then eventually at larger venues.", "At age 14 he shifted to bass in order to play with his high school big band and soon found himself busy playing with a number of bands in the Brockton area, most notably a southern Massachusetts rock group called Pledge.", "Landers studied at the Berklee College of Music.", "During his second semester he was invited to tour with Al Kooper, drummer Vinnie Colaiuta, and trumpeter Stanton Davis.", "When he returned to Boston, he played with Tiger Okoshi, Mike Stern, Mick Goodrick, Mike Metheny and Dean Brown.", "Professional music career \nLanders moved to New York City in 1978 and lived there until 1984.", "He worked with Gil Evans, Al Di Meola, Billy Cobham, Michael Brecker, Barry Finnerty, Horace Arnold, Sam Morrison, Tiger Okoshi, Mike Stern, Nicholas Pike, and Michael Shrieve.", "He was a founding member of the jazz-fusion group Vital Information with David Wilczewski and Journey drummer Steve Smith.", "Landers shifted gears in 1984 and moved to Los Angeles.", "He worked with Joe Chiccarelli, Richie Wise, Paul Brown, and David Kershenbaum and recorded with Tori Amos, Tracy Chapman, Stan Ridgeway, Al Stewart, Vince Neil, Andy Kim, Graham Nash, Loreena McKennitt, Beyoncé, The Pointer Sisters, Stevie Nicks, and Jethro Tull.", "He continued to contribute to jazz recordings on the west coast for Lee Ritenour, Dave Grusin, Tom Scott, Frank Gambale, Eric Marienthal, and Gannin Arnold.", "He and former King Crimson drummer Ian Wallace and pianist Jody Nardone formed the Crimson Jazz Trio in 2005 and they recorded two albums before Wallace's death.", "Landers spent a number of years as musical director for pianist John Tesh and produced Tesh's recordings, including two big-band jazz albums, and was nominated for both a Grammy and GMA Dove Award.", "Landers has written for national commercials for Nike, MacDonald's, Sprint, and Coca-Cola.", "Nominations \n In 2000, he was nominated with John Tesh for a GMA Dove Award as producer for \"Best Instrumental Album\" for Tesh's One World.", "In 2003, he was nominated with John Tesh for a Grammy Award as producer for \"Best Pop Instrumental Album\" for Tesh's The Power of Love.", "In 2015, he was nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award for television music production for Intelligence for Your Life.", "Basses \nLanders uses the Pedulla \"Nuance\" model, a 5 string bolt-on electric bass custom built for Tim by M.V.", "Pedulla Guitars, and a Pedulla 4 string fretless \"Buzz\" bass that he helped Mike Pedulla with in the initial design along with Mark Egan.", "He also uses his own signature model basses designed by Landers and produced by Peavey Electronics from 1988-1996.", ".\n .\n\n1956 births\nLiving people\nAmerican rock bass guitarists\nAmerican jazz bass guitarists\nAmerican male bass guitarists\nJazz fusion musicians\nBerklee College of Music alumni\n20th-century American bass guitarists\n20th-century American male musicians\nAmerican male jazz musicians\nVital Information members" ]

[ "An American bassist best known for his contribution to the 1970s-80s jazz-fusion genre and his work with Al Di Meola, Billy Cobham, and Gil Evans was born on November 1, 1956.", "Tom Scott's band was a part of The Pat Sajak Show.", "Landers was born in Massachusetts and has worked with many people.", "He is known for his contributions to bass guitar design with the Pedulla Buzz bass and Peavey Dyna Bass as well as his Signature Series.", "His parents encouraged him to pursue music.", "His father used to play guitar, electric bass, and lap steel.", "His mother was a singer and pianist.", "By the time he was 11 years old, he had formed his first band, The Jordan Empire, after taking up the drums and guitar.", "The band members would earn $5 for playing Beatles, Rolling Stones, Steppenwolf, Jimi Hendrix songs at private functions and eventually larger venues.", "At the age of 14 he switched to bass in order to play with his high school big band and soon found himself playing with a number of bands in the Brockton area, most notably a southern Massachusetts rock group called Pledge.", "The Berklee College of Music was where Landers studied.", "He was invited to tour with other people.", "He played with many people when he returned to Boston.", "In 1978 Landers moved to New York City and lived there until 1984.", "He worked with many people, including Gil Evans and Al Di Meola.", "He was a founding member of the jazz-fusion group Vital Information.", "In 1984 he moved to Los Angeles.", "He recorded with Vince Neil, Graham Nash, and The Pointer Sisters.", "He contributed to jazz recordings on the west coast for many people.", "He, Ian Wallace and Jody Nardone formed the Crimson Jazz Trio in 2005 and recorded two albums before Wallace's death.", "John Tesh's recordings, which included two big-band jazz albums, were nominated for a Dove Award.", "National commercials have been written for Nike, MacDonald's, and Coca-Cola.", "He was nominated with John Tesh for \"best instrumental album\" for Tesh's One World.", "He was a producer on John Tesh's The Power of Love, which was nominated for a gramophone award.", "Intelligence for Your Life was nominated for an award in 2015.", "The Pedulla \"Nuance\" model is a 5 string bolt-on electric bass built for Tim by M.V.", "Pedulla Guitars, and a Pedulla 4 string fretless \"Buzz\" bass that he helped Mike Pedulla with in the initial design.", "Peavey Electronics produced his signature model basses from 1988 to 1996.", "The Births of Living people American rock bass guitarists American jazz bass guitarists American male bass guitarists American male jazz musicians Vital Information members" ]

[ "Timothy Gerard Landers", "Landers", "Tim" ]

[ "Landers", "Tim" ]

[ "Jimmie Lou Fisher (born December 31, 1941) is the longest serving Arkansas State Treasurer in Arkansas history, grew up in Paragould, Arkansas.", "She attended school at Delaplaine School in Delaplaine, Arkansas.", "At a very early age she became interested in politics, and aspired to be successful.", "She graduated from Vilonia High School, and attended Arkansas State College in Jonesboro, Arkansas, and after graduating went on to hold a number of jobs, and was a party activist for over a decade.", "She has described herself as lifelong, diehard, yellow dog Democrat.", "Early political career \nFisher was born in Delight, Arkansas.", "She was elected Treasurer of Greene County, Arkansas, in 1970, and went on to serve four two-year terms, until in 1979, when newly elected Governor Bill Clinton, appointed her Auditor of State.", "Aside from that, she was very active in Democratic politics at the same time.", "She served as Vice Chairman of the Arkansas Democratic State Committee from 1976 to 1978 and went on to serve as a member of the Democratic National Committee during the same time period, 1976–1978.", "In 1978, she helped run then Arkansas Attorney General Bill Clinton's ultimately successful run for governor, serving as his 1st Congressional District Coordinator.", "Other Democratic activism \nFisher is noted as one of the major women in Arkansas politics, and one of the better known, and high-powered Arkansas Democratic activists.", "Positions she has held include:\n\nVice Chairman of Democratic State Committee, 1976–78, November 1991 – September 1993\nMember of Democratic National Committee, 1976–78, and November 1991 – September 1993\nPast President of the Arkansas Democratic Women's Club\nDelegate to the Democratic National Convention, 1988, 1992, 1996, 2000\nMember of the Credentials Committee, Democratic National Convention 1976\n\nTenure as state treasurer \nJimmie Lou Fisher served as Auditor of State for one year.", "In 1980 she ran for state treasurer when Nancy Hall, the first woman ever elected as a statewide constitutional officer in Arkansas, retired after serving 18 years.", "Fisher easily won the primary due to her powerful connections within the Arkansas Democratic Party.", "She then went on to win the General Election just as easily, and in doing so, became only the third woman ever to be elected to statewide office in Arkansas (behind Hall and Senator Hattie Caraway).", "She then went on to win three two-year terms as state treasurer, and four four-year terms, serving a total of 22 years as state treasurer, making her the longest serving state treasurer in the history of Arkansas, and placing her among its longest serving statewide officials.", "In 1987 she served as Vice President for the Southern Region of the National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers.", "Later, in 1990, she served as President of the National Association of State Treasurers.", "Fisher was a very active state treasurer.", "In 1995 she was a delegate to the White House Conference on Aging, and was later appointed to the Rural Telephone Commission by President Bill Clinton.", "While Treasurer, Fisher served as a member of the board of Arkansas Development Finance Authority, the Arkansas Public Employees Retirement System Board, the Arkansas Teacher Retirement System Board, and was a member and Secretary of the Arkansas State Board of Finance.", "2002 gubernatorial race \n\nIn 2002 the Arkansas Democratic Party asked Fisher to be its candidate against Mike Huckabee, because they felt that she was the strongest candidate possible.", "They didn't want to allow the highly popular Huckabee to blow past the opposition to another term as he had done 1998, when he easily defeated the Democratic candidate in what was an embarrassingly large defeat for the Democratic Party.", "Determined not to let that happen again, the Democratic Party came to Fisher.", "Fisher was not able to run for another term for state treasurer because of the 1994 term-limits law that voters had passed.", "Because of this, Fisher reluctantly agreed to take on Huckabee.", "Despite her reluctance to enter the race originally, Fisher ran an incredibly strong and active campaign.", "She raised over $1 million, and campaigned hard across the state.", "She hit Huckabee hard on Education with her REACH proposal.", "This came at a time where Huckabee was very vulnerable on that issue due to public frustration about poor education funding for rural schools.", "Other highlights of her campaign included: ethics accountability, prescription drug relief for seniors, Economic Growth and raising the minimum wage, crime, (during a time when Huckabee was being slammed due to questionable pardons, including one that left two woman dead in Missouri), and fiscal responsibility.", "Polling showed the race slowly narrowing, but Fisher was unable to cut into Huckabee's lead enough to win.", "Huckabee was also helped by the positive political wave for Republicans that swept through nation that year, though it did little to save incumbent U.S.", "Senator Tim Hutchinson, from his loss, by a 54 percent to 46 percent margin, to then Attorney General Mark Pryor.", "In the end Fisher performed very well, far better than the Democrats' 1998 candidate.", "Fisher managed to hold the personally popular Mike Huckabee to a margin of victory of 53 percent to 47 percent, giving him a real race, which was just what the Democratic Party had hoped for when it pushed her into the race.", "2006 Democratic Attorney General primary \nIn 2006 Fisher signed on as Campaign Chairwoman for State Representative Dustin McDaniel of Jonesboro, who recently won an incredibly close race against North Little Rock City Attorney Paul Suskie for the Democratic nomination for Attorney General.", "This was thought by many political experts to be the biggest boost to McDaniel's campaign, even bigger than the endorsements of dozens of former presidents of the Arkansas State Bar Association, signifying Fisher's prominence among Democrats in the state.", "2006 hospitalization \nFisher was checked into St. Vincent Infirmary Medical Center in Little Rock on the morning of April 12, 2006.", "She apparently suffered a \"mini-stroke\" similar to one U.S. Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid had a few months before.", "She first noticed something odd while preparing breakfast that morning.", "She immediately called her sister, who drove her to a family doctor.", "He went on to send her straight the emergency room.", "Later it was determined that it was not progressing, and that she was stable.", "Those around her have said that she is positive as always, and appears to be doing just fine.", "Doctors kept her in the hospital for almost a month and a half to keep her under observation, and perform tests.", "She was later released after she cleared all the tests, and they noted no further symptoms or complications.", "Awards \nThroughout her long career, Fisher has won many distinguished awards and honors, including:\n\nArkansas Democratic Party \"Gressie Carnes Award\" 1979\nWorthen Bank Professional Women's Advisory Board \"Arkansas Professional Women of Distinction Award\" 1989\nGeorge C. Douthit \"Freedom of Information Award\" 1989\nNational Association of State Treasurers \"Jesse Unruh Award\" 1991\nNational Association of Democratic Women \"Outstanding Elected Democratic Women Holding Public Office Award\" 1992\nArkansas Federation of Democratic Women \"Nancy J.", "Hall Award\" 1995\nArkansas Easter Seal\n\"Arkansan of the Year\" 1997\n\"Top 100 Women in Arkansas\" 1997, 1998, 1999\nUALR \"Women of Arkansas – Agent of Change Award\", 2000\nAssociation of Government Accountants \"Financial Manager of the Year\" 2000\n\nElection history \n2002 General Election\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \nhttp://www.jimmieloufisher.com/\n\n|-\n\n|-\n\n1941 births\nArkansas Democrats\nArkansas State University alumni\nLiving people\nPeople from Greene County, Arkansas\nPeople from Paragould, Arkansas\nState treasurers of Arkansas\nWomen in Arkansas politics\nCandidates in the 2002 United States elections\n21st-century American women" ]

[ "The longest serving Arkansas State Treasurer is born in Paragould, Arkansas.", "She was a student at Delaplaine School.", "She was interested in politics and wanted to be successful.", "She graduated from Vilonia High School and went on to attend Arkansas State College and become a party activist for over a decade.", "She describes herself as a yellow dog Democrat.", "Fisher was born in Arkansas.", "She became the Auditor of State in 1979 after Governor Bill Clinton appointed her.", "She was very active in Democratic politics at the same time.", "She was a member of the Democratic National Committee from 1976 to 1978 and served as Vice Chairman of the Arkansas Democratic State Committee from 1976 to 1978.", "She helped run Arkansas Attorney General Bill Clinton's successful run for governor in 1978.", "Fisher is one of the major women in Arkansas politics, and one of the better known and high-powered Arkansas Democratic activists.", "She is Past President of the Arkansas Democratic Women's Club and Past Chairman of the Democratic State Committee.", "When Nancy Hall, the first woman ever elected as a statewide constitutional officer in Arkansas, retired after 18 years, she ran for state treasurer.", "Fisher's connections within the Arkansas Democratic Party helped her win the primary.", "She became the third woman ever to be elected to statewide office in Arkansas when she won the General Election just as easily.", "She went on to win three two-year terms as state treasurer, and four four-year terms, serving a total of 22 years as state treasurer, making her the longest serving state treasurer in the history of Arkansas.", "She was the Vice President for the Southern Region of the National Association of State Auditors in 1987.", "She was the President of the National Association of State Treasurers in 1990.", "Fisher was the state's treasurer.", "She was appointed to the Rural Telephone Commission by President Bill Clinton after she was a delegate to the White House Conference on Aging.", "Fisher was a member of the Arkansas Development Finance Authority, the Arkansas Public Employees Retirement System Board, the Arkansas Teacher Retirement System Board, and the Arkansas State Board of Finance.", "Fisher was asked by the Arkansas Democratic Party to be their candidate against Mike Huckabee.", "In 1998, Huckabee easily defeated the Democratic candidate in what was an embarrassingly large defeat for the Democratic Party, so they didn't want him to do it again.", "The Democratic Party came to Fisher to stop that from happening again.", "The 1994 term-limits law made Fisher ineligible to run for another term as state treasurer.", "Fisher reluctantly agreed to take on Huckabee.", "Fisher ran a strong and active campaign despite her reluctance to enter the race.", "She raised over $1 million for her campaign.", "She hit Huckabee hard with her proposal.", "Huckabee was vulnerable on that issue due to public frustration about poor education funding for rural schools.", "During a time when Huckabee was being slammed due to questionable pardons, including one that left two woman dead in Missouri, the highlights of her campaign included ethics accountability, prescription drug relief for seniors, Economic Growth and raising the minimum wage.", "Fisher was unable to cut into Huckabee's lead enough to win the race.", "Huckabee was helped by the positive political wave for Republicans that swept through nation that year, though it did little to save the U.S.", "Senator Tim Hutchinson lost by a 54 percent to 46 percent margin to the Attorney General.", "Fisher was far better than the Democrats' 1998 candidate.", "Fisher held Mike Huckabee to a margin of victory of 53 percent to 47 percent, giving him a real race, which was what the Democratic Party had hoped for when they pushed her into the race.", "In the 2006 Attorney General primary, Fisher was the Campaign Chairwoman for State RepresentativeDustin McDaniel of Jonesboro, who recently won an incredibly close race against North Little Rock City Attorney Paul Suskie for the Democratic nomination for Attorney General.", "This was thought to be the biggest boost to McDaniel's campaign, even bigger than the endorsements of dozens of former presidents of the Arkansas State Bar Association, signifying Fisher's prominence among Democrats in the state.", "Fisher was hospitalized in Little Rock on April 12, 2006", "She is thought to have suffered a mini-stroke similar to that of the U.S. Senate Majority Leader.", "She noticed something odd while preparing breakfast.", "Her sister drove her to the doctor.", "He took her to the emergency room.", "She was stable after it was determined that it was not progressing.", "She seems to be doing just fine according to those around her.", "Doctors kept her in the hospital for almost a month and a half to keep her under observation.", "After clearing all the tests, she was released and no more symptoms or problems were noted.", "Fisher has won many awards and honors throughout her career.", "The Arkansas Easter Seal was \"Arkansan of the Year\" in 1997 and the \"Top 100 Women in Arkansas\" in 1998." ]

[ "Jimmie Lou Fisher", "Fisher", "Fisher", "Jimmie Lou", "Fisher", "Fisher", "Fisher", "Fisher", "Fisher", "Fisher", "Fisher", "Fisher", "Fisher", "Fisher", "Fisher", "Fisher", "Fisher", "Fisher", "Fisher", "Fisher" ]

[ "Fisher", "Fisher", "Fisher", "Fisher", "Fisher", "Fisher", "Fisher", "Fisher", "Fisher", "Fisher", "Fisher", "Fisher", "Fisher", "FisherDustin", "Fisher", "Fisher", "Fisher" ]

[ "Mykola Fedorovych Sumtsov () or Nikolai Fyodorovich Sumtsov (, 18 April 1854, Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire – 12 September 1922 Kharkiv [Kharkov], Ukrainian SSR, USSR), sometimes spelled Sumcov, was an ethnographer, folklorist, art historian, literary scholar, educator and museum expert, who flourished in the Russian Empire, Ukrainian People's Republic, and Soviet Ukraine.", "Sumtsov was a champion and defender of the culture and language of Ukraine in both academic and popular realms, and contributed to a systematic history of Ukrainian literature.", "He delivered the first Ukrainian-language university lecture during a decades-long imperial ban, and established the H.S.", "Skovoroda Museum of Sloboda Ukraine (in 2015, renamed M. F. Sumtsov Kharkiv Historical Museum after its founder).", "Life and career \nMykola Sumtsov was born into a noble family, descendants of Cossacks.", "His father, Fedor Ivanovich Sumtsov, worked in the Imperial Ministry of Finance in St. Petersburg, and after his retirement in 1856, moved to Kharkiv, where he died the same year.", "Sumtsov's mother, Anna Ivanovna, brought him up on her own.", "She had thorough knowledge of traditions and customs of Sloboda Ukraine as well as folk medicine.", "It was Anna Ivanovna, who inspired and supported his interest in folklore and traditions.", "He studied at the 2nd Kharkiv Boys Gymnasium (high school), which he graduated with silver medal.", "The native Russian-speaker learned French and German in the gymnasium, and taught himself Ukrainian.", "Afterwards, he graduated History and Philology Faculty at Kharkiv University (1871–1875).", "In 1876 he undertook several courses at Heidelberg University, Germany.", "In 1878 Sumtsov returned to Kharkiv as a lecturer of Russian Literature.", "Supported by his mentor, Alexander Potebnja, he dedicated his introductory lecture to Ukrainian duma (Cossack epic song).", "In 1880, he defended his Master thesis On the Wedding Rites, Mainly Russian.", "In 1885 Sumtsov was awarded a PhD degree for his thesis Khleb v Obriadakh i Pesniakh (Bread in Rituals and Songs) and in 1888 he was appointed professor.", "In 1902, the 12th Archaeological Congress was held from August 15 to 27 in Kharkiv, organised by the Kharkiv Historical and Philological Society, chaired by Mykola Sumtsov.", "At the congress he organised an ethnographic exhibition consisting of impressive 26 sections and 1,490 artefacts.", "That exhibition became the foundation of Kharkiv University Ethnographic Museum, with Sumtsov as first curator from 1905 to 1918.", "One of the most notable of Mykola Sumtsov's activities in support of the Ukrainian national movement was his public lecture in Ukrainian on 28 September 1907, when the ban on using Ukrainian in Ukraine had not yet been lifted.", "In 1916, the Russian Geographical Society awarded Mykola Sumtsov a gold medal.", "In 1917, Mykola Sumtsov, along with other members of Special Committee of Kharkiv University Board, signed an appeal to the government asking to allow free use of Ukrainian in all Kharkiv institutions.", "One of the last projects undertaken by Mykola Sumtsov in 1920 to 1922 was overseeing gathering information on the local kobzars and their songs for the Gregory Skovoroda Museum of Sloboda Ukraine (now — M. F. Sumtsov Kharkiv Historical Museum).", "Publications \n\nMykola Sumtsov wrote extensively.", "The bibliography of his known works contains 1,544 entries.", "His writings mainly concern two areas of science: ethnography and literature.", "In addition to the local periodicals, his works were also published in Bulgarian, Polish, Bohemian, German and French academic publications.", "Ethnographic works \n\n 1881 – O brachnykh obriadakh, preimushchestvenno russkikh [On the Wedding Rites, Mainly Russian]\n 1885 – Khleb v Obriadakh i Pesniakh [Bread in rituals and songs]\n 1886 – articles on Koliadky [carols] in Kievskaia Starina\n 1889–1890 – articles on cultural experiences in Kievskaia Starina\n 1891 – articles on Pysanky in Kievskaia Starina\n 1898 – Razyskaniia v oblasti anekdoticheskoi literatury [Research in the field of anecdotal literature]\n 1902 – Ocherki Narodnogo Byta [Sketches of folk life]\n 1918 – Slobozhane: Istorychno-Etnohrafichna Rozvidka [The Sloboda Ukrainians: a historico-ethnographic study]\n\nLiterary works \n\nSumtsov's numerous literary publications include a range of articles dedicated to writings of renowned poets and writers, including Ivan Franko, Borys Hrinchenko, Ivan Manzhura, Oleksandr Oles, Vladimir Odoyevsky (See: Prince Odoyevsky.", "Moscow, 1884), Nikolay Nekrasov, Nikolay Gogol, Leo Tolstoy, Vasily Zhukovsky and Alexander Pushkin (See: Etudes about A. S. Pushkin.", "Moscow 1897).", "Sumtsov is also known as the author of a detailed research on the history of Cossack baroque thinkers, theologians and poets like Ivan Vyshensky, Lazar Baranovych, Ioanikii Galiatovsky, and Innokentii Gizel (See: On the history of literature in Southern Russia of the 17th century, in original: K istorii iuzhnorusskoi literatury semnadtsatogo stoletiia.", "Kharkiv, 1885).", "The works Sumtsov's also include literary publications on Ukrainian thinkers like Ivan Kotliarevsky, Taras Shevchenko, Panteleimon Kulish, Mykhailo Starytsky and Alexander Potebnja.", "Membership \n\n 1880–1896 – Kharkiv Historical and Philological Society, secretary\n 1897–1919 – Kharkiv Historical and Philological Society, president\n 1905 – Russian Academy of Sciences, corresponding member\n 1908 – Shevchenko Scientific Society, full member\n 1919 – All-Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, full member\n\nSelected works \n An Essay on the History of the Witchcraft in Europe.", "Kharkiv University, 1878.", "(in Rus.)", "On the Wedding Rites, Mainly Russian.", "Kharkiv University, 1881.", "(in Rus.)", "Prince V. F. Odoyevsky.", "Moscow, 1884.", "(in Rus.)", "Khleb v obriadakh i pesniakh (Bread in [Folk] Rituals and Songs), 1885.", "(in Rus.)", "Research on Koliadki and Shchedrivki.", "Kiev, 1886.", "(in Rus.)", "Raven in the Folk Literature.", "Moscow, 1890.", "(in Rus.)", "Contemporary Malorussian Ethnography.", "Kiev, 1893–1897.", "(in Rus.)", "On the Influence of Malorussian Scholastic Literature of the Seventeenth Century at the Great-Russian Old Believers Literature of the Eighteenth Century, and on the Reflection of Masonry // Kievskaya starina.", "1895, vol.", "51, No 12, Dep.", "1, pp.", "367–379.", "(in Rus.)", "On the Bibliography of Old Malorussian Religious Tales.", "Kharkiv University, 1896.", "(in Rus.)", "Razyskaniia v oblasti anekdoticheskoi literatury (Research in the Field of Anecdotal Literature), 1898.", "(in Rus.)", "Ocherki narodnogo byta (Sketches of Folk Life: From the 1901 Ethnographical Excursion to the Okhtyrka District of the Kharkiv Governorate), Kharkiv University, 1902.", "(in Rus.)", "References \n\n1854 births\n1922 deaths\nPeople from Saint Petersburg\nRussian academicians\nRussian writers\nUkrainian academicians\nUkrainian writers" ]

[ "Mykola Fedorovych Sumtsov was an ethnographer and folklorist.", "He was a champion and defender of the culture and language of Ukraine in both academic and popular circles.", "He established the H.S. after delivering the first Ukrainian-language university lecture.", "The Skovoroda Museum of Sloboda Ukraine was renamed in 2015.", "Mykola was born into a noble family of Cossacks.", "After his retirement in 1856, Fedor Ivanovich Sumtsov moved to Kharkiv, where he died a year later.", "Anna brought him up on her own.", "She had a good knowledge of Sloboda Ukraine's traditions and customs.", "Anna Ivanovna supported his interest in folklore and traditions.", "He graduated from the 2nd Kharkiv Boys Gymnasium with a silver medal.", "French and German were learned by the native Russian-speaker in the gymnasium.", "He graduated from the History and Philology Faculty at the university.", "He took several courses in Germany in 1876.", "In the 19th century, he was a lecturer of Russian Literature in Kharkiv.", "He dedicated his introductory lecture to Ukrainian duma.", "He defended his thesis in the late 19th century.", "In 1885 he received a PhD degree for his thesis, Khleb v Obriadakh i Pesniakh (Bread in Rituals and Songs), and in 1888 he was appointed professor.", "The 12th Archaeological Congress was held in Kharkiv in 1901.", "An ethnographic exhibition consisting of 26 sections and 1,490 objects was held at the congress.", "The foundation of the Ethnographic Museum was created by the exhibition in 1905.", "On September 28, 1907, when the ban on using Ukrainian in Ukraine was not yet lifted, Mykola's public lecture in Ukrainian was one of the most notable of his activities in support of the Ukrainian national movement.", "In 1916, the Russian Geographical Society awarded a gold medal.", "In 1917, members of the Special Committee of the University Board signed an appeal to the government to allow free use of Ukrainian in the institutions.", "The Gregory Skovoroda Museum of Sloboda Ukraine was one of the last projects undertaken by Mykola Sumtsov.", "Mykola Sumtsov wrote a lot.", "There are 1,544 entries in the bibliography of his works.", "His writing focuses on two areas of science: ethnography and literature.", "His works were published in a number of publications.", "Ethnographic works of the 19th century include O brachnykh obriadakh, preimushchestvenno russkikh, and Khleb v Obriadakh i Pesniakh.", "Nikolay Gogol, Vasily Zhukovsky, and Alexander Pushkin were all born in Moscow.", "Moscow 1897.", "The author of a detailed research on the history of Cossack baroque thinkers, theologians and poets like Ivan Vyshensky, Lazar Baranovych, and Ioanikii Galiatovsky is also known.", "The year is 1885.", "The works of Sumtsov include literary publications on Ukrainian philosophers such as Mykhailo Starytsky and Ivan Kotliarevsky.", "The president 1905 of the Russian Academy of Sciences was a full member of the All-Ukrainian Academy of Sciences.", "The University of Kharkiv was founded in the 19th century.", "In Rus.", "Russian is the main language on the wedding rites.", "The University of Kharkiv was founded in the 19th century.", "In Rus.", "Prince V. F.", "Moscow was founded in 1884.", "In Rus.", "Khleb v obriadakh was published in 1885.", "In Rus.", "Research on Shchedrivki.", "The year 1886.", "In Rus.", "There is a person in the Folk Literature.", "Moscow, 1890.", "In Rus.", "There is a contemporary Malorussian Ethnography.", "The city of Kiev was founded in 1893.", "In Rus.", "On the Influence of Malorussian Literature of the Seventeenth Century at the Great-Russian Old Believers Literature of the Eighteenth Century.", "In 1895, vol.", "51, No 12", "1, pp.", "372–373.", "In Rus.", "There is a list of Old Malorussian Religious Tales.", "The university was founded in 1896.", "In Rus.", "The research in the field of anecdotal literature was done in 1898.", "In Rus.", "TheSketches of Folk Life: From the 1901 Ethnographical Excursion to the Okhtyrka District of the Kharkiv Governorate was written by Ocherki narodnogo.", "In Rus.", "There were 1854 births and 1922 deaths." ]

[ "Mykola Fedorovych Sumtsov", "Nikolai Fyodorovich Sumtsov", "Sumtsov", "Mykola Sumtsov", "Fedor Ivanovich Sumtsov", "Sumtsov", "Sumtsov", "Mykola", "Sumtsov", "Sumtsov", "Mykola", "Sumtsov", "Mykola", "Sumtsov", "Mykola", "Sumtsov", "Mykola", "Sumtsov", "Mykola", "Sumtsov", "Sumtsov", "Sumtsov" ]

[ "Mykola Fedorovych Sumtsov", "Mykola", "Fedor Ivanovich Sumtsov", "Mykola", "Mykola", "Sumtsov", "Mykola", "Sumtsov", "Sumtsov" ]

[ "John Sewell \"Jack\" Langrishe (September 24, 1825 – December 12, 1895), popularly known as the \"Comedian of the Frontier\", was an Irish-American actor and impresario who travelled extensively throughout the American West and later in life became one of the first State Senators of Idaho.", "Early life\nLangrishe was born John Sewell Folds Jr. in Dublin, Ireland on September 24, 1825.", "His father ran a print shop and Folds learned how to set type at a young age.", "A fire at his father's printing plant forced the family into bankruptcy and they immigrated to the United States.", "Landing in Boston on September 19, 1845, Folds sought to make his living in America as an actor.", "He made his way to New York City and worked for Horace Greeley as a reporter and typesetter for the New York Tribune.", "Because of Greeley's dislike of the theater, Folds adopted the Langrishe stage name, taking the surname from that of a judge and policeman that he knew in Ireland.", "Acting\nLangrishe was known to appear on stage at least once in his native Ireland, but made his New York acting debut on December 8, 1845 at the Chatham Theater in a play called The Irish Attorney as a character named Pierce O'Hara.", "In 1847 he left New York City to become a full-time actor, comedian and magician.", "Two years later in 1849 he married fellow actor Jeannette Allen in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, both performed in J.H.", "Howell's Theatre company in Erie, Pennsylvania.", "By 1850 Langrishe was performing with his own troupe known as \"Langrishe and Company\" throughout New York, Ohio and southeastern Canada.", "Langrishe and Company travelled westward in 1851, crossing Lake Michigan to play in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.", "Performances followed in Chicago, Illinois and Kansas City, Missouri; his troupe continued to draw favorable reviews in the Midwest as late as 1859 until the troupe began running out of money due to salaries and extensive wardrobes.", "Arriving in Central City, Colorado in 1860, Langrishe and Company performed to sold-out shows in mining towns as opposed to established cities.", "After close to a decade of performing in Colorado, the Langrishes made their way to Helena, Montana in 1870 where they built the Langrishe Opera House.", "The post-Civil War years showed a marked change in theatrical tastes of the West.", "Dramas were forsaken for minstrel shows and burlesque.", "Langrishe began to lose his fortune and modified his shows to suit the tastes of his audience.", "The company took to the road after the Langrishe Opera House burned down in 1874.", "Deadwood\nLangrishe arrived with his wife Jeannette and their Company in Deadwood, South Dakota on July 15, 1876 and their first performance was held at The Bella Union.", "Langrishe along with treasurer and troupe manager Jonas Hellawell, leased the McDaniels Theatre July 22, 1876 from Cheyenne, Wyoming theatre manager James McDaniels, who constructed the first theatre in Deadwood.", "The Langrishe Theatre's first production was \"Trodden Down\" on July 29, 1876.", "The Langrishe Theatre provided facilities for the Jack McCall murder trial, the man accused in the death of Wild Bill Hickok, the first marriage to be performed in Deadwood August 26, 1876, George Morgan to L. McKelvey by Judge Kuykendall, and as a meeting place for the fraternal order, the Independent Order of Odd Fellows.", "General George Crook and his officers would attend a performance at the Langrishe Theatre September 23, 1876 while visiting Deadwood.", "Langrishe was an integral player in shaping Deadwood's early history as he participated in civic endeavors such as Fourth of July event planning and fund raising for health charities.", "The Langrishe Company's benefit performance October 14, 1876 donated receipts totaling over $73 to Deadwood's hospital kitty.", "Calamity Jane would appear at the Langrishe Theatre in 1876 along with noted attractions such as Jenny Lind Burlesque.", "Legitimate Deadwood actors and actresses, Fanny B.", "Price, Augusta Chambers, Belle Gilbert, Jim Gilbert, Frank Perkins, Jimmy J.M.", "Martin, W. J.", "Gross, Viola Porter, J.P. Clark and Emma Whittle performed nightly to packed houses while other forms of Deadwood entertainment and amusement drew equally large variety audiences at the Gem and Bella Union Theatres where Negro Minstrels, Clog Dancers, Acrobats, Child Contortionists, Double Trapeze, Brass Bands and Serio-comic Song and Character Sketch Artists Charles Vincent and Georgie Morrell Vincent were at the top of the bill.", "Langrishe leased and remodeled the Tremont House in Deadwood May 1879 and built new opera houses in the nearby mining towns of Central City and Lead, two and ten miles up Deadwood Gulch.", "On Langrishe Theatre opening night May 9, 1878, choice seats sold for $25 and theatre goers were tempted to sample strawberries and ice cream after the performance.", "The Langrishe Theatre building would be rented to Impresario Johnny Rogers and The Metropolitan Company where legitimate theatre continued to be a successful choice of entertainment for an evolving Deadwood audience.", "The Old Langrishe Theatre building would continue to serve as a theatre and as a church for Congregationalist services until its final demise in the Big Deadwood Fire of September 26, 1879.", "Return to Colorado\nMany Deadwood miners and businessmen relocated to Leadville, Colorado in January 1879 to follow the promise of the new rush and the next big strike.", "Jack Langrishe and Company would once again take the stage with fellow Deadwood manager Billy Nuttall's Bella Union Theatre Company who opened the new Leadville Grand Central Theatre.", "Al Swearengen and the Gem Theater troupe visited Leadville February 1879, but chose to return to Deadwood.", "The Langrishe Troupe continued to perform to audiences in Deadwood, Central, Lead and to the soldiers at Ft. Meade through the summer of 1879.", "The Jack Langrishe Company's final performance to a Deadwood audience would be \"Our American Cousin\" August 15, 1879 performed by troupe artists The Gilberts.", "Jack and Jeannette Langrishe opened November 23, 1879 at the Tabor Opera House operated by Colorado Silver Baron Horace Austin Warner Tabor and Baby Doe Tabor, Leadville, Colorado.", "Popular Langrishe actor Jimmy Martin would join with fellow Gem and Bella Union Theatre artists Flora Belle and Fannie Garretson to open at Leadville's McDaniels Theatre May 1880.", "Idaho\nLangrishe retired from the stage in 1885 and moved to Idaho where he served as a Justice of the Peace and occasional playwright in Coeur d'Alene.", "In 1890 he was elected to the State Senate as a republican in the first State Legislature of Idaho and served on committees which chose the state's flag, state seal and two senators for the US Senate.", "In 1892 he returned to his roots as a newsman publishing The Wardner News in Wardner, Idaho.", "After a brief illness he died in Wardner, Idaho on December 12, 1895.", "His grave is located in Kellogg, Idaho.", "In popular culture \nLangrishe was portrayed by Brian Cox in the third season of the HBO television series Deadwood.", "Bibliography\n\nFootnotes\n\n1895 deaths\nComedians from Dublin (city)\nPeople of the American Old West\nAmerican male stage actors\nAmerican theatre managers and producers\nIdaho state senators\n1825 births\n19th-century American politicians\n19th-century American businesspeople" ]

[ "John Langrishe, also known as the \"Comedian of the Frontier\", was an Irish-American actor and impresario who traveled extensively throughout the American West and became one of the first State Senators.", "On September 24, 1824, Langrishe was born in Dublin, Ireland.", "At a young age, Folds learned how to set type.", "The family was forced into bankruptcy after a fire at his father's printing plant.", "On September 19, 1845, Folds arrived in Boston to make his living as an actor.", "He was a reporter and typesetter for the New York Tribune.", "The Langrishe stage name was taken from the name of a judge and policeman that Folds knew in Ireland.", "Langrishe made his New York acting debut in a play called The Irish Attorney at the Chatham Theater on December 8, 1845 as a character named Pierce O'Hara, who was known to appear on stage at least once in his native Ireland.", "He left New York City in 1847 to become an actor, comedian and magician.", "He married another actor, Jeannette Allen, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, two years later.", "The company is in Erie, Pennsylvania.", "Langrishe and Company performed throughout New York, Ohio and southeastern Canada.", "Langrishe and Company crossed Lake Michigan to play in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.", "After performances in Chicago, Illinois and Kansas City, Missouri, his troupe continued to draw favorable reviews in the Midwest until they ran out of money.", "Langrishe and Company performed to sold-out shows in mining towns when they arrived in Colorado in 1860.", "The Langrishes built the Langrishe Opera House in Montana in 1870 after a decade of performing in Colorado.", "The tastes of the West changed after the Civil War.", "There were no dramas for the shows.", "Langrishe lost his fortune and modified his shows to suit his audience.", "The Langrishe Opera House burned down in 1874.", "Deadwood Langrishe and his wife Jeannette arrived in Deadwood, South Dakota on July 15, 1876, and their first performance was held at The Bella Union.", "The first theatre in Deadwood was built by James McDaniels, who leased the McDaniels Theatre to Langrishe and Hellawell.", "\"Trodden Down\" was the first production of the Langrishe Theatre.", "The first marriage to be performed in Deadwood was performed on August 26, 1876, and facilities were provided by the Langrishe Theatre.", "The Langrishe Theatre was visited by General George Crook and his officers in 1876.", "Deadwood's early history was shaped by Langrishe's involvement in civic endeavors such as Fourth of July event planning and fund raising for health charities.", "Deadwood's hospital kitty was donated by the Langrishe Company's benefit performance on October 14, 1876.", "Jenny Lind Burlesque would be at the Langrishe Theatre in 1876.", "There are legitimate Deadwood actors and actresses.", "Augusta Chambers, Jim Gilbert, Frank Perkins, and Jimmy J.M.", "W. J. Martin.", "There were packed houses for Gross, Viola Porter, J.P. Clark and Emma Whittle at the Gem and Bella Union Theatres.", "Langrishe built opera houses in Central City and Lead, two and ten miles up Deadwood Gulch, after remodeling the Tremont House in Deadwood.", "On the opening night of the Langrishe Theatre, theatre goers were tempted to sample strawberries and ice cream after the performance.", "Impresario Johnny Rogers leased the Langrishe Theatre building to The Metropolitan Company where legitimate theatre continued to be a successful choice of entertainment for an evolving Deadwood audience.", "After the Big Deadwood Fire of 1879, the Old Langrishe Theatre building became a church for Congregationalist services.", "Many Deadwood miners and businessmen relocated to Leadville, Colorado in January 1879 to follow the promise of the new rush and the next big strike.", "Billy Nuttall opened the new Leadville Grand Central Theatre with Jack Langrishe and Company.", "The Gem Theater troupe returned to Deadwood after visiting Leadville.", "During the summer of 1879, the Langrishe troupe performed for audiences in Deadwood, Central, Lead and to the soldiers at Ft. Meade.", "The Jack Langrishe Company's final performance was \"Our American Cousin\" on August 15, 1879.", "The Tabor Opera House was opened in 1879 by Jack and Jeannette Langrishe.", "Jimmy Martin was one of the Gem and Bella Union Theatre artists who would open the McDaniels Theatre in Leadville.", "Idaho Langrishe retired from the stage in 1885 and moved to Idaho where he served as a Justice of the Peace and occasional playwright.", "In 1890 he was elected to the State Senate as a republican and served on committees which chose the state's flag, state seal and two senators for the US Senate.", "He published The Wardner News in Idaho in 1892.", "He died in Idaho after a brief illness.", "His grave is in Idaho.", "Langrishe was portrayed by Brian Cox in the third season of Deadwood.", "The people of the American Old West include stage actors, theatre managers, and politicians." ]

[ "Jack", "Langrishe", "Langrishe", "Langrishe", "Langrishe", "Langrishe", "Langrishe", "Langrishe", "Jack McCall" ]

[ "John Langrishe", "Langrishe", "Langrishe", "Langrishe", "Langrishe", "Langrishe", "Jack", "Langrishe", "Langrishe" ]

[ "Daniel M. Grissom (1829-1930) was an American journalist of the 19th Century.", "Personal life\n\nGrissom, who was born in Daviess County, Kentucky, was the son of Alfred Grissom, a tailor, and Abrilla or Adaline Pittman, 13 years his junior.", "He studied at Cumberland University, Tennessee, and he became a lawyer.", "He moved to St. Louis, Missouri, in 1842, when he was 21.", "In the 1880 census, Grissom was living in Carondelet Township, adjoining Kirkwood, Missouri, with his wife, Frances R. Grissom.", "The 1910 census stated he was widowed.", "In 1930 he was feted with a party to mark his 100th birthday in a Kirkwood retirement home, where he lived for 18 years.", "He died at the age of 101 on May 17, 1930, and was buried in Kirkwood Cemetery.", "Professional life\n\nEditing\n\nGrissom's initial journalistic job, in 1842 or shortly after, was with the St. Louis Evening News, where he first covered a lecture series at the library.", "He was soon made editor, a position he held for ten years.", "An interviewer wrote of him in 1927: \"As a boy[,] he had felt the urge to write[,] and the career of a journalist attracted him strongly. . . . Grissom had the somewhat detached, impersonal attitude toward events often found in newspaper men.\"", "In September 1861, the first year of the American Civil War, he and Charles G. Ramsey, proprietor of the Evening News, were arrested and the newspaper was ordered repressed .", "The two were released and the suppression was lifted when \"satisfactory guarantees\" were made to the commanding general of Union forces that the newspaper \"should not hereafter contain articles of a character calculated to impede the operations of the Government or impair the efficiency of the operations of the army of the West.\"", "He continued as editor when the St. Louis Union bought the News and the name of the combined newspapers was changed to Evening Dispatch.", "Some \"five or six years later\" he moved to the Missouri Republican, where he became assistant editor to William Hyde.", "In 1863, while editor of the Union, Grissom was nominated to be state printer of Missouri but was not chosen.", "The Chicago Tribune at that time referred to him as a \"conservative\" and to his successful opponent, a Dr. Curry, editor of the State Times, as a \"radical.\"", "St. Louis city directories listed Grissom as an editor working for the Dispatch in 1865 and the Republican in 1878 and 1880.", "Historian Walter B. Stevens said of him in 1911:\n\nHe was at home in every field of editorial comment.", "What he wrote was easy to read.", "The style was virile and straightforward.", "There was no striving after effect in words.", "By 1888, Grissom had retired; he was lauded that year in a speech by former Republican editor William Hyde, who said that Grissom, then living in Kirkwood, had done more \"all-round work than any other man who ever wielded the pen in St.", "Louis.\"", "Reporting\n\nLincoln-Douglas\nGrissom covered one of the debates between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas, in Alton, Illinois, in 1858.", "In 1928, he recalled:\n\nDouglas, styled the \"Little Giant,' was a small man scarcely 5 feet 4 inches, with broad shoulders and a stalwart neck.", "His head was massive and majestic-looking and his voice could deepen into a roar.", "He was well groomed and prosperous-looking and strode the stage as one at ease.", "At all times he seemed sure of himself.", "Lincoln's clothes hung loosely on his 6-foot-4-inch frame.", "His small, twinkling gray eyes shone from beneath shaggy brows. . . .", "Sometimes he seemed all legs and feet and again all hands and neck.", "He had no stage manners, no studied art.", "His speech was full of short, homely words. . . . His very loneliness, modest bearing, air of mingled sadness and sincerity excited sympathy and won the hearts of the quiet, plain people.", "Gasconade Bridge\nAs a journalist with the St. Louis Evening News, Grissom was seated in the last car of the Pacific Railroad train involved in the Gasconade Bridge train disaster of 1855, in which more than thirty people were killed when a bridge collapsed under it.", "He recalled seventy-two years later:\n\nSuddenly there was an awful crash, a sickening lurch—another—another.", "We were moving forward jerkily, sickeningly.", "Horrid sounds came from ahead.", "We realized in a flash what must have happened—the bridge was gone—we were being pulled into the river by the weight of the cars ahead, which had already crashed over the bank!", "Then—our car was going, too.", "The violent motion threw us to the floor. . . .", "When a relief train from St. Louis came to our aid[,] it was a very different kind of crowd .", ". . Hardly a word was spoken as we leaned our heads upon our hands, some uttering groans and low cries of despair caused by their own sufferings or the realization of the loss of friend or relative in the disaster.", "Other\n\nGrissom was captain of Company G of the Ninth Regiment of the Enrolled Missouri Militia, which took action against Shelby in September–October 1863, fought at Booneville, Merrill’s Crossing and Dug Ford (near Jonesborough ) and Marshall in October, and was mustered out in November.", "At a large public meeting in Courthouse Square on June 17, 1865, Grissom was appointed, along with James O. Broadhead and Fred M. Kretschmar, to a committee to protest against the forcible removal of three judges from their chambers by armed men upon the order of Governor Thomas Clement Fletcher.", "In 1892, Grissom produced a \"handsome pamphlet of eighty-four pages\" for the Merchants Exchange of St. Louis\nin which he laid out a proposal to Congress for separating the Mississippi River from all the other inland waterways of the United States when making appropriations for improvements.", "Legacy\n\nGrissom's Landing on the Ohio River, ten miles below Owensboro, Kentucky, was named for him or his family.", "See also\n\n William Hyde (1836-1898), Grissom's managing editor on the Missouri Republican\nRadicalism and Reconstruction in Missouri\n St. Louis in the American Civil War\n\nReferences\n\n1829 births\n1930 deaths\n19th-century American journalists\nPeople from Daviess County, Kentucky\nCumberland University alumni" ]

[ "The American journalist of the 19th century was Daniel M. Grissom.", "The son of a tailor and his wife was 13 years his junior, and he was born in Daviess County, Kentucky.", "He became a lawyer after studying at Cumberland University.", "He moved to Missouri at the age of 21.", "In the 1880 census, he and his wife were living in the same area.", "He was widowed in the 1910 census.", "He celebrated his 100th birthday in a retirement home where he lived for 18 years.", "He died at the age of 101 and was buried in the cemetery.", "In 1842 or shortly after, he began his journalistic career with the St. Louis Evening News, where he first covered a lecture series.", "He held the position of editor for ten years.", "In 1927, an interviewer wrote of him, \"As a boy, he had felt the urge to write, and the career of a journalist attracted him strongly.\"", "The first year of the American Civil War, he and Charles G. Ramsey, proprietor of the Evening News, were arrested and the newspaper was ordered repressed.", "When satisfactory guarantees were made to the commanding general of Union forces that the newspaper should not contain articles of a character calculated to impede the operations of the Government or impair the efficiency of the army of the West, the suppression was lifted.", "The Evening Dispatch was purchased by the St. Louis Union and the name was changed to the News.", "He was assistant editor to William Hyde at the Missouri Republican for five or six years.", "While editor of the Union, he was nominated to be the state printer of Missouri, but was not chosen.", "He was referred to as a \"conservative\" by the Chicago Tribune and as a \"radical\" by the State Times.", "The Republican and Dispatch were both listed in the St. Louis city directories.", "Walter B. Stevens said that he was at home in every field of editorial comment.", "It was easy to read what he wrote.", "The style was easy to understand.", "There was no desire in the words.", "William Hyde, who was the Republican editor at the time, said in a speech that Grissom had done more \"all-round work than any other man who ever wielded the pen in St. Louis.\"", "\"Louis.\"", "One of the debates between Lincoln and Douglas was covered by Reporting Lincoln-Douglas.", "He remembered that Douglas was a small man with broad shoulders and a strong neck.", "His voice was loud and he had a large head.", "He strode the stage with ease because he was well groomed and prosperous-looking.", "He was sure of himself at all times.", "Lincoln's clothes were hung on his frame.", "His gray eyes shone from under his shaggy brows.", "He seemed to have legs and feet, but also hands and neck.", "He didn't have stage manners or studied art.", "His speech was short and to the point and he won the hearts of the quiet, plain people.", "More than thirty people were killed in the Gasconade Bridge train disaster of 1855 when a bridge collapsed under the last car of the Pacific Railroad train.", "He remembered that there was an awful crash and a sickening lurch.", "We were moving sickeningly.", "Horrid sounds came from behind.", "We were pulled into the river by the weight of the cars ahead, which had already crashed over the bank, because the bridge was gone.", "Our car was also going.", "We were thrown to the floor.", "It was a very different crowd when the relief train came to our aid.", "As we leaned our heads on our hands, we heard groans and low cries of despair caused by their own sufferings or the realization of the loss of a friend or relative in the disaster.", "In the fall of 1863, Company G of the Ninth Regiment of the Enrolled Missouri Militia fought at Booneville, Merrill's Crossing and Dug Ford, and was defeated by Marshall.", "The forcible removal of three judges from their chambers by armed men upon the order of Governor Thomas Clement was protested at a large public meeting in Courthouse Square.", "In 1892, the Merchants Exchange of St. Louis received a pamphlet with a proposal to Congress to separate the Mississippi River from the inland waterways of the United States.", "The landing on the Ohio River was named after him or his family.", "The Managing Editor on the Missouri Republican Radicalism and Reconstruction in Missouri St. Louis was William Hyde." ]

[ "Daniel M", ". Grissom", "Grissom", "Alfred Grissom", ". Grissom", "Grissom", "Grissom", "Grissom", "Grissom" ]

[ "Daniel M", ". Grissom", "Marshall" ]

[ "Chasen Cord \"Chase\" Hampton (born January 12, 1975) is an American actor, performer, singer, songwriter, musician, and mentor.", "Early life and career\nBorn of Cherokee and Sac-Fox Native American descent in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Hampton is the only child of Bill and Kenyan Hampton and is a 5th generation American roots soul singer.", "He has been singing since age 2, and by age 15 signed his first recording contract with Disney's Hollywood Records.", "Hampton has performed his music on stages all over the world, as well as appeared on MTV, VH1, E!", "channel's The E!", "True Hollywood Story, A&E's Biography, and starred on serial television shows such as Fox's The X-Files and HBO's Big Love, among others.", "As co-founder of the Buzzfly Records record label with producer Mike Vizcarra, Hampton has had the freedom to write and perform with some of the most celebrated musicians in the industry.", "Hampton began his career as a student of the circus arts, working in childhood as a professional clown and later becoming a trained juggler and fire-spinner.", "In the mid-1980s, he made his acting debut in a guest appearance on the Oklahoma City-area version of Romper Room.", "Shortly after, Hampton won a small role as a mischievous little boy who called himself \"Ben Dover\" in the independent slasher film Offerings.", "In 1988, Hampton and his parents answered the casting call for a Disney-produced TV movie, one that was to serve as a reunion of the original 1950s Mouseketeers from the Mickey Mouse Club.", "The project, titled Why?", "Because We Like You, was looking to cast a crop of new child Mouseketeers to join the elder ones in the film's plot.", "Hampton was chosen as one of the child Mouseketeers, but the project would soon go through many changes.", "Rather than producing the project as a TV movie, Disney decided instead to turn it into an actual revival of the original Mickey Mouse Club series for The Disney Channel, featuring an all-new child cast of Mouseketeers.", "With that, Hampton and several other children selected for the TV movie were retained to star on the forthcoming The All-New Mickey Mouse Club.", "He appeared on the show initially for four seasons between 1989 and 1992, before returning to the show as a co-host (with former castmate Tiffini Hale) for its final season in 1994–1995.", "However, Hampton remained contracted to The Walt Disney Company and to The All-New Mickey Mouse Club during the seasons he did not appear on the show.", "Near the end of the second season in 1990, the producers of MMC sought to assemble a teen pop group in light of the current popularity of New Kids on the Block.", "Wanting to extricate such a group from the MMC cast, the producers chose Hampton, along with cast members Damon Pampolina, Albert Fields, Deedee Magno and Tiffini Hale, to compose the new pop act.", "A viewer voting contest would soon name the group The Party.", "Hampton went on to release four albums with The Party on Disney's Hollywood Records, charting five hit singles on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.", "The remake of the Dokken track \"In My Dreams\" was the highest-charting single, reaching #34, and is perhaps the best known hit from The Party.", "Hampton has acted in several serial television shows and feature films and has been the vocalist of the rock band Buzzfly, as well as a solo artist.", "He has been employed as a performing artist, mentor, and performance coach, mentoring and grooming talent at a leading Performing Arts school in the Los Angeles, California, area; he held residency as the music director for two of the school's locations.", "Hampton has shared the stage with some of the biggest talents and names in the entertainment industry.", "His music has been produced by Dr. Dre, Snoop Dogg, and Teddy Riley.", "Over the years, he's appeared with film stars including Ryan Gosling, Keri Russell, and Jessica Biel, and music artists including Justin Timberlake, Christina Aguilera, Britney Spears, Taylor Dayne, Color Me Badd, and most recently (2010) Davey Johnstone and Nigel Olsson of the Elton John Band, and guitar icon Slash of Guns N' Roses and Velvet Revolver.", "On May 16, 2007, Hampton independently released his first solo effort album, the eight-song Something to Believe EP, on his own Buzzfly Records label.", "On August 20, 2010, Hampton independently released his second solo effort album, the four-song Drugstore Girls EP, on his own Buzzfly Records label.", "The cover model appearing on the EP is American model, actress, and former adult film star Kendra Jade Rossi.", "Hampton enlisted Orlando, Florida-based Serenade Entertainment Group to secure a series of live shows and on-air in-studio radio appearances to promote & support the EP.", "Beginning in October 2010, Hampton set upon a tour of the southeastern U.S., opening with an intimate club performance in downtown Orlando, where he offered an \"up close & personal\" extended set performing solo acoustic and as a trio, being joined by musicians Matt Adkins & Jay DiBella who later signed on as performing tour support.", "Beginning 2011, Hampton served as co-creator and producer of the live concert performances of children's recording artist Riff Rockit, the alias & character of singer/songwriter Evan Michael.", "Hampton additionally served as a writer and voiceover artist on the 2013 direct-to-DVD release Riff Rockit: The Power of Music, in which he voiced the character of Ben Jammin.", "To provide additional voices for the project, Hampton hired a few of his former The All-New Mickey Mouse Club co-stars, including Damon Pampolina, Deedee Magno Hall, Marc Worden, and Rhona Bennett.", "In 2014, Hampton teamed with Boston-area rap artists Reks and Dutch ReBelle for the recording of the hip-hop single \"I Can't Breathe\", which featured Hampton on vocals, Reks and ReBelle on rap verses, and production by American Antagon1st.", "\"I Can't Breathe\" addressed the then-recent cases of racial profiling by police, namely the infamous incidents that occurred in Ferguson, MO, and Staten Island, NY; it is the latter event that inspired the song's title, as victim Eric Garner was recorded to have spoken the phrase \"I can't breathe\" as he was apprehended by police.", "Accompanying the song's somewhat graphic music video, Hampton states on his website, \"In light of the recent police violence and the need for our press to feed the fire.", "This was made to start conversation, promote understanding & healing, and awaken the blind.", "This is three artists views on the feelings felt after so many have needlessly fallen.\"", "Released March 20, 2015, the well-received single reached #7 on iTunes hip-hop/rap charts within a week of its debut.", "On April 12, 2019, Hampton released a cover of the P.M.", "Dawn song, \"I'd Die Without You,\" performed with vocal collaboration from former bandmate Deedee Magno Hall.", "On May 28, 2021, Hampton released the digital-single, \"Nobody\".", "Personal life\nOn July 28, 2012, Hampton married Lisa Cinelli, a former girlfriend from his teenage years with whom he had recently reunited.", "The two originally met in 1989 on the set of The All-New Mickey Mouse Club when Cinelli was a visiting audience member.", "Their initial courtship lasted into Hampton's tenure as a member of The Party.", "The couple divide their time between Hampton's home in Los Angeles and Cinelli's residence just outside Boston, Massachusetts.", "They have two children, daughter Everly Love (born on October 20, 2016) and son Hayes Deacon (born March 12, 2018).", "Filmography\n\nDiscography\n\nWith The Party\n The Party (1990)\n In the Meantime, In Between Time (1991)\n Free (1992)\n The Party's Over...Thanks for Coming (1993)\n Greatest Hits (1997)\n\nWith Buzzfly\n \"Wicked Ocean\" (feat.", "Tony Lucca & Mike Vizcarra) – Digital Single (February 1, 2012)\n \"Believe\" (feat.", "Nathan Worden & Mike Vizcarra) – Digital Single (March 1, 2012)\n\nSolo\n Something To Believe EP (May 16, 2007)\n Drugstore Girls EP (August 20, 2010)\n \"I Can't Breathe\" (feat.", "Reks, Dutch Rebelle & American Antagon1st) – Digital Single (March 20, 2015)\n \"I'd Die Without You\" (feat.", "Deedee Magno Hall) (P.M.", "Dawn cover) – Digital Single (April 12, 2019)\n \"Nobody\" – Digital Single (May 28, 2021)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nAmerican male child actors\nAmerican male film actors\nAmerican male singers\nAmerican male television actors\nMouseketeers\nMale actors from Oklahoma City\n1975 births\nLiving people\nNative American male actors\nMusicians from Oklahoma City\n21st-century American singers" ]

[ "Chasen Cord \"Chase\" Hampton is an American actor, performer, singer, songwriter, musician, and mentor.", "Born of Cherokee and Sac-Fox Native American descent in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Hampton is the only child of Bill and Kenyan and is a 5th generation American roots soul singer.", "He signed his first recording contract at the age of 15.", "He has performed on stages all over the world, as well as appearing on MTV and E!", "The E! is a channel.", "A&E's Biography, True Hollywood Story, and starred on television shows such as The X-Files and Big Love.", "The freedom to write and perform with some of the most celebrated musicians in the industry has been given to him by co-founding the Buzzfly Records record label.", "As a child, he was a professional clown and later became a trained juggler and fire-spinner.", "He made his acting debut in a guest appearance on the Oklahoma City-area version of Romper Room.", "In the independent film Offerings, he played a small role as a mischievous little boy who called himself \"Ben Dover\".", "The casting call for a Disney-produced TV movie that was to serve as a reunion of the original 1950s Mouseketeers from the Mickey Mouse Club was answered by Hampton and his parents.", "The project was titled Why?", "Because We Like You was looking to cast a bunch of new child Mouseketeers to join the older ones in the film's plot.", "The Mouseketeers project would soon go through a lot of changes.", "Disney decided to make a revival of the original Mickey Mouse Club series for The Disney Channel instead of producing the project as a TV movie.", "The All-New Mickey Mouse Club will feature several children who were selected for the TV movie.", "He co-hosted the final season of the show with former castmate Tiffini Hale.", "During the seasons he did not appear on the show, he was still contracted to The Walt Disney Company and The All-New Mickey Mouse Club.", "The producers of the show wanted to create a teen pop group at the end of the second season because of the popularity of New Kids on the Block.", "The producers wanted to get rid of the group from the show, so they chose them to compose a new pop act.", "The group would be named The Party after the viewer voting contest.", "The Party on Disney's Hollywood Records had five hit singles on the Hot 100 chart.", "The remake of the Dokken track \"In My Dreams\" was the highest-charting single, reaching #34 and is perhaps the best known hit from The Party.", "The vocalist of the rock band Buzzfly, as well as a solo artist, Hampton has acted in several serial television shows and feature films.", "He has been employed as a performing artist, mentor, and performance coach, mentoring and grooming talent at a leading Performing Arts school in the Los Angeles, California, area; he held residency as the music director for two of the school's locations.", "Some of the biggest talents and names in the entertainment industry have shared the stage with Hampton.", "His music has been produced by a number of people.", "He's appeared with a number of celebrities over the years, including Ryan Gosling, Britney Spears, and Taylor Dayne of Color Me Badd.", "On May 16, 2007, he released his first solo effort album, Something to Believe, on his own Buzzfly Records label.", "On August 20, 2010, he released his second solo effort album, Drugstore Girls, on his own Buzzfly Records label.", "An American model, actress, and former adult film star is on the cover.", "A series of live shows and on-air radio appearances were secured by the company.", "In October 2010, he began a tour of the southeastern U.S., opening with an intimate club performance in downtown Orlando, where he offered an \"up close & personal\" extended set performing solo acoustic and as a trio.", "The co-creation and production of the live concert performances of children's recording artist Riff Rockit began in 2011.", "He voiced the character of Ben Jammin in the film Riff Rockit: The Power of Music, which was a direct-to-DVD release.", "The All-New Mickey Mouse Club co-stars were hired to provide additional voices for the project.", "The hip-hop single \"I Can't Breathe\" was recorded in Boston in the summer of 2014, and featured Hampton on vocals, Reks and ReBelle on rap verse, and production by American Antagon1st.", "The song's title was inspired by the events of Staten Island, NY and Ferguson, Missouri, where victims of racial profiling by police were recorded to have spoken.", "\"In light of the recent police violence and the need for our press to feed the fire, I have included the song's graphic music video on my website.\"", "This was made to awaken the blind.", "There are three views on the feelings felt after so many have fallen.", "Within a week of its debut, the well-received single reached #7 on the hip-hop/rap charts.", "The cover of the P.M. was released on April 12, 2019.", "The song \"I'd Die Without You\" was performed by Deedee Magno Hall.", "\" Nobody\" was released on May 28, 2021.", "On July 28, 2012 he married Lisa Cinelli, a former girlfriend from his teenage years.", "The two met on the set of The All-New Mickey Mouse Club when Cinelli was an audience member.", "Their first meeting took place as a member of The Party.", "The couple splits their time between their homes in Los Angeles and Boston, Massachusetts.", "They have two children, a daughter and a son.", "In Between Time, The Party, and The Party's Over...Thanks for Coming are some of the best films of the 1990s.", "\"Believe\" is a digital single by Tony Lucca and Mike Vizcarra.", "\"I Can't Breathe\" is a single by the Drugstore Girls.", "\"I'd Die Without You\" is a digital single.", "The P.M. is Deedee Magno Hall.", "There are external links to American male child actors, American male film actors, American male singers, and American male television actors." ]

[ "Chasen Cord", "Chase", "Hampton", "Hampton", "Kenyan Hampton", "Hampton", "Hampton", "Hampton", "Hampton", "Hampton", "Hampton", "Hampton", "Hampton", "Hampton", "Hampton", "Hampton", "Hampton", "Hampton", "Hampton", "Hampton", "Hampton", "Hampton", "Hampton", "Hampton", "Hampton", "Hampton", "Hampton", "Hampton", "Hampton", "Hampton", "Hampton", "Hampton" ]

[ "Chasen Cord", "Chase", "Hampton", "Hampton", "Hampton", "Hampton", "Hampton", "Hampton" ]

[ "Sayyid Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini ( , ; ; 17 May 19003 June 1989), also known as Ayatollah Khomeini, was an Iranian political and religious leader who served as the 1st Supreme Leader of Iran from 1979 until his death in 1989.", "He was the founder of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the leader of the 1979 Iranian Revolution, which saw the overthrow of the last Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, and the end of the Persian monarchy.", "Following the revolution, Khomeini became the country's first supreme leader, a position created in the constitution of the Islamic Republic as the highest-ranking political and religious authority of the nation, which he held until his death.", "Most of his period in power was taken up by the Iran–Iraq War of 1980–1988.", "He was succeeded by Ali Khamenei on 4 June 1989.", "Khomeini was born in Khomeyn, in what is now Iran's Markazi Province.", "His father was murdered in 1903 when Khomeini was two years old.", "He began studying the Quran and Arabic from a young age and was assisted in his religious studies by his relatives, including his mother's cousin and older brother.", "Khomeini was a marja (\"source of emulation\") in Twelver Shia Islam, a Mujtahid or faqih (an expert in Sharia) and author of more than 40 books, but he is primarily known for his political activities.", "He spent more than 15 years in exile for his opposition to the last shah.", "In his writings and preachings he expanded the theory of welayat-el faqih, the \"Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist (clerical authority)\", to include theocratic political rule by Islamic jurists.", "This principle (though not known to the wider public before the revolution), was appended to the new Iranian constitution after being put to a referendum.", "According to The New York Times, Khomeini called democracy the equivalent of prostitution.", "Whether Khomeini's ideas are compatible with democracy and whether he intended the Islamic Republic to be democratic is disputed.", "He was Time magazine's Man of the Year in 1979 for his international influence, and Khomeini has been described as the \"virtual face of Shia Islam in Western popular culture\".", "In 1982, he survived one military coup attempt.", "Khomeini was known for his support of the hostage takers during the Iran hostage crisis, his fatwa calling for the murder of British Indian novelist Salman Rushdie, and for referring to the United States as the \"Great Satan\" and Soviet Union as the \"Lesser Satan.\"", "Khomeini has been criticized for these acts and for human rights violations of Iranians (including his ordering of execution of thousands of political prisoners, war criminals and prisoners of the Iran–Iraq War).", "He has also been lauded as a \"charismatic leader of immense popularity\", a \"champion of Islamic revival\" by Shia scholars, who attempted to establish good relations between Sunnis and Shias, and a major innovator in political theory and religious-oriented populist political strategy.", "Khomeini held the title of Grand Ayatollah and is officially known as Imam Khomeini inside Iran and by his supporters internationally.", "He is generally referred to as Ayatollah Khomeini by others.", "In Iran, his gold-domed tomb in Tehran's Behesht-e Zahrāʾ cemetery has become a shrine for his adherents, and he is legally considered \"inviolable\", with Iranians regularly punished for insulting him.", "A cult of personality developed around Khomeini after the Iranian Revolution.", "Early years\n\nBackground\n\nRuhollah Khomeini came from a lineage of small land owners, clerics, and merchants.", "His ancestors migrated towards the end of the 18th century from their original home in Nishapur, Khorasan Province, in northeastern part of Iran, for a short stay, to the Kingdom of Awadh, a region in the modern state of Uttar Pradesh, India, whose rulers were Twelver Shia Muslims of Persian origin.", "During their rule they extensively invited, and received, a steady stream of Persian scholars, poets, jurists, architects, and painters.", "The family eventually settled in the small town of Kintoor, near Lucknow, the capital of Awadh.", "Ayatollah Khomeini's paternal grandfather, Seyyed Ahmad Musavi Hindi, was born in Kintoor.", "He left Lucknow in 1830, on a pilgrimage to the tomb of Ali in Najaf, Ottoman Iraq (now Iraq) and never returned.", "According to Moin, this migration was to escape from the spread of British power in India.", "In 1834 Seyyed Ahmad Musavi Hindi visited Persia, and in 1839 he settled in Khomein.", "Although he stayed and settled in Iran, he continued to be known as Hindi, indicating his stay in India, and Ruhollah Khomeini even used Hindi as a pen name in some of his ghazals.", "Khomeini's grandfather, Mirza Ahmad Mojtahed-e Khonsari was the cleric issuing a fatwa to forbid usage of Tobacco during the Tobacco Protest.", "Childhood\nAccording to his birth certificate, Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini, whose first name means \"spirit of Allah\", was born on 17 May 1900 in Khomeyn, Markazi Province although his brother Mortaza (later known as Ayatollah Pasandideh) gives his birth date of 24 September 1902, the birth anniversary of the Prophet Muhammad's daughter, Fatimah.", "He was raised by his mother, Hajieh Agha Khanum, and his aunt, Sahebeth, following the murder of his father, Mustapha Musavi, over two years after his birth in 1903.", "Ruhollah began to study the Qur'an and elementary Persian at the age of six.", "The following year, he began to attend a local school, where he learned religion, noheh khani (lamentation recital), and other traditional subjects.", "Throughout his childhood, he continued his religious education with the assistance of his relatives, including his mother's cousin, Ja'far, and his elder brother, Morteza Pasandideh.", "Education and lecturing\n\nAfter World War I arrangements were made for him to study at the Islamic seminary in Isfahan, but he was attracted instead to the seminary in Arak.", "He was placed under the leadership of Ayatollah Abdul Karim Haeri Yazdi.", "In 1920, Khomeini moved to Arak and commenced his studies.", "The following year, Ayatollah Haeri Yazdi transferred to the Islamic seminary in the holy city of Qom, southwest of Tehran, and invited his students to follow.", "Khomeini accepted the invitation, moved, and took up residence at the Dar al-Shafa school in Qom.", "Khomeini's studies included Islamic law (sharia) and jurisprudence (fiqh), but by that time, Khomeini had also acquired an interest in poetry and philosophy (irfan).", "So, upon arriving in Qom, Khomeini sought the guidance of Mirza Ali Akbar Yazdi, a scholar of philosophy and mysticism.", "Yazdi died in 1924, but Khomeini continued to pursue his interest in philosophy with two other teachers, Javad Aqa Maleki Tabrizi and Rafi'i Qazvini.", "However, perhaps Khomeini's biggest influences were another teacher, Mirza Muhammad 'Ali Shahabadi, and a variety of historic Sufi mystics, including Mulla Sadra and Ibn Arabi.", "Khomeini studied Greek philosophy and was influenced by both the philosophy of Aristotle, whom he regarded as the founder of logic, and Plato, whose views \"in the field of divinity\" he regarded as \"grave and solid\".", "Among Islamic philosophers, Khomeini was mainly influenced by Avicenna and Mulla Sadra.", "Apart from philosophy, Khomeini was interested in literature and poetry.", "His poetry collection was released after his death.", "Beginning in his adolescent years, Khomeini composed mystic, political and social poetry.", "His poetry works were published in three collections: The Confidant, The Decanter of Love and Turning Point, and Divan.", "His knowledge of poetry is further attested by the modern poet Nader Naderpour (1929–2000), who \"had spent many hours exchanging poems with Khomeini in the early 1960s\".", "Naderpour remembered: \"For four hours we recited poetry.", "Every single line I recited from any poet, he recited the next.\"", "Ruhollah Khomeini was a lecturer at Najaf and Qom seminaries for decades before he was known on the political scene.", "He soon became a leading scholar of Shia Islam.", "He taught political philosophy, Islamic history and ethics.", "Several of his students – for example, Morteza Motahhari – later became leading Islamic philosophers and also marja'.", "As a scholar and teacher, Khomeini produced numerous writings on Islamic philosophy, law, and ethics.", "He showed an exceptional interest in subjects like philosophy and mysticism that not only were usually absent from the curriculum of seminaries but were often an object of hostility and suspicion.", "Inaugurating his teaching career at the age of 27 by giving private lessons on irfan and Mulla Sadra to a private circle, around the same time, in 1928, he also released his first publication, Sharh Du'a al-Sahar (Commentary on the Du'a al-Baha), \"a detailed commentary, in Arabic, on the prayer recited before dawn during Ramadan by Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq\", followed, some years later, by Sirr al-Salat (Secret of the Prayer), where \"the symbolic dimensions and inner meaning of every part of the prayer, from the ablution that precedes it to the salam that concludes it, are expounded in a rich, complex, and eloquent language that owes much to the concepts and terminology of Ibn 'Arabi.", "As Sayyid Fihri, the editor and translator of Sirr al-Salat, has remarked, the work is addressed only to the foremost among the spiritual elite (akhass-i khavass) and establishes its author as one of their number.\"", "The second book has been translated by Sayyid Amjad Hussain Shah Naqavi and released by BRILL in 2015, under the title \"The Mystery of Prayer: The Ascension of the Wayfarers and the Prayer of the Gnostics \".", "Political aspects\nHis seminary teaching often focused on the importance of religion to practical social and political issues of the day, and he worked against secularism in the 1940s.", "His first political book, Kashf al-Asrar (Uncovering of Secrets) published in 1942, was a point-by-point refutation of Asrar-e hezar sale (Secrets of a Thousand Years), a tract written by a disciple of Iran's leading anti-clerical historian, Ahmad Kasravi, as well as a condemnation of innovations such as international time zones, and the banning of hijab by Reza Shah.", "In addition, he went from Qom to Tehran to listen to Ayatullah Hasan Mudarris, the leader of the opposition majority in Iran's parliament during the 1920s.", "Khomeini became a marja''' in 1963, following the death of Grand Ayatollah Seyyed Husayn Borujerdi.", "Khomeini also valued the ideals of Islamists such as Sheikh Fazlollah Noori and Abol-Ghasem Kashani.", "Khomeini saw Fazlollah Nuri as a \"heroic figure\", and his own objections to constitutionalism and a secular government derived from Nuri's objections to the 1907 constitution.", "Early political activity\n\nBackground\n\nMost Iranians had a deep respect for the Shi'a clergy or Ulama, and tended to be religious, traditional, and alienated from the process of Westernization pursued by the Shah.", "In the late 19th century the clergy had shown themselves to be a powerful political force in Iran initiating the Tobacco Protest against a concession to a foreign (British) interest.", "At the age of 61, Khomeini found the arena of leadership open following the deaths of Ayatollah Sayyed Husayn Borujerdi (1961), the leading, although quiescent, Shi'ah religious leader; and Ayatollah Abol-Ghasem Kashani (1962), an activist cleric.", "The clerical class had been on the defensive ever since the 1920s when the secular, anti-clerical modernizer Reza Shah Pahlavi rose to power.", "Reza's son Mohammad Reza Shah, instituted a \"White Revolution\", which was a further challenge to the Ulama.", "Opposition to the White Revolution\nIn January 1963, the Shah announced the \"White Revolution\", a six-point programme of reform calling for land reform, nationalization of the forests, the sale of state-owned enterprises to private interests, electoral changes to enfranchise women and allow non-Muslims to hold office, profit-sharing in industry, and a literacy campaign in the nation's schools.", "Some of these initiatives were regarded as dangerous, especially by the powerful and privileged Shi'a ulama (religious scholars), and as Westernizing trends by traditionalists.", "Khomeini viewed them as \"an attack on Islam\".", "Ayatollah Khomeini summoned a meeting of the other senior marjas of Qom and persuaded them to decree a boycott of the referendum on the White Revolution.", "On 22 January 1963, Khomeini issued a strongly worded declaration denouncing both the Shah and his reform plan.", "Two days later, the Shah took an armored column to Qom, and delivered a speech harshly attacking the ulama as a class.", "Khomeini continued his denunciation of the Shah's programmes, issuing a manifesto that bore the signatures of eight other senior Shia religious scholars.", "Khomeini's manifesto argued that the Shah had violated the constitution in various ways, he condemned the spread of moral corruption in the country, and accused the Shah of submission to the United States and Israel.", "He also decreed that the Nowruz celebrations for the Iranian year 1342 (which fell on 21 March 1963) be canceled as a sign of protest against government policies.", "On the afternoon of 'Ashura (3 June 1963), Khomeini delivered a speech at the Feyziyeh madrasah drawing parallels between the Sunni Muslim caliph Yazid, who is perceived as a 'tyrant' by Shias, and the Shah, denouncing the Shah as a \"wretched, miserable man,\" and warning him that if he did not change his ways the day would come when the people would offer up thanks for his departure from the country.", "On 5 June 1963 (15 of Khordad) at 3:00 am, two days after this public denunciation of the Shah, Khomeini was detained in Qom and transferred to Tehran.", "Following this action, there were three days of major riots throughout Iran and the deaths of some 400 people.", "That event is now referred to as the Movement of 15 Khordad.", "Khomeini remained under house arrest until August.", "Opposition to capitulation\n\nOn 26 October 1964, Khomeini denounced both the Shah and the United States.", "This time it was in response to the \"capitulations\" or diplomatic immunity granted by the Shah to American military personnel in Iran.Shirley, Know Thine Enemy (1997), p. 207.", "What Khomeini labeled a capitulation law, was in fact a \"status-of-forces agreement\", stipulating that U.S. servicemen facing criminal charges stemming from a deployment in Iran, were to be tried before a U.S. court martial, not an Iranian court.", "Khomeini was arrested in November 1964 and held for half a year.", "Upon his release, Khomeini was brought before Prime Minister Hasan Ali Mansur, who tried to convince him to apologize for his harsh rhetoric and going forward, cease his opposition to the Shah and his government.", "When Khomeini refused, Mansur slapped him in the face in a fit of rage.", "Two months later, Mansur was assassinated on his way to parliament.", "Four members of the Fadayan-e Islam, a Shia militia sympathetic to Khomeini, were later executed for the murder.", "Life in exile\n\nKhomeini spent more than 14 years in exile, mostly in the holy Iraqi city of Najaf.", "Initially, he was sent to Turkey on 4 November 1964 where he stayed in Bursa in the home of Colonel Ali Cetiner of the Turkish Military Intelligence.", "In October 1965, after less than a year, he was allowed to move to Najaf, Iraq, where he stayed until 1978, when he was expelled by then-Vice President Saddam Hussein.", "By this time discontent with the Shah was becoming intense and Khomeini visited Neauphle-le-Château, a suburb of Paris, France, on a tourist visa on 6 October 1978.According to Alexandre de Marenches, chief of External Documentation and Counter-Espionage Service (now known as the DGSE), the Shah did not ask France to expel Khomeini for fear that the cleric should move to Syria or Libya.", "(source: Christine Ockrent et Alexandre de Marenches, Dans le secret des princes, Stock, 1986, , p. 254) [Donate book to Archive.org]\n\nBy the late 1960s, Khomeini was a marja-e taqlid (model for imitation) for \"hundreds of thousands\" of Shia, one of six or so models in the Shia world.", "While in the 1940s Khomeini accepted the idea of a limited monarchy under the Iranian Constitution of 1906–07 – as evidenced by his book Kashf al-Asrar – by the 1970s he had rejected the idea.", "In early 1970, Khomeini gave a series of lectures in Najaf on Islamic government, later published as a book titled variously Islamic Government or Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist (Hokumat-e Islami: Velayat-e faqih).", "This was his best known and most influential work, and laid out his ideas on governance (at that time):\n That the laws of society should be made up only of the laws of God (Sharia), which cover \"all human affairs\" and \"provide instruction and establish norms\" for every \"topic\" in \"human life.\"", "Since Shariah, or Islamic law, is the proper law, those holding government posts should have knowledge of Sharia.", "Since Islamic jurists or faqih have studied and are the most knowledgeable in Sharia, the country's ruler should be a faqih who \"surpasses all others in knowledge\" of Islamic law and justice, (known as a marja'), as well as having intelligence and administrative ability.", "Rule by monarchs and/or assemblies of \"those claiming to be representatives of the majority of the people\" (i.e.", "elected parliaments and legislatures) has been proclaimed \"wrong\" by Islam.", "This system of clerical rule is necessary to prevent injustice, corruption, oppression by the powerful over the poor and weak, innovation and deviation of Islam and Sharia law; and also to destroy anti-Islamic influence and conspiracies by non-Muslim foreign powers.", "A modified form of this wilayat al-faqih system was adopted after Khomeini and his followers took power, and Khomeini was the Islamic Republic's first \"Guardian\" or \"Supreme Leader\".", "In the meantime, however, Khomeini was careful not to publicize his ideas for clerical rule outside of his Islamic network of opposition to the Shah which he worked to build and strengthen over the next decade.", "In Iran, a number of actions of the Shah including his repression of opponents began to build opposition to his regime.", "Cassette copies of his lectures fiercely denouncing the Shah as (for example) \"the Jewish agent, the American serpent whose head must be smashed with a stone\", became common items in the markets of Iran, helping to demythologize the power and dignity of the Shah and his reign.", "Aware of the importance of broadening his base, Khomeini reached out to Islamic reformist and secular enemies of the Shah, despite his long-term ideological incompatibility with them.", "After the 1977 death of Ali Shariati (an Islamic reformist and political revolutionary author/academic/philosopher who greatly assisted the Islamic revival among young educated Iranians), Khomeini became the most influential leader of the opposition to the Shah.", "Adding to his mystique was the circulation among Iranians in the 1970s of an old Shia saying attributed to the Imam Musa al-Kadhem.", "Prior to his death in 799, al-Kadhem was said to have prophesied that \"A man will come out from Qom and he will summon people to the right path\".", "In late 1978, a rumour swept the country that Khomeini's face could be seen in the full moon.", "Millions of people were said to have seen it and the event was celebrated in thousands of mosques.", "He was perceived by many Iranians as the spiritual as well as political leader of the revolt.", "Additionally, the episode with Khomeini's face in the moon showed that in late 1978 he was increasingly regarded as a messianic figure in Iran.", "As protests grew, so did his profile and importance.", "Although several thousand kilometers away from Iran in Paris, Khomeini set the course of the revolution, urging Iranians not to compromise and ordering work stoppages against the regime.", "During the last few months of his exile, Khomeini received a constant stream of reporters, supporters, and notables, eager to hear the spiritual leader of the revolution.", "While in exile, Khomeini developed what historian Ervand Abrahamian described as a \"populist clerical version of Shii Islam\".", "Khomeini modified previous Shii interpretations of Islam in a number of ways that included aggressive approaches to espousing the general interests of the mostazafin, forcefully arguing that the clergy's sacred duty was to take over the state so that it could implement shari'a, and exhorting followers to protest.", "Despite their ideological differences, Khomeini also allied with the People's Mujahedin of Iran during the early 1970s and started funding their armed operations against the Shah.", "Khomeini's contact with the US\n\nAccording to the BBC, Khomeini's contact with the US \"is part of a trove of newly declassified US government documents—diplomatic cables, policy memos, meeting records\".", "The documents suggest that the Carter administration helped Khomeini return to Iran by preventing the Iranian army from launching a military coup, and that Khomeini told an American in France to convey a message to Washington that \"There should be no fear about oil.", "It is not true that we wouldn't sell to the US.\"", "According to a 1980 CIA study, \"in November 1963 Ayatollah Khomeini sent a message to the United States Government through [Tehran University professor] Haj Mirza Khalil Kamarei\", where he expressed \"that he was not opposed to American interests in Iran\", \"on the contrary, he thought the American presence was necessary as a counterbalance to Soviet and possibly British influence\".", "Supreme leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei denied the report, and described the documents as \"fabricated\".", "Other Iranian politicians including Ebrahim Yazdi (Khomeini's spokesman and adviser at the time of the revolution) have questioned the BBC's documents.", "The Guardian wrote that it \"did not have access to the newly declassified documents and was not able to independently verify them,\" however it did confirm Khomeini's contact with the Kennedy administration and support for US interest in Iran particularly oil through a CIA analysis report titled \"Islam in Iran\".", "According to the BBC, \"these document show that in his long quest for power, he [Khomeini] was tactically flexible; he played the moderate even pro-American card to take control but once change had come he put in place an anti-America legacy that would last for decades.\"", "Supreme Leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran\n\nReturn to Iran\n\nKhomeini was not allowed to return to Iran during the Shah's reign (as he had been in exile).", "On 16 January 1979, the Shah left the country for medical treatment (ostensibly \"on vacation\"), never to return.", "Two weeks later, on Thursday, 1 February 1979, Khomeini returned in triumph to Iran, welcomed by a joyous crowd estimated (by the BBC) to be of up to five million people.", "On his chartered Air France flight back to Tehran, he was accompanied by 120 journalists, including three women.", "One of the journalists, Peter Jennings, asked: \"Ayatollah, would you be so kind as to tell us how you feel about being back in Iran?\"", "Khomeini answered via his aide Sadegh Ghotbzadeh: \"Hichi\" (Nothing).", "This statement—much discussed at the time and since—was considered by some reflective of his mystical beliefs and non-attachment to ego.", "Others considered it a warning to Iranians who hoped he would be a \"mainstream nationalist leader\" that they were in for disappointment.", "To others, it was a reflection of an unfeeling leader incapable or unconcerned with understanding the thoughts, beliefs, or the needs of the Iranian populace.", "Khomeini adamantly opposed the provisional government of Shapour Bakhtiar, promising \"I shall kick their teeth in.", "I appoint the government.\"", "On 11 February (Bahman 22), Khomeini appointed his own competing interim prime minister, Mehdi Bazargan, demanding, \"since I have appointed him, he must be obeyed.\"", "It was \"God's government,\" he warned, disobedience against him or Bazargan was considered a \"revolt against God.\"", "As Khomeini's movement gained momentum, soldiers began to defect to his side and Khomeini declared ill fortune on troops who did not surrender.", "On 11 February, as revolt spread and armories were taken over, the military declared neutrality and the Bakhtiar regime collapsed.", "On 30 and 31 March 1979, a referendum to replace the monarchy with an Islamic Republic passed with 98% voting in favour of the replacement, with the question: \"should the monarchy be abolished in favour of an Islamic Government?\"", "Islamic constitution\n\nWhile in Paris, Khomeini had \"promised a democratic political system\" for Iran, but once in power, he advocated for the creation of theocracy based on the Velayat-e faqih.", "This led to the purge or replacement of many secular politicians in Iran, with Khomeini and his close associates taking the following steps: Establishing Islamic Revolutionary courts; replacing the previous military and police force; placing Iran's top theologians and Islamic intellectuals in charge of writing a theocratic constitutions, with a central role for Velayat-e faqih; creating the Islamic Republic Party (IRP) through Khomeini's Motjaheds with the aim of establishing a theocratic government and tearing down any secular opposition (\"as Khomeini's competitors in the religious hierarchy\"); replacing all secular laws with Islamic laws; neutralising or punishing top theologians that had conflicting ideas with Khomeini including Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari, Hassan Tabatabaei Qomi, and Hossein Ali Montazeri.", "Opposition groups claimed that Khomeini's provisional constitution for the Islamic Republic did not first include the post of supreme Islamic clerical ruler.", "The Islamic government was defined by Khomeini in his book Hokumat-e Islami: Velayat-e faqih (Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist) which was published while Khomeini was in exile in 1970, smuggled into Iran, and distributed to Khomeini's supporters.", "This book included Khomeini's notion of wilayat al-faqih (Governance of the Jurist) as well as the reasoning and in his view, the necessity of it in running an Islamic state.", "Khomeini and his supporters worked to suppress some former allies and rewrote the proposed constitution.", "Some newspapers were closed, and those protesting the closings were attacked.", "Opposition groups such as the National Democratic Front and Muslim People's Republican Party were attacked and finally banned.", "Through popular support, Khomeini supporters gained an overwhelming majority of the seats in the Assembly of Experts which revised the proposed constitution.", "The newly proposed constitution included an Islamic jurist Supreme Leader of the country, and a Council of Guardians to veto un-Islamic legislation and screen candidates for office, disqualifying those found un-Islamic.", "In November 1979, the new constitution of the Islamic Republic was adopted by national referendum.", "Khomeini himself became instituted as the Supreme Leader (Guardian Jurist), and officially became known as the \"Leader of the Revolution.\"", "On 4 February 1980, Abolhassan Banisadr was elected as the first president of Iran.", "Critics complain that Khomeini had gone back on his word to advise, rather than rule the country.", "Hostage crisis\n\nOn 22 October 1979, the United States admitted the exiled and ailing Shah into the country for cancer treatment.", "In Iran, there was an immediate outcry, with both Khomeini and leftist groups demanding the Shah's return to Iran for trial and execution.", "On 4 November, a group of Iranian college students calling themselves the Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line, took control of the American Embassy in Tehran, holding 52 embassy staff hostage for 444 days – an event known as the Iran hostage crisis.", "In the United States, the hostage-taking was seen as a flagrant violation of international law and aroused intense anger and anti-Iranian sentiments.Bowden, Mark, Guests of the Ayatollah, Atlantic Monthly Press, (2006)\n\nIn Iran, the takeover was immensely popular and earned the support of Khomeini under the slogan \"America can't do a damn thing against us.\"", "The seizure of the embassy of a country he called the \"Great Satan\" helped to advance the cause of theocratic government and outflank politicians and groups who emphasized stability and normalized relations with other countries.", "Khomeini is reported to have told his president: \"This action has many benefits ... this has united our people.", "Our opponents do not dare act against us.", "We can put the constitution to the people's vote without difficulty, and carry out presidential and parliamentary elections.\"", "The new constitution was successfully passed by referendum a month after the hostage crisis began.", "The crisis had the effect of splitting of the opposition into two groups – radicals supporting the hostage taking, and the moderates opposing it.Example of anti-theocratic support for the hostage crisis in Nafisi, Azar, Reading Lolita in Tehran: A Memoir in Books, Random House, 2003, p.105–106, 112 On 23 February 1980, Khomeini proclaimed Iran's Majlis would decide the fate of the American embassy hostages, and demanded that the United States hand over the Shah for trial in Iran for crimes against the nation.", "Although the Shah died a few months later, during the summer, the crisis continued.", "In Iran, supporters of Khomeini named the embassy a \"Den of Espionage\", publicizing details regarding armaments, espionage equipment and many volumes of official and classified documents which they found there.", "Relationship with Islamic and non-aligned countries\n\nKhomeini believed in Muslim unity and solidarity and the export of his revolution throughout the world.", "He believed Shia and (the significantly more numerous) Sunni Muslims should be \"united and stand firmly against Western and arrogant powers.\"", "\"Establishing the Islamic state world-wide belong to the great goals of the revolution.\"", "He declared the birth week of Muhammad (the week between 12th to 17th of Rabi' al-awwal) as the Unity week.", "Then he declared the last Friday of Ramadan as International Day of Quds in 1981.", "Iran–Iraq War\n\nShortly after assuming power, Khomeini began calling for Islamic revolutions across the Muslim world, including Iran's Arab neighbor Iraq, the one large state besides Iran with a Shia majority population.", "At the same time Saddam Hussein, Iraq's secular Arab nationalist Ba'athist leader, was eager to take advantage of Iran's weakened military and (what he assumed was) revolutionary chaos, and in particular to occupy Iran's adjacent oil-rich province of Khuzestan, and to undermine Iranian Islamic revolutionary attempts to incite the Shi'a majority of his country.", "In September 1980, Iraq launched a full-scale invasion of Iran, beginning the Iran–Iraq War (September 1980 – August 1988).", "A combination of fierce resistance by Iranians and military incompetence by Iraqi forces soon stalled the Iraqi advance and, despite Saddam's internationally condemned use of poison gas, Iran had by early 1982 regained almost all of the territory lost to the invasion.", "The invasion rallied Iranians behind the new regime, enhancing Khomeini's stature and allowing him to consolidate and stabilize his leadership.", "After this reversal, Khomeini refused an Iraqi offer of a truce, instead demanding reparations and the toppling of Saddam Hussein from power.", "In 1982, there was an attempted military coup against Khomeini.", "The Iran–Iraq War ended in 1988, with 320,000–720,000 Iranian soldiers and militia killed.", "Although Iran's population and economy were three times the size of Iraq's, the latter was aided by neighboring Persian Gulf Arab states, as well as the Soviet Bloc and Western countries.", "The Persian Gulf Arabs and the West wanted to be sure the Islamic revolution did not spread across the Persian Gulf, while the Soviet Union was concerned about the potential threat posed to its rule in central Asia to the north.", "However, Iran had large amounts of ammunition provided by the United States of America during the Shah's era and the United States illegally smuggled arms to Iran during the 1980s despite Khomeini's anti-Western policy (see Iran–Contra affair).", "During war Iranians used human wave attacks (people walking to certain death including child soldiers) on Iraq, with his promise that they would automatically go to paradise—al Janna— if they died in battle, and his pursuit of victory in the Iran–Iraq War that ultimately proved futile.", "By March 1984, two million of Iran's most educated citizens had left the country This included an estimated one and a half million that had fled Iran, victims of political executions, and the hundreds of thousands of \"martyrs\" from Khomeini's bloody \"human wave \" attacks on Iraq.", "In July 1988, Khomeini, in his words, \"drank the cup of poison\" and accepted a truce mediated by the United Nations.", "Despite the high cost of the war – 450,000 to 950,000 Iranian casualties and US$300 billion – Khomeini insisted that extending the war into Iraq in an attempt to overthrow Saddam had not been a mistake.", "In a \"Letter to Clergy\" he wrote: \"... we do not repent, nor are we sorry for even a single moment for our performance during the war.", "Have we forgotten that we fought to fulfill our religious duty and that the result is a marginal issue?\"", "Fatwa against chemical weapons\nIn an interview with Gareth Porter, Mohsen Rafighdoost, the eight-year war time minister of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, disclosed how Khomeini had opposed his proposal for beginning work on both nuclear and chemical weapons by a fatwa which had never been made public in details of when and how it was issued.", "Rushdie fatwa\n\nIn early 1989, Khomeini issued a fatwā calling for the assassination of Salman Rushdie, an India-born British author.", "Rushdie's book, The Satanic Verses, published in 1988, was alleged to commit blasphemy against Islam and Khomeini's juristic ruling (fatwā) prescribed Rushdie's assassination by any Muslim.", "The fatwā required not only Rushdie's execution, but also the execution of \"all those involved in the publication\" of the book.", "Khomeini's fatwā was condemned across the Western world by governments on the grounds that it violated the universal human rights of free speech and freedom of religion.", "The fatwā has also been attacked for violating the rules of fiqh by not allowing the accused an opportunity to defend himself, and because \"even the most rigorous and extreme of the classical jurist only require a Muslim to kill anyone who insults the Prophet in his hearing and in his presence.\"", "Though Rushdie publicly regretted \"the distress that publication has occasioned to sincere followers of Islam\", the fatwa was not revoked.", "Rushdie himself was not killed but Hitoshi Igarashi, the Japanese translator of the book The Satanic Verses, was murdered and two other translators of the book survived murder attempts.", "Life under Khomeini\n\nIn a speech on 1 February 1979 delivered to a huge crowd after returning to Iran from exile, Khomeini made a variety of promises to Iranians for his coming Islamic regime: a popularly elected government that would represent the people of Iran and with which the clergy would not interfere.", "He promised that \"no one should remain homeless in this country,\" and that Iranians would have free telephone, heating, electricity, bus services and free oil at their doorstep.", "Under Khomeini's rule, Sharia (Islamic law) was introduced, with the Islamic dress code enforced for both men and women by Islamic Revolutionary Guards and other Islamic groups.", "Women were required to cover their hair, and men were forbidden to wear shorts.", "Alcoholic drinks, most Western movies, and the practice of men and women swimming or sunbathing together were banned.", "The Iranian educational curriculum was Islamized at all levels with the Islamic Cultural Revolution; the \"Committee for Islamization of Universities\" carried this out thoroughly.", "The broadcasting of any music other than martial or religious on Iranian radio and television was banned by Khomeini in July 1979.", "The ban lasted 10 years (approximately the rest of his life).", "According to Janet Afari, \"the newly established regime of Ayatollah Khomeini moved quickly to repress feminists, ethnic and religious minorities, liberals, and leftists – all in the name of Islam.\"", "Women and child rights\nKhomeini took on extensive and proactive support of the female populace during the ouster of Shah and his subsequent homecoming, advocating for mainstreaming of women into all spheres of life and even hypothesizing about a woman head of state.", "However, once he returned, his stances on women's rights exhibited drastic changes.", "Khomeini revoked Iran's 1967 divorce law, considering any divorce granted under this law to be invalid.", "Nevertheless, Khomeini supported women's right to divorce as allowed by Islamic law.", "Khomeini reaffirmed the traditional position of rape in Islamic law in which rape by a spouse was not equivalent to rape or zina, declaring \"a woman must surrender to her husband for any pleasure\".", "A mere three weeks after assuming power, under the pretext of reversing the Shah's affinity for westernization and backed by a vocal conservative section of Iranian society, he revoked the divorce law.", "Under Khomeini the minimum age of marriage was lowered to 15 for boys and 13 for girls; nevertheless, the average age of women at marriage continued to increase.", "Laws were passed that encouraged polygamy, made it impossible for women to divorce men, and treated adultery as the highest form of criminal offense.", "Women were compelled to wear veils and the image of Western women was carefully reconstructed as a symbol of impiety.", "Morality and modesty were perceived as fundamental womanly traits that needed state protection, and concepts of individual gender rights were relegated to women's social rights as ordained in Islam.", "Fatima was widely presented as the ideal emulatable woman.", "At the same time, amidst the religious orthodoxy, there was an active effort to rehabilitate women into employment.", "Female participation in healthcare, education and the workforce increased drastically during his regime.", "Reception among women of his regime has been mixed.", "Whilst a section were dismayed at the increasing Islamisation and concurrent degradation of women's rights, others did notice more opportunities and mainstreaming of relatively religiously conservative women.", "Homosexuality\nShortly after his accession as supreme leader in February 1979, Khomeini imposed capital punishment on homosexuals.", "Between February and March, sixteen Iranians were executed due to offenses related to sexual violations.", "Khomeini also created the \"Revolutionary Tribunals\".", "According to historian Ervand Abrahamian, Khomeini encouraged the clerical courts to continue implementing their version of the Shari'a.", "As part of the campaign to \"cleanse\" the society, these courts executed over 100 drug addicts, prostitutes, homosexuals, rapists, and adulterers on the charge of \"sowing corruption on earth.\"", "According to author Arno Schmitt, \"Khomeini asserted that 'homosexuals' had to be exterminated because they were parasites and corruptors of the nation by spreading the 'stain of wickedness.'\"", "Transsexuality was designated by Khomeini as a sickness that was able to be cured through surgery.", "In 1979, he had declared that the execution of homosexuals (as well as prostitutes and adulterers) was reasonable in a moral civilization in the same sense as cutting off decayed skin.", "Emigration and economy \nKhomeini is said to have stressed \"the spiritual over the material\".", "(Brumberg, Reinventing Khomeini (2001), p. 125) Six months after his first speech he expressed exasperation with complaints about the sharp drop in Iran's standard of living, saying that: \"I cannot believe that the purpose of all these sacrifices was to have less expensive melons.\"", "On another occasion emphasizing the importance of martyrdom over material prosperity, he said: \"Could anyone wish his child to be martyred to obtain a good house?", "This is not the issue.", "The issue is another world.\"", "He also reportedly answered a question about his economic policies by declaring that 'economics is for donkeys'.The original quote which is part of a speech made in 1979 can be found here: I cannot imagine and no wise person can presume the claim that we spared our bloods so watermelon becomes cheaper.", "No wise person would sacrifice his young offspring for [say] affordable housing.", "People [on the contrary] want everything for their young offspring.", "Human being wants economy for his own self; it would therefore be unwise for him to spare his life in order to improve economy [...] Those who keep bringing up economy and find economy the infrastructure of everything -not knowing what human[ity] means- think of human being as an animal who is defined by means of food and clothes[...] Those who find economy the infrastructure of everything, find human beings animals.", "Animal too sacrifices everything for its economy and economy is its sole infrastructure.", "A donkey too considers economy as its only infrastructure.", "These people did not realize what human being [truly] is.", "This disinterest in economic policy is said to be \"one factor explaining the inchoate performance of the Iranian economy since the revolution.\"", "Other factors include the long war with Iraq, the cost of which led to government debt and inflation, eroding personal incomes, and unprecedented unemployment, ideological disagreement over the economy, and \"international pressure and isolation\" such as US sanctions following the hostage crisis.", "Due to the Iran–Iraq War, poverty is said to have risen by nearly 45% during the first 6 years of Khomeini's rule.", "Emigration from Iran also developed, reportedly for the first time in the country's history.", "Since the revolution and war with Iraq, an estimated \"two to four million entrepreneurs, professionals, technicians, and skilled craftspeople (and their capital)\" have emigrated to other countries.", "Suppression of opposition\nIn a talk at the Fayzieah School in Qom on 30 August 1979, Khomeini warned pro-imperialist opponents: \"Those who are trying to bring corruption and destruction to our country in the name of democracy will be oppressed.", "They are worse than Bani-Ghorizeh Jews, and they must be hanged.", "We will oppress them by God's order and God's call to prayer.\"", "However, in 1983, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) helped him by providing a list of Soviet KGB agents and collaborators operating in Iran to Khomeini, who then executed up to 200 suspects and closed down the Communist Tudeh Party of Iran.", "Available online here.", "The Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and his family left Iran and escaped harm, but hundreds of former members of the overthrown monarchy and military met their ends in firing squads, with exiled critics complaining of \"secrecy, vagueness of the charges, the absence of defense lawyers or juries\", or the opportunity of the accused \"to defend themselves.\"", "In later years these were followed in larger numbers by the erstwhile revolutionary allies of Khomeini's movement—Marxists and socialists, mostly university students—who opposed the theocratic regime.", "Following the 1981 Hafte Tir bombing, Khomeini declared the Mojahedin and anyone violently opposed to the government, \"enemies of God\" and pursued a mass campaign against members of the Mojahedin, Fadaiyan, and Tudeh parties as well as their families, close friends, and even anyone who was accused of counterrevolutionary behavior.", "In the 1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners, following the People's Mujahedin of Iran unsuccessful operation Forough-e Javidan against the Islamic Republic, Khomeini issued an order to judicial officials to judge every Iranian political prisoner (mostly but not all Mujahedin) and kill those judged to be apostates from Islam (mortad) or \"waging war on God\" (moharebeh).", "Almost all of those interrogated were killed, around 30,000 of them.", "Because of the large number, prisoners were loaded into forklift trucks in groups of six and hanged from cranes in half-hour intervals.", "Minority religions\n\nZoroastrians, Jews, and Christians are officially recognized and protected by the government.", "Shortly after Khomeini's return from exile in 1979, he issued a fatwa ordering that Jews and other minorities (except those of the Baháʼí Faith) be treated well.", "In power, Khomeini distinguished between Zionism as a secular political party that employs Jewish symbols and ideals and Judaism as the religion of Moses.", "Senior government posts were reserved for Muslims.", "Schools set up by Jews, Christians and Zoroastrians had to be run by Muslim principals.", "Conversion to Islam was encouraged by entitling converts to inherit the entire share of their parents (or even uncle's) estate if their siblings (or cousins) remain non-Muslim.", "Iran's non-Muslim population has decreased.", "For example, the Jewish population in Iran dropped from 80,000 to 30,000.", "The Zoroastrian population has also decreased, due to suffering from renewed persecution and the revived legal contrasts between a Muslim and Zoroastrian, which mirrors the laws that Zoroastrians experienced under earlier Islamic regimes.", "The view that Zoroastrians are najis (\"unclean\") has also been renewed.", "Four of the 270 seats in parliament were reserved for each three non-Muslim minority religions, under the Islamic constitution that Khomeini oversaw.", "Khomeini also called for unity between Sunni and Shi'a Muslims.", "Sunni Muslims make up 9% of the entire Muslim population in Iran.", "One non-Muslim group treated differently were the 300,000 members of the Baháʼí Faith.", "Starting in late 1979 the new government systematically targeted the leadership of the Baháʼí community by focusing on the Baháʼí National Spiritual Assembly (NSA) and Local Spiritual Assemblies (LSAs); prominent members of NSAs and LSAs were often detained and even executed.", "\"Some 200 of whom have been executed and the rest forced to convert or subjected to the most horrendous disabilities.\"", "Like most conservative Muslims, Khomeini believed Baháʼí to be apostates.", "He claimed they were a political rather than a religious movement,\ndeclaring:\n\nEthnic minorities\n\nAfter the Shah left Iran in 1979, a Kurdish delegation traveled to Qom to present the Kurds' demands to Khomeini.", "Their demands included language rights and the provision for a degree of political autonomy.", "Khomeini responded that such demands were unacceptable since it involved the division of the Iranian nation.", "The following months saw numerous clashes between Kurdish militia groups and the Revolutionary Guards.", "The referendum on the Islamic Republic was massively boycotted in Kurdistan, where it was thought 85 to 90% of voters abstained.", "Khomeini ordered additional attacks later on in the year, and by September most of Iranian Kurdistan was under direct martial law.", "Death and funeral\n\nKhomeini's health declined several years prior to his death.", "After spending eleven days in Jamaran hospital, Ruhollah Khomeini died on 3 June 1989 after suffering five heart attacks in just ten days, at the age of 89 just before midnight.", "He was succeeded as Supreme Leader by Ali Khamenei.", "Large numbers of Iranians took to the streets to publicly mourn his death and in the scorching summer heat, fire trucks sprayed water on the crowds to cool them.", "At least 10 mourners were trampled to death, more than 400 were badly hurt and several thousand more were treated for injuries sustained in the ensuing pandemonium.In the Name of God: The Khomeini Decade by Robin Wright, (1989), p. 204\n\nAccording to Iran's official estimates, 10.2 million people lined the route to Tehran's Behesht-e Zahra cemetery on 11 June 1989, for the funeral of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini.", "Western agencies estimated that 2 million paid their respects as the body lay in state.", "Figures about Khomeini's initial funeral attendance which took place on 4 June range around 2.5–3.5 million people.", "Early the following day, Khomeini's corpse was flown in by helicopter for burial at the Behesht-e Zahra.", "Iranian officials postponed Khomeini's first funeral after a huge mob stormed the funeral procession, destroying Khomeini's wooden coffin in order to get a last glimpse of his body or touch of his coffin.", "In some cases, armed soldiers were compelled to fire warning shots in the air to restrain the crowds.", "At one point, Khomeini's body fell to the ground, as the crowd ripped off pieces of the death shroud, trying to keep them as if they were holy relics.", "According to journalist James Buchan:\n\nThe second funeral was held under much tighter security five hours later.", "This time, Khomeini's casket was made of steel, and in accordance with Islamic tradition, the casket was only to carry the body to the burial site.", "In 1995, his son Ahmad was buried next to him.", "Khomeini's grave is now housed within a larger mausoleum complex.", "Succession\n\nGrand Ayatollah Hussein-Ali Montazeri, a former student of Khomeini and a major figure of the Revolution, was chosen by Khomeini to be his successor as Supreme Leader and approved as such by the Assembly of Experts in November 1985.", "The principle of velayat-e faqih and the Islamic constitution called for the Supreme Leader to be a marja (a grand ayatollah), and of the dozen or so grand ayatollahs living in 1981 only Montazeri qualified as a potential Leader (this was either because only he accepted totally Khomeini's concept of rule by Islamic jurists,Mackay, Iranians, (1998), p.353 or, as at least one other source stated, because only Montazeri had the \"political credentials\" Khomeini found suitable for his successor).", "The execution of Mehdi Hashemi in September 1987 on charges of counterrevolutionary activities was a blow to Ayatollah Montazeri, who knew Hashemi since their childhood.", "In 1989 Montazeri began to call for liberalization, freedom for political parties.", "Following the execution of thousands of political prisoners by the Islamic government, Montazeri told Khomeini: \"Your prisons are far worse than those of the Shah and his SAVAK.\"", "After a letter of his complaints was leaked to Europe and broadcast on the BBC, a furious Khomeini ousted him in March 1989 from his position as official successor.", "His portraits were removed from offices and mosques.", "To deal with the disqualification of the only suitable marja, Khomeini called for an 'Assembly for Revising the Constitution' to be convened.", "An amendment was made to Iran's constitution removing the requirement that the Supreme Leader be a Marja and this allowed Ali Khamenei, the new favoured jurist who had suitable revolutionary credentials but lacked scholarly ones and who was not a Grand Ayatollah, to be designated as successor.Mackey, SandraThe Iranians (1996), p. 353 Ayatollah Khamenei was elected Supreme Leader by the Assembly of Experts on 4 June 1989.", "Grand Ayatollah Hossein Montazeri continued his criticism of the regime and in 1997 was put under house arrest for questioning what he regarded to be an unaccountable rule exercised by the supreme leader.Leader Khamenei PBS\n\nAnniversary\nThe anniversary of Khomeini's death is a public holiday.", "To commemorate Khomeini, people visit his mausoleum placed on Behesht-e Zahra to hear sermons and practice prayers on his death day.", "Political thought and legacy\n\nAccording to at least one scholar, politics in the Islamic Republic of Iran \"are largely defined by attempts to claim Khomeini's legacy\" and that \"staying faithful to his ideology has been the litmus test for all political activity\" there.", "Throughout his many writings and speeches, Khomeini's views on governance evolved.", "Originally declaring rule by monarchs or others permissible so long as sharia law was followed Khomeini later adamantly opposed monarchy, arguing that only rule by a leading Islamic jurist (a marja') would ensure Sharia was properly followed (wilayat al-faqih), before finally insisting the ruling jurist need not be a leading one and Sharia rule could be overruled by that jurist if necessary to serve the interests of Islam and the \"divine government\" of the Islamic state.", "Khomeini's concept of Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist (ولایت فقیه, velayat-e faqih) as Islamic government did not win the support of the leading Iranian Shi'i clergy of the time.", "Towards the 1979 Revolution, many clerics gradually became disillusioned with the rule of the Shah, although none came around to supporting Khomeini's vision of a theocratic Islamic Republic.", "The Egyptian Jihadist ideologue Sayyid Qutb was an important source of influence to Khomeini and the 1979 Iranian Revolution.", "In 1984, the Islamic Republic of Iran under Khomeini honoured Qutb's \"martyrdom\" by issuing an iconic postage stamp showing him behind bars.", "Qutb's works were translated by Iranian Islamists into Persian and enjoyed remarkable popularity both before and after the revolution.", "Prominent figures such as current Iranian Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei and his brother Muhammad Ali Khamenei, Aḥmad Aram, Hadi Khosroshahi, etc.", "translated Qutb's works into Persian.", "There is much debate to as whether Khomeini's ideas are or are not compatible with democracy and whether he intended the Islamic Republic to be a democratic republic.", "According to the state-run Aftab News, both ultraconservative (Mohammad Taghi Mesbah Yazdi) and reformist opponents of the regime (Akbar Ganji and Abdolkarim Soroush) believe he did not, while regime officials and supporters like Ali Khamenei, Mohammad Khatami and Mortaza Motahhari believe Khomeini intended the Islamic republic to be democratic and that it is so.", "Khomeini himself also made statements at different times indicating both support and opposition to democracy.", "One scholar, Shaul Bakhash, explains this disagreement as coming from Khomeini's belief that the huge turnout of Iranians in anti-Shah demonstrations during the revolution constituted a 'referendum' in favor of an Islamic republic.", "Khomeini also wrote that since Muslims must support a government based on Islamic law, Sharia-based government will always have more popular support in Muslim countries than any government based on elected representatives.", "Khomeini offered himself as a \"champion of Islamic revival\" and unity, emphasizing issues Muslims agreed upon – the fight against Zionism and imperialism – and downplaying Shia issues that would divide Shia from Sunni.", "Khomeini strongly opposed close relations with either Eastern or Western Bloc nations, believing the Islamic world should be its own bloc, or rather converge into a single unified power.", "He viewed Western culture as being inherently decadent and a corrupting influence upon the youth.", "The Islamic Republic banned or discouraged popular Western fashions, music, cinema, and literature.", "In the Western world it is said \"his glowering visage became the virtual face of Islam in Western popular culture\" and \"inculcated fear and distrust towards Islam,\" making the word 'Ayatollah' \"a synonym for a dangerous madman ... in popular parlance.\"", "This has particularly been the case in the United States where some Iranians complained that even at universities they felt the need to hide their Iranian identity for fear of physical attack.", "There Khomeini and the Islamic Republic are remembered for the American embassy hostage taking and accused of sponsoring hostage-taking and terrorist attacks,for example the 1983 Beirut barracks bombing see:Hizb'allah in Lebanon: The Politics of the Western Hostage Crisis Magnus Ranstorp, Department of International Relations University of St. Andrews St. Martins Press, New York, 1997, p.54, 117 and which continues to apply economic sanctions against Iran.", "Before taking power Khomeini expressed support for the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.", "\"We would like to act according to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.", "We would like to be free.", "We would like independence.\"", "However once in power Khomeini took a firm line against dissent, warning opponents of theocracy for example: \"I repeat for the last time: abstain from holding meetings, from blathering, from publishing protests.", "Otherwise I will break your teeth.\"", "Many of Khomeini's political and religious ideas were considered to be progressive and reformist by leftist intellectuals and activists prior to the Revolution.", "However, once in power his ideas often clashed with those of modernist or secular Iranian intellectuals.", "This conflict came to a head during the writing of the Islamic constitution when many newspapers were closed by the government.", "Khomeini angrily told the intellectuals:\n\nYes, we are reactionaries, and you are enlightened intellectuals: You intellectuals do not want us to go back 1400 years.", "You, who want freedom, freedom for everything, the freedom of parties, you who want all the freedoms, you intellectuals: freedom that will corrupt our youth, freedom that will pave the way for the oppressor, freedom that will drag our nation to the bottom.", "In contrast to his alienation from Iranian intellectuals, and \"in an utter departure from all other Islamist movements,\" Khomeini embraced international revolution and Third World solidarity, giving it \"precedence over Muslim fraternity.\"", "From the time Khomeini's supporters gained control of the media until his death, the Iranian media \"devoted extensive coverage to non-Muslim revolutionary movements (from the Sandinistas to the African National Congress and the Irish Republican Army) and downplayed the role of the Islamic movements considered conservative, such as the Afghan mujahidin.\"", "Khomeini's legacy to the economy of the Islamic Republic has been expressions of concern for the mustazafin (a Quranic term for the oppressed or deprived), but not always results that aided them.", "During the 1990s the mustazafin and disabled war veterans rioted on several occasions, protesting the demolition of their shantytowns and rising food prices, etc.", "Khomeini's disdain for the science of economics (\"economics is for donkeys\") is said to have been \"mirrored\" by the populist redistribution policies of former president, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, who allegedly wears \"his contempt for economic orthodoxy as a badge of honour\", and has overseen sluggish growth and rising inflation and unemployment.", "In 1963, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini wrote a book in which he stated that there is no religious restriction on corrective surgery for transgender individuals.", "At the time Khomeini was an anti-Shah revolutionary and his fatwas did not carry any weight with the Imperial government, which did not have any specific policies regarding transsexual individuals.", "However, after 1979, his fatwa \"formed the basis for a national policy\" and perhaps in part because of a penal code that \"allows for the execution of homosexuals\", as of 2005 Iran \"permits and partly finances seven times as many gender reassignment operations as the entire European Union\".", "Appearance and habits\nKhomeini was described as \"slim\", but athletic and \"heavily boned\".", "He was known for his punctuality:\n\nKhomeini was also known for his aloofness and austere demeanor.", "He is said to have had \"variously inspired admiration, awe, and fear from those around him.\"", "His practice of moving \"through the halls of the madresehs never smiling at anybody or anything; his practice of ignoring his audience while he taught, contributed to his charisma.\"", "Khomeini adhered to traditional beliefs of Islamic hygienical jurisprudence holding that things like urine, excrement, blood, wine etc.", "and also non-Muslims were some of eleven ritualistically \"impure\" things that physical contact with which while wet required ritual washing or Ghusl before prayer or salat.Mottahedeh, Roy, The Mantle of the Prophet: Religion and Politics in Iran, One World, Oxford, 1985, 2000, p.383 He is reported to have refused to eat or drink in a restaurant unless he knew for sure the waiter was a Muslim.", "Mystique\n\nAccording to Baqer Moin, as part of Khomeini's personality cult, he \"had been transformed into a semi-divine figure.", "He was no longer a grand ayatollah and deputy of the Imam, one who represents the Hidden Imam, but simply 'The Imam'.\"", "Khomeini's personality cult fills a central position in foreign- and domestically targeted Iranian publications.", "The methods used to create his personality cult have been compared to those used by such figures as Joseph Stalin, Mao Zedong and Fidel Castro.", "An eight-century Hadith attributed to the Imam Musa al-Kazim that said \"A man will come out from Qom and he will summon people to the right path.", "There will rally to him people resembling pieces of iron, not to be shaken by violent winds, unsparing and relying on God\" was repeated in Iran as a tribute to Khomeini.", "However, in Lebanon, this saying was also attributed to Musa al-Sadr.", "Khomeini was the first and only Iranian cleric to be addressed as \"Imam\", a title hitherto reserved in Iran for the twelve infallible leaders of the early Shi'a.", "He was also associated with the Mahdi or 12th Imam of Shia belief in a number of ways.", "One of his titles was Na'eb-e Imam (Deputy to the Twelfth Imam).", "His enemies were often attacked as taghut and Mofsed-e-filarz, religious terms used for enemies of the Twelfth Imam.", "Many of the officials of the overthrown Shah's government executed by Revolutionary Courts were convicted of \"fighting against the Twelfth Imam\".", "When a deputy in the majlis asked Khomeini directly if he was the 'promised Mahdi', Khomeini did not answer, \"astutely\" neither confirming nor denying the title.", "As the revolution gained momentum, even some non-supporters exhibited awe, called him \"magnificently clear-minded, single-minded and unswerving.\"", "His image was as \"absolute, wise, and indispensable leader of the nation\"\n\nThe Imam, it was generally believed, had shown by his uncanny sweep to power, that he knew how to act in ways which others could not begin to understand.", "His timing was extraordinary, and his insight into the motivation of others, those around him as well as his enemies, could not be explained as ordinary knowledge.", "This emergent belief in Khomeini as a divinely guided figure was carefully fostered by the clerics who supported him and spoke up for him in front of the people.", "Even many secularists who firmly disapproved of his policies were said to feel the power of his \"messianic\" appeal.", "Comparing him to a father figure who retains the enduring loyalty even of children he disapproves of, journalist Afshin Molavi writes that defenses of Khomeini are \"heard in the most unlikely settings\":\n\nAnother journalist tells the story of listening to bitter criticism of the regime by an Iranian who tells her of his wish for his son to leave the country and who \"repeatedly\" makes the point \"that life had been better\" under the Shah.", "When his complaint is interrupted by news that \"the Imam\" — over 85 years old at the time — might be dying, the critic becomes \"ashen faced\" and speechless, pronouncing \"this is terrible for my country.\"", "An example of Khomeini's charisma is the effect a half-hour-long, 1982 speech on the Quran by him had on a Muslim scholar from South Africa, Sheikh Ahmad Deedat:\n\nFamily and descendants\n\nIn 1929, Khomeini married Khadijeh Saqafi, the daughter of a cleric in Tehran.", "Some sources claim that Khomeini married Saqafi when she was ten years old, while others claim she was fifteen years old.", "By all accounts their marriage was harmonious and happy.", "She died in 2009.", "They had seven children, though only five survived infancy.", "His daughters all married into either merchant or clerical families, and both his sons entered into religious life.", "Mostafa, the elder son, died in 1977 while in exile in Najaf, Iraq with his father and was rumored by supporters of his father to have been murdered by SAVAK.", "Ahmad Khomeini, who died in 1995 at the age of 50, was also rumoured to be a victim of foul play, but at the hands of the regime.", "Perhaps his \"most prominent daughter\", Zahra Mostafavi, is a professor at the University of Tehran, and still alive.", "Khomeini's fifteen grandchildren include:\n Zahra Eshraghi, granddaughter, married to Mohammad Reza Khatami, head of the Islamic Iran Participation Front, the main reformist party in the country, and is considered a pro-reform character herself.", "Hassan Khomeini, Khomeini's elder grandson Sayid Hasan Khomeini, son of the Seyyed Ahmad Khomeini, is a cleric and the trustee of the Mausoleum of Khomeini and also has shown support for the reform movement in Iran, and Mir-Hossein Mousavi's call to cancel the 2009 election results.", "Husain Khomeini (Sayid Husain Khomeini), Khomeini's other grandson, son of Sayid Mustafa Khomeini, is a mid-level cleric who is strongly against the system of the Islamic Republic.", "In 2003, he was quoted as saying: \"Iranians need freedom now, and if they can only achieve it with American interference I think they would welcome it.", "As an Iranian, I would welcome it.\"", "In that same year Husain Khomeini visited the United States, where he met figures such as Reza Pahlavi, the son of the last Shah and the pretender to the Sun Throne.", "Later that year, Husain returned to Iran after receiving an urgent message from his grandmother.", "According to Michael Ledeen, quoting \"family sources\", he was blackmailed into returning.", "In 2006, he called for an American invasion and overthrow of the Islamic Republic, telling Al-Arabiyah television station viewers, \"If you were a prisoner, what would you do?", "I want someone to break the prison [doors open].", "Another of Khomeini's grandchildren, Ali Eshraghi, was disqualified from the 2008 parliamentary elections on grounds of being insufficiently loyal to the principles of the Islamic revolution, but later reinstated.", "Bibliography \nKhomeini was a prolific writer and speaker (200 of his books are online) who authored commentaries on the Qur'an, on Islamic jurisprudence, the roots of Islamic law, and Islamic traditions.", "He also released books about philosophy, gnosticism, poetry, literature, government and politics.", "His books include:\n\n Hokumat-e Islami: Velayat-e faqih (Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist)\n The Little Green Book: A sort of manifesto of Khomeini's political thought \n Forty Hadith (Forty Traditions)\n Adab as Salat (The Disciplines of Prayers)\n Jihade Akbar (The Greater Struggle)\n Tahrir al-Wasilah Kashf al-AsrarSee also\n\n Khomeinism\n Political thought and legacy of Ruhollah Khomeini\n Islamic Government (book by Khomeini)\n Mohammad Baqir al-Hakim\n Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr\n Execution of Imam Khomeini's Order\n Exiles of Imam Khomeini\n Ideocracy\n List of cults of personality\n Ruhollah Khomeini's letter to Mikhail Gorbachev\n Ruhollah Khomeini's residency (Jamaran)\n 1979 Iranian Revolution conspiracy theory\n\n Notes \n\n References \n Citations \n\n Sources \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nExternal links\n\n Imam Khomeini's Official Website \n Documentary: Imam Khomeini P1 (Free Press TV documentary)\n Imam Khomeini – Reformer of the Century (English Subtitles – Press TV Documentary)\n The New York Times article on Khomeini's poetry\n \n \n \n Rouhollah Khomeini's Website \n Who Is Imam Khomeini?", "Selected bibliography\n Syed Ruhollah Moosavi Khomeini – Islamic Government (Hukumat-i Islami)\n Syed Ruhollah Moosavi Khomeini – The Last Will...\n Books by and or about Rouhollah Khomeini\n Letter by Ayatollah Khomeini to Mikhail Gorbachev, dated 1 January 1989.", "Kayhan''\n Khomeinism: Essays on the Islamic Republic, 1993 by the Regents of the University of California\n\n \n1900 births\n1902 births\n1989 deaths\nIranian Shia Muslims\n20th-century imams\n20th-century poets\nAl-Moussawi family\nAnti-Americanism\nAnti-monarchists\nBiographical evaluation scholars\nBurials at Behesht-e Zahra\nCommanders-in-Chief of Iran\nIran hostage crisis\nIranian anti-communists\nIranian emigrants to France\nIranian emigrants to Iraq\nIranian emigrants to Turkey\nIranian exiles\nIranian grand ayatollahs\nIranian Islamists\nIranian people of the Iran–Iraq War\nIranian poets\nIranian religious leaders\nIranian revolutionaries\nIslamic philosophers\nPan-Islamism\nPeople from Markazi Province\nPeople of the Iranian Revolution\nReligious policy in Iran\nShia scholars of Islam\nSimple living advocates\nSupreme Leaders of Iran\nTime Person of the Year" ]

[ "The 1st Supreme Leader of Iran from 1979 until his death in 1989 was Sayyid Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini.", "The leader of the 1979 Iranian Revolution was the founder of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the last Shah of Iran.", "The Islamic Republic's first supreme leader, who held the position until his death, was created by the constitution as the highest-ranking political and religious authority of the nation.", "The Iran–Iraq War took up most of his time in power.", "Ali Khamenei succeeded him on 4 June 1989.", "Iran's Markazi Province is where Khomeini was born.", "Khomeini's father was murdered when he was two years old.", "He began studying the Quran and Arabic at a young age and was assisted in his studies by his relatives.", "He was a marja in Twelver Shia Islam and author of more than 40 books, but he is mostly known for his political activities.", "He was in exile for 15 years for his opposition to the last shah.", "He expanded the theory of the guardianship of the Islamic Jurist to include theocratic political rule by Islamic jurists.", "After being put to a referendum, this principle was added to the new Iranian constitution.", "The New York Times reported that Khomeini called democracy the equivalent of prostitution.", "There is disagreement about whether the ideas of the Islamic Republic are compatible with democracy.", "He was Time magazine's Man of the Year in 1979 for his international influence, and has been described as the \"virtual face of Shia Islam in Western popular culture\".", "He survived a military coup attempt in 1982.", "During the Iran hostage crisis, he supported the hostages and called the United States the \"Great Satan\" and the Soviet Union the \"Lesser Satan\".", "Thousands of political prisoners, war criminals and prisoners of the Iran–Iraq War were ordered to be executed by Khomeini.", "He has been praised as a \"charismatic leader of immense popularity\", a \"champion of Islamic revival\", and a major innovator in political theory and religious-oriented populist political strategy.", "The title of Grand Ayatollah was held by the man who is now known as Imam Khomeini.", "He is often referred to as Ayatollah Khomeini by others.", "His gold-domed tomb in Tehran's Behesht-e Zahr cemetery has become a shrine for his followers, and INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals", "After the Iranian Revolution, there was a cult of personality.", "A group of small land owners, clerics, and merchants made up the background of Ruhollah Khomeini.", "His ancestors migrated towards the end of the 18th century from their original home in the northeastern part of Iran to the Kingdom of Awadh, a region in the modern state of India.", "A steady stream of Persian scholars, poets, jurists, architects, and painters were invited and received during their rule.", "The family settled in the small town of Kintoor near Lucknow.", "Kintoor is where Ayatollah Khomeini's paternal grandfather was born.", "He left Lucknow in 1830 for a pilgrimage to the tomb of Ali in Iraq, but never returned.", "Moin said that the migration was to escape the British power in India.", "In 1834, Seyyed Ahmad Musavi Hindi went to Persia and settled in Khomein.", "He continued to be known as Hindi even after he settled in Iran, and even used Hindi as a pen name in some of his ghazals.", "During the Tobacco Protest, the cleric issued a fatwa to forbid the use of tobacco.", "According to his birth certificate, his first name means \"spirit of Allah\" and he was born on 17 May 1900 in Khomeyn, Markazi Province.", "Following the murder of his father, Mustapha Musavi, he was raised by his mother and aunt.", "At the age of six, he began to study the Qur'an and Persian.", "He attended a local school where he learned religion, noheh khani, and other traditional subjects.", "He continued his religious education with the help of his relatives, including his mother's cousin, Ja'far.", "After World War I, he was going to study at the Islamic seminary in Isfahan, but he was attracted to the seminary in Arak.", "He was placed under the leadership of a religious leader.", "In 1920, Khomeini moved to Arak and began his studies.", "The following year, the leader of the Islamic seminary in the holy city of Qom invited his students to follow him.", "After accepting the invitation, he moved to the school in Qom.", "Islamic law and jurisprudence were included in Khomeini's studies, but he also had an interest in poetry and philosophy.", "Khomeini sought the guidance of a scholar of philosophy and mysticism when he arrived in Qom.", "Javad Aqa Maleki Tabrizi and Rafi'i Qazvini continued to teach philosophy despite the death of Yazdi in 1924.", "Another teacher, Mirza Muhammad 'Ali Shahabadi, and a variety of historic Sufi mystics were some of the biggest influences on Khomeini.", "He was influenced by both the philosophy of Plato and the founder of logic, Aristotle.", "The most influential Islamic philosophers were Avicenna and Mulla Sadra.", "He was interested in literature and poetry.", "His poetry collection was released after his death.", "In his adolescence, Khomeini composed mystic, political and social poetry.", "His poetry was published in three collections.", "His knowledge of poetry can be seen in the fact that the modern poet Nader Naderpour spent many hours exchanging poems with Khomeini in the early 1960s.", "For four hours, we read poetry.", "Every single line I read from a poet, he read the next.", "Before he became known on the political scene, Ruhollah Khomeini was a lecturer at the seminary.", "He was a leading scholar of Shia Islam.", "Political philosophy, Islamic history and ethics were taught by him.", "Several of his students later became leading Islamic philosophers.", "Many writings on Islamic philosophy, law, and ethics were produced by Khomeini as a scholar and teacher.", "He was an object of suspicion and hostility because of his interest in philosophy and mysticism, subjects that were usually absent from the curriculum of the seminary.", "He gave private lessons on irfan and Mulla Sadra to a private circle around the same time he released his first publication, Sharh Du'a al-Sahar.", "Sayyid Fihri, the editor and translator of Sirr al-Salat, said that the work is only addressed to the foremost among the spiritual elite.", "\"The Mystery of Prayer: The Ascension of the Wayfarers and the Prayer of the Gnostics\" was released by BRILL in 2015.", "He worked against secularism in the 1940s and his seminary teaching focused on the importance of religion to practical social and political issues of the day.", "His first book was a refutation of Asrar-e hezar sale (Secrets of a Thousand Years), a tract written by a follower of Iran's leading anti.", "He went from Qom to Tehran to listen to the leader of the opposition in Iran's parliament during the 1920s.", "In 1963, after the death of Grand Ayatollah Borujerdi, Khomeini became a marja.", "The ideals of Sheikh Fazlollah Noori and Abol-Ghasem Kashani were valued by Khomeini.", "Nuri's objections to the 1907 constitution inspired the secular government and the \"heroic figure\" of Khomeini.", "Most Iranians had a deep respect for the Shi'a clergy and were not interested in the process of Westernization pursued by the Shah.", "The Tobacco Protest against a concession to a foreign interest was started by the clergy in the late 19th century.", "The arena of leadership was open at the age of 61 after the deaths of the leading Shi'ah religious leader and an activist cleric.", "The clerical class was on the defensive since the 1920s when Pahlavi rose to power.", "The \"White Revolution\" was a challenge to the Ulama.", "In January 1963, the Shah announced the \"White Revolution\", a six-point programme of reform calling for land reform, nationalization of the forests, the sale of state-owned enterprises to private interests, electoral changes to enfranchise women and allow non-Muslims to hold.", "Some of these initiatives were seen as dangerous by the powerful and privileged Shi'a Ulama.", "They were viewed as an attack on Islam.", "The marjas of Qom decided to boycott the referendum on the White Revolution.", "On January 22, 1963, Khomeini issued a strongly worded declaration against the Shah and his reform plan.", "The Shah took an armored column to Qom and delivered a speech attacking the Ulama as a class.", "The Shah's programmes were continued to be denounced by Khomeini in a manifesto that had the signatures of eight other senior Shia religious scholars.", "The Shah had violated the constitution in various ways, he condemned the spread of moral corruption in the country, and accused the Shah of submission to the United States and Israel.", "The Iranian year 1342 was canceled as a sign of protest against government policies.", "On the afternoon of June 3, 1963, the Sunni Muslim caliph Yazid, who is perceived as a 'tyrant' by Shias, was denounced by the Shah in a speech at the Feyziyeh madrasah.", "On 5 June 1963, two days after the public denunciation of the Shah, the leader of the Islamic Revolution was taken to Tehran.", "Some 400 people were killed in riots in Iran after this action.", "The event is now referred to as the Movement of 15 Khordad.", "He was under house arrest until August.", "On October 26, 1964, Khomeini denounced both the Shah and the United States.", "This time it was in response to the diplomatic immunity granted by the Shah to American military personnel in Iran.", "The \"status-of-forces agreement\" that was stipulating that U.S. servicemen facing criminal charges stemming from a deployment in Iran were to be tried before a U.S. court martial, not an Iranian court was labeled a capitulation law.", "He was held for half a year after his arrest.", "Prime Minister Hasan Ali Mansur tried to convince him to cease his opposition to the Shah and his government after he was released.", "Mansur hit him in the face with a fit of rage.", "Mansur was killed on his way to parliament.", "Four members of the Fadayan-e Islam were executed for their part in the murder.", "Life in exile was mostly in the Iraqi city of Najaf.", "He was sent to Turkey on 4 November 1964 and stayed in the home of Colonel Ali Cetiner of the Turkish Military Intelligence.", "After less than a year, he was allowed to move to Iraq and stayed there until 1978, when he was kicked out by Saddam Hussein.", "The chief of External Documentation and Counter-Espionage Service said that the discontent with the Shah was becoming intense by this time.", "Khomeini was a model for imitation by the late 1960s.", "The idea of a limited monarchy under the Iranian Constitution of 1906–07 was accepted by Khomeini in the 1940s, but he rejected it by the 1970s.", "In 1970, a book titled variously Islamic Government or Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist was published.", "This was his best known and most influential work, and laid out his ideas on governance, that the laws of society should be made up only of the laws of God.", "Those holding government posts should have knowledge of Shariah since it is the proper law.", "Since Islamic jurists or faqih have studied and are the most knowledgeable in Sharia, the country's ruler should be a faqih who \"surpasses all others in knowledge\" of Islamic law and justice.", "Rule by monarchs and/or assembly of those claiming to be representatives of the majority of the people.", "Islam says that elected parliaments and legislatures are wrong.", "The system of clerical rule is necessary to prevent injustice, corruption, oppression by the powerful over the poor and weak, innovation and deviation of Islam and Sharia law, and also to destroy anti-Islamic influence and conspiracies by non- Muslim foreign powers.", "After the Islamic Republic's first \"Guardian\" or \"Supreme Leader\" was elected, a modified form of the wilayat al-faqih system was adopted.", "In the meantime, however, Khomeini was careful not to promote his ideas for clerical rule outside of his Islamic network of opposition to the Shah which he worked to build and strengthen over the next decade.", "The Shah's actions in Iran began to build opposition to his regime.", "Cassette copies of his lectures became a common item in the markets of Iran, helping to demythologize the power and dignity of the Shah.", "Despite his long-term ideological incompatibility with secular and Islamic opponents of the Shah, Khomeini reached out to them despite the importance of broadening his base.", "Khomeini became the most influential leader of the opposition to the Shah after the death of Ali Shariati.", "The old Shia saying attributed to the Imam Musa al-Kadhem was added to his mystique.", "\"A man will come out from Qom and he will summon people to the right path\" was said to have been prophesied by al-Kadhem prior to his death.", "The rumour was that Khomeini's face could be seen in the full moon.", "The event was celebrated in thousands of mosques by millions of people who had seen it.", "He was seen as the spiritual leader of the revolt by many Iranians.", "In late 1978 he was seen as a messianic figure in Iran after the episode with his face in the moon.", "His profile and importance changed as protests grew.", "Although several thousand kilometers away from Iran in Paris, Khomeini set the course of the revolution, urging Iranians not to compromise and ordering work strikes against the regime.", "Reporters, supporters, and notables were eager to hear from the spiritual leader of the revolution during the last few months of his exile.", "Historian Ervand Abrahamian described a \"populist clerical version of Shii Islam\" that Khomeini developed while in exile.", "In order to argue that the clergy's sacred duty was to take over the state so that it could implement shari'a, the Shii interpretations of Islam were modified in a number ofTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkia", "The People's Mujahedin of Iran began funding their armed operations against the Shah despite their ideological differences.", "A trove of newly declassified US government documents--diplomatic cables, policy memos, meeting records--is part of Khomeini's contact with the US.", "According to the documents, the Carter administration helped Khomeini return to Iran by preventing the Iranian army from launching a military coup, and that he told an American in France that there should be no fear about oil.", "It's not true that we wouldn't sell to the US.", "According to a 1980 CIA study, in November 1963, the leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran sent a message to the United States Government that he was not opposed to American interests in Iran.", "The report was denied by the supreme leader.", "The Iranian politicians, including the Khomeini's spokesman and adviser at the time of the revolution, have questioned the documents.", "The Guardian did not have access to the newly declassified documents and was not able to independently verify them, but it did confirm that the Kennedy administration supported US interests in Iran, particularly oil, through a CIA analysis report titled \"Islam in Iran\".", "INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals", "During the Shah's rule, the Supreme Leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran Return to Iran was not allowed to return to Iran.", "The Shah left the country for medical treatment on January 16, 1979 and never came back.", "Two weeks later, on Thursday, 1 February 1979 the leader of the Islamic Revolution of Iran returned to his country and was welcomed by a crowd estimated to be five million people.", "120 journalists, including three women, were with him on his Air France flight back to Tehran.", "One of the journalists asked ifyatollah would be so kind as to tell them how he feels about being back in Iran.", "The answer was \"hichi\" (nothing) given by Sadegh Ghotbzadeh.", "He considered this statement to be reflective of his mystical beliefs and non-attachment to ego.", "Iranians who hoped he would be a \"mainstream nationalist leader\" were warned that they were in for disappointment.", "It was a reflection of an unfeeling leader incapable or unconcerned with understanding the thoughts, beliefs, or needs of the Iranian populace.", "He promised to kick the teeth of the government.", "I make the government.", "On 11 February, Khomeini appointed his own interim prime minister, Mehdi Bazargan, and demanded that he be obeyed.", "He warned that disobedience against him was considered a revolt against God.", "As the movement gained steam, soldiers began to defect to his side and he declared ill fortune on troops who did not surrender.", "As revolt spread and armories were taken over, the military declared neutrality and the regime collapsed.", "On 30 and 31 March 1979 a referendum to replace the monarchy with an Islamic Republic passed with 98% of the vote, with the question: \"should the monarchy be abolished in favour of an Islamic Government?\"", "While in Paris, Khomeini had promised a democratic political system for Iran, but once in power, he advocated for the creation of theocracy.", "Establishing Islamic Revolutionary courts, replacing the military and police force, and placing Iran's top theologians and Islamic intellectuals in charge of writing theocratic constitutions were some of the steps taken by Khomeini and his associates.", "The post of supreme Islamic clerical ruler was not included in the first constitution of the Islamic Republic.", "The Islamic government was defined by Khomeini in his book Hokumat-e Islami: Velayat-e faqih (Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist), which was published while he was in exile in 1970.", "The idea ofvernance of the Jurist and the necessity of it in running an Islamic state were included in the book.", "The proposed constitution was re-written by Khomeini and his supporters.", "Those protesting the closing of newspapers were attacked.", "The National Democratic Front and Muslim People's Republican Party were attacked and banned.", "The Assembly of Experts which revised the proposed constitution gained an overwhelming majority of seats thanks to popular support.", "The newly proposed constitution included an Islamic jurist Supreme Leader of the country and a Council of Guardians to veto un-Islamic legislation and screen candidates for office, disqualifying those found un-Islamic.", "The new constitution of the Islamic Republic was adopted in 1979.", "The leader of the revolution was instituted as the Supreme Leader of theGuardian Jurist.", "The first president of Iran was elected on February 4, 1980.", "Critics say that he went back on his word to advise rather than rule the country.", "On October 22, 1979 the United States admitted Shah for cancer treatment.", "The Shah's return to Iran for trial and execution was demanded by both the left and the right in Iran.", "On 4 November, a group of Iranian college students took control of the American Embassy in Tehran and held 52 embassy staff hostage for 444 days.", "In the United States, the hostage-taking was seen as a violation of international law and aroused intense anger and anti-Iranian sentiment.", "The seizure of the embassy of a country he called the \"Great Satan\" helped advance the cause of theocratic government and outflanked politicians and groups who emphasized stability and normalized relations with other countries.", "The president is said to have been told by Khomeini that the action has many benefits.", "Our opponents are not going to act against us.", "We can hold presidential and parliamentary elections without difficulty.", "A month after the hostage crisis began, the new constitution was passed by referendum.", "The hostage crisis split the opposition into two groups, with radicals supporting it and moderates opposing it.", "The crisis continued even after the Shah died.", "The embassy in Iran was named a \"Den of Espionage\" due to the amount of official and classified documents found there.", "The export of his revolution throughout the world was supported by the relationship with Islamic and non-aligned countries.", "He believed Shia and Sunni Muslims should stand together against Western powers.", "The goal of the revolution is to establish the Islamic state world-wide.", "The birth week of Muhammad was declared the Unity week.", "The International Day of Quds was declared in 1981.", "Iraq is the only large state besides Iran with a Shia majority that is not involved in the Iran–Iraq War.", "At the same time Saddam Hussein, Iraq's secular Arab nationalist Ba'athist leader, was eager to take advantage of Iran's weakened military and (what he assumed was) revolutionary chaos, and in particular to occupy Iran's adjacent oil-rich province of Khuzestan.", "The Iran–Iraq War began in September 1980 after Iraq launched a full-scale invasion of Iran.", "Despite Saddam's use of poison gas, Iran regained almost all of the territory lost to the invasion, despite fierce resistance by Iranians and military incompetence by Iraqi forces.", "The invasion gave Iranians support for the new regime and allowed him to consolidate his leadership.", "After this reversal, Khomeini refused an Iraqi offer of a truce, instead demanding the removal of Saddam Hussein from power.", "There was an attempted military coup in 1982.", "Iranian soldiers and militia were killed in the Iran–Iraq War.", "Although Iran's population and economy were three times the size of Iraq, the latter was aided by neighboring Persian Gulf Arab states, as well as the Soviet bloc and Western countries.", "The Persian Gulf Arabs and the West wanted to make sure the Islamic revolution didn't spread across the Persian Gulf, while the Soviet Union wanted to make sure it didn't pose a threat to its rule in central Asia.", "The United States provided large amounts of weaponry to Iran during the Shah's era and the United States illegally supplied arms to Iran during the 1980s.", "During the Iran–Iraq War, Iranians used human wave attacks on Iraq and promised that if they died in battle, they would go to paradise.", "By March 1984, two million of Iran's most educated citizens had left the country, as well as an estimated one and a half million that had fled Iran, victims of political executions, and hundreds of thousands of \"martyrs\" from the \"human wave\" attacks on Iraq.", "In July 1988, the United Nations brokered a truce between the warring parties.", "Despite the high cost of the war, including 450,000 to 950,000 Iranian casualties and US$300 billion, Khomeini insisted that extending the war into Iraq in an attempt to overthrow Saddam had not been a mistake.", "He wrote that they do not repentance nor are they sorry for their performance during the war.", "Have we forgotten that we fought to fulfill our religious duty and that the result is a marginal issue?", "In an interview with Gareth Porter, the eight-year war time minister of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, Mohsen Rafighdoost, said that he had opposed his proposal for beginning work on both nuclear and chemical weapons by a fatwa which had never been made public.", "Rushdie fatwa was issued in 1989 and called for the assassination of Rushdie.", "Rushdie's book, The Satanic Verses, was published in 1988 and was accused of committing apostasy against Islam.", "The execution of Rushdie and all those involved in the publication of the book were required by the fatw.", "The Western world condemned the fatw because it violated the universal human rights of free speech and freedom of religion.", "The fatw was attacked for violating the rules of fiqh by not allowing the accused an opportunity to defend himself, and because even the most rigorous and extreme of the classical jurist only requires a Muslim to kill anyone who insults the Prophet in his hearing and in his presence.", "The fatwa was not revoked despite Rushdie publicly regretting the distress that publication has occasioned to sincere followers of Islam.", "Hitoshi Igarashi, the Japanese translator of Rushdie's book The Satanic Verses, was murdered and two other translators of the book survived assassination attempts.", "In a speech to a huge crowd after returning to Iran from exile, the leader of the Islamic regime promised a government that would represent the people of Iran and that the clergy would not interfere.", "He promised that no one should remain homeless in this country and that Iranians would have free telephone, heating, electricity, bus services and oil at their doorstep.", "The Islamic dress code was enforced for both men and women by the Islamic Revolutionary Guards and other Islamic groups.", "Men were forbidden to wear shorts and women were required to cover their hair.", "The practice of men and women swimming or sunbathing together was banned.", "The Islamic Cultural Revolution Islamized the Iranian educational curriculum at all levels.", "In July 1979 the broadcasting of music other than martial or religious was banned in Iran.", "Approximately the rest of his life, the ban lasted 10 years.", "Feminism, ethnic and religious minorities, liberals, and left-wingers were all moved quickly to be suppressed by the newly established regime.", "Women and child rights were supported by the female populace during the ousting of Shah and his subsequent return, advocating for mainstreaming of women into all spheres of life and even hypothesizing about a woman head of state.", "His stances on women's rights changed after he came back.", "Iran's divorce law was revoked due to the fact that it was invalid.", "Women's right to divorce is allowed by Islamic law.", "In Islamic law, rape by a spouse is not equivalent to rape or zina, and a woman must surrender to her husband for any pleasure.", "He revoked the divorce law just three weeks after taking power because he wanted to reverse the Shah's affinity for westernization.", "The minimum age of marriage was lowered to 15 for boys and 13 for girls, but the average age of women at marriage continued to increase.", "Laws were passed that made it impossible for women to divorce men and that adultery was the highest form of criminal offense.", "The image of Western women was reconstructed as a symbol of impiety because women were compelled to wear veils.", "In Islam, morality and modesty are seen as fundamental womanly qualities that need state protection, and concepts of individual gender rights are considered to be part of women's social rights.", "The ideal emulatable woman was Fatima.", "There was an effort to rehabilitate women into employment despite the religious orthodoxy.", "His regime increased female participation in healthcare, education and the workforce.", "The reception of women from his regime has been mixed.", "Some people were dismayed at the increasing Islamisation and concurrent degradation of women's rights, but others noticed more opportunities and mainstreaming of relatively conservative women.", "capital punishment was imposed on homosexuals after he became supreme leader.", "Between February and March, sixteen Iranians were executed for offenses related to sexual violations.", "The \"Revolutionary Tribunals\" were created by Khomeini.", "According to historian Ervand Abrahamian, the clerical courts were encouraged by Khomeini to continue implementing their version of the Shari'a.", "Drug addicts, prostitutes, homosexuals, rapists, and adulterers were executed as part of the campaign to \"cleanse\" the society.", "\"Khomeini claimed that 'homosexuals' had to be wiped out because they were parasites and corruptors of the nation by spreading the'stain of wickedness',\" said author Arno Schmitt.", "The sickness of transsexuality was cured through surgery.", "In 1979 he said that the execution of homosexuals and prostitutes was reasonable in a moral civilization.", "The spiritual over the material is said to have been stressed by Khomeini.", "Six months after his first speech, he expressed exasperation with the complaints about the drop in Iran's standard of living.", "He asked if anyone could wish their child to be martyrs to get a good house.", "This isn't the issue.", "The issue is not the same as the other world.", "He answered a question about his economic policies by saying that economics is for donkeys.", "A wise person wouldn't sacrifice his children for affordable housing.", "People want everything for their children.", "It would be foolish for a human to spare his life in order to improve the economy.", "The sole infrastructure of the animal is its economy.", "A donkey considers the economy to be its only infrastructure.", "People don't realize what human being is.", "The inchoate performance of the Iranian economy since the revolution is explained by this disinterest in economic policy.", "Other factors include the long war with Iraq, the cost of which led to government debt and inflation, erosion of personal incomes, and ideological disagreement over the economy.", "Poverty increased by 45% during the first 6 years of Khomeini's rule due to the Iran–Iraq War.", "For the first time in the country's history, emigration from Iran developed.", "Two to four million entrepreneurs, professionals, technicians, and skilled craftspeople have migrated to other countries since the revolution and war with Iraq.", "The pro-imperialist opponents who are trying to bring corruption and destruction to our country in the name of democracy will be overthrown.", "They are worse than the Jews of Bani-Ghorizeh.", "God's call to prayer and God's order will allow us to oppress them.", "In 1983, the Central Intelligence Agency gave a list of Soviet KGB agents and their associates in Iran to the leader of the Communist Tudeh Party of Iran, who then executed up to 200 suspects.", "It's available online.", "Hundreds of former members of the overthrown monarchy and military met their ends in firing squad, with exiled critics complaining of \"secrecy, vagueness of the charges, the absence of defense lawyers or juries\"", "TheMarxists and socialists, mostly university students, opposed the theocratic regime in the later years.", "The Mojahedin and anyone who was violently opposed to the government were declared \"enemies of God\" by Khomeini after the 1981 Hafte Tir bombing.", "After the People's Mujahedin of Iran's unsuccessful operation Forough-e Javidan against the Islamic Republic, Khomeini ordered judicial officials to kill every Iranian political prisoner.", "Around 30,000 of those who were questioned were killed.", "The prisoners were hanged from the cranes in half-hour intervals because of the large number.", "Zoroastrians, Jews, and Christians are protected by the government.", "Jews and other minorities were ordered to be treated well by Khomeini after he returned from exile.", "Zionism is a secular political party that uses Jewish symbols and ideals and Judaism as its religion, according to Khomeini.", "Senior government posts were reserved for Muslims.", "Muslim principals ran schools set up by Jews, Christians and Zoroastrians.", "If their siblings remain non- Muslim, converts were encouraged to inherit the entire share of their parents' estate.", "Iran's non- Muslim population has gone down.", "The Jewish population in Iran dropped from 80,000 to 30,000.", "The Zoroastrian population has decreased due to suffering from renewed persecution and the revived legal contrasts between a Muslim and Zoroastrian, which mirror the laws that Zoroastrians experienced under earlier Islamic regimes.", "The view that Zoroastrians are not clean has been renewed.", "Four of the 270 seats in parliament were reserved for non- Muslim minority religions.", "Sunni and Shi'a Muslims need to work together.", "9% of the entire Muslim population in Iran are Sunni Muslims.", "The 300,000 members of the Bah Faith were treated differently.", "The Bah National Spiritual Assembly (NSA) and Local Spiritual Assemblies (LSAs) were targeted by the new government in the late 1980's and early 90's.", "Some 200 of them have been executed and the rest forced to become disabled.", "Bah was thought to be apostates by most conservative Muslims.", "After the Shah left Iran in 1979 a Kurdish delegation traveled to Qom to present the Kurds' demands to Khomeini.", "Language rights and a degree of political autonomy were included in their demands.", "The division of the Iranian nation was something that was unacceptable.", "There were many battles between Kurdish militia groups and the Revolutionary Guards.", "The referendum on the Islamic Republic was boycotted by most of the voters.", "Most of Iranian Kurdistan was put under martial law in September after additional attacks were ordered by Khomeini.", "His health declined several years prior to his death.", "After spending eleven days in Jamaran hospital, Ruhollah Khomeini died at the age of 89 just before midnight on June 3, 1989 after suffering five heart attacks in ten days.", "Ali Khamenei succeeded him as Supreme Leader.", "Fire trucks sprayed water on the crowds to cool them off after large numbers of Iranians took to the streets to mourn his death.", "At least 10 mourners were trampled to death, more than 400 were badly hurt and several thousand more were treated for injuries sustained in the ensuing pandemonium.", "2 million people paid their respects as the body lay in state.", "The number of people who attended the funeral on 4 June ranged from 2.5 to 3.5 million.", "Khomeini's corpse was flown in by helicopter the next day for burial.", "Khomeini's funeral was delayed after a mob destroyed his wooden coffin in order to get a last glimpse of his corpse.", "In some cases, armed soldiers were forced to shoot warning shots in the air.", "The crowd ripped off pieces of the death shroud, trying to keep them as if they were holy relics, as Khomeini's body fell to the ground.", "The second funeral was held under much tighter security.", "In accordance with Islamic tradition, the steel casket was used to carry the body to the burial site.", "His son was buried next to him.", "The larger mausoleum complex has Khomeini's grave in it.", "The Assembly of Experts approved the candidacy of Grand Ayatollah Hussein-Ali Montazeri to be the next Supreme Leader in November 1985.", "The principle of velayat-e faqih and the Islamic constitution called for the Supreme Leader to be a marja, and of the dozen or so grand ayatollahs living in 1981 only Montazeri qualified as a potential Leader.", "The execution of Mehdi Hashemi in September 1987 on charges of counterrevolutionary activities was a blow to Ayatollah Montazeri.", "Montazeri called for freedom for political parties in 1989.", "Montazeri told Khomeini that his prisons were worse than those of the Shah and his SAVAK.", "After a letter of his complaints was leaked to Europe and broadcast on the BBC, a furious Khomeini ousted him from his position as official successor.", "His portraits were removed from mosques and offices.", "The Assembly for Revising the Constitution was called for to deal with the disqualification of the only suitable marja.", "The requirement that the Supreme Leader be a Marja was removed as a result of an amendment to Iran's constitution.", "In 1997 Grand Ayatollah Montazeri was put under house arrest for questioning what he regarded to be an unaccountable rule exercised by the supreme leader.", "People visit his mausoleum to listen to sermons and pray on his death day.", "According to one scholar, politics in the Islamic Republic of Iran are largely defined by attempts to claim Khomeini's legacy and that \"staying faithful to his ideology has been the litmus test for all political activity\" there.", "His views on governance evolved over time.", "Initially declaring rule by monarchs or others permissible so long asSharia law was followed, but later argued that only rule by a leading Islamic jurist would ensure thatSharia was properly followed.", "The leading Iranian Shi'i clergy of the time did not support the idea of Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist.", "Many clerics became dissatisfied with the rule of the Shah and did not support the vision of a theocratic Islamic Republic.", "The Egyptian Jihadist ideologue Sayyid Qutb was an important source of influence.", "In 1984 the Islamic Republic of Iran honoured Qutb's \"martyrdom\" by issuing a postage stamp showing him behind bars.", "Qutb's works were popular before and after the revolution.", "Current Iranian Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei and his brother Muhammad Ali are some of the prominent figures.", "Qutb's works were translated into Persian.", "There is a lot of debate about whether or not the ideas of Khomeini are compatible with democracy and whether he intended the Islamic Republic to be a democratic republic.", "Both of the regime's supporters and opponents believe that he did not.", "At different times, he made statements indicating support and opposition to democracy.", "The disagreement is explained by the belief that the huge turnout of Iranians in anti-Shah demonstrations constituted a'referendum' in favor of an Islamic republic.", "Since Muslims must support a government based on Islamic law, Sharia-based government will always have more popular support in Muslim countries than any government based on elected representatives.", "He offered himself as a champion of Islamic revival and unity, emphasizing issues Muslims agreed upon, such as the fight against Zionism and imperialism, and downplaying Shia issues that would divide Shia from Sunni.", "The Islamic world should be its own bloc, or rather become a single unified power, according to the leader of the Islamic world.", "He believed that Western culture was a corrupting influence on the youth.", "Music, cinema, and literature were banned by the Islamic Republic.", "In the Western world, it is said that his glowering visage became the virtual face of Islam in Western popular culture and that he was a synonym for a dangerous madman.", "In the United States, some Iranians felt the need to hide their Iranian identity because of the fear of being attacked.", "The American embassy hostage taking and the Islamic Republic being accused of sponsoring terrorist attacks are remembered there.", "The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was supported by Khomeini before he took power.", "According to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, we would like to act.", "We want to be free.", "We would like to be independent.", "\"I repeat for the last time: abstain from holding meetings, from blathering, from publishing protests,\" he said.", "I will break your teeth.", "Leftist intellectuals and activists considered many of Khomeini's political and religious ideas to be progressive prior to the Revolution.", "His ideas clashed with those of Iranian intellectuals when he was in power.", "When newspapers were closed by the government, the conflict came to a head.", "The intellectuals were told that they do not want us to go back 1400 years.", "You, who want freedom for everything, the freedom of parties, you who want all the freedoms, you intellectuals: freedom that will corrupt our youth, freedom that will pave the way for the oppressor, freedom that will drag our nation to the bottom.", "In contrast to his isolation from Iranian intellectuals, and \"in an utter departure from all other Islamist movements,\" Khomeini embraced international revolution and Third World solidarity.", "The Iranian media downplayed the role of the Islamic movements considered conservative when they gained control of the media, from the Sandinistas to the African National Congress and the Irish Republican Army.", "Khomeini's legacy to the economy of the Islamic Republic has been expressions of concern for the mustazafin, but not always results that aided them.", "Several times in the 1990s, the mustazafin and disabled war veterans rioted, protesting the demolition of their shantytowns and rising food prices.", "The populist redistribution policies of former president, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, who wears \"his contempt for economic orthodoxy as a badge of honour\", and has overseen sluggish growth, are said to have been mirrored by Khomeini's disdain for the science of economics.", "There is no religious restriction on corrective surgery for trans people according to a book written in 1963.", "The Imperial government did not have any specific policies regarding transsexual individuals at that time.", "Iran permits and partly finances seven times as many gender reassignment operations as the entire European Union and has a Penal Code thatallows for the execution of homosexuals.", "Khomeini was described as slim, but athletic and boned.", "He was known for his punctuality.", "He was said to have inspired admiration, awe, and fear from those around him.", "His practice of ignoring his audience while he taught contributed to his charisma.", "The traditional beliefs of Islamic jurisprudence held that things like urine, excrement, blood, wine, and so on.", "Some of the \"impure\" things that physical contact with which while wet required ritual washing or Ghusl before prayer were non-Muslims.", "According to Baqer Moin, he had been transformed into a semi-divine figure.", "He was no longer a grand ayatollah and deputy of the Imam, but simply 'The Imam'.", "The personality cult of Khomeini fills a central position in Iranian publications.", "The methods used to create his personality cult have been compared to those used by other figures.", "\"A man will come out from Qom and he will summon people to the right path\" is said to be attributed to the Imam Musa al-Kazim.", "It was said in Iran that there will be people like pieces of iron, not to be shaken by violent winds, unsparing and relying on God.", "This saying was attributed to Musa al-Sadr in Lebanon.", "In Iran, the title of \"imam\" is reserved for the twelve leaders of the early Shi'a.", "He was associated with the 12th Imam of Shia belief.", "He was the deputy to the Twelfth Imam.", "Taghut and Mofsed-e-filarz are religious terms used for enemies of the Twelfth Imam.", "The officials of the overthrown Shah's government were sentenced to death for fighting against the Twelfth Imam.", "When a deputy in the majlis asked if he was the 'promised Mahdi', Khomeini did not confirm or deny the title.", "Some non-supporters called him \"magnificently clear-minded, single-minded and unswerving\" as the revolution gained steam.", "The image of the leader of the nation was that of an absolute, wise, and indispensable leader.", "His timing was extraordinary, and his insight into the motivation of others, those around him as well as his enemies, could not be explained as ordinary knowledge.", "The clerics who supported him and spoke up for him in front of the people fostered this belief.", "Many secularists who firmly disapproved of his policies felt the power of his \"messianic\" appeal.", "One journalist tells the story of listening to bitter criticism of the regime by an Iranian who tells her of her father's loyalty to the regime.", "The critic became \"ashen faced\" and \" speechless\" when his complaint was interrupted by the news that \"the Imam\" might be dying.", "An example of Khomeini's charisma is the effect a half-hour-long speech on the Quran by him had on a Muslim scholar from South Africa.", "Some sources claim that Khomeini married Saqafi when she was ten years old, while others claim she was fifteen years old.", "They were happy and harmonious in their marriage.", "She died in 2009.", "Only five of the seven children survived infancy.", "His daughters all married into families that were either merchant or clerical.", "The elder son, Mostafa, died in 1977 while in exile in Iraq with his father and was rumored to have been murdered by SAVAK.", "Ahmad Khomeini, who died at the age of 50, was said to have been a victim of foul play by the regime.", "Zahra Mostafavi, his most prominent daughter, is a professor at the University of Tehran.", "Zahra Eshraghi is the granddaughter of the leader of the Islamic Iran Participation Front and is considered a pro-reform character.", "The elder grandson of the leader of the Islamic Revolution in Iran, Sayid Hasan Khomeini, is a cleric and the Trustee of the Mausoleum of Khomeini, as well as showing support for the reform movement in Iran.", "The son of Sayid Mustafa Khomeini is a cleric who is against the system of the Islamic Republic.", "In 2003 he was quoted as saying \"Iranians need freedom now, and if they can only achieve it with American interference I think they would welcome it.\"", "I would welcome it as an Iranian.", "The son of the last Shah and a pretender to the Sun Throne were some of the figures that Husain Khomeini met in the United States.", "After receiving an urgent message from his grandmother, Husain returned to Iran.", "According to Michael Ledeen, he was blackmailed into returning.", "In 2006 he called for an American invasion and overthrow of the Islamic Republic.", "Someone should break the prison doors.", "Ali Eshraghi was disqualified from the 2008 parliamentary elections for being insufficiently loyal to the principles of the Islamic revolution, but was later reinstated.", "Khomeini was a prolific writer and speaker who wrote commentaries on the Qur'an, on Islamic jurisprudence, the roots of Islamic law, and Islamic traditions.", "He published books about philosophy, gnosticism, poetry, literature, government and politics.", "His books include: Hokumat-e Islami, The Little Green Book, and The Disciplines.", "A letter from Rouhollah Khomeini to Mikhail Gorbachev was dated 1 January 1989.", "The regents of the University of California published essays on the Islamic Republic in 1993." ]

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[ "Sayd Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini", "Khomeini", "Khomeini", "Imam Khomeini", "Khomeini", "Ruhollah", "Khomeini", "Khomeini", "Khomeini", "Khomeini", "Khomeini", "Khomeini", "Ruhollah", "Khomeini", "Khomeini", "Khomeini", "Khomeini", "Khomeini", "Khomeini", "Khomeini", "Khomeini", "Khomeini", "Khomeini", "Khomeini", "Khomeini", "Khomeini", "Khomeini", "Khomeini", "Khomeini", "Khomeini", "Ruhollah", "Khomeini", "Khomeini", "Khomeini", "Khomeini", "Khomeini", "Khomeini", "Khomeini", "Khomeini", "Khomeini", "Khomeini", "Khomeini", "Ahmad Khomeini", "Hasan Khomeini", "Mustafa Khomeini", "Khomeini", "Khomeini", "Khomeini" ]

[ "Avril Phaedra Douglas \"Kim\" Campbell (born March 10, 1947) is a Canadian politician, diplomat, lawyer and writer who served as the 19th prime minister of Canada from June 25 to November 4, 1993.", "Campbell is the first and only female prime minister of Canada.", "Prior to becoming the final Progressive Conservative prime minister, she was also the first woman to serve as Minister of Justice in Canadian history and the first woman to become Minister of Defence in a NATO member state.", "Campbell was first elected to the British Columbia Legislative Assembly as a member of the British Columbia Social Credit Party in 1986 before being elected to the House of Commons of Canada as a PC in 1988.", "Under Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, she occupied numerous cabinet positions including Minister of Justice and Attorney General, Minister of Veterans Affairs and Minister of National Defence from 1990–1993.", "Campbell became the new Prime Minister in June 1993 after Mulroney resigned in the wake of declining popularity.", "In the 1993 Canadian federal election in October of that year, the Progressive Conservatives were decimated, losing all but two seats from a previous majority, with Campbell losing her own.", "Her 132-day premiership is the third-shortest in Canadian history.", "Campbell was also the first baby boomer to hold the office, as well as the only Prime Minister born in British Columbia.", "She is currently the chairperson for Canada's Supreme Court Advisory Board.", "Early life\nCampbell was born in Port Alberni, British Columbia, the daughter of Phyllis \"Lissa\" Margaret (née Cook; 1923–2013) and George Thomas Campbell (1920–2002), a barrister who had served with the Seaforth Highlanders of Canada in Italy.", "Her father was born in Montreal, to Scottish parents from Glasgow.", "While she was in her pre-teens, Campbell and her family moved to Vancouver.", "Campbell was one of five co-hosts and reporters on the CBC children's program Junior Television Club, which aired in May and June 1957.", "Her mother left when Campbell was 12, leaving Kim and her sister Alix to be raised by their father.", "As a teenager, Campbell nicknamed herself Kim.", "In Vancouver, Campbell attended Prince of Wales Secondary School and was a top student.", "She became the school's first female student president, and graduated in 1964.", "University and early career\nCampbell earned an honours bachelor's degree in political science from the University of British Columbia, graduating in 1969.", "She was active in the student government and served as the school's first female president of the freshman class.", "She then completed a year of graduate study at that school, to qualify for doctoral-level studies.", "Campbell entered the London School of Economics in 1970 to study towards her doctorate in Soviet government, and spent three months touring the Soviet Union, from April to June 1972.", "She had spent several years studying the Russian language, and claimed she was nearly fluent, although when asked to say a few words of welcome by a reporter to Boris Yeltsin during his visit to Canada in 1993, she could not and could only say \"Hello Mr. Yeltsin\".", "Campbell ultimately left her doctoral studies, returning to live in Vancouver after marrying Nathan Divinsky, her longtime partner, in 1972.", "She earned, in 1983, an LL.B.", "from the University of British Columbia.", "She was called to the British Columbia Bar in 1984, and practised law in Vancouver until 1986.", "Family and early political career\nDuring her marriage to Divinsky, Campbell lectured part-time in political science at the University of British Columbia and at Vancouver Community College.", "While still attending law school, she entered politics as a trustee on the Vancouver School Board, becoming, in 1983, the chair of that board and serving in 1984 as its vice-chair.", "She once claimed to have told the board to \"back off\" although others alleged that she said \"fuck off\".", "In total, she was a trustee there from 1980 to 1984.", "Campbell and Divinsky were divorced in 1983, and Campbell married Howard Eddy in 1986, a marriage that lasted until shortly before she became prime minister.", "Campbell is the second prime minister of Canada to have been divorced, after Pierre Trudeau.", "She briefly dated Gregory Lekhtman, the inventor of Exerlopers, during her term as prime minister, but the relationship was relatively private and she did not involve him in the 1993 election campaign.", "She is currently married to Hershey Felder, an actor, playwright, composer and concert pianist.", "Provincial politics\nCampbell was the unsuccessful British Columbia Social Credit Party (Socred) candidate in Vancouver Centre for a seat in the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia in 1983, receiving 12,740 votes (19.3% in a double member riding).", "She then briefly worked in the office of Premier Bill Bennett.", "Campbell ran unsuccessfully for the leadership of the BC Social Credit Party in the summer of 1986 (placing last with 14 votes from delegates), but was elected in October 1986 to the British Columbia Legislative Assembly as a Socred member for Vancouver-Point Grey, getting 19,716 votes (23.2%, also in a double member riding).", "Consigned to the backbenches, she became disenchanted with Premier Bill Vander Zalm's leadership and broke with him and Social Credit over the issue of abortion, which Vander Zalm opposed.", "Campbell decided to leave provincial politics and enter federal politics.", "Federal politics\nCampbell was elected in the 1988 federal election as the member of Parliament (MP) from Vancouver Centre.", "She won the party nomination after the incumbent, Pat Carney, declined to stand for re-nomination.", "In 1989 Campbell was appointed to the cabinet as minister of state (Indian affairs and northern development), a junior role to the minister of Indian and northern affairs.", "From 1990 to 1993 she held the post of minister of justice and attorney general, overseeing notable amendments to the Criminal Code in the areas of firearms control and sexual assault.", "In 1990, following the Supreme Court's decision to invalidate the country's abortion law, Campbell was responsible for introducing Bill C-43 to govern abortions in Canada.", "Although it passed the House of Commons, it failed to pass the Senate, leaving Canada with no national law governing abortions.", "In 1993, Campbell was transferred to the posts of minister of national defence and minister of veterans affairs.", "Notable events during her tenure included dealing with the controversial issue of replacing shipborne helicopters for the navy and for search and rescue units.", "The actions by Canadian Airborne Regiment in the scandal known as the Somalia Affair also first emerged while Campbell was minister.", "When the Liberal Party of Canada took power, the incident became the subject of a lengthy public inquiry, continuing to focus attention on Campbell and the PCs.", "David Milgaard\nUpon assumption of the Justice portfolio, Campbell was handed the petition for a new trial in the case of David Milgaard, a man who had been wrongfully convicted for murder in 1970 and spent decades trying to clear his name before being exonerated in 1993.", "In her autobiography Time and Chance, Campbell wrote that she came under \"considerable pressure\" from the public and was \"bombarded with questions from the media and [from Opposition MPs] in Question Period\" about the case before she was even officially assigned to Milgaard's petition to direct a new trial in the case.", "She said that her decision was delayed by Milgaard's legal team's repeated addition of new submissions to the appeal, which she was not allowed to review until all such submissions were complete.", "In mid-January 1991, she informed Milgaard's legal team that there was insufficient evidence to grant the petition.", "When later Mulroney was confronted by Milgaard's mother, he had \"saluted her courage and determination and ... show[n] his concern for her son's health\", which \"blindsided\" and \"floored\" Campbell and was interpreted by media and some MPs as evidence that the Prime Minister had taken sides in the case.", "Campbell says she \"told the press [that] Mulroney was much too good a lawyer to intervene improperly\" and \"never breathed a word\" to her about it; nor did anyone in his office attempt to influence her decision.", "Despite this, she wrote, Milgaard's mother \"is convinced he did, and the media accepted this view,\" which made it difficult for her to convince others that she and her officials were motivated solely by \"a desire to make the right decision.\"", "Prime Minister (June–November 1993)\n\nMulroney entered 1993 facing a statutory federal election.", "By then, his popularity had markedly declined, and polls suggested that the Tories would be heavily defeated if he led them into that year's election.", "In February 1993, Mulroney announced his retirement from politics, to take effect after his successor had been chosen.", "Campbell entered the party leadership race to succeed Mulroney.", "Campbell had served in four cabinet portfolios prior to running for the party leadership, including three years as Minister of Justice, and garnered support of more than half the PC caucus when she declared for the leadership.", "She defeated Jean Charest at the Progressive Conservative leadership convention that June, and Governor General Ray Hnatyshyn appointed her Prime Minister on June 25.", "As a concession to Charest, Campbell appointed him to the posts of Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Industry, Science and Technology—the first largely symbolic, and the second a significant cabinet portfolio position.", "After becoming party leader and Prime Minister, Campbell set about reorganizing the cabinet.", "She cut it from 35 ministers to 23 ministers; she consolidated ministries by creating three new ministries: Health, Canadian Heritage, and Public Security.", "Campbell extensively campaigned during the summer, touring the nation and attending barbecues and other events.", "In August 1993, a Gallup Canada poll showed Campbell as having a 51 percent approval rating, which placed her as Canada's most popular prime minister in 30 years.", "By the end of the summer, her personal popularity had increased greatly, far surpassing that of Liberal Party leader Jean Chrétien.", "Support for the Progressive Conservative Party had also increased to within a few points of the Liberals, while the Reform Party had been reduced to single digits.", "Campbell was the first Canadian prime minister not to have resided at 24 Sussex Drive since that address became the official home of the Prime Minister of Canada in 1951.", "Mulroney remained at 24 Sussex while renovations on his new home in Montreal were being completed.", "Campbell instead took up residence at Harrington Lake, the PM's summer and weekend retreat, located in rural Quebec, north of Ottawa, and she did not move into 24 Sussex after Mulroney left.", "Like Charles Tupper and John Turner, Campbell never faced a Parliament during her brief tenure, as her term was filled by the summer break and the election campaign.", "Campbell's premiership was the first time in Canadian history that both the head of state as well as the head of government were female.", "1993 election\n\nCampbell waited as long as she could before asking Hnatyshyn to dissolve Parliament on September 8, only weeks before Parliament was due to expire.", "The election was scheduled for October 25, the latest date it could be legally held under Section 4 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.", "The Progressive Conservatives (PCs) were optimistic that they would be able to remain in power and, if not, would at least be a strong opposition to a Liberal minority government.", "Campaign\nCampbell's initial popularity declined after the writ was dropped.", "When she was running for the party leadership, Campbell's frank honesty was seen as an important asset and a sharp contrast from Mulroney's highly polished style.", "However, this backfired when she told reporters at a Rideau Hall event that it was unlikely that the deficit or unemployment would be much reduced before the \"end of the century\".", "During the election campaign, she further stated that discussing a complete overhaul of Canada's social policies in all their complexities could not be done in just 47 days; this statement was reduced to her having stated that an election is no time to discuss important issues.", "The PCs' support tailed off as the campaign progressed.", "By October, polls showed the Liberals were well on their way to at least a minority government, and would probably win a majority without dramatic measures.", "Even at this point, Campbell was still considerably more popular than Liberal leader Jean Chrétien.", "In hopes of stemming the tide, the PC campaign team put together a series of ads attacking the Liberal leader.", "The second ad appeared to mock Chrétien's Bell's Palsy facial paralysis, and generated a severe backlash from the media, with some PC candidates calling for the ad to be pulled from broadcasts.", "Campbell disavowed direct responsibility for the ad, and claimed to have ordered it off the air over her staff's objections.", "It was to no avail; PC support plummeted into the teens in the aftermath of the ad, all but assuring that the Liberals would win a majority government.", "Election defeat\nOn election night, October 25, the Progressive Conservatives were swept from power in a Liberal landslide.", "Campbell herself was defeated in Vancouver Centre by rookie Liberal Hedy Fry.", "She conceded defeat with the remark, \"Gee, I'm glad I didn't sell my car.\"", "It was only the third time in Canadian history that a prime minister lost his or her local riding at the same time that his or her party lost an election.", "All Progressive Conservatives running for re-election lost their seats, with the lone exception of Jean Charest, who was also the only surviving member of Campbell's cabinet.", "The PCs' previous support largely bled to the Liberals in Atlantic Canada and Ontario, while Reform inherited virtually all of the former Tory support in the west.", "The Bloc Québécois inherited most soft-nationalist Tory support in Quebec, and in some cases pushed Cabinet ministers from Quebec into third place.", "The Progressive Conservatives still finished with over two million votes, taking third place in the popular vote, and falling only two percentage points short of Reform for second place.", "However, as a consequence of the first past the post system, PC support was not concentrated in enough areas to translate into victories in individual ridings.", "As a result, the Tories won only two seats, compared to Reform's 52 and the Bloc's 54.", "It was the worst defeat in party history, and the worst defeat ever suffered by a Canadian governing party at the federal level.", "Some have pointed to gender inequality as a major contributing factor to her historic loss.", "University of New Brunswick professor Joanna Everitt writes that while media simply reported the facts about rival male leaders such as Jean Chrétien, Campbell's actions were usually interpreted as having some motive (drawing up support, appealing to a group, etc.)", "Additionally, Mulroney left office as one of the most (and according to Campbell, the most) unpopular prime ministers since opinion polling began in the 1940s.", "He considerably hampered his own party's campaign effort by staging a very lavish international farewell tour at taxpayer expense, and by delaying his retirement until there were only two-and-a-half months left in the Tories' five-year mandate.", "Canadian humourist Will Ferguson suggested that Campbell should receive \"some of the blame\" for her party's losses, but that \"taking over the party leadership from Brian (Mulroney) was a lot like taking over the controls of a 747 just before it plunges into the Rockies\".", "On December 13, 1993, Campbell resigned as party leader; Jean Charest succeeded her.", "Due to the brevity of her tenure as both Prime Minister (less than 4 years) and federal Member of Parliament (less than 6 years), Campbell did not qualify for a prime ministerial or even a federal parliamentary pension.", "Post-political career\nDespite her dramatic loss in the election, the Canadian women's magazine Chatelaine named Campbell as its Woman of the Year for 1993.", "She published an autobiography, Time and Chance, () in 1996.", "The book became a Canadian bestseller, and is in its third edition from the University of Alberta Bookstore Press ().", "It was briefly rumoured that she was to be sent to Moscow as the ambassador to Russia.", "However, in 1996, Campbell was appointed consul general to Los Angeles by the Chrétien government, a post in which she remained until 2000.", "While she was there, she collaborated with her husband, composer, playwright and actor Hershey Felder, on the production of a musical, Noah's Ark.", "From 1999 to 2003, she chaired the Council of Women World Leaders, a network of women who hold or have held the office of president or prime minister.", "She was succeeded by former Irish President Mary Robinson.", "From 2003 until 2005, she served as President of the International Women's Forum, a global organization of women of prominent achievement, with headquarters in Washington, D.C. From 2001 to 2004, she was with the Center for Public Leadership, and lectured at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University.", "She has served as a director of several publicly traded companies in high technology and biotechnology, and currently sits on the board of Athenex, a biopharmaceutical company that had its initial public offering on June 14, 2017 and trades under the ticker symbol \"ATNX\".", "Campbell chaired the steering committee of the World Movement for Democracy from 2008 to 2015.", "She served on the board of the International Crisis Group, an NGO that aims to prevent and resolve deadly conflicts.", "She served on the board of the Forum of Federations, the EastWest Institute, and is a founding trustee of The International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence at King's College London.", "She was a founding member of the Club de Madrid, an independent organization whose main purpose is to strengthen democracy in the world.", "Its membership is by invitation only, and consists of former Heads of State and Government.", "At different times Campbell has served as its Interim President, Vice President and from 2004 2006 its Secretary General.", "Campbell was the founding Chair of the International Advisory Board of the Ukrainian Foundation for Effective Governance, an NGO formed in September 2007 with the aid of businessman Rinat Akhmetov.", "During the 2006 election campaign, Campbell endorsed the candidacy of Tony Fogarassy, the Conservative candidate in Campbell's former riding of Vancouver Centre; Fogarassy would go on to lose the election, placing a distant third.", "At this time, Campbell also clarified to reporters that she was a supporter of the new Conservative Party (formed in 2003 as a result of a merger of the Canadian Alliance with the party which Campbell had formerly led, the Progressive Conservatives); however, she later clarified in 2019 that she had, in fact, never joined the Conservative Party as an official member.", "While testifying in April 2009 at the Mulroney–Schreiber Airbus inquiry, Campbell said she still follows Canadian politics \"intermittently\".", "In April 2014, Campbell was appointed the founding principal of the new Peter Lougheed Leadership College at the University of Alberta.", "She has appeared on the CBC Television program Canada's Next Great Prime Minister, a show which profiles and selects young prospective leaders, and has also been an occasional panelist on Real Time with Bill Maher.", "On August 2, 2016, it was announced by Liberal Prime Minister Justin Trudeau that Campbell had agreed to chair a seven-person committee to prepare a shortlist of candidates to succeed Thomas Cromwell on the Supreme Court of Canada.", "In mid-October 2016, the committee announced that it would recommend the appointment of Malcolm Rowe to the court, and he was sworn in on October 31 as the first Supreme Court justice to hail from Newfoundland and Labrador.", "In August 2019, Campbell faced controversy when she said that she hoped that Hurricane Dorian would directly hit U.S. President Donald Trump's Mar-a-Lago estate in Florida.", "The President's son Eric responded to Campbell, saying that his family was \"rooting for the safety\" of those impacted by the hurricane.", "Campbell soon deleted the tweet and apologized for the remarks.", "Campbell courted controversy on Twitter by claiming that female newscasters who expose their \"arms\" on TV are taken less seriously.", "despite having once posed with bare shoulders herself in a famously suggestive photograph.", "Campbell revealed in Maclean's in 2019 that she could not survive in the Conservative party.", "She said: “It’s too intolerant; it’s too right-wing.” She later argued after the 2019 federal election that Conservative leader Andrew Scheer was untrustworthy, stating “He’s hard to trust, and that’s really it\".", "Legacy\n\nAs Justice Minister, Campbell brought about a new rape law that clarified sexual assault and whose passage firmly entrenched that in cases involving sexual assault, \"no means no\".", "She also introduced the rape shield law, legislation that protects a person's sexual past from being explored during trial.", "Her legacy of supporting sexual victims has been confirmed through her work with the Peter Lougheed Leadership College at the University of Alberta, where the inaugural cohort of scholars proposed that the college immediately implement mandatory education regarding sexual assault for students, which Campbell readily accepted.", "Since Parliament never sat during Campbell's four months as a Prime Minister, she was unable to bring forth new legislation, which must be formally introduced there.", "However, she did implement radical changes to the structure of the Canadian government.", "Under her tenure, the federal cabinet's size was cut from over 35 cabinet ministers and ministers of state to 23.", "This included the redesign of 8 ministries and the abolition or merging of 15 others.", "The Chrétien government retained these new ministries when it took office.", "The number of cabinet committees was reduced from 11 to 5.", "Her successors have continued to keep the size of the federal Cabinet to approximately 30 members.", "She was also the first prime minister to convene a First Ministers' conference for consultation prior to representing Canada at the G7 Summit.", "Due to her brief time in office, Campbell holds a unique spot among Canadian prime ministers in that she made no Senate appointments.", "Campbell harshly criticized Mulroney for not allowing her to succeed him before June 1993.", "In her view, when she became prime minister, she had very little time or chance to make up ground on the Liberals once her initial popularity faded.", "In her memoirs, Time and Chance, and in her response to The Secret Mulroney Tapes, Campbell suggested that Mulroney knew the Tories would be defeated in the upcoming election, and wanted a \"scapegoat who would bear the burden of his unpopularity\" rather than a viable successor.", "The cause of the 1993 debacle remains disputed, with some arguing that the election results were a vote against Mulroney rather than a rejection of Campbell, and others suggesting that the poorly run Campbell campaign was the key factor in the result.", "Although the Progressive Conservatives survived as a distinct political party for another decade after the 1993 debacle, they never recovered their previous standing.", "During that period they were led by Jean Charest (1993–1998), Elsie Wayne (1998) and then, for the second time, by Joe Clark (1998–2003) (who had been Opposition Leader and briefly Prime Minister 20 years earlier).", "By 2003, the party under new leader Peter MacKay had voted to merge with the Canadian Alliance to form the Conservative Party of Canada, thus ceasing to exist, despite MacKay having promised not to pursue a merger.", "Joe Clark continued to sit as a \"Progressive Conservative\" into 2004.", "The new generation of right-leaning Conservatives gained power in the election of 2006, ensuring the \"Tory\" nickname's survival in the federal politics of Canada.", "A PC \"rump\" caucus continued to exist in the Senate of Canada (consisting of certain Clark, Mulroney and Paul Martin appointees), but as of 2012 only one senator, Elaine McCoy of Alberta, sits as a Progressive Conservative.", "Campbell remains one of the youngest women to have ever assumed the office of Prime Minister in any country, and thus also one of the youngest to have left the office.", "Campbell was ranked No.", "20 out of the first 20 Prime Ministers of Canada (through Jean Chrétien) by a survey of 26 Canadian historians used by J. L. Granatstein and Norman Hillmer in their 1999 book Prime Ministers: Ranking Canada's Leaders.", "A follow-up article co-authored by Hillmer in 2011 for Maclean's magazine broadened the number of historians surveyed; in this new survey of over 100 Canadian historians, Campbell again finished last, this time coming at out of Canada's first 22 Prime Ministers (through Stephen Harper).", "A 2016 follow-up poll by the same team, now expanded to cover the first 23 Prime Ministers (through Justin Trudeau), again ranked Campbell last, 23rd out of 23.", "In 2004, she was included in the list of 50 most important political leaders in history in the Almanac of World History compiled by the National Geographic Society.", "She was cited for her status as the only woman head of government of a North American country (defined variously), but controversy ensued among academics in Canada over the merit of this honour, since her brief term in office was marked by very few, if any, major political accomplishments.", "On November 30, 2004, Campbell's official portrait for the parliamentary Prime Minister's gallery was unveiled.", "The painting was created by Victoria, British Columbia artist David Goatley.", "Campbell said she was \"deeply honoured\" to be the only woman to have her picture in the Prime Ministers' corridor, stating: \"I really look forward to the day when there are many other female faces.\"", "The painting shows a pensive Campbell sitting on a chair with richly coloured Haida capes and robes in the background, symbolizing her time as a cabinet minister and as an academic.", "Honours\n\n110px\n\n110px\n\nAccording to Canadian protocol, as a former Prime Minister, she is styled \"The Right Honourable\" for life.", "Appointed a Companion of the Order of Canada on Canada Day 2008\n Member of the Board, Forum of Federations.", "Scholastic\n\n Chancellor, visitor, governor, and fellowships\n\nHonorary Degrees\n\nAppointments\n\nMemberships and fellowships\n\nArms\n\nSee also\n \n List of prime ministers of Canada\n Time and Chance (Kim Campbell)\n David Milgaard\n\nArchives \nThere is a Kim Campbell fond at Library and Archives Canada.", "The archival reference number is R10052, former archival reference number MG26-S.", "The fond covers the date ranges 1916 to 2004.", "It contains a variety of media including 58.13 meters of textual records, approximately 33542 photographs and 139 videocassettes among other media.", "References\n\nFurther reading\n Grace Stewart, Heather.", "Kim Campbell: the keener who broke down barriers (2007).", "Jackfruit Press. .\n Granatstein, J.L.", "and Hillmer, Norman.", "Prime Ministers: Ranking Canada's Leaders.", "Toronto: HarperCollins Publishers Ltd., 1999. ." ]

[ "From June 25 to November 4, 1993, Kim Campbell was the 19th prime minister of Canada.", "Campbell is the first female prime minister of Canada.", "She was the first woman to become Minister of Defence in a NATO member state and the first woman to serve as Minister of Justice in Canadian history.", "Campbell was first elected to the British Columbia Legislative Assembly as a member of the British Columbia Social Credit Party in 1986 before being elected to the House of Commons of Canada as a PC in 1988.", "She held several cabinet positions under Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, including Minister of Justice and Attorney General, Minister of Veterans Affairs and Minister of National Defence.", "After Mulroney resigned in the wake of declining popularity, Campbell became the new Prime Minister.", "In the 1993 Canadian federal election, the Progressive Conservatives were decimated, losing all but two seats from a previous majority, with Campbell losing her own.", "Her 132-day term is the third shortest in Canadian history.", "Campbell was the only Prime Minister born in British Columbia and the first baby boomer to hold the office.", "She is the chairperson of the Supreme Court Advisory Board.", "Campbell was born in Port Alberni, British Columbia, the daughter of George Thomas Campbell, a barrister who had served with the Seaforth Highlanders of Canada in Italy.", "Her father was born in Montreal.", "Campbell and her family moved to Canada when she was young.", "Campbell was a reporter on the Junior Television Club, which aired in May and June 1957.", "Kim and Alix were raised by their father after their mother left.", "Campbell called herself Kim as a teenager.", "Campbell was a top student at Prince of Wales Secondary School.", "She was the school's first female student president.", "Campbell graduated from the University of British Columbia in 1969 with an honours degree in political science.", "She was the first female president of the freshman class at the school.", "She completed a year of graduate study at that school to get her PhD.", "Campbell traveled to the Soviet Union for three months in 1972 to study for her doctorate at the London School of Economics.", "When asked to say hello to Boris Yeltsin during his visit to Canada in 1993, she could not say \"Hello Mr. Yeltsin\".", "After marrying Nathan Divinsky in 1972, Campbell left her studies and returned to live in Vancouver.", "In 1983, she earned an L.B.", "A degree from the University of British Columbia.", "In 1984 she was called to the British Columbia Bar.", "Campbell lectured part-time in political science at the University of British Columbia while she was married to Divinsky.", "She became the chair of the board in 1983 and the vice-chair in 1984 while still attending law school.", "She said she told the board to back off, but others said she said \"fuck off\".", "She was a Trustee there from 1980 to 1984.", "Campbell had two marriages before she became prime minister, the first of which ended shortly before she became prime minister.", "Pierre Trudeau was the second prime minister of Canada to have been divorced.", "During her term as prime minister, she briefly dated the inventor of Exerlopers, but the relationship was relatively private and she did not involve him in the 1993 election campaign.", "Hershey Felder is an actor, playwright, composer and concert pianist.", "Campbell Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet", "She worked in the office of the premier.", "Campbell ran unsuccessfully for the leadership of the BC Social Credit Party in the summer of 1986 and was elected to the British Columbia Legislative Assembly in October 1986.", "She became dissatisfied with the leadership of the premier and broke with him and Social Credit over the issue of abortion.", "Campbell left provincial politics and entered federal politics.", "In the 1988 federal election, Campbell was elected as the member of Parliament from Vancouver Centre.", "The incumbent declined to stand for re-nomination and she won the party nomination.", "In 1989 Campbell was appointed to the cabinet as a junior minister of Indian and northern affairs.", "She was the minister of justice and attorney general from 1990 to 1993 and oversaw changes to the Criminal Code in the areas of firearms control and sexual assault.", "Campbell was responsible for introducing Bill C-43 to govern abortions in Canada after the Supreme Court invalidated the country's abortion law.", "Canada has no national law governing abortions because it failed to pass the Senate.", "Campbell was made the minister of national defence and the minister of veterans affairs.", "She dealt with the issue of replacing shipborne helicopters for the navy and search and rescue units.", "Campbell was the minister at the time of the Canadian Airborne Regiment's actions in the scandal.", "The incident became the subject of a lengthy public inquiry after the Liberal Party of Canada took power.", "Campbell was handed the petition for a new trial in the case of David Milgaard, a man who had been wrongly convicted for murder in 1970 and spent decades trying to clear his name before being exonerating in 1993.", "Campbell wrote in her book that she was bombarded with questions from the media and opposition MPs about the case before she was officially assigned to the petition.", "She said that her decision was delayed because she was not allowed to review all of the submissions until they were complete.", "She told the legal team that there was not enough evidence to support the petition.", "The media and some MPs misinterpreted Mulroney's concern for his son's health when he was confronted by the mother.", "Campbell said she told the press that Mulroney was too good a lawyer to intervene improperly and never heard anyone in his office try to influence her decision.", "It was difficult for her to convince others that she and her officials were motivated solely by a desire to make the right decision, despite the fact that the media accepted the view that he did.", "Mulroney entered 1993 facing a federal election.", "Polls suggested that the Tories would be defeated if he led them into that year's election.", "After his successor had been chosen, Mulroney announced his retirement from politics.", "Campbell entered the race to succeed Mulroney.", "Campbell had served in four cabinet portfolios prior to running for the party leadership, including three years as Minister of Justice, and received the support of more than half the PC caucus when she declared for the leadership.", "Governor General Ray Hnatyshyn appointed her Prime Minister on June 25 after she defeated Jean Charest at the Progressive Conservative leadership convention.", "As a concession to Charest, Campbell appointed him to the posts of deputy prime minister and minister of industry, science and technology.", "Campbell reorganized the cabinet after becoming Prime Minister.", "She reduced the number of ministers from 35 to 23 and created three new ministries: Health, Canadian Heritage, and Public Security.", "During the summer, Campbell toured the nation and attended barbecues.", "In August 1993, a Gallup Canada poll showed Campbell had a 51 percent approval rating, making her the most popular prime minister in 30 years.", "At the end of the summer, her personal popularity was much higher than that of the Liberal Party leader.", "The Reform Party had been reduced to single digits, while support for the Progressive Conservative Party had increased to within a few points of the Liberals.", "The official home of the Prime Minister of Canada has been 24 Sussex Drive since 1951.", "While renovations were being completed on his new home in Montreal, Mulroney remained at 24 Sussex.", "After Mulroney left, Campbell took up residence at the PM's summer and weekend retreat at Harrington Lake in rural Quebec.", "Campbell's term was filled by the summer break and the election and she never faced a Parliament.", "It was the first time in Canadian history that both the head of state and the head of government were female.", "Campbell waited as long as she could before asking Hnatyshyn to dissolved Parliament, only weeks before it was due to expire.", "Section 4 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms allows the election to be held on October 25.", "The PC's were optimistic that they would be able to remain in power and that they would be a strong opposition to the Liberal minority government.", "Campbell's popularity fell after the writ was dropped.", "Campbell's honesty was seen as an important asset when she was running for the leadership of the party.", "She told reporters at a Rideau Hall event that it was unlikely that the deficit would be reduced before the end of the century.", "She stated during the election campaign that an election is not a good time to discuss important issues and that a complete overhaul of Canada's social policies could not be done in just 47 days.", "The support of the PCs waned as the campaign went on.", "By October, polls showed the Liberals were on their way to at least a minority government, and would probably win a majority without dramatic measures.", "Campbell was still more popular than the Liberal leader.", "The PC campaign team put together a series of ads attacking the Liberal leader.", "The second ad appeared to mock Bell's palsy, and generated a backlash from the media, with some PC candidates calling for the ad to be pulled from broadcasts.", "Campbell claimed to have ordered the ad off the air over her staff's objections.", "It was to no avail; PC support plummeted into the teens in the aftermath of the ad, all but assuring that the Liberals would win a majority government.", "The Progressive Conservatives were defeated in the election.", "Campbell was defeated by Hedy Fry.", "She said, \"I'm glad I didn't sell my car.\"", "It was the third time in Canadian history that a prime minister lost his or her local riding at the same time that his or her party lost an election.", "Jean Charest, the only surviving member of Campbell's cabinet, was the only one of the Progressive Conservatives who lost their seats.", "The previous support of the PCs was mostly lost to the Liberals in Atlantic Canada and Ontario.", "Cabinet ministers from Quebec were pushed into third place by the Bloc Qubécois.", "The Progressive Conservatives took third place in the popular vote and fell two percentage points short of second place, but still finished with over two million votes.", "The first past the post system made it difficult for PC support to translate into victories in individual ridings.", "The Conservatives won two seats, compared to Reform's 52 and the Bloc's 54.", "It was the worst defeat ever suffered by a Canadian governing party at the federal level.", "Her historic loss has been blamed on gender inequality.", "Campbell's actions were usually seen as having some motive by the media, as they reported the facts about rival male leaders.", "According to Campbell, Mulroney was the most unpopular prime minister since opinion polling began in the 1940s.", "He delayed his retirement until there was only two-and-a-half months left in the Conservatives' five-year mandate, which hampered his own party's campaign effort.", "Taking over the party leadership from Brian Mulroney was a lot like taking over the controls of a jumbo jet just before it plunges into the Rockies, as suggested by Canadian humorist Will Ferguson.", "Jean Charest replaced Campbell as party leader.", "Campbell did not qualify for a prime minister or parliamentary pension due to her short tenure as Prime Minister and Member of Parliament.", "Campbell was named Canada's Woman of the Year in 1993 despite her dramatic loss in the election.", "Time and Chance was published in 1996.", "The book is in its third edition and became a Canadian bestseller.", "There was a rumour that she was going to be the ambassador to Russia.", "Campbell was appointed consul general to Los Angeles in 1996 and remained there until 2000.", "She collaborated with her husband on a musical, Noah's Ark, while she was there.", "She chaired the Council of Women World Leaders, a group of women who held the office of president or prime minister.", "Mary Robinson replaced her as Irish President.", "She was President of the International Women's Forum from 2003 to 2005 and lectured at the John F. Kennedy School of Government from 2001 to 2004.", "She has served as a director of several publicly traded companies in high technology and biotechnology, and currently sits on the board of Athenex, a biopharmaceutical company that had its initial public offering on June 14, 2017, and trades under the ticker symbol \"ATNX\".", "The steering committee of the World Movement for Democracy was chaired by Campbell.", "She was on the board of the International Crisis Group.", "She is a Trustee of The International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence at King's College London.", "The main purpose of the Club de Madrid is to strengthen democracy in the world.", "The former heads of state and government are invited to join.", "Campbell has served as Interim President, Vice President and Secretary General.", "Campbell was the founding Chair of the International Advisory Board of the Ukrainian Foundation for Effective Governance.", "Tony Fogarassy, the Conservative candidate in Campbell's former riding of Vancouver Centre, lost the election after Campbell endorsed him.", "After clarifying to reporters that she was a supporter of the new Conservative Party formed in 2003 as a result of a merger of the Canadian Alliance and the Progressive Conservatives, she later said that she had been.", "Campbell testified at the Mulroney–Schreiber Airbus inquiry that she still follows Canadian politics.", "Campbell was appointed the founding principal of the Peter Lougheed Leadership College in April.", "She has appeared on Canada's Next Great Prime Minister, a show which profiles and selects young prospective leaders, and has also been an occasional panelist on Real Time with Bill Maher.", "Trudeau announced on August 2, 2016 that Campbell had agreed to chair a seven person committee to prepare a list of candidates to succeed Thomas Cromwell on the Supreme Court of Canada.", "On October 31st, Malcolm Rowe was sworn in as the first Supreme Court justice to hail from Newfoundland and Labrador, after the committee recommended his appointment.", "Campbell faced controversy when she said that she hoped that Hurricane Dorian would hit President Donald Trump's Mar-a-Lago estate in Florida.", "Eric, the President's son, said that his family was looking for the safety of those impacted by the storm.", "Campbell apologized for the comments.", "Campbell claimed that female newscasters who expose their arms on TV are taken less seriously.", "She posed with bare shoulders in a famous photograph.", "Campbell said that she couldn't survive in the Conservative party.", "She said that it was too right-wing and that Conservative leader Andrew Scheer was hard to trust.", "Campbell brought about a new rape law that made clear that \"no means no\" in sexual assault cases.", "The rape shield law protects a person's sexual past from being used in a trial.", "Campbell accepted a proposal from the first cohort of scholars that the college immediately implement mandatory education regarding sexual assault for students because of her legacy of supporting sexual victims.", "Since Parliament never sat during Campbell's four months as a Prime Minister, she was unable to bring forth new legislation.", "She implemented radical changes to the structure of the Canadian government.", "The federal cabinet's size was cut from over 35 to 23.", "The redesign of 8 ministries and the abolition or merging of 15 others were included.", "The new ministries were retained by the government.", "The number of cabinet committees was reduced.", "The size of the federal Cabinet has not changed.", "Prior to representing Canada at the G7 Summit, she was the first prime minister to convene a First Ministers' conference.", "Campbell is the only Canadian prime minister who did not make Senate appointments.", "Campbell criticized Mulroney for not allowing her to succeed him.", "When she became prime minister, she didn't have a lot of time to make up ground on the Liberals.", "Campbell suggested that Mulroney wanted a scapegoat who would bear the burden of his unpopularity rather than a viable successor in her response to The Secret Mulroney Tapes.", "Some argue that the election results were a vote against Mulroney rather than a rejection of Campbell, and others argue that the poorly run Campbell campaign was the key factor in the result.", "The Progressive Conservatives did not recover their previous standing after the 1993 debacle.", "For the second time, they were led by Joe Clark, who had been opposition leader and briefly Prime Minister 20 years earlier.", "The Conservative Party of Canada ceased to exist in 2003 after the party voted to join the Canadian Alliance.", "Joe Clark was a \"Progressive Conservative\" into 2004.", "The \"Tory\" nickname's survival in the federal politics of Canada was ensured by the new generation of right-leaning Conservatives.", "There was a PC \"rump\" caucus in the Senate of Canada, but as of 2012 there was only one senator who was a Progressive Conservative.", "Campbell is one of the youngest women to have held the office of Prime Minister in any country, and also one of the youngest to have left the office.", "Campbell was in the top 10.", "A survey of 26 Canadian historians was used to rank the first 20 Prime Ministers of Canada.", "In the new survey of over 100 Canadian historians, Campbell finished last, coming out of Canada's first 22 Prime Ministers.", "Campbell was once again ranked last in a follow-up poll by the same team, this time covering the first 23 Prime Ministers.", "She was included in the list of 50 most important political leaders in history by the National Geographic Society.", "She was cited for her status as the only woman head of government of a North American country (defined variously), but controversy ensued among academics in Canada over the merit of this honour, since her brief term in office was marked by very few, if any, major political accomplishments.", "Campbell's portrait was unveiled on November 30, 2004.", "David Goatley is an artist from British Columbia.", "Campbell said she was \"deeply honoured\" to be the only woman to have her picture in the Prime Ministers' corridor.", "The painting shows a pensive Campbell sitting on a chair with richly coloured Haida capes and robes in the background, symbolizing her time as a cabinet minister and as an academic.", "According to Canadian protocol, she is styled \"The Right Honorable\" for the rest of her life.", "A member of the Board of the Forum of Federations was appointed a Companion of the Order of Canada.", "There is a Kim Campbell fond at Library and Archives Canada.", "The archival reference number is R 10052.", "The date from 1916 to 2004 is covered by the fond.", "There is a variety of media in it, including 58.13 meters of textual records.", "Further reading Grace Stewart.", "The keener who broke down barriers was Kim Campbell.", "J.L. Granatstein is the author of Jackfruit Press.", "Norman and Hillmer.", "Canada's leaders are ranked by the prime ministers.", "Toronto:HarperCollins Publishers." ]

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[ "Kim Campbell", "Campbell", "Campbell", "Campbell", "Campbell", "Campbell", "Campbell", "Campbell", "Campbell", "Campbell", "Kim", "Campbell", "Kim", "Campbell", "Campbell", "Campbell", "Campbell", "Campbell", "Campbell", "Campbell Hughes", "Campbell", "Campbell", "Campbell", "Campbell", "Campbell", "Campbell", "Campbell", "Campbell", "Campbell", "Campbell", "Campbell", "Campbell", "Campbell", "Campbell", "Campbell", "Campbell", "Campbell", "Campbell", "Campbell", "Campbell", "Campbell", "Campbell", "Campbell", "Campbell", "Campbell", "Campbell", "Campbell", "Campbell", "Campbell", "Campbell", "Campbell", "Campbell", "Campbell", "Campbell", "Campbell", "Campbell", "Campbell", "Campbell", "Campbell", "Campbell", "Campbell", "Campbell", "Campbell", "Campbell", "Campbell", "Campbell", "Campbell", "Campbell", "Campbell", "Campbell", "Campbell", "Campbell", "Campbell", "Campbell", "Campbell", "Campbell", "Campbell", "Campbell", "Kim Campbell", "Kim Campbell" ]

[ "John Lloyd Stephens (November 28, 1805October 13, 1852) was an American explorer, writer, and diplomat.", "Stephens was a pivotal figure in the rediscovery of Maya civilization throughout Middle America and in the planning of the Panama railroad.", "Early life\nJohn Lloyd Stephens was born November 28, 1805, in the township of Shrewsbury, New Jersey.", "He was the second son of Benjamin Stephens, a successful New Jersey merchant, and Clemence Lloyd, daughter of an eminent local judge.", "The following year the family moved to New York City.", "There Stephens received an education in the Classics at two privately tutored schools.", "At the age of 13 he enrolled at Columbia College, graduating at the top of his class four years later in 1822.", "After studying law with an attorney for a year, he attended the Litchfield Law School.", "He passed the bar exam after completing his course of study, and practiced in New York City.", "Stephens embarked on a journey through Europe in 1834, and went on to Egypt and the Levant, returning home in 1836.", "He later wrote several popular books about his travels and explorations.", "In 1841, Stephens was elected to the American Philosophical Society.", "Politics\nHe was recommended for the post of Minister to the Netherlands in 1837, but Martin Van Buren nominated Harmanus Bleecker, who served until 1842.", "In 1846 Stephens was a delegate to the state constitutional convention, where he was responsible for the introduction and adoption of a conciliation court (small claims court).", "Mesoamerican studies\nStephens read with interest early accounts of ruined cities of Mesoamerica by such writers and explorers as Alexander von Humboldt and Juan Galindo.", "In 1839, President Martin Van Buren commissioned Stephens as Special Ambassador to Central America.", "While there, the government of the Federal Republic of Central America fell apart, in a civil war.", "He later published an account of the events he witnessed in Central America, Incidents of Travel in Central America, Chiapas and Yucatán.", "Stephens and his travelling companion, architect and draftsman Frederick Catherwood first came across Maya ruins at Copán, having landed in British Honduras (now Belize).", "They were astonished at their findings and spent two weeks mapping the site.", "Stephens surmised that it must have been built by some long-forgotten people, as he could not imagine it was the native Mayans; however, Catherwood noted the facial resemblance to modern Mayans.", "Stephens was actually able to buy the city of Copan for a sum of $50 and had dreams of floating it down the river and into museums in the United States.", "They went on to Palenque, Quiriguá and Uxmal.", "They reached Palenque on May 11, 1840, and left in early June.", "While there, they documented the Temple of the Inscriptions, the Temple of the Cross, the Temple of the Sun and the Temple of the Foliated Cross.", "They continued investigating Maya ruins with a return trip to Yucatán in October 1841.", "According to Stephens's book about the trip, they visited a total of 44 Mayan sites such as Mayapan, Uxmal, Kabah, the gateway at Labná, Sayil, Xtampak, Chichen Itza, Tulum, and Izamal.", "In Uxmal, they documented the Governor's House, the Nunnery Quadrangle and the Pyramid of the Magician.", "Catherwood also drew a famous view of the well at Bolonchén.", "Catherwood's drawings and lithographs showed, without question, the Maya to have been the authors of some of the most artistic and intellectual works of pre-Columbian America.", "Besides large constructions, they produced works of artistic refinement such as stone and plaster sculptures, frescoes, painted pottery and bas-reliefs in wood.", "As a result of their explorations, Stephens and Catherwood argued convincingly that the Mayans built the ancient Central American cities in contrast to the theory that ethnic groups from European or Asian civilizations had built them.", "Stephens's books served to inspire Edgar Allan Poe, who reviewed three of Stephens's books for the New York Review and Graham's Magazine.", "Panama Railroad Company\n\nAt the time England enjoyed a monopoly over the ocean navigation to and from the United States.", "Stephens obtained a charter from the state of New York, and incorporated the Ocean Steam Navigation Company.", "The company acquired two steam ships, the Washington and the Hermann which made journeys to Europe.", "When the Panama Railroad Company was founded in 1849, Stephens was chosen to be Vice President.", "He visited Panama and New Granada to make arrangements for the laying of the railroad.", "On his way to Bogotá, the capital of New Granada, he fell off his mule and sustained severe injuries from which he never fully recovered.", "He returned to the United States, and was appointed President of the railroad.", "While in Panama, he was struck down by malaria in the spring of 1852.", "He recovered sufficiently to return to New York, only to have a recurrence of the disease.", "He died October 13, 1852.", "He was buried at New York City Marble Cemetery.", "Stephens is the subject of the following works: Maya Explorer by Victor Wolfgang von Hagen, first published in 1947, and Jungle of Stone by William Carlsen (2016).", "Bibliography\n Incidents of Travel in Egypt, Arabia Petraea, and the Holy Land (1837)\n Incidents of Travel in Greece, Turkey, Russia and Poland (1838)\n Incidents of Travel in Central America, Chiapas and Yucatán, Vols.", "1 & 2 (1841) (Reissued by Cambridge University Press, 2010. )", "Incidents of Travel in Yucatán, Vols.", "1 & 2 (1843)\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\n Cabañas, Miguel A.", "(2008).", "\"Chapter One: Putting the World in Order: John Lloyd Stephens’s Narration of America.\"", "The Cultural “Other” in Nineteenth-Century Travel Narratives: How the United States and Latin America Described Each Other.", "Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press.", "Hay, John (2017).", "\"The American Holy Land: John Lloyd Stephens's Mayan Excursions.\"", "Postapocalyptic Fantasies in Antebellum American Literature.", "New York: Cambridge University Press.", "154-165.", "Carlsen, William (2016) Jungle of Stone: the true story of two men, their extraordinary journey, and the discovery of the lost civilization of the Maya\n\nExternal links\n \n\nJohn Lloyd Stephens, a biography.", "Guide to the John Lloyd Stephens at The Bancroft Library\nReed College website including all the illustrations of Uxmal, Kabah, Sayil, and Labná in Stephens's 1841 Incidents of Travel in Central America and in Stephens and Catherwood's 1843 Incidents of Travel in Yucatán.", "Works by John Lloyd Stephens at Google Books\n\n1805 births\n1852 deaths\n19th-century explorers\nAmerican explorers\nExplorers of Central America\nMayanists\nAmerican Mesoamericanists\nMesoamerican archaeologists\n19th-century Mesoamericanists\nColumbia College (New York) alumni\nLitchfield Law School alumni\nBurials at New York City Marble Cemetery\nPeople from Shrewsbury, New Jersey\nInfectious disease deaths in New York (state)\nDeaths from malaria" ]

[ "John Lloyd Stephens was an American explorer, writer, and diplomat.", "In the rediscovery of Maya civilization throughout Middle America and in the planning of the Panama railroad, Stephens was a pivotal figure.", "John Lloyd Stephens was born in New Jersey in 1805.", "He was the son of a New Jersey merchant and a local judge.", "The family moved to New York.", "There was an education in the Classics at two private schools.", "He graduated from Columbia College at the top of his class in 1822.", "He attended the law school after studying law with an attorney.", "He practiced in New York City after passing the bar exam.", "In 1834, he embarked on a journey through Europe and went on to Egypt and the Levant.", "He wrote several books about his travels.", "In 1841, he was elected to the American Philosophical Society.", "He was recommended for the post of Minister to the Netherlands in 1836, but Martin Van Buren nominated someone else.", "The small claims court was introduced by the delegate to the state constitutional convention.", "Alexander von Humboldt and Juan Galindo were both explorers and writers who wrote about the ruined cities of Mesoamerica.", "The Special Ambassador to Central America was commissioned by President Van Buren.", "In a civil war, the government of the Federal Republic of Central America fell apart.", "The account of the events he witnessed in Central America, Incidents of Travel in Central America, Chiapas and Yucatn was published.", "The Maya ruins at Honduras Copn were first discovered by Stephens and his travelling companion, architect and draftsman Frederick Catherwood.", "They spent two weeks mapping the site.", "It was surmised that it was built by some long forgotten people, but Catherwood noted the resemblance to modern Mayas.", "The city of Copan was bought by Stephens for $50 and he wanted to put it down the river and into museums in the US.", "They traveled to Palenque,Quirigu and Uxmal.", "They left Palenque in early June.", "They documented the Temple of the Inscriptions, the Temple of the Cross, the Temple of the Sun, and the Temple of the Foliated Cross.", "They went back to Yucatn in October 1841 to investigate Maya ruins.", "A total of 44 sites were visited during the trip, including Mayapan, Uxmal, Kabah, the gateway at Labn, Sayil, and Chichen Itza.", "The Governor's House, the Nunnery Quadrangle and the Pyramid of the Magician were documented in Uxmal.", "The well at Bolonchén has a famous view drawn by Catherwood.", "The Maya were the authors of some of the most artistic and intellectual works of pre-Columbian America.", "Their artistic works included stone and plaster sculptures, frescoes, painted pottery and bas-reliefs in wood.", "The theory that ethnic groups from European or Asian civilizations had built the ancient Central American cities was discredited by Stephens and Catherwood as a result of their explorations.", "The New York Review and Graham's Magazine reviewed three of Stephens's books.", "England had a monopoly over ocean navigation to and from the United States.", "The Ocean Steam navigation company was incorporated by Stephens after obtaining a charter from the state of New York.", "Two steam ships, the Washington and the Hermann, were acquired by the company.", "The Vice President of the Panama Railroad Company was chosen by the company's founder.", "He made arrangements for the laying of the railroad in Panama.", "He never recovered from the injuries he sustained when he fell off his mule on his way to Bogot.", "He was appointed President of the railroad after returning to the United States.", "He was struck down by Malaria in Panama in the spring of 1852.", "He had a recurrence of the disease after recovering sufficiently to return to New York.", "He died on October 13, 1852.", "He was buried in New York City.", "The subjects of the works are Maya Explorer by Victor Wolfgang von Hagen and Jungle of Stone by William Carlsen.", "There were incidents of travel in Egypt, Arabia Petraea, and the Holy Land.", "Reissued by Cambridge University Press in 2010.", "There were incidents of travel in Yucatn.", "There are 1 and 2 notes about Cabaas.", "The year 2008.", "\"Chapter One: Putting the World in Order: John Lloyd Stephens's Narration of America.\"", "The Cultural \"Other\" in Nineteenth-Century Travel Narratives: How the United States and Latin America Described Each Other.", "There is a press in Lewiston, NY.", "John Hay was born.", "The American Holy Land was written by John Lloyd Stephens.", "Antebellum American Literature contains post apocalyptic tales.", "Cambridge University Press is in New York.", "154- 165.", "The true story of two men, their extraordinary journey, and the discovery of the lost civilization of the Maya External links was written by William Carlsen.", "There are illustrations of Uxmal, Kabah, Sayil, and Labn in the 1841 Incidents of Travel in Central America and in the 1843 Incidents of Travel.", "There are burials at New York City Marble Cemetery." ]

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[ "John Lloyd Stephens", "Stephens", "John Lloyd Stephens", "Stephens", "Stephens", "Stephens", "Stephens", "Stephens", "John Lloyd", "Stephens", "John Hay", "John Lloyd", "Stephens" ]

[ "Khalid \"Kal\" Yafai (; born 11 June 1989) is a British professional boxer who held the WBA super-flyweight title from 2016 to 2020.", "As an amateur, he represented Great Britain at the 2008 Summer Olympics and won a silver medal at the 2010 European Championships as a flyweight.", "As of January 2021, he is ranked as the world's fourth best active super-flyweight by The Ring magazine and the Transnational Boxing Rankings Board, and sixth by BoxRec.", "Amateur career\nYafai is the son of Yemeni parents.", "He currently lives in the Moseley area of Birmingham.", "Yafai has two brothers who are also boxers.", "Gamal Yafai is a professional boxer and Galal Yafai is an Olympic flyweight boxing champion.", "In June 2005, he won a silver medal in the European Cadet Championships in Hungary, recording 4 wins before losing in the final to Russian Farid Aleshkin.", "He received the BBC Midlands 2005 \"Junior Sportsman of the Year\" award, after he became England's first ever U17 World Boxing Champion, when he won the World Cadet title winning the junior flyweight title against Luis Yáñez of the United States.", "Fighting for Birmingham City ABC, he became one of the youngest British (ABA) champions in December 2006 while still 17, at the World Junior Championships 2006 in Agadir, Morocco.", "He lost in the quarter final to the eventual Cuban winner Alexei Collado.", "At the 2007 European Junior Championships, he lost in the 51K final to Russian Misha Aloyan.", "As Britain's youngest team member at the 2007 Seniors World Championship, the 18-year-old beat his Armenian opponent Derenik Gizhlaryan, but later lost to Violito Payla of the Philippines.", "He then qualified for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing in the 1st Olympic qualifying event in Pescara, Italy, where he stopped teammate Mo Nasir of Wales and then went on to beat the 2004 Olympian Igor Samolencko of Moldova to qualify.", "He then pulled out of the final due to injury.", "After qualifying for the 2008 Olympic Games he participated in the 2008 European union championships in Poland where he won a silver medal beating former olympic boxer Redouane Asloum of France (RSCO2) in the semi-finals but then losing a controversial 13–10 decision to home favourite and Beijing Olympian Rafal Kaczor.", "At the Olympic Games, Khalid was beaten in the round of 16 by Cuban veteran Andry Laffita who went on to claim the silver medal.", "Khalid was absent at the 2008 European Amateur Boxing Championships in Liverpool, England but made a return in the GeeBee Championship in April 2009 in the 54 kg class (bantamweight) and claimed gold beating European silver medalist Salomo N'tuve of Sweden.", "Yafai lost to Andrew Selby 26:12 on 11 November 2011 to deny him qualification for the 2012 Olympic Games after the pair both reached the last eight of the 2011 GB Amateur Boxing Championships in Baku.", "Yafai and Selby were scheduled to face each other three times to decide the winner, but Yafai pulled out of the second fight, thus handing a shot of the Olympics to the Welshman.", "In 2012, Yafai was named \"Young Boxer of the Year\" by the British website BoxRec.", "Professional career\n\nEarly career \nOn 7 July 2012 Yafai made his professional debut, aged 23, at bantamweight, at the Sheffield Arena in Sheffield on the undercard of Kell Brook vs. Carson Jones.", "His opponent was veteran 43 year old Delroy Spencer (14-139-3, 1 KO).", "The fight was stopped after Spencer refused to come out for round 3.", "In his second fight, Yafai defeated Hungarian boxer Richard Voros via first-round TKO.", "Two weeks later, Yafai was against Mexican Victor Koh at the Odyssey Arena, Belfast.", "This was on the undercard off Frampton-Molitor.", "The fight went the full 6 rounds, as referee Paul McCullagh scored it 60–54 in favour of Yafai.", "On 20 October, Yafai knocked down Scott Gladwin (5-1) three times in round 1 and once in round 2 as the referee waved the fight off, giving Yafai the victory via TKO.", "A month later on the undercard of Froch vs. Mack at the Nottingham Arena in Nottingham, Yafai knocked out Italian boxer Pio Antonio Nettuno in round 1 in a super bantamweight bout, after a body shot.", "Nettuno could not make the count.", "In December 2012, Yafai fought Spanish boxer Jorge Perez (11-5, 6 KOs) at the Olympia in Kensington, London.", "Yafai won the fight via 3rd-round TKO.", "In January 2013, Yafai defeated Mexican boxer Gonzalo Garcia, after Garcia did not come out of his corner for round 5.", "In March, Yafai fought in an 8-round super bantamweight bout against Michael Ramabeletsa (8-9, 4 KOs) at the Echo Arena in Liverpool.", "It went the full 8 rounds as referee Alvin Finch scored it 79–73 in favour of Yafai.", "After a 7-month lay off, on the undercard of Brook vs. Senchenko at the Sheffield Arena in October 2013, Yafai defeateds Spanish boxer Santiago Bustos via points (59-55) after 6 rounds.", "Two months later in December, although being docked a point for a low blow, Yafai defeated British boxer Ashley Lane (4-3-2, 1 KO) via fourth-round TKO.", "Super Flyweight \nOn 21 May 2014 Yafai fought at the First Direct Arena in Leeds for the vacant Commonwealth super flyweight title against Nigerian contender and former titleholder Yaqub Kareem (13-3-1, 8 KOs).", "With 30 seconds remaining in round 3, Yafai knocked down Kareem with a body shot to claim the vacant title.", "For the first time in his career, in September 2014, Yafai fought at the Wembley Arena in London live on Sky Sports.", "His opponent was 34 year old Nicaragua Herald Molina (17-8-3, 7 KOs) for the vacant IBF Inter-Continental super flyweight title.", "Yafai knocked Molina down once in round 1, before finishing the fight off in round 2 via KO.", "Yafai defended the title two months later at 3Arena in Dublin, Ireland against 38 year old Everth Briceno (35-9-2, 26 KOs).", "Briceno was knocked down in round five and twice in round eight.", "Briceno also lost one point in round six for low blows.", "The fight went the full 12 rounds as Yafai retained the title via unanimous decision (119-106, 118–105,120-104).", "This was Yafai's 13th straight win since turning professional in 2012.", "In March 2015, Yafai went the 8 round distance with 20 year old Cristofer Rosales in a non-title bout at the Sheffield Arena.", "Two months later, he knocked out 35 year old veteran Isaac Quaye (27-10-1, 18 KOs) in just one round following a left hook.", "In September 2015, Yafai fought 20 year old Nicaraguan boxer Aron Juarez (6-2-1) at the First Direct Arena.", "Yafai knocked Juarez down twice in round one following two left hooks to the body.", "It was announced that Yafai would have a chance to claim the vacant BBBofC British super flyweight title on 17 October 2015 against Jason Cunningham (17-2, 6 KOs) at the Barclaycard Arena in Birmingham, live on Sky Sports 1.", "Despite a height disadvantage, Yafai outclassed Cunningham from the opening bell winning a clear unanimous decision (119-108, 120–107, 120-107).", "The highlights of the fight came in round 5 when Yafai connected with a double left hook, staggering Cunningham and then knocked him down in round 6.", "After the fight Yafai targeted the WBA super-flyweight champion Kohei Kono as a potential next opponent.", "Yafai's next opponent was former world title challenger from Nicaragua Dixon Flores (12-3-2, 4 KOs) on 5 March 2016 at the Genting Arena for the vacant WBA Inter-Continental super flyweight title, with the winner due a shot at WBA champion Kohei Kono in the summer.", "This was Yafai's fifth opponent from Nicaragua in less than two years.", "The fight lasted less than two minutes as Yafai floored Flores twice in the first round to secure a world title shot and the vacant title.", "On 25 June, Yafai fought 19 year old Hungarian Jozsef Ajtai (15-3, 10 KOs) in a scheduled 8 round bantamweight bout at the O2 Arena in London on the undercard of heavyweight title fight between Anthony Joshua and Dominic Breazeale.", "Yafai floored Ajtai twice in round 1, with the fight stopping just under 2 minutes.", "Yafai winning via TKO.", "Yafai was added to the Eggington vs. Gavin card on 22 October 2016 at the Barclaycard Arena in a scheduled 8 round fight after his brother Gamal was forced to pull out of his title defence.", "Yafai secured his world title fight after a left body shot floored Johnson Tellez in round 3.", "Yafai vs. Concepción \nYafai secured a fight with WBA super flyweight champion Luis Concepción (35-4, 24 KOs) after knocking out previous opponent Tellez.", "Eddie Hearn confirmed it would take place on the undercard of Anthony Joshua vs. Éric Molina on 10 December at the Manchester Arena.", "With a win, Yafai looked to become the first boxer from Birmingham to win a world title in over 100 years.", "At the official weigh in, Yafai weighed in at 8st 2lbs and Concepción weighed 8st 5lbs, which was above the limit.", "He was given an hour to drop the extra weight or risk not having the title at stake.", "Two hours after the initial weigh in, Concepción only managed to lose 0.3lbs, thus losing his WBA title on the scales.", "The title was only at stake for Yafai.", "Yafai put in a dominant performance and outscored Concepción in nearly every round to win the WBA super-flyweight title.", "The judges scored the bout 120–108, 117-110 and 119-108 all in favour of Yafai after 12 rounds.", "Yafai also became the first boxer from Birmingham to win a world title in over 100 years.", "Yafai vs. Muranaka \nOn 25 January 2017, it was announced that Yafai, as wished, would make his first world title defence in his home city of Birmingham on 13 May, live on Sky Sports.", "On 15 March 2017, promoter Eddie Hearn announced that Yafai would be fighting 31 year old former Japanese flyweight champion Suguru Muranaka (25-2-1, 8 KOs) at the Barclaycard Arena in Birmingham.", "After the fight was confirmed, Yafai said that he wanted the tough fights as it would help him when it comes to unification fights.", "In his 13-years as a professional, it was the first time Muranaka fought outside of Tokyo, where all his previous 28 bouts took place at the Korakuen Hall.", "Yafai retained his world title, in what was seen as a 'touger than expected' fight.", "The fight went the 12 round distance, with scores reading 118–108, 119-107 and 119–107, all in favour of Yafai.", "Muranaka was dropped in round 2, the same round that Yafai claimed to have hurt his hand in the post fight.", "Referee Steve Gray warned Yafai early in the fight for low blows, before docking a point in round 8.", "The bout was fast-paced throughout, which caused Yafai to look tired in the later rounds, due to him landed constant power shots in the earlier rounds and Muranaka connecting with his own body shots to wear down.", "After the fight, promoter Eddie Hearn said that he would have one more defence before taking part in a unification fight.", "Yafai vs. Ishida \nOn 8 June 2017 the WBA's championship committee ordered Yafai to start negotiations with mandatory challenger Sho Ishida (24-0, 13 KOs), who was ranked at number 1 by the organisation.", "Both parties had 30 days to come to an agreement.", "On 12 July, Hearn confirmed that terms had been agreed for the fight.", "On 6 September it was confirmed that the fight would take place on the undercard of Anthony Joshua defending his world titles against Kubrat Pulev on 28 October 2017 at the Millennium Stadium on Sky Sports Box Office.", "Much like Yafai's previous opponent Muranaka, it would also mark the first time Ishida would be fighting outside of Japan.", "Towards the end of September, WBA ranked former WBC champion Roman González as their number 2.", "Teiken Promotions, who promote González was said to be looking to arrange a fight against Yafai.", "Upon hearing this, Yafai was excited at the possibility of fighting González as had made it know public that he was interested.", "Yafai said, \"Happy days, I’ve wanted González for a long time\", although he said wouldn't look past his mandatory fight first.", "Speaking on Ishida, Yafai said, \"I’m a huge favorite to win and a lot of people think Ishida has no chance, but I’m always on the ball.", "I look at every opponent like they’re Mike Tyson.", "If everything goes well, I can talk to (promoter) Eddie (Hearn) and we can look to make the González fight.\"", "González stated he would next look to fight in February 2018.", "On fight night, Yafai went the 12 round distance for the third consecutive time, winning a unanimous decision, successfully retaining his WBA title and increasing his chances of fighting in the United States in 2018.", "All three judges' scored the fight comfortably 118–110, 116-112 and 116–112 in favour of Yafai.", "Yafai showed off his speed and landed good combinations.", "Due to Ishida's size advantage, he also landed some clean shots on Yafai.", "Ishida did not letting his hands go until the final two rounds.", "By this point, it was looking like a clear win for Yafai and Ishida was lacking the punching power to get himself back in the fight and score a knockdown.", "Ishida worked hard in round 11, however Yafai connected with the harder punches.", "In the post-fight, Yafai said, \"I wasn't too impressed [with my performance].", "A bit sluggish, but I got the win against an awkward opponent.\"", "He also stated that he would like to fight again in the Spring of 2018.", "Yafai vs. Carmona \nOn 20 May 2018 it was announced by Top Rank's Carl Moretti that Yafai would make his US debut on 26 May against 26 year old Mexican boxer David Carmona (21-5-5, 9 KOs) on the same card as IBF belt-holder Jerwin Ancajas, who would be making a mandatory defence against Jonas Sultan.", "With both bouts streaming live on ESPN's new subscription app, the plan going forward was for both Yafai and Ancajas to come out of their respective bouts victorious and meet later in the year for a unification fight.", "Carmona was best known for going the distance but failing to capture the WBO title against Naoya Inoue in May 2016, becoming one of only two boxers to date to take Inoue the distance.", "Save Mart Center in Fresno, California was announced as the venue.", "Carmona was unable to challenge for the WBA title after coming in 118½ pounds at the weigh in.", "Yafai weighed 114½ pounds.", "Yafai had an official purse of $40,000 which did not include the extra amount he would receive for TV rights in the UK.", "Carmona had to pay a 20% fine from his $10,000 purse and from that fine, $1,000 was added to Yafai's purse and the remaining $1,000 was paid to the California Commission.", "Yafai dropped Carmona four times in the fight en route to winning the fight after round 7 when Carmona decided to stay on his stool The first round was fast-paced with Yafai scoring an early knockdown with a left hook to the head.", "Carmona beat the count and later in the round managed to hurt Yafai.", "Yafai also hit the canvas in round 1, however it was ruled a slip.", "Yafai regained his composure and returned to his quick jabs in round 2.", "Carmona started connecting to the body.", "Yafai landed quick jabs in round 3 snapping Carmona's head back each time.", "In round 4, Yafai landed a borderline shot which floored Carmona once again.", "Carmona was knocked down twice in round 5.", "One knockdown, which again appeared to be borderline, was counted.", "Referee Raul Caiz Sr. ruled it a knockdown but also took a point away from Yafai for hitting Carmona when he was already down.", "The point was deducted after many warnings.", "By rounds 6 and 7, Carmona looked fatigued and Yafai dominated both rounds.", "Promoter Hearn stated a fight with former world champion Roman González could be next.", "He told Sky Sports, \"He is ready for the challenge of unification but we also really like the Chocolatito fight and have already opened talks with his team.\"", "Hearn, who has promoted Yafai since he debuted highly praised him on his performance.", "Yafai vs. Gonzalez \nMatchroom Boxing announced a third annual Monte-Carlo Boxing Bonanza show to take place at the Casino de Monte Carlo Salle Medecin on 24 November 2018.", "Yafai along with former cruiserweight world champion Denis Lebedev were chosen to co-headline the event.", "Yafai's fourth title defense was set to take place on the event against Mexican boxer, former world title challenger Israel González (23-2, 10 KOs).", "Gonzalez failed in an attempt to capture the IBF title against Jerwin Ancajas.", "After appearing on the same card in May 2018, there was discussion that Yafai and Ancajas would unify, however that did not materialise.", "On his first attempt, Yafai weighed slightly over the 8st 3lb limit.", "He was given two hours to lose the small amount, however weighed again immediately without his pants, making weight the second time.", "Yafai retained his WBA title via a controversial 12 round unanimous decision.", "The three judges scored the fight 117–111, 116-112 and 116–112 in favour of Yafai.", "Many media outlets believed Gonzalez has done just enough to snatch the world title.", "Yafai started the fight slow, targeting Gonzalez's body while Gonzalez was off the mark quicker with his high tempo, throwing at a higher output.", "Yafai struggled to find the right distance and began missing his target.", "Gonzalez was cut due to a clash of heads in round 5, however was still throwing.", "From round 9, although Gonzalez was still throwing, it was Yafai who was timing his shots, landing accurately on the body and what looked like the harder shots.", "After each shot landed from Yafai, Gonzalez replied with a flurry of combinations.", "Gonzalez eventually slowed down his output in the final two rounds as Yafai's body shots started taking its toll.", "Yafai stated it was not his best performance and believed the scorecards were wide, but believed he did enough to retain his belt.", "Gonzalez walked out of the ring after the scorecards were read.", "Yafai vs Jimenez \nOn 29 June, 2019, Yafai faced Norbelto Jimenez, then ranked #1 by the WBA at super flyweight, in his fifth consecutive title defence.", "Yafai managed to outbox Jimenez for most of the fight.", "The fight also involved both fighters landing low blows on their opponent, as well as a highly questionable knockdown in favor of Yafai in the closing round.", "It didn't matter much in the end, as Yafai was convincingly leading on all three scorecards, 119-107, 118-108 and 117-109, winning the bout via unanimous decision.", "Yafai vs Gonzalez \nIn his next fight, on 29 February, 2020, Yafai faced former pound-for-pound great Roman 'Chocolatito' Gonzalez, who was ranked #2 by the WBA.", "Both fighters stood in the pocket and were trading punches from the opening bell.", "Gonzalez was punishing Yafai to the body, as Yafai tried to retaliate, but with limited success.", "In the second half of the fight, Yafai's activity started to decrease.", "Gonzalez, sensing that Yafai's power is waning, became more aggressive, which resulted in a knockdown for Gonzalez in the eighth round.", "In the ninth round, Gonzalez caught Yafai with a big right hand and dropped him on the canvas again.", "The referee started the count, but quickly decided to wave the fight off, and award Gonzalez the TKO victory.", "Professional boxing record\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\n \n Kal Yafai - Profile, News Archive & Current Rankings at Box.Live\n\n1989 births\nLiving people\nEnglish male boxers\nEnglish Muslims\nBoxers at the 2008 Summer Olympics\nOlympic boxers of Great Britain\nEnglish people of Yemeni descent\nBoxers from Birmingham, West Midlands\nSuper-flyweight boxers" ]

[ "Khalid \"Kal\" Yafai is a British professional boxer who held the WBA super-flyweight title from 2016 to 2020.", "He won a silver medal at the 2010 European Championships as a flyweight and represented Great Britain at the 2008 Summer Olympics.", "He is ranked as the world's fourth best active super-flyweight by The Ring magazine and the Transnational Boxing Rankings Board.", "Yafai is the son of parents from Yemen.", "He lives in the Moseley area.", "Two of Yafai's brothers are boxers.", "Galal Yafai is an Olympic flyweight boxing champion.", "In June 2005, he won a silver medal in the European Cadet Championships in Hungary, but lost in the final to Russian Farid Aleshkin.", "He became England's first ever U17 World Boxing Champion when he won the junior flyweight title against Luis Yez of the United States.", "He became a British ABA champion at the age of 17 at the World Junior Championships in Agadir, Morocco.", "He lost to the Cuban winner in the quarter final.", "He Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet", "The teenager Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet", "He qualified for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing in the 1st Olympic qualification event in Pescara, Italy, where he stopped teammate Mo Nasir of Wales and then went on to beat the 2004 Olympian Samolencko of Moldova to qualify.", "He pulled out of the final due to an injury.", "He competed in the European Union Championships in Poland in 2008 where he won a silver medal but lost a controversial 13–10 decision to home favourite and Beijing Olympian Rafa.", "Khalid was beaten in the round of 16 by Andry Laffita, who went on to win the silver medal.", "Khalid was absent from the European Amateur Boxing Championships in 2008 but returned to win the gold medal in the 54 kilogram class in the GeeBee Championship in April 2009.", "Yafai's qualification for the 2012 Olympic Games was denied after he lost to Andrew Selby on 11 November 2011.", "Yafai pulled out of the second fight in order to give the Olympics to the Welshman.", "Yafai was named the \"Young Boxer of the Year\" by BoxRec.", "On July 7, 2012 Yafai made his professional debut, aged 23, at bantamweight, on the undercard of Kell brook vs.", "His opponent was a man named Delroy Spencer.", "The fight was stopped because Spencer wouldn't come out.", "Yafai defeated Richard Voros in the second fight.", "Yafai was against a Mexican at the Odyssey Arena.", "This was on the undercard.", "The referee scored the fight 60–54 in Yafai's favor.", "The referee waved the fight off after Yafai knocked down Scott Gladwin three times in round 1 and once in round 2.", "Yafai knocked out Pio Antonio Nettuno in round 1 of his super bantamweight bout after a body shot.", "Nettuno couldn't make the count.", "The fight between Yafai and Perez took place in December of 2012 in London.", "Yafai won the fight.", "Yafai defeated a Mexican boxer after he did not come out of his corner for round 5.", "In March, Yafai fought in an 8-round super bantamweight bout against Michael Ramabeletsa.", "It took the entire 8 rounds for the referee to score it in favor of Yafai.", "After a 7 month lay off, Yafai defeated Santiago Bustos via points in a 6 round fight.", "After being docked a point for a low blow, Yafai defeated British boxerAshley Lane via fourth-round TKO.", "The Commonwealth super flyweight title was up for grabs when Yafai fought Yaqub Kareem at the First Direct Arena.", "With 30 seconds remaining in round 3, Yafai knocked down Kareem with a body shot to claim the title.", "In September of 2014, Yafai fought at the Wembley Arena in London live on Sky Sports.", "The IBF Inter-Continental super flyweight title was up for grabs.", "The 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "Yafai defended the title at 3Arena in Dublin, Ireland against Everth Briceno.", "In round five and eight, Briceno was knocked down.", "In round six, he lost a point for low blows.", "Yafai retained the title with a unanimous decision.", "This was Yafai's 13th win in a row.", "In March 2015, Yafai went the distance with 20 year old Cristofer Rosales in a non-title bout.", "He knocked out Quaye in just one round after hitting him with a left hook.", "Yafai fought Aron Juarez at the First Direct Arena.", "Juarez was knocked down twice in round one by Yafai.", "It was announced that Yafai would have a chance to win the vacant British super flyweight title on 17 October 2015, against Jason Cunningham, live on Sky Sports 1.", "Yafai outclassed Cunningham from the opening bell winning a unanimous decision.", "In round 5, Yafai hit Cunningham with a double left hook and then knocked him down in round 6.", "Yafai targeted Kono as a potential opponent after the fight.", "On 5 March 2016 at the Genting Arena, Yafai's next opponent was a former world title challenger from Nicaragua who was vying for the vacant WBA Inter-Continental super flyweight title.", "Yafai has faced five opponents from Nicaragua in less than two years.", "The fight lasted less than two minutes as Yafai floored Flores twice in the first round.", "The undercard of the Anthony Joshua and Dominic Breazeale fight at the O2 Arena in London had a bantamweight bout between Yafai and Jozsef Ajtai.", "The 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "Yafai won via TKO.", "After his brother was forced to pull out of his title defence, Yafai was added to the Eggington vs.Gavin card at the Barclaycard Arena in a scheduled 8 round fight.", "In round 3, Yafai floored Johnson Tellez with a left body shot.", "Yafai knocked out Tellez to get a fight with Concepcin.", "It will take place on the undercard of Anthony Joshua vs. ric Molina at the Manchester Arena.", "Yafai was looking to become the first boxer from the area to win a world title in over 100 years.", "Yafai and Concepcin were over the limit at the official weigh in.", "He was given an hour to lose the extra weight or he wouldn't have the title.", "Two hours after the weigh in, Concepcin lost his title on the scales.", "Yafai had the title at stake.", "Yafai dominated Concepcin in nearly every round to win the title.", "The judges scored the bout in Yafai's favor after 12 rounds.", "The first boxer from the city to win a world title in over 100 years was Yafai.", "On 25 January, it was announced that Yafai would make his first world title defence in his home city of Birmingham on 13 May, live on Sky Sports.", "On March 15, Eddie Hearn announced that Yafai would be fighting a former Japanese flyweight champion at the Barclaycard Arena.", "Yafai said that the tough fights would help him when it came to unification fights.", "It was the first time in 13 years that Muranaka fought outside of Tokyo, where his previous 28 bouts took place at the Korakuen Hall.", "The world title was retained by Yafai.", "The 12 round fight was won by Yafai with scores of 118–108, 118–107, and 118–107.", "Yafai claimed that he hurt his hand after the fight, but Muranaka was dropped in round 2.", "Yafai was warned by the referee early in the fight for low blows.", "The bout was fast paced and Yafai looked tired in the later rounds due to him landing power shots in the earlier rounds.", "Eddie Hearn said after the fight that he would have one more defence before taking part in a unification fight.", "Yafai was ordered to start negotiations with Sho Ishida, the mandatory challenger, who was ranked number 1 by the organisation.", "The parties had 30 days to reach an agreement.", "On July 12th, Hearn confirmed that terms had been agreed for the fight.", "On 6 September it was confirmed that the fight would take place on the undercard of Anthony Joshua defending his world titles against Kubrat Pulev at the Millennium Stadium on Sky Sports Box Office.", "It would be the first time that Ishida would be fighting outside of Japan.", "At the end of September, Roman Gonzlez was the number two ranked.", "Teiken was looking to arrange a fight against Yafai.", "Yafai was excited at the possibility of fighting Gonzlez as he had made it known that he was interested.", "Yafai said that he wanted Gonzlez for a long time, but wouldn't look past his mandatory fight first.", "Yafai said, \"I'm a huge favorite to win and a lot of people think Ishida has no chance, but I'm always on the ball.\"", "I look at my opponents like Mike Tyson.", "If everything goes well, I can talk to Eddie and see if we can make the fight.", "He stated that he would fight in February of next year.", "Yafai went the 12 round distance for the third time in a row, winning a unanimous decision and increasing his chances of fighting in the United States.", "The judges scored the fight in Yafai's favor.", "Yafai showed off his speed.", "Ishida's size advantage made him land some clean shots on Yafai.", "Ishida didn't let his hands go until the last two rounds.", "It was looking like Yafai was going to win the fight and Ishida was going to have a hard time getting back in the fight.", "Yafai connected with the harder punches while Ishida worked hard.", "Yafai said he wasn't impressed with his performance.", "I got the win against an awkward opponent.", "He wants to fight in the spring of next year.", "On 20 May, Carl Moretti of Top Rank announced that Yafai would make his US debut against David Carmona on the same card as the IBF belt.", "The plan going forward was for both Yafai and Ancajas to come out of their bouts victorious and meet later in the year for a unification fight.", "One of only two boxers to take Inoue the distance, Carmona was best known for going the distance but failing to capture the WBO title.", "The Save Mart Center was announced as the venue.", "Carmona weighed in at 11812 pounds and was unable to challenge for the title.", "Yafai weighed 11412 pounds.", "Yafai did not include the extra amount he would receive for TV rights in the UK in his official purse.", "Carmona had to pay a 20% fine from his purse and from that, $1,000 was added to Yafai's purse and the remaining $1,000 was paid to the California Commission.", "The first round was fast-paced with Yafai scoring an early knockdown with a left hook to the head.", "Carmona hurt Yafai after beating the count.", "Yafai was ruled a slip after hitting the canvas in the first round.", "In round 2, Yafai returned to his jabs.", "Carmona was connecting to the body.", "In round 3, Yafai snapped Carmona's head back with quick jabs.", "Carmona was floored by a borderline shot in round 4.", "Carmona was knocked down twice.", "One knockdown, which appeared to be borderline, was counted.", "The referee took a point away from Yafai for hitting Carmona when he was already down.", "After many warnings, the point was deducted.", "Carmona looked tired and Yafai dominated both rounds.", "A fight with a former world champion could be on the horizon.", "He told Sky Sports, \"He is ready for the challenge of unification but we also really like the Chocolatito fight and have already opened talks with his team.\"", "Yafai was praised for his performance by Hearn.", "The third annual Monte-Carlo Boxing Bonanza show will take place at the Casino de Monte Carlo Salle Medecin on 24 November.", "Denis Lebedev and Yafai were chosen to co-headline the event.", "Yafai's fourth title defense was to take place against Israel Gonzlez, a former world title challenger.", "Gonzalez was attempting to capture the IBF title against Ancajas.", "There was talk that Yafai and Ancajas would unify after appearing on the same card.", "Yafai was slightly over the 8st 3lb limit on his first attempt.", "He was given two hours to lose the small amount, however he weighed again immediately without his pants, making weight the second time.", "Yafai retained his title with a 12 round unanimous decision.", "The judges scored the fight in Yafai's favor.", "Gonzalez was believed to have done enough to win the world title.", "Yafai was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "Yafai missed his target as he struggled to find the right distance.", "Gonzalez was cut in round 5 due to a clash of heads.", "Although Gonzalez was still throwing, it was Yafai who was timing his shots, landing on the body and what looked like the harder shots.", "Gonzalez replied with a flurry of combinations after each shot.", "Gonzalez slowed down his output in the final two rounds as Yafai's body shots started taking its toll.", "The scorecards were wide, but Yafai believed he did enough to retain his belt.", "After the scorecards were read, Gonzalez walked out of the ring.", "In his fifth consecutive title defence, Yafai faced Norbelto Jimenez, who was ranked #1 by the WBA at super flyweight.", "Yafai dominated most of the fight.", "The fight involved both fighters landing low blows on their opponent, as well as a highly questionable knockdown in favor of Yafai in the closing round.", "Yafai won the bout via unanimous decision, as he was leading on all three scorecards.", "On February 29, 2020, Yafai will face Roman 'Chocolatito' Gonzalez, a former pound-for-pound great.", "The fighters were fighting from the opening bell.", "As Yafai tried to retaliate, Gonzalez was punishing him to the body.", "Yafai's activity decreased in the second half of the fight.", "Gonzalez was knocked down in the eighth round by Yafai as Gonzalez became more aggressive.", "Gonzalez dropped Yafai with a big right hand in the ninth round.", "Gonzalez was awarded the victory after the referee waved the fight off.", "Kal Yafai - Profile, News Archive & Current Rankings at Box. Live 1989 births Living people English male boxers English Muslims Boxers at the 2008 Summer Olympics Olympic boxers of Great Britain English people of Yemeni descent" ]

[ "Kal", "\" Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Gamal Yafai", "Galal Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Kal", "Yafai" ]

[ "Kal", "\" Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Galal Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Yafai", "Kal" ]

[ "Chandrika Bandaranaike Kumaratunga (,; born 29 June 1945) is a Sri Lankan politician who served as the fifth President of Sri Lanka, from 12 November 1994 to 19 November 2005.", "The country's only female president to date, she is the daughter of two former prime ministers and was the leader of the Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP) until the end of 2005.", "Early life and family\n\nChandrika Bandaranaike was born on 29 June 1945, at Wentworth in Guidford Crescent, Colombo to Solomon West Ridgeway Dias Bandaranaike and Sirima Ratwatte Dias Bandaranaike.", "The family moved the year later to a mansion at Rosmead Place, Colombo purchased by her paternal grandfather.", "Her father S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike was an Oxford educated barrister who was the Minister of Local Administration at the time of her birth.", "A nationalist and left wing politician, who had by the time build up a strong following known as the Sinhala Maha Sabha.", "He was the only son of Sir Solomon Dias Bandaranike, the Maha Mudaliyar, the chief Ceylonese representative and advisor to the Governor of Ceylon.", "Her mother Sirima Ratwatte Dias Bandaranaike, was the daughter of Barnes Ratwatte Dissawa, Rate Mahatmaya of Balangoda during British colonial rule, who was a descended from Ratwatte Dissawa, Dissawa of Matale, a signatory on behalf of the Sinhalese to the Kandyan Convention of 1815.", "Young Chandrika grew up in comfort of the wealthy Bandaranaike family at their mansion at Rosmead Place in Colombo and at their family seat of Horagolla Walauwa, which was her father's constituency.", "Her early years saw her father's rising political career as he became the first Cabinet Minister of Health and Local Government when Ceylon gained its independence in 1948 and his dramatic departure from the governing party to form his own party, the Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP) with his follows of the Sinhala Maha Sabha in 1951.", "Contesting the elections that followed and strengthening the SLFP in the periods between elections; Bandaranaike became the Leader of the Opposition in 1952 and Prime Minister in 1956.", "As prime minister he initiated several controversial legislation that struct racial discords in the island and he was assassinated in 1959, when Chandrika was fourteen.", "Following the assassination Bandaranaike's grieving widow took over the leadership of the SLFP and led it to an election victory making her the first female prime minister in the world, in 1960.", "Therefore, Chandrika was involved in politics from a young age along with her siblings as she was the second of three children in the family.", "Her elder sister Sunethra Bandaranaike became a socialite and her younger brother Anura Bandaranaike joined active politics, going on to become a cabinet minister and Speaker of the Parliament of Sri Lanka.", "Education\nChandrika was educated at the St Bridget's Convent, Colombo, and enrolled at the Roman Catholic Aquinas University College, Colombo to study for a law degree.", "However, in 1967, she left Aquinas without completing her law studies to France on a scholarship from the Institute of French Studies.", "There she spent one year at the Institut d'études politiques d'Aix-en-Provence following a course in the French language and culture.", "In 1968, she went on to study at the Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris (Sciences Po) graduating with a diploma in political science in 1970, thereafter enrolling in a PhD program in development economics, at the École Pratique des Hautes Études, Paris, where she studied from 1970 to 1973 She is fluent in Sinhala, English and French.", "Early political career\nShe returned to Ceylon in 1972, where her mother had become prime minister for a second time in 1970 and launched a wide-ranging programme of socialist reform and faced a violent communist insurrection in 1971.", "After returning she enrolled in and became active in the SLFP which had been founded by her father and now led by her mother.", "In 1974, she became an executive committee member of its Women's League.", "She was appointed as an Additional Principal Director in the Land Reforms Commission (LRC) which acquired nearly 228,000 hectares of private land to the state under the Land Reform Law, which imposed a ceiling of twenty hectares on privately owned land.", "Leaving the LRC in 1976, she became the chairman of the Janawasa Commission, which established collective farms from land acquired by the LRC.", "Following the defeat of her mother's SLFP government in the 1977 general election, she left government service and acted as a consultant to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations till 1979.", "Sri Lanka Mahajana Pakshaya\nIn 1978, she married Vijaya Kumaratunga a leading actor and LSSP turned SLFP political activist.", "She supported his election campaign in the by-election in Mahara in 1983, where he lost in the recount.", "She left the SLFP in 1984, when Vijaya Kumaratunga formed his own party the Sri Lanka Mahajana Pakshaya (SLMP) supporting his political activities against the policies of the mainstream parties.", "She served as the Vice President of the SLMP.", "This resulted in her falling out with her mother and brother who were leading the SLFP at the time.", "On 16 February 1988, Vijaya Kumaratunga was assassinated in front of his home in Narahenpita by gunmen in the presence of his wife.", "Chandrika Kumaratunga briefly took over the leadership of her husband's party, and formed the United Socialist Alliance with the Communist Party of Sri Lanka, the Lanka Sama Samaja Party, and the Nava Sama Samaja Party.", "Although it was well organized, it lacked votes.", "Fearing for her life, she soon fled the country in 1988, seeking refuge in the United Kingdom.", "There she worked for World Institute for Development Economics Research at the United Nations University.", "During her absence the SLMP had split into two factions during this time and had ousted her from its leadership.", "Return to politics\nFollowing the end of the second JVP insurrection, Chandrika began visiting Sri Lanka in 1990 and re-engaging politics.", "In September 1991, the governing United National Party which had been dominating the political landscape was greatly weakened when Lalith Athulathmudali and Gamini Dissanayake left the UNP and formed the Democratic United National Front following a failed impeachment against President Ranasinghe Premadasa.", "DUNF soon mobilized the opposition against the Premadasa government.", "Having returned permanently in 1991, Chandrika rejoined SLFP and got actively involved in politics.", "In 1993, Athulathmudali and Premadasa were assassinated.", "Following Athulathmudali's assassination Chandrika became the principle opposition candidate in the Western provincial council election, in which she was elected as the Chief Minister of the Western Province on 21 May 1993.", "Premiership (1994)\nWith general elections called for in 1994, she became the de facto leader of the SLFP forming a coalition called the People's Alliance, which contested the general elections.", "In the election Chandrika was elected to parliament from the Gampaha District in August 1994.", "Achieving a slim majority in parliament by gaining the support of the Ceylon Workers' Congress, the PA formed a government with Chandrika as prime minister with her mother as a minister in the cabinet on 19 August 1994.", "She also succeeded her mother as the leader of the SLFP.", "Soon thereafter presidential elections were called for in November.", "Presidency (1994–2005)\n\nFirst term (1994–1999)\nPrime Minister Kumaratunga backed by the PA contested against Gamini Dissanayake, who was the leader of the opposition backed by the UNP.", "However Dissanayake was soon assassinated by a LTTE suicide bomber and his widow Srima Dissanayake took over his nomination.", "Chandrika won the presidential election in 1994 gaining 62.28% of the vote.", "Becoming the first female President of Sri Lanka in November 1994, she appointed her mother to succeed her as prime minister.", "Economic policy\nHer government continued the open economic policies of the UNP, with increase in the major revenue earners; the apparel industry, foreign remittances from migrant unskilled labor, tea exports.", "Much of her major economic projects failed and the country was in recession by 2001.", "She privatized several profitable state corporations such as Sri Lanka Insurance Corporation, State Distilleries Corporation, Air Lanka among others which were found to be controversial with Kumaratunga accused of taking large bribes for the sales and years later the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka annulled several such sales.", "She was fined by court a sum of three million rupees by court over an unlawful land acquisition and subsequent sale of such land for the Water's Edge development project.", "She further followed a policy of strong prosecution of UNP, by appointing Presidential Committees to investigate actions of the UNP tenure and leading members of the opposition personally such as the leader of the opposition, Ranil Wickremasinghe.", "Her administration was criticized for its attacks and intimidation of journalists; rigged elections and in 2000 with the run up to the elections tried to arrest and imprison her main political opponent Wickremasinghe.", "Civil War\nEarly in her term she made conciliatory moves towards the separatist Tamil Tigers (LTTE) in an attempt to end the ongoing civil war.", "These overtures failed, when the LTTE broke the cease-fire and blew up two Sri Lanka Navy gunboats known as SLNS Sooraya and SLNS Ranasuru on 19 April 1995.", "She thereafter pursued a more military-based strategy against them launching several major offensives such as Operation Riviresa which captured the Jaffna peninsula from the LTTE.", "However she suffered major set back due to the Battle of Mullaitivu in 1996 and Battle of Kilinochchi in 1998.", "Her government thereafter launched Operation Jayasikurui which soon bogged down with heavy casualties.", "Foreign policy\n\nHer government, led by Foreign Minister Lakshman Kadirgamar succeeded in increasing the recognition and acceptance of Sri Lanka on the international stage, which had been greatly affected by the riots and suppression of insurgency in the 1980s.", "She succeeded in having the LTTE banned internationally; with the United States and the United Kingdom proscribed the LTTE on 8 October 1997 and 28 February 2001 respectively, thereby depriving that organisation of a primary source of funding.", "Her government reestablished formal diplomatic ties with Israel in 2000, which had become a major supplier of weapons to the island.", "Second term (1999–2005)\nIn October 1999, Kumaratunga called an early presidential election.", "She lost vision in her right eye (permanent optic nerve damage) in an assassination attempt, by the Tamil Tigers, at her final election rally at Colombo Town Hall premises on 18 December 1999.", "She managed to defeat Ranil Wickremasinghe in the election held on 21 December and was sworn in for another term the next day.", "Her second term saw the civil war aggravating with her government suffering major defeats against the LTTE such as the Second Battle of Elephant Pass and Bandaranaike Airport attack.", "2001 saw the country's economy going into recession for the first time in history.", "UNP Government 2001–2004\nIn December 2001, her party the People's Alliance lost the parliamentary election to the UNP, and her political opponent, Ranil Wickremasinghe, became Sri Lanka's new prime minister.", "She continued as president of Sri Lanka although her relationship with the Wickremasinghe government was a strained one.", "In February 2002 Wickremasinghe's government and the LTTE signed a permanent ceasefire agreement, paving the way for talks to end the long-running conflict.", "In December, the government and the rebels agreed to share power during peace talks in Norway.", "President Kumaratunga believed Wickremasinghe was being too lenient towards the LTTE, and in May 2003 she indicated her willingness to sack the prime minister and government if she felt they were making too many concessions to the rebels.", "On 4 November 2003, while Prime Minister Wickremasinghe was on an official visit to the US, Kumaratunga prorogued Parliament and took over Defense, Interior and Media ministries herself.", "Her opponents criticised her, calling her behaviour dictatorial.", "UPFA Government 2004–2005\nKumaratunga's PA and the leftist Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna or JVP (People's Liberation Front) formed the United People's Freedom Alliance (UPFA) in January 2004 and dissolved Parliament.", "Having won the election held on 2 April 2004 the UPFA formed a government with Mahinda Rajapaksa as prime minister.", "This marked the first time in history that the JVP became a partner in a Sri Lankan government.", "However, in June 2005, the JVP left Kumaratunga's government over a disagreement regarding a joint mechanism with LTTE rebels sharing foreign aid to rebuild the tsunami-devastated Northern and Eastern areas of Sri Lanka.", "Kumaratunga's six-year term ended that year in 2005.", "She argued that since the 1999 election had been held one year early, she should be allowed to serve that leftover year stating that she had a secret swearing in for her second term a year after her formal swearing in to the second term.", "The Supreme Court rejected this stating that her term ended in 2005.", "In the presidential elections that followed, Mahinda Rajapaksa gained 50.29% and succeeded her as president, leading all 25 parties in the UPFA.", "She was listed 25th by Forbes magazine in its \"100 most powerful women\" in 2005.", "Post-presidency\n\nIn 2006, having remained the leader of the SLFP after leaving office, she \"temporally\" stepped down from the party leadership citing \"continuous harassment she has faced after Mahinda Rajapaksa took office as president\" and soon after left the country to self-imposed exile in the United Kingdom.", "Kumaratunga is a member of the Council of Women World Leaders and the Global Leadership Foundation.", "In November 2009, Kumaratunga was appointed to the 12-member board of directors of the Club de Madrid.", "She is a frequent panelist and member of the Clinton Global Initiative and advisor to its annual meeting held every September.", "Kumaratunga noted in 2007: ″I sincerely tried to reach a political consensus to solve the ethnic question, and tried to introduce a pluralistic constitution that would cater to the political aspirations of the Tamil people without dividing the country.″ In September 2009, Kumaratunga, on a personal visit to Kerala, India told reporters\n\"I too care for my life.", "Even though the current government is a government of my party (Sri Lanka Freedom Party) I don't feel safe.\"", "She continued, \"There is an overall lack of freedom and an atmosphere of fear prevails in the country.", "The basic rights of the people and media freedom are restricted in Sri Lanka.\"", "In February 2017, Kumaratunga accepted an invitation to join the eminent international Council of Patrons of the Asian University for Women (AUW) in Chittagong, Bangladesh.", "2015 Sri Lankan presidential election\nOn 21 November 2014 Kumaratunga formally announced her return to active politics at a press conference held by the country's opposition coalition, following weeks of speculation regarding her involvement in the coalition's decision-making.", "She successfully endorsed Maithripala Sirisena as common candidate of the opposition in the 2015 Presidential election, who defeated Mahinda Rajapaksa.", "In the same year, Kumaratunga supported the United National Party in the General elections to avoid Rajapaksa becoming Prime Minister.", "In 2015 she was appointed as the chairperson of office for national unity and reconciliation to overlook national unity in Sri Lanka.", "2018 Maldivian presidential election\nIn the aftermath of the 2018 Maldivian presidential election it was revealed that Kumaratunga was instrumental in forming the opposition alliance against the incumbent President Abdulla Yameen.", "Kumaratunga coordinated with opposition leaders both in the Maldives and in Sri Lanka bridging trust between the disputing opposition parties to form a coalition.", "2018 Sri Lankan constitutional crisis\nDuring the 2018 Sri Lankan constitutional crisis, Kumaratunga remained silent and she later claimed that she was not invited to the special convention of the SLFP 4 December 2018.", "2019 Sri Lankan Presidential Election\nKumaratunga supported Sajith Premadasa for the Presidential Election 2019.", "Personal life\nChandrika married movie star and politician Vijaya Kumaratunga in 1978, who was assassinated on 16 February 1988, outside his residence in the presence of Chandrika and their two children, then aged five and seven.", "Their daughter, Yasodhara Kumaratunga born in 1980 and educated at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge and at St George's, University of London became a medical doctor and married Roger Walker a consultant medical practitioner from Dorset.", "Their son, Vimukthi Kumaratunga born in 1982 and educated at the University of Bristol became a veterinary surgeon.", "Honours and decorations\n\nSee also\n List of political families in Sri Lanka\n President of Sri Lanka\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nTalking Heads with Chandrika Kumaratunga (Aired: May 2000).", "NDTV.", "Talking Heads with Chandrika Kumaratunga (Aired November 2003).", "NDTV.", "The Bandaranaike Ancestry \n The Ratwatte Ancestry\n Economic and political agenda of a people's President\n Profile by BBC\n Profile of Mrs. Chandrika Kumaratunga on Sri Lankan government website\n Personal reminiscence of meeting with the Sri Lankan President by S. Abbas Raza of 3 Quarks Daily.", "|-\n\n|-\n\n1945 births\n20th-century women politicians\n21st-century women politicians\nAlumni of St. Bridget's Convent, Colombo\nAlumni of Aquinas College of Higher Studies\nBandaranaike family\nBandaranaike–Ratwatte family\nChildren of national leaders\nChief Ministers of Western Province, Sri Lanka\nFemale defence ministers\nFemale interior ministers\nFemale heads of government\nFemale heads of state\nFinance ministers of Sri Lanka\nFood and Agriculture Organization officials\nLiving people\nMembers of the 10th Parliament of Sri Lanka\nMembers of the Western Provincial Council\nPeople of British Ceylon\nPresidents of Sri Lanka\nPrime Ministers of Sri Lanka\nRatwatte family\nSciences Po alumni\nSinhalese politicians\nSri Lankan Buddhists\nCandidates in the 1994 Sri Lankan presidential election\nWomen legislators in Sri Lanka\nWomen presidents\nWomen prime ministers\nSri Lankan officials of the United Nations\nFemale finance ministers\nFailed assassination attempts in Sri Lanka\nCommandeurs of the Légion d'honneur" ]

[ "Kumaratunga served as the fifth President of Sri Lanka from November 1994 to November 2005.", "The daughter of two former prime ministers, she is the only female president of the country.", "Solomon West Ridgeway Dias Bandaranaike was born on June 29, 1945, at Wentworth in Guidford Crescent.", "The family moved to a mansion purchased by her paternal grandfather.", "At the time of her birth, her father was the Minister of Local Administration.", "A nationalist and left wing politician had a strong following known as the Sinhala Maha Sabha.", "The only son of Sir Solomon Dias Bandaranike was the Maha Mudaliyar.", "Her mother was the daughter of Barnes Ratwatte Dissawa, Rate Mahatmaya of Balangoda, who was descended from Ratwatte Dissawa, Dissawa of Matale.", "The home of the wealthy Bandaranaike family was located at the family seat of Horagolla Walauwa, which was her father's constituency.", "The rise of her father's political career began when he became the first Cabinet Minister of Health and Local Government when the country gained its independence in 1948.", "The leader of the opposition in 1952 and the prime minister in 1956 were candidates for the elections that followed.", "He was assassinated when he was fourteen years old because he was the prime minister who initiated several controversial legislation.", "The first female prime minister in the world was made in 1960 when the grieving widow of Bandaranaike took over the leadership of the party.", "She was the second of three children in the family and was involved in politics from a young age.", "The younger brother of Sunethra Bandaranaike joined active politics and became a cabinet minister.", "After completing her education, she went to the Roman Catholic Aquinas University College to study for a law degree.", "She did not complete her law studies in France until 1967, when she received a scholarship from the Institute of French Studies.", "She took a course in the French language and culture at theInstitut d'études politiques d'Aix-en-Provence.", "She graduated from the cole Pratique des Hautes tudes, Paris with a degree in political science in 1970, followed by a PhD program in development economics.", "After her mother became prime minister for a second time in 1970, she launched a wide-ranging programme of socialist reform and faced a violent communist insurrection in 1971.", "She became active in the SLFP, founded by her father and now led by her mother, after returning.", "She joined the Women's League's executive committee in 1974.", "She was appointed as an Additional Principal Director in the Land Reforms Commission (LRC) which acquired 228,000 hectares of private land to the state under the Land Reform Law, which imposed a ceiling of twenty hectares on privately owned land.", "In 1976, after leaving the LRC, she became the chairman of the Janawasa Commission, which established collective farms from land acquired by the LRC.", "After the defeat of her mother's government in the 1977 general election, she left government service and became a consultant to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.", "In 1978 she married a leading actor and became a political activist.", "He lost in the recount in the by- election in 1983.", "She left the SLFP in 1984 because of her support for Kumaratunga's political activities against the policies of the mainstream parties.", "She was the Vice President.", "She fell out with her mother and brother because of this.", "Gunmen in the presence of his wife assassinated him in front of his home in Narahenpita on February 16, 1988.", "The United Socialist Alliance was formed by the wife of the leader of the party.", "It lacked votes because it was well organized.", "She fled the country in 1988 to seek refuge in the United Kingdom.", "She was employed at the United Nations University by the World Institute for Development Economics Research.", "The SLMP split into two different groups during her absence and she was ousted from her leadership position.", "After the end of the second JVP insurrection, Chandrika returned to politics.", "The governing United National Party was weakened when Lalith Athulathmudali and Gamini Dissanayake left the UNP and formed the Democratic United National Front.", "The opposition was formed against the government.", "After returning permanently in 1991, Chandrika got involved in politics.", "In 1993 two people were killed.", "The Chief Minister of the Western Province was elected on 21 May 1993 after she became the principle opposition candidate in the Western provincial council election.", "She became the leader of the People's Alliance when the general elections were called in 1994.", "In August 1994 she was elected to parliament.", "The PA formed a government with the help of the Ceylon Workers' Congress, which resulted in a slim majority in parliament.", "She succeeded her mother as the leader of the party.", "Presidential elections were held in November.", "Gamini Dissanayake was the leader of the opposition who was backed by the UNP.", "Srima Dissanayake took over his nomination after her husband was killed by a suicide bomber.", "In 1994, Chandrika won the presidential election with 62.28% of the vote.", "She became the first female President of Sri Lanka in 1994.", "Her government continued the open economic policies of the UNP, with an increase in the major revenue earners.", "The country was in a recession by 2001.", "She privatized several profitable state corporations which were found to be controversial with Kumaratunga accused of taking large bribes for the sales.", "She was fined three million rupees by the court over the sale of land for the Water's Edge development project.", "She followed a policy of strong prosecution of UNP by appointing Presidential Committees to investigate actions of the UNP tenure and leading members of the opposition personally such as the leader of the opposition.", "The administration tried to arrest and imprison her main political opponent in the run up to the 2000 elections and was criticized for its attacks and intimidation of journalists.", "She made conciliatory moves towards the Tamil Tigers in an attempt to end the civil war.", "When the cease-fire was broken by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, they blew up two Sri Lanka Navy gunboats.", "She pursued a more military-based strategy against them after they launched several major offensives.", "The Battle of Mullaitivu in 1996 and the Battle of Kilinochchi in 1998 caused her major set back.", "Her government launched an operation that quickly becamebogged down with heavy casualties.", "The government led by Foreign Minister Lakshman Kadirgamar succeeded in increasing the recognition and acceptance of Sri Lanka on the international stage, which was affected by the riots and suppression of the insurgency in the 1980s.", "The United States and the United Kingdom proscribed the LTTE on October 8, 1997 and February 28, 2001 respectively, in order to deprive the organisation of a primary source of funding.", "Israel became a major supplier of weapons to the island after her government reestablished formal diplomatic ties in 2000.", "Kumaratunga called a presidential election in October 1999.", "At her final election rally in December 1999, she lost vision in her right eye due to an assassination attempt by the Tamil Tigers.", "She was sworn in for a second term the next day after defeating Ranil Wickremasinghe in the election held on 21 December.", "Her second term saw the civil war get worse with her government suffering major defeats against the LTTE such as the Second Battle of Elephant Pass.", "The economy went into recession for the first time in history in 2001.", "The UNP Government was formed in 2001 after the People's Alliance lost the election to the UNP.", "She continued as president despite her strained relationship with the government.", "A permanent ceasefire agreement was signed between the government and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, paving the way for talks to end the conflict.", "During peace talks in Norway in December, the government and the rebels agreed to share power.", "In May 2003 she indicated her willingness to sack the prime minister and government if she felt they were making too many concessions to the rebels.", "While the Prime Minister was on an official visit to the US, Kumaratunga prorogued Parliament and took over the Defense, Interior and Media ministries.", "Her opponents accused her of being dictatorial.", "The United People's Freedom Alliance (UPFA) was formed in January 2004 by Kumaratunga's PA and the JVP.", "The UPFA formed a government after they won the election.", "This was the first time in history that the JVP became a partner in a government.", "In June 2005, the JVP left Kumaratunga's government over a disagreement regarding a joint mechanism with the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam.", "Kumaratunga's term ended in 2005.", "She argued that since the 1999 election was held one year early, she should be allowed to serve that leftover year since she had a secret swearing in for her second term after her formal swearing in to the second term.", "The Supreme Court said that her term ended in 2005.", "In the presidential elections that followed, Mahinda Rajapaksa gained 50.29% and succeeded her as president, leading all 25 parties in the UPFA.", "Forbes magazine had a list of the 100 most powerful women.", "After leaving office, she stepped down from her position as leader of the party and went to self-imposed exile in the United Kingdom.", "Kumaratunga is a member of the Global Leadership Foundation.", "Kumaratunga was appointed to the board of directors of the Club de Madrid.", "She is an advisor to the annual meeting of the Clinton Global Initiative.", "Kumaratunga said in 2007, that he tried to reach a political consensus to solve the ethnic question and introduce a pluralistic constitution that would cater to the political aspirations of the Tamil people without dividing the country.", "Even though the current government is a government of my party, I don't feel safe.", "There is a lack of freedom and an atmosphere of fear in the country.", "The basic rights of the people and media are not unrestricted.", "Kumaratunga was invited to join the Council of Patrons of the Asian University for Women in Bangladesh.", "Following weeks of speculation regarding her involvement in the coalition's decision-making, Kumaratunga formally announced her return to active politics at a press conference held by the country's opposition coalition.", "She endorsed Maithripala Sirisena as the common candidate of the opposition in the presidential election.", "Kumaratunga supported the United National Party in the General elections so that he wouldn't become the Prime Minister.", "She was appointed as the chairperson of office for national unity and reconciliation in 2015.", "The opposition alliance against the incumbent President was formed in the aftermath of the presidential election.", "Kumaratunga coordinated with opposition leaders in the two countries to forge a coalition.", "Kumaratunga claimed that she wasn't invited to the special convention of the party because she was silent during the constitutional crisis.", "Kumaratunga supported Sajith Premadasa in the presidential election.", "In the presence of their two children, Chandrika married movie star and politician Vijaya Kumaratunga, who was assassinated on February 16, 1988, outside his residence.", "Their daughter, who was born in 1980 and educated at Cambridge and St George's University of London, became a medical doctor and married Roger Walker.", "Their son was educated at the University of Bristol and became a veterinary surgeon.", "The list of honours and decorations includes links to External links.", "There is a television station called NDTV.", "Talking heads with Chandrika Kumaratunga was aired in November of 2003", "There is a television station called NDTV.", "The president's economic and political agenda can be found on the Sri Lankan government website.", "The 20th-century women politicians and the 21st-century women politicians are alumni of St. Bridget's Convent." ]

[ "Chandrika Bandaranaike Kumaratung", "Chandrika Bandaranaike", "Chandrika", "Chandrika", "Chandrika", "Chandrika", "Chandrika", "Chandrika", "Chandrika", "Chandrika", "Chandrika", "Chandrika", "Kumaratunga", "Kumaratunga", "Kumaratunga", "Chandrika", "Chandrika", "Chandrika", "Chandrika" ]

[ "Chandrika", "Chandrika", "Chandrika", "Kumaratunga", "Kumaratunga", "Kumaratunga", "Chandrika", "Chandrika" ]

[ "Allen Eric Bergin (born in Spokane, Washington, August 4, 1934) is a clinical psychologist known for his research on psychotherapy outcomes and on integrating psychotherapy and religion.", "His 1980 article on theistic values was groundbreaking in the field and elicited over 1,000 responses and requests for reprints, and including those from Carl Rogers and Albert Bandura.", "Bergin is also noted for his interchanges with probabilistic atheist Albert Ellis.", "Bergin was raised in a family that did not actively attend any religious services.", "He went to high school in Spokane, Washington, and began college at Massachusetts Institute of Technology.", "He then transferred to Reed College.", "The school had four Latter-day Saints in its student body that year, one of whom was Bergin's roommate and another of whom, Marian Shafer, he began dating.", "The following year Shafer decided to transfer to Brigham Young University (BYU), and Bergin decided to do the same.", "Through interactions with BYU professor and Reed alumnus Robert K. Thomas, Bergin learned more about Mormonism and in March 1955 was baptized a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) by Thomas.", "After this, Bergin married Marian Shafer.", "He attributes much of his life success and satisfaction to Marian's transcendent influence.", "Bergin eventually earned a master's degree from BYU and then a Ph.D. from Stanford University under Albert Bandura, followed by post-doctoral research at the University of Wisconsin under Carl Rogers.", "He then became a professor in the clinical psychology program at Teachers College, Columbia University.", "While on the Columbia faculty, Bergin lived in New Jersey and served as a bishop for the LDS church and later as a counselor in the Eastern States Mission Presidency.", "It was also while at Columbia that Bergin co-edited the Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change with Sol Garfield; the book was named a social science citation classic.0\n\nIn 1972 Bergin joined the faculty of BYU in part as a result of the encouragement of Thomas.", "During his years there, he also served in LDS Church positions as a Bishop, a Stake President, and member of the Church-wide Sunday School General Board.", "He and his wife, Marian, later served a Church Education Mission at the Lajolla, CA.", "Institute of Religion for students at the University of California-San Diego.", "Bergin served as president of the Society for Psychotherapy Research in 1974–75.", "He also served as president of the Association of Mormon Counselors and Psychotherapists in 1980.", "He received the \"Distinguished Professional Contribution to Knowledge Award\" from the American Psychological Association in 1989, the \"Oskar Pfister Award in Religion and Mental Health\" from the American Psychiatric Association in 1998, and the \"William James Award in the Psychology of Religion\" from Division 36 of the American Psychological Association in 1990.", "He has acknowledged the significant influence of colleagues who have collaborated with him, particularly Sol Garfield, Hans Strupp, Michael Lambert, and Scott Richards.", "Dr. Eric Swedin wrote, \"The American Psychological Association awarded him the prestigious Distinguished Professional Contributions to Knowledge award in 1989, citing him as a 'leading expert in psychotherapy research' and for challenging 'psychological orthodoxy to emphasize the importance of values and religion in therapy.'\"", "Bergin also has a special place in the history of psychologists and researchers who are members of the LDS Church, who traditionally work hard to harmonize scholarship and religion and to reconcile any differences between the truths discovered in science with the truths they believe to be revealed by God.", "Allen and Marian Bergin are the parents of nine children, and have eighteen grandchildren and sixteen great-grandchildren.", "Marian\n\nImportant publications \nBergin, A.E., & Garfield, S.L.", "(1971).", "Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change: An empirical analysis.", "New York: Wiley.", "Bergin, A.E., & Strupp, H.H.", "(1972).", "Changing frontiers in the science of psychotherapy.", "Chicago: Aldine-Atherton.", "Garfield, S.L., & Bergin, A.E.", "(1978).", "Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change: An empirical analysis 2nd edition.", "New York: Wiley.", "Bergin, A. E. (1980).", "Psychotherapy and religious values.", "Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 48, 95-105\nGarfield, S.L., & Bergin, A.E.", "(1986).", "Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change 3rd edition.", "New York: Wiley.", "Bergin, A.E., & Garfield, S.L.", "(1994).", "Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change 4th edition.", "New York: Wiley.", "Bergin, A.E.", "(1996).", "\"Life and Testimony of an Academic Clinical Psychologist.\"", "In S.E.", "Black (Ed.)", "Expressions of Faith.", "Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1996.", "Richards, P.S., & Bergin, A.E.", "(1997).", "A spiritual strategy for counseling and psychotherapy.", "Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.", "Richards, P.S., & Bergin, A.E.", "(2000).", "Handbook of psychotherapy and religious diversity.", "Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.", "Bergin, A.E.", "(2002).", "Eternal values and personal growth: A guide on your journey to spiritual, emotional, and social wellness.", "Provo, Utah: BYU Studies.", "Richards, P.S., & Bergin, A.E.", "(2004).", "Casebook for a spiritual strategy in counseling and psychotherapy.", "Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.", "Richards, P.S., & Bergin, A.E.", "(2005).", "A spiritual strategy for counseling and psychotherapy 2nd.", "edition.", "Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.", "Castonguay, L.G., et al.", "(2010).", "\"Bringing psychotherapy research to life\" Wash, DC: American Psychological Assn.", "Lambert, M.J. (2004,& 2013).", "\"Bergin and Garfield's Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change\" 5th & 6th editions.", "Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.", "Richards, P.S.", "& Bergin, A.E.", "(2014).", "\"Handbook of Psychotherapy and Religious Diversity\" 2nd.", "edition.", "Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.", "Sternberg, R.J. (2003).", "\"The Anatomy of Impact: What Makes The Great Works of Psychology Great.\"", "American Psychological Assn., 2003.", "Swedin, E.G.", "(2003).", "\"Healing souls: Psychotherapy in the Latter-day Saint Community.\"", "Urbana: University of Illinois Press.", "References\n\nExternal links\n Allen Bergin: Encounters with B.F. Skinner, Carl Rogers, and Albert Ellis\n Mormon Scholars Testify: Allen Bergin\n Life and Testimony of an Academic Clinical Psychologist: Allen Bergin\n Allen E. Bergin, \"Letter to Editors\", Open Theology vol.", "2016\n \n\nLiving people\n1934 births\nAmerican psychologists\nPsychologists of religion\nConverts to Mormonism\nAmerican leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\nMassachusetts Institute of Technology alumni\nReed College alumni\nBrigham Young University alumni\nStanford University alumni\nTeachers College, Columbia University faculty\nBrigham Young University faculty\nLatter Day Saints from Washington (state)\nLatter Day Saints from New Jersey" ]

[ "Allen Eric Bergin is a clinical psychologist who is known for his research on psychotherapy outcomes and integration of religion.", "His 1980 article on theistic values was the first of its kind in the field and elicited over 1,000 responses and requests for reprints, including those from Carl Rogers and Albert Bandura.", "Albert Ellis was noted for his interchanges with Bergin.", "Bergin's family did not attend any religious services.", "He began college at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology after graduating from high school.", "He moved to Reed College.", "One of the students at the school was Bergin's roommate and the other was his girlfriend.", "Bergin and Shafer both decided to transfer toBYU the following year.", "Bergin became a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints after Robert K. Thomasbaptized him in March 1955.", "Bergin married Marian Shafer after this.", "He attributes a lot of his success to Marian.", "Bergin went on to earn a master's degree and then a PhD from the University of Wisconsin under Carl Rogers.", "He was a professor in the clinical psychology program at Columbia University.", "Bergin lived in New Jersey and served as a bishop for the LDS church and later as a counselor in the Eastern States Mission Presidency.", "The Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change was co-edited by Bergin and Sol Garfield and was a social science citation classic.", "He was a member of the Church-wide Sunday School General Board during his time there.", "He and his wife served at the Lajolla Church Education Mission.", "The University of California-San Diego has an institute of religion.", "Bergin was the president of the Society for Psychotherapy Research.", "He was president of the Association of Mormon Counselors and Psychotherapists in 1980.", "He received the \"Distinguished Professional Contribution to Knowledge Award\" from the American Psychological Association in 1989, the \"Oskar Pfister Award in Religion and Mental Health\" from the American Psychiatric Association in 1998, and the \"William James Award in the Psychology of Religion\" from Division 36 of the American Psychological", "He has acknowledged the influence of his colleagues who have collaborated with him.", "The American Psychological Association awarded him the prestigiousDistinguished Professional Contributions to Knowledge award in 1989, citing him as a \"leading expert in psychotherapy research\" and for challenging \"psychological orthodoxy to emphasize the importance of values and religion in therapy.\"", "Bergin has a special place in the history of psychologists and researchers who are members of the LDS Church, who traditionally work hard to harmonize scholarship and religion and to reconcile any differences between the truths discovered in science with the truths they believe to be revealed by God.", "The parents of nine children are Allen and Marian Bergin.", "Bergin, A.E., and Garfield, S.L. are important publications.", "The film was released in 1971.", "Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change.", "New York.", "Bergin, A.E., and Strupp, H.H.", "The year 1972", "The science of psychotherapy is changing.", "Aldine-Atherton is in Chicago.", "Garfield, S.L., and Bergin, A.E.", "The year 1978.", "Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change is a second edition.", "New York.", "Bergin, A. E.", "There are religious and Psychotherapy values.", "Garfield, S.L., and Bergin, A.E. are authors of the journal of consulting and clinical psychology.", "The year 1986.", "The third edition of the Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change.", "New York.", "Bergin, A.E., and Garfield, S.L.", "The year (1994).", "The 4th edition of the Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change.", "New York.", "A.E. Bergin.", "The year 1996.", "\"Testimony of an Academic Clinical Psychologist.\"", "In S.E.", "There is a black Ed.", "There are expressions of faith.", "Salt Lake City: Deseret Book.", "Richards, P.S., and Bergin, A.E.", "The year 1997.", "There is a spiritual strategy for counseling.", "The American Psychological Association is in Washington, DC.", "Richards, P.S., and Bergin, A.E.", "The year 2000.", "There is a Handbook of Psychotherapy and Religious Diversity.", "The American Psychological Association is in Washington, DC.", "A.E. Bergin.", "There was a report in 2002.", "A guide on your journey to spiritual, emotional, and social well-being.", "There is a study in Provo, Utah.", "Richards, P.S., and Bergin, A.E.", "They did it in 2004.", "There is a casebook for a spiritual strategy.", "The American Psychological Association is in Washington, DC.", "Richards, P.S., and Bergin, A.E.", "The year 2005.", "There is a spiritual strategy for counseling.", "edition.", "The American Psychological Association is in Washington, DC.", "Castonguay, L.G.", "(2010).", "\"Bringing psychotherapy research to life\" is the slogan of the American Psychological Assn.", "M.J. was born in 2004.", "The fifth and sixth editions of \"Bergin and Garfield's Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change\".", "You can find it in Hoboken, NJ.", "Richards, P.S.", "A.E. and Bergin.", "The year 2014).", "The second edition of theHandbook of Psychotherapy and Religious Diversity.", "edition.", "The American Psychological Association is in Washington, DC.", "R.J. Sternberg.", "What makes the great works of psychology great?", "The American Psychological Assn. was founded in 2003", "E.G. Swedin.", "There are1-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-6556", "\"Healing souls: Psychotherapy in the Mormon community.\"", "The University of Illinois Press is in Urbana.", "Allen Bergin: encounters with B.F. Skinner, Carl Rogers, and Albert Ellis Mormon Scholars Testify: Allen Bergin Life and Testimony of an Academic Clinical Psychologist.", "American leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints have converted to Mormonism." ]

[ "Allen Eric Bergin", "Bergin", "Bergin", "Bergin", "Bergin", "Bergin", "Berginskar", "Allen", "Marian Bergin", "Bergin", "Bergin", "Bergin", "Bergin", "Bergin", "Bergin", "Bergin", "Bergin", "Bergin", "Bergin", "Bergin", "Bergin", "Bergin", "Allen Bergin", "Allen Berg", "Allen Berg", "Allen E", ". Bergin" ]

[ "Allen Eric Bergin", "Bergin", "Bergin", "Bergin", "Bergin", "Bergin", "Allen", "Marian Bergin", "Bergin", "Bergin", "Bergin", "Bergin", "Bergin", "Bergin", ". Bergin", "Bergin", "Bergin", "Bergin", "Allen", "Allen Berg" ]